Vringo Inc (Form: 8-K, Received: 05/04/2015 08:26:17)

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT

PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported) May 4, 2015

VRINGO, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		001-34785		20-4988129
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)		(Commission File Number)		(IRS Employer Identification No.)

780 Third Avenue, 12 ^th Floor, New York, NY		10017
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 309-7549

(Former name or former address, if changed since last report)

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions ( see General Instruction A.2. below):

o Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

o Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

o Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Item 1.01 Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.

On May 4, 2015, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (the “Investors”) in a registered direct offering of $12,500,000 of our Senior Secured Convertible Notes (collectively, “Notes”) and warrants (collectively, “Warrants”) to purchase up to 5,375,000 shares of our common stock in an offering (“Offering”) pursuant to a prospectus supplement to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-182823) (the “Financing Transaction”).

We will issue the Notes under an indenture to be dated as of the closing date of the Offering, between us and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (the “Base Indenture”), as supplemented by a first supplemental indenture thereto, to be dated as of the closing date of the Offering, relating to the Notes (the “First Supplemental Indenture” and, the Base Indenture as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, the “First Indenture”). The terms of the Notes include those provided in the First Indenture and those made part of the First Indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture Act.

The Offering is expected to close (the “Closing”) on or about May 4, 2015 (the actual date of the Closing is referred to herein as the “Closing Date”), subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

We will receive approximately $12,425,000 in net proceeds from the Offering, after deducting the Investors’ legal fees and expenses. Our other offering expenses will be approximately $275,000, which expenses will be paid out of the proceeds from the Offering.

The following is intended to provide a summary of the terms of the agreements and securities described above. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the agreements, each of which is attached as an exhibit to this Current Report on Form 8-K. Readers should review those agreements for a complete understanding of the terms and conditions associated with these transactions.

This current report on Form 8-K does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the Notes or Warrants.

Securities Purchase Agreement

The Notes and Warrants will be issued pursuant to the terms of a Securities Purchase Agreement (“Securities Purchase Agreement”) among us and the Investors. The Purchase Agreement provides for the sale of the Notes and the Warrants at the Closing for gross proceeds of $12,500,000

The Securities Purchase Agreement obligates us to indemnify the Investors and various related parties for certain losses including those resulting from (i) any misrepresentation or breach of any representation or warranty made by us, (ii) any breach of any obligation of ours, and (iii) certain claims by third parties.

The Securities Purchase Agreement contains representations and warranties of our company and the Investors which are typical for transactions of this type. In addition, it contains customary covenants on our part that are typical for transactions of this type, as well as the following additional covenants: (i) until the 60 ^th day after the Closing Date (the “Applicable Date”), we agreed not to file any registration statement, other than a registration statement on Form S-8, post-effective amendments to registration statements that are effective solely to update the information contain therein, and a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC not less than 30 days after the Closing Date, (ii) we agreed not to conduct any other securities offerings until after the Applicable Date, except for certain excluded securities, and while the Notes are outstanding, we agreed not to enter into any variable rate transactions; (iii) we agreed to offer to the investors, as long as the Notes remain outstanding, the opportunity to participate in any subsequent securities offerings by our company; (iv) we agreed to hold a stockholder meeting not later than December 1, 2015 at which we will solicit the stockholders affirmative vote for approval of resolutions providing for our issuance of all the securities described in the transaction documents in accordance with the applicable law and rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market and an increase in the number of shares of common stock that we are authorized to issue to 250,000,000.

In addition, under the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement, we have agreed to make loans to one or more of our subsidiaries (“Borrower Subsidiaries”) pursuant to the terms of a Subsidiary Note (the “Subsidiary Note”) and security agreement which will be secured by a first priority perfected security interest in certain assets of the Borrower Subsidiaries pursuant to the terms of the Subsidiary Notes. Following such loans, we intend to cause our Borrower Subsidiaries to use the proceeds of the Subsidiary Notes for the working capital of such Borrower Subsidiaries.

Notes and Indentures

The following description of the particular terms of the Notes and Indentures supplements and, to the extent inconsistent therewith, replaces the description of the general terms and provisions of the debt securities set forth in the accompanying prospectus, to which reference is hereby made. Terms not defined in this description have the meanings given to them in the indenture.

The Notes will not be issued with an original issue discount and are not subject to defeasance. The Notes will be issued in certificated form and not as global securities.

Ranking

The Notes will be the senior secured obligations of our company and not the obligations of our subsidiaries. The Notes will be secured by a first priority perfected security interest in certain of our company’s assets, including, without limitation, the Subsidiary Notes and the security interests securing the Subsidiary Notes, as evidenced by the Security Agreement and related security documents.

Maturity Date

Unless earlier converted or redeemed, the Notes will mature twenty-one months following their issuance date, or Maturity Date, subject to the right of the investors to extend the date (i) if an event of default under the Notes has occurred and is continuing or any event shall have occurred and be continuing that with the passage of time and the failure to cure would result in an event of default under the Notes and (ii) for a period of 20 business days after the consummation of a fundamental transaction if certain events occur.

Interest

Interest on the Notes will accrue at 8% per annum on the principal amount of the Notes. Interest on the Notes is payable quarterly in shares of common stock or cash, at the Company’s option. Interest on the Notes is computed on the basis of a 360-day year and twelve 30-day months and is payable in arrears quarterly and is compounded quarterly. The interest rate will increase to 16.5% per annum upon the occurrence of and during the continuance of any event of default pursuant to the Notes.

Interest on the Notes is payable in arrears on each Installment Date (as defined below). If a holder elects to convert or redeem all or any portion of a Note prior to the Maturity Date, all accrued and unpaid interest on the amount being converted or redeemed will also be payable. If we elects to redeem all or any portion of a Note prior to the Maturity Date, all accrued and unpaid interest on the amount being redeemed will also be payable.

Late Charges

We are required to pay a late charge of 16.5% on any amount of principal or other amounts due which are not paid when due. Late charges are payable in arrears on each Installment Date. If a holder elects to convert or redeem all or any portion of a Note prior to the Maturity Date, all accrued and unpaid late charges on the amount being converted or redeemed will also be payable. If we elect to redeem all or any portion of a Note prior to the Maturity Date, all accrued and unpaid late charges on the amount being redeemed will also be payable.

Conversion

All amounts due under the Notes are convertible at any time, in whole or in part, at the option of the holders into shares of our common stock at a conversion price, or Fixed Conversion Price, which is subject to adjustment as described below. If a holder elects to convert all or any portion of a Note prior to the Maturity Date, all accrued and unpaid interest and accrued and unpaid late charges on the principal amount being converted will also be converted at the Fixed Conversion Price.

The Notes are initially convertible into shares of our common stock at the initial Fixed Conversion Price of $1.00 per share. The Fixed Conversion Price is subject to adjustment for stock splits, combinations or similar events. If we sell or issue any securities with “floating” conversion prices based on the market price of our common stock, a holder of a Note will have the right thereafter to substitute the “floating” conversion price for the Fixed Conversion Price upon conversion of all or part of the Note.

If we fail to timely deliver common stock upon conversion of the Notes, we have agreed to pay certain liquidated damages to the converting holder.

Payment of Principal and Interest

We have agreed to make amortization payments with respect to the principal amount of each Note on the first trading day of each calendar month following the date the Notes are issued until the Maturity Date (collectively, the “Installment Dates”).

The amortizing portion of the principal of each Note, or Amortization Amount, will equal (i) for all Installment Dates other than the Maturity Date, the lesser of (x) the holder’s pro-rata share of $595,238.10 and (y) the principal amount then outstanding under the Note, and (ii) on the Maturity Date, the principal amount then outstanding under the Note.

We may pay the Amortization Amount, all accrued and unpaid interest and accrued and unpaid late charges, or collectively the Installment Amount, in cash or shares of our common stock, at our election, subject to the satisfaction of the Equity Conditions (as defined below) as described below if we elect to pay in shares of common stock.

Acceleration of Amortization Amounts

On any day during the period commencing on an Installment Date, or Current Installment Date, and ending on the trading day prior to prior to the next Installment Date, the holder of a Note may, at its election, convert the Installment Amounts due on up to six future Installment Dates at the Company Conversion Price (as defined below) in effect on the Current Installment Date.

The “Company Conversion Price” on any given date, other than the first Installment Date, is equal to (1) 85% multiplied by (2) the quotient of (A) the sum of each of the three (3) lowest Closing Sale Prices of our common stock during the twenty (20) consecutive trading day period immediately preceding the applicable Installment Date (each such period, a “Company Conversion Measuring Period”) divided by (B) three (3).

Monthly Amortization Payment Procedures

Installment Notices

On or prior to the 22 ^nd trading day prior to each Installment Date, or Installment Notice Due Date, we are required to deliver a notice electing to effect a redemption in cash or a conversion of the Installment Amount due on such Installment Date (a failure to deliver a notice is deemed to be a delivery of a conversion notice in full).

If we choose to make an installment payment in shares of our common stock, we must make a pre-installment payment of shares (the “Pre-Installment Shares”) to each Note holder 20 trading days prior to the applicable Installment Date based on the value of our shares equal to the product of (1) 85% multiplied by (2) the quotient of (A) the sum of each of the three (3) lowest closing sale prices of our common stock during the twenty (20) consecutive trading day period immediately preceding the applicable Installment Date divided by (B) three (3). On the applicable Installment Date, to the extent we owe each Buyer additional shares in excess of the Pre-Installment Shares to satisfy the installment payment, we will issue to each Buyer additional shares, and to the extent we have issued excess shares, such shares will be applied to future payments.

On the applicable Installment Date, we are required to deliver to the holders of Notes an amount of shares of common stock equal to that portion of the Installment Amount being converted divided by the lesser of the then existing Fixed Conversion Price and 85% of the Company Conversion Price on the Installment Date.

Blocker Deferral Rights

If any holder of Notes is unable to receive shares of common stock due to the Note Blocker (as defined below), the portion of the applicable Installment Amount will become payable on the immediately subsequent Installment Date.

Equity Conditions Failure Rights

If we are not permitted to deliver shares of common stock with respect to an Installment Date due to our failure to satisfy any of the Equity Conditions (as defined below), the holder of a Note, at the holder’s option at any time may (x) require us to pay a cash payment of 110% of all or part of the Installment Amount subject to conversion and/or (y) declare the conversion null and void with respect to all or part of the Installment Amount, provided that the Fixed Conversion Price applicable to any such amount is adjusted to equal the lesser of (i) the Company Conversion Price in effect on the date the holder voided the conversion and (ii) the Company Conversion Price in effect on the date the holder converts such amount.

Equity Conditions

We will have the option to pay an Installment Amount in shares of common stock only if all of the following equity conditions are satisfied (or waived by the holders of the Notes), which we refer to as the Equity Conditions:

	·	during the one month period immediately before the date of determination, our common stock shall have been listed or designated for quotation on an exchange or market permitted by the Notes, and shall not have been suspended from trading on the exchange or market (other than suspensions of not more than two days due to business announcements by us);

	·	during the one month period immediately before the date of determination, we shall have delivered shares of common stock upon conversion of the Convertible Notes and upon exercise of the Warrants on a timely basis;

	·	the common stock used to make the payment may be issued without violating the Note Blocker (as defined below);

	·	the common stock used to make the payment may be issued without violating the regulations of the eligible exchange or market (including the OTCQB) on which the common stock is listed or designated for quotation;

	·	during the one month period immediately before the date of determination, we shall not have publicly announced that specified types of transactions involving a change of control of our company are pending, proposed or intended that have not been abandoned, terminated or consummated;

	·	the holder must not be in possession of any material, non-public information provided by us;

	·	on each day during the one month period immediately before the date of determination, we shall have been in material compliance with each, and shall not have breached any representation or warranty in any material respect (other than representations or warranties subject to material adverse effect or materiality, which may not be breached in any respect) or any covenant or other term or condition of any Transaction Document in any material respect, including, without limitation, the Company shall not have failed to timely make any payment pursuant to any Transaction Document;

	·	during the one month period immediately before the payment date, no event shall have occurred that constitutes, or with the passage of time or giving of notice would constitute, an event of default under the Notes; and

	·	no Material Adverse Change then exists.

If we have elected to pay an Installment Amount in shares of our common stock and we cannot make such payment in shares of common stock because any of the Equity Conditions described above is not satisfied and the holders of the Notes do not elect to exercise their rights described under the heading “Equity Conditions Failure Rights” above, we must make the payment in cash.

Events of Default

Under the terms of the first supplemental indenture, the events of default contained in the base indenture shall not apply to the Notes. Rather, each of the following events contained in the Notes will constitute an event of default with respect to the Notes:

	·	our common stock is not trading or listed on an eligible market or exchange (including the OTCQB) for more than 10 consecutive trading days in any 365 day period;

	·	we have not issued shares of common stock due upon conversion of a Convertible Note or exercise of a Warrant for more than 5 trading days;

	·	if at any time after the one-year anniversary of the Issuance Date the holder’s Authorized Share Allocation (as defined below) is less than the number of shares of common stock that the holder would be entitled to receive upon a conversion of the full Conversion Amount of this Note for a period of ten (10) consecutive days (without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth in the Blockers or otherwise) unless we have sufficient restricted cash to repay the principal, interest, late charges, if any, on the Note in full;

	·	we have failed to pay to a holder of a Note any amount of principal, interest, late charges or other amounts when and as due (including the failure to pay any redemption payments), except, in the case of a failure to pay interest and late charges when and as due, in which case only if such failure remains uncured for a period of at least 5 days;

	·	the occurrence of any default under, redemption of or acceleration prior to maturity of any Subsidiary Note;

	·	we default on any of our other indebtedness, in the aggregate, in excess of $250,000;

	·	bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or liquidation proceedings or other proceedings for the relief of debtors shall be instituted by or against us or certain of our subsidiaries and, if instituted against us or any such subsidiary by a third party, shall not be dismissed within 45 days of their initiation;

	·	the commencement by us or our subsidiaries of a voluntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or of any other case or proceeding to be adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, or the consent by it to the entry of a decree, order, judgment or other similar document in respect of us or any such subsidiary in an involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or to the commencement of any bankruptcy or insolvency case or proceeding against it, or the filing by it of a petition or answer or consent seeking reorganization or relief under any applicable federal, state or foreign law, or the consent by it to the filing of such petition or to the appointment of or taking possession by a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of our company or any such subsidiary or of any substantial part of its property, or the making by it of an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or the execution of a composition of debts, or the occurrence of any other similar federal, state or foreign proceeding, or the admission by it in writing of its inability to pay its debts generally as they become due, the taking of corporate action by us or any such subsidiary in furtherance of any such action or the taking of any action by any person to commence a Uniform Commercial Code foreclosure sale or any other similar action under federal, state or foreign law;

	·	the entry by a court of (i) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document in respect of our company or our subsidiaries of a voluntary or involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or (ii) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document adjudging us or any such subsidiary as bankrupt or insolvent, or approving as properly filed a petition seeking liquidation, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition of or in respect of us or any such subsidiary under any applicable federal, state or foreign law or (iii) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document appointing a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of our company or any such subsidiary or of any substantial part of its property, or ordering the winding up or liquidation of its affairs, and, the continuance of any such decree, order, judgment or other similar document or any such other decree, order, judgment or other similar document unstayed and in effect for a period of 45 consecutive days;

	·	a final judgment, judgments, any arbitration or mediation award or any settlement of any litigation or any other satisfaction of any claim made by any person pursuant to any litigation, as applicable, in the United States, its territories or possessions (other than in the ordinary course of our business of enforcing and licensing intellectual property rights, consistent with past practice, or Judgment(s)), with respect to the payment of cash, securities and/or other assets with an aggregate fair value in excess of $250,000 are rendered against, agreed to or otherwise accepted by, us and/or certain of our subsidiaries and which Judgments are not, within 45 days after the entry thereof, bonded, discharged or stayed pending appeal, or are not discharged within 45 days after the expiration of such stay; provided, however, any Judgment which is covered by insurance or an indemnity from a credit worthy party shall not be included in calculating the $250,000 amount set forth above so long as we provide a holder of a Note a written statement from such insurer or indemnity provider to the effect that such Judgment is covered by insurance or an indemnity and we or such subsidiary (as the case may be) will receive the proceeds of such insurance or indemnity within 45 days of the issuance of such Judgment;

	·	we and/or certain of our subsidiaries, individually or in the aggregate, either (i) fail to pay, when due, or within any applicable grace period, any payment with respect to any indebtedness in excess of $250,000 due to any third party (other than, with respect to unsecured indebtedness only, payments contested by us and/or such subsidiary (as the case may be) in good faith by proper proceedings and with respect to which adequate reserves have been set aside for the payment thereof in accordance with GAAP) or is otherwise in breach or violation of any agreement for monies owed or owing in an amount in excess of $250,000, which breach or violation permits the other party thereto to declare a default or otherwise accelerate amounts due thereunder, or (ii) suffer to exist any other circumstance or event that would, with or without the passage of time or the giving of notice, result in a default or event of default under any agreement binding us or any such subsidiary, which default or event of default would or is likely to have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, operations (including results thereof), liabilities, properties, condition (including financial condition) or prospects of our company or any such subsidiaries, individually or in the aggregate;

	·	other than as specifically set forth in this list of events of default, we or certain of our subsidiaries breach any representation, warranty, covenant or other term or condition of any document related to the purchase of the Notes and the Warrants, and only in the case of a breach of a covenant or other term or condition that is curable, only if such breach remains uncured for a period of 5 days;

	·	any breach or failure in any respect by us or any of our subsidiaries to comply with the provisions of the Notes regarding the reservation of authorized shares or specified covenants;

	·	a false or inaccurate certification (including a false or inaccurate deemed certification) by us that the Equity Conditions are satisfied, that there has been no Equity Conditions Failure or as to whether any event of default has occurred;

	·	any Material Adverse Effect occurs;

	·	any provision of any transaction document executed in connection with the purchase of the Notes and the Warrants shall at any time for any reason cease to be valid;

	·	the Subsidiary Notes shall for any reason fail or cease to create a separate valid and perfected and, except to the extent permitted by the terms hereof or thereof, first priority lien on the collateral (as defined in the Subsidiary Notes) in favor of each of the secured parties (as defined in the Subsidiary Notes);

	·	the security documents shall for any reason fail or cease to create a separate valid and perfected and, except to the extent permitted by the terms hereof or thereof, first priority lien on the collateral (as defined in the Security Agreement) in favor of each of the secured parties (as defined in the Security Agreement); or

	·	any material damage to, or loss, theft or destruction of, any collateral, whether or not insured, or any strike, lockout, labor dispute, embargo, condemnation, act of God or public enemy, or other casualty which causes, for more than fifteen (15) consecutive days, the cessation or substantial curtailment of revenue producing activities at any facility of our company or any subsidiary, if any such event or circumstance could have a Material Adverse Effect.

If an event of default occurs, holders of the Notes may force us to redeem all or any portion of the Notes (including all accrued and unpaid interest thereon), in cash, at a price equal to the greater of (i) up to 120% during the period from the issuance date to the one year anniversary of the issuance date and 115% thereafter of the amount being redeemed, depending on the nature of the default, and (ii) the product of the following: (a) the Conversion Rate (as defined below) multiplied (b) up to 120% during the period from the issuance date to the one year anniversary of the issuance date and 115% thereafter of the amount being redeemed, depending on the nature of the default, multiplied by the highest closing sale price of our common stock during the period beginning on the date immediately before the event of default and ending on the date of redemption. The “Conversion Rate” is determined by dividing the amount being converted or redeemed by the Fixed Conversion Price. If we fail to make the cash redemption payment, the conversion price of the Notes shall be automatically adjusted with respect to each conversion effected thereafter to the lowest of (x) the lowest Company Conversion Price of the Installment Dates occurring during the period commencing on the date the holder delivers the applicable redemption Notice and ending on the date that the redemption notice is voided by the holder, (B) 85% of the lowest closing bid price of the common stock during the period commencing on the date the holder delivers the applicable redemption Notice and ending on the date that the redemption notice is voided by the holder and (C) 85% of the VWAP of the common stock for the 5 trading day period immediately preceding the Conversion Date of the applicable conversion.

Fundamental Transactions

The Notes prohibit us from entering into specified transactions involving a change of control, unless the successor entity assumes in writing all of our obligations under the Notes under a written agreement.

In the event of transactions involving a change of control, the holder of a Note will have the right to force us to redeem all or any portion of the Note it holds (including all accrued and unpaid thereon) at a price equal to 120% during the period from the issuance date to the one year anniversary of the issuance date and 115% thereafter of the amount being redeemed.

Covenants

The Notes contain a variety of obligations on our part not to engage in specified activities, which are typical for transactions of this type, as well as the following covenants:

	·	all payments due under the Notes shall be senior to all other indebtedness;

	·	we will initially reserve out of our authorized and unissued common stock an aggregate amount of shares that we may issue under the Notes;

	·	we will take all action reasonably necessary to reserve the required number of shares of common stock, including holding a meeting of our stockholders for the approval of an increase in the number of shares of common stock by December 1, 2015;

	·	we and certain of our subsidiaries will not incur other indebtedness, except for permitted indebtedness and the Subsidiary Notes;

	·	we and certain of our subsidiaries will not incur any liens, except for certain permitted liens and liens created pursuant to the Subsidiary Notes;

	·	we will not, directly or indirectly, redeem or repay all or any portion of any indebtedness (except for certain permitted indebtedness) if at the time the payment is due or is made or, after giving effect to the payment, an event constituting, or that with the passage of time and without being cured would constitute, an event of default has occurred and is continuing;

	·	we will cause each of our subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, redeem or repay all or any portion of any indebtedness (except for certain permitted indebtedness), whether by way of payment in respect or principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on, such Indebtedness, other than in accordance with the terms of the Subsidiary Notes;

	·	we and certain of our subsidiaries will not redeem, repurchase or pay any dividend or distribution on our respective capital stock without the prior consent of the holders, other than the permitted distributions;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not redeem, repurchase, or declare or pay any cash dividend or distribution on any of our capital stock (other than dividends paid by wholly-owned subsidiaries to us or to other wholly-owned subsidiaries) if either (i) such subsidiary is a Borrower Subsidiary or (ii) the equity interests of such subsidiary have been pledged to the collateral agent as provided in the security documents;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not sell, lease, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of any of our assets or any assets of any subsidiary, except for permitted dispositions (including sales, leases or licenses, assignments and other dispositions of intellectual property rights in the ordinary course of business of enforcing and licensing intellectual property rights);

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not, directly or indirectly, sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, spin-off, split-off, close, convey or otherwise dispose of any assets or rights owned or hereafter acquired whether in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, other than sales, leases, licenses, assignments, transfers, conveyances and other dispositions of intellectual property rights in the ordinary course of business of enforcing and licensing intellectual property rights;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not, directly or indirectly, permit any indebtedness to mature or accelerate prior to the Maturity Date;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not, directly or indirectly, engage in any material line of business substantially different from those lines of business conducted by or publicly contemplated to be conducted on the Issuance Date or any business substantially related or incidental thereto and will not modify the corporate structure or purpose provided that an acquisition of intellectual property and related assets which can be used in other industries shall be permitted;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will maintain and preserve, their existence, rights and privileges, and become or remain duly qualified and in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the character of the properties owned or leased by it or in which the transaction of its business makes such qualification necessary. We shall take all action necessary to prevent any Borrower Subsidiary from becoming insolvent (as such term is defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement). We shall cause each Borrower Subsidiary to pay all accounts payable and other amounts owed by such Borrower Subsidiary (other than indebtedness) when due, except for such amounts as are being contested in good faith and for which adequate reserves have been established and are being maintained by such Borrower Subsidiary in accordance with GAAP;

	·	we and our subsidiaries take all action necessary or advisable to maintain all of the intellectual property rights that our Board of Directors, in the good faith exercise of its business judgment, determines are necessary or material to the conduct of our business in full force and effect;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will maintain insurance with responsible and reputable insurance companies or associations with respect to properties (including all real properties leased or owned) and business, in such amounts and covering such risks as is required by any governmental authority having jurisdiction or as is carried generally in accordance with sound business practice by companies in similar businesses similarly situated;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not, directly or indirectly, without the prior written express consent of the holder, lend money or credit (by way of guarantee or otherwise) or make advances to any subsidiary, or purchase or acquire any stock, bonds, notes, debentures or other obligations or securities of, or any other interest in, or make any capital contribution to, any subsidiary (other than (A) a wholly-owned subsidiary (i) that is a Borrower Subsidiary or (ii) the equity interests of which have been pledged to the collateral agent as provided in the security documents or (B) pursuant to the Subsidiary Notes);

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not enter into, renew, extend or be a party to, any transaction or series of related transactions (including, without limitation, the purchase, sale, lease, transfer or exchange of property or assets of any kind or the rendering of services of any kind) with any affiliate, except transactions necessary or desirable for the prudent operation of its business, for fair consideration and on terms no less favorable than would be obtainable in a comparable arm’s length transaction with a person that is not an affiliate;

	·	we and our subsidiaries will not, directly or indirectly, without the prior written consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Notes then outstanding, (i) issue any Notes (other than as contemplated by the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Indenture, the Supplemental Indenture and the Notes) or (ii) issue any other securities that would cause a breach or default under the Notes or the Warrants;

	·	simultaneously with the acquisition or formation of any new subsidiary, we or the subsidiary shall deliver to the collateral agent, each of the physical stock certificates or other ownership certificates representing all of the equity ownership interest in such new subsidiary; provided, however no certificates shall be delivered or required to be delivered to the extent such delivery results in the new subsidiary being required to file separate financial statements with the SEC (or any other governmental agency) pursuant to Rule 3-16 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act, in which case, we shall at the time of the formation of the new subsidiary cause it to become a Borrower Subsidiary; and

	·	commencing on the date that the closing bid price of our common stock is less than $0.25 (appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalizations or other similar transaction occurring after the Issuance Date) and continuing until the average VWAP of the common stock for a period of 10 consecutive trading days is greater than $0.25, we will maintain a balance of restricted cash in a bank account controlled by the collateral agent to exceed the sum of 50% of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest, late charges, if any, and other amounts owed under the Note and the other transaction documents at such time.

Participation Rights

The holders of the Notes are entitled to receive any dividends paid or distributions made to the holders of our common stock on an “as if converted to common stock” basis.

Limitations on Conversion and Issuance

A Note may not be converted and shares of common stock may not be issued under the Notes if, after giving effect to the conversion or issuance, the holder together with its affiliates would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock, or Note Blocker. The Note Blocker may be raised or lowered to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99% at the option of the selling security holder, except that any raise will only be effective upon 61-days’ prior notice to us.

A Note may not be converted and shares of common stock may not be issued under the Note if the sum of the number of shares of common stock to be issued plus the number of shares of common stock issued under all of the Notes, the Warrants would exceed 18,718,207 shares of our common stock unless we have obtained stockholder approval pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(d) for the issuance of more than 18,718,207 shares of our common stock under the Notes, or the NASDAQ Blocker.

Changes to the Base Indenture

We and the trustee may amend or supplement the base indenture with the consent of each holder of Notes then outstanding (excluding any Notes held by us or any of our subsidiaries). However, any such amendment, waiver or supplement may not amend or waive the subordination provisions contained in the base indenture or in the first supplemental indenture in any manner adverse to the holders of the Notes then outstanding.

Changes to the First Supplemental Indenture

Subject to the provisions in the first supplemental indenture, the first supplemental indenture may be amended by the written consent of our company and the holders of a majority of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes then outstanding. Subject to the provisions in the first supplemental indenture, no provision of the first supplemental indenture may be waived other than in writing signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought.

Changes to the Notes

Each Note may not be changed or amended without the prior written consent of the Holder of such Note.

Information Concerning the Trustee

We have appointed Computershare Trust Company, N.A., the trustee under the indenture. The sole duty of the trustee is to act as the Notes registrar. We will act as payment agent under the Notes. The trustee or its affiliates may also provide other services to us in the ordinary course of their business. The indenture provides that if and when the trustee becomes our creditor (or any other obligor under the Notes), the trustee shall be subject to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act regarding collection of claims against us (or any obligor).

Reports

So long as any Notes are outstanding, we will be required to deliver to the trustee, within 15 calendar days after have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, copies of our annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as the Securities and Exchange Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) which we are required to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Documents filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission via its EDGAR system (or any successor thereto) will be deemed to be filed with the trustee as of the time such documents are so filed. In the event we are at any time no longer subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, so long as any of the Notes are outstanding we must continue to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed from time to time by the Securities and Exchange Commission, such of the supplementary and periodic information, documents and reports which may be required under Section 13 of the Exchange Act in respect of a security listed and registered on a national securities exchange as may be prescribed from time to time in such rules and regulations (unless the Securities and Exchange Commission will not accept such a filing) and make such information available to the trustee, the holders of the Notes, securities analysts and prospective investors.

Calculations in Respect of the Notes

We will be responsible for making all calculations called for under the Notes. These calculations include, but are not limited to, determinations of the prices of our common stock, the conversion price of the Notes, accrued interest payable on the Notes, the number of shares of our common stock issuable in connection with payments of principal and interest under the Notes. We will make all these calculations in good faith and, absent manifest error, our calculations will be final and binding on holders of Notes. We will provide a schedule of our calculations to the trustee, and the trustee is entitled to rely conclusively upon the accuracy of our calculations without independent verification.

Certain Stockholder Rights for Holders of Notes

Holders of Notes will be entitled to receive such dividends paid and distributions made to the holders of our common stock to the same extent as if the holders of the Notes had converted the Notes into common stock (without regard to any limitations on conversion contained in the Notes) and had held such shares of common stock on the record date for such dividends and distributions. To the extent a holder’s right to participate in any such dividend or distribution would result in the holder beneficially owning more than the Note Blocker, then the holder will not be entitled to participate in such dividend or distribution to such extent and such dividend or distribution to such extent will be held in abeyance for the benefit of the holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the holder exceeding the Note Blocker.

Form, Denomination and Registration

The Notes will be issued: (i) in certificated form; (ii) without interest coupons; and (iii) in minimum denominations of $1,000 principal amount and whole multiples of $1,000.

Governing Law

The indenture provides that it and the Notes will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York without regard to its conflicts of law principles.

Excluded Provisions of the Base Indenture

We have elected, through the first supplemental indenture, that none of the following provisions of the base indenture shall be applicable to the Notes and any analogous provisions (including definitions related thereto) of the first supplemental indenture shall govern:

The following definitions in Section 1.01:

“Business Day”;

“Commission”;

“Conversion Price”;

“Default”;

“Event of Default”;

“Exchange Act”;

“Interest Payment Date”;

“Person”;

“Security Register”;

“Security Registrar”;

“Securityholder”

“Subsidiary”;

“Voting Stock”;

Section 2.03 (Denominations; Provisions for Interest);

Section 2.05 (Registration of Transfer and Exchange);

Section 2.06 (Temporary Securities);

Section 2.11 (Global Securities);

Article III (Redemption of Securities and Sinking Fund Provisions);

Article IV (Covenants);

Article VI (Remedies of the Trustee and Securityholders on Event of Default);

Section 9.01 (Supplemental Indentures Without Consent of Securityholders);

Section 9.02 (Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders);

Article X (Successor Entity);

Article XI (Satisfaction and Discharge);

Section 12.01 (No Recourse);

Section 13.02 (Actions by Successor);

Section 13.04 (Notices);

Section 13.08 (Payments on Business Days);

Section 13.12 (Assignment);

Only the events of default contained in the Notes shall be applicable to the Notes.

Security Agreement

The Notes will be secured by a first priority perfected security interest in certain of our U.S. assets, including the Subsidiary Notes and the security interests securing the Subsidiary Notes pursuant to the Security Agreement in favor of Iroquois Master Fund, L.P. as collateral agent.

Warrants

We are offering Warrants that will entitle the holders of the Warrants to purchase, in aggregate, up to 5,375,000 shares of our common stock. The Warrants will not be exercisable until the six month and one day anniversary of the date of their issuance and will expire 5 years from the date of their issuance. The Warrants will initially be exercisable at an exercise price equal to $1.00, subject to certain adjustments.

The Warrants may be exercised for cash, provided that, if there is no effective registration statement available registering the exercise of the Warrants, the Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis.

The exercise price of the Warrants is subject to adjustment for stock splits, combinations or similar events. If we sell or issue any securities with “floating” conversion prices based on the market price of our common stock, a holder of a Warrant will have the right thereafter to substitute the “floating” conversion price for the exercise price upon exercise of all or part the Warrant.

Similar to the Notes, the Warrants require “buy-in” payments to be made by us for failure to deliver the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise.

Limitations on Exercise

The Warrants may not be exercised if, after giving effect to the exercise, the holder of the Warrant together with its affiliates would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock, or Warrant Blocker. The Warrant Blocker applicable to the exercise of the Warrants may be raised or lowered to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99%, except that any increase will only be effective upon 61-days’ prior notice to us.

Participation Rights

The holders of the Warrants are entitled to receive any dividends paid or distributions made to the holders of our common stock on an “as if converted to common stock” basis.

Purchase Rights

If we issue options, convertible securities, warrants, stock, or similar securities to holders of our common stock, each holder of a Warrant has the right to acquire the same as if the holder had exercised its Warrant.

Fundamental Transactions

The Warrants prohibit us from entering into specified transactions involving a change of control, unless the successor entity assumes all of our obligations under the Warrants under a written agreement before the transaction is completed. When there is a transaction involving a permitted change of control, a holder of a Warrant a will have the right to force us to repurchase the holder’s Warrant for a purchase price in cash equal to the Black Scholes value (as calculated under the Warrants) of the then unexercised portion of the Warrant.

Item 2.03. Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant

On May 4, 2015, we entered into the Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which we agreed to sell, subject to certain conditions, Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $12.5 million. The description of the Financing Transaction in Item 1.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated in its entirety by this reference into this Item 2.03.

Item 7.01 Regulation FD Disclosure.

On May 4, 2015, we issued a press release announcing the pricing of the offering. A copy of the press release is furnished as Exhibit 99.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K.

Item 8.01. Other Events.

In connection with the Offering discussed in Item 1.01, the legal opinion letter of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky & Popeo, P.C., counsel to Vringo, Inc., regarding the validity of the Notes, the Warrants and shares of common stock issuable from time to time upon conversion or otherwise under the Notes (including shares of common stock that may be issued as interest in lieu of cash payments under the Notes) and shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants is filed as Exhibit 5.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K. The legal opinion letter is also filed with reference to, and is hereby incorporated by reference into, our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-182823).

Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.

Exhibit No.		Description

5.1		Opinion of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky & Popeo, P.C. (*)

10.1		Securities Purchase Agreement, dated May 4, 2015, between Vringo, Inc. and the Investors (*)(#)

10.2		Form of Notes (*)(#)

10.3		Form of Warrants (*)(#)

10.4		Form of Base Indenture between Vringo, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A (*)(#)

10.5		Form of First Supplemental Indenture (*)

10.6		Form of Security Agreement in favor of Iroquois Master Fund Ltd. as collateral agent (*)

23.1		Consent of KPMG LLP (*)

99.1		Press Release (*)

(#) Certain of the agreements filed as exhibits to this report contain representations and warranties made by the parties thereto. The assertions embodied in such representations and warranties are not necessarily assertions of fact, but a mechanism for the parties to allocate risk. Accordingly, investors should not rely on the representations and warranties as characterizations of the actual state of facts or for any other purpose at the time they were made or otherwise .

(*) Filed herewith

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

Date: May 4, 2015	VRINGO, INC.

	By:	/s/ Andrew D. Perlman
		Andrew D. Perlman Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBITS FILED WITH THIS REPORT

	Exhibit No.		Description

	5.1		Opinion of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky & Popeo, P.C. (*)

	10.1		Securities Purchase Agreement, dated May 4, 2015, between Vringo, Inc. and the Investors (*)(#)

	10.2		Form of Notes (*)(#)

	10.3		Form of Warrants (*)(#)

	10.4		Form of Base Indenture between Vringo, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A (*)(#)

	10.5 10.6 23.1		Form of First Supplemental Indenture () Form of Security Agreement in favor of Iroquois Master Fund Ltd. as collateral agent () Consent of KPMG LLP (*)

	99.1		Press Release (*)

(*) Filed herewith

Exhibit 5.1

Chrysler Center

666 Third Avenue

New York, NY 10017

212-935-3000

212-983-3115 fax

www.mintz.com

May 4, 2015

Vringo, Inc.

708 Third Avenue, 12 ^th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Re: Registration Statement on Form S-3

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as counsel to Vringo, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the proposed sale by the Company of 125 units (“Units”), with each Unit consisting of (i) $100,000 of our Senior Secured Convertible Notes (collectively, “Notes”) under an indenture, dated May 4, 2015 (the “Base Indenture”) and supplemental indenture, dated May 4, 2015 (together with the Base Indenture, the “Indenture”), between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and (ii) a Warrant (collectively, “May 2015 Warrants”), each to purchase up to 43,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”), pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement dated May 4, 2015 (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and among the Company and each of the investors listed on the Schedule of Buyers attached thereto, as described in the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-182823) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) (as amended and supplemented through and including the date hereof, including by the prospectus supplement (the “Prospectus”) dated May 4, 2015 (the “Registration Statement”).

The Registration Statement also covers up to 40,000,000 shares of Common Stock issuable from time to time upon conversion or otherwise under the Notes (including shares of Common Stock that may be issued as interest in lieu of cash payments) and up to 5,375,000 shares of Common Stock issuable from time to time upon exercise of the May 2015 Warrants (the “Warrant Shares”).

The Notes, the Note Shares, the May 2015 Warrants and the Warrants are hereinafter referred to collectively as the “Securities.”

This opinion letter is being furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, and no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, other than as expressly stated herein with respect to the issuance of the Securities.

As such counsel, we have examined such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your consent, we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without having independently verified such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the internal laws of the State of New York and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”), and we express no opinion with respect to the applicability thereto, or the effect thereon, of the laws of any other jurisdiction or, in the case of Delaware, any other laws, or as to any matters of municipal law or the laws of any local agencies within any state.

Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.

Vringo, Inc.

May 4, 2015

Page 2

Subject to the foregoing and the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof:

1. The Units have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company and, when and to the extent issued and sold in accordance with the terms of, and in the manner contemplated by, the Purchase Agreement, including payment in full to the company of all consideration required therefor, the Units will be legally valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

2. The Notes have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company and, when and to the extent duly executed, issued and authenticated in accordance with the terms of the Indenture and delivered against payment therefor in accordance with the terms of, and in the manner contemplated by, the Purchase Agreement, the Notes will be legally valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

3. The Note Shares have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company and will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, assuming the issuance of the Note Shares upon the conversion or otherwise of the Notes on the date hereof in accordance with the terms of the Notes and the Indenture.

4. The May 2015 Warrants have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company and, when and to the extent issued and sold in accordance with the terms of, and in the manner contemplated by, the Purchase Agreement, including payment in full to the Company of all consideration required therefor, the May 2015 Warrants will be legally valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

5. The Warrant Shares, when issued by the Company and delivered by the Company against payment therefor as contemplated by the May 2015 Warrants, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

Our opinions are subject to: (i) the effect of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, preference, fraudulent transfer, moratorium or other similar laws relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors; (ii) the effect of general principles of equity, whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law (including the possible unavailability of specific performance or injunctive relief), concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing, and the discretion of the court before which a proceeding is brought; (iii) the invalidity under certain circumstances under law or court decisions of provisions providing for the indemnification of or contribution to a party with respect to a liability where such indemnification or contribution is contrary to public policy; and (iv) we express no opinion as to (a) any provision for liquidated damages, default interest, late charges, monetary penalties, make-whole premiums or other economic remedies to the extent such provisions are deemed to constitute a penalty, (b) consents to, or arbitration, remedies, or judicial relief, (c) any provision requiring the payment of attorneys’ fees, where such payment is contrary to law or public policy, (d) any provision permitting, upon acceleration of the Notes, collection of that portion of the stated principal amount thereof which might be determined to constitute unearned interest thereon, (e) advance waivers of claims, defenses, rights granted by law, or notice, opportunity for hearing, evidentiary requirements, statutes of limitation, trial by jury or at law, or other procedural rights, (f) waivers of broadly or vaguely stated rights, (g) provisions for exclusivity, election or cumulation of rights or remedies, (h) provisions authorizing or validating conclusive or discretionary determinations, (i) grants of setoff rights, (j) proxies, powers and trusts, (k) provisions prohibiting, restricting, or requiring consent to assignment or transfer of any right or property and (m) the severability, if invalid, of provisions to the foregoing effect.

Vringo, Inc.

May 4, 2015

Page 3

With your consent, we have assumed: (i) that the Notes and the Indenture have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the parties thereto other than the Company; (ii) that the Notes and the Indenture constitute legally valid and binding obligations of the parties thereto other than the Company, enforceable against each of them in accordance with their respective terms; and (iii) that the status of the Notes and the Indenture as legally valid and binding obligations of the parties is not affected by any (a) breaches of, or defaults under, agreements or instruments, (b) violations of statutes, rules, regulations or court or governmental orders, or (c) failures to obtain required consents, approvals or authorizations from, or make required registrations, declarations or filings with, governmental authorities.

In addition, we have assumed: (i) the genuineness of all signatures on all agreements, instruments and other documents submitted to us; (ii) the legal capacity and authority of all persons or entities executing all agreements, instruments and other documents submitted to us; (iii) the authenticity and completeness of all agreements, instruments, corporate records, certificates and other documents submitted to us as originals; (iv) that all agreements, instruments, corporate records, certificates and other documents submitted to us as certified, electronic, facsimile, conformed, photostatic or other copies conform to authentic originals thereof, and that such originals are authentic and complete; (v) that no documents submitted to us have been amended or terminated orally or in writing except as has been disclosed to us; (vi) that the statements contained in the certificates and comparable documents of public officials, officers and representatives of the Company and other persons on which we have relied for the purposes of this opinion letter are true and correct; and (vii) that each of the officers and directors of the Company has properly exercised his or her fiduciary duties. We have also, with your consent, assumed that the choice of law provisions in the Notes, the Indenture and the May 2015 Warrants are legally enforceable.

This opinion letter is prepared for your use in connection with the Registration Statement and may be relied upon by you and by persons entitled to rely upon it pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Securities Act solely for such purpose. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 4, 2015, the incorporation of this opinion by reference in the Registration Statement and to the use of our name under the caption “Legal Matters” in the Prospectus and Registration Statement. In giving this consent, we do not hereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act, or the rules or regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.

Very truly yours,

	/s/ Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.
	Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.

Exhibit 10.1

SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT

This SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT (this “ Agreement ”), dated as of May 4, 2015, is by and among Vringo, Inc., a Delaware corporation with headquarters located at 780 Third Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, New York 10017 (the “ Company ”), and each of the investors listed on the Schedule of Buyers attached hereto (individually, a “ Buyer ” and collectively, the “ Buyers ”).

RECITALS

A. The Company and each Buyer desire to enter into this transaction to purchase the Notes (as defined below) set forth herein pursuant to a currently effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which has sufficient availability for the issuance of securities of the Company (Registration Number 333-182823) (the “ Registration Statement ”), which Registration Statement has been declared effective in accordance with the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “ 1933 Act ”), by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “ SEC ”).

B. The Company has authorized the issuance of senior secured convertible notes in the aggregate amount of $12,500,000, in the form attached to the Supplemental Indenture (as defined below) (the “ Notes ”), which Notes shall be convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “ Common Stock ”) (as converted, collectively, together with any shares of Common Stock issuable as interest or otherwise pursuant to such Notes, the “ Conversion Shares ”) in accordance with, and issued pursuant to and by, the provisions of an Indenture dated as of the Closing Date (as defined below), by and between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (the “ Trustee ”), in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (as amended and/or supplemented from time to time, including, without limitation, by the Supplemental Indenture dated as of the Closing Date, by and between the Company and the Trustee, in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit B , the “ Indenture ”).

C. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions contained in this Agreement, each Buyer wishes to purchase, and the Company wishes to sell, (i) the aggregate original principal amount of the Notes set forth opposite such Buyer’s name in column (3) on the Schedule of Buyers, (ii) a warrant to initially acquire up to the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock set forth opposite such Buyer’s name in column (4) on the Schedule of Buyers, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit C (the “ Warrants ”) (as exercised, collectively, the “ Warrant Shares ”).

D. The Notes are entitled to interest, amortization payments and certain other amounts, which, at the option of the Company and subject to certain conditions, may be paid in shares of Common Stock (the “ Interest Shares ”) or in cash.

E. The Notes, the Conversion Shares, the Interest Shares, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares are collectively referred to herein as the “ Securities .”

F. The proceeds of the Notes will immediately be lent by the Company to certain of the Company’s Subsidiaries (as defined below) (each, a “ Borrower Subsidiary ”) pursuant to the terms of a Subsidiary Note and Security Agreement, in form and substance acceptable to each Buyer (the “ Subsidiary Notes ”) which will be secured by a first priority perfected security interest in certain of the U.S. assets of the Borrower Subsidiaries pursuant to the terms of the Subsidiary Notes.

G. The Notes will be secured by a first priority perfected security interest in certain of the assets of the Company, including, without limitation, the Subsidiary Notes and the security interests securing the Subsidiary Notes, as evidenced by a security agreement as the Buyers shall require in form and substance acceptable to each Buyer (the “ Security Agreement ” and together with the other security documents and agreements entered into in connection with this Agreement and each of such other documents and agreements, as each may be amended or modified from time to time, collectively, the “ Security Documents ”).

AGREEMENT

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual covenants contained herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and each Buyer hereby agree as follows:

1. PURCHASE AND SALE OF NOTES AND WARRANTS.

(a) Purchase of Notes and Warrants . Subject to the satisfaction (or waiver) of the conditions set forth in Sections 6 and 7 below, the Company shall issue and sell to each Buyer, and each Buyer severally, but not jointly, shall purchase from the Company on the Closing Date (as defined below), a Note in the original principal amount as is set forth opposite such Buyer’s name in column (3) on the Schedule of Buyers, along with a Warrant to acquire up to the aggregate number of Warrant Shares as is set forth opposite such Buyer’s name in column (4) on the Schedule of Buyers.

(b) Closing . The closing (the “ Closing ”) of the purchase of the Notes and the Warrants by the Buyers shall occur at the offices of Lowenstein Sandler LLP, 1251 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020. The date and time of the Closing (the “ Closing Date ”) shall be 10:00 a.m., New York time, on the first (1 ^st ) Business Day on which the conditions to the Closing set forth in Sections 6 and 7 below are satisfied or waived (or such later date as is mutually agreed to by the Company and each Buyer). As used herein “ Business Day ” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in New York, New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed.

(c) Purchase Price . The aggregate purchase price for the Notes and the Warrants to be purchased by each Buyer (the “ Purchase Price ”) shall be the amount set forth opposite such Buyer’s name in column (5) on the Schedule of Buyers.

(d) Payment of Purchase Price; Delivery of Notes and Warrants . On the Closing Date, (i) each Buyer shall pay its respective Purchase Price to the Company for its respective Note and Warrants to be issued and sold to such Buyer at the Closing, by wire transfer of immediately available funds in accordance with the Company’s written wire instructions (less, in the case of Iroquois (as defined below), the amounts withheld pursuant to Section 4(g)) and (ii) the Company shall deliver to each Buyer (A) a Note (in such amount as is set forth opposite such Buyer’s name in column (3) on the Schedule of Buyers) and (B) a Warrant pursuant to which such Buyer shall have the right to acquire up to the aggregate number of Warrant Shares as is set forth opposite such Buyer’s name in column (4) on the Schedule of Buyers, in each case, duly executed on behalf of the Company (and, in the case of the Notes, duly authenticated by the Trustee) and registered in the name of such Buyer or its designee.

2. BUYER’S REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES.

Each Buyer, severally and not jointly, represents and warrants to the Company with respect to only itself that:

(a) Organization; Authority . Such Buyer is an entity duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization with the requisite power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (as defined below) to which it is a party and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder.

(b) Validity; Enforcement . This Agreement has been duly and validly authorized, executed and delivered on behalf of such Buyer and constitutes the legal, valid and binding obligations of such Buyer enforceable against such Buyer in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by general principles of equity or applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation and other similar laws relating to, or affecting generally, the enforcement of applicable creditors’ rights and remedies.

(c) No Conflicts . The execution, delivery and performance by such Buyer of this Agreement and the consummation by such Buyer of the transactions contemplated hereby will not (i) result in a violation of the organizational documents of such Buyer, (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event which with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation of, any agreement, indenture or instrument to which such Buyer is a party or (iii) result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment or decree (including federal and state securities laws) applicable to such Buyer, except in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for such conflicts, defaults, rights or violations which would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the ability of such Buyer to perform its obligations hereunder.

(d) Certain Trading Activities . Such Buyer has not directly or indirectly, nor has any Person acting on behalf of or pursuant to any understanding with such Buyer, engaged in any transactions in the securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any Short Sales (as defined below) involving the Company’s securities) during the period commencing as of the time that such Buyer executed a Term Sheet regarding the specific investment in the Company contemplated by this Agreement and ending immediately prior to the execution of this Agreement by such Buyer. “ Short Sales ” means all “short sales” as defined in Rule 200 promulgated under Regulation SHO under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “ 1934 Act ”), (but shall not be deemed to include the location and/or reservation of borrowable shares of Common Stock). Such Buyer is aware that Short Sales and other hedging activities may be subject to applicable federal and state securities laws, rules and regulations and such Buyer acknowledges that the responsibility of compliance with any such federal or state securities laws, rules and regulations is solely the responsibility of such Buyer.

(e) Receipt of Prospectus Supplement . Such Buyer acknowledges receipt of the Company’s Prospectus Supplement relating to the offering of the Securities, which Prospectus Supplement is required to be delivered to such Buyer pursuant to Section 4(c) below. Such Buyer acknowledges that it has had an opportunity to review the Prospectus Supplement prior to committing to purchase any of the Securities.

(f) Independent Negotiation of Transaction . Such Buyer understands that nothing in this Agreement, the Prospectus Supplement or any other materials presented to such Buyer in connection with the purchase and sale of the Securities constitutes legal, tax or investment advice from the Company. Such Buyer is knowledgeable, sophisticated and experienced in making, and is qualified to make decisions with respect to, investments in securities presenting an investment decision like that involved in the purchase of the Securities. Such Buyer has independently negotiated and entered into this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby and has consulted such legal, tax and investment advisors and made such investigation as it, in its sole discretion, has deemed necessary or appropriate in connection with its purchase of the Securities.

(g) FINRA . Such Buyer represents that (i) it has had no position, office or other material relationship within the past three years with the Company, and (ii) it is not a FINRA member or an Associated Person (as such term is defined under the NASD Membership and Registration Rules Section 1011) of a FINRA member as of the Closing.

3. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY.

The Company represents and warrants to each of the Buyers that:

(a) Organization and Qualification . Each of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries are entities duly organized and validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction in which they are formed, and have the requisite power and authorization to own their properties and to carry on their business as now being conducted and as presently proposed to be conducted. Each of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries is duly qualified as a foreign entity to do business and is in good standing in every jurisdiction in which its ownership of property or the nature of the business conducted by it makes such qualification necessary, except to the extent that the failure to be so qualified or be in good standing would not have a Material Adverse Effect. “ Material Adverse Effect ” means any material adverse effect on (i) the business, properties, assets, liabilities, operations (including results thereof), condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, (ii) the transactions contemplated hereby or in any of the other Transaction Documents or (iii) the authority or ability of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to perform any of their respective obligations under any of the Transaction Documents (as defined below). Other than the Persons (as defined below) set forth in Exhibit 21 to its Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 16, 2015, the Company has no Subsidiaries. A “ Subsidiary ” means any Person in which the Company, directly or indirectly, owns any of the outstanding capital stock or holds any equity or similar interest of such Person.

(b) Authorization; Enforcement; Validity . The Company has the requisite power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents and to issue the Securities in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof. Each Borrower Subsidiary has the requisite power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under the Transaction Documents to which it is a party. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents by the Company and the Borrower Subsidiaries, and the consummation by the Company and the Borrower Subsidiaries of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby (including, without limitation, the issuance of the Notes and the reservation for issuance and issuance of the Conversion Shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes and any Interest Shares issuable pursuant to the terms of the Notes, the issuance of the Warrants and the reservation for issuance and issuance of the Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants) have been duly authorized by the Company’s board of directors and each of the Borrower Subsidiaries’ board of directors or other governing body, as applicable, and (other than (i) the Stockholder Approval (as defined below), and (ii) the filing with the SEC of a prospectus supplement in connection with the Closing as required by the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the 1933 Act (the “ Prospectus Supplement ”) supplementing the base prospectus forming part of the Registration Statement (the “ Prospectus ”), and the Indenture and the Supplemental Indenture (and/or any amendment or supplement thereto)) (collectively, the “ Required Approvals ”), no further filing, consent or authorization is required by the Company, the Borrower Subsidiaries, their respective boards of directors or their stockholders or other governing body. This Agreement has been, and the other Transaction Documents to which the Company is a party will be prior to the Closing, duly executed and delivered by the Company, and upon such execution and delivery will constitute the legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their respective terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by general principles of equity or applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation or similar laws relating to, or affecting generally, the enforcement of applicable creditors’ rights and remedies and except as rights to indemnification and to contribution may be limited by federal or state securities law. Prior to the Closing, the Transaction Documents to which each Borrower Subsidiary is a party will be duly executed and delivered by each such Borrower Subsidiary, and upon such execution and delivery will constitute the legal, valid and binding obligations of each such Borrower Subsidiary, enforceable against each such Borrower Subsidiary in accordance with their respective terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by general principles of equity or applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation or similar laws relating to, or affecting generally, the enforcement of applicable creditors’ rights and remedies and except as rights to indemnification and to contribution may be limited by federal or state securities law. “ Transaction Documents ” means, collectively, this Agreement, the Notes, the Indenture, the Supplemental Indenture, the Warrants, the Subsidiary Notes, the Security Documents, the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions (as defined below) and each of the other agreements and instruments entered into or delivered by any of the parties hereto in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, as may be amended from time to time.

(c) Issuance of Securities . The issuance of the Notes and the Warrants is duly authorized, and upon issuance in accordance with the terms of the Transaction Documents, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and free from all preemptive or similar rights, taxes, liens, charges and other encumbrances with respect to the issuance thereof. The Company shall have reserved from its duly authorized capital stock not less than 100% of the sum of (i) the maximum number of Conversion Shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes (assuming for purposes hereof that the Notes are convertible at the initial Conversion Price (as defined in the Notes) and without taking into account any limitations on the conversion of the Notes set forth therein), (ii) the maximum number of Interest Shares issuable pursuant to the terms of the Notes, (determined without taking into account any limitations on the conversion of the Notes set forth therein) and (iii) the maximum number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants (without taking into account any limitations on the exercise of the Warrants set forth therein). Upon issuance or conversion in accordance with the Notes and the Indenture or exercise in accordance with the Warrants (as the case may be), the Conversion Shares, the Interest Shares and the Warrant Shares, respectively, when issued, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all preemptive or similar rights, taxes, liens, charges and other encumbrances with respect to the issue thereof, with the holders being entitled to all rights accorded to a holder of Common Stock. The issuance by the Company of the Securities has been registered under the 1933 Act, the Securities are being issued pursuant to the Registration Statement and all of the Securities are freely transferable and freely tradable by each of the Buyers without restriction. The Registration Statement is effective and available for the issuance of the Securities thereunder and the Company has not received any notice that the SEC has issued or intends to issue a stop-order with respect to the Registration Statement or that the SEC otherwise has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, either temporarily or permanently, or intends or has threatened in writing to do so. The “Plan of Distribution” section under the Registration Statement permits the issuance and sale of the Securities hereunder and as contemplated by the other Transaction Documents. Upon receipt of the Securities, each of the Buyers will have good and marketable title to the Securities. The Registration Statement and any prospectus included therein, including the Prospectus and the Prospectus Supplement, complied in all material respects with the requirements of the 1933 Act and the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder and all other applicable laws and regulations. At the time the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto became effective, at the date of this Agreement and at each deemed effective date thereof pursuant to Rule 430B(f)(2) of the 1933 Act, the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the 1933 Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto (including, without limitation the Prospectus Supplement), at the time the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto was issued and at such Closing Date, complied, and will comply, in all material respects with the requirements of the 1933 Act and did not, and will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company meets all of the requirements for the use of Form S-3 under the 1933 Act for the offering and sale of the Securities contemplated by this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents, and the SEC has not notified the Company of any objection to the use of the form of the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 401(g)(1) under the 1933 Act. The Registration Statement meets the requirements set forth in Rule 415(a)(1)(x) under the 1933 Act.

(d) No Conflicts . The execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Documents by the Company and the Borrower Subsidiaries and the consummation by the Company and the Borrower Subsidiaries of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby (including, without limitation, the issuance of the Notes, the Warrants, the Conversion Shares and the Warrant Shares and the reservation for issuance of the Conversion Shares, the Interest Shares and Warrant Shares) will not (i) result in a violation of the Certificate of Incorporation (as defined below) or other organizational documents of the Company or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries, any capital stock of the Company or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries or Bylaws (as defined below) of the Company or any of the Borrower Subsidiaries, (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event which with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation of, any agreement, indenture or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party, or (iii) result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment or decree (including, without limitation, foreign, federal and state securities laws and regulations and the rules and regulations of the NASDAQ Capital Market (the “ Principal Market ”)) applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or by which any property or asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is bound or affected except, in the case of clause (ii) or (iii) above, to the extent such violations that could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(e) Consents . Neither the Company nor any Borrower Subsidiary is required to obtain any consent from, authorization or order of, or make any filing or registration with (other than the Required Approvals, the filing with the SEC of the 8-K Filing (as defined below) and any required notification to the Principal Market (which shall be completed prior to Closing)), any court, governmental agency or any regulatory or self-regulatory agency or any other Person in order for it to execute, deliver or perform any of its respective obligations under, or contemplated by, the Transaction Documents to which it is a party, in each case, in accordance with the terms hereof or thereof. All consents, authorizations, orders, filings and registrations which the Company or any Subsidiary is required to obtain at or prior to the Closing have been obtained or effected on or prior to the Closing Date, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries are aware of any facts or circumstances which might prevent the Company or any Subsidiary from obtaining or effecting any of the registration, application or filings contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, the Company is not in violation of the requirements of the Principal Market and has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances which could reasonably lead to delisting or suspension of the Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

(f) Acknowledgment Regarding Buyer’s Purchase of Securities . The Company acknowledges and agrees that each Buyer is acting solely in the capacity of an arm’s length purchaser with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby and that no Buyer is (i) an officer or director of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (ii) to its knowledge, an “affiliate” (as defined in Rule 144) of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (iii) to its knowledge, a “beneficial owner” of more than 10% of the shares of Common Stock (as defined for purposes of Rule 13d-3 of the 1934 Act). The Company further acknowledges that no Buyer is acting as a financial advisor or fiduciary of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (or in any similar capacity) with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, and any advice given by a Buyer or any of its representatives or agents in connection with the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby is merely incidental to such Buyer’s purchase of the Securities. The Company further represents to each Buyer that the Company’s decision to enter into the Transaction Documents has been based solely on the independent evaluation by the Company and its representatives.

(g) Placement Agent’s Fees . The Company shall be responsible for the payment of any placement agent’s fees, financial advisory fees, or brokers’ commissions (other than for Persons engaged by any Buyer or its investment advisor) relating to or arising out of the transactions contemplated hereby. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has engaged any placement agent or other agent in connection with the offer or sale of the Securities.

(h) No Integrated Offering . None of the Company, its Subsidiaries or any of their affiliates, nor any Person acting on their behalf has, directly or indirectly, made any offers or sales of any security or solicited any offers to buy any security, under circumstances that would require registration of the issuance of any of the Securities under the 1933 Act, whether through integration with prior offerings or otherwise, or cause this offering of the Securities to require approval of stockholders of the Company (other than the Stockholder Approval) under any applicable stockholder approval provisions, including, without limitation, under the rules and regulations of any exchange or automated quotation system on which any of the securities of the Company are listed or designated for quotation. None of the Company, its Subsidiaries, their affiliates nor any Person acting on their behalf will take any action or steps that would require registration of the issuance of any of the Securities under the 1933 Act or cause the offering of any of the Securities to be integrated with other offerings of securities of the Company.

(i) Dilutive Effect . The Company understands and acknowledges that the number of Conversion Shares, Interest Shares and Warrant Shares will increase in certain circumstances. The Company further acknowledges that its obligation to issue the Conversion Shares upon conversion of the Notes in accordance with this Agreement, the Indenture and the Notes, the Interest Shares in accordance with this Agreement, the Indenture and the Notes and the Warrant Shares upon exercise of the Warrants in accordance with this Agreement and the Warrants, is absolute and unconditional, regardless of the dilutive effect that such issuance may have on the ownership interests of other stockholders of the Company.

(j) Application of Takeover Protections; Rights Agreement . The Company and its board of directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, interested stockholder, business combination, poison pill (including, without limitation, any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws or other organizational documents or the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or otherwise which is or could become applicable to any Buyer as a result of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including, without limitation, the Company’s issuance of the Securities and any Buyer’s ownership of the Securities. The Company and its board of directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any stockholder rights plan or similar arrangement relating to accumulations of beneficial ownership of shares of Common Stock or a change in control of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(k) SEC Documents; Financial Statements . During the two (2) years prior to the date hereof, the Company has timely filed all reports, schedules, forms, proxy statements, statements and other documents required to be filed by it with the SEC pursuant to the reporting requirements of the 1934 Act (all of the foregoing filed prior to the date hereof and all exhibits and appendices included therein and financial statements, notes and schedules thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein being hereinafter referred to as the “ SEC Documents ”). The Company has delivered to the Buyers or their respective representatives true, correct and complete copies of each of the SEC Documents not available on the EDGAR system. As of their respective dates, the SEC Documents complied in all material respects with the requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder applicable to the SEC Documents, and none of the SEC Documents, at the time they were filed with the SEC, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. As of their respective dates, the financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Documents complied as to form in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the published rules and regulations of the SEC with respect thereto as in effect as of the time of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied, during the periods involved (except (i) as may be otherwise indicated in such financial statements or the notes thereto, or (ii) in the case of unaudited interim statements, to the extent they may exclude footnotes or may be condensed or summary statements) and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the Company as of the dates thereof and the results of its operations and cash flows for the periods then ended (subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments which will not be material, either individually or in the aggregate). No other information provided by or on behalf of the Company to any of the Buyers which is not included in the SEC Documents contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading, in the light of the circumstance under which they are or were made. The Company is not currently contemplating the amendment or restatement of any of the financial statements (including without limitation, any notes or any letter of the independent accountants of the Company with respect thereto) included in the SEC Documents (the “ Financial Statements ”), nor is the Company currently aware of facts or circumstances which would require the Company to amend or restate any of the Financial Statements, in each case, in order for any of the Financials Statements to be in compliance with GAAP and the rules and regulations of the SEC. The Company has not been informed by its independent accountants that they recommend that the Company amend or restate any of the Financial Statements or that there is any need for the Company to amend or restate any of the Financial Statements.

(l) Absence of Certain Changes . Since the date of the Company’s most recent audited financial statements contained in a Form 10-K, except as disclosed in the SEC Documents filed subsequent to such Form 10-K, there has been no material adverse change and no material adverse development in the business, assets, liabilities, properties, operations (including results thereof), condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Since the date of the Company’s most recent audited financial statements contained in a Form 10-K, except as disclosed in the SEC Documents filed subsequent to such Form 10-K, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has (i) declared or paid any dividends, (ii) sold any assets outside of the ordinary course of business or (iii) made any material capital expenditures, individually or in the aggregate. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has taken any steps to seek protection pursuant to any law or statute relating to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership, liquidation or winding up, nor does the Company or any Subsidiary have any knowledge or reason to believe that any of their respective creditors intend to initiate involuntary bankruptcy proceedings or any actual knowledge of any fact which would reasonably lead a creditor to do so. The Company and its Subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis, are not, and after giving effect to the transactions contemplated hereby to occur at the Closing will not be, Insolvent (as defined below). “ Insolvent ” means, (I) with respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis, (i) the present fair saleable value of the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ assets is less than the amount required to pay the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ total Indebtedness (as defined below), (ii) the Company and its Subsidiaries are unable to pay their debts and liabilities, subordinated, contingent or otherwise, as such debts and liabilities become absolute and matured or (iii) the Company and its Subsidiaries intend to incur or believe that they will incur debts that would be beyond their ability to pay as such debts mature; and (II) with respect to the Company and each Subsidiary, individually, (i) the present fair saleable value of the Company’s or such Subsidiary’s (as the case may be) assets is less than the amount required to pay its respective total Indebtedness, (ii) the Company or such Subsidiary (as the case may be) is unable to pay its respective debts and liabilities, subordinated, contingent or otherwise, as such debts and liabilities become absolute and matured or (iii) the Company or such Subsidiary (as the case may be) intends to incur or believes that it will incur debts that would be beyond its respective ability to pay as such debts mature. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has engaged in any business or in any transaction, and is not about to engage in any business or in any transaction, for which the Company’s or such Subsidiary’s remaining assets constitute unreasonably small capital.

(m) No Undisclosed Events, Liabilities, Developments or Circumstances . No event, liability, development or circumstance has occurred or exists, or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective businesses, properties, liabilities, prospects, operations (including results thereof) or condition (financial or otherwise) that (i) would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws on a registration statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC relating to an issuance and sale by the Company of its Common Stock and which has not been publicly announced, (ii) could have a material adverse effect on any Buyer’s investment or (iii) could have a Material Adverse Effect.

(n) Conduct of Business; Regulatory Permits . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any term of or in default under its Certificate of Incorporation, any certificate of designation, preferences or rights of any other outstanding series of preferred stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or Bylaws or their organizational charter, certificate of formation or certificate of incorporation or bylaws, respectively. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any judgment, decree or order or any statute, ordinance, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries will conduct its business in violation of any of the foregoing, except in all cases for possible violations which could not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, the Company is not in violation of any of the rules, regulations or requirements of the Principal Market and has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances that could reasonably lead to delisting or suspension of the Common Stock by the Principal Market in the foreseeable future. During the two years prior to the date hereof, (i) the Common Stock has been listed or designated for quotation on the Principal Market, (ii) trading in the Common Stock has not been suspended by the SEC or the Principal Market and (iii) except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, the Company has received no communication, written or oral, from the SEC or the Principal Market regarding the suspension or delisting of the Common Stock from the Principal Market. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses, except where the failure to possess such certificates, authorizations or permits would not have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect, and neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any such certificate, authorization or permit.

(o) Foreign Corrupt Practices . Neither the Company, any Subsidiary or any director, officer, agent, employee, nor any other person acting for or on behalf of the foregoing (individually and collectively, a “ Company Affiliate ”) have violated the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “ FCPA ”) or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, nor has any Company Affiliate offered, paid, promised to pay, or authorized the payment of any money, or offered, given, promised to give, or authorized the giving of anything of value, to any officer, employee or any other person acting in an official capacity for any governmental entity to any political party or official thereof or to any candidate for political office (individually and collectively, a “ Government Official ”) or to any person under circumstances where such Company Affiliate knew or was aware of a high probability that all or a portion of such money or thing of value would be offered, given or promised, directly or indirectly, to any Governmental Official, for the purpose of:

(1) (A) influencing any act or decision of such Government Official in his/her official capacity, (B) inducing such Government Official to do or omit to do any act in violation of his/her lawful duty, (C) securing any improper advantage, or (D) inducing such Government Official to influence or affect any act or decision of any Governmental Entity, or

(2) assisting the Company or its subsidiary in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, the Company or its subsidiary.

(p) Sarbanes-Oxley Act . The Company and each Subsidiary is in compliance with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that are effective as of the date hereof, and all applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC thereunder that are effective as of the date hereof.

(q) Transactions With Affiliates . Except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, none of the officers, directors, employees or affiliates of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (other than for ordinary course services as employees, officers or directors), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal property to or from, or otherwise requiring payments to or from any such officer, director, employee or affiliate or, to the knowledge of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, any corporation, partnership, trust or other Person in which any such officer, director, employee or affiliate has a substantial interest or is an employee, officer, director, trustee or partner.

(a) Equity Capitalization . As of the date hereof, the authorized capital stock of the Company consists of (i) 150,000,000 shares of Common Stock, of which, 93,591,042 are issued and outstanding and 27,281,523 shares are reserved for issuance pursuant to securities (other than the Notes and the Warrants) exercisable or exchangeable for, or convertible into, shares of Common Stock and (ii) 5,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, of which no shares are issued or outstanding. No shares of Common Stock are held in treasury. All of such outstanding shares are duly authorized and have been, or upon issuance will be, validly issued and are fully paid and nonassessable. 6,797,074 shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding Common Stock on the date hereof are owned by Persons who are “affiliates” (as defined in Rule 405 of the 1933 Act and calculated based on the assumption that only officers, directors and holders of at least 10% of the Company’s issued and outstanding Common Stock are “affiliates” without conceding that any such Persons are “affiliates” for purposes of federal securities laws) of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. To the Company’s knowledge, no Person owns 10% or more of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock (calculated based on the assumption that all Convertible Securities (as defined below), whether or not presently exercisable or convertible, have been fully exercised or converted (as the case may be) taking account of any limitations on exercise or conversion (including “blockers”) contained therein without conceding that such identified Person is a 10% stockholder for purposes of federal securities laws). (i) None of the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s capital stock is subject to preemptive rights or any other similar rights or any liens or encumbrances suffered or permitted by the Company or any Subsidiary; (ii) except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip, rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities or rights convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, any capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is or may become bound to issue additional capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or options, warrants, scrip, rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities or rights convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, any capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; (iii) there are no outstanding debt securities, notes, credit agreements, credit facilities or other agreements, documents or instruments evidencing Indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is or may become bound; (iv) there are no financing statements securing obligations in any amounts filed in connection with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; (v) there are no agreements or arrangements under which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is obligated to register the sale of any of their securities under the 1933 Act; (vi) there are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; (vii) there are no securities or instruments containing anti-dilution or similar provisions that will be triggered by the issuance of the Securities; (viii) neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any stock appreciation rights or “phantom stock” plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement; and (ix) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have any liabilities or obligations required to be disclosed in the SEC Documents which are not so disclosed in the SEC Documents, other than those incurred in the ordinary course of the Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ respective businesses and which, individually or in the aggregate, do not or could not have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has furnished to the Buyers true, correct and complete copies of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and as in effect on the date hereof (the “ Certificate of Incorporation ”), and the Company’s bylaws, as amended and as in effect on the date hereof (the “ Bylaws ”), and the terms of all securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, shares of Common Stock and the material rights of the holders thereof in respect thereto to the extent not described in the SEC Documents.

(b) Indebtedness and Other Contracts . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (i) has any outstanding Indebtedness (as defined below) except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, (ii) except as disclosed in the SEC Documents is a party to any contract, agreement or instrument, the violation of which, or default under which, by the other party(ies) to such contract, agreement or instrument could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (iii) is in violation of any term of, or in default under, any contract, agreement or instrument relating to any Indebtedness, except where such violations and defaults would not result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Effect, or (iv) is a party to any contract, agreement or instrument relating to any Indebtedness, the performance of which, in the judgment of the Company’s officers, has or is expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. (x) “ Indebtedness ” of any Person means, without duplication (A) all indebtedness for borrowed money, (B) all obligations issued, undertaken or assumed as the deferred purchase price of property or services (including, without limitation, “capital leases” in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) (other than trade payables entered into in the ordinary course of business), (C) all reimbursement or payment obligations with respect to letters of credit, surety bonds and other similar instruments, (D) all obligations evidenced by notes, bonds, debentures or similar instruments, including obligations so evidenced incurred in connection with the acquisition of property, assets or businesses, (E) all indebtedness created or arising under any conditional sale or other title retention agreement, or incurred as financing, in either case with respect to any property or assets acquired with the proceeds of such indebtedness (even though the rights and remedies of the seller or bank under such agreement in the event of default are limited to repossession or sale of such property), (F) all monetary obligations under any leasing or similar arrangement which, in connection with generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied for the periods covered thereby, is classified as a capital lease, (G) all indebtedness referred to in clauses (A) through (F) above secured by (or for which the holder of such Indebtedness has an existing right, contingent or otherwise, to be secured by) any mortgage, claim, lien, pledge, tax, right of first refusal, encumbrance, charge, security interest or other encumbrance upon or in any property or assets (including accounts and contract rights) owned by any Person, even though the Person which owns such assets or property has not assumed or become liable for the payment of such indebtedness, and (H) all Contingent Obligations in respect of indebtedness or obligations of others of the kinds referred to in clauses (A) through (G) above; (y) “ Contingent Obligation ” means, as to any Person, any direct or indirect liability, contingent or otherwise, of that Person with respect to any indebtedness, lease, dividend or other obligation of another Person if the primary purpose or intent of the Person incurring such liability, or the primary effect thereof, is to provide assurance to the obligee of such liability that such liability will be paid or discharged, or that any agreements relating thereto will be complied with, or that the holders of such liability will be protected (in whole or in part) against loss with respect thereto; provided, however that the term “Contingent Obligation” shall not include any liability or other obligation of the Company or any Subsidiary imposed by a court of competent jurisdiction to post any bond, guarantee or other security to assure the payment of an adverse judgment, attorney’s fees or other costs of suit in connection with any action, suit or proceeding instituted by the Company or a Subsidiary in the ordinary course operation of the Company’s business of enforcing and licensing intellectual property rights; and (z) “ Person ” means an individual, a limited liability company, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, a trust, an unincorporated organization, any other entity and a government or any department or agency thereof.

(c) Absence of Litigation . Except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or by the Principal Market, any court, government agency, self-regulatory organization or other body pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Common Stock or any of the Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ officers or directors which is outside of the ordinary course of business or individually or in the aggregate material to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the SEC involving the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any current or former director or officer of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that has not been previously resolved with no consequences to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. The SEC has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company under the 1933 Act or the 1934 Act.

(d) Insurance . The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as management of the Company believes to be prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and its Subsidiaries are engaged. Neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary has been refused any insurance coverage sought or applied for, and neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will be unable to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

(e) Employee Relations . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to any collective bargaining agreement or employs any member of a union. No executive officer (as defined in Rule 501(f) promulgated under the 1933 Act) or other key employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has notified the Company or any such Subsidiary that such officer intends to leave the Company or any such Subsidiary or otherwise terminate such officer’s employment with the Company or any such Subsidiary. No executive officer or other key employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement, non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant, and the continued employment of each such executive officer or other key employee (as the case may be) does not subject the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any liability with respect to any of the foregoing matters. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations respecting labor, employment and employment practices and benefits, terms and conditions of employment and wages and hours, except where failure to be in compliance would not, either individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(f) Title . The Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property, and have good and marketable title to all personal property, owned by them which is material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, in each case, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and defects except such as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property and buildings by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(g) Intellectual Property Rights . The Company and its Subsidiaries own or possess adequate rights or licenses to use all trademarks, trade names, service marks, service mark registrations, service names, patents, patent rights, copyrights, original works, inventions, licenses, approvals, governmental authorizations, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights and all applications and registrations therefor (“ Intellectual Property Rights ”) necessary to conduct their respective businesses as now conducted and as presently proposed to be conducted. None of the Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ Intellectual Property Rights have expired, terminated or been abandoned, or are expected to expire, terminate or be abandoned, within three years from the date of this Agreement. The Company has no knowledge of any infringement by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of Intellectual Property Rights of others. Except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, there is no claim, action or proceeding being made or brought, or to the knowledge of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, being threatened, against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries regarding their Intellectual Property Rights. The Company is not aware of any facts or circumstances which might give rise to any of the foregoing infringements or claims, actions or proceedings. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their Intellectual Property Rights.

(h) Environmental Laws . The Company and its Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with all Environmental Laws (as defined below), (ii) have received all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses and (iii) are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval except where, in each of the foregoing clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), the failure to so comply has not had, and could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. “ Environmental Laws ” means all federal, state, local or foreign laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including, without limitation, laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, “ Hazardous Materials ”) into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands or demand letters, injunctions, judgments, licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder.

(i) Subsidiary Rights . The Company or one of its Subsidiaries has the unrestricted right to vote, and (subject to limitations imposed by applicable law) to receive dividends and distributions on, all capital securities of its Subsidiaries as owned by the Company or such Subsidiary. The Company or another wholly-owned Subsidiary of the Company owns all of the outstanding capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary, free and clear of any Encumbrances (as defined below), other than those created by the Transaction Documents.

(j) Tax Status . The Company and each of its Subsidiaries (i) has timely made or filed all foreign, federal and state income and all other tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has timely paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports and declarations, except those being contested in good faith and (iii) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company know of no basis for any such claim. The Company is not operated in such a manner as to qualify as a passive foreign investment company, as defined in Section 1297 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(k) Internal Accounting and Disclosure Controls . The Company maintains internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the 1934 Act) that is effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, including that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain asset and liability accountability, (iii) access to assets or incurrence of liabilities is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets and liabilities is compared with the existing assets and liabilities at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any difference. The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the 1934 Act) that are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the 1934 Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, including, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the 1934 Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer or officers and its principal financial officer or officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company has not received any notice or correspondence from any accountant or other Person relating to any potential material weakness or significant deficiency in any part of the internal controls over financial reporting of the Company with respect to any fiscal year commencing on or after January 1, 2013.

(l) Off Balance Sheet Arrangements . There is no transaction, arrangement, or other relationship between the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and an unconsolidated or other off balance sheet entity that is required to be disclosed by the Company in its 1934 Act filings and is not so disclosed or that otherwise could be reasonably likely to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(m) Investment Company Status . The Company is not, and upon consummation of the sale of the Securities will not be, an “investment company,” an affiliate of an “investment company,” a company controlled by an “investment company” or an “affiliated person” of, or “promoter” or “principal underwriter” for, an “investment company” as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

(n) Acknowledgement Regarding Buyers’ Trading Activity . It is understood and acknowledged by the Company that (i) following the public disclosure of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents in accordance with the terms thereof, none of the Buyers have been asked by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to agree, nor has any Buyer agreed with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, to desist from effecting any transactions in or with respect to (including, without limitation, purchasing or selling, long and/or short) any securities of the Company, or “derivative” securities based on securities issued by the Company or to hold any of the Securities for any specified term; (ii) any Buyer, and counterparties in “derivative” transactions to which any such Buyer is a party, directly or indirectly, presently may have a “short” position in the Common Stock which was established prior to such Buyer’s knowledge of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents; and (iii) each Buyer shall not be deemed to have any affiliation with or control over any arm’s length counterparty in any “derivative” transaction. The Company further understands and acknowledges that following the public disclosure of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents pursuant to the 8-K Filing (as defined below) one or more Buyers may engage in hedging and/or trading activities at various times during the period that the Securities are outstanding, including, without limitation, during the periods that the value and/or number of the Conversion Shares, Interest Shares or Warrant Shares deliverable with respect to the Securities are being determined and such hedging and/or trading activities, if any, can reduce the value of the existing stockholders’ equity interest in the Company both at and after the time the hedging and/or trading activities are being conducted. The Company acknowledges that such aforementioned hedging and/or trading activities do not constitute a breach of this Agreement or any other Transaction Document or any of the documents executed in connection herewith or therewith.

(o) Manipulation of Price . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has, and, to the knowledge of the Company, no Person acting on their behalf has, directly or indirectly, (i) taken any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Securities, (ii) sold, bid for, purchased, or paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the Securities (other than the Placement Agent), or (iii) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(p) U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, or has ever been, and so long as any of the Securities are held by any of the Buyers, shall become, a U.S. real property holding corporation within the meaning of Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Company and each Subsidiary shall so certify upon any Buyer’s request.

(q) Transfer Taxes . On the Closing Date, all stock transfer or other taxes (other than income or similar taxes) which are required to be paid in connection with the issuance, sale and transfer of the Securities to be sold to each Buyer hereunder will be, or will have been, fully paid or provided for by the Company, and all laws imposing such taxes will be or will have been complied with.

(r) Bank Holding Company Act . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “ BHCA ”) and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “ Federal Reserve ”). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total equity of a bank or any equity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.

(s) Shell Company Status . The Company is not, and has never been, an issuer identified in, or subject to, Rule 144(i).

(t) Public Utility Holding Act . None of the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a “holding company,” or an “affiliate” of a “holding company,” as such terms are defined in the Public Utility Holding Act of 2005.

(u) Federal Power Act . None of the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is subject to regulation as a “public utility” under the Federal Power Act, as amended.

(v) No Additional Agreements . The Company does not have any agreement or understanding with any Buyer with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents other than as specified in the Transaction Documents.

(w) Real Property . Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries holds good title to all real property, leases in real property, or other interests in real property owned or held by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (the “ Real Property ”) owned by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (as applicable). The Real Property is free and clear of all mortgages, defects, claims, liens, pledges, charges, taxes, rights of first refusal, encumbrances, security interests and other encumbrances (collectively “ Encumbrances ”) and is not subject to any rights of way, building use restrictions, exceptions, variances, reservations, or limitations of any nature except for (a) liens for current taxes not yet due and (b) zoning laws and other land use restrictions that do not impair the present or anticipated use of the property subject thereto.

(x) Fixtures and Equipment . Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries (as applicable) has good title to, or a valid leasehold interest in, the tangible personal property, equipment, improvements, fixtures, and other personal property and appurtenances that are used by the Company or its Subsidiary in connection with the conduct of its business (the “ Fixtures and Equipment ”). The Fixtures and Equipment are structurally sound, are in good operating condition and repair, are adequate for the uses to which they are being put, are not in need of maintenance or repairs except for ordinary, routine maintenance and repairs and are sufficient for the conduct of the Company’s and/or its Subsidiaries’ businesses (as applicable) in the manner as conducted prior to the Closing. Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries owns all of its Fixtures and Equipment free and clear of all Encumbrances except for (a) liens for current taxes not yet due and (b) zoning laws and other land use restrictions that do not impair the present or anticipated use of the property subject thereto.

(y) Illegal or Unauthorized Payments; Political Contributions . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the Company’s knowledge (after reasonable inquiry of its officers and directors), any of the officers, directors, employees, agents or other representatives of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any other business entity or enterprise with which the Company or any Subsidiary is or has been affiliated or associated, has, directly or indirectly, made or authorized any payment, contribution or gift of money, property, or services, whether or not in contravention of applicable law, (a) as a kickback or bribe to any Person or (b) to any political organization, or the holder of or any aspirant to any elective or appointive public office except for personal political contributions not involving the direct or indirect use of funds of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(z) Money Laundering . The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with, and have not previously violated, the USA Patriot Act of 2001 and all other applicable U.S. and non-U.S. anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the laws, regulations and Executive Orders and sanctions programs administered by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control, including, without limitation, (i) Executive Order 13224 of September 23, 2001 entitled, “Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism” (66 Fed. Reg. 49079 (2001)); and (ii) any regulations contained in 31 CFR, Subtitle B, Chapter V.

(aa) No Additional Agreements . The Company does not have any agreement or understanding with any Buyer with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents other than as specified in the Transaction Documents.

(bb) Ranking of the Notes . No Indebtedness of the Company, at the Closing, will be senior to, or pari passu with, the Notes in right of payment, whether with respect to payment or redemptions, interest, damages, upon liquidation or dissolution or otherwise. No Subsidiary has any outstanding Indebtedness other than Indebtedness owed to the Company or a wholly-owned Subsidiary of the Company, except Indebtedness created pursuant to the Transaction Documents.

(cc) Disclosure . The Company confirms that neither it nor any other Person acting on its behalf has provided any of the Buyers or their agents or counsel with any information that constitutes or could reasonably be expected to constitute material, non-public information concerning the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, other than the existence of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents. The Company understands and confirms that each of the Buyers will rely on the foregoing representations in effecting transactions in securities of the Company. All disclosure provided to the Buyers regarding the Company and its Subsidiaries, their businesses and the transactions contemplated hereby, including the schedules to this Agreement, furnished by or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is true and correct and does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. Each press release issued by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries during the twelve (12) months preceding the date of this Agreement did not at the time of release contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading. No event or circumstance has occurred or information exists with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or its or their business, properties, liabilities, prospects, operations (including results thereof) or conditions (financial or otherwise), which, under applicable law, rule or regulation, requires public disclosure at or before the date hereof or announcement by the Company but which has not been so publicly disclosed. The Company acknowledges and agrees that no Buyer makes or has made any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby other than those specifically set forth in Section 2.

4. COVENANTS.

(a) Best Efforts . Each Buyer shall use its best efforts to timely satisfy each of the conditions to be satisfied by it as provided in Section 6 of this Agreement. The Company shall use its best efforts to timely satisfy each of the conditions to be satisfied by it as provided in Section 7 of this Agreement.

(b) Amendments to the Registration Statement; Prospectus Supplement; Free Writing Prospectuses .

(i) Except as provided in this Agreement and other than periodic reports required to be filed pursuant to the 1934 Act, the Company shall not file with the SEC any amendment to the Registration Statement that relates to the Buyer, this Agreement, the Indenture, the Notes or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or file with the SEC any Prospectus Supplement that relates to the Buyer, this Agreement, the Indenture, the Notes or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby with respect to which (a) the Buyer shall not previously have been advised, (b) the Company shall not have given due consideration to any comments thereon received from the Buyer or its counsel, or (c) the Buyer shall reasonably object after being so advised, unless the Company reasonably has determined that it is necessary to amend the Registration Statement or make any supplement to the Prospectus to comply with the 1933 Act or any other applicable law or regulation, in which case the Company shall promptly (but in no event later than 24 hours) so inform the Buyer, the Buyer shall be provided with a reasonable opportunity to review and comment upon any disclosure relating to the Buyer and the Company shall expeditiously furnish to the Buyer an electronic copy thereof. In addition, for so long as, in the reasonable opinion of counsel for the Buyer, the Prospectus (or in lieu thereof, the notice referred to in Rule 173(a) under the 1933 Act) is required to be delivered in connection with any acquisition or sale of Securities by the Buyer, the Company shall not file any Prospectus Supplement with respect to the Securities without delivering or making available a copy of such Prospectus Supplement, together with the Prospectus, to the Buyer promptly.

(ii) The Company has not made, and agrees that unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Buyer it will not make, an offer relating to the Securities that would constitute an “issuer free writing prospectus” as defined in Rule 433 promulgated under the Securities Act (an “ Issuer Free Writing Prospectus ”) or that would otherwise constitute a “free writing prospectus” as defined in Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act (a “ Free Writing Prospectus ”) required to be filed by the Company or the Buyer with the SEC or retained by the Company or the Buyer under Rule 433 under the 1933 Act. The Buyer has not made, and agrees that unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Company it will not make, an offer relating to the Securities that would constitute a Free Writing Prospectus required to be filed by the Company with the SEC or retained by the Company under Rule 433 under the 1933 Act. Any such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or other Free Writing Prospectus consented to by the Buyer or the Company is referred to in this Agreement as a “ Permitted Free Writing Prospectus .” The Company agrees that (x) it has treated and will treat, as the case may be, each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and (y) it has complied and will comply, as the case may be, with the requirements of Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including in respect of timely filing with the SEC, legending and record keeping.

(c) Prospectus Delivery . Immediately prior to execution of this Agreement, the Company shall have delivered to the Buyer, and as soon as practicable after execution of this Agreement the Company shall file, the Prospectus Supplement with respect to the Securities to be issued on the Closing Date, as required under, and in conformity with, the 1933 Act, including Rule 424(b) thereunder. The Company shall provide the Buyer a reasonable opportunity to comment on a draft of each Prospectus Supplement and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, shall give due consideration to all such comments and, subject to the provisions of Section 4(b) hereof, shall deliver or make available to the Buyer, without charge, an electronic copy of each form of Prospectus Supplement, together with the Prospectus, and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus on each date on which the Company issues Securities to the Buyer. The Company consents to the use of the Prospectus (and of any Prospectus Supplements thereto) in accordance with the provisions of the 1933 Act and with the securities or “blue sky” laws of the jurisdictions in which the Securities may be sold by the Buyer, in connection with the offering and sale of the Securities and for such period of time thereafter as the Prospectus (or in lieu thereof, the notice referred to in Rule 173(a) under the 1933 Act) is required by the 1933 Act to be delivered in connection with sales of the Securities. If during such period of time any event shall occur that in the judgment of the Company and its counsel is required to be set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus or should be set forth therein in order to make the statements made therein (in the case of the Prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, or if it is necessary to amend the Registration Statement or supplement or amend the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus to comply with the 1933 Act or any other applicable law or regulation, the Company shall forthwith prepare and, subject to Section 4(b) above, file with the SEC an appropriate amendment to the Registration Statement or Prospectus Supplement to the Prospectus (or supplement to the Permitted Free Writing Prospectus) and shall expeditiously furnish or make available to the Buyer an electronic copy thereof.

(d) Stop Orders . The Company shall advise the Buyer promptly (but in no event later than 24 hours) and shall confirm such advice in writing: (i) of the Company’s receipt of notice of any request by the SEC for amendment of or a supplement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus or for any additional information; (ii) of the Company’s receipt of notice of the issuance by the SEC of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or prohibiting or suspending the use of the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement, or of the suspension of qualification of the Securities for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or contemplated initiation of any proceeding for such purpose; (iii) of the Company becoming aware of the happening of any event, which makes any statement of a material fact made in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus untrue or which requires the making of any additions to or changes to the statements then made in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus in order to state a material fact required by the 1933 Act to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements then made therein (in the case of the Prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, or of the necessity to amend the Registration Statement or supplement the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus to comply with the 1933 Act or any other law or (iv) if at any time following the date hereof the Registration Statement is not effective or is not otherwise available for the issuance of the Securities or any Prospectus contained therein is not available for use for any other reason. Thereafter, the Company shall promptly notify such holders when the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus and/or any amendment or supplement thereto, as applicable, is effective and available for the issuance of the Securities. If at any time the SEC shall issue any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or prohibiting or suspending the use of the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement, the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the withdrawal of such order at the earliest possible time. So long as any Notes remain outstanding, the Company shall use its best efforts to maintain the continuous effectiveness of the Registration Statement under the 1933 Act.

(e) Blue Sky . If required, the Company shall, on or before the Closing Date, take such action as the Company shall reasonably determine is necessary in order to obtain an exemption for, or to, qualify the Securities for sale to the Buyers at the Closing pursuant to this Agreement under applicable securities or “Blue Sky” laws of the states of the United States (or to obtain an exemption from such qualification), and shall provide evidence of any such action so taken to the Buyers on or prior to the Closing Date. Without limiting any other obligation of the Company under this Agreement, the Company shall timely make all filings and reports relating to the offer and sale of the Securities required under all applicable securities laws (including, without limitation, all applicable federal securities laws and all applicable “Blue Sky” laws), and the Company shall comply with all applicable federal, state and local laws, statutes, rules, regulations and the like relating to the offering and sale of the Securities to the Buyers.

(f) Reporting Status . Until the date (the “ Reporting Period ”) on which the Buyer shall have sold all of the Securities or any capital stock of the Company issued or issuable with respect to the Notes or the Warrants, including, without limitation, (1) as a result of any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, exchange or similar event or otherwise and (2) shares of capital stock of the Company into which the shares of Common Stock are converted, exercised or exchanged and shares of capital stock of a Successor Entity (as defined in the Notes) into which the shares of Common Stock are converted, exercised or exchanged (in each case, without regard to any limitations on conversion of (or other issuance pursuant to) the Notes or the Warrants) or otherwise issuable pursuant to the terms of the Notes or the Warrants (collectively, the “ Covered Securities ”), the Company shall timely file all reports required to be filed with the SEC pursuant to the 1934 Act, and the Company shall not terminate its status as an issuer required to file reports under the 1934 Act even if the 1934 Act or the rules and regulations thereunder would no longer require or otherwise permit such termination.

(g) Use of Proceeds . The Company shall use the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder solely for the purpose of making loans to the Borrower Subsidiaries pursuant to the Subsidiary Notes and the Company shall cause the Borrower Subsidiaries to use the proceeds of the Subsidiary Notes solely for the working capital of such Borrower Subsidiaries. Without limiting the foregoing, none of such proceeds shall be used, directly or indirectly, (i) for the satisfaction of any Indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (ii) for the redemption of any securities of the Company (other than the Securities), or (iii) for any transaction outside the ordinary course of the Company’s business of enforcing and licensing intellectual property rights, consistent with past practice.

(h) Financial Information . The Company agrees to send the following to each holder of Notes or Warrants (an “ Investor ”) during the Reporting Period (i) unless the following are filed with the SEC through EDGAR and are available to the public through the EDGAR system, within one (1) Business Day after the filing thereof with the SEC, a copy of its Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, any interim reports or any consolidated balance sheets, income statements, stockholders’ equity statements and/or cash flow statements for any period other than annual, any Current Reports on Form 8-K and any registration statements (other than on Form S-8) or amendments filed pursuant to the 1933 Act, and (ii) copies of any notices and other information made available or given to the stockholders of the Company generally, contemporaneously with the making available or giving thereof to the stockholders.

(i) Listing . The Company shall promptly secure the listing or designation for quotation (as the case may be) of all of the Covered Securities upon each national securities exchange and automated quotation system, if any, upon which the Common Stock is then listed or designated for quotation (as the case may be) (subject to official notice of issuance) and shall maintain such listing or designation for quotation (as the case may be) of all the Covered Securities from time to time issuable under the terms of the Transaction Documents on such national securities exchange or automated quotation system. The Company shall maintain the Common Stock’s listing or designation for quotation (as the case may be) on the Principal Market, The New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the NASDAQ Global Market, the NYSE MKT or the OTCQB (each, an “ Eligible Market ”). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall take any action which could be reasonably expected to result in the delisting or suspension of the Common Stock on an Eligible Market. The Company shall pay all fees and expenses in connection with satisfying its obligations under this Section 4(i).

(j) Fees . The Company shall reimburse Iroquois Master Fund Ltd. (“ Iroquois ”) or its designee(s) for all reasonable out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred by it or its affiliates in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (including, without limitation, as applicable, all reasonable legal fees and disbursements in connection therewith, structuring, documentation and implementation of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents and due diligence and regulatory filings in connection therewith) in a non-accountable amount equal to $75,000, which amount (less the Advance (as defined below)) shall be withheld by Iroquois from its Purchase Price at the Closing or paid by the Company on demand by Iroquois if Iroquois terminates its obligations under this Agreement in accordance with Section 8 (as the case may be). Iroquois hereby acknowledges that the Company has previously paid $30,000 to Iroquois as a nonrefundable advance (the “ Advance ”) against the expenses incurred by Iroquois in connection herewith. The Company shall be responsible for the payment of any placement agent’s fees, financial advisory fees, transfer agent fees, the fees and expenses of the Trustee (including any legal counsel to the Trustee), DTC (as defined below) fees or broker’s commissions (other than for Persons engaged by any Buyer) relating to or arising out of the transactions contemplated hereby (including, without limitation, any fees payable to the Placement Agent, who is the Company’s sole placement agent in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement). The Company shall pay, and hold each Buyer harmless against, any liability, loss or expense (including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys’ fees and out-of-pocket expenses) arising in connection with any claim relating to any such payment. Except as otherwise set forth in the Transaction Documents, each party to this Agreement shall bear its own expenses in connection with the sale of the Securities to the Buyers.

(k) Pledge of Securities . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, the Company acknowledges and agrees that the Securities may be pledged by a Buyer in connection with a bona fide margin agreement or other loan or financing arrangement that is secured by the Securities. The pledge of Securities shall not be deemed to be a transfer, sale or assignment of the Securities hereunder, and no Buyer effecting a pledge of Securities shall be required to provide the Company with any notice thereof or otherwise make any delivery to the Company pursuant to this Agreement or any other Transaction Document. The Company hereby agrees to execute and deliver such documentation as a pledgee of the Securities may reasonably request in connection with a pledge of the Securities to such pledgee by a Buyer.

(l) Disclosure of Transactions and Other Material Information . The Company shall (i) on or before 8:30 a.m. New York time on the date of this Agreement, if this Agreement is executed and delivered prior thereto, and (ii) on or before 8:30 a.m. New York time on the first (1st) Business Day after the date of this Agreement, if this Agreement is executed and delivered after 8:30 a.m New York time, file a Current Report on Form 8-K describing all the material terms of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents in the form required by the 1934 Act and attaching all the material Transaction Documents (including, without limitation, this Agreement (and all schedules to this Agreement), the Indenture, the Supplemental Indenture, the form of the Notes, the form of the Warrants, the form of the Security Documents and the form of the Guaranties) (including all attachments, the “ 8-K Filing ”). From and after the filing of the 8-K Filing, the Company shall have disclosed all material, non-public information (if any) delivered to any of the Buyers by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or agents in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries and each of its and their respective officers, directors, employees and agents, not to, provide any Buyer with any material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of its Subsidiaries from and after the filing of the 8-K Filing without the express prior written consent of such Buyer. The Company understands and confirms that each Buyer shall be relying on the foregoing covenant and agreement in effecting transactions in securities of the Company, and based on such covenant and agreement, unless otherwise expressly agreed in writing by such Buyer: (i) such Buyer does not have any obligation of confidentiality with respect to any information that the Company provides to such Buyer; and (ii) such Buyer shall not be deemed to be in breach of any duty to the Company and/or to have misappropriated any non-public information of the Company, if such Buyer engages in transactions of securities of the Company, including, without limitation, any hedging transactions, short sales and/or any derivative transactions based on securities of the Company while in possession of such material non-public information. In the event of a breach of any of the foregoing covenants or any of the covenants or agreements contained in the Transaction Documents by the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of its or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents (as determined in the reasonable good faith judgment of such Buyer), in addition to any other remedy provided herein or in the Transaction Documents, such Buyer shall have the right to make a public disclosure, in the form of a press release, public advertisement or otherwise, of such breach or such material, non-public information without the prior approval by the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of its or their respective officers, directors, employees or agents. No Buyer shall have any liability to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of its or their respective officers, directors, employees, stockholders or agents, for any such disclosure. Subject to the foregoing, neither the Company, its Subsidiaries nor any Buyer shall issue any press releases or any other public statements with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby; provided, however, the Company shall be entitled, without the prior approval of any Buyer, to make any press release or other public disclosure with respect to such transactions (i) in substantial conformity with the 8-K Filing and contemporaneously therewith and (ii) as is required by applicable law and regulations (provided that in the case of clause (i) each Buyer shall be consulted by the Company in connection with any such press release or other public disclosure prior to its release). Without the prior written consent of the applicable Buyer, the Company shall not (and shall cause each of its Subsidiaries and affiliates to not) disclose the name of such Buyer in any filing (other than the 8-K Filing), announcement, release or otherwise.

(m) Additional Registration Statements . Until the sixtieth (60 ^th ) day after the Closing Date (the “ Applicable Date ”), the Company shall not file a registration statement under the 1933 Act relating to securities that are not the Registrable Securities (other than (i) registration statements on Form S-8 for an Approved Stock Plan (as defined below), (ii) post-effective amendments to registration statements that are effective as of the date of this Agreement solely to update the information contained therein, and (iii) a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC not less than thirty (30) days after the Closing Date).

(n) Additional Issuance of Securities . The Company agrees that for the period commencing on the date hereof and ending on the Applicable Date (the “ Restricted Period ”), neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall directly or indirectly issue, offer, sell, grant any option or right to purchase, or otherwise dispose of (or announce any issuance, offer, sale, grant of any option or right to purchase or other disposition of) any equity security or any equity-linked or related security (including, without limitation, any “equity security” (as that term is defined under Rule 405 promulgated under the 1933 Act), any Convertible Securities (as defined below), any debt, any preferred stock or any purchase rights) (any such issuance, offer, sale, grant, disposition or announcement (whether occurring during the Restricted Period or at any time thereafter) is referred to as a “ Subsequent Placement ”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 4(n) shall not apply in respect of the issuance of (A) shares of Common Stock or standard options to purchase Common Stock to directors, officers, consultants (it being expressly understood and agreed that lawyers, law firms, accountants, accounting firms and other similar professional advisors and professional advisory firms are not consultants) or employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in their capacity as such pursuant to an Approved Share Plan (as defined below), provided that (1) all such issuances (taking into account the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such options) after the date hereof pursuant to this clause (A) do not, in the aggregate, exceed more than 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock (adjusted for stock splits, stock combinations and other similar transactions occurring after the date of this Agreement) and (2) the exercise price of any such options is not lowered, none of such options are amended to increase the number of shares issuable thereunder and none of the terms or conditions of any such options are otherwise materially changed in any manner that adversely affects any of the Buyers; (B) shares of Common Stock issued upon the conversion or exercise of Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Share Plan that are covered by clause (A) above) issued prior to the date hereof, provided that the conversion or exercise price of any such Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Share Plan that are covered by clause (A) above) is not lowered, none of such Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Share Plan that are covered by clause (A) above) are amended to increase the number of shares issuable thereunder and none of the terms or conditions of any such Convertible Securities (other than standard options to purchase Common Stock issued pursuant to an Approved Share Plan that are covered by clause (A) above) are otherwise materially changed in any manner that adversely affects any of the Buyers; (C) the Pre-Installment Conversion Shares (as defined in the Notes); (D) the Warrant Shares; (E) the Conversion Shares (other than those that constitute Pre-Installment Conversion Shares), (F) the Interest Shares; and (G) capital stock or Convertible Securities issued as consideration for an acquisition or strategic transaction approved by a majority of the disinterested directors of the Company, provided that any such issuance shall only be a Person (or to the equityholders of a Person) which is, itself or through its subsidiaries, an operating company or an owner of an asset in a business synergistic with the business of the Company and shall provide to the Company additional benefits in addition to the investment of funds, but shall not, for the purposes of this clause (G), include a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business is investing in securities (each of the foregoing in clauses (A) through (G) collectively the “ Excluded Securities ”). “ Approved Share Plan ” means any employee benefit plan which has been approved by the board of directors of the Company prior to or subsequent to the date hereof pursuant to which shares of Common Stock and standard options to purchase Common Stock may be issued to any employee, officer, consultants or director for services provided to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in their capacity as such. “ Convertible Securities ” means any capital stock or other security of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that is at any time and under any circumstances directly or indirectly convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, or which otherwise entitles the holder thereof to acquire, any capital stock or other security of the Company (including, without limitation, Common Stock) or any of its Subsidiaries.

(o) Reservation of Shares . The Company shall take all action to from its duly authorized capital stock not less than 100% of the sum of (i) the maximum number of Conversion Shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes (assuming for purposes hereof that the Notes are convertible at the initial Conversion Price (as defined in the Notes) and without taking into account any limitations on the conversion of the Notes set forth therein), (ii) the maximum number of Interest Shares issuable pursuant to the terms of the Notes, (determined without taking into account any limitations on the conversion of the Notes set forth therein) and (iii) the maximum number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants (without taking into account any limitations on the exercise of the Warrants set forth therein).

(p) Conduct of Business . The business of the Company and its Subsidiaries shall not be conducted in violation of any law, ordinance or regulation of any governmental entity, except where such violations would not result, either individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Effect. So long as the Subsidiary Notes are outstanding, the Company shall take such actions as may be necessary to assure that each Borrower Subsidiary is not Insolvent. Without the prior written consent of the Buyers, the Company shall not (i) modify or amend the terms of the Subsidiary Notes, (ii) release any collateral securing the Subsidiary Notes (except to the extent permitted in the Notes), (iii) forgive, in whole or in part, any amounts due under the Subsidiary Notes, or (iv) waive or agree to forbear from enforcing any rights or obligations under the Subsidiary Notes.

(q) Variable Rate Transaction . Until the date no Notes are outstanding, the Company and each Subsidiary shall be prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any Subsequent Placement involving a Variable Rate Transaction. “ Variable Rate Transaction ” means a transaction in which the Company or any Subsidiary (i) issues or sells any Convertible Securities either (A) at a conversion, exercise or exchange rate or other price that is based upon and/or varies with the trading prices of, or quotations for, the shares of Common Stock at any time after the initial issuance of such Convertible Securities, or (B) with a conversion, exercise or exchange price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such Convertible Securities or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company or the market for the Common Stock, other than pursuant to a customary “weighted average” anti-dilution provision, or (ii) enters into any agreement (including, without limitation, an “equity line of credit” or an “at-the-market offering”) whereby the Company or any Subsidiary may sell securities at a future determined price (other than standard and customary “preemptive” or “participation” rights). Each Buyer shall be entitled to obtain injunctive relief against the Company and its Subsidiaries to preclude any such issuance, which remedy shall be in addition to any right to collect damages.

(r) Qualification Under Trust Indenture Act . Prior to any issuance of Notes hereunder, the Company shall qualify the Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “ TIA ”) and enter into the Supplemental Indenture in connection therewith and, so long as the Notes remain outstanding, the Indenture and the Supplemental Indenture shall be maintained in compliance with the TIA.

(s) Participation Right . So long as any Notes remain outstanding, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall, directly or indirectly, effect any Subsequent Placement unless the Company shall have first complied with this Section 4(s). The Company acknowledges and agrees that the right set forth in this Section 4(s) is a right granted by the Company, separately, to each Buyer.

(i) At least five (5) Trading Days prior to any proposed or intended Subsequent Placement, the Company shall deliver to each Buyer a written notice of its proposal or intention to effect a Subsequent Placement (each such notice, a “ Pre-Notice ”), which Pre-Notice shall not contain any information (including, without limitation, material, non-public information) other than: (i) a statement that the Company proposes or intends to effect a Subsequent Placement, (ii) a statement that the statement in clause (i) above does not constitute material, non-public information and (iii) a statement informing such Buyer that it is entitled to receive an Offer Notice (as defined below) with respect to such Subsequent Placement upon its written request. Upon the written request of a Buyer within three (3) Trading Days after the Company’s delivery to such Buyer of such Pre-Notice, and only upon a written request by such Buyer, the Company shall promptly, but no later than one (1) Trading Day after such request, deliver to such Buyer an irrevocable written notice (the “ Offer Notice ”) of any proposed or intended issuance or sale or exchange (the “ Offer ”) of the securities being offered (the “ Offered Securities ”) in a Subsequent Placement, which Offer Notice shall (w) identify and describe the Offered Securities, (x) describe the price and other terms upon which they are to be issued, sold or exchanged, and the number or amount of the Offered Securities to be issued, sold or exchanged, (y) identify the Persons (if known) to which or with which the Offered Securities are to be offered, issued, sold or exchanged and (z) offer to issue and sell to or exchange with such Buyer in accordance with the terms of the Offer all of the Offered Securities, provided that the number of Offered Securities which such Buyer shall have the right to subscribe for under this Section 4(s) shall be (a) based on such Buyer’s pro rata portion of the aggregate original principal amount of the Notes purchased hereunder by all Buyers (the “ Basic Amount ”), and (b) with respect to each Buyer that elects to purchase its Basic Amount, any additional portion of the Offered Securities attributable to the Basic Amounts of other Buyers as such Buyer shall indicate it will purchase or acquire should the other Buyers subscribe for less than their Basic Amounts (the “ Undersubscription Amount ”).

(ii) To accept an Offer, in whole or in part, such Buyer must deliver a written notice to the Company prior to the end of the fifth (5 ^th ) Business Day after such Buyer’s receipt of the Offer Notice (the “ Offer Period ”), setting forth the portion of such Buyer’s Basic Amount that such Buyer elects to purchase and, if such Buyer shall elect to purchase all of its Basic Amount, the Undersubscription Amount, if any, that such Buyer elects to purchase (in either case, the “ Notice of Acceptance ”). If the Basic Amounts subscribed for by all Buyers are less than the total of all of the Basic Amounts, then such Buyer who has set forth an Undersubscription Amount in its Notice of Acceptance shall be entitled to purchase, in addition to the Basic Amounts subscribed for, the Undersubscription Amount it has subscribed for; provided, however, if the Undersubscription Amounts subscribed for exceed the difference between the total of all the Basic Amounts and the Basic Amounts subscribed for (the “ Available Undersubscription Amount ”), such Buyer who has subscribed for any Undersubscription Amount shall be entitled to purchase only that portion of the Available Undersubscription Amount as the Basic Amount of such Buyer bears to the total Basic Amounts of all Buyers that have subscribed for Undersubscription Amounts, subject to rounding by the Company to the extent it deems reasonably necessary. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company desires to modify or amend the terms and conditions of the Offer prior to the expiration of the Offer Period, the Company may deliver to each Buyer a new Offer Notice and the Offer Period shall expire on the fifth (5 ^th ) Business Day after such Buyer’s receipt of such new Offer Notice.

(iii) The Company shall have five (5) days from the expiration of the Offer Period above (i) to offer, issue, sell or exchange all or any part of such Offered Securities as to which a Notice of Acceptance has not been given by a Buyer (the “ Refused Securities ”) pursuant to a definitive agreement(s) (the “ Subsequent Placement Agreement ”), but only to the offerees described in the Offer Notice (if so described therein) and only upon terms and conditions (including, without limitation, unit prices and interest rates) that are not more favorable to the acquiring Person or Persons or less favorable to the Company than those set forth in the Offer Notice and (ii) to publicly announce (a) the execution of such Subsequent Placement Agreement, and (b) either (x) the consummation of the transactions contemplated by such Subsequent Placement Agreement or (y) the termination of such Subsequent Placement Agreement, which shall be filed with the SEC on a Current Report on Form 8-K with such Subsequent Placement Agreement and any documents contemplated therein filed as exhibits thereto.

(iv) In the event the Company shall propose to sell less than all the Refused Securities (any such sale to be in the manner and on the terms specified in Section 4(s)(iii) above), then such Buyer may, at its sole option and in its sole discretion, reduce the number or amount of the Offered Securities specified in its Notice of Acceptance to an amount that shall be not less than the number or amount of the Offered Securities that such Buyer elected to purchase pursuant to Section 4(s)(ii) above multiplied by a fraction, (i) the numerator of which shall be the number or amount of Offered Securities the Company actually proposes to issue, sell or exchange (including Offered Securities to be issued or sold to Buyers pursuant to this Section 4(s) prior to such reduction) and (ii) the denominator of which shall be the original amount of the Offered Securities. In the event that any Buyer so elects to reduce the number or amount of Offered Securities specified in its Notice of Acceptance, the Company may not issue, sell or exchange more than the reduced number or amount of the Offered Securities unless and until such securities have again been offered to the Buyers in accordance with Section 4(s)(i) above.

(v) Upon the closing of the issuance, sale or exchange of all or less than all of the Refused Securities, such Buyer shall acquire from the Company, and the Company shall issue to such Buyer, the number or amount of Offered Securities specified in its Notice of Acceptance. The purchase by such Buyer of any Offered Securities is subject in all cases to the preparation, execution and delivery by the Company and such Buyer of a separate purchase agreement relating to such Offered Securities reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to such Buyer and its counsel.

(vi) Any Offered Securities not acquired by a Buyer or other Persons in accordance with this Section 4(s) may not be issued, sold or exchanged until they are again offered to such Buyer under the procedures specified in this Agreement.

(vii) The Company and each Buyer agree that if any Buyer elects to participate in the Offer, neither the Subsequent Placement Agreement with respect to such Offer nor any other transaction documents related thereto (collectively, the “ Subsequent Placement Documents ”) shall include any term or provision whereby such Buyer shall be required to agree to any restrictions on trading as to any securities of the Company (other than restrictions required by applicable securities laws on the resale of the specific “restricted securities” (as that term is defined under Rule 144) being issued in the Subsequent Placement) or be required to consent to any amendment to or termination of, or grant any waiver, release or the like under or in connection with, any agreement previously entered into with the Company or any instrument received from the Company.

(viii) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 4(s) and unless otherwise agreed to by such Buyer, the Company shall either confirm in writing to such Buyer that the transaction with respect to the Subsequent Placement has been abandoned or shall publicly disclose its intention to issue the Offered Securities, in either case in such a manner such that such Buyer will not be in possession of any material, non-public information, by the fifth (5 ^th ) Business Day following delivery of the Offer Notice. If by such fifth (5 ^th ) Business Day, no public disclosure regarding a transaction with respect to the Offered Securities has been made, and no notice regarding the abandonment of such transaction has been received by such Buyer, such transaction shall be deemed to have been abandoned and such Buyer shall not be in possession of any material, non-public information with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Should the Company decide to again pursue such transaction with respect to the Offered Securities, the Company shall provide such Buyer with another Offer Notice in accordance with, and subject to, the terms of this Section 4(s) and such Buyer will again have the right of participation set forth in this Section 4(s). The Company shall not be permitted to deliver more than one Offer Notice to such Buyer in any forty-five (45) day period, except as expressly contemplated by the last sentence of Section 4(s)(ii).

(ix) The restrictions contained in this Section 4(s) shall not apply in connection with the issuance of (i) any Excluded Securities or (ii) any Common Stock or Convertible Securities issued pursuant to an Approved Stock Plan. The Company shall not circumvent the provisions of this Section 4(s) by providing terms or conditions to one Buyer that are not provided to all.

(t) Passive Foreign Investment Company . The Company shall conduct its business in such a manner as will ensure that the Company will not be deemed to constitute a passive foreign investment company within the meaning of Section 1297 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(u) Restriction on Redemption and Cash Dividends . So long as any Notes are outstanding, the Company shall not, directly or indirectly, redeem, or declare or pay any cash dividend or distribution on, any securities of the Company without the prior express written consent of the Buyers.

(v) Corporate Existence . So long as any Buyer owns any Notes or Warrants, the Company shall not be party to any Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Notes) unless the Company is in compliance with the applicable provisions governing Fundamental Transactions set forth in the Notes and the Warrants.

(w) Stockholder Approval. The Company shall provide each stockholder entitled to vote at either (x) the next annual meeting of stockholders of the Company or (y) a special meeting of stockholders of the Company (the “ Stockholder Meeting ”), which shall be promptly called and held not later than December 1, 2015 (the “ Stockholder Meeting Deadline ”), a proxy statement soliciting each such stockholder's affirmative vote at the Stockholder Meeting for approval of resolutions (“ Stockholder Resolutions ”) providing for the Company’s (x) issuance of all of the Securities as described in the Transaction Documents in accordance with applicable law and the rules and regulations of the Principal Market and (y) an increase in the number of shares of Common Stock the Company is authorized to issue to 250,000,000 (such affirmative approval being referred to herein as the “ Stockholder Approval ”, and the date such Stockholder Approval is obtained, the “ Stockholder Approval Date ”), and the Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to solicit its stockholders' approval of such resolutions and to cause the Board of Directors of the Company to recommend to the stockholders that they approve such resolutions. The Company shall be obligated to seek to obtain the Stockholder Approval by the Stockholder Meeting Deadline. If, despite the Company's reasonable best efforts the Stockholder Approval is not obtained on or prior to the Stockholder Meeting Deadline, the Company shall cause an additional Stockholder Meeting to be held once in each of the three subsequent calendar quarters thereafter until such Stockholder Approval is obtained. If, despite the Company's reasonable best efforts the Stockholder Approval is not obtained after such subsequent stockholder meetings, the Company shall cause an additional Stockholder Meeting to be held semi-annually thereafter until such Stockholder Approval is obtained.

(x) Conversion and Exercise Procedures . Each of the form of Exercise Notice included in the Warrants and the form of Conversion Notice included in the Notes set forth the totality of the procedures required of the Buyers in order to exercise the Warrants or convert the Notes. No additional legal opinion, other information or instructions shall be required of the Buyers to exercise their Warrants or convert their Notes. The Company shall honor exercises of the Warrants and conversions of the Notes and shall deliver the Conversion Shares, Interest Shares and Warrant Shares in accordance with the terms, conditions and time periods set forth in the Notes and Warrants.

5. REGISTER; TRANSFER AGENT INSTRUCTIONS; LEGENDS.

(a) Register . The Company shall maintain at its principal executive offices (or such other office or agency of the Company as it may designate by notice to each holder of Securities), a register for the Notes and the Warrants in which the Company shall record the name and address of the Person in whose name the Notes and the Warrants have been issued (including the name and address of each transferee), the principal amount of the Notes held by such Person, the number of Conversion Shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes held by such Person, the number of Interest Shares issuable with respect to the Notes held by such Person and the number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants held by such Person. The Company shall keep the register open and available at all times during business hours for inspection of any Buyer or its legal representatives.

(b) Transfer Agent Instructions . The Company shall issue irrevocable instructions to its transfer agent and any subsequent transfer agent in a form acceptable to each of the Buyers (the “ Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions ”) to issue certificates or credit shares to the applicable balance accounts at The Depository Trust Company (“ DTC ”), registered in the name of each Buyer or its respective nominee(s), for the Conversion Shares, the Interest Shares and the Warrant Shares in such amounts as specified from time to time by each Buyer to the Company upon conversion of the Notes or other issuance pursuant to the terms of the Notes or the exercise of the Warrants (as the case may be). The Company represents and warrants that no instruction other than the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions referred to in this Section 5(b) will be given by the Company to its transfer agent with respect to the Securities, and that the Securities shall otherwise be freely transferable on the books and records of the Company. If a Buyer effects a sale, assignment or transfer of the Securities, the Company shall permit the transfer and, to the extent applicable, shall promptly instruct its transfer agent to issue one or more certificates or credit shares to the applicable balance accounts at DTC in such name and in such denominations as specified by such Buyer to effect such sale, transfer or assignment. The Company acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations hereunder will cause irreparable harm to each Buyer. Accordingly, the Company acknowledges that the remedy at law for a breach of its obligations under this Section 5(b) will be inadequate and agrees, in the event of a breach or threatened breach by the Company of the provisions of this Section 5(b), that each Buyer shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to an order and/or injunction restraining any breach and requiring immediate issuance and transfer, without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required. The Company shall cause its counsel to issue the legal opinion referred to in the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions to the Company’s transfer agent to the extent requested by such transfer agent. Any fees (with respect to the transfer agent, counsel to the Company or otherwise) associated with the issuance of such opinion shall be borne by the Company.

(c) Legends . Certificates and any other instruments evidencing the Securities shall not bear any restrictive or other legend.

6. CONDITIONS TO THE COMPANY’S OBLIGATION TO SELL.

(a) The obligation of the Company hereunder to issue and sell the Notes and Warrants to each Buyer at the Closing is subject to the satisfaction, at or before the Closing Date, of each of the following conditions, provided that these conditions are for the Company’s sole benefit and may be waived by the Company at any time in its sole discretion by providing each Buyer with prior written notice thereof:

(i) Such Buyer shall have executed each of the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party and delivered the same to the Company.

(ii) Such Buyer and each other Buyer shall have delivered to the Company the Purchase Price (less, in the case of Iroquois, the amounts withheld pursuant to Section 4(j)) for the Notes and Warrants being purchased by such Buyer at the Closing by wire transfer of immediately available funds pursuant to the wire instructions provided by the Company.

(iii) The representations and warranties of such Buyer shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date when made and as of the Closing Date as though originally made at that time (except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date, which shall be true and correct as of such date), and such Buyer shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with the covenants, agreements and conditions required by this Agreement to be performed, satisfied or complied with by such Buyer at or prior to the Closing Date.

7. CONDITIONS TO EACH BUYER’S OBLIGATION TO PURCHASE.

(a) The obligation of each Buyer hereunder to purchase its Note and Warrants at the Closing is subject to the satisfaction, at or before the Closing Date, of each of the following conditions, provided that these conditions are for each Buyer’s sole benefit and may be waived by such Buyer at any time in its sole discretion by providing the Company with prior written notice thereof:

(i) The Company and each Borrower Subsidiary (as the case may be) shall have duly executed and delivered to such Buyer each of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and the Company shall have duly executed and delivered to such Buyer a Note (in such original principal amount as is set forth across from such Buyer’s name in column (3) on the Schedule of Buyers) and the related Warrants as is set forth across from such Buyer’s name in column (4) on the Schedule of Buyers, respectively), in each case, being purchased by such Buyer at the Closing pursuant to this Agreement.

(ii) Such Buyer shall have received the opinion of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C., the Company’s counsel, dated as of the Closing Date, in the form previously provided to the Company.

(iii) The Trustee shall have duly executed and delivered to the Company and such Buyer the Indenture and the Supplemental Indenture. The Indenture and the Supplemental Indenture shall be qualified under the TIA.

(iv) The Company shall have delivered to such Buyer a copy of the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions, in the form acceptable to such Buyer, which instructions shall have been delivered to and acknowledged in writing by the Company’s transfer agent.

(v) The Company shall have delivered to such Buyer a certificate evidencing the formation and good standing of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries in each such entity’s jurisdiction of formation issued by the Secretary of State (or comparable office) of such jurisdiction of formation as of a date within ten (10) days of the Closing Date.

(vi) The Company shall have delivered to such Buyer a certificate evidencing the Company’s and each Borrower Subsidiary’s qualification as a foreign corporation and good standing issued by the Secretary of State (or comparable office) of each jurisdiction in which the Company and each Borrower Subsidiary conducts business and is required to so qualify, as of a date within ten (10) days of the Closing Date.

(vii) The Company shall have delivered to such Buyer a certified copy of the Certificate of Incorporation as certified by the Secretary of State of Delaware within ten (10) days of the Closing Date.

(viii) The Company and each Borrower Subsidiary shall have delivered to such Buyer a certificate, in the form acceptable to such Buyer, executed by the Secretary of the Company and each Borrower Subsidiary and dated as of the Closing Date, as to (i) the resolutions consistent with Section 3(b) as adopted by the Company’s and each Borrower Subsidiary’s board of directors in a form reasonably acceptable to such Buyer, (ii) the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company and the organizational documents of each Borrower Subsidiary and (iii) the Bylaws of the Company and the bylaws of each Borrower Subsidiary, each as in effect at the Closing.

(ix) Each and every representation and warranty of the Company shall be true and correct in all material respects (other than representations and warranties that are already qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect which shall be true and correct in all respects) as of the date when made and as of the Closing Date as though originally made at that time (except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date, which shall be true and correct as of such specific date) and the Company shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all respects with the covenants, agreements and conditions required to be performed, satisfied or complied with by the Company at or prior to the Closing Date. Such Buyer shall have received a certificate, duly executed by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, dated as of the Closing Date, to the foregoing effect and as to such other matters as may be reasonably requested by such Buyer in the form acceptable to such Buyer.

(x) The Company shall have delivered to such Buyer a letter from the Company’s transfer agent certifying the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on the Business Day immediately prior to the Closing Date.

(xi) The Common Stock (I) shall be designated for quotation or listed on the Principal Market and (II) shall not have been suspended, as of the Closing Date, by the SEC or the Principal Market from trading on the Principal Market nor shall suspension by the SEC or the Principal Market have been threatened as of the Closing Date, either (A) in writing by the SEC or the Principal Market or (B) by falling below the minimum maintenance requirements of the Principal Market.

(xii) The Company shall have obtained all governmental, regulatory or third party consents and approvals, if any, necessary for the sale of the Securities, including without limitation, those required by the Principal Market.

(xiii) No statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated or endorsed by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that prohibits the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

(xiv) Since the date of execution of this Agreement, no event or series of events shall have occurred that reasonably would have or result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(xv) In accordance with the terms of the Security Documents, the Company shall have delivered to such Buyer (i) the Subsidiary Notes, together with executed blank bond or other transfer powers, (ii) certificates representing the shares of capital stock or other equity ownership interests of each Subsidiary (other than the Borrower Subsidiaries) to the extent such subsidiary is a corporation or otherwise has certificated capital stock or other equity ownership interests, along with duly executed blank stock or other transfer powers, and (iii) appropriate financing statements on Form UCC-1 to be duly filed in such office or offices as may be necessary or, in the opinion of the Buyers, desirable to perfect the security interests purported to be created by the Subsidiary Notes and each Security Document.

(xvi) The Company shall have delivered or caused to be delivered to each Buyer true copies of UCC search results, listing all effective financing statements which name as debtor the Company or any of its Subsidiaries filed in the prior five years to perfect an interest in any assets thereof, together with copies of such financing statements, none of which, except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Buyers, shall cover any of the Collateral (as defined in the Security Documents) and the results of searches for any tax lien and judgment lien filed against such Person or its property, which results, except as otherwise agreed to in writing by the Buyers shall not show any such Liens (as defined in the Security Documents).

(xvii) The Principal Market shall not have objected to the notification of additional listing provided by the Company with respect to the Conversion Shares and Interest Shares issuable pursuant to the Notes.

(xviii) Such Buyer shall have received a letter on the letterhead of the Company, duly executed by an officer of the Company, setting forth the wire instructions of the Company.

(xix) From the date hereof to the Closing Date, (i) trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended by the SEC or the Principal Market, and, (ii) at any time prior to the Closing Date, trading in securities generally as reported by Bloomberg L.P. shall not have been suspended or limited, or minimum prices shall not have been established on securities whose trades are reported by such service, or on the Principal Market, nor shall a banking moratorium have been declared either by the United States or New York State authorities nor shall there have occurred any material outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other national or international calamity of such magnitude in its effect on, or any material adverse change in, any financial market which, in each case, in the reasonable judgment of each Buyer, makes it impracticable or inadvisable to purchase the Securities at the Closing.

(xx) The Registration Statement shall be effective and available for the issuance and sale of the Securities to be issued at the Closing hereunder and pursuant to the terms of the Notes and the Warrants and the Company shall have delivered to such Buyer the Prospectus and the Prospectus Supplement as required thereunder.

(xxi) The Company and its Subsidiaries shall have delivered to such Buyer such other documents, instruments or certificates relating to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as such Buyer or its counsel may reasonably request.

8. TERMINATION.

In the event that the Closing shall not have occurred with respect to a Buyer within five (5) days after the date hereof, then such Buyer shall have the right to terminate its obligations under this Agreement with respect to itself at any time on or after the close of business on such date without liability of such Buyer to any other party; provided, however, (i) the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 8 shall not be available to such Buyer if the failure of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement to have been consummated by such date is the result of such Buyer’s breach of this Agreement and (ii) the abandonment of the sale and purchase of the Notes and the Warrants shall be applicable only to such Buyer providing such written notice, provided further that no such termination shall affect any obligation of the Company under this Agreement to reimburse such Buyer for the expenses described in Section 4(j) above. Nothing contained in this Section 8 shall be deemed to release any party from any liability for any breach by such party of the terms and provisions of this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents or to impair the right of any party to compel specific performance by any other party of its obligations under this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents.

9. MISCELLANEOUS.

(a) Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Jury Trial . All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents shall be governed by the internal laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of New York or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or under any of the other Transaction Documents or in connection herewith or therewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or thereby or discussed herein or therein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof to such party at the address for such notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed or operate to preclude any Buyer from bringing suit or taking other legal action against the Company in any other jurisdiction to collect on the Company’s obligations to such Buyer or to enforce a judgment or other court ruling in favor of such Buyer. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.

(b) Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party. In the event that any signature is delivered by electronic mail which contains a portable document format (.pdf) file of an executed signature page, such signature page shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such signature page were an original thereof.

(c) Headings; Gender . The headings of this Agreement are for convenience of reference and shall not form part of, or affect the interpretation of, this Agreement. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, each pronoun herein shall be deemed to include the masculine, feminine, neuter, singular and plural forms thereof. The terms “including,” “includes,” “include” and words of like import shall be construed broadly as if followed by the words “without limitation.” The terms “herein,” “hereunder,” “hereof” and words of like import refer to this entire Agreement instead of just the provision in which they are found.

(d) Severability . If any provision of this Agreement is prohibited by law or otherwise determined to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the provision that would otherwise be prohibited, invalid or unenforceable shall be deemed amended to apply to the broadest extent that it would be valid and enforceable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of such provision shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this Agreement so long as this Agreement as so modified continues to express, without material change, the original intentions of the parties as to the subject matter hereof and the prohibited nature, invalidity or unenforceability of the provision(s) in question does not substantially impair the respective expectations or reciprocal obligations of the parties or the practical realization of the benefits that would otherwise be conferred upon the parties. The parties will endeavor in good faith negotiations to replace the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s) with a valid provision(s), the effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document (and without implication that the following is required or applicable), it is the intention of the parties that in no event shall amounts and value paid by the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries (as the case may be), or payable to or received by any of the Buyers, under the Transaction Documents (including without limitation, any amounts that would be characterized as “interest” under applicable law) exceed amounts permitted under any applicable law. Accordingly, if any obligation to pay, payment made to any Buyer, or collection by any Buyer pursuant the Transaction Documents is finally judicially determined to be contrary to any such applicable law, such obligation to pay, payment or collection shall be deemed to have been made by mutual mistake of such Buyer, the Company and its Subsidiaries and such amount shall be deemed to have been adjusted with retroactive effect to the maximum amount or rate of interest, as the case may be, as would not be so prohibited by the applicable law. Such adjustment shall be effected, to the extent necessary, by reducing or refunding, at the option of such Buyer, the amount of interest or any other amounts which would constitute unlawful amounts required to be paid or actually paid to such Buyer under the Transaction Documents. For greater certainty, to the extent that any interest, charges, fees, expenses or other amounts required to be paid to or received by such Buyer under any of the Transaction Documents or related thereto are held to be within the meaning of “interest” or another applicable term to otherwise be violative of applicable law, such amounts shall be pro-rated over the period of time to which they relate.

(e) Entire Agreement; Amendments . This Agreement, the other Transaction Documents and the schedules and exhibits attached hereto and thereto and the instruments referenced herein and therein supersede all other prior oral or written agreements between the Buyers, the Company, its Subsidiaries, their affiliates and Persons acting on their behalf solely with respect to the matters contained herein and therein, and this Agreement, the other Transaction Documents, the schedules and exhibits attached hereto and thereto and the instruments referenced herein and therein contain the entire understanding of the parties solely with respect to the matters covered herein and therein; provided, however, nothing contained in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document shall (or shall be deemed to) (i) have any effect on any agreements any Buyer has entered into with, or any instruments any Buyer has received from, the Company or any of its Subsidiaries prior to the date hereof with respect to any prior investment made by such Buyer in the Company or (ii) waive, alter, modify or amend in any respect any obligations of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any rights of or benefits to any Buyer or any other Person, in any agreement entered into prior to the date hereof between or among the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries and any Buyer, or any instruments any Buyer received from the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries prior to the date hereof, and all such agreements and instruments shall continue in full force and effect. Except as specifically set forth herein or therein, neither the Company nor any Buyer makes any representation, warranty, covenant or undertaking with respect to such matters. For clarification purposes, the Recitals are part of this Agreement. No provision of this Agreement may be amended other than by an instrument in writing signed by the Company and each of the Buyers. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by an authorized representative of the waiving party. No consideration shall be offered or paid to any Person to amend or consent to a waiver or modification of any provision of any of the Transaction Documents unless the same consideration also is offered to all of the parties to the Transaction Documents, all holders of the Notes or all holders of the Warrants (as the case may be). The Company has not, directly or indirectly, made any agreements with any Buyers relating to the terms or conditions of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents except as set forth in the Transaction Documents. Without limiting the foregoing, the Company confirms that, except as set forth in this Agreement, no Buyer has made any commitment or promise or has any other obligation to provide any financing to the Company, any Subsidiary or otherwise. As a material inducement for each Buyer to enter into this Agreement, the Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that (i) no due diligence or other investigation or inquiry conducted by a Buyer, any of its advisors or any of its representatives shall affect such Buyer’s right to rely on, or shall modify or qualify in any manner or be an exception to any of, the Company’s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document and (ii) unless a provision of this Agreement or any other Transaction Document is expressly preceded by the phrase “except as disclosed in the SEC Documents,” nothing contained in any of the SEC Documents shall affect such Buyer’s right to rely on, or shall modify or qualify in any manner or be an exception to any of, the Company’s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document.

(f) Notices . Any notices, consents, waivers or other communications required or permitted to be given under the terms of this Agreement must be in writing and will be deemed to have been delivered: (i) upon receipt, when delivered personally; (ii) upon receipt, when sent by electronic mail; or (iii) one (1) Business Day after deposit with an overnight courier service with next day delivery specified, in each case, properly addressed to the party to receive the same. The mailing addresses and electronic mail addresses for such communications shall be:

If to the Company:

Vringo, Inc.

780 Third Avenue, 12th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Telephone: (646) 532-6778
E-mail: Exec@vringoinc.com
Attention: Andrew Perlman

With a copy (for informational purposes only) to:

Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.

Chrysler Center

666 Third Avenue

New York, NY 10017

Telephone: 212-692-6768
E-mail: krkoch@mintz.com
Attention: Kenneth R. Koch

If to the Transfer Agent:

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC

6201 15th Avenue

Brooklyn, NY 11219

Telephone: 718-921-8210

E-mail: admin5@amstock.com

Attention: Joe Alicia

If to a Buyer, to its mailing address and electronic mail address set forth on the Schedule of Buyers, with copies to such Buyer’s representatives as set forth on the Schedule of Buyers,

with a copy (for informational purposes only) to:

Lowenstein Sandler LLP
1251 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10020
Telephone: (973) 597-2382
E-mail: jhogoboom@lowenstein.com
Attention: John. D. Hogoboom

or to such other mailing address and/or electronic mail address and/or to the attention of such other Person as the recipient party has specified by written notice given to each other party five (5) days prior to the effectiveness of such change, provided that Lowenstein Sandler LLP shall only be provided copies of notices sent to Iroquois. Written or electronic mail confirmation of receipt (A) given by the recipient of such notice, consent, waiver or other communication, or (B) provided by an overnight courier service shall be rebuttable evidence of personal service or receipt from an overnight courier service in accordance with clause (i), (ii) or (iii) above, respectively.

(g) Successors and Assigns . This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and assigns, including any assignee of any of the Securities. The Company shall not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of each of the Buyers, including, without limitation, by way of a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Warrants) (unless the Company is in compliance with the applicable provisions governing Fundamental Transactions set forth in the Warrants) or a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Notes) (unless the Company is in compliance with the applicable provisions governing Fundamental Transactions set forth in the Notes). A Buyer may assign some or all of its rights hereunder in connection with any transfer of any of its Securities without the consent of the Company, in which event such assignee shall be deemed to be a Buyer hereunder with respect to such assigned rights.

(h) No Third Party Beneficiaries . This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective permitted successors and assigns, and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person, other than the Indemnitees referred to in Section 9(k).

(i) Survival . The representations, warranties, agreements and covenants shall survive the Closing. Each Buyer shall be responsible only for its own representations, warranties, agreements and covenants hereunder.

(j) Further Assurances . Each party shall do and perform, or cause to be done and performed, all such further acts and things, and shall execute and deliver all such other agreements, certificates, instruments and documents, as any other party may reasonably request in order to carry out the intent and accomplish the purposes of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby.

(k) Indemnification .

(i) In consideration of each Buyer’s execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents and acquiring the Securities thereunder and in addition to all of the Company’s other obligations under the Transaction Documents, the Company shall defend, protect, indemnify and hold harmless each Buyer and each holder of any Securities and all of their stockholders, partners, members, officers, directors, employees and direct or indirect investors and any of the foregoing Persons’ agents or other representatives (including, without limitation, those retained in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement) (collectively, the “ Indemnitees ”) from and against any and all actions, causes of action, suits, claims, losses, costs, penalties, fees, liabilities and damages, and expenses in connection therewith (irrespective of whether any such Indemnitee is a party to the action for which indemnification hereunder is sought), and including reasonable attorneys’ fees and disbursements (the “ Indemnified Liabilities ”), incurred by any Indemnitee as a result of, or arising out of, or relating to (a) any misrepresentation or breach of any representation or warranty made by the Company or any Subsidiary in any of the Transaction Documents, (b) any breach of any covenant, agreement or obligation of the Company or any Subsidiary contained in any of the Transaction Documents, (c) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained, or incorporated by reference, in the Registration Statement or any amendment thereto or any omission or alleged omission to state therein, or in any document incorporated by reference therein, a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, (d) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained, or incorporated by reference, in the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or in any amendment thereof or supplement thereto, or in any “issuer information” (as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act) of the Company, which “issuer information” is required to be, or is, filed with the Commission or otherwise contained in any Free Writing Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or any omission or alleged omission to state therein, or in any document incorporated by reference therein, a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, (e) any violation of United States federal or state securities laws or the rules and regulations of the Principal Market or any Eligible Market in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Warrants, the Indenture and the Notes by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, directors or employees or (f) any cause of action, suit, proceeding or claim brought or made against such Indemnitee by a third party (including for these purposes a derivative action brought on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary) or which otherwise involves such Indemnitee that arises out of or results from (i) the execution, delivery, performance or enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents, (ii) any transaction financed or to be financed in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, with the proceeds of the issuance of the Securities, (iii) any disclosure properly made by such Buyer pursuant to Section 4(l), or (iv) the status of such Buyer or holder of the Securities either as an investor in the Company pursuant to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents or as a party to this Agreement (including, without limitation, as a party in interest or otherwise in any action or proceeding for injunctive or other equitable relief). To the extent that the foregoing undertaking by the Company may be unenforceable for any reason, the Company shall make the maximum contribution to the payment and satisfaction of each of the Indemnified Liabilities which is permissible under applicable law.

(ii) Promptly after receipt by an Indemnitee under this Section 9(k) of notice of the commencement of any action or proceeding (including any governmental action or proceeding) involving an Indemnified Liability, such Indemnitee shall, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the Company under this Section 9(k), deliver to the Company a written notice of the commencement thereof, and the Company shall have the right to participate in, and, to the extent the Company so desires, to assume control of the defense thereof with counsel mutually satisfactory to the Company and the Indemnitee; provided, however, that an Indemnitee shall have the right to retain its own counsel with the fees and expenses of such counsel to be paid by the Company if: (i) the Company has agreed in writing to pay such fees and expenses; (ii) the Company shall have failed promptly to assume the defense of such Indemnified Liability and to employ counsel reasonably satisfactory to such Indemnitee in any such Indemnified Liability; or (iii) the named parties to any such Indemnified Liability (including any impleaded parties) include both such Indemnitee and the Company, and such Indemnitee shall have been advised by counsel that a conflict of interest is likely to exist if the same counsel were to represent such Indemnitee and the Company (in which case, if such Indemnitee notifies the Company in writing that it elects to employ separate counsel at the expense of the Company, then the Company shall not have the right to assume the defense thereof and such counsel shall be at the expense of the Company), provided further, that in the case of clause (iii) above the Company shall not be responsible for the reasonable fees and expenses of more than one (1) separate legal counsel for such Indemnitee. The Indemnitee shall reasonably cooperate with the Company in connection with any negotiation or defense of any such action or Indemnified Liability by the Company and shall furnish to the Company all information reasonably available to the Indemnitee which relates to such action or Indemnified Liability. The Company shall keep the Indemnitee reasonably apprised at all times as to the status of the defense or any settlement negotiations with respect thereto. The Company shall not be liable for any settlement of any action, claim or proceeding effected without its prior written consent, provided, however, that the Company shall not unreasonably withhold, delay or condition its consent. The Company shall not, without the prior written consent of the Indemnitee, consent to entry of any judgment or enter into any settlement or other compromise which does not include as an unconditional term thereof the giving by the claimant or plaintiff to such Indemnitee of a release from all liability in respect to such Indemnified Liability or litigation, and such settlement shall not include any admission as to fault on the part of the Indemnitee. Following indemnification as provided for hereunder, the Company shall be subrogated to all rights of the Indemnitee with respect to all third parties, firms or corporations relating to the matter for which indemnification has been made. The failure to deliver written notice to the Company within a reasonable time of the commencement of any such action shall not relieve the Company of any liability to the Indemnitee under this Section 9(k), except to the extent that the Company is materially and adversely prejudiced in its ability to defend such action.

(iii) The indemnification required by this Section 9(k) shall be made by periodic payments of the amount thereof during the course of the investigation or defense, as and when bills are received or Indemnified Liabilities are incurred.

(iv) The indemnity agreement contained herein shall be in addition to (A) any cause of action or similar right of the Indemnitee against the Company or others, and (B) any liabilities the Company may be subject to pursuant to applicable law.

(l) Construction . The language used in this Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party. No specific representation or warranty shall limit the generality or applicability of a more general representation or warranty. Each and every reference to share prices, shares of Common Stock and any other numbers in this Agreement that relate to the Common Stock shall be automatically adjusted for any stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions that occur with respect to the Common Stock after the date of this Agreement.

(m) Remedies . Each Buyer and each holder of any Securities shall have all rights and remedies set forth in the Transaction Documents and all rights and remedies which such holders have been granted at any time under any other agreement or contract and all of the rights which such holders have under any law. Any Person having any rights under any provision of this Agreement shall be entitled to enforce such rights specifically (without posting a bond or other security), to recover damages by reason of any breach of any provision of this Agreement and to exercise all other rights granted by law. Furthermore, the Company recognizes that in the event that it or any Subsidiary fails to perform, observe, or discharge any or all of its or such Subsidiary’s (as the case may be) obligations under the Transaction Documents, any remedy at law may prove to be inadequate relief to the Buyers. The Company therefore agrees that the Buyers shall be entitled to seek specific performance and/or temporary, preliminary and permanent injunctive or other equitable relief from any court of competent jurisdiction in any such case without the necessity of proving actual damages and without posting a bond or other security.

(n) Withdrawal Right . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar provisions of) the Transaction Documents, whenever any Buyer exercises a right, election, demand or option under a Transaction Document and the Company or any Subsidiary does not timely perform its related obligations within the periods therein provided, then such Buyer may rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time upon written notice to the Company or such Subsidiary (as the case may be), any relevant notice, demand or election in whole or in part without prejudice to its future actions and rights.

(o) Payment Set Aside; Currency . To the extent that the Company makes a payment or payments to any Buyer hereunder or pursuant to any of the other Transaction Documents or any of the Buyers enforce or exercise their rights hereunder or thereunder, and such payment or payments or the proceeds of such enforcement or exercise or any part thereof are subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside, recovered from, disgorged by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other Person under any law (including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, foreign, state or federal law, common law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent of any such restoration the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such enforcement or setoff had not occurred. Unless otherwise expressly indicated, all dollar amounts referred to in this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents are in United States Dollars (“ U.S. Dollars ”), and all amounts owing under this Agreement and all other Transaction Documents shall be paid in U.S. Dollars. All amounts denominated in other currencies (if any) shall be converted into the U.S. Dollar equivalent amount in accordance with the Exchange Rate on the date of calculation. “ Exchange Rate ” means, in relation to any amount of currency to be converted into U.S. Dollars pursuant to this Agreement, the U.S. Dollar exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on the relevant date of calculation.

(p) Maximum Payments . Nothing contained in the Indenture, the Supplemental Indenture or any of the Notes shall be deemed to establish or require the payment of a rate of interest or other charges in excess of the maximum permitted by applicable law. In the event that the rate of interest required to be paid or other charges under any of the Notes exceeds the maximum permitted by such law, such rate and such charges, to the extent applicable, shall be automatically reduced to the maximum rate and charges, as applicable, permitted by applicable law, without further action by the parties hereto, and any payments or amounts actually received by the holder thereof in excess of such maximum shall be refunded to the Company, which refund may be accomplished, at the option of the Company, by credit against amounts owed by the Company to such holder or by actual return to the Company by such holder.

(q) Independent Nature of Buyers’ Obligations and Rights . The obligations of each Buyer under the Transaction Documents are several and not joint with the obligations of any other Buyer, and no Buyer shall be responsible in any way for the performance of the obligations of any other Buyer under any Transaction Document. Nothing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document, and no action taken by any Buyer pursuant hereto or thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Buyers as, and the Company acknowledges that the Buyers do not so constitute, a partnership, an association, a joint venture or any other kind of group or entity, or create a presumption that the Buyers are in any way acting in concert or as a group or entity with respect to such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents or any matters, and the Company acknowledges that the Buyers are not acting in concert or as a group, and the Company shall not assert any such claim, with respect to such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The decision of each Buyer to purchase Securities pursuant to the Transaction Documents has been made by such Buyer independently of any other Buyer. Each Buyer acknowledges that no other Buyer has acted as agent for such Buyer in connection with such Buyer making its investment hereunder and that no other Buyer will be acting as agent of such Buyer in connection with monitoring such Buyer’s investment in the Securities or enforcing its rights under the Transaction Documents. The Company and each Buyer confirms that each Buyer has independently participated with the Company and its Subsidiaries in the negotiation of the transaction contemplated hereby with the advice of its own counsel and advisors. Each Buyer shall be entitled to independently protect and enforce its rights, including, without limitation, the rights arising out of this Agreement or out of any other Transaction Documents, and it shall not be necessary for any other Buyer to be joined as an additional party in any proceeding for such purpose. The use of a single agreement to effectuate the purchase and sale of the Securities contemplated hereby was solely in the control of the Company, not the action or decision of any Buyer, and was done solely for the convenience of the Company and its Subsidiaries and not because it was required or requested to do so by any Buyer. It is expressly understood and agreed that each provision contained in this Agreement and in each other Transaction Document is between the Company, each Subsidiary and a Buyer, solely, and not between the Company, its Subsidiaries and the Buyers collectively and not between and among the Buyers.

(r) Judgment Currency .

(i) If for the purpose of obtaining or enforcing judgment against the Company in any court in any jurisdiction it becomes necessary to convert into any other currency (such other currency being hereinafter in this Section 9(r) referred to as the “ Judgment Currency ”) an amount due in U.S. Dollars under this Agreement or any other Transaction Document, the conversion shall be made at the Exchange Rate prevailing on the Trading Day immediately preceding: (1) the date actual payment of the amount due, in the case of any proceeding in the courts of Illinois or in the courts of any other jurisdiction that will give effect to such conversion being made on such date or (2) the date on which the foreign court determines, in the case of any proceeding in the courts of any other jurisdiction (the date as of which such conversion is made pursuant to this Section 9(r)(i) being hereinafter referred to as the “ Judgment Conversion Date ”).

(ii) If in the case of any proceeding in the court of any jurisdiction referred to in Section 9(r)(i) above, there is a change in the Exchange Rate prevailing between the Judgment Conversion Date and the date of actual payment of the amount due, the applicable party shall pay such adjusted amount as may be necessary to ensure that the amount paid in the Judgment Currency, when converted at the Exchange Rate prevailing on the date of payment, will produce the amount of U.S. Dollars which could have been purchased with the amount of Judgment Currency stipulated in the judgment or judicial order at the Exchange Rate prevailing on the Judgment Conversion Date.

(iii) Any amount due from the Company under this provision shall be due as a separate debt and shall not be affected by judgment being obtained for any other amounts due under or in respect of this Agreement or any other Transaction Document.

[ signature pages follow ]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each Buyer and the Company have caused their respective signature page to this Agreement to be duly executed as of the date first written above.

	COMPANY:

	VRINGO, INC.

	By:	/s/ Andrew Perlman
		Name: Andrew Perlman
		Title: Chief Executive Officer

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each Buyer and the Company have caused their respective signature page to this Agreement to be duly executed as of the date first written above.

	BUYER:

	IROQUOIS MASTER FUND LTD.

	/s/ Joshua Silverman
	By: Joshua Silverman, Authorized Signatory

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each Buyer and the Company have caused their respective signature page to this Agreement to be duly executed as of the date first written above.

	BUYER:

	IROQUOIS CAPITAL INVESTMENT
	GROUP LLC

	/s/ Joshua Silverman
	By: Joshua Silverman, Authorized Signatory

SCHEDULE OF BUYERS

(1)	(2)		(3)	(4)		(5)

Buyer	Address and E-mail Address		Principal Amount of Notes	Number of Warrant Shares		Purchase Price

Iroquois Master Fund Ltd.	205 East 42nd St- 20th Fl. New York NY 10017 E-mail: JSilverman@icfund.com	$	10,000,000	4,300,000	$	10,000,000

Iroquois Capital Investment Group LLC	205 East 42nd St- 20th Fl. New York NY 10017 E-mail: JSilverman@icfund.com	$	2,500,000	1,075,000	$	2,500,000

Totals:		$	12,500,000	5,375,000	$	12,500,000

Exhibit 10.2

FORM OF SENIOR SECURED CONVERTIBLE NOTE

ANY TRANSFEREE OF THIS NOTE SHOULD CAREFULLY REVIEW THE TERMS OF THIS NOTE, INCLUDING SECTIONS 3(c)(iii) AND 18(a) HEREOF. THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT REPRESENTED BY THIS NOTE AND, ACCORDINGLY, THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON CONVERSION HEREOF MAY BE LESS THAN THE AMOUNTS SET FORTH ON THE FACE HEREOF PURSUANT TO SECTION 3(c)(iii) OF THIS NOTE.

Vringo, Inc.

Senior Secured Convertible Note

Issuance Date: May 4, 2015

Original Principal Amount: U.S. $[_________]

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, Vringo, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), hereby promises to pay to the order of [________________] or its registered assigns (“ Holder ”) the amount set forth above as the Original Principal Amount (as reduced pursuant to the terms hereof pursuant to redemption, conversion or otherwise, the “ Principal ”) when due, whether upon the Maturity Date (as defined below), on any Installment Date with respect to the Installment Amount due on such Installment Date (each as defined below), or upon acceleration, redemption or otherwise (in each case in accordance with the terms hereof) and to pay interest (“ Interest ”) on any outstanding Principal at the applicable Interest Rate (as defined below) from the date set forth above as the Issuance Date (the “ Issuance Date ”) until the same becomes due and payable, whether upon the Maturity Date, any Installment Date with respect to the Installment Amount due on such Installment Date, or upon acceleration, conversion, redemption or otherwise (in each case in accordance with the terms hereof). This Senior Secured Convertible Note (including all Senior Secured Convertible Notes issued in exchange, transfer or replacement hereof, this “ Note ”) is one of an issue of Senior Secured Convertible Notes (collectively, the “ Notes ”) issued pursuant to (i) the Indenture, (ii) the Supplemental Indenture, (iii) the Securities Purchase Agreement and (iv) the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File number 333-182823). Certain capitalized terms used herein are defined in Section 28.

1. PAYMENTS OF PRINCIPAL . On each Installment Date (which includes the Maturity Date), the Company shall pay to the Holder an amount equal to the Installment Amount due on such Installment Date in accordance with Section 8. On the Maturity Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder an amount in cash, shares of Common Stock, or a combination thereof, representing all outstanding Principal, accrued and unpaid Interest and accrued and unpaid Late Charges (as defined below), if any, on such Principal and Interest. Other than as specifically permitted by this Note, the Company may not prepay any portion of the outstanding Principal, accrued and unpaid Interest or accrued and unpaid Late Charges on Principal and Interest, if any.

2. INTEREST; INTEREST RATE .

(a) Interest on this Note shall commence accruing on the Issuance Date and shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year and twelve 30-day months, shall compound on each Interest Date, and shall be payable in arrears quarterly on each Interest Date with the first Interest Date being July 1, 2015. Interest shall be payable on each Interest Date, to the record holder of this Note on the applicable Interest Date, in shares of Common Stock (“ Interest Shares ”, and each such Interest Date in which Interest Shares are to paid hereunder, an “ Interest Share Delivery Deadline ”) so long as there has been no Equity Conditions Failure; provided however, that the Company may, at its option following written notice to the Holder, pay Interest on any Interest Date in cash (“ Cash Interest ”) or in a combination of Cash Interest and Interest Shares. The Company shall deliver a written notice (each, an “ Interest Election Notice ”) to each holder of the Notes on or prior to the second (2 ^nd ) Trading Day prior to the applicable Interest Date (the “ Interest Notice Due Date ”, and the date such notice is delivered to all of the holders of Notes, the “ Interest Notice Date ”) which notice (i) either (A) confirms that Interest to be paid on such Interest Date shall be paid entirely in Interest Shares or (B) elects to pay Interest as Cash Interest or a combination of Cash Interest and Interest Shares and specifies the amount of Interest that shall be paid as Cash Interest and the amount of Interest, if any, that shall be paid in Interest Shares and (ii) certifies that there has been no Equity Conditions Failure. If an Equity Conditions Failure has occurred as of the Interest Notice Date, then the applicable Interest Notice shall state either (x) the Company has elected to pay such Interest as Cash Interest or (y) the Company is seeking the consent of the Holder to waive the Equity Conditions Failure to permit the payment of such Interest, in whole or in part, as specified by the Company in such Interest Notice, in Interest Shares; provided, that if the Holder does not waive such Equity Conditions Failure, such Interest shall be paid as Cash Interest. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if no Equity Conditions Failure has occurred as of the Interest Notice Date but an Equity Conditions Failure occurs at any time prior to the Interest Date, (A) the Company shall provide the Holder a subsequent notice to that effect and (B) unless the Holder waives the Equity Conditions Failure, the Interest shall be paid in cash. Interest to be paid on an Interest Date in Interest Shares shall be paid in a number of fully paid and nonassessable shares (rounded to the nearest whole share in accordance with Section 3(a)) of Common Stock equal to the quotient of (1) the amount of Interest payable on such Interest Date less any Cash Interest paid and (2) the Interest Conversion Price in effect on the applicable Interest Date. If the Company fails to deliver an Interest Election Notice with respect to an Interest Date on or prior to the applicable Interest Notice Due Date, the Company shall be deemed to have delivered an Interest Election Notice confirming that Interest to be paid on such Interest Date shall be paid entirely in Interest Shares and certifying that no Equity Conditions Failure then exists.

(b) When any Interest Shares are to be paid on an Interest Date, the Company shall (i) (A) provided that the Company’s Transfer Agent (as defined below) is participating in the DTC (as defined below) Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program, credit such aggregate number of Interest Shares to which the Holder shall be entitled to the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with DTC through its Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian system, or (B) if the Transfer Agent is not participating in the DTC Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program, issue and deliver on the applicable Interest Date, to the address set forth in the register maintained by the Company for such purpose pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement or to such address as specified by the Holder in writing to the Company at least three (3) Business Days prior to the applicable Interest Date, a certificate, registered in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Interest Shares to which the Holder shall be entitled and (ii) with respect to each Interest Date, pay to the Holder, in cash by wire transfer of immediately available funds, the amount of any Cash Interest. The Company shall not issue any fraction of a share of Common Stock upon any issuance of Interest Shares on any Interest Date. If the issuance would result in the issuance of a fraction of a share of Common Stock, the Company shall round such fraction of a share of Common Stock up to the nearest whole share. In addition to Holder’s right to pursue any remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity, including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver certificates representing Interest Shares (or to electronically deliver such Interest Shares), any failure by the Company to timely deliver Interest Shares to the Holder (or its designee) on an Interest Date shall be subject to the provisions of Section 3(c)(ii) below. When any Interest Shares are to be paid on an Interest Date, notwithstanding anything in the Indenture or the Supplemental Indenture to the contrary, such Interest Shares shall be delivered directly to, or to the account of, the Holder as provided above and the Company shall provide written notice to the Trustee that such Interest Shares have been delivered in full or partial satisfaction of the Company’s obligation to pay interest on this Note for the relevant interest period. The Trustee shall be entitled to absolutely rely on such notice without further inquiry or investigation.

(c) Prior to the payment of Interest on an Interest Date, the Maturity Date or any applicable Redemption Date, Interest on this Note shall accrue at the Interest Rate and be payable by way of inclusion of the Interest in the Conversion Amount on each Conversion Date in accordance with Section 3(b)(i) or upon any redemption in accordance with Section 13 or any required payment upon any Bankruptcy Event of Default (as defined below). From and after the occurrence and during the continuance of any Event of Default, the Interest Rate shall automatically be increased to sixteen and on-half percent (16.5%) per annum. In the event that such Event of Default is subsequently cured, the adjustment referred to in the preceding sentence shall cease to be effective as of the calendar day immediately following the date of such cure; provided that the Interest as calculated and unpaid at such increased rate during the continuance of such Event of Default shall continue to apply to the extent relating to the days after the occurrence of such Event of Default through and including the date of such cure of such Event of Default. The Company shall pay any and all transfer, stamp, issuance and similar taxes, costs and expenses (including, without limitation, fees and expenses of the Transfer Agent (as defined below) and the Trustee) that may be payable with respect to the issuance and delivery of shares of Common Stock issuable hereunder.

3. CONVERSION OF NOTES . This Note shall be convertible into validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock (as defined below), on the terms and conditions set forth in this Section 3.

(a) Conversion Right . Subject to the provisions of Section 3(d), at any time or times on or after the Issuance Date, the Holder shall be entitled to convert any portion of the outstanding and unpaid Conversion Amount (as defined below) into validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 3(c), at the Conversion Rate (as defined below). The Company shall not issue any fraction of a share of Common Stock upon any conversion. If the issuance would result in the issuance of a fraction of a share of Common Stock, the Company shall round such fraction of a share of Common Stock up to the nearest whole share. The Company shall pay any and all transfer, stamp, issuance and similar taxes, costs and expenses (including, without limitation, fees and expenses of the Transfer Agent (as defined below) and the Trustee) that may be payable with respect to the issuance and delivery of Common Stock upon conversion of any Conversion Amount.

(b) Conversion Rate .

(i) The number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of any Conversion Amount pursuant to Section 3(a) shall be determined by dividing (x) such Conversion Amount by (y) the Conversion Price (the “ Conversion Rate ”).

(1) “ Conversion Amount ” means the portion of the Principal to be converted, redeemed or otherwise with respect to which this determination is being made, plus all accrued and unpaid Interest with respect to such portion of the Principal amount and accrued and unpaid Late Charges with respect to such portion of such Principal and such Interest.

(2) “ Conversion Price ” means, as of any Conversion Date or other date of determination, $1.00, subject to adjustment as provided herein.

(i) Optional Conversion Prior to Maturity Date . To convert any Conversion Amount into shares of Common Stock on any date (a “ Conversion Date ”), the Holder shall deliver (whether via electronic mail or otherwise), for receipt on or prior to 11:59 p.m., New York time, on such date, a copy of an executed notice of conversion in the form attached hereto as Exhibit I (the “ Conversion Notice ”) to the Company and the Trustee. If required by Section 3(c)(iii), within three (3) Trading Days following a conversion of this Note as aforesaid, the Holder shall surrender this Note to a nationally recognized overnight delivery service for delivery to the Company (or an indemnification undertaking with respect to this Note in the case of its loss, theft or destruction as contemplated by Section 18(b)). On or before 5:00 p.m, New York time, on the first (1 ^st ) Trading Day following the date of receipt of a Conversion Notice, the Company shall transmit by electronic mail an acknowledgment of confirmation, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit II , of receipt of such Conversion Notice to the Holder, the Trustee and the Company’s transfer agent (the “ Transfer Agent ”). On or before the third (3 ^rd ) Trading Day following the date of receipt of a Conversion Notice, the Company shall (1) provided that the Transfer Agent is participating in The Depository Trust Company’s (“ DTC ”) Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program, credit such aggregate number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder shall be entitled to the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with DTC through its Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian system or (2) if the Transfer Agent is not participating in the DTC Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program, issue and deliver (via reputable overnight courier) to the address as specified in the Conversion Notice, a certificate, registered in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder shall be entitled. If this Note is physically surrendered for conversion pursuant to Section 3(c)(iii) and the outstanding Principal of this Note is greater than the Principal portion of the Conversion Amount being converted, then the Company shall as soon as practicable and in no event later than five (5) Business Days after receipt of this Note and at its own expense, issue and, following authentication of such new Note, deliver to the Holder (or its designee) a new Note (in accordance with Section 18(d)) representing the outstanding Principal not converted. The Person or Persons entitled to receive the shares of Common Stock issuable upon a conversion of this Note shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder or holders of such shares of Common Stock on the Conversion Date. In the event of a partial conversion of this Note pursuant hereto, the Principal amount converted shall be deducted from the Installment Amount(s) relating to the Installment Date(s) as set forth in the applicable Conversion Notice.

(ii) Company’s Failure to Timely Convert . If the Company shall fail, for any reason or for no reason, to issue to the Holder within three (3) Trading Days after the Company’s receipt of a Conversion Notice (whether via electronic mail or otherwise), a certificate for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled and register such shares of Common Stock on the Company’s share register or to credit the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with DTC for such number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s conversion of any Conversion Amount (as the case may be) (a “ Conversion Failure ”), then, in addition to all other remedies available to the Holder, (1) the Company shall pay in cash to the Holder on each day after such third (3 ^rd ) Trading Day that the issuance of such shares of Common Stock is not timely effected an amount equal to 2% of the product of (A) the sum of the number of shares of Common Stock not issued to the Holder on a timely basis and to which the Holder is entitled multiplied by (B) the Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the last possible date which the Company could have issued such shares of Common Stock to the Holder without violating Section 3(c)(i) and (2) the Holder, upon written notice to the Company, may void its Conversion Notice with respect to, and retain or have returned (as the case may be) any portion of this Note that has not been converted pursuant to such Conversion Notice, provided that the voiding of a Conversion Notice shall not affect the Company’s obligations to make any payments which have accrued prior to the date of such notice pursuant to this Section 3(c)(ii) or otherwise. In addition to the foregoing, if within three (3) Trading Days after the Company’s receipt of a Conversion Notice (whether via electronic mail or otherwise), the Company shall fail to issue and deliver to the Holder (or its designee) a certificate and register such shares of Common Stock on the Company’s share register or credit the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s conversion hereunder (as the case may be), and if on or after such third (3 ^rd ) Trading Day the Holder (or any other Person in respect, or on behalf, of the Holder) purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of all or any portion of the number of shares of Common Stock, or a sale of a number of shares of Common Stock equal to all or any portion of the number of shares of Common Stock, issuable upon such conversion that the Holder so anticipated receiving from the Company, then, in addition to all other remedies available to the Holder, the Company shall, within three (3) Business Days after the Holder’s request and in the Holder’s discretion, either (i) pay cash to the Holder in an amount equal to the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased (including, without limitation, by any other Person in respect, or on behalf, of the Holder) (the “ Buy-In Price ”), at which point the Company’s obligation to so issue and deliver such certificate or credit the Holder’s balance account with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s conversion hereunder (as the case may be) (and to issue such shares of Common Stock) shall terminate, or (ii) promptly honor its obligation to so issue and deliver to the Holder a certificate or certificates representing such shares of Common Stock or credit the Holder’s balance account with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s conversion hereunder (as the case may be) and pay cash to the Holder in an amount equal to the excess (if any) of the Buy-In Price over the product of (A) such number of shares of Common Stock multiplied by (B) the lowest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date of the applicable Conversion Notice and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this clause (ii).

(iii) Registration; Book-Entry . The Trustee shall maintain a register (the “ Register ”) for the recordation of the names and addresses of the holders of each Note and the principal amount of the Notes held by such holders (the “ Registered Notes ”) as provided in Section 2.05 of the Indenture. No later than the second (2 ^nd ) Trading Day after the delivery of the Conversion Notice or any redemption of this Note, the Company shall deliver written confirmation to the Trustee that such conversion or redemption, as applicable, has been completed in full, which confirmation shall set forth the aggregate Principal of this Note then converted or redeemed, as applicable, and the remaining aggregate principal of this Note then outstanding. The Trustee shall be entitled to conclusively rely on such confirmation by the Company, as authorization to adjust the Register in accordance with such confirmation. The entries in the Register shall be conclusive and binding for all purposes absent manifest error. The Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Notes shall treat each Person whose name is recorded in the Register as the owner of a Note for all purposes (including, without limitation, the right to receive payments of Principal and Interest hereunder) notwithstanding notice to the contrary. A Registered Note may be assigned, transferred or sold in whole or in part only by registration of such assignment or sale on the Register. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this Section 3 or in the Indenture or in the Supplemental Indenture, following conversion of any portion of this Note in accordance with the terms hereof, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Note to the Company unless (A) the full Conversion Amount represented by this Note is being converted (in which event this Note shall be delivered to the Company as contemplated by Section 3(c)(i)) or (B) the Holder has provided the Company with prior written notice (which notice may be included in a Conversion Notice) requesting reissuance of this Note upon physical surrender of this Note. The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the Principal, Interest and Late Charges, if any, converted and/or paid (as the case may be) and the dates of such conversions and/or payments (as the case may be) or shall use such other method, reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and the Company, so as not to require physical surrender of this Note upon conversion. Other than adjusting the Register to reflect the conversion of Notes, the Trustee shall have no duty to calculate the Conversion Rate or any other calculations under this Section 3, nor shall the Trustee have any duty or obligation to monitor, confirm or verify any of the activities relating to the conversion of the Notes or the permissibility of any such conversion.

(iv) Pro Rata Conversion; Disputes . In the event that the Company receives a Conversion Notice from more than one holder of Notes for the same Conversion Date and the Company can convert some, but not all, of such portions of the Notes submitted for conversion, the Company, subject to Section 3(d), shall convert from each holder of Notes electing to have Notes converted on such date a pro rata amount of such holder’s portion of its Notes submitted for conversion based on the principal amount of Notes submitted for conversion on such date by such holder relative to the aggregate principal amount of all Notes submitted for conversion on such date. In the event of a dispute as to the number of shares of Common Stock issuable to the Holder in connection with a conversion of this Note, the Company shall issue to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock not in dispute and resolve such dispute in accordance with Section 23.

(d) Limitations on Conversions .

(i) Beneficial Ownership . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Note, this Note shall not be convertible by the Holder hereof, and the Company shall not effect any conversion of this Note or otherwise issue any shares of Common Stock pursuant to Section 8 hereof, to the extent (but only to the extent) that the Holder or any of its affiliates would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% (the “ Maximum Percentage ”) of the Common Stock. To the extent the above limitation applies, the determination of whether this Note shall be convertible (vis-à-vis other convertible, exercisable or exchangeable securities owned by the Holder or any of its affiliates) and of which such securities shall be convertible, exercisable or exchangeable (as among all such securities owned by the Holder and its affiliates) shall, subject to such Maximum Percentage limitation, be determined on the basis of the first submission to the Company for conversion, exercise or exchange (as the case may be). No prior inability to convert this Note, or to issue shares of Common Stock, pursuant to this paragraph shall have any effect on the applicability of the provisions of this paragraph with respect to any subsequent determination of convertibility. For purposes of this paragraph, beneficial ownership and all determinations and calculations (including, without limitation, with respect to calculations of percentage ownership) shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The provisions of this paragraph shall be implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this paragraph to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Maximum Percentage beneficial ownership limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such Maximum Percentage limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor Holder of this Note. The holders of Common Stock shall be third party beneficiaries of this paragraph and the Company may not waive this paragraph without the consent of holders of a majority of its Common Stock. For any reason at any time, upon the written or oral request of the Holder, the Company shall within one (1) Business Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding, including by virtue of any prior conversion or exercise of convertible or exercisable securities into Common Stock, including, without limitation, pursuant to this Note or securities issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement. By written notice to the Company, any Holder may increase or decrease the Maximum Percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99% specified in such notice; provided that (i) any such increase will not be effective until the 61 ^st day after such notice is delivered to the Company, and (ii) any such increase or decrease shall apply only to the Holder sending such notice and not to any other holder of Notes.

(ii) Principal Market Regulation . The Company shall not issue any shares of Common Stock upon conversion or otherwise pursuant to the terms of this Note if the issuance of such shares of Common Stock would exceed the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock which the Company may issue upon conversion or exercise (as the case may be) of the Notes and the Warrants or otherwise pursuant to the terms of this Note without breaching the Company’s obligations under the rules or regulations of the Principal Market (the number of shares which may be issued without violating such rules and regulations, the “ Exchange Cap ”), except that such limitation shall not apply in the event that the Company (A) obtains the approval of its stockholders as required by the applicable rules of the Principal Market for issuances of shares of Common Stock upon conversion or exercise (as the case may be) of the Notes and the Warrants or otherwise pursuant to the terms of this Note in excess of such amount or (B) obtains a written opinion from outside counsel to the Company that such approval is not required, which opinion shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Holder. Until such approval or such written opinion is obtained, no Buyer (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) shall be issued in the aggregate, upon conversion or exercise (as the case may be) of any of Notes or any of the Warrants or otherwise pursuant to the terms of this Note, shares of Common Stock in an amount greater than the product of (i) the Exchange Cap multiplied by (ii) the quotient of (1) the aggregate original principal amount of Notes issued to such Buyer pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) divided by (2) the aggregate original principal amount of all Notes issued to all the Buyers (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date (with respect to each Buyer, the “ Exchange Cap Allocation ”). In the event that any Buyer shall sell or otherwise transfer any of such Buyer’s Notes, the transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of such Buyer’s Exchange Cap Allocation with respect to such portion of such Notes so transferred, and the restrictions of the prior sentence shall apply to such transferee with respect to the portion of the Exchange Cap Allocation so allocated to such transferee. Upon conversion and exercise in full of a holder’s Notes and Warrants, the difference (if any) between such holder’s Exchange Cap Allocation and the number of shares of Common Stock actually issued to such holder upon such holder’s conversion in full of such holder’s Notes and exercise in full of such Warrants shall be allocated to the respective Exchange Cap Allocations of the remaining holders of Notes and Warrants on a pro rata basis in proportion to the shares of Common Stock underlying the Notes and Warrants then held by each such holder. In the event that the Company is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Section 3(d)(ii) (the “ Exchange Cap Shares ”), the Company shall pay cash (each, an “ Exchange Cap Share Cancellation Amount ”) in exchange for the cancellation of such shares of Common Stock at a price equal to the sum of (i) the product of (x) such number of Exchange Cap Shares and (y) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date the Holder delivers the applicable Conversion Notice with respect to such Exchange Cap Shares to the Company and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this Section 3(d)(ii) and (ii) to the extent the Holder purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of Exchange Cap Shares, any brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any, of the Holder incurred in connection therewith.

4. RIGHTS UPON EVENT OF DEFAULT .

(a) Event of Default . Each of the following events shall constitute an “ Event of Default ”:

(i) the suspension from trading or the failure of the Common Stock to be trading or listed (as applicable) on an Eligible Market for a period of five (5) consecutive Trading Days or for more than an aggregate of ten (10) Trading Days in any 365-day period;

(ii) the Company’s (A) failure to cure a Conversion Failure or a Delivery Failure (as defined in the Warrants) by delivery of the required number of shares of Common Stock within five (5) Trading Days after the applicable Conversion Date or exercise date (as the case may be) or (B) notice, written or oral, to any holder of the Notes or Warrants, including, without limitation, by way of public announcement or through any of its agents, at any time, of its intention not to comply, as required, with a request for conversion of any Notes into shares of Common Stock that is requested in accordance with the provisions of the Notes, other than pursuant to Section 3(d), or a request for exercise of any Warrants for Warrant Shares (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) in accordance with the provisions of the Warrants;

(iii) if at any time after the one-year anniversary of the Issuance Date the Holder’s Authorized Share Allocation (as defined below) is less than the number of shares of Common Stock that the Holder would be entitled to receive upon a conversion of the full Conversion Amount of this Note for a period of ten (10) consecutive days (without regard to any limitations on conversion set forth in Section 3(d) or otherwise) unless the Lockbox Balance is sufficient to repay the Principal, Interest, Late Charges, if any, on this Note in full;

(iv) the Company’s failure to pay to the Holder any amount of Principal, Interest, Late Charges or other amounts when and as due under this Note (including, without limitation, the Company’s failure to pay any redemption payments or amounts hereunder) or any other Transaction Document (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) or any other agreement, document, certificate or other instrument delivered in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, except, in the case of a failure to pay Interest and Late Charges when and as due, in which case only if such failure remains uncured for a period of at least five (5) days;

(v) the occurrence of any default under, redemption of or acceleration prior to maturity of any Subsidiary Note (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement);

(vi) the occurrence of any default under, redemption of or acceleration prior to maturity of any Indebtedness (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in an aggregate amount in excess of $250,000;

(vii) bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or liquidation proceedings or other proceedings for the relief of debtors shall be instituted by or against the Company or any Subsidiary and, if instituted against the Company or any Subsidiary by a third party, shall not be dismissed within forty-five (45) days of their initiation;

(viii) the commencement by the Company or any Subsidiary of a voluntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or of any other case or proceeding to be adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, or the consent by it to the entry of a decree, order, judgment or other similar document in respect of the Company or any Subsidiary in an involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable federal, state or foreign bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or to the commencement of any bankruptcy or insolvency case or proceeding against it, or the filing by it of a petition or answer or consent seeking reorganization or relief under any applicable federal, state or foreign law, or the consent by it to the filing of such petition or to the appointment of or taking possession by a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of the Company or any Subsidiary or of any substantial part of its property, or the making by it of an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or the execution of a composition of debts, or the occurrence of any other similar federal, state or foreign proceeding, or the admission by the Company or any Subsidiary of its inability to pay its debts generally as they become due, the taking of corporate action by the Company or any Subsidiary in furtherance of any such action or the commencement by any Person of a UCC foreclosure sale of a material portion of the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s assets or any other similar action under federal, state or foreign law;

(ix) the entry by a court of (i) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document adjudging the Company or any Subsidiary as bankrupt or insolvent, or approving as properly filed a petition seeking liquidation, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition of or in respect of the Company or any Subsidiary under any applicable federal, state or foreign law or (ii) a decree, order, judgment or other similar document appointing a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of the Company or any Subsidiary or of any substantial part of its property, or ordering the winding up or liquidation of its affairs, and the continuance of any such decree, order, judgment or other similar document or any such other decree, order, judgment or other similar document unstayed and in effect for a period of forty-five (45) consecutive days;

(x) a final judgment, judgments, any arbitration or mediation award or any settlement of any litigation or any other satisfaction of any claim made by any Person pursuant to any litigation, as applicable, in the United States, its territories or possessions (other than in the ordinary course of the Company’s business of enforcing and licensing intellectual property rights, consistent with past practice) (each a “ Judgment ,” and collectively, the “ Judgments ”) with respect to the payment of cash, securities and/or other assets with an aggregate fair value (determined as provided below) in excess of $250,000 are rendered against, agreed to or otherwise accepted by, the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries and which Judgments are not, within forty-five (45) days after the entry thereof, bonded, discharged or stayed pending appeal, or are not discharged within forty-five (45) days after the expiration of such stay; provided, however, any Judgment which is covered by insurance or an indemnity from a credit worthy party shall not be included in calculating the $250,000 amount set forth above so long as the Company provides the Holder a written statement from such insurer or indemnity provider (which written statement shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Holder) to the effect that such Judgment is covered by insurance or an indemnity and the Company or such Subsidiary (as the case may be) will receive the proceeds of such insurance or indemnity within forty-five (45) days of the issuance of such Judgment. The fair value of any assets other than cash or publicly traded securities will be determined jointly by the Company and the Holder. If such parties are unable to reach agreement within ten (10) days after the occurrence of an event requiring valuation (the “ Valuation Event ”), the fair value of such consideration will be determined within five (5) Trading Days after the tenth (10 ^th ) day following such Valuation Event by an independent, reputable appraiser jointly selected by the Company and the Holder. The determination of such appraiser shall be final and binding upon all parties absent manifest error and the fees and expenses of such appraiser shall be borne by the Company;

(xi) the Company and/or any Subsidiary, individually or in the aggregate, either (i) fails to pay, when due, or within any applicable grace period, any payment with respect to any Indebtedness in excess of $250,000 in the aggregate (other than, with respect to unsecured Indebtedness only, payments contested by the Company and/or such Subsidiary (as the case may be) in good faith by proper proceedings and with respect to which adequate reserves have been set aside for the payment thereof in accordance with GAAP) or is otherwise in breach or violation of any agreement for monies owed or owing in an amount in excess of $250,000 in the aggregate, which breach or violation permits the other party thereto to declare a default or otherwise accelerate amounts due thereunder, or (ii) suffer to exist any other circumstance or event that would, with or without the passage of time or the giving of notice, result in a default or event of default under any agreement binding the Company or any Subsidiary, which default or event of default would or is likely to have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, operations (including results thereof), liabilities, properties, condition (including financial condition) or prospects of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, individually or in the aggregate;

(xii) other than as specifically set forth in another clause of this Section 4(a) , the Company or any Subsidiary breaches in any material respect any representation, warranty, covenant or other term or condition of any Transaction Document (including, without limitation, the Security Documents), except, in the case of a breach of a covenant or other term or condition that is curable, only if such breach remains uncured for a period of five (5) days;

(xiii) any breach or failure in any respect by the Company or any Subsidiary to comply in any material respect with any provision of either of Sections 8 or 14 of this Note;

(xiv) a false or inaccurate certification (including a false or inaccurate deemed certification) by the Company that the Equity Conditions are satisfied, that there has been no Equity Conditions Failure or as to whether any Event of Default has occurred;

(xv) any Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) occurs;

(xvi) any provision of any Transaction Document (including, without limitation, the Subsidiary Notes and the Security Documents) shall at any time for any reason (other than pursuant to the express terms thereof) cease to be valid and binding on or enforceable against the parties thereto in any material respect, or the validity or enforceability thereof shall be contested by any party thereto, or a proceeding shall be commenced by the Company or any Subsidiary or any governmental authority having jurisdiction over any of them, seeking to establish the invalidity or unenforceability thereof, or the Company or any Subsidiary shall deny in writing that it has any liability or obligation purported to be created under any Transaction Document (including, without limitation, the Subsidiary Notes and the Security Documents);

(xvii) the Subsidiary Notes shall for any reason fail or cease to create a separate valid and perfected and, except to the extent permitted by the terms hereof or thereof, first priority Lien on the Collateral (as defined in the Subsidiary Notes) in favor of each of the Secured Parties (as defined in the Subsidiary Notes);

(xviii) the Security Documents shall for any reason fail or cease to create a separate valid and perfected and, except to the extent permitted by the terms hereof or thereof, first priority Lien on the Collateral (as defined in the Security Agreement) in favor of each of the Secured Parties (as defined in the Security Agreement); or

(xix) any material damage to, or loss, theft or destruction of, any Collateral, whether or not insured, or any strike, lockout, labor dispute, embargo, condemnation, act of God or public enemy, or other casualty which causes, for more than fifteen (15) consecutive days, the cessation or substantial curtailment of revenue producing activities at any facility of the Company or any Subsidiary, if any such event or circumstance could have a Material Adverse Effect.

(b) Notice of an Event of Default; Redemption Right . Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to this Note, the Company shall within two (2) Business Days deliver written notice thereof via electronic mail and overnight courier (with next day delivery specified) (an “ Event of Default Notice ”) to the Holder and the Trustee. At any time after the earlier of the Holder’s receipt of an Event of Default Notice and the Holder becoming aware of an Event of Default and ending (such ending date, the “ Event of Default Right Expiration Date ”) on the tenth (10 ^th ) Trading Day after the later of (x) the date such Event of Default is cured and (y) the Holder’s receipt of an Event of Default Notice that includes (I) a reasonable description of the applicable Event of Default, (II) a certification as to whether, in the opinion of the Company, such Event of Default is capable of being cured and, if applicable, a reasonable description of any existing plan of the Company to cure such Event of Default and (III) a certification as to the date the Event of Default occurred and the applicable Event of Default Right Expiration Date, the Holder may require the Company to redeem all or any portion of this Note by delivering written notice thereof (the “ Event of Default Redemption Notice ”) to the Company and the Trustee, which Event of Default Redemption Notice shall indicate the portion of this Note the Holder is electing to redeem. Each portion of this Note subject to redemption by the Company pursuant to this Section 4(b) shall be redeemed by the Company at a price equal to the greater of (i) the product of (A) the Conversion Amount to be redeemed multiplied by (B) the Redemption Premium and (ii) the product of (X) the Conversion Rate with respect to the Conversion Amount in effect at such time as the Holder delivers an Event of Default Redemption Notice multiplied by (Y) the product of (1) the Equity Value Redemption Premium multiplied by (2) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date immediately preceding such Event of Default and ending on the date the Company makes the entire payment required to be made under this Section 4(b) (the “ Event of Default Redemption Price ”). Redemptions required by this Section 4(b) shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Section 11. To the extent redemptions required by this Section 4(b) are deemed or determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be prepayments of this Note by the Company, such redemptions shall be deemed to be voluntary prepayments. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 4, but subject to Section 3(d), until the Event of Default Redemption Price (together with any Late Charges thereon) is paid in full, the Conversion Amount submitted for redemption under this Section 4(b) (together with any Late Charges thereon) may be converted, in whole or in part, by the Holder into Common Stock pursuant to the terms of this Note. In the event of a partial redemption of this Note pursuant hereto, the Principal amount redeemed shall be deducted from the Installment Amount(s) relating to the applicable Installment Date(s) as set forth in the Event of Default Redemption Notice. In the event of the Company’s redemption of any portion of this Note under this Section 4(b), the Holder’s damages would be uncertain and difficult to estimate because of the parties’ inability to predict future interest rates and the uncertainty of the availability of a suitable substitute investment opportunity for the Holder. Accordingly, any redemption premium due under this Section 4(b) is intended by the parties to be, and shall be deemed, a reasonable estimate of the Holder’s actual loss of its investment opportunity and not as a penalty.

5. RIGHTS UPON FUNDAMENTAL TRANSACTION .

(a) Assumption . The Company shall not enter into or be party to a Fundamental Transaction unless the Successor Entity assumes in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Note and the other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section 5(a) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder prior to such Fundamental Transaction, including agreements to deliver to each holder of Notes in exchange for such Notes a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to the Notes, including, without limitation, having a principal amount and interest rate equal to the principal amounts then outstanding and the interest rates of the Notes held by such holder, having similar conversion rights as the Notes and having similar ranking to the Notes, and satisfactory to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Note and the other Transaction Documents referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Note and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein. Upon consummation of a Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall deliver to the Holder confirmation that there shall be issued upon conversion or redemption of this Note at any time after the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, in lieu of the shares of the Company’s Common Stock (or other securities, cash, assets or other property (except such items still issuable under Sections 6 and 15, which shall continue to be receivable thereafter) issuable upon the conversion or redemption of the Notes prior to such Fundamental Transaction, such shares of the publicly traded common stock (or their equivalent) of the Successor Entity (including its Parent Entity) which the Holder would have been entitled to receive upon the happening of such Fundamental Transaction had this Note been converted immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitations on the conversion of this Note), as adjusted in accordance with the provisions of this Note. The provisions of this Section 5 shall apply similarly and equally to successive Fundamental Transactions and shall be applied without regard to any limitations on the conversion of this Note.

(b) Notice of a Change of Control; Redemption Right . No sooner than twenty (20) Trading Days nor later than ten (10) Trading Days prior to the consummation of a Change of Control, but not prior to the public announcement of such Fundamental Transaction, the Company shall deliver written notice thereof via electronic mail and overnight courier to the Holder (a “ Change of Control Notice ”). At any time during the period beginning after the Holder’s receipt of a Change of Control Notice or the Holder becoming aware of a Change of Control if a Change of Control Notice is not delivered to the Holder in accordance with the immediately preceding sentence (as applicable) and ending on the later of twenty (20) Trading Days after (A) consummation of such Change of Control or (B) the date of receipt of such Change of Control Notice, the Holder may require the Company to redeem all or any portion of this Note by delivering written notice thereof (“ Change of Control Redemption Notice ”) to the Company and the Trustee, which Change of Control Redemption Notice shall indicate the Conversion Amount the Holder is electing to redeem. The portion of this Note subject to redemption pursuant to this Section 5 shall be redeemed by the Company in cash at a price equal to the product of (w) the Change of Control Redemption Premium multiplied by (x) the Conversion Amount being redeemed (the “ Change of Control Redemption Price ”). Redemptions required by this Section 5 shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Section 11 and shall have priority to payments to stockholders in connection with such Change of Control. To the extent redemptions required by this Section 5(b) are deemed or determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be prepayments of this Note by the Company, such redemptions shall be deemed to be voluntary prepayments. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 5, but subject to Section 3(d), until the Change of Control Redemption Price (together with any Late Charges thereon) is paid in full, the Conversion Amount submitted for redemption under this Section 5(b) (together with any Late Charges thereon) may be converted, in whole or in part, by the Holder into Common Stock pursuant to Section 3. In the event of a partial redemption of this Note pursuant hereto, the Principal amount redeemed shall be deducted from the Installment Amount(s) relating to the applicable Installment Date(s) as set forth in the Fundamental Transaction Redemption Notice. In the event of the Company’s redemption of any portion of this Note under this Section 5(b), the Holder’s damages would be uncertain and difficult to estimate because of the parties’ inability to predict future interest rates and the uncertainty of the availability of a suitable substitute investment opportunity for the Holder. Accordingly, any redemption premium due under this Section 5(b) is intended by the parties to be, and shall be deemed, a reasonable estimate of the Holder’s actual loss of its investment opportunity and not as a penalty.

6. RIGHTS UPON ISSUANCE OF PURCHASE RIGHTS AND OTHER CORPORATE EVENTS .

(a) Purchase Rights . In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 7 below, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to all of the record holders of any class of Common Stock (the “ Purchase Rights ”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete conversion of this Note (without taking into account any limitations or restrictions on the convertibility of this Note) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage).

(b) Other Corporate Events . In addition to and not in substitution for any other rights hereunder, prior to the consummation of any Fundamental Transaction pursuant to which holders of shares of Common Stock are entitled to receive securities or other assets with respect to or in exchange for shares of Common Stock (a “ Corporate Event ”), the Company shall make appropriate provision to ensure that the Holder will thereafter have the right to receive upon a conversion of this Note (i) in addition to the shares of Common Stock receivable upon such conversion, such securities or other assets to which the Holder would have been entitled with respect to such shares of Common Stock had such shares of Common Stock been held by the Holder upon the consummation of such Corporate Event (without taking into account any limitations or restrictions on the convertibility of this Note) or (ii) in lieu of the shares of Common Stock otherwise receivable upon such conversion, such securities or other assets received by the holders of shares of Common Stock in connection with the consummation of such Corporate Event in such amounts as the Holder would have been entitled to receive had this Note initially been issued with conversion rights for the form of such consideration (as opposed to shares of Common Stock) at a conversion rate for such consideration commensurate with the Conversion Rate. Provision made pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder. The provisions of this Section 6 shall apply similarly and equally to successive Corporate Events and shall be applied without regard to any limitations on the conversion or redemption of this Note.

7. RIGHTS UPON ISSUANCE OF OTHER SECURITIES .

(a) Adjustment of Conversion Price upon Subdivision or Combination of Common Stock . Without limiting any provision of Section 5, if the Company at any time on or after the Subscription Date subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination, recapitalization or otherwise) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a greater number of shares, the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such subdivision will be proportionately reduced. Without limiting any provision of Section 5, if the Company at any time on or after the Subscription Date combines (by any stock split, stock dividend, combination, recapitalization or otherwise) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, the Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such combination will be proportionately increased. Any adjustment pursuant to this Section 7(a) shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such subdivision or combination. If any event requiring an adjustment under this Section 7(a) occurs during the period that a Conversion Price is calculated hereunder, then the calculation of such Conversion Price shall be adjusted appropriately to reflect such event.

(b) Holder’s Right of Adjusted Conversion Price . In addition to and not in limitation of the other provisions of this Section 7 or Section 4(q) of the Securities Purchase Agreement, if the Company in any manner issues or sells or enters into any agreement to issue or sell, any Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities (any such securities, “ Variable Price Securities ”) that are issuable pursuant to such agreement or convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Options or Convertible Securities, as applicable, at a price which varies or may vary with the market price of the shares of Common Stock, including by way of one or more reset(s) to a fixed price, but exclusive of such formulations reflecting customary anti-dilution provisions (such as share splits, share combinations, share dividends and similar transactions) (each of the formulations for such variable price being herein referred to as, the “ Variable Price ”), the Company shall provide written notice thereof via electronic mail and overnight courier to the Holder on the date of such agreement and/or the issuance of such Convertible Securities or Options, as applicable. From and after the date the Company enters into such agreement or issues any such Variable Price Securities, the Holder shall have the right, but not the obligation, in its sole discretion to substitute the Variable Price for the Conversion Price upon conversion of this Note by designating in the Conversion Notice delivered upon any conversion of this Note that solely for purposes of such conversion the Holder is relying on the Variable Price rather than the Conversion Price then in effect. The Holder’s election to rely on a Variable Price for a particular conversion of this Note shall not obligate the Holder to rely on a Variable Price for any future conversion of this Note.

(c) Other Events . In the event that the Company (or any Subsidiary) shall take any action to which the provisions hereof are not strictly applicable, or, if applicable, would not operate to protect the Holder from dilution or if any event occurs of the type contemplated by the provisions of this Section 7 but not expressly provided for by such provisions (including, without limitation, the granting of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock rights or other rights with equity features), then the Company’s board of directors shall in good faith determine and implement an appropriate adjustment in the Conversion Price so as to protect the rights of the Holder, provided that no such adjustment pursuant to this Section 7(b) will increase the Conversion Price as otherwise determined pursuant to this Section 7, provided further that if the Holder does not accept such adjustments as appropriately protecting its interests hereunder against such dilution, then the Company’s board of directors and the Holder shall agree, in good faith, upon an independent investment bank of nationally recognized standing to make such appropriate adjustments, whose determination shall be final and binding and whose fees and expenses shall be borne by the Company.

8. COMPANY INSTALLMENT CONVERSION OR REDEMPTION .

(a) General . On each applicable Installment Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder of this Note the applicable Installment Amount due on such date by converting such Installment Amount in accordance with this Section 8 (a “ Company Conversion ”); provided, however, the Company may, at its option as described below, pay all or any part of such Installment Amount by redeeming such Installment Amount in cash (a “ Company Redemption ”) or by any combination of a Company Conversion and a Company Redemption so long as the entire amount of such Installment Amount due shall be converted and/or redeemed by the Company on the applicable Installment Date, subject to the provisions of this Section 8, provided further that the Company shall not be entitled to effect a Company Conversion with respect to any portion of such Installment Amount and shall be required to elect and to pay the entire amount of such Installment Amount in cash pursuant to a Company Redemption if on the applicable Installment Notice Due Date or on the applicable Installment Date (as the case may be) there is an Equity Conditions Failure.

(b) Mechanics of Company Installment Payments . Except in the case of the first Installment Amount, on or prior to the date which is the twenty-second (22 ^nd ) Trading Day prior to each Installment Date (each, an “ Installment Notice Due Date ”), the Company shall deliver written notice (each, a “ Company Installment Notice ” and the date the Trustee and all of the holders receive such notice is referred to as to the “ Company Installment Notice Date ”), to the Trustee and each holder of Notes and such Company Installment Notice shall (i) either (A) confirm that the applicable Installment Amount of such holder’s Note shall be converted in whole pursuant to a Company Conversion or (B) (1) state that the Company elects to redeem, or is required to elect and redeem in accordance with the provisions of the Notes, in whole or in part, the applicable Installment Amount pursuant to a Company Redemption and (2) specify the portion of the applicable Installment Amount which the Company elects, or is required to elect and redeem, pursuant to a Company Redemption (such amount to be redeemed in cash, the “ Company Redemption Amount ”) and the portion of the applicable Installment Amount, if any, with respect to which the Company will, and is permitted to, effect a Company Conversion (such amount of the applicable Installment Amount so specified to be so converted pursuant to this Section 8 is referred to herein as the “ Company Conversion Amount ”), which amounts when added together, must equal the entire applicable Installment Amount and (ii) if the applicable Installment Amount is to be paid, in whole or in part, pursuant to a Company Conversion, certify that there is not an Equity Conditions Failure as of the date of the applicable Company Installment Notice. Each Company Installment Notice shall be irrevocable. For purposes of the first Installment Amount, the Company Conversion Amount shall be deemed to be the entire Installment Amount. Except in the case of the first Installment Amount, if the Company does not timely deliver a Company Installment Notice in accordance with this Section 8 with respect to a particular Installment Date, then the Company shall be deemed to have delivered an irrevocable Company Installment Notice confirming a Company Conversion of the entire Installment Amount payable on such Installment Date and shall be deemed to have certified that there is not an Equity Conditions Failure on the applicable Installment Notice Due Date and the applicable Installment Date. No later than (i) one (1) Trading Day after the Issuance Date, in the case of the first Installment Amount, and (ii) with respect to all Installment Amounts other than the first Installment Amount, one (1) Trading Day after delivery or deemed delivery (as applicable) of the applicable Company Installment Notice setting forth a Company Conversion Amount, the Company shall deliver to the Holder’s account with DTC such number of shares of Common Stock (the “ Pre-Installment Conversion Shares ”) equal to the quotient of (x) such Company Conversion Amount divided by (y) the Pre-Installment Conversion Price, and as to which the Holder shall be the owner thereof as of such time of delivery or deemed delivery (as the case may be) of such Company Installment Notice. Except as expressly provided in this Section 8(a), the Company shall convert and/or redeem the applicable Installment Amount of this Note pursuant to this Section 8 and the corresponding Installment Amounts of the other Notes pursuant to the corresponding provisions of the other Notes in the same ratio of the applicable Installment Amount being converted and/or redeemed hereunder. The applicable Company Conversion Amount (whether set forth in the applicable Company Installment Notice or by operation of this Section 8) shall be converted in accordance with Section 8(c) and the applicable Company Redemption Amount shall be redeemed in accordance with Section 8(d).

(c) Mechanics of Company Conversion . Subject to Section 3(d), if the Company delivers a Company Installment Notice and elects, or is deemed to have delivered a Company Installment Notice and deemed to have elected, in whole or in part, a Company Conversion in accordance with Section 8(a), then the remainder of this Section 8(c) shall apply. The applicable Company Conversion Amount, if any, which remains outstanding as of the applicable Installment Date shall be converted as of the applicable Installment Date by converting on such Installment Date such Company Conversion Amount at the Company Conversion Price, and the Company shall, on the applicable Installment Date, deliver to the Holder’s account with DTC such shares of Common Stock issued upon such conversion (subject to the reduction contemplated by the immediately following sentence and, if applicable, the last sentence of this Section 8(c)), provided that there is no Equity Conditions Failure as of such Installment Date and a Company Conversion is not otherwise prohibited under any other provision of this Note. The number of shares of Common Stock to be delivered upon such Company Conversion shall be reduced by the number of any Pre-Installment Conversion Shares delivered in connection with such Installment Date. If an Event of Default occurs during any applicable Company Conversion Measuring Period, then either (i) the Holder shall return any Pre-Installment Conversion Shares delivered in connection with the applicable Installment Date or (ii) the Conversion Amount used to calculate the Event of Default Redemption Price shall be reduced by the product of (x) the Company Conversion Amount applicable to such Installment Date multiplied by (y) the Conversion Share Ratio (as defined below). If there is an Equity Conditions Failure as of such Installment Date or a Company Conversion is not otherwise permitted under any other provision of this Note, then, at the option of the Holder designated in writing to the Company, the Holder may require the Company to do any one or more of the following: (i) the Company shall redeem all or any part designated by the Holder of the unconverted Company Conversion Amount (such designated amount is referred to as the “ Designated Redemption Amount ”) and the Company shall pay to the Holder within three (3) Business Days of such Installment Date, by wire transfer of immediately available funds, an amount in cash equal to 110% of such Designated Redemption Amount, and/or (ii) the Company Conversion shall be null and void with respect to all or any part designated by the Holder of the unconverted Company Conversion Amount and the Holder shall be entitled to all the rights of a holder of this Note with respect to such designated part of the Company Conversion Amount; provided, however, the Conversion Price for such designated part of such unconverted Company Conversion Amount shall thereafter be adjusted to equal the lesser of (A) the Company Conversion Price as in effect on the date on which the Holder voided the Company Conversion and (B) the Company Conversion Price that would be in effect on the date on which the Holder delivers a Conversion Notice relating thereto as if such date was an Installment Date. In addition, if there is an Equity Conditions Failure as of such Installment Date or a Company Conversion is not otherwise permitted under any other provision of this Note, then, at the Holder’s option, either (I) the Holder shall return any Pre-Installment Conversion Shares delivered in connection with the applicable Installment Date or (II) the applicable Designated Redemption Amount shall be reduced by the product of (X) the Company Conversion Amount applicable to such Installment Date multiplied by (Y) the Conversion Share Ratio. If the Company fails to redeem any Designated Redemption Amount by the third (3 ^rd ) Trading Day following the applicable Installment Date by payment of such amount on the applicable Installment Date, then the Holder shall have the rights set forth in Section 11 as if the Company failed to pay the applicable Company Installment Redemption Price (as defined below) and all other rights under this Note (including, without limitation, such failure constituting an Event of Default described in Section 4(a)(xiii)). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 8(c), but subject to Section 3(d), until the Company delivers Common Stock representing the Company Conversion Amount to the Holder, the Company Conversion Amount may be converted by the Holder into Common Stock pursuant to Section 3. In the event that the Holder elects to convert the Company Conversion Amount prior to the applicable Installment Date as set forth in the immediately preceding sentence, the Company Conversion Amount so converted shall be deducted from the Installment Amount(s) relating to the applicable Installment Date(s) as set forth in the applicable Conversion Notice. If, with respect to an Installment Date, the number of Pre-Installment Conversion Shares delivered to the Holder exceeds the number of Post-Installment Conversion Shares with respect to such Installment Date, then the number of shares of Common Stock equal to such excess shall constitute a credit against the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued to such Holder pursuant to Sections 3 and 8(b) hereof and shall reduce the number of shares of Common Stock required to be actually issued by the Company to the Holder under such sections on a share-for-share basis until such time as the number of shares that would have been issued by the Company to such Holder (not taking account of such credit) equals the amount of such excess.

(d) Mechanics of Company Redemption . If the Company elects, or is required to elect, a Company Redemption, in whole or in part, in accordance with Section 8(a), then the Company Redemption Amount, if any, which is to be paid to the Holder on the applicable Installment Date shall be redeemed by the Company on such Installment Date in an amount of cash, and the Company shall pay to the Holder on such Installment Date, by wire transfer of immediately available funds an amount, equal to 102.5% of the applicable Company Redemption Amount (the “ Company Installment Redemption Price ”). If the Company fails to redeem the applicable Company Redemption Amount on the applicable Installment Date by payment of the Company Installment Redemption Price on such date, then, at the option of the Holder designated in writing to the Company (any such designation shall be a “Conversion Notice” for purposes of this Note), the Holder may require the Company to convert all or any part of the Company Redemption Amount at the Company Conversion Price (determined as of the date of such designation as if such date were an Installment Date). Conversions required by this Section 8(d) shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Section 3(c). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 8(d), but subject to Section 3(d), until the Company Installment Redemption Price (together with any Late Charges thereon) is paid in full, the Company Redemption Amount (together with any Late Charges thereon) may be converted, in whole or in part, by the Holder into Common Stock pursuant to Section 3. In the event the Holder elects to convert all or any portion of the Company Redemption Amount prior to the applicable Installment Date as set forth in the immediately preceding sentence, the Company Redemption Amount so converted shall be deducted from the Installment Amounts relating to the applicable Installment Date(s) as set forth in the applicable Conversion Notice.

(e) Acceleration of Installment Amounts . Notwithstanding any provision of this Section 8, during the period commencing on an Installment Date (a “ Current Installment Date ”) and ending on the Trading Day immediately prior to the next Installment Date (each, an “ Installment Period ”), at the option of the Holder, at one or more times, the Holder may convert one or more other Installment Amounts (each, an “ Acceleration ”), in whole or in part, at the Company Conversion Price of such Current Installment Date in accordance with the conversion procedures set forth in Section 3 hereunder, mutatis mutandis . In the event that the Holder elects to effect any Acceleration pursuant to this Section 8(e), the Holder shall notify the Company and the Trustee as to the Installment Amounts subject to such Acceleration. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Holder may not elect to effect the Acceleration of more than an aggregate of six (6) Installment Amounts pursuant to this Section 8(e). The amount of any other Installment Amount accelerated pursuant to this Section 8(e) is referred to as the “ Acceleration Amount .”

(f) Blocker Notice; Designated Specified Amounts . Notwithstanding the foregoing, if (i) the Company has elected to effect a Company Conversion pursuant to this Section 8 with respect to the applicable Installment Date, (ii) the Company is permitted pursuant to this Section 8 to effect such Company Conversion on such Installment Date and (iii) prior to such Installment Date the Holder has delivered (via electronic mail or otherwise) to the Company and the Trustee a written notice (a “ Blocker Notice ”) (A) stating that such Company Conversion would result in a violation of Section 3(d)(i) and (B) specifying the portion of the applicable Installment Amount with respect to which such Company Conversion would result in a violation of Section 3(d)(i) if such Company Conversion were effected (such amount so specified is referred to herein as the “ Designated Specified Amount ”), the Installment Amount of the Holder for such Installment Date shall be automatically reduced by such Designated Specified Amount; provided, that (x) at the Holder’s option, at any time prior to the applicable Installment Date, the Holder may reduce the Designated Specified Amount of shares of Common Stock covered by such Blocker Notice, in whole or in part, by delivery of one or more written notices to the Company and the Trustee (each, a “ Withdrawal Notice ”, and each date, a “ Withdrawal Notice Date ”) and elect to convert the Designated Specified Amount (or such lesser amount as set forth in the Withdrawal Notice) in accordance with this Section 8 (each a “ Withdrawn Designated Specified Amount ”) and (B) the Installment Amount with respect to such Installment Date shall be automatically increased by an amount equal to the sum of any Withdrawn Designated Specified Amounts set forth in Withdrawal Notices of the Holder with respect to such Installment Date delivered to the Company prior to such Installment Date and (y) either (A) if such Installment Date is prior to the Maturity Date, the Installment Amount of the immediately subsequent Installment Date shall be automatically increased by the Designated Specified Amount (less an amount equal to the sum of any Withdrawn Designated Specified Amounts set forth in Withdrawal Notices of the Holder delivered with respect to such Installment Date) or (Y) if such Installment Date is the Maturity Date, such Designated Specified Amount shall automatically increase the Company Redemption Amount to be paid in cash on the Maturity Date.

9. NONCIRCUMVENTION . The Company hereby covenants and agrees that the Company will not, by amendment of its Certificate of Incorporation (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement), Bylaws (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, scheme of arrangement, dissolution, issue or sale of securities, or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Note, and will at all times in good faith carry out all of the provisions of this Note and take all action as may be required to protect the rights of the Holder of this Note. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company (i) shall not increase the par value of any shares of Common Stock receivable upon conversion of this Note above the Conversion Price then in effect, (ii) shall take all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable shares of Common Stock upon the conversion of this Note, and (iii) shall, so long as any of the Notes are outstanding, take all action necessary to reserve and keep available out of its authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the Notes, the maximum number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be necessary to effect the conversion of the Notes then outstanding (without regard to any limitations on conversion).

10. RESERVATION OF AUTHORIZED SHARES .

(a) Reservation . The Company shall initially reserve out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock a number of shares of Common Stock for each of the Notes equal to 100% of the entire Conversion Rate with respect to the entire Conversion Amount of each such Note as of the Issuance Date. So long as any of the Notes are outstanding, the Company shall take all action necessary to reserve and keep available out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the Notes, 100% of the number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be necessary to effect the conversion of all of the Notes then outstanding pursuant to the terms hereof, provided that at no time shall the number of shares of Common Stock so reserved be less than the number of shares required to be reserved by the previous sentence (without regard to any limitations on conversions) (the “ Required Reserve Amount ”). The initial number of shares of Common Stock reserved for conversions of the Notes and each increase in the number of shares so reserved shall be allocated pro rata among the holders of the Notes based on the original principal amount of the Notes held by each holder on the Closing Date or increase in the number of reserved shares (as the case may be) (the “ Authorized Share Allocation ”). In the event that the Holder shall sell or otherwise transfer any of this Note, each transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of the Holder’s Authorized Share Allocation. Any shares of Common Stock reserved and allocated to any Person which ceases to hold any Notes shall be allocated to the remaining holders of Notes, pro rata based on the principal amount of the Notes then held by such holders.

(b) Insufficient Authorized Shares . If, notwithstanding Section 10(a), and not in limitation thereof, at any time while any of the Notes remain outstanding the Company does not have a sufficient number of authorized and unreserved shares of Common Stock to satisfy its obligation to reserve for issuance upon conversion of the Notes at least a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the Required Reserve Amount (an “ Authorized Share Failure ”), then the Company shall immediately take all action necessary to increase the Company’s authorized shares of Common Stock to an amount sufficient to allow the Company to reserve the Required Reserve Amount for the Notes then outstanding. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing sentence, as soon as practicable after the date of the occurrence of an Authorized Share Failure, but in no event later than ninety (90) days after the occurrence of such Authorized Share Failure, the Company shall hold a meeting of its stockholders for the approval of an increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock. In connection with such meeting, the Company shall provide each stockholder with a proxy statement and shall use its best efforts to solicit its stockholders’ approval of such increase in authorized shares of Common Stock and to cause its board of directors to recommend to the stockholders that they approve such proposal. In the event that the Company is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock upon any conversion due to the failure by the Company to have sufficient shares of Common Stock available out of the authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock (such unavailable number of shares of Common Stock, the “ Authorization Failure Shares ”), in lieu of delivering such Authorization Failure Shares to the Holder, the Company shall pay cash (each, an “ Authorized Failure Share Cancellation Amount ”) in exchange for the redemption of such portion of the Conversion Amount convertible into such Authorized Failure Shares at an amount equal to the sum of (i) the product of (x) such number of Authorization Failure Shares and (y) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date the Holder delivers the applicable Conversion Notice with respect to such Authorization Failure Shares to the Company and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this Section 10(b) and (ii) to the extent the Holder purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of Authorization Failure Shares, any brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any, of the Holder incurred in connection therewith. Nothing contained in Section 10(a) or this Section 10(b) shall limit any obligations of the Company under any provision of the Securities Purchase Agreement.

11. HOLDER’S REDEMPTIONS . The Company, or at the Company’s direction, the Trustee, shall deliver the applicable Event of Default Redemption Price to the Holder in cash within three (3) Business Days after the Company’s receipt of the Holder’s Event of Default Redemption Notice. The Trustee shall not have any payment obligation under this Section 11 unless and until it has received sufficient cash from the Company to make any of the payments set forth in this Section 11. If the Holder has submitted a Fundamental Transaction Redemption Notice in accordance with Section 5(b), the Company, or at the Company’s directions, the Trustee, shall deliver the applicable Fundamental Transaction Redemption Price to the Holder in cash concurrently with the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction if such notice is received prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction and within three (3) Business Days after the Company’s receipt of such notice otherwise. The Company, or at the Company’s direction, the Trustee, shall deliver the applicable Company Installment Redemption Price to the Holder in cash on the applicable Installment Date. In the event of a redemption of less than all of the Conversion Amount of this Note, the Company shall promptly cause to be issued and, following authentication of such new Note, delivered to the Holder a new Note (in accordance with Section 18(d)) representing the outstanding Principal which has not been redeemed. In the event that the Company does not pay the applicable Redemption Price to the Holder within the time period required, at any time thereafter and until the Company pays such unpaid Redemption Price in full, the Holder shall have the option, in lieu of redemption, to require the Company to promptly return to the Holder all or any portion of this Note representing the Conversion Amount that was submitted for redemption and for which the applicable Redemption Price (together with any Late Charges thereon) has not been paid. Upon the Company’s receipt of such notice, (x) the applicable Redemption Notice shall be null and void with respect to such Conversion Amount, (y) the Company shall immediately return this Note, or issue a new, duly authenticated Note (in accordance with Section 18(d)), to the Holder, and in each case the principal amount of this Note or such new Note (as the case may be) shall be increased by an amount equal to the difference between (1) the applicable Event of Default Redemption Price, Fundamental Transaction Redemption Price or Company Installment Redemption Price (as the case may be) minus (2) the Principal portion of the Conversion Amount submitted for redemption and (z) the Conversion Price of this Note or such new Notes (as the case may be) shall be automatically adjusted with respect to each conversion effected thereafter by the Holder to the lowest of (A) the lowest Company Conversion Price of the Installment Dates occurring during the period commencing on the date the Holder delivers the applicable Redemption Notice and ending on the date the applicable Redemption Notice is voided, (B) 85% of the lowest Closing Bid Price of the Common Stock during the period beginning on and including the date on which the applicable Redemption Notice is delivered to the Company and ending on and including the date on which the applicable Redemption Notice is voided and (C) 85% of the VWAP of the Common Stock for the five (5) Trading Day period immediately preceding the Conversion Date of the applicable conversion. The Holder’s delivery of a notice voiding a Redemption Notice and exercise of its rights following such notice shall not affect the Company’s obligations to make any payments of Late Charges which have accrued prior to the date of such notice with respect to the Conversion Amount subject to such notice.

12. COMPANY OPTIONAL REDEMPTION . If at any time after the four (4) month anniversary of the Issuance Date (the “ Company Redemption Eligibility Date ”), no Equity Conditions Failure exists, the Company shall have the right to redeem all but not less than all (except in accordance with a Company Optional Redemption Blocker Notice (as defined below)) or a portion, of the Conversion Amount then remaining under this Note (the “ Company Optional Redemption Amount ”) on the Company Optional Redemption Date (each as defined below) (a “ Company Optional Redemption ”); provided that, notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company Optional Redemption Amount for such Company Optional Redemption exceeds such portion of the Conversion Amount remaining under this Note that the Holder would be permitted to convert into Common Stock pursuant to Section 3 on the Company Optional Redemption Notice Date (as defined below) without violating Section 3(d) (the “ Permitted Company Optional Redemption Amount ”), the Holder, at its sole option, may deliver a written notice to the Company (a “ Company Optional Redemption Blocker Notice ”) stating that such Company Optional Redemption Amount set forth in the applicable Company Optional Redemption Notice (as defined below) exceeds the Permitted Company Optional Redemption Amount and, thereafter, the applicable Company Optional Redemption Amount shall be automatically reduced to the Permitted Company Optional Redemption Amount set forth in the applicable Company Optional Redemption Blocker Notice. The portion of this Note subject to redemption pursuant to this Section 12 shall be redeemed by the Company in cash at a price (the “ Company Optional Redemption Price ”) equal to (i) 100% of the Principal amount being redeemed, plus (ii) a premium equal to 20% of the Principal amount being redeemed during the period between the Company Redemption Eligibility Date and the one-year anniversary date of the Issuance Date and 15% of the Principal amount being redeemed thereafter, plus (iii) all accrued and unpaid Interest with respect to such portion of the Principal amount and accrued and unpaid Late Charges, if any, with respect to such portion of such Principal and such Interest. The Company may exercise its right to require redemption under this Section 12 by delivering an irrevocable written notice thereof by electronic mail and overnight courier to all, but not less than all, of the holders of Notes (the “ Company Optional Redemption Notice ” and the date all of the holders of Notes received such notice is referred to as the “ Company Optional Redemption Notice Date ”). The Company may deliver only one Company Optional Redemption Notice during any thirty-day period hereunder. The Company Optional Redemption Notice shall (x) state the date on which the Company Optional Redemption shall occur (the “ Company Optional Redemption Date ”) which date shall not be less than twenty (20) Trading Days nor more than thirty (30) Trading Days following the Company Optional Redemption Notice Date, (y) certify that no Equity Conditions Failure exists as of the date of the Company Optional Redemption Notice, and (z) state the aggregate Conversion Amount of the Notes which is being redeemed in such Company Optional Redemption from the Holder and all of the other holders of the Notes pursuant to this Section 12 on the Company Optional Redemption Date. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, (i) if an Equity Conditions Failure occurs at any time prior to the Company Optional Redemption Date, (A) the Company shall provide the Holder a subsequent notice to that effect and (B) unless the Holder waives the applicable Equity Conditions Failure occurrence, the Company Optional Redemption shall be cancelled and the applicable Company Optional Redemption Notice shall be null and void and (ii) at any time prior to the date the Company Optional Redemption Price is paid, in full, the Company Optional Redemption Amount may be converted, in whole or in part, by the Holders into Common Stock pursuant to Section 3. All Conversion Amounts converted by the Holder after the Company Optional Redemption Notice Date shall reduce the Company Optional Redemption Amount of this Note required to be redeemed on the Company Optional Redemption Date. Redemptions made pursuant to this Section 12 shall be made in accordance with Section 11.

13. VOTING RIGHTS . The Holder shall have no voting rights as the holder of this Note, except as required by law (including, without limitation, the Delaware General Corporation Law) and as expressly provided in this Note.

14. COVENANTS . Until all of the Notes have been converted, redeemed or otherwise satisfied in accordance with their terms:

(a) Rank . All payments due under this Note shall be senior to all other Indebtedness of the Company.

(b) Incurrence of Indebtedness . The Company shall not, directly or indirectly, incur or guarantee, assume or suffer to exist any Indebtedness (other than (i) the Indebtedness evidenced by the Notes and (ii) Permitted Indebtedness).

(c) Incurrence of Indebtedness by Subsidiaries . The Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, incur or guarantee, assume or suffer to exist any Indebtedness other than the Subsidiary Notes.

(d) Existence of Liens . The Company shall not, directly or indirectly, allow or suffer to exist any mortgage, lien, pledge, charge, security interest or other encumbrance upon or in any property or assets (including accounts and contract rights) owned by the Company (collectively, “ Liens ”) other than Permitted Liens.

(e) Existence of Subsidiary Liens . The Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, allow or suffer to exist any Lien upon or in any property or assets (including accounts and contract rights) owned by any of its Subsidiaries other than (i) Liens created pursuant to the Subsidiary Notes and (ii) Liens specified in clauses (i) through (iii) of the definition of Permitted Liens.

(f) Restricted Payments . The Company shall not, directly or indirectly, redeem, defease, repurchase, repay or make any payments in respect of, by the payment of cash or cash equivalents (in whole or in part, whether by way of open market purchases, tender offers, private transactions or otherwise), all or any portion of any Indebtedness, whether by way of payment in respect of principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on, such Indebtedness if at the time such payment is due or is otherwise made or, after giving effect to such payment, (i) an event constituting an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing or (ii) an event that with the passage of time and without being cured would constitute an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing.

(g) Restricted Payments . The Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, redeem, defease, repurchase, repay or make any payments in respect of, by the payment of cash or cash equivalents (in whole or in part, whether by way of open market purchases, tender offers, private transactions or otherwise), all or any portion of any Indebtedness, whether by way of payment in respect of principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on, such Indebtedness, other than in accordance with the terms of the Subsidiary Notes.

(h) Restriction on Redemption and Cash Dividends . The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, redeem, repurchase or declare or pay any cash dividend or distribution on any of its capital stock (other than dividends paid by wholly-owned Subsidiaries to the Company or to other wholly-owned Subsidiaries if either (i) such Subsidiary is a Borrower Subsidiary or (ii) the equity interests of such Subsidiary have been pledged to the Collateral Agent as provided in the Security Documents).

(i) Restriction on Transfer of Assets . The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, spin-off, split-off, close, convey or otherwise dispose of any assets or rights of the Company or any Subsidiary owned or hereafter acquired whether in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, other than sales, leases, licenses, assignments, transfers, conveyances and other dispositions of intellectual property rights by the Company and its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of the Company’s business of enforcing and licensing intellectual property rights. For the avoidance of doubt, this clause shall prevent (i) the Company from transferring any of its assets to any Subsidiary except pursuant to the Subsidiary Notes, and (ii) any Subsidiary from transferring any of its assets to any other Subsidiary.

(j) Maturity of Indebtedness . The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, permit any Indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to mature or accelerate prior to the Maturity Date.

(k) Change in Nature of Business . The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, engage in any material line of business substantially different from those lines of business conducted by or publicly contemplated to be conducted by the Company and each of its Subsidiaries on the Issuance Date or any business substantially related or incidental thereto. The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, modify its or their corporate structure or purpose provided that an acquisition of intellectual property and related assets which can be used in other industries shall be permitted.

(l) Preservation of Existence, Etc. The Company shall maintain and preserve, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to maintain and preserve, its existence, rights and privileges, and become or remain, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to become or remain, duly qualified and in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the character of the properties owned or leased by it or in which the transaction of its business makes such qualification necessary. The Company shall take all action necessary to prevent any Borrower Subsidiary from becoming Insolvent (as such term is defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement). The Company shall cause each Borrower Subsidiary to pay all accounts payable and other amounts owed by such Borrower Subsidiary (other than Indebtedness) when due, except for such amounts as are being contested in good faith and for which adequate reserves have been established and are being maintained by such Borrower Subsidiary in accordance with GAAP (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement).

(m) Maintenance of Properties, Etc. The Company shall maintain and preserve, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to maintain and preserve, all of its properties which are necessary or useful in the proper conduct of its business in good working order and condition, ordinary wear and tear excepted, and comply, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to comply, at all times in all material respects with the provisions of all leases to which it is a party as lessee or under which it occupies property, so as to prevent any loss or forfeiture thereof or thereunder.

(n) Maintenance of Intellectual Property . The Company will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, take all action necessary or advisable to maintain all of the Intellectual Property Rights (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) of the Company and/or any of its Subsidiaries that the Board of Directors of the Company, in the good faith exercise of its business judgment, determines are necessary or material to the conduct of its business in full force and effect.

(o) Maintenance of Insurance . The Company shall maintain, and cause each of its Subsidiaries to maintain, insurance with responsible and reputable insurance companies or associations (including, without limitation, comprehensive general liability, hazard, rent and business interruption insurance) with respect to its properties (including all real properties leased or owned by it) and business, in such amounts and covering such risks as is required by any governmental authority having jurisdiction with respect thereto or as is carried generally in accordance with sound business practice by companies in similar businesses similarly situated.

(p) Investments . The Company shall not, and the Company shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to not, directly or indirectly, without the prior written express consent of the Holder, lend money or credit (by way of guarantee or otherwise) or make advances to any Subsidiary, or purchase or acquire any stock, bonds, notes, debentures or other obligations or securities of, or any other interest in, or make any capital contribution to, any Subsidiary (other than (A) a wholly-owned Subsidiary (i) that is a Borrower Subsidiary or (ii) the equity interests of which have been pledged to the Collateral Agent as provided in the Security Documents or (B) pursuant to the Subsidiary Notes).

(q) Transactions with Affiliates . The Company shall not, nor shall it permit any of its Subsidiaries to, enter into, renew, extend or be a party to, any transaction or series of related transactions (including, without limitation, the purchase, sale, lease, transfer or exchange of property or assets of any kind or the rendering of services of any kind) with any affiliate, except transactions necessary or desirable for the prudent operation of its business, for fair consideration and on terms no less favorable to it or its Subsidiaries than would be obtainable in a comparable arm’s length transaction with a Person that is not an affiliate thereof.

(r) Restricted Issuances . The Company shall not, directly or indirectly, without the prior written consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Notes then outstanding, (i) issue any Notes (other than as contemplated by the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Indenture, the Supplemental Indenture and the Notes) or (ii) issue any other securities that would cause a breach or default under the Notes or the Warrants.

(s) New Subsidiaries . Simultaneously with the acquisition or formation of any new Subsidiary (a “ New Subsidiary ”), the Company shall deliver, or cause the applicable Subsidiary to deliver to the Collateral Agent, each of the physical stock certificates or other ownership certificates representing all of the equity ownership interest in such New Subsidiary, along with undated stock powers (or the equivalent) for each such certificates, executed in blank (or, if any such shares or other ownership interests are uncertificated, confirmation and evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Collateral Agent that the security interest in such uncertificated securities has been transferred to and perfected by the Collateral Agent, in accordance with Sections 8-313, 8-321 and 9-115 of the Code or any other similar or local or foreign law that may be applicable); provided, however no certificates shall be delivered or required to be delivered by the Company to the extent such delivery results in the New Subsidiary being required to file separate financial statements with the SEC (or any other governmental agency) pursuant to Rule 3-16 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act, in which case, the Company shall at the time of the formation of the New Subsidiary (i) lend to the New Subsidiary pursuant to a Subsidiary Note an amount equal to the fair market value of the assets to be contributed to or to be acquired by such New Subsidiary minus $1.00, (ii) cause the New Subsidiary to execute a Subsidiary Note in the amount specified in clause (i), (iii) file a UCC-1 in the appropriate jurisdiction (or the analog thereof if such Subsidiary is outside the United States) in the name of the Company listing the Collateral Agent as the assignee thereof, (iv) if applicable, cause the New Subsidiary to enter into a patent assignment in favor of the Company in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Collateral Agent assigning all of the New Subsidiary’s patent rights to the Company, (v) if applicable, file with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office the patent assignment referenced in (iv) along with a patent assignment in favor of the Collateral Agent in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Collateral Agent assigning all of the Company’s rights in the patent assignment referenced in (iv) to the Collateral Agent, and (vi) deliver to the Collateral Agent (A) the Subsidiary Note, endorsed to the order of the Collateral Agent, (B) a Collateral Assignment Agreement assigning the Company’s right, title and interest in the Subsidiary Note to the Collateral Agent, (C) evidence of the filing of the UCC-1 (or any foreign analog), and (D) if applicable, filed copies of the patent assignments referenced in clauses (iv) and (v).

(t) Lockbox Balance; Lockbox Account .

(i) Commencing on the date that the Closing Bid Price of the Common Stock is less than $0.25 (appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalizations or other similar transaction occurring after the Issuance Date) and continuing until the average VWAP of the Common Stock for a period of ten (10) consecutive Trading Days is greater than $0.25 (appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalizations or other similar transaction occurring after the Issuance Date), the Company shall at all times cause the Lockbox Balance in a bank account controlled by the Collateral Agent (as defined in the Security Agreement) and otherwise reasonably satisfactory to the Holder to exceed the sum of 50% of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest, Late Charges, if any, and other amounts owed under this Note and the other Transaction Documents at such time (collectively, the “ Adjusted Note Obligations ”). The Company shall establish and maintain a Controlled Account Agreement with the Collateral Agent and the bank each bank at which the Controlled Account is maintained in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Collateral Agent.

(ii) If on any day, the Adjusted Note Obligations exceeds the Lockbox Balance, the Company shall, within three (3) Business Days, cause an amount equal to such excess to be deposited into the Controlled Account.

15. PARTICIPATION . In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 7, the Holder, as the holder of this Note, shall be entitled to receive such dividends paid and distributions made to the holders of Common Stock to the same extent as if the Holder had converted this Note into Common Stock (without regard to any limitations on conversion herein or elsewhere) and had held such shares of Common Stock on the record date for such dividends and distributions. Payments under the preceding sentence shall be made concurrently with the dividend or distribution to the holders of Common Stock (provided, however, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such dividend or distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such dividend or distribution to such extent (or the beneficial ownership of any such shares of Common Stock as a result of such dividend or distribution to such extent) and such dividend or distribution to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage).

16. AMENDING THE TERMS OF THIS NOTE . The prior written consent of the Holder and the Trustee (if such amendment adversely affects the rights, privileges and immunities of the Trustee) shall be required for any change or amendment to this Note. No consideration shall be offered or paid to the Holder to amend or consent to a waiver or modification of any provision of this Note unless the same consideration is also offered to all of the holders of the Notes.

17. TRANSFER . This Note and any shares of Common Stock issued upon conversion of this Note may be offered, sold, assigned or transferred by the Holder without restriction and without the consent of the Company; provided, that this Note may not be transferred to more than five (5) transferees.

18. REISSUANCE OF THIS NOTE .

(a) Transfer . If this Note is to be transferred, the Holder shall surrender this Note to the Company, whereupon the Company will forthwith issue and, following authentication of such new Note, deliver upon the order of the Holder a new Note (in accordance with Section 18(d)), registered as the Holder may request, representing the outstanding Principal being transferred by the Holder and, if less than the entire outstanding Principal is being transferred, a new, duly authenticated Note (in accordance with Section 18(d)) to the Holder representing the outstanding Principal not being transferred. The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Note, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of Section 3(c)(iii) following conversion or redemption of any portion of this Note, the outstanding Principal represented by this Note may be less than the Principal stated on the face of this Note.

(b) Lost, Stolen or Mutilated Note . Upon compliance with Section 2.07 of the Indenture, the Company shall execute and, following authentication of such new Note, deliver to the Holder a new Note (in accordance with Section 18(d)) representing the outstanding Principal.

(c) Note Exchangeable for Different Denominations . This Note is exchangeable, upon the surrender hereof by the Holder at the principal office of the Company, for a new, duly authenticated Note or Notes (in accordance with Section 18(d) and in principal amounts of at least $1,000) representing in the aggregate the outstanding Principal of this Note, and each such new Note will represent such portion of such outstanding Principal as is designated by the Holder at the time of such surrender.

(d) Issuance of New Notes . Whenever the Company is required to issue a new duly authenticated Note pursuant to the terms of this Note, such new Note (i) shall be of like tenor with this Note, (ii) shall represent, as indicated on the face of such new Note, the Principal remaining outstanding (or in the case of a new Note being issued pursuant to Section 18(a) or Section 18(c), the Principal designated by the Holder which, when added to the principal represented by the other new Notes issued in connection with such issuance, does not exceed the Principal remaining outstanding under this Note immediately prior to such issuance of new Notes), (iii) shall have an issuance date, as indicated on the face of such new Note, which is the same as the Issuance Date of this Note, (iv) shall have the same rights and conditions as this Note, (v) shall represent accrued and unpaid Interest and Late Charges on the Principal and Interest of this Note, from the Issuance Date and (vi) shall be duly authenticated by the Trustee in accordance with the Indenture.

19. REMEDIES, CHARACTERIZATIONS, OTHER OBLIGATIONS, BREACHES AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . The remedies provided in this Note shall be cumulative and in addition to all other remedies available under this Note and any of the other Transaction Documents at law or in equity (including a decree of specific performance and/or other injunctive relief), and nothing herein shall limit the Holder’s right to pursue actual and consequential damages for any failure by the Company to comply with the terms of this Note. The Company covenants to the Holder that there shall be no characterization concerning this instrument other than as expressly provided herein. Amounts set forth or provided for herein with respect to payments, conversion and the like (and the computation thereof) shall be the amounts to be received by the Holder and shall not, except as expressly provided herein, be subject to any other obligation of the Company (or the performance thereof). The Company acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations hereunder will cause irreparable harm to the Holder and that the remedy at law for any such breach may be inadequate. The Company therefore agrees that, in the event of any such breach or threatened breach, the Holder shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to an injunction restraining any such breach or any such threatened breach, without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required. The Company shall provide all information and documentation to the Holder and the Trustee that is requested by the Holder to enable the Holder to confirm the Company’s compliance with the terms and conditions of this Note (including, without limitation, compliance with Section 7).

20. PAYMENT OF COLLECTION, ENFORCEMENT AND OTHER COSTS . If (a) this Note is placed in the hands of an attorney for collection or enforcement or is collected or enforced through any legal proceeding or the Holder otherwise takes action to collect amounts due under this Note or to enforce the provisions of this Note or (b) there occurs any bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership of the Company or other proceedings affecting Company creditors’ rights and involving a claim under this Note, then the Company shall pay the costs incurred by the Holder for such collection, enforcement or action or in connection with such bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership or other proceeding, including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees and disbursements. The Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that no amounts due under this Note shall be affected, or limited, by the fact that the purchase price paid for this Note was less than the original Principal amount hereof. The Trustee shall have no duty under the Notes to confirm or verify or monitor the Company’s compliance with the terms or its obligations under the Notes.

21. CONSTRUCTION; HEADINGS . This Note shall be deemed to be jointly drafted by the Company and the Holder and shall not be construed against any Person as the drafter hereof. The headings of this Note are for convenience of reference and shall not form part of, or affect the interpretation of, this Note. Terms used in this Note but defined in the other Transaction Documents shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms on the Closing Date in such other Transaction Documents unless otherwise consented to in writing by the Holder.

22. FAILURE OR INDULGENCE NOT WAIVER . No failure or delay on the part of the Holder in the exercise of any power, right or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such power, right or privilege preclude other or further exercise thereof or of any other right, power or privilege. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by an authorized representative of the waiving party.

23. DISPUTE RESOLUTION . In the case of a dispute as to the determination of the Conversion Price, the Closing Bid Price, the Closing Sale Price or fair market value (as the case may be) or the arithmetic calculation of the Conversion Rate or the applicable Redemption Price (as the case may be), the Company or the Holder (as the case may be) shall submit the disputed determinations or arithmetic calculations (as the case may be) via electronic mail (i) within three (3) Business Days after receipt of the applicable notice giving rise to such dispute to the Company or the Holder (as the case may be) or (ii) if no notice gave rise to such dispute, at any time after the Holder learned of the circumstances giving rise to such dispute. If the Holder and the Company are unable to agree upon such determination or calculation within three (3) Business Days of such disputed determination or arithmetic calculation (as the case may be) being submitted to the Company or the Holder (as the case may be), then the Company shall, within two (2) Business Days, submit via electronic mail (a) the disputed determination of the Conversion Price, the Closing Bid Price, the Closing Sale Price or fair market value (as the case may be) to an independent, reputable investment bank selected by the Holder and reasonably acceptable to the Company or (b) the disputed arithmetic calculation of the Conversion Rate or any Redemption Price (as the case may be) to the Company’s independent, outside accountant. The Company shall cause at its expense the investment bank or the accountant (as the case may be) to perform the determinations or calculations (as the case may be) and notify the Company and the Holder of the results no later than ten (10) Business Days from the time it receives such disputed determinations or calculations (as the case may be). Such investment bank’s or accountant’s determination or calculation (as the case may be) shall be binding upon all parties absent demonstrable error.

24. NOTICES; PAYMENTS .

(a) Notices . Whenever notice is required to be given under this Note, unless otherwise provided herein, such notice shall be given in accordance with Section 9(f) of the Securities Purchase Agreement. The Company will give written notice to the Holder and the Trustee (i) immediately upon any adjustment of the Conversion Price, setting forth in reasonable detail, and certifying, the calculation of such adjustment and (ii) at least fifteen (15) days prior to the date on which the Company closes its books or takes a record (A) with respect to any dividend or distribution upon the Common Stock, (B) with respect to any grant, issuances, or sales of any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property to holders of shares of Common Stock or (C) for determining rights to vote with respect to any Fundamental Transaction, dissolution or liquidation, provided in each case that such information shall be made known to the public prior to or in conjunction with such notice being provided to the Holder. All notices to be provided to the Trustee hereunder shall be delivered to the Trustee by facsimile (303-262-0608) or via hard copy to the Trustee at its Corporate Trust Office (as defined in the Indenture) located in Highlands Ranch, Colorado.

(b) Currency . All dollar amounts referred to in this Note are in United States Dollars (“ U.S. Dollars ”), and all amounts owing under this Note shall be paid in U.S. Dollars. All amounts denominated in other currencies (if any) shall be converted into the U.S. Dollar equivalent amount in accordance with the Exchange Rate on the date of calculation. “ Exchange Rate ” means, in relation to any amount of currency to be converted into U.S. Dollars pursuant to this Note, the U.S. Dollar exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on the relevant date of calculation (it being understood and agreed that where an amount is calculated with reference to, or over, a period of time, the date of calculation shall be the final date of such period of time).

(c) Payments . Whenever any payment of cash is to be made by the Company to any Person pursuant to this Note, unless otherwise expressly set forth herein, such payment shall be made in lawful money of the United States of America by a certified check drawn on the account of the Company and sent via overnight courier service to such Person at such address as previously provided to the Company in writing (which address, in the case of each of the Buyers, shall initially be as set forth on the Schedule of Buyers attached to the Securities Purchase Agreement), provided that the Holder may elect to receive a payment of cash via wire transfer of immediately available funds by providing the Company with prior written notice setting out such request and the Holder’s wire transfer instructions. Whenever any amount expressed to be due by the terms of this Note is due on any day which is not a Business Day, the same shall instead be due on the next succeeding day which is a Business Day. Any amount of Principal or other amounts due under the Transaction Documents which is not paid when due shall result in a late charge being incurred and payable by the Company in an amount equal to interest on such amount at the rate of sixteen and one-half percent (16.5%) per annum from the date such amount was due until the same is paid in full (“ Late Charge ”).

25. CANCELLATION . After all Principal, accrued Interest, Late Charges and other amounts at any time owed on this Note have been paid in full, this Note shall automatically be deemed canceled, shall be surrendered to the Company for cancellation and shall not be reissued.

26. WAIVER OF NOTICE . To the extent permitted by law, the Company hereby irrevocably waives demand, notice, presentment, protest and all other demands and notices in connection with the delivery, acceptance, performance, default or enforcement of this Note and the Securities Purchase Agreement.

27. GOVERNING LAW . This Note shall be construed and enforced in accordance with, and all questions concerning the construction, validity, interpretation and performance of this Note shall be governed by, the internal laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of New York or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of New York. The Company hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. In the event that any provision of this Note is invalid or unenforceable under any applicable statute or rule of law, then such provision shall be deemed inoperative to the extent that it may conflict therewith and shall be deemed modified to conform with such statute or rule of law. Any such provision which may prove invalid or unenforceable under any law shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision of this Note. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed or operate to preclude the Holder from bringing suit or taking other legal action against the Company in any other jurisdiction to collect on the Company’s obligations to the Holder, to realize on any collateral or any other security for such obligations, or to enforce a judgment or other court ruling in favor of the Holder. THE COMPANY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS NOTE OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.

28. CERTAIN DEFINITIONS . For purposes of this Note, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

(a) “ Bloomberg ” means Bloomberg, L.P.

(b) “ Business Day ” means any day other than (i) a Saturday or a Sunday, or (ii) a day on which Federal or State banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York or in the State in which the Corporate Trust Office (as defined in the Indenture) may be located from time to time, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation to close.

(c) “ Change of Control ” means any Fundamental Transaction other than (i) any merger of the Company or any of its, direct or indirect, wholly-owned Subsidiaries with or into any of the foregoing, (ii) any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of the shares of Common Stock in which holders of a majority of the Company’s voting power immediately prior to such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification continue after such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification to hold publicly traded securities and, directly or indirectly, are, in all material respects, the holders of a majority of the voting power of the surviving entity (or entities with the authority or voting power to elect the members of the board of directors (or their equivalent if other than a corporation) of such entity or entities) after such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification, or (iii) pursuant to a migratory merger effected solely for the purpose of changing the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(d) “ Change of Control Redemption Premium ” means 120% during the period from the Issuance Date to the one-year anniversary of the Issuance Date and 115% thereafter.

(e) “ Closing Bid Price ” and “ Closing Sale Price ” means, for any security as of any date, the last closing bid price and last closing trade price, respectively, for such security on the Principal Market, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market begins to operate on an extended hours basis and does not designate the closing bid price or the closing trade price (as the case may be) then the last bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security prior to 4:00:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal securities exchange or trading market for such security, the last closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security on the principal securities exchange or trading market where such security is listed or traded as reported by Bloomberg, or if the foregoing do not apply, the last closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, is reported for such security by Bloomberg, the average of the bid prices, or the ask prices, respectively, of any market makers for such security as reported in the “pink sheets” by OTC Markets Inc.(formerly Pink Sheets LLC). If the Closing Bid Price or the Closing Sale Price cannot be calculated for a security on a particular date on any of the foregoing bases, the Closing Bid Price or the Closing Sale Price (as the case may be) of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 23. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalizations or other similar transaction during such period.

(f) “ Code ” means the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect from time to time in the State of New York.

(g) “ Collateral Assignment Agreement ” manes the Collateral Assignment Agreement, the form of which is included in the Security Documents.

(h) “ Common Stock ” means (i) the Company’s shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and (ii) any capital stock into which such common stock shall have been changed or any share capital resulting from a reclassification of such common stock.

(i) “ Company Conversion Price ” means, with respect to a particular date of determination, the price which is equal to the product of (1) 85% multiplied by (2) the quotient of (A) the sum of each of the three (3) lowest Closing Sale Prices of the Common Stock during the period of (X) with respect to the first Installment Amount, the number of Trading Days between the Issuance Date and the Installment Date of the first Installment Amount and (Y) with respect to any Installment Amount other than the first Installment Amount, twenty (20) consecutive Trading Day immediately preceding the applicable Installment Date (each such period, a “ Company Conversion Measuring Period ”) divided by (B) three (3). All such determinations to be appropriately adjusted for any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination or other similar transaction during any such Company Conversion Measuring Period.

(j) “ Conversion Share Ratio ” means as to any applicable Installment Date, the quotient of (i) the number of Pre-Installment Conversion Shares delivered in connection with such Installment Date divided by (ii) the number of Post-Installment Conversion Shares applicable to such Installment Date.

(k) “ Convertible Securities ” means any stock or other security (other than Options) that is at any time and under any circumstances, directly or indirectly, convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, or which otherwise entitles the holder thereof to acquire, any shares of Common Stock.

(l) “ Eligible Market ” means The New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the NYSE MKT, the OTCQB or the Principal Market.

(m) “ Equity Conditions ” means: (i) on each day during the period beginning one month prior to the applicable date of determination and ending on and including the applicable date of determination (the “ Equity Conditions Measuring Period ”), the Common Stock (including all of the Registrable Securities) is listed or designated for quotation (as applicable) on an Eligible Market and shall not have been suspended from trading on an Eligible Market (other than suspensions of not more than two (2) Trading Days and occurring prior to the applicable date of determination due to business announcements by the Company); (ii) on each day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, the Company shall have delivered all shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of this Note on a timely basis as set forth in Section 3 hereof and all other shares of capital stock required to be delivered by the Company on a timely basis as set forth in the other Transaction Documents; (iii) any shares of Common Stock to be issued in connection with the event requiring determination may be issued in full without violating Section 3(d)(i)(i) hereof; (iv) any shares of Common Stock to be issued in connection with the event requiring determination may be issued in full without violating the rules or regulations of the Eligible Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or designated for quotation (as applicable); (v) on each day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, no public announcement of a pending, proposed or intended Fundamental Transaction shall have occurred which has not been abandoned, terminated or consummated; (vi) the Holder shall not be in (and no other Buyer shall be in) possession of any material, non-public information provided to any of them by the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective affiliates, employees, officers, representatives, agents or the like; (vii) on each day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, the Company otherwise shall have been in material compliance with each, and shall not have breached any representation or warranty in any material respect (other than representations or warranties subject to material adverse effect or materiality, which may not be breached in any respect) or any covenant or other term or condition of any Transaction Document in any material respect, including, without limitation, the Company shall not have failed to timely make any payment pursuant to any Transaction Document; and (viii) without limiting clause (viii) above, on each day during the Equity Conditions Measuring Period, there shall not have occurred an Event of Default or an event that with the passage of time or giving of notice would constitute an Event of Default; and (viii) no Material Adverse Change then exists.

(n) “ Equity Conditions Failure ” means, with respect to a particular date of determination, that on any day during the period commencing twenty (20) Trading Days immediately prior to such date of determination, the Equity Conditions have not been satisfied (or waived in writing by the Holder).

(o) “ Equity Value Redemption Premium ” means 120% during the period from the Issuance Date to the one-year anniversary of the Issuance Date and 115% thereafter.

(p) “ Fundamental Transaction ” means that (i) (1) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, consolidate or merge with or into (whether or not the Company is the surviving corporation) any other Person, or (2) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its respective properties or assets to any other Person, or (3) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, allow any other Person to make a purchase, tender or exchange offer that is accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Voting Stock of the Company (not including any shares of Voting Stock of the Company held by the Person or Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the Persons making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer), or (4) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, consummate a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with any other Person whereby such other Person acquires more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Voting Stock of the Company (not including any shares of Voting Stock of the Company held by the other Person or other Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the other Persons making or party to, such stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination), or (5) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, reorganize, recapitalize or reclassify the Common Stock (which shall not include a reverse stock split), or (ii) any “person” or “group” (as these terms are used for purposes of Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder) is or shall become the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the 1934 Act), directly or indirectly, of 50% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding Voting Stock of the Company, excluding Iroquois (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement).

(q) “ GAAP ” means United States generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied.

(r) “ Holder Pro Rata Amount ” means a fraction (i) the numerator of which is the original Principal amount of this Note on the Closing Date and (ii) the denominator of which is the aggregate original principal amount of all Notes issued to the initial purchasers pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date.

(s) “ Indenture ” means that certain Indenture, dated as of the Issuance Date, by and between the Company and the Trustee, as may be amended or supplemented from time to time, including without limitation, by any Supplemental Indenture (as defined below).

(t) “ Installment Amount ” means, with respect to any Installment Date, the sum of (A) (I) with respect to any Installment Date other than the Maturity Date, lesser of (X) the product of (I) $595,238.10, multiplied by (II) the Holder Pro Rata Amount and (Y) the Principal amount then outstanding under this Note as of such Installment Date, and (II) with respect to the Installment Date that is the Maturity Date, the Principal amount then outstanding under this Note as of such Installment Date (in each case, as any such Installment Amount may be reduced pursuant to the terms of this Note, whether upon conversion, redemption or otherwise), (B) any Acceleration Amount accelerated pursuant to Section 8(e) and included in such Installment Amount in accordance therewith, (C) any Designated Specified Amount deferred pursuant to Section 8(f) and included in such Installment Amount in accordance therewith and (D) in each case of clauses (A) through (C) above, the sum of any accrued and unpaid Interest as of such Installment Date under this Note and accrued and unpaid Late Charges, if any, under this Note as of such Installment Date. In the event the Holder shall sell or otherwise transfer any portion of this Note, the transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of each unpaid Installment Amount hereunder.

(u) “ Installment Date ” means the first (1 ^st ) Trading Day of every calendar month after the Issuance Date until the Maturity Date.

(v) “ Interest Conversion Price ” means, for any Interest Date, the sum of the VWAP of the Common Stock for each of the five (5) consecutive Trading Days immediately preceding such Interest Date, divided by (y) five (5). All such determinations to be appropriately adjusted for any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination or other similar transaction during any such measuring period.

(w) “ Interest Date ” means January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 of each year (each, an “ Interest Date ”).

(x) “ Interest Rate ” means eight percent (8%) per annum, as may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with Section 2.

(y) “ Lockbox Balance ” means, as of any given time, the cash balance held in the Controlled Account.

(z) “ Market Price ” means, for any given date, the lesser of (x) the VWAP of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding such given date and (y) quotient of (I) the sum of the three (3) lowest VWAPs of the Common Stock during the ten (10) consecutive Trading Day period ending and including the Trading Day immediately prior to such given date, divided by (II) three (3) (such period, the “ Market Price Measuring Period ”). All such determinations to be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, reclassification or similar transactions during such Market Price Measuring Period.

(aa) “ Material Adverse Change ” shall mean, as of any time of determination, during the period commencing on the Subscription Date and ending on such time of determination, a material adverse change and/or a material adverse development in the business, assets, liabilities, properties, operations (including results thereof), condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole; provided that none of the following will constitute, or be considered in determining whether there has been, a Material Adverse Change: any event, change, circumstance, effect or other matter resulting from or related to (i) any outbreak or escalation of war or major hostilities or any act of terrorism, (ii) changes in laws, GAAP or enforcement or interpretation thereof, (iii) changes that generally affect the industries and markets in which the Company operates which do not have a disproportionate effect on the Company and its Subsidiaries, (iv) changes in financial markets, general economic conditions (including prevailing interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and fuel costs) or political conditions, or (v) any action taken or failed to be taken pursuant to or in accordance with any Transaction Document at the written request of, or consented to in writing by, the Holder.

(bb) “ Maturity Date ” shall mean February 4, 2017; provided, however, the Maturity Date may be extended at the option of the Holder (i) in the event that, and for so long as, an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing or any event shall have occurred and be continuing that with the passage of time and the failure to cure would result in an Event of Default or (ii) through the date that is twenty (20) Business Days after the consummation of a Fundamental Transaction in the event that a Fundamental Transaction is publicly announced or a Fundamental Transaction Notice is delivered prior to the Maturity Date, provided further that if a Holder elects to convert some or all of this Note pursuant to Section 3 hereof, and the Conversion Amount would be limited pursuant to Section 3(d) hereunder, the Maturity Date shall automatically be extended until such time as such provision shall not limit the conversion of this Note.

(cc) “ Options ” means any rights, warrants or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of Common Stock or Convertible Securities.

(dd) “ Parent Entity ” of a Person means an entity that, directly or indirectly, controls the applicable Person and whose common stock or equivalent equity security is quoted or listed on an Eligible Market, or, if there is more than one such Person or Parent Entity, the Person or Parent Entity with the largest public market capitalization as of the date of consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

(ee) “ Permitted Indebtedness ” means (i) Indebtedness evidenced by this Note and the other Notes; (ii) other Indebtedness of the Company (other than as expressly specified in, and permitted by, clause (iii) below) not to exceed $250,000 in the aggregate outstanding at any time; provided, however, such Indebtedness shall be made expressly subordinate in right of payment to the Indebtedness evidenced by the Notes, as reflected in a written agreement acceptable to the Holder and approved by the Holder in writing, and which Indebtedness does not provide at any time for (A) the payment, prepayment, repayment, repurchase or defeasance, directly or indirectly, of any principal or premium, if any, thereon until ninety-one (91) days after the Maturity Date or later and (B) total interest and fees at a rate in excess of the Interest Rate; and (iii) equipment leases and purchase money obligations of the Company not to exceed $250,000 in the aggregate outstanding at any time.

(ff) “ Permitted Liens ” means (i) any Lien for taxes not yet due or delinquent or being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings for which adequate reserves have been established in accordance with GAAP, (ii) any statutory Lien arising in the ordinary course of business by operation of law with respect to a liability that is not yet due or delinquent; (iii) any Lien created by operation of law, such as materialmen’s liens, mechanics’ liens and other similar liens, arising in the ordinary course of business with respect to a liability that is not yet due or delinquent or that are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings; (iv) Liens securing the Indebtedness expressly permitted by clause (iii) of the definition of Permitted Indebtedness; provided such Liens are limited only to the assets financed by such Indebtedness; and (iv) Liens securing the Company’s obligations under the Transaction Documents.

(gg) “ Person ” means an individual, a limited liability company, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, a trust, an unincorporated organization, any other entity or a government or any department or agency thereof.

(hh) “ Pre-Installment Conversion Price ” means, with respect to a particular date of determination, the price which is equal to the product of (1) 85% multiplied by (2) the quotient of (A) the sum of each of the three (3) lowest Closing Sale Prices of the Common Stock during the twenty (20) consecutive Trading Day period immediately preceding (i) the Issuance Date (with respect to the first Installment Amount only) and (ii) with respect to any Installment Amount other than the first Installment Amount, the delivery or deemed delivery of the applicable Company Installment Notice divided by (B) three (3). All such determinations to be appropriately adjusted for any stock split, stock dividend, stock combination or other similar transaction during any such measuring period.

(ii) “ Principal Market ” means the Nasdaq Capital Market.

(jj) “ Post-Installment Conversion Shares ” means that number of shares of Common Stock that would be required to be delivered pursuant to Section 8 on an applicable Installment Date without taking into account the delivery of any Pre-Installment Conversion Shares.

(kk) “ Quarter ” means each of: (i) the period beginning on and including January 1 and ending on and including March 31; (ii) the period beginning on and including April 1 and ending on and including June 30; (iii) the period beginning on and including July 1 and ending on and including September 30; and (iv) the period beginning on and including October 1 and ending on and including December 31.

(ll) “ Redemption Notices ” means, collectively, Event of Default Redemption Notices and Change of Control Redemption Notices, and each of the foregoing, individually, a “ Redemption Notice .”

(mm) “ Redemption Premium ” means 120% during the period from the Issuance Date to the one-year anniversary of the Issuance Date and 115% thereafter.

(nn) “ Redemption Prices ” means, collectively, Event of Default Redemption Prices, the Change of Control Redemption Prices and the Company Installment Redemption Prices, and each of the foregoing, individually, a “ Redemption Price .”

(oo) “ SEC ” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or the successor thereto.

(pp) “ Securities Purchase Agreement ” means that certain securities purchase agreement, dated as of the Subscription Date, by and among the Company and the initial holders of Notes pursuant to which the Company issued Notes and Warrants, as may be amended from time to time.

(qq) “ Securities Act ” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder.

(rr) “ Security Agreement ” means that certain security agreement, dated as of the Closing Date, by and among the Company, its Subsidiaries and the initial holders of the Notes, as may be amended from time to time.

(ss) “ Security Documents ” has the meaning set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement.

(tt) “ Subscription Date ” means May 4, 2015.

(uu) “ Subsidiaries ” means any Person in which the Company, directly or indirectly, (i) owns any of the outstanding capital stock or holds any equity or similar interest of such Person or (ii) controls or operates all or any part of the business, operations or administration of such Person, and all of the foregoing.

(vv) “ Successor Entity ” means the Person (or, if so elected by the Holder, the Parent Entity) formed by, resulting from or surviving any Fundamental Transaction or the Person (or, if so elected by the Holder, the Parent Entity) with which such Fundamental Transaction shall have been entered into.

(ww) “ Supplemental Indenture ” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in the Securities Purchase Agreement, as such supplemental indenture may be amended, modified or supplemented from time to time.

(xx) “ Trading Day ” means any day on which the Common Stock is traded on the Principal Market, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for the Common Stock, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which the Common Stock is then traded, provided that “Trading Day” shall not include any day on which the Common Stock is scheduled to trade on such exchange or market for less than 4.5 hours or any day that the Common Stock is suspended from trading during the final hour of trading on such exchange or market (or if such exchange or market does not designate in advance the closing time of trading on such exchange or market, then during the hour ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time) unless such day is otherwise designated as a Trading Day in writing by the Holder.

(yy) “ Trustee ” means Computershare Trust Company, N.A., in its capacity as trustee under the Indenture, or any successor or any additional trustee appointed with respect to the Notes pursuant to the Indenture.

(zz) “ Voting Stock ” of a Person means capital stock of such Person of the class or classes pursuant to which the holders thereof have the general voting power to elect, or the general power to appoint, at least a majority of the board of directors, managers, trustees or other similar governing body of such Person (irrespective of whether or not at the time capital stock of any other class or classes shall have or might have voting power by reason of the happening of any contingency).

(aaa) “ VWAP ” means, for any security as of any date, the dollar volume-weighted average price for such security on the Principal Market (or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for such security, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which such security is then traded) during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg through its “Volume at Price” function or, if the foregoing does not apply, the dollar volume-weighted average price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no dollar volume-weighted average price is reported for such security by Bloomberg for such hours, the average of the highest closing bid price and the lowest closing ask price of any of the market makers for such security as reported in the “pink sheets” by Pink OTC Markets Inc.(formerly Pink Sheets LLC). If the VWAP cannot be calculated for such security on such date on any of the foregoing bases, the VWAP of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 23. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such period.

(bbb) “ Warrants ” has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Securities Purchase Agreement, as may be amended from time to time, and shall include all warrants issued in exchange therefor or replacement thereof.

29. DISCLOSURE . Upon receipt or delivery by the Company of any notice in accordance with the terms of this Note, unless the Company has in good faith determined that the matters relating to such notice do not constitute material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company shall within one (1) Business Day after any such receipt or delivery publicly disclose such material, non-public information on a Current Report on Form 8-K or otherwise. In the event that the Company believes that a notice contains material, non-public information relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company so shall indicate to such Holder contemporaneously with delivery of such notice, and in the absence of any such indication, the Holder shall be allowed to presume that all matters relating to such notice do not constitute material, non-public information relating to the Company or its Subsidiaries. Nothing contained in this Section 29 shall limit any obligations of the Company, or any rights of the Holder, under Section 4(j) of the Securities Purchase Agreement.

30. MAXIMUM PAYMENTS . Without limiting Section 9(d) of the Securities Purchase Agreement, nothing contained in this Note shall, or shall be deemed to, establish or require the payment of a rate of interest or other charges in excess of the maximum permitted by applicable law. In the event that the rate of interest required to be paid or other charges under this Note exceeds the maximum permitted by such law, any payments in excess of such maximum shall be credited against amounts owed by the Company to the Holder and thus refunded to the Company.

31. SECURITY . This Note and the other Notes are secured to the extent and in the manner set forth in the Transaction Documents (including, without limitation, the Security Agreement and the other Security Documents).

32. TRUSTEE . The rights, privileges and immunities of the Trustee set forth in Article VII of the Indenture are incorporated herein, mutatis mutandis .

[ signature page follows ]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Note to be duly executed as of the Issuance Date set out above.

	Vringo, Inc.

	By:
		Name:
		Title:

EXHIBIT I

VRINGO, INC.
CONVERSION NOTICE

Reference is made to the Senior Secured Convertible Note (the “ Note ”) issued to the undersigned by Vringo, Inc. (the “ Company ”). In accordance with and pursuant to the Note, the undersigned hereby elects to convert the Conversion Amount (as defined in the Note) of the Note indicated below into shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “ Common Stock ”), of the Company, as of the date specified below.

Date of Conversion:

Aggregate Conversion Amount to be converted:

Conversion Price:

Number of shares of Common Stock to be issued:

Please issue the Common Stock into which the Note is being converted in the following name and to the following address:

Issue to:





E-mail Address:

Holder:

By:

Title:

Dated:

Account Number:
(if electronic book entry transfer)

Transaction Code Number:
(if electronic book entry transfer)
Installment Amount(s) to be reduced (and corresponding Installment Date(s)) and amount of reduction:								_________________________________

EXHIBIT II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Company hereby acknowledges this Conversion Notice and hereby directs American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC to issue the above indicated number of shares of Common Stock in accordance with the Transfer Agent Instructions dated May 4, 2015 from the Company and acknowledged and agreed to by American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.

	Vringo, Inc.

	By:
		Name:
		Title:

Exhibit 10.3

FORM OF MAY 2015 WARRANT

VRINGO, INC.

May 2015 Warrant To Purchase Common Stock

May 2015 Warrant No.: ●

Date of Issuance: May 4, 2015 (“ Issuance Date ”)

Vringo, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), hereby certifies that, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, ●, the registered holder hereof or its permitted assigns (the “ Holder ”), is entitled, subject to the terms set forth below, to purchase from the Company, at the Exercise Price (as defined below) then in effect, upon exercise of this Warrant to Purchase Common Stock (including any Warrants to Purchase Common Stock issued in exchange, transfer or replacement hereof, the “ Warrant ”), at any time or times on or after the six (6) month and one (1) day first anniversary of the Issuance Date (the “ Initial Exercisability Date ”), but not after 11:59 p.m., New York time, on the Expiration Date (as defined below), ● ¹ (subject to adjustment as provided herein) fully paid and nonassessable shares of Common Stock (as defined below) (the “ Warrant Shares ”). Except as otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms in this Warrant shall have the meanings set forth in Section 16. This Warrant is one of the Warrants to Purchase Common Stock (the “ SPA Warrants ”) issued pursuant to (i) Section 1 of that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 4, 2015 (the “ Subscription Date ”), by and among the Company and the investors (the “ Buyers ”) referred to therein, as amended from time to time (the “ Securities Purchase Agreement ”) and (ii) the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File number 333-182823) (the “ Registration Statement ”).

¹ 43% warrant coverage.

1. EXERCISE OF WARRANT.

(a) Mechanics of Exercise . Subject to the terms and conditions hereof (including, without limitation, the limitations set forth in Section 1(f)), this Warrant may be exercised by the Holder on any day on or after the Initial Exercisability Date, in whole or in part, by delivery (whether via electronic mail or otherwise) of a written notice, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (the “ Exercise Notice ”), of the Holder’s election to exercise this Warrant. Within one (1) Trading Day following an exercise of this Warrant as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver payment to the Company of an amount equal to the Exercise Price in effect on the date of such exercise multiplied by the number of Warrant Shares as to which this Warrant was so exercised (the “ Aggregate Exercise Price ”) in cash or via wire transfer of immediately available funds if the Holder did not notify the Company in such Exercise Notice that such exercise was made pursuant to a Cashless Exercise (as defined in Section 1(d)). The Holder shall not be required to deliver the original of this Warrant in order to effect an exercise hereunder. Execution and delivery of an Exercise Notice with respect to less than all of the Warrant Shares shall have the same effect as cancellation of the original of this Warrant and issuance of a new Warrant evidencing the right to purchase the remaining number of Warrant Shares. Execution and delivery of an Exercise Notice for all of the then-remaining Warrant Shares shall have the same effect as cancellation of the original of this Warrant after delivery of the Warrant Shares in accordance with the terms hereof. On or before the second (2 ^nd ) Trading Day following the date on which the Company has received an Exercise Notice, the Company shall transmit by electronic mail an acknowledgment of confirmation of receipt of such Exercise Notice, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B , to the Holder and the Company’s transfer agent (the “ Transfer Agent ”). On or before the third (3 ^rd ) Trading Day following the date on which the Company has received such Exercise Notice and received the Aggregate Exercise Price if the Holder did not notify the Company in such Exercise Notice that such exercise was made pursuant to a Cashless Exercise, the Company shall (X) provided the Transfer Agent is participating in The Depository Trust Company (“ DTC ”) Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program, upon the request of the Holder, credit such aggregate number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with DTC through its Deposit/ Withdrawal at Custodian system, or (Y) if the Transfer Agent is not participating in the DTC Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program, issue and deliver to the Holder or, at the Holder’s instruction pursuant to the Exercise Notice, the Holder’s agent or designee, in each case, sent by reputable overnight courier to the address as specified in the applicable Exercise Notice, a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the Holder or its designee (as indicated in the applicable Exercise Notice), for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise. Upon delivery of an Exercise Notice, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date such Warrant Shares are credited to the Holder’s DTC account or the date of delivery of the certificates evidencing such Warrant Shares (as the case may be). If this Warrant is submitted in connection with any exercise pursuant to this Section 1(a) and the number of Warrant Shares represented by this Warrant submitted for exercise is greater than the number of Warrant Shares being acquired upon an exercise, then, at the request of the Holder, the Company shall as soon as practicable and in no event later than three (3) Business Days after any exercise and at its own expense, issue and deliver to the Holder (or its designee) a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)) representing the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares purchasable immediately prior to such exercise under this Warrant, less the number of Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant is exercised. No fractional shares of Common Stock are to be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant, but rather the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued shall be rounded up to the nearest whole number. The Company shall pay any and all taxes and fees which may be payable with respect to the issuance and delivery of Warrant Shares upon exercise of this Warrant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, except in the case where an exercise of this Warrant is validly made pursuant to a Cashless Exercise (as defined in Section 1(d)), the Company’s failure to deliver Warrant Shares to the Holder on or prior to the second (2nd) Trading Day after the Company’s receipt of the Aggregate Exercise Price shall not be deemed to be a breach of this Warrant.

(b) Exercise Price . For purposes of this Warrant, “ Exercise Price ” means $1.00, subject to adjustment as provided herein.

(c) Company’s Failure to Timely Deliver Securities . . If the Company shall fail, for any reason or for no reason, to issue to the Holder within three (3) Trading Days after receipt of the applicable Exercise Notice and received the Aggregate Exercise Price if the Holder did not notify the Company in such Exercise Notice that such exercise was made pursuant to a Cashless Exercise, a certificate for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled and register such shares of Common Stock on the Company’s share register or to credit the Holder’s balance account with DTC for such number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s exercise of this Warrant (as the case may be) (a “ Delivery Failure ”), then, in addition to all other remedies available to the Holder, the Company shall pay in cash to the Holder on each day after such third (3 ^rd ) Trading Day that the issuance of such shares of Common Stock is not timely effected an amount equal to 2% of the product of (A) the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock not issued to the Holder on a timely basis and to which the Holder is entitled and (B) the Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the last possible date on which the Company could have issued such shares of Common Stock to the Holder without violating Section 1(a). In addition to the foregoing, if within three (3) Trading Days after the Company’s receipt of the applicable Exercise Notice, the Company shall fail to issue and deliver a certificate to the Holder and register such shares of Common Stock on the Company’s share register or credit the Holder’s balance account with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s exercise hereunder (as the case may be), and if on or after such third (3 ^rd ) Trading Day the Holder (or any other Person in respect, or on behalf, of the Holder) purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of all or any portion of the number of shares of Common Stock, or a sale of a number of shares of Common Stock equal to all or any portion of the number of shares of Common Stock, issuable upon such exercise that the Holder so anticipated receiving from the Company, then, in addition to all other remedies available to the Holder, the Company shall, within three (3) Business Days after the Holder’s request and in the Holder’s discretion, either (i) pay cash to the Holder in an amount equal to the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased (including, without limitation, by any other Person in respect, or on behalf, of the Holder) (the “ Buy-In Price ”), at which point the Company’s obligation to so issue and deliver such certificate or credit the Holder’s balance account with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s exercise hereunder (as the case may be) (and to issue such shares of Common Stock) shall terminate, or (ii) promptly honor its obligation to so issue and deliver to the Holder a certificate or certificates representing such shares of Common Stock or credit the Holder’s balance account with DTC for the number of shares of Common Stock to which the Holder is entitled upon the Holder’s exercise hereunder (as the case may be) and pay cash to the Holder in an amount equal to the excess (if any) of the Buy-In Price over the product of (A) such number of shares of Common Stock multiplied by (B) the lowest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date of the applicable Exercise Notice and ending on the date of such issuance and payment under this clause (ii).

(d) Cashless Exercise . Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary (other than Section 1(f) below), if at the time of exercise hereof a registration statement is not effective (or the prospectus contained therein is not available for use) for the issuance by the Company to the Holder of all of the Warrant Shares, then the Holder may, in its sole discretion, exercise this Warrant in whole or in part and, in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to the Company upon such exercise in payment of the Aggregate Exercise Price, elect instead to receive upon such exercise the “Net Number” of shares of Common Stock determined according to the following formula (a “ Cashless Exercise ”):

	Net Number =	(A x B) - (A x C)
		B

For purposes of the foregoing formula:

A= the total number of shares with respect to which this Warrant is then being exercised.

B= as applicable: (i) the Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Exercise Notice if such Exercise Notice is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b)(64) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii) the Bid Price of the Common Stock as of the time of the Holder’s execution of the applicable Exercise Notice if such Exercise Notice is executed during “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day and is delivered within two (2) hours thereafter pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof or (iii) the Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on the date of the applicable Exercise Notice if the date of such Exercise Notice is a Trading Day and such Exercise Notice is both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 1(a) hereof after the close of “regular trading hours” on such Trading Day.

C= the Exercise Price then in effect for the applicable Warrant Shares at the time of such exercise.

(e) Disputes . In the case of a dispute as to the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic calculation of the number of Warrant Shares to be issued pursuant to the terms hereof, the Company shall promptly issue to the Holder the number of Warrant Shares that are not disputed and resolve such dispute in accordance with Section 13.

(f) Limitations on Exercises .

(i) Beneficial Ownership . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Warrant, this Warrant shall not be exercisable by the Holder hereof to the extent (but only to the extent) that after giving effect to such exercise the Holder (together with any of its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 9.99% (the “ Maximum Percentage ”) of the Common Stock. To the extent the above limitation applies, the determination of whether this Warrant shall be exercisable (vis-à-vis other convertible, exercisable or exchangeable securities owned by the Holder or any of its affiliates) and of which such securities shall be convertible, exercisable or exchangeable (as the case may be, as among all such securities owned by the Holder) shall, subject to such Maximum Percentage limitation, be determined on the basis of the first submission to the Company for conversion, exercise or exchange (as the case may be). No prior inability to exercise this Warrant pursuant to this paragraph shall have any effect on the applicability of the provisions of this paragraph with respect to any subsequent determination of exercisability. For the purposes of this paragraph, beneficial ownership and all determinations and calculations (including, without limitation, with respect to calculations of percentage ownership) shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The provisions of this paragraph shall be implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this paragraph to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Maximum Percentage beneficial ownership limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such Maximum Percentage limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor Holder of this Warrant. The holders of Common Stock shall be third party beneficiaries of this paragraph and the Company may not waive this paragraph without the consent of holders of a majority of its Common Stock. For any reason at any time, upon the written or oral request of the Holder, the Company shall within one (1) Business Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding, including by virtue of any prior conversion or exercise of convertible or exercisable securities into Common Stock, including, without limitation, pursuant to this Warrant or securities issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement. By written notice to the Company, any Holder may increase or decrease the Maximum Percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99% specified in such notice; provided that (i) any such increase will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the Company, and (ii) any such increase or decrease will apply only to the Holder sending such notice and not to any other holder of SPA Warrants.

(ii) Principal Market Regulation . The Company shall not issue any shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of this Warrant if the issuance of such shares of Common Stock (taken together with the issuance of such shares upon the exercise of the SPA Warrants and the conversion of the Notes or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Notes) would exceed the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock which the Company may issue upon exercise or conversion (as the case may be) of the Warrants and the Notes without breaching the Company’s obligations under the rules or regulations of the Principal Market (the number of shares which may be issued without violating such rules and regulations, the “ Exchange Cap ”), except that such limitation shall not apply in the event that the Company (A) obtains the approval of its stockholders as required by the applicable rules of the Principal Market for issuances of shares of Common Stock in excess of such amount or (B) obtains a written opinion from outside counsel to the Company that such approval is not required, which opinion shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Holder or (C) obtain a waiver from the Principal Market of the applicable rules of such Principal Market for the issuance of shares of Common Stock in excess of such amount. Until such approval or such written opinion is obtained, no Buyer shall be issued in the aggregate, upon conversion or exercise (as the case may be) of any Notes or any of the Warrants, shares of Common Stock in an amount greater than the product of (i) the Exchange Cap as of the Issuance Date multiplied by (ii) the quotient of (1) the original principal amount of Notes issued to such Buyer pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) divided by (2) the aggregate original principal amount of all Notes issued to the Buyers pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date (with respect to each Buyer, the “ Exchange Cap Allocation ”). In the event that any Buyer shall sell or otherwise transfer any of such Buyer’s Warrants, the transferee shall be allocated a pro rata portion of such Buyer’s Exchange Cap Allocation with respect to such portion of such Warrants so transferred, and the restrictions of the prior sentence shall apply to such transferee with respect to the portion of the Exchange Cap Allocation so allocated to such transferee. Upon conversion and exercise in full of a holder’s Notes and Warrants, the difference (if any) between such holder’s Exchange Cap Allocation and the number of shares of Common Stock actually issued to such holder upon such holder's conversion in full of such Notes and such holder’s exercise in full of such Warrants shall be allocated to the respective Exchange Cap Allocations of the remaining holders of Notes and Warrants on a pro rata basis in proportion to the shares of Common Stock underlying the Notes and Warrants then held by each such holder. In the event that the Company is prohibited from issuing any shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Section 1(f)(ii) (the “ Exchange Cap Shares ”), in lieu of issuing and delivering such Exchange Cap Shares to the Holder, the Company shall pay cash to the Holder in exchange for the cancellation of such portion of this Warrant exercisable into such Exchange Cap Shares at a price equal to the sum of (x) the product of (A) such number of Exchange Cap Shares and (B) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date the Holder delivers the applicable Exercise Notice with respect to such Exchange Cap Shares to the Company and ending on the date immediately preceding the date of such payment under this Section 1(f)(ii) and (y) to the extent the Holder purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of Exchange Cap Shares, any brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any, of the Holder incurred in connection therewith.

(g) Insufficient Authorized Shares . From and after the Initial Exercisability Date, the Company shall at all times keep reserved for issuance under this Warrant a number of shares of Common Stock at least equal to 100% of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock as shall be necessary to satisfy the Company’s obligation to issue shares of Common Stock hereunder (without regard to any limitation otherwise contained herein with respect to the number of shares of Common Stock that may be acquirable upon exercise of this Warrant). From and after the Initial Exercisability Date, if, notwithstanding the foregoing, and not in limitation thereof, at any time while any of the SPA Warrants remain outstanding the Company does not have a sufficient number of authorized and unreserved shares of Common Stock to satisfy its obligation to reserve for issuance upon exercise of the SPA Warrants at least a number of shares of Common Stock (the “ Required Reserve Amount ”) equal to 100% of the number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be necessary to effect the exercise of all of the SPA Warrants then outstanding (an “ Authorized Share Failure ”), then the Company shall immediately take all action necessary to increase the Company’s authorized shares of Common Stock to an amount sufficient to allow the Company to reserve the Required Reserve Amount for all the SPA Warrants then outstanding. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing sentence, as soon as practicable after the date of the occurrence of an Authorized Share Failure, but in no event later than ninety (90) days after the occurrence of such Authorized Share Failure, the Company shall hold a meeting of its stockholders for the approval of an increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock. In connection with such meeting, the Company shall provide each stockholder with a proxy statement and shall use its best efforts to solicit its stockholders’ approval of such increase in authorized shares of Common Stock and to cause its board of directors to recommend to the stockholders that they approve such proposal. In the event that the Company is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock upon an exercise of this Warrant due to the failure by the Company to have sufficient shares of Common Stock available out of the authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock (such unavailable number of shares of Common Stock, the “ Authorization Failure Shares ”), in lieu of delivering such Authorization Failure Shares to the Holder, the Company shall pay cash in exchange for the cancellation of such portion of this Warrant exercisable into such Authorized Failure Shares at a price equal to the sum of (i) the product of (x) such number of Authorization Failure Shares and (y) the greatest Closing Sale Price of the Common Stock on any Trading Day during the period commencing on the date the Holder delivers the applicable Exercise Notice with respect to such Authorization Failure Shares to the Company and ending on the date immediately preceding the date of such issuance and payment under this Section 1(g) and (ii) to the extent the Holder purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of Authorization Failure Shares, any brokerage commissions and other out-of-pocket expenses, if any, of the Holder incurred in connection therewith. Nothing contained in this Section 1(g) shall limit any obligations of the Company under any provision of the Securities Purchase Agreement.

2. ADJUSTMENT OF EXERCISE PRICE AND NUMBER OF WARRANT SHARES . The Exercise Price and number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant are subject to adjustment from time to time as set forth in this Section 2.

(a) Stock Dividends and Splits . Without limiting any provision of Section 2(b) or Section 4, if the Company, at any time on or after the date of the Securities Purchase Agreement, (i) pays a stock dividend on one or more classes of its then outstanding shares of Common Stock or otherwise makes a distribution on any class of capital stock that is payable in shares of Common Stock, (ii) subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or otherwise) one or more classes of its then outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares or (iii) combines (by combination, reverse stock split or otherwise) one or more classes of its then outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, then in each such case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event. Any adjustment made pursuant to clause (i) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution, and any adjustment pursuant to clause (ii) or (iii) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such subdivision or combination. If any event requiring an adjustment under this paragraph occurs during the period that an Exercise Price is calculated hereunder, then the calculation of such Exercise Price shall be adjusted appropriately to reflect such event.

(b) [Intentionally Omitted]

(c) Number of Warrant Shares . Simultaneously with any adjustment to the Exercise Price pursuant to paragraphs (a), (d) and (f) of this Section 2, the number of Warrant Shares that may be purchased upon exercise of this Warrant shall be increased or decreased proportionately, so that after such adjustment the aggregate Exercise Price payable hereunder for the adjusted number of Warrant Shares shall be the same as the aggregate Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such adjustment (without regard to any limitations on exercise contained herein).

(d) Holder's Right of Alternative Exercise Price Following Issuance of Certain Options or Convertible Securities . In addition to and not in limitation of the other provisions of this Section 2, if the Company in any manner issues or sells any Options or Convertible Securities (other than the Notes) (any such securities, “ Variable Price Securities ”) after the Subscription Date that are convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock at a price which varies or may vary with the market price of the Common Shares, including by way of one or more reset(s) to a fixed price, but exclusive of such formulations reflecting customary anti-dilution provisions (such as share splits, share combinations, share dividends and similar transactions) (each of the formulations for such variable price being herein referred to as, the “ Variable Price ”), the Company shall provide written notice thereof via electronic mail and overnight courier to the Holder on the date of issuance of such Convertible Securities or Options. From and after the date the Company issues any such Convertible Securities or Options with a Variable Price, the Holder shall have the right, but not the obligation, in its sole discretion to substitute the Variable Price for the Exercise Price upon exercise of this Warrant by designating in the Exercise Notice delivered upon any exercise of this Warrant that solely for purposes of such exercise the Holder is relying on the Variable Price rather than the Exercise Price then in effect. The Holder's election to rely on a Variable Price for a particular exercise of this Warrant shall not obligate the Holder to rely on a Variable Price for any future exercises of this Warrant.

(e) Other Events . In the event that the Company (or any Subsidiary) shall take any action to which the provisions hereof are not strictly applicable, or, if applicable, would not operate to protect the Holder from dilution or if any event occurs of the type contemplated by the provisions of this Section 2 but not expressly provided for by such provisions (including, without limitation, the granting of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock rights or other rights with equity features), then the Company’s board of directors shall in good faith determine and implement an appropriate adjustment in the Exercise Price and the number of Warrant Shares (if applicable) so as to protect the rights of the Holder, provided that no such adjustment pursuant to this Section 2(e) will increase the Exercise Price or decrease the number of Warrant Shares as otherwise determined pursuant to this Section 2, provided further that if the Holder does not accept such adjustments as appropriately protecting its interests hereunder against such dilution, then the Company’s board of directors and the Holder shall agree, in good faith, upon an independent investment bank of nationally recognized standing to make such appropriate adjustments, whose determination shall be final and binding and whose fees and expenses shall be borne by the Company.

(f) Calculations . All calculations under this Section 2 shall be made by rounding to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100 ^th of a share, as applicable. The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at any given time shall not include shares owned or held by or for the account of the Company, and the disposition of any such shares shall be considered an issue or sale of Common Stock.

3. RIGHTS UPON DISTRIBUTION OF ASSETS . In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 2 above, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a “ Distribution ”), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Maximum Percentage) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Distributions would result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or the beneficial ownership of any such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and such Distribution to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage).

4. PURCHASE RIGHTS; FUNDAMENTAL TRANSACTIONS.

(a) Purchase Rights . In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 2 above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to the record holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the “ Purchase Rights ”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Maximum Percentage) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Maximum Percentage).

(b) Fundamental Transactions . The Company shall not enter into or be party to a Fundamental Transaction unless the Successor Entity assumes in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) in accordance with the provisions of this Section 4(b) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder prior to such Fundamental Transaction including agreements to deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant, including, without limitation, which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such adjustments to the number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction). Upon the consummation of each Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein. Upon consummation of each Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall deliver to the Holder confirmation that there shall be issued upon exercise of this Warrant at any time after the consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, in lieu of the shares of Common Stock (or other securities, cash, assets or other property (except such items still issuable under Sections 3 and 4(a) above, which shall continue to be receivable thereafter)) issuable upon the exercise of this Warrant prior to the applicable Fundamental Transaction, such shares of publicly traded common stock (or its equivalent) of the Successor Entity (including its Parent Entity) which the Holder would have been entitled to receive upon the happening of the applicable Fundamental Transaction had this Warrant been exercised immediately prior to the applicable Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant), as adjusted in accordance with the provisions of this Warrant. In addition to and not in substitution for any other rights hereunder, prior to the consummation of each Fundamental Transaction pursuant to which holders of shares of Common Stock are entitled to receive securities or other assets with respect to or in exchange for shares of Common Stock (a “ Corporate Event ”), the Company shall make appropriate provision to insure that the Holder will thereafter have the right to receive upon an exercise of this Warrant at any time after the consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction but prior to the Expiration Date, in lieu of the shares of the Common Stock (or other securities, cash, assets or other property (except such items still issuable under Sections 3 and 4(a) above, which shall continue to be receivable thereafter)) issuable upon the exercise of the Warrant prior to such Fundamental Transaction, such shares of stock, securities, cash, assets or any other property whatsoever (including warrants or other purchase or subscription rights) which the Holder would have been entitled to receive upon the happening of the applicable Fundamental Transaction had this Warrant been exercised immediately prior to the applicable Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant). Provision made pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder.

(c) Black Scholes Value . Notwithstanding the foregoing and the provisions of Section 4(b) above, at the request of the Holder delivered at any time commencing on the earliest to occur of (x) the public disclosure of any Change of Control, (y) the consummation of any Change of Control and (z) the Holder first becoming aware of any Change of Control (including, without limitation, a Change of Control that is publicly disclosed, consummated or of which the Holder first becomes aware (as the case may be) prior to the Initial Exercise Date) through the date that is (i) the Trading Day immediately prior to the date of consummation of a Change of Control (X) that is publicly disclosed at least thirty (30) Trading Days prior to the date of the consummation of such Change of Control, (Y) that is approved by a majority of the directors of the Company in office on the Issuance Date or whose election after the Issuance Date was approved by a majority of such directors, and (Z) the transaction documents for which require as a condition of closing the redemption or repurchase of this Warrant no later than the date of the consummation of such Change of Control, and (ii) ninety (90) days after the public disclosure of the consummation of such other Change of Control by the Company pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC, the Company or the Successor Entity (as the case may be) shall purchase this Warrant from the Holder on the date of such request by paying to the Holder cash in an amount equal to the Black Scholes Value.

(d) Application . The provisions of this Section 4 shall apply similarly and equally to successive Fundamental Transactions and Corporate Events and shall be applied as if this Warrant (and any such subsequent warrants) were fully exercisable and without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant (provided that the Holder shall continue to be entitled to the benefit of the Maximum Percentage, applied however with respect to shares of capital stock registered under the 1934 Act and thereafter receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (or any such other warrant)).

5. NONCIRCUMVENTION . The Company hereby covenants and agrees that the Company will not, by amendment of its Certificate of Incorporation (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement), Bylaws (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, scheme of arrangement, dissolution, issue or sale of securities, or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, and will at all times in good faith carry out all the provisions of this Warrant and take all action as may be required to protect the rights of the Holder. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company (i) shall not increase the par value of any shares of Common Stock receivable upon the exercise of this Warrant above the Exercise Price then in effect, (ii) shall take all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of this Warrant, and (iii) shall, so long as any of the SPA Warrants are outstanding, take all action necessary to reserve and keep available out of its authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the exercise of the SPA Warrants, the maximum number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be necessary to effect the exercise of the SPA Warrants then outstanding (without regard to any limitations on exercise).

6. WARRANT HOLDER NOT DEEMED A STOCKHOLDER . Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, the Holder, solely in its capacity as a holder of this Warrant, shall not be entitled to vote or receive dividends or be deemed the holder of share capital of the Company for any purpose, nor shall anything contained in this Warrant be construed to confer upon the Holder, solely in its capacity as the Holder of this Warrant, any of the rights of a stockholder of the Company or any right to vote, give or withhold consent to any corporate action (whether any reorganization, issue of stock, reclassification of stock, consolidation, merger, conveyance or otherwise), receive notice of meetings, receive dividends or subscription rights, or otherwise, prior to the issuance to the Holder of the Warrant Shares which it is then entitled to receive upon the due exercise of this Warrant. In addition, nothing contained in this Warrant shall be construed as imposing any liabilities on the Holder to purchase any securities (upon exercise of this Warrant or otherwise) or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liabilities are asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company. Notwithstanding this Section 6, the Company shall provide the Holder with copies of the same notices and other information given to the stockholders of the Company generally, contemporaneously with the giving thereof to the stockholders.

7. REISSUANCE OF WARRANTS.

(a) Transfer of Warrant . If this Warrant is to be transferred, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company, whereupon the Company will forthwith issue and deliver upon the order of the Holder a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)), registered as the Holder may request, representing the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares being transferred by the Holder and, if less than the total number of Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant is being transferred, a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)) to the Holder representing the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares not being transferred.

(b) Lost, Stolen or Mutilated Warrant . Upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant (as to which a written certification and the indemnification contemplated below shall suffice as such evidence), and, in the case of loss, theft or destruction, of any indemnification undertaking by the Holder to the Company in customary and reasonable form and, in the case of mutilation, upon surrender and cancellation of this Warrant, the Company shall execute and deliver to the Holder a new Warrant (in accordance with Section 7(d)) representing the right to purchase the Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant.

(c) Exchangeable for Multiple Warrants . This Warrant is exchangeable, upon the surrender hereof by the Holder at the principal office of the Company, for a new Warrant or Warrants (in accordance with Section 7(d)) representing in the aggregate the right to purchase the number of Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant, and each such new Warrant will represent the right to purchase such portion of such Warrant Shares as is designated by the Holder at the time of such surrender; provided, however, no warrants for fractional shares of Common Stock shall be given.

(d) Issuance of New Warrants . Whenever the Company is required to issue a new Warrant pursuant to the terms of this Warrant, such new Warrant (i) shall be of like tenor with this Warrant, (ii) shall represent, as indicated on the face of such new Warrant, the right to purchase the Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant (or in the case of a new Warrant being issued pursuant to Section 7(a) or Section 7(c), the Warrant Shares designated by the Holder which, when added to the number of shares of Common Stock underlying the other new Warrants issued in connection with such issuance, does not exceed the number of Warrant Shares then underlying this Warrant), (iii) shall have an issuance date, as indicated on the face of such new Warrant which is the same as the Issuance Date, and (iv) shall have the same rights and conditions as this Warrant.

8. NOTICES . Whenever notice is required to be given under this Warrant, unless otherwise provided herein, such notice shall be given in accordance with Section 9(f) of the Securities Purchase Agreement. The Company shall provide the Holder with prompt written notice of all actions taken pursuant to this Warrant, including in reasonable detail a description of such action and the reason therefor. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will give written notice to the Holder (i) immediately upon each adjustment of the Exercise Price and the number of Warrant Shares, setting forth in reasonable detail, and certifying, the calculation of such adjustment(s) and (ii) at least fifteen (15) days prior to the date on which the Company closes its books or takes a record (A) with respect to any dividend or distribution upon the shares of Common Stock, (B) with respect to any grants, issuances or sales of any Options, Convertible Securities or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property to holders of shares of Common Stock or (C) for determining rights to vote with respect to any Fundamental Transaction, dissolution or liquidation, provided in each case that such information shall be made known to the public prior to or in conjunction with such notice being provided to the Holder and (iii) at least ten (10) Trading Days prior to the consummation of any Fundamental Transaction. To the extent that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the SEC (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K. It is expressly understood and agreed that the time of execution specified by the Holder in each Exercise Notice shall be definitive and may not be disputed or challenged by the Company.

9. AMENDMENT AND WAIVER . Except as otherwise provided herein, the provisions of this Warrant (other than Section 1(f)) may be amended and the Company may take any action herein prohibited, or omit to perform any act herein required to be performed by it, only if the Company has obtained the written consent of the Holder. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by an authorized representative of the waiving party.

10. SEVERABILITY . If any provision of this Warrant is prohibited by law or otherwise determined to be invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the provision that would otherwise be prohibited, invalid or unenforceable shall be deemed amended to apply to the broadest extent that it would be valid and enforceable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of such provision shall not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this Warrant so long as this Warrant as so modified continues to express, without material change, the original intentions of the parties as to the subject matter hereof and the prohibited nature, invalidity or unenforceability of the provision(s) in question does not substantially impair the respective expectations or reciprocal obligations of the parties or the practical realization of the benefits that would otherwise be conferred upon the parties. The parties will endeavor in good faith negotiations to replace the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s) with a valid provision(s), the effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the prohibited, invalid or unenforceable provision(s).

11. GOVERNING LAW . This Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with, and all questions concerning the construction, validity, interpretation and performance of this Warrant shall be governed by, the internal laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of New York or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of New York. The Company hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed or operate to preclude the Holder from bringing suit or taking other legal action against the Company in any other jurisdiction to collect on the Company’s obligations to the Holder or to enforce a judgment or other court ruling in favor of the Holder. THE COMPANY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS WARRANT OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.

12. CONSTRUCTION; HEADINGS . This Warrant shall be deemed to be jointly drafted by the Company and the Holder and shall not be construed against any Person as the drafter hereof. The headings of this Warrant are for convenience of reference and shall not form part of, or affect the interpretation of, this Warrant. Terms used in this Warrant but defined in the other Transaction Documents shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms on the Closing Date (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) in such other Transaction Documents unless otherwise consented to in writing by the Holder.

13. DISPUTE RESOLUTION . In the case of a dispute as to the determination of the Exercise Price, the Closing Bid Price, the Closing Sale Price or fair market value or the arithmetic calculation of the number of Warrant Shares (as the case may be), the Company or the Holder (as the case may be) shall submit the disputed determinations or arithmetic calculations (as the case may be) via electronic mail (i) within two (2) Business Days after receipt of the applicable notice giving rise to such dispute to the Company or the Holder (as the case may be) or (ii) if no notice gave rise to such dispute, at any time after the Holder learned of the circumstances giving rise to such dispute. If the Holder and the Company are unable to agree upon such determination or calculation (as the case may be) of the Exercise Price, the Closing Bid Price, the Closing Sale Price or fair market value or the number of Warrant Shares (as the case may be) within three (3) Business Days of such disputed determination or arithmetic calculation being submitted to the Company or the Holder (as the case may be), then the Company shall, within two (2) Business Days submit via electronic mail (a) the disputed determination of the Exercise Price, the Closing Bid Price, the Closing Sale Price or fair market value (as the case may be) to an independent, reputable investment bank selected by the Holder or (b) the disputed arithmetic calculation of the number of Warrant Shares to the Company’s independent, outside accountant. The Company shall cause at its expense the investment bank or the accountant (as the case may be) to perform the determinations or calculations (as the case may be) and notify the Company and the Holder of the results no later than ten (10) Business Days from the time it receives such disputed determinations or calculations (as the case may be). Such investment bank’s or accountant’s determination or calculation (as the case may be) shall be binding upon all parties absent demonstrable error.

14. REMEDIES, CHARACTERIZATION, OTHER OBLIGATIONS, BREACHES AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . The remedies provided in this Warrant shall be cumulative and in addition to all other remedies available under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents, at law or in equity (including a decree of specific performance and/or other injunctive relief), and nothing herein shall limit the right of the Holder to pursue actual damages for any failure by the Company to comply with the terms of this Warrant. The Company covenants to the Holder that there shall be no characterization concerning this instrument other than as expressly provided herein. Amounts set forth or provided for herein with respect to payments, exercises and the like (and the computation thereof) shall be the amounts to be received by the Holder and shall not, except as expressly provided herein, be subject to any other obligation of the Company (or the performance thereof). The Company acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations hereunder will cause irreparable harm to the Holder and that the remedy at law for any such breach may be inadequate. The Company therefore agrees that, in the event of any such breach or threatened breach, the holder of this Warrant shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to an injunction restraining any breach, without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required. The Company shall provide all information and documentation to the Holder that is requested by the Holder to enable the Holder to confirm the Company’s compliance with the terms and conditions of this Warrant (including, without limitation, compliance with Section 2 hereof). The issuance of shares and certificates for shares as contemplated hereby upon the exercise of this Warrant shall be made without charge to the Holder or such shares for any issuance tax or other costs in respect thereof, provided that the Company shall not be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issuance and delivery of any certificate in a name other than the Holder or its agent on its behalf.

15. TRANSFER . This Warrant may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without the consent of the Company.

16. CERTAIN DEFINITIONS . For purposes of this Warrant, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

(a) “ Bid Price ” means, for any security as of the particular time of determination, the bid price for such security on the Principal Market as reported by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal securities exchange or trading market for such security, the bid price of such security on the principal securities exchange or trading market where such security is listed or traded as reported by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, or if the foregoing does not apply, the bid price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security as reported by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, or, if no bid price is reported for such security by Bloomberg as of such time of determination, the average of the bid prices of any market makers for such security as reported in the “pink sheets” by OTC Markets Group Inc. (formerly Pink Sheets LLC) as of such time of determination. If the Bid Price cannot be calculated for a security as of the particular time of determination on any of the foregoing bases, the Bid Price of such security as of such time of determination shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 13. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such period.

(b) “ Black Scholes Value ” means the value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant remaining on the date of the Holder’s request pursuant to Section 4(c), which value is calculated using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the “OV” function on Bloomberg utilizing (i) an underlying price per share equal to the sum of the price per share being offered in cash in the applicable Change of Control (if any) plus the value of the non-cash consideration being offered in the applicable Change of Control (if any), (ii) a strike price equal to the Exercise Price in effect on the date of the Holder’s request pursuant to Section 4(c), (iii) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the greater of (1) the remaining term of this Warrant as of the date of the Holder’s request pursuant to Section 4(c) and (2) the remaining term of this Warrant as of the date of consummation of the applicable Change of Control or as of the date of the Holder’s request pursuant to Section 4(c) if such request is prior to the date of the consummation of the applicable Change of Control, (iv) a zero cost of borrow, and (v) an expected volatility equal to the greater of 75% and the 100 day volatility obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 365 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the earliest to occur of (x) the public disclosure of the applicable Change of Control, (y) the consummation of the applicable Change of Control and (z) the date on which the Holder first became aware of the applicable Change of Control.

(d) “ Business Day ” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed.

(e) “ Change of Control ” means any Fundamental Transaction other than (i) any merger of the Company or any of its, direct or indirect, wholly-owned Subsidiaries with or into any of the foregoing Persons, (ii) any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of the shares of Common Stock in which holders of a majority of the Company’s voting power immediately prior to such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification continue after such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification to hold publicly traded securities and, directly or indirectly, are, in all material respects, the holders of a majority of the voting power of the surviving entity (or entities with the authority or voting power to elect the members of the board of directors (or their equivalent if other than a corporation) of such entity or entities) after such reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification, or (iii) pursuant to a migratory merger effected solely for the purpose of changing the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(f) Closing Bid Price ” and “ Closing Sale Price ” means, for any security as of any date, the last closing bid price and last closing trade price, respectively, for such security on the Principal Market, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market begins to operate on an extended hours basis and does not designate the closing bid price or the closing trade price (as the case may be) then the last bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security prior to 4:00:00 p.m., New York City time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal securities exchange or trading market for such security, the last closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security on the principal securities exchange or trading market where such security is listed or traded as reported by Bloomberg, or if the foregoing do not apply, the last closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no closing bid price or last trade price, respectively, is reported for such security by Bloomberg, the average of the bid prices, or the ask prices, respectively, of any market makers for such security as reported in the “pink sheets” by OTC Markets Group Inc. (formerly Pink Sheets LLC). If the Closing Bid Price or the Closing Sale Price cannot be calculated for a security on a particular date on any of the foregoing bases, the Closing Bid Price or the Closing Sale Price (as the case may be) of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 13. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such period.

(g) “ Common Stock ” means (i) the Company’s shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and (ii) any capital stock into which such common stock shall have been changed or any share capital resulting from a reclassification of such common stock.

(h) “ Convertible Securities ” means any stock or other security (other than Options) that is at any time and under any circumstances, directly or indirectly, convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, or which otherwise entitles the holder thereof to acquire, any shares of Common Stock.

(i) “ Eligible Market ” means The New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the NASDAQ Global Market, the NYSE MKT, the OTCQB or the Principal Market.

(j) “ Expiration Date ” means the date that is the fifth anniversary of the Initial Exercisability Date or, if such date falls on a day other than a Business Day or on which trading does not take place on the Principal Market (a “ Holiday ”), the next date that is not a Holiday.

(k) “ Fundamental Transaction ” means that (i) (1) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, consolidate or merge with or into (whether or not the Company is the surviving corporation) any other Person, or (2) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its respective properties or assets to any other Person, or (3) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, allow any other Person to make a purchase, tender or exchange offer that is accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Voting Stock of the Company (not including any shares of Voting Stock of the Company held by the Person or Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the Persons making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer), or (4) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, consummate a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with any other Person whereby such other Person acquires more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Voting Stock of the Company (not including any shares of Voting Stock of the Company held by the other Person or other Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the other Persons making or party to, such stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination), or (5) the Company shall, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, reorganize, recapitalize or reclassify the Common Stock (which shall not include a reverse stock split), or (ii) any “person” or “group” (as these terms are used for purposes of Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder) is or shall become the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the 1934 Act), directly or indirectly, of 50% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding Voting Stock of the Company.

(l) “ Notes ” has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Securities Purchase Agreement, and shall include all notes issued in exchange therefor or replacement thereof.

(m) “ Options ” means any rights, warrants or options to subscribe for or purchase shares of Common Stock or Convertible Securities.

(n) “ Parent Entity ” of a Person means an entity that, directly or indirectly, controls the applicable Person and whose common stock or equivalent equity security is quoted or listed on an Eligible Market, or, if there is more than one such Person or Parent Entity, the Person or Parent Entity with the largest public market capitalization as of the date of consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.

(o) “ Person ” means an individual, a limited liability company, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, a trust, an unincorporated organization, any other entity or a government or any department or agency thereof.

(p) “ Principal Market ” means the NASDAQ Capital Market.

(q) “ Subsidiary ” means any Person in which the Company, directly or indirectly, (i) owns any of the outstanding capital stock or holds any equity or similar interest of such Person or (ii) controls or operates all or any part of the business, operations or administration of such Person, and all of the foregoing.

(r) “ Successor Entity ” means the Person (or, if so elected by the Holder, the Parent Entity) formed by, resulting from or surviving any Fundamental Transaction or the Person (or, if so elected by the Holder, the Parent Entity) with which such Fundamental Transaction shall have been entered into.

(s) “ Trading Day ” means any day on which the Common Stock is traded on the Principal Market, or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for the Common Stock, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which the Common Stock is then traded, provided that “Trading Day” shall not include any day on which the Common Stock is scheduled to trade on such exchange or market for less than 4.5 hours or any day that the Common Stock is suspended from trading during the final hour of trading on such exchange or market (or if such exchange or market does not designate in advance the closing time of trading on such exchange or market, then during the hour ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time) unless such day is otherwise designated as a Trading Day in writing by the Holder.

(t) “ Voting Stock ” of a Person means capital stock of such Person of the class or classes pursuant to which the holders thereof have the general voting power to elect, or the general power to appoint, at least a majority of the board of directors, managers or trustees of such Person (irrespective of whether or not at the time capital stock of any other class or classes shall have or might have voting power by reason of the happening of any contingency).

(u) “ VWAP ” means, for any security as of any date, the dollar volume-weighted average price for such security on the Principal Market (or, if the Principal Market is not the principal trading market for such security, then on the principal securities exchange or securities market on which such security is then traded) during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg through its “Volume at Price” function or, if the foregoing does not apply, the dollar volume-weighted average price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board for such security during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no dollar volume-weighted average price is reported for such security by Bloomberg for such hours, the average of the highest closing bid price and the lowest closing ask price of any of the market makers for such security as reported in the “pink sheets” by OTC Markets Group Inc. (formerly Pink Sheets LLC). If VWAP cannot be calculated for such security on such date on any of the foregoing bases, the VWAP of such security on such date shall be the fair market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures in Section 13. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such period.

[ signature page follows ]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to Purchase Common Stock to be duly executed as of the Issuance Date set out above.

	VRINGO, INC.

	By:
	Name:
	Title:

EXHIBIT A

EXERCISE NOTICE

TO BE EXECUTED BY THE REGISTERED HOLDER TO EXERCISE THIS
WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK

VRINGO, INC.

The undersigned holder hereby exercises the right to purchase _________________ of the shares of Common Stock (“ Warrant Shares ”) of Vringo, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), evidenced by Warrant to Purchase Common Stock No. _______ (the “ Warrant ”). Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the respective meanings set forth in the Warrant.

1. Form of Exercise Price . The Holder intends that payment of the Exercise Price shall be made as:

____________

a “ Cash Exercise ” with respect to _________________ Warrant Shares; and/or

____________

a “ Cashless Exercise ” with respect to _______________ Warrant Shares.

In the event that the Holder has elected a Cashless Exercise with respect to some or all of the Warrant Shares to be issued pursuant hereto, the Holder hereby represents and warrants that (i) this Exercise Notice was executed by the Holder at __________ [a.m.][p.m.] on the date set forth below and (ii) if applicable, the Bid Price as of such time of execution of this Exercise Notice was $________.

2. Payment of Exercise Price . In the event that the Holder has elected a Cash Exercise with respect to some or all of the Warrant Shares to be issued pursuant hereto, the Holder shall pay the Aggregate Exercise Price in the sum of $___________________ to the Company in accordance with the terms of the Warrant.

3. Delivery of Warrant Shares . The Company shall deliver to Holder, or its designee or agent as specified below, __________ Warrant Shares in accordance with the terms of the Warrant. Delivery shall be made to Holder, or for its benefit, to the following address:

___________________________________

Date: _____________ __,


Name of Registered Holder


By:
Name:
Title:

EXHIBIT B

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Company hereby acknowledges this Exercise Notice and hereby directs American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC to issue the above indicated number of shares of Common Stock in accordance with the Transfer Agent Instructions dated May 4, 2015, from the Company and acknowledged and agreed to by American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.

	VRINGO, INC.

	By:
	Name:
	Title:

Exhibit 10.4

VRINGO, INC.

Issuer

AND

COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY, N.A.

Trustee

INDENTURE

Dated as of May 4, 2015

Senior Debt Securities

CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE (1)

Section of Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as Amended		Section of Indenture

310(a).		7.09
310(b).		7.08
		7.10
310(c).		Inapplicable
311(a).		7.13(a)
311(b).		7.13(b)
311(c).		Inapplicable
312(a)		5.02(a)
312(b).		5.02(b)
312(c).		5.02(c)
313(a).		5.04(a)
313(b).		5.04(a)
313(c).		5.04(a)
		5.04(b)
313(d).		5.04(b)
314(a).		5.03
314(b).		Inapplicable
314(c).		13.06
314(d).		Inapplicable
314(e).		13.06
314(f).		Inapplicable
315(a).		7.01(a)
		7.02
315(b).		6.07
315(c).		7.01
315(d).		7.01(b)
		7.01(c)
315(e).		6.07
316(a).		6.06
		8.04
316(b).		6.04
316(c).		8.01
317(a).		6.02
317(b).		4.03
318(a).		13.08

(1)	This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (2)

		Page

ARTICLE I	DEFINITIONS	1

SECTION 1.01	Definitions of Terms	1

ARTICLE II	ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES	4

SECTION 2.01	Designation and Terms of Securities	4
SECTION 2.02	Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate	5
SECTION 2.03	Denominations: Provisions for Payment	6
SECTION 2.04	Execution and Authentications	7
SECTION 2.05	Registration of Transfer and Exchange	7
SECTION 2.06	Temporary Securities	8
SECTION 2.07	Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities	9
SECTION 2.08	Cancellation	9
SECTION 2.09	Benefits of Indenture	9
SECTION 2.10	Authenticating Agent	9
SECTION 2.11	Global Securities	10

ARTICLE III	REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS	11

SECTION 3.01	Redemption	11
SECTION 3.02	Notice of Redemption	11
SECTION 3.03	Payment Upon Redemption	12
SECTION 3.04	Sinking Fund	12
SECTION 3.05	Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities	12
SECTION 3.06	Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund	12

ARTICLE IV	COVENANTS	13

SECTION 4.01	Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest	13
SECTION 4.02	Maintenance of Office or Agency	13
SECTION 4.03	Paying Agents	13
SECTION 4.04	Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee	14
SECTION 4.05	Compliance with Consolidation Provisions	14

ARTICLE V	SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE	14

SECTION 5.01	Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders	14
SECTION 5.02	Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders	14
SECTION 5.03	Reports by the Company	15
SECTION 5.04	Reports by the Trustee	15

ARTICLE VI	REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT	16

SECTION 6.01	Events of Default	16
SECTION 6.02	Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee	17
SECTION 6.03	Application of Moneys Collected	18

SECTION 6.04	Limitation on Suits	18
SECTION 6.05	Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver	19
SECTION 6.06	Control by Securityholders	19
SECTION 6.07	Undertaking to Pay Costs	20

ARTICLE VII	CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE	20

SECTION 7.01	Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee	20
SECTION 7.02	Certain Rights of Trustee	21
SECTION 7.03	Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance of Securities	22
SECTION 7.04	May Hold Securities	22
SECTION 7.05	Moneys Held in Trust	22
SECTION 7.06	Compensation and Reimbursement	22
SECTION 7.07	Reliance on Officers’ Certificate	23
SECTION 7.08	Disqualification; Conflicting Interests	23
SECTION 7.09	Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility	23
SECTION 7.10	Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor	23
SECTION 7.11	Acceptance of Appointment By Successor	24
SECTION 7.12	Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business	25
SECTION 7.13	Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company	26

ARTICLE VIII	CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS	26

SECTION 8.01	Evidence of Action by Securityholders	26
SECTION 8.02	Proof of Execution by Securityholders	26
SECTION 8.03	Who May be Deemed Owners	27
SECTION 8.04	Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded	27
SECTION 8.05	Actions Binding on Future Securityholders	27
SECTION 8.06	Purposes for Which Meetings May Be Called	27
SECTION 8.07	Call Notice and Place of Meetings	27
SECTION 8.08	Persons Entitled To Vote at Meetings	28
SECTION 8.09	Quorum; Action	28
SECTION 8.10	Determination of Voting Rights; Conduct and Adjournment of Meetings	28
SECTION 8.11	Counting Votes and Recording Action of Meetings	29

ARTICLE IX SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES		29

SECTION 9.01	Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders	29
SECTION 9.02	Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders	30
SECTION 9.03	Effect of Supplemental Indentures	31
SECTION 9.04	Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures	31
SECTION 9.05	Execution of Supplemental Indentures	31

ARTICLE X SUCCESSOR ENTITY		31

SECTION 10.01	Company May Consolidate, Etc	31
SECTION 10.02	Successor Entity Substituted	32

iii

SECTION 10.03	Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee	32

ARTICLE XI SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE		32

SECTION 11.01	Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture	32
SECTION 11.02	Discharge of Obligations	33
SECTION 11.03	Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust	33
SECTION 11.04	Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents	33
SECTION 11.05	Repayment to Company	33

ARTICLE XII	IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS	34

SECTION 12.01	No Recourse	34

ARTICLE XIII MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS		34

SECTION 13.01	Effect on Successors and Assigns	34
SECTION 13.02	Actions by Successor	34
SECTION 13.03	Surrender of Company Powers	34
SECTION 13.04	Notices	34
SECTION 13.05	Governing Law	35
SECTION 13.06	Treatment of Securities as Debt	35
SECTION 13.07	Compliance Certificates and Opinions	35
SECTION 13.08	Payments on Business Days	35
SECTION 13.09	Conflict with Trust Indenture Act	35
SECTION 13.10	Counterparts	35
SECTION 13.11	Separability	36
SECTION 13.12	Assignment	36

(2)	This Table of Contents does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms and provisions.

INDENTURE, dated as of May 4, 2015, by and between Vringo, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (the “Trustee”):

WHEREAS, for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of debt securities (hereinafter referred to as the “Securities”), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated by the certificate of the Trustee;

WHEREAS, to provide the terms and conditions upon which the Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the execution of this Indenture; and

WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed as follows for the equal and ratable benefit of the holders of Securities:

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS

SECTION 1.01

Definitions of Terms.

The terms defined in this Section (except as in this Indenture otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires) for all purposes of this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section and shall include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this Indenture that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (as defined below) or that are by reference in the Trust Indenture Act, or are defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except as herein otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act of 1933, as amended, as in force at the date of the execution of this instrument.

“Authenticating Agent” means an authenticating agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed with respect to all or any series of the Securities by the Trustee pursuant to Section 2.10.

“Bankruptcy Law” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.

“Board of Directors” means the Board of Directors of the Company or any duly authorized committee of such Board.

“Board Resolution” means a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification.

“Business Day” means, with respect to any series of Securities, any day other than (i) a Saturday or Sunday or (ii) a day on which Federal or State banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York or in the State in which the Corporate Trust Office may be located from time to time, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation to close.

“Certificate” means a certificate signed by the principal executive officer, the principal financial officer or the principal accounting officer of the Company. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07.

“Commission” means the Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Company” means the corporation named as the “Company” in the first paragraph of this instrument until a successor corporation shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Indenture, and thereafter “Company” shall mean such successor corporation.

“Corporate Trust Office” means the office of the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be principally administered, which office at the date hereof is located at 8742 Lucent Boulevard, Suite 225, Highlands Ranch, CO 80129, except that whenever a provision herein refers to an office or agency of the Trustee in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, such office is located, at the date hereof, at 1290 Avenue of the Americas, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10104.

“Custodian” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator, or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.

“Default” means an event which is, or after notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute an Event of Default.

“Depositary” means, with respect to Securities of any series, for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a Global Security, The Depository Trust Company, New York, New York, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company pursuant to either Section 2.01 or Section 2.11.

“Event of Default” means, with respect to Securities of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period of time, if any, therein designated.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“Global Security” means, with respect to any series of Securities, a Security executed by the Company and delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction, all in accordance with this Indenture, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee.

“Governmental Obligations” means securities that are (i) direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which its full faith and credit is pledged or (ii) obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States of America that, in either case, are non-callable at the option of the issuer thereof, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by a bank (as defined in Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended) as custodian with respect to any such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt.

“herein,” “hereof” and “hereunder,” and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.

“Indenture” means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental hereto entered into in accordance with the terms hereof.

“Interest Payment Date,” when used with respect to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date specified in such Security or in a Board Resolution or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which an installment of interest with respect to Securities of that series is due and payable.

“Officers’ Certificate” means a certificate signed by the President, Chief Executive Officer or a Vice President and by the Chief Financial Officer, the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer or the Controller or an Assistant Controller or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company that is delivered to the Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. An Officers’ Certificate shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.

“Opinion of Counsel” means a written opinion of counsel, who may be counsel to the Company (and may include directors or employees of the Company) and which counsel and which opinion is acceptable to the Trustee which acceptance shall not be unreasonably withheld.

“Outstanding”, when used with reference to Securities of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section 8.04, as of any particular time, all Securities of that series theretofore authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for cancellation or that have previously been canceled; (b) Securities or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall have been set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that if such Securities or portions of such Securities are to be redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as in Article III provided, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu of or in substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07.

“Person” means any individual, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint-venture, association, joint-stock company, trust, estate, unincorporated organization or government or any agency or political subdivision thereof or any other entity and any successors thereto.

“Predecessor Security” of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 2.07 in lieu of a mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security.

“Responsible Officer,” when used with respect to the Trustee, means any officer of the Trustee (solely in its capacity as Trustee and solely those officers who are engaged in the corporate trust business of the Trustee), including any vice president, assistant vice president, secretary, assistant secretary, the treasurer, any assistant treasurer, the managing director or any other officer of the Trustee customarily performing functions similar to those performed by any of the above designated officers and also means, with respect to a particular corporate trust matter, any other officer to whom such matter is referred because of such officer’s knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject.

“Securities” means the debt Securities authenticated and delivered under this Indenture.

“Security Register” has the meaning specified in Section 2.05(b).

“Security Registrar” has the meaning specified in Section 2.05(b).

“Securityholder,” “holder of Securities,” “registered holder,” or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security shall be registered in the Security Register.

“Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, (i) any corporation at least a majority of whose outstanding Voting Stock shall at the time be owned, directly or indirectly, by such Person or by one or more of its Subsidiaries or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries, (ii) any general partnership, joint venture or similar entity, at least a majority of whose outstanding partnership or similar interests shall at the time be owned by such Person, or by one or more of its Subsidiaries, or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries and (iii) any limited partnership of which such Person or any of its Subsidiaries is a general partner.

“Trustee” means the Person named as the “Trustee” in the first paragraph of this instrument until a successor Trustee shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Indenture, and thereafter “Trustee” shall mean such successor Trustee. The term “Trustee” as used with respect to a particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series.

“Trust Indenture Act” means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, subject to the provisions of Sections 9.01, 9.02, and 10.01, and as in effect at the date of execution of this instrument; provided, however, that in the event the Trust Indenture Act is amended after such date, Trust Indenture Act means, to the extent required by such amendment, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as so amended, or any successor statute.

“Voting Stock,” as applied to any Person, means shares, interests, participations or other equivalents in the equity interest (however designated) in such Person having ordinary voting power for the election of a majority of the directors (or the equivalent) of such Person, other than shares, interests, participations or other equivalents having such power only by reason of the occurrence of a contingency.

ARTICLE II

ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION,

REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES

SECTION 2.01

Designation and Terms of Securities.

(a)

The aggregate principal amount of Securities that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may be issued in one or more series up to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company or pursuant to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of a given series, there shall be established in or pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate of the Company, or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto:

(1)

the title of the Security of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of the series from all other Securities);

(2)

the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series initially to be issued and any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of that series);

(3)

the currency or units based on or relating to currencies in which debt securities of such series are denominated and the currency or units in which principal or interest or both will or may be payable;

(4)

the date or dates on which the principal of the Securities of the series is payable and the place(s) of payment;

(5)

the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any;

(6)

the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue, the Interest Payment Dates on which such interest will be payable or the manner of determination of such Interest Payment Dates, the place(s) of payment, and the record date for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable on any such Interest Payment Dates or the method for determining such dates;

(7)

the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods or to defer the payment of interest and the duration of such extension;

(8)

the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the option of the Company;

(9)

the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund or analogous provisions (including payments made in cash in satisfaction of future sinking fund obligations) or at the option of a holder thereof and the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which, and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;

(10)

whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;

(11)

the form of the Securities of the series including the form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series;

(12)

if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable;

(13)

any and all other terms with respect to such series (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the terms of this Indenture, as amended by any supplemental indenture) including any terms which may be required by or advisable under United States laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of Securities of that series;

(14)

whether the Securities are issuable as a Global Security and, in such case, the identity of the Depositary for such series;

(15)

whether the Securities will be convertible into shares of common stock or other securities of the Company and, if so, the terms and conditions upon which such Securities will be so convertible, including the conversion price and the conversion period;

(16)

if other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 6.01; and

(17)

any additional or different Events of Default or restrictive covenants provided for with respect to the Securities of the series.

All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical except as to denomination and except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto.

If any of the terms of the series are established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officers’ Certificate of the Company setting forth the terms of the series.

Securities of any particular series may be issued at various times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different rates of interest, if any, or different methods by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest may be payable and with different redemption dates.

SECTION 2.02

Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate.

The Securities of any series and the Trustee’s certificate of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be substantially of the tenor and purport as set forth in one or more indentures supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution of the Company and as set forth in an Officers’ Certificate of the Company and the and may have such letters, numbers or other marks of identification or designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed or engraved thereon as the Company may deem appropriate (but which do not affect the rights, duties or immunities of the Trustee) and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be required to comply with any law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any stock exchange on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage.

SECTION 2.03

Denominations: Provisions for Payment.

The Securities shall be issuable as registered Securities and in the denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, subject to Section 2.01(a)(12). The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest payable on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series. The principal of and the interest on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon in case of redemption thereof prior to maturity, shall be payable in the coin or currency of the United States of America that at the time is legal tender for public and private debt, at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication. Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year composed of twelve 30-day months.

The interest installment on any Security that is payable, and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series shall be paid to the Person in whose name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the regular record date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is called for redemption and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior to such

Interest Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security as provided in Section 3.03.

Any interest on any Security that is payable, but is not punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein called “Defaulted Interest”) shall forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date by virtue of having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause (1) or clause (2) below:

(1)

The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the close of business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner: the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each such Security and the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the Trustee shall fix a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Company of such special record date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor to be mailed, first class postage prepaid, to each Securityholder at his or her address as it appears in the Security Register, not less than 10 days prior to such special record date. Notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been mailed as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered on such special record date.

(2)

The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee.

Unless otherwise set forth in a Board Resolution of the Company or one or more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the term “regular record date” as used in this Section with respect to a series of Securities with respect to any Interest Payment Date for such series shall mean either the fifteenth day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a month, or the last day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day.

Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security of such series shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security.

SECTION 2.04

Execution and Authentications.

The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by its President, or one of its Vice Presidents, or its Treasurer, or one of its Assistant Treasurers, or its Secretary, or one of its Assistant Secretaries, under its corporate seal attested by its Secretary or one of its Assistant Secretaries. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile signature. The Company may use the facsimile signature of any Person who shall have been a President or Vice President thereof, or of any Person who shall have been a Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer thereof, or of any Person who shall have been a Secretary or Assistant Secretary thereof, notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities shall be authenticated and delivered or disposed of such Person shall have ceased to be the President or a Vice President, the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, of the Company. The seal of the Company may be in the form of a facsimile of such seal and may be impressed, affixed, imprinted or otherwise reproduced on the Securities. The Securities may contain such notations, legends or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule or usage. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication.

A Security shall not be valid or obligatory for any purpose and shall not be entitled to any benefit under this Indenture, in each case, until authenticated with a certificate of authentication manually signed by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such certificate shall be conclusive evidence, and the only evidence, that the Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the Security is entitled to the benefits of this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver Securities of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the authentication and delivery of such Securities, signed by its President or any Vice President and its Secretary or any Assistant Secretary, and the Trustee in accordance with such written order shall authenticate and deliver such Securities.

In authenticating such Securities and accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, and (subject to Section 7.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the form and terms thereof have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.

The Trustee shall not be required to authenticate such Securities if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.

SECTION 2.05

Registration of Transfer and Exchange.

(a)

Securities of any series may be exchanged upon presentation thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, for other Securities of such series of authorized denominations, and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered for exchange, the Company shall execute, the Trustee, on receipt of a written order (in accordance with Section 2.04 above) shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the Security or Securities of the same series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to receive, bearing numbers not contemporaneously outstanding.

(b)

The Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office or agency designated for such purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, or such other location designated by the Company a register or registers (herein referred to as the “Security Register”) in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register the Securities and the transfers of Securities as in this Article provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Trustee. The registrar for the purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed as authorized by Board Resolution (the “Security Registrar”).

Upon surrender for transfer of any Security at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as the Security presented for a like aggregate principal amount.

All Securities presented or surrendered for exchange or registration of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) by a written instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar (including any signature guarantees, if required), duly executed by the registered holder or by such holder’s duly authorized attorney in writing.

(c)

No service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Securities, or issue of new Securities in case of partial redemption of any series, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 2.06, Section 3.03(b) and Section 9.04 not involving any transfer.

(d)

The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, exchange or register the transfer of any Securities during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the mailing of a notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on the day of such mailing, nor (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions thereof called for redemption. The provisions of this Section 2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section 2.11 hereof.

SECTION 2.06

Temporary Securities.

Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series, the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary Securities (printed, lithographed or typewritten) of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in the form of the definitive Securities in lieu of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities of such series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon any or all temporary Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the holders), at the office or agency of the Company designated for the purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, and the Trustee shall authenticate, on receipt of a written order (in accordance with Section 2.04 above) and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series, unless the Company advises the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further notice from the Company. Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder.

SECTION 2.07

Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities.

In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company (subject to the next succeeding sentence) shall execute, and upon the Company’s request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid and upon receipt of a written order (in accordance with Section 2.04 above)) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series, bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of the applicant’s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted Security and deliver the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of any substituted Security, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith. In case any Security that has matured or is about to mature shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute Security, pay or authorize the payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant for such payment shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and, in case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof.

Every replacement Security issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or not the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder. All Securities shall be held and owned upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any and all other rights or remedies, notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.

SECTION 2.08

Cancellation.

All Securities surrendered for the purpose of payment, redemption, exchange or registration of transfer shall, if surrendered to the Company or any paying agent, be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture. On request of the Company at the time of such surrender, the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with its standard procedures and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company. If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the indebtedness represented by such Securities unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.

SECTION 2.09

Benefits of Indenture.

Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and the holders of the Securities any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the holders of the Securities.

SECTION 2.10

Authenticating Agent.

So long as any of the Securities of any series remain Outstanding there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities which the Trustee shall have the right to appoint. Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of such series issued upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption thereof, and Securities so authenticated shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder. All references in this Indenture to the authentication of Securities by the Trustee shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating Agent for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a Person that has a combined capital and surplus, as most recently reported or determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized or in which it is doing business to conduct a corporate trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such business and is subject to supervision or examination by Federal or State authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.

Any Authenticating Agent may at any time resign by giving written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request by the Company shall) terminate the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating Agent and to the Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may appoint an eligible successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder as if originally named as an Authenticating Agent pursuant hereto.

SECTION 2.11

Global Securities

(a)

If the Company shall establish pursuant to Section 2.01 that some or all of the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security, then the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall, in accordance with Section 2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security that (i) shall represent, and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, the Outstanding Securities of such series which are to be issued as a Global Security, (ii) shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: “Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary or to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary,” as well as any other legend required by the Depositary.

(b)

Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.05, the Global Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided in Section 2.05, only to another nominee of the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected or approved by the Company or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.

(c)

If at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such series or if at any time the Depositary for such series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives such notice or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, this Section 2.11 shall no longer be applicable to the Securities of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section 2.05, the Trustee, upon receipt of a written order (in accordance with Section 2.04 above) will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition, the Company may at any time determine that the Securities of any series shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the provisions of this Section 2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and subject to Section 2.05, the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officers’ Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company and the written order (in accordance with Section 2.04 above), will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(c) shall be registered in such names and in such authorized denominations as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in whose names such Securities are so registered.

ARTICLE III

REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING

FUND PROVISIONS

SECTION 3.01

Redemption.

The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.

SECTION 3.02

Notice of Redemption.

(a)

In case the Company shall desire to exercise such right to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in accordance with the right reserved so to do, the Company shall, or shall cause the Trustee (if given the form of notice) to, give notice of such redemption to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, first class postage prepaid, a notice of such redemption not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days before the date fixed for redemption of that series to such holders at their last addresses as they shall appear upon the Security Register unless a shorter period is specified in the Securities to be redeemed. Any notice that is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the registered holder receives the notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to the holder of any Security of any series designated for redemption in whole or in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Securities of such series or any other series. In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officers’ Certificate evidencing compliance with any such restriction.

Each such notice of redemption shall be prepared by the Company and shall specify the date fixed for redemption and the redemption price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of the redemption price of such Securities to be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said notice, that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue and that the redemption is for a sinking fund, if such is the case. If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of that series to be redeemed in whole or in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed. In case any Security is to be redeemed in part only, the notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed, and shall state that on and after the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.

(b)

If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 30 days’ notice in advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of the series to be redeemed, and thereupon the Trustee shall select, by lot or in such other manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair in its discretion and that may provide for the selection of a portion or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities of a denomination larger than $1,000, the Securities to be redeemed and shall thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions signed on its behalf by its President or any Vice President, instruct the Trustee or any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular series for redemption and to give notice of redemption in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the name of the Company or its own name as the Trustee or such paying agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the

Trustee or any such paying agent, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to, or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such paying agent, as the case may be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient to enable the Trustee or such paying agent to give any notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section. Neither the Trustee nor any paying agent shall have any obligation to deliver any notice of redemption hereunder if they have not received from the Company the form of notice to be delivered.

SECTION 3.03

Payment Upon Redemption.

(a)

If the giving of notice of redemption shall have been completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series to be redeemed specified in such notice shall become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions of Securities shall cease to accrue on and after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities on or after the date fixed for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed at the applicable redemption price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for redemption (but if the date fixed for redemption is an interest payment date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the registered holder at the close of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section 2.03).

(b)

Upon presentation of any Security of such series that is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee on receipt of a written order (in accordance with Section 2.04 above) shall authenticate and the office or agency where the Security is presented shall deliver to the holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security of the same series of authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.

SECTION 3.04

Sinking Fund.

The provisions of Sections 3.04, 3.05 and 3.06 shall be applicable to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified as contemplated by Section 2.01 for Securities of such series.

The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a “mandatory sinking fund payment,” and any payment in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an “optional sinking fund payment.” If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment may be subject to reduction as provided in Section 3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities of any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series.

SECTION 3.05

Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities.

The Company (i) may deliver Outstanding Securities of a series (other than any Securities previously called for redemption) and (ii) may apply as a credit Securities of a series that have been redeemed either at the election of the Company pursuant to the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant to the terms of such Securities, in each case in satisfaction of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities of such series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that such Securities have not been previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee at the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such sinking fund payment shall be reduced accordingly.

SECTION 3.06

Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund.

Not less than 45 days prior to each sinking fund payment date for any series of Securities, the Company will deliver to the Trustee an Officers’ Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series pursuant to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that series pursuant to Section 3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officers’ Certificate, deliver to the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Trustee shall select the Securities to be redeemed upon such sinking fund payment date in the manner specified in Section 3.02 and cause notice of the redemption thereof to be given in the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section 3.02. Such notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated in Section 3.03.

ARTICLE IV

COVENANTS

SECTION 4.01

Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest.

The Company will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the Securities of that series at the time and place and in the manner provided herein and established with respect to such Securities.

SECTION 4.02

Maintenance of Office or Agency.

So long as any series of the Securities remain Outstanding, the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, with respect to each such series and at such other location or locations as may be designated as provided in this Section 4.02, where (i) Securities of that series may be presented or surrendered for payment, (ii) Securities of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for registration of transfer and exchange, and (iii) notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served, such designation to continue with respect to such office or agency until the Company shall, by written notice signed by its President or a Vice President and delivered to the trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any of them. If at any time the Company shall fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee with the address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, and the Company hereby appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands.

SECTION 4.03

Paying Agents.

(a)

If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section:

(1)

that it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series (whether such sums have been paid to it by the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto;

(2)

that it will give the Trustee notice of any failure by the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable;

(3)

that it will, at any time during the continuance of any failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2) above, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums so held in trust by such paying agent; and

(4)

that it will perform all other duties of paying agent as set forth in this Indenture.

(b)

If the Company shall act as its own paying agent with respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient with monies held by all other paying agents to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of that series until such sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee of such action, or any failure (by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall have one or more paying agents for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on any Securities of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the principal (an premium, if any) or interest so becoming due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless such paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act.

(c)

Notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary, (i) the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, and (ii) the Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose, pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such paying agent, such sums to be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such paying agent; and, upon such payment by any paying agent to the Trustee, such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such money.

SECTION 4.04

Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee.

The Company, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner provided in Section 7.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be a Trustee hereunder.

SECTION 4.05

Compliance with Consolidation Provisions.

The Company will not, while any of the Securities remain Outstanding, consolidate with or merge into any other Person, in either case where the Company is not the survivor of such transaction, or sell or convey all or substantially all of its property to any other company unless the provisions of Article X hereof are complied with.

ARTICLE V

SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS

BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE

SECTION 5.01

Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders.

If the Company is not the Security Register, the Company will furnish or use reasonable efforts to cause to be furnished to the Trustee (a) on each regular record date (as defined in Section 2.03) a list, in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such regular record date, provided that the Company shall not be obligated to furnish or cause to furnish such list at any time that the list shall not differ in any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b) at such other times as the Trustee may request in writing within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need be furnished for any series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar.

SECTION 5.02

Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders.

(a)

The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders of Securities contained in the most recent list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity) and shall otherwise comply with Section 312(a) of the Trust Indenture Act.

(b)

The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.

(c)

Securityholders may communicate as provided in Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities.

SECTION 5.03

Reports by the Company.

(a)

The Company covenants and agrees to file with the Trustee, within 15 days after the Company is required to file the same with the Commission, copies of the annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as the Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) that the Company may be required to file with the Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; or, if the Company is not required to file information, documents or reports pursuant to either of such sections, then to file with the Trustee and the Commission, in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed from time to time by the Commission, such of the supplementary and periodic information, documents and reports that may be required pursuant to Section 13 of the Exchange Act, in respect of a security listed and registered on a national securities exchange as may be prescribed from time to time in such rules and regulations; provided, however, the Company shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment by the Commission. The Company also shall comply with the other provisions of Section 314(a) of the Trust Indenture Act.

(b)

The Company covenants and agrees to file with the Trustee and the Commission, in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed from to time by the Commission, such additional information, documents and reports with respect to compliance by the Company with the conditions and covenants provided for in this Indenture as may be required from time to time by such rules and regulations.

(c)

The Company covenants and agrees to transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, or reputable over-night delivery service that provides for evidence of receipt, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register, within 30 days after the filing thereof with the Trustee, such summaries of any information, documents and reports required to be filed by the Company pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) of this Section as may be required by rules and regulations prescribed from time to time by the Commission.

SECTION 5.04

Reports by the Trustee.

(a)

The Trustee shall transmit to holders as provided in Section 313 of the Trust Indenture Act such reports concerning the Trustee and its actions under this Indenture as may be required by Section 313 of the Trust Indenture Act at the times and in the manner provided by the Trust Indenture Act.

(b)

A copy of each such report shall, at the time of such transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each stock exchange upon which any Securities are listed (if so listed) and, if required by Section 313 of the Trust Indenture Act, also with the Commission. The Company agrees to notify the Trustee when any Securities become listed on any stock exchange.

ARTICLE VI

REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS

ON EVENT OF DEFAULT

SECTION 6.01

Events of Default.

(a)

Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a particular series, “Event of Default” means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing:

(1)

the Company defaults in the payment of any installment of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and continuance of such default for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by the Company in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;

(2)

the Company defaults in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;

(3)

the Company fails to observe or perform any other of its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to that series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement that has been expressly included in this Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series) for a period of 90 days after the date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified mail, or to the Company and the Trustee by the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time Outstanding; (4)the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law (i) commences a voluntary case, (ii) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case, (iii) consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property or (iv) makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or (5)a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under any Bankruptcy Law that (i) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a Custodian of the Company for all or substantially all of its property, or (iii) orders the liquidation of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 90 consecutive days.

(b)

In each and every such case, unless the principal of all the Securities of that series shall have already become due and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by such Securityholders), may declare the principal (or, if any Securities of that series are discount securities, that portion of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of that series pursuant to Section 2.01(a)(16)) of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all the Securities of that series to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same hall become and shall be immediately due and payable.

(c)

At any time after the principal of the Securities of that series shall have been so declared due and payable, and before a judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder (or, by action at a meeting of holders of the Securities of such series in accordance with Section 8.09, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding represented at such meeting), by written notice to the Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i) the Company has paid or deposited with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of that series and the principal of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration and (ii) any and all Events of Default under this Indenture with respect to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on Securities of that series that shall have become due solely because of such acceleration, shall have been remedied, cured or waived as provided in Section 6.06. No such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.

(d)

In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have been discontinued or abandoned because of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company, and the Trustee shall be restored respectively to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee shall continue as though no such proceedings had been taken.

SECTION 6.02

Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee.

(a)

The Company covenants that (1) in case it shall default in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series, or any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become due and payable, and such default shall have continued for a period of 90 Business Days, or (2) in case it shall default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise, then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Company will pay to the Trustee, for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become due and payable on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both, as the case may be, with interest upon the overdue principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon overdue installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06.

(b)

If the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever situated.

(c)

In case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings affected the Company, or its creditors or property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such proceedings and take any action therein that may be permitted by the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim and other papers and documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities of such series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under this Indenture at the date of institution of such proceedings and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the same after the deduction of the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by each of the holders of Securities of such series to make such payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making of such payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section 7.06.

(d)

All rights of action and of asserting claims under this Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other proceeding relative thereto, and any such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section 7.06, be for the ratable benefit of the holders of the Securities of such series.

In case of an Event of Default hereunder, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings as the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in this Indenture or in aid of the exercise of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture or by law.

Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to authorize the Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding.

SECTION 6.03

Application of Moneys Collected.

Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article with respect to a particular series of Securities shall be applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest, upon presentation of the Securities of that series, and notation thereon the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof if fully paid:

FIRST: To the payment of costs and expenses of collection and of all amounts payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and

SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which such money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively.

SECTION 6.04

Limitation on Suits.

No holder of any Security of any series shall have any right by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to institute any suit, action or proceeding in equity or at law upon or under or with respect to this Indenture or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder, unless (i) such holder previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default and of the continuance thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided; (ii) the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made written request upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as trustee hereunder; (iii) such holder or holders shall have offered to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred therein or thereby; and (iv) the Trustee for 60 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity, shall have failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v) during such 60 day period, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the Securities of that series (or such amount as shall have acted at a meeting of the holders of Securities of such series pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture) do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the request; provided, however, that no one or more of such holders may use this Indenture to prejudice the rights of another holder or to obtain preference or priority over another holder.

Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security (or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after such respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting a Security hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every Security of such series with every other such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any right in any manner whatsoever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of the holders of any other of such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such holder, or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.

SECTION 6.05

Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver.

(a)

Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed cumulative and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to such Securities.

(b)

No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall impair any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or on acquiescence therein; and, subject to the provisions of Section 6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article or by law to the Trustee or the Securityholders may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Securityholders.

SECTION 6.06

Control by Securityholders.

The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with Section 8.01, shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided, however, that such direction shall not be in conflict with any rule of law or with this Indenture or be unduly prejudicial to the rights of holders of Securities of any other series at the time Outstanding determined in accordance with Section 8.01. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by a Responsible Officer or Officers of the Trustee, determine that the proceeding so directed would involve the Trustee in personal liability. The Securityholders either (a) through the written consent of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding or (b) by action at a meeting of holders of the Securities of such series in accordance with Section 8.09, by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding represented at such meeting, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any past default in the performance of any of the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to Section 2.01 with respect to such series and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the terms of such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless such default has been cured and a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited with the

Trustee (in accordance with Section 6.01(c)) and except in respect a provision hereof which, under Section 9.02, cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the holders of each Outstanding Security affected; provided however that this Section shall not limit the right of holders of Securities of a series to rescind and annul any acceleration as set forth in Section 6.01. Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured for all purposes of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to their former positions and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any right consequent thereon. The provisions which otherwise would be automatically deemed to be contained in this Indenture pursuant to Section (316)(a)(1) of the Trust Indenture Act are hereby expressly excluded from this Indenture, except to the extent such provisions are expressly included herein.

SECTION 6.07

Undertaking to Pay Costs.

All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any Securities by such holder’s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder, or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.

ARTICLE VII

CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE

SECTION 7.01

Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee.

(a)

The Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events of Default with respect to the Securities of that series that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities of such series such duties and only such duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs.

(b)

No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct, except that:

(1)

prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events of Default with respect to that series that may have occurred:

(i)

the duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined solely by the express provisions of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to the Securities of such series except for the performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee; and

(ii)

in the absence of bad faith on the part of the Trustee, the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision hereof are specifically required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirement of this Indenture;

(2)

the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee, was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;

(3)

the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee under this Indenture with respect to the Securities of that series; and

(4)

None of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance of any of its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers, if there is reasonable ground for believing that the repayment of such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate indemnity against such risk is not reasonably assured to it.

SECTION 7.02

Certain Rights of Trustee.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01:

(a)

The Trustee may rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties;

(b)

Any request, direction, order or demand of the Company mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument signed in the name of the Company, by the President or any Vice President and by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer thereof (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed herein);

(c)

The Trustee may consult with counsel and the written advice of such counsel or any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon;

(d)

The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders, pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or thereby; nothing contained herein shall, however, relieve the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to a series of the Securities (that has not been cured or waived) to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs;

(e)

The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers conferred upon it by this Indenture;

(f)

The Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined as provided in Section 8.04); provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense of every such examination shall be paid by the Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand; and

(g)

The Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder.

SECTION 7.03

Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance of Securities.

(a)

The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same.

(b)

The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.

(c)

The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities, or for the use or application of any moneys paid over by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.

SECTION 7.04

May Hold Securities.

The Trustee or any paying agent or Security Registrar, in its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar.

SECTION 7.05

Moneys Held in Trust.

Subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for the purposes for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree with the Company to pay thereon.

SECTION 7.06

Compensation and Reimbursement.

(a)

The Company covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee, and the Trustee shall be entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the compensation of a trustee of an express trust), as the Company, and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing, for all services rendered by it in the execution of the trusts hereby created and in the exercise and performance of any of the powers and duties hereunder of the Trustee, and, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the Company will pay or reimburse the Trustee upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee in accordance with any of the provisions of this Indenture (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel and of all Persons not regularly in its employ) except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may arise from its negligence or bad faith. The Company also covenants to indemnify the Trustee (and its officers, agents, directors and employees) for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this trust, including the costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim or liability in connection with the exercise or performance of any of its power or duties hereunder.

(b)

The obligations of the Company under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for expenses, disbursements and advances shall constitute additional indebtedness hereunder. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured by a lien prior to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for the benefit of the holders of particular Securities.

SECTION 7.07

Reliance on Officers’ Certificate.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01, whenever in the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it necessary or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officers’ Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.

SECTION 7.08

Disqualification; Conflicting Interests.

If the Trustee has or shall acquire any “conflicting interest” within the meaning of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee and the Company shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.

SECTION 7.09

Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility.

There shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to the Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a Person organized and doing business under the laws of the United States of America or any State or Territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person permitted to act as trustee by the Commission, authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having (together with its affiliates) a combined capital and surplus of at least 50 million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination by Federal, State, Territorial, or District of Columbia authority. If such Person publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining authority, then for the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any time the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect specified in Section 7.10.

SECTION 7.10

Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.

(a)

The Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed, may at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written notice thereof to the Company and by transmitting notice of resignation by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders of such series, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly appoint a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor trustee. If no successor trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the mailing of such notice of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor trustee.

(b)

In case at any time any one of the following shall occur:

(1)

the Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions of Section 7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months; or

(2)

the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder; or

(3)

the Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property shall be appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation, then, in any such case, the Company may remove the Trustee with respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor trustee, or, unless the Trustee’s duty to resign is stayed as provided herein, any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf of that holder and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee and appoint a successor trustee.

(c)

The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying the Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with the consent of the Company.

(d)

Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any of the provisions of this Section shall become effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 7.11.

(e)

Any successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all of such series, and at any time there shall be only one Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series.

SECTION 7.11

Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.

(a)

In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company and to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor trustee all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.

(b)

In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company, the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto wherein each successor trustee shall accept such appointment and which (1) shall contain such provisions as shall be necessary or desirable to transfer and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates, (2) shall contain such provisions as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the retiring Trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested in the retiring Trustee, and (3) shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee shall be trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the execution and delivery of such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective to the extent provided therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance of the duties and obligations vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on request of the Company or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates.

(c)

Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Company shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such rights, powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section, as the case may be.

(d)

No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article.

(e)

Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company.

SECTION 7.12

Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business.

Any Person into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any Person resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any Person succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided that such Person shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section 7.09, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding. In case any Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities.

SECTION 7.13

Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company.

The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act to the extent included therein.

ARTICLE VIII

CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS

SECTION 8.01

Evidence of Action by Securityholders.

Whenever in this Indenture it is provided that the holders of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series may take any action (including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of any other action), the fact that at the time of taking any such action the holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities of that series in Person or by agent or proxy appointed in writing.

If the Company shall solicit from the Securityholders of any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company may, at its option, as evidenced by an Officers’ Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination of Securityholders entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company shall have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the close of business on the record date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite proportion of Outstanding Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed as of the record date; provided, however, that no such authorization, agreement or consent by such Securityholders on the record date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six months after the record date.

SECTION 8.02

Proof of Execution by Securityholders.

Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, proof of the execution of any instrument by a Securityholder (such proof will not require notarization) or his agent or proxy and proof of the holding by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner:

(a)

The fact and date of the execution by any such Person of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.

(b)

The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.

(c)

The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary.

SECTION 8.03

Who May be Deemed Owners.

Prior to the due presentment for registration of transfer of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar may deem and treat the Person in whose name such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Company as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or writing thereon made by anyone other than the Security Registrar) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section 2.03) interest on such Security and for all other purposes; and neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.

SECTION 8.04

Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded.

In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Securities of a particular series have concurred in any direction, consent of waiver under this Indenture, the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor. In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel shall be full protection to the Trustee.

SECTION 8.05

Actions Binding on Future Securityholders.

At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section 8.01, of the taking of any action by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action, any holder of a Security of that series that is shown by the evidence to be included in the Securities the holders of which have consented to such action may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section 8.02, revoke such action so far as concerns such Security. Except as aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor, on registration of transfer thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such Security. Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the holders of all the Securities of that series.

SECTION 8.06

Purposes for Which Meetings May Be Called.

A meeting of holders of any series of Securities may be called at any time and from time to time pursuant to this Article to make, give or take any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action provided by this Indenture to be made, given or taken by holders of such series of Securities.

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Article VIII, the Trustee may, during the pendency of a Default or an Event of Default, call a meeting of holders of any series of Securities in accordance with its standard practices.

SECTION 8.07

Call Notice and Place of Meetings.

(a)

The Trustee may at any time call a meeting of holders of any series of Securities for any purpose specified in Section 8.06 hereof, to be held at such time and at such place in The City of New York or Boston, Massachusetts. Notice of every meeting of holders of any series of Securities, setting forth the time and the place of such meeting, in general terms the action proposed to be taken at such meeting and the percentage of the principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of such series which shall constitute a quorum at such meeting, shall be given, in the manner provided in Section 13.04 hereof, not less than 21 nor more than 180 days prior to the date fixed for the meeting to holders of Outstanding Securities of such series.

(b)

In case at any time the Company, pursuant to a Board Resolution, or the holders of at least 10% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series shall have requested the Trustee to call a meeting of the holders of Securities of such series for any purpose specified in Section 8.06 hereof, by written request setting forth in reasonable detail the action proposed to be taken at the meeting, and the Trustee shall not have made the first publication of the notice of such meeting within 21 days after receipt of such request or shall not thereafter proceed to cause the meeting to be held as provided herein, then the Company or the holders of Securities of such series in the amount specified, as the case may be, may determine the time and the place in The City of New York or Boston, Massachusetts for such meeting and may call such meeting for such purposes by giving notice thereof as provided in paragraph (a) of this Section.

SECTION 8.08

Persons Entitled To Vote at Meetings.

To be entitled to vote at any meeting of holders of Securities of a given series, a Person shall be (a) a holder of one or more Outstanding Securities of such series or (b) a Person appointed by an instrument in writing as proxy for a holder or holders of one or more Outstanding Securities of such series by such holder or holders. The only Persons who shall be entitled to be present or to speak at any meeting of holders shall be the Persons entitled to vote at such meeting and their counsel, any representatives of the Trustee and its counsel and any representatives of the Company and its counsel.

SECTION 8.09

Quorum; Action.

The Persons entitled to vote a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of a given series shall constitute a quorum with respect to a meeting of holders of Outstanding Securities of such series. In the absence of a quorum within 30 minutes after the time appointed for any such meeting, the meeting shall, if convened at the request of holders of Securities of such series, be dissolved. In any other case, the meeting may be adjourned for a period of not less than 10 days as determined by the chairman of the meeting prior to the adjournment of such meeting. In the absence of a quorum at any such adjourned meeting, such adjourned meeting may be further adjourned for a period of not less than 10 days as determined by the chairman of the meeting prior to the adjournment of such adjourned meeting. Notice of the reconvening of any adjourned meeting shall be given as provided in Section 8.07(a) hereof, except that such notice need be given only once and not less than five days prior to the date on which the meeting is scheduled to be reconvened.

At a meeting or an adjourned meeting duly reconvened and at which a quorum is present as aforesaid, any resolution and all matters (except as limited by the proviso to the first paragraph of Section 9.02 hereof) shall be effectively passed and decided if passed or decided by the Persons entitled to vote not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of Outstanding Securities of a series represented and voting at such meeting with respect to a meeting of holders of Outstanding Securities of such series.

Any resolution passed or decisions taken at any meeting of holders of Securities duly held in accordance with this Section shall be binding on all the holders of Securities of such series, whether or not present or represented at the meeting.

SECTION 8.10

Determination of Voting Rights; Conduct and Adjournment of Meetings.

(a)

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Indenture, the Trustee may make such reasonable regulations as it may deem advisable for any meeting of holders of Securities in regard to proof of the holding of Securities and of the appointment of proxies and in regard to the appointment and duties of inspectors of votes, the submission and examination of proxies, certificates and other evidence of the right to vote, and such other matters concerning the conduct of the meeting as it shall deem appropriate.

(b)

The Trustee shall, by an instrument in writing, appoint a temporary chairman (which may be the Trustee) of the meeting, unless the meeting shall have been called by the Company or by holders of Securities of a given series as provided in Section 8.07(b) hereof, in which case the Company or the holders of Securities of such series calling the meeting, as the case may be, shall in like manner appoint a temporary chairman. A permanent chairman and a permanent secretary of the meeting shall be elected by vote of the Persons entitled to vote a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of such series represented at the meeting.

(c)

At any meeting, each holder of a Security of the series in respect of which such meeting is being held or proxy shall be entitled to one vote for each $1,000 principal amount of Securities of such series held or represented by him; provided, however, that no vote shall be cast or counted at any meeting in respect of any Security of such series challenged as not Outstanding and ruled by the chairman of the meeting to be not Outstanding. The chairman of the meeting shall have no right to vote, except as a holder of a Security of such series or proxy.

(d)

Any meeting of holders of Securities duly called pursuant to Section 8.07 hereof at which a quorum is present may be adjourned from time to time by Persons entitled to vote a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the series in respect of which such meeting is being held represented at the meeting, and the meeting may be held as so adjourned without further notice.

SECTION 8.11

Counting Votes and Recording Action of Meetings.

The vote upon any resolution submitted to any meeting of holders of Securities of a given series shall be by written ballots on which shall be subscribed the signatures of the holders of Securities of such series or of their representatives by proxy and the principal amounts and serial numbers of the Outstanding Securities of such series held or represented by them. The permanent chairman of the meeting shall appoint two inspectors of votes who shall count all votes cast at the meeting for or against any resolution and who shall make and file with the secretary of the meeting their verified written reports in duplicate of all votes cast at the meeting. A record, at least in duplicate, of the proceedings of each meeting of holders of Securities of such series shall be prepared by the secretary of the meeting and there shall be attached to said record the original reports of the inspectors of votes on any vote by ballot taken thereat and affidavits by one or more Persons having knowledge of the facts setting forth a copy of the notice of the meeting and showing that said notice was given as provided in Section 8.07 hereof and, if applicable, Section 8.09 hereof. Each copy shall be signed and verified by the affidavits of the permanent chairman and secretary of the meeting and one such copy shall be delivered to the Company and another to the Trustee to be preserved by the Trustee, the latter to have attached thereto the ballots voted at the meeting. Any record so signed and verified shall be conclusive evidence of the matters therein stated.

ARTICLE IX

SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES

SECTION 9.01

Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders.

In addition to any supplemental indenture otherwise authorized by this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent of the Securityholders, for one or more of the following purposes:

(a)

cure any ambiguity, correct or supplement any provision herein which may be inconsistent with any other provision herein or which is otherwise defective, or make any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under this Indenture which the Company and the Trustee may deem necessary or desirable and which shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture;

(b)

to comply with Article X;

(c)

to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities;

(d)

to add to the covenants of the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any Series of Securities (and if such covenants are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities, stating that such covenants are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series) or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company;

(e)

to add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication, and delivery of Securities, as herein set forth;

(f)

to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;

(g)

to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section 2.01, to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of Securities; or

(h)

comply with the requirements of the Commission in order to effect or maintain the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.

The Trustee is hereby authorized to join with the Company in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be therein contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise.

Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions of this Section may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of any of the Securities at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section 9.02.

SECTION 9.02

Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders.

With the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series or by action at a meeting of holders of the Securities of such series in accordance with Section 8.09, by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding represented at such meeting, the Company, when authorized by Board Resolutions, and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01 the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture shall, without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (i) extend the fixed maturity of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof, (ii) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture, or any consent or waiver, (iii) reduce the principal amount of discount securities payable upon acceleration of the maturity of any Securities of any series or (iv) make the principal of or premium or interest on any Security of a series payable in currency or currency units other than that stated in the Securities of such series.

It shall not be necessary for the consent of the Securityholders of any series affected thereby under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it shall be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.

SECTION 9.03

Effect of Supplemental Indentures.

Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, this Indenture shall, with respect to such series, be and be deemed to be modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders of Securities of the series affected thereby shall thereafter be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for any and all purposes.

SECTION 9.04

Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures.

Securities of any series affected by a supplemental indenture, authenticated and delivered after the execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements of any exchange upon which such series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors of the Company, to any modification of this Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee and delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding.

SECTION 9.05

Execution of Supplemental Indentures.

Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may receive an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or permitted by, and conforms to, the terms of this Article and that it is proper for the Trustee under the provisions of this Article to join in the execution thereof; provided, however, that such Opinion of Counsel need not be provided in connection with the execution of a supplemental indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.

Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of all series affected thereby as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any failure of the Trustee to mail such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.

ARTICLE X

SUCCESSOR ENTITY

SECTION 10.01

Company May Consolidate, Etc.

Nothing contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company) or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property of the Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors) authorized to acquire and operate the same; provided, however, the Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the survivor of such transaction), sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, the due and punctual payment of the principal of (premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to their tenor and the due and punctual performance and observance of all the covenants and conditions of this Indenture with respect to each series or established with respect to such series pursuant to Section 2.01 to be kept or performed by the Company shall be expressly assumed, by supplemental indenture (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, as then in effect) satisfactory in form to the Trustee executed and delivered to the Trustee by the entity formed by such consolidation, or into which the Company shall have been merged, or by the entity which shall have acquired such property.

SECTION 10.02

Successor Entity Substituted.

(a)

In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition and upon the assumption by the successor entity by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered to the Trustee and satisfactory in form to the Trustee, of the due and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any, and interest on all of the Securities of all series Outstanding and the due and punctual performance of all of the covenants and conditions of this Indenture or established with respect to each series of the Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 to be performed by the Company with respect to each series, such successor entity shall succeed to and be substituted for the Company with the same effect as if it had been named as the Company herein, and thereupon the predecessor corporation shall be relieved of all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities.

(b)

In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter to be issued as may be appropriate.

(c)

Nothing contained in this Article shall require any action by the Company in the case of a consolidation or merger of any Person into the Company where the Company is the survivor of such transaction, or the acquisition by the Company, by purchase or otherwise, of all or any part of the property of any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company).

SECTION 10.03

Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee.

The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may request and, in which shall receive, an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, and any such assumption, comply with the provisions of this Article.

ARTICLE XI

SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE

SECTION 11.01

Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture.

If at any time: (a) the Company shall have delivered to the Trustee for cancellation all Securities of a series theretofore authenticated (other than any Securities that shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.07) and Securities for whose payment money or Governmental Obligations have theretofore been deposited in trust or segregated and held in trust by the Company (and thereupon repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided in Section 11.05); or (b) all such Securities of a particular series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and the Company shall deposit or cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations sufficient or a combination thereof, sufficient (assuming that no tax liability will be imposed on the Trustee) in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification thereof delivered to the Trustee, to pay (without reinvestment) at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder with respect to such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect to such series except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03 and 7.10, that shall survive until the date of maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter, and the Trustee, on demand of the Company and at the cost and expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series.

SECTION 11.02

Discharge of Obligations.

If at any time all such Securities of a particular series not heretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or that have not become due and payable as described in Section 11.01 shall have been paid by the Company by depositing irrevocably with the Trustee as trust funds moneys or an amount of Governmental Obligations sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all such Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder by the Company with respect to such series, then after the date such moneys or Governmental Obligations, as the case may be, are deposited with the Trustee the obligations of the Company under this Indenture with respect to such series shall cease to be of further effect except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4,01, 4.02, 4.03, 7.06, 7.10 and 11.05 hereof that shall survive until such Securities shall mature and be paid thereafter, Sections 7.06 and 11.05 shall survive.

SECTION 11.03

Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust.

Subject to Section 11.05, all moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Sections 11.01 or 11.02 shall be held in trust and shall be available for payment as due, either directly or through any paying agent (including the Company acting as its own paying agent), to the holders of the particular series of Securities for the payment or redemption of which such moneys or Governmental Obligations have been deposited with the Trustee.

SECTION 11.04

Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents.

In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture all moneys or Governmental Obligations then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture shall, upon demand of the Company, be paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations.

SECTION 11.05

Repayment to Company.

Any moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with any paying agent or the Trustee, or then held by the Company, in trust for payment of principal of or premium or interest on the Securities of a particular series that are not applied but remain unclaimed by the holders of such Securities for two years after the date upon which the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on such Securities shall have respectively become due and payable, shall be repaid to the Company or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged from such trust in each case, promptly after the end of any such two-year period or, at the request of the Company, on a later date specified by the Company; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations, and the holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter, as an unsecured general creditor, look only to the Company for the payment thereof.

ARTICLE XII

IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

SECTION 12.01

No Recourse.

No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect thereof, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, either directly or through the Company or any such predecessor or successor corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations, and that no such personal liability whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom; and that any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and released as a condition of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.

ARTICLE XIII

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

SECTION 13.01

Effect on Successors and Assigns.

All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements in this Indenture contained by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not.

SECTION 13.02

Actions by Successor.

Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the Company shall and may be done and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful successor of the Company.

SECTION 13.03

Surrender of Company Powers.

The Company by instrument in writing executed by authority of its Board of Directors and delivered to the Trustee may surrender any of the powers reserved to the Company, and thereupon such power so surrendered shall terminate both as to the Company and as to any successor corporation.

SECTION 13.04

Notices.

Except as otherwise expressly provided herein any notice or demand that by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given or served by the Trustee or by the holders of Securities to or on the Company may be given or served by being deposited first class postage prepaid in a post-office letterbox addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Trustee), as follows: 708 Third Avenue, 12 ^th Floor, New York, NY 10017. Any notice, election, request or demand by the Company or any Securityholder to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to have been sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made in writing at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee. Any notice or communication to a holder shall be mailed by first-class mail to his address shown on the Security Register kept by the Security Registrar. Failure to mail a notice or communication to a holder or any defect in such notice or communication shall not affect its sufficiency with respect to other holders. If a notice or communication is mailed or sent in the manner provided above within the time prescribed, it is duly given as of the date it is mailed, whether or not the addressee receives it, except that notice to the Trustee or the Company shall only be effective upon receipt thereof by the Trustee or the Company, respectively. If the Company mails a notice or communication to holders of Securities, it shall mail a copy to the Trustee at the same time.

SECTION 13.05

Governing Law.

This Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a contract made under the laws of the State of New York and shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without regard to conflicts of law principles thereof.

SECTION 13.06

Treatment of Securities as Debt.

It is intended that the Securities will be treated as indebtedness and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of this Indenture shall be interpreted to further this intention.

SECTION 13.07

Compliance Certificates and Opinions.

(a)

Upon any application or demand by the Company to the Trustee to take any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Company, shall furnish to the Trustee an Officers’ Certificate stating that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture relating to the proposed action have been complied with and an Opinion of Counsel stating that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of any such application or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents with respect to conditions precedents specifically required by any provision of this Indenture relating to such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.

(b)

Each certificate or opinion provided for in this Indenture and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant in this Indenture shall include (1) a statement that the Person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition; (2) a brief statement as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or opinion are based; (3) a statement that, in the opinion of such Person, he has made such examination or investigation as is necessary to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has been complied with; and (4) a statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such Person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.

SECTION 13.08

Payments on Business Days.

Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and as set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption of any Security shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and premium, if any) may be made on the next succeeding Business Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for the period after such nominal date.

SECTION 13.09

Conflict with Trust Indenture Act.

If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture limits, qualifies or conflicts with the duties imposed by Sections 310 to 317, inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act, such imposed duties shall control.

SECTION 13.10

Counterparts.

This Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.

SECTION 13.11

Separability.

In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this Indenture or of such Securities, but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable provision had never been contained herein or therein.

SECTION 13.12

Assignment.

The Company will have the right at all times to assign any of its rights or obligations under this Indenture to a direct or indirect wholly-owned Subsidiary of the Company, provided that, in the event of any such assignment, the Company, will remain liable for all such obligations. Subject to the foregoing, this Indenture is binding upon and inures to the benefit of the parties thereto and their respective successors and assigns. This Indenture may not otherwise be assigned by the parties thereto.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.

	Vringo, Inc.

	By:
		Name:
		Title:

	Computershare Trust Company, N.A.,
	As Trustee

	By:
		Name:
		Title:

Exhibit 10.5

VRINGO, INC.

COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY, N.A., as Trustee

FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURE TO

INDENTURE DATED [ ], 2015

(SENIOR DEBT SECURITIES)

Dated as of [ ], 2015

Senior Secured Convertible Notes

VRINGO, INC.

FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURE TO

INDENTURE DATED [ ], 2015

(SENIOR DEBT SECURITIES)

SENIOR SECURED CONVERTIBLE NOTES

FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURE, dated as of [ ], 2015 (this “ First Supplemental Indenture ”), between VRINGO, INC., a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., a national banking association, as Trustee (the “ Trustee ”).

RECITALS

A. The Company has heretofore executed and delivered to the Trustee an Indenture, dated as of [ ], 2015, (the “ Indenture ”), providing for the issuance from time to time of Securities (as defined in the Indenture) by the Company.

B. Section 2.01 of the Indenture provides for various matters with respect to any series of Securities issued under the Indenture to be established in an indenture supplemental to the Indenture.

C. Section 9.01(g) of the Indenture provides for the Company and the Trustee to enter into an indenture supplemental to the Indenture without the consent of Holders of Securities in order to establish the form or terms of Securities of any series as provided by Sections 2.01 of the Indenture.

D. In accordance with that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, dated ●, 2015 (the “ Securities Purchase Agreement ”), by and among the Company and the investors party thereto (the “ Investors ”), the Company has agreed to sell to the Investors, and the Investors have agreed to purchase, at the Closing (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) subject to the satisfaction of certain terms and conditions set forth therein), in accordance with the Indenture and this Supplemental Indenture (i) $12,500,000 in aggregate principal amount of the Notes (as defined below) and (ii) Warrants (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) to purchase Common Stock (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) of the Company, to be issued pursuant to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File number 333-182823) (the “ Registration Statement ”) as filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “ SEC ”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “ 1933 Act ”).

E. The Company hereby desires to supplement the Indenture pursuant to this First Supplemental Indenture to set forth the terms and conditions of the Notes to be issued in accordance herewith.

NOW, THEREFORE, THIS FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURE WITNESSETH, for and in consideration of the premises and the issuance of the series of Securities provided for herein, it is mutually agreed, for the equal and proportionate benefit of all Holders of the Securities of such series, as follows:

ARTICLE I

RELATION TO INDENTURE; DEFINITIONS

Section 1.1. RELATION TO INDENTURE; HOLDERS DEEMED TO BE BOUND . This First Supplemental Indenture constitutes an integral part of the Indenture. All references herein to the Indenture shall mean the Indenture, as amended and supplemented by this First Supplemental Indenture. The holders of the Notes, by acceptance of such Notes, are deemed to be bound by the terms and conditions of the Indenture as amended and supplemented by this First Supplemental Indenture.

Section 1.2. DEFINITIONS . For all purposes of this First Supplemental Indenture:

(a) Capitalized terms used herein without definition shall have the meanings specified in the Indenture or in the Securities, as applicable;

(b) All references herein to Articles and Sections, unless otherwise specified, refer to the corresponding Articles and Sections of this First Supplemental Indenture; and

(c) The terms “herein,” “hereof,” “hereunder” and other words of similar import refer to this First Supplemental Indenture.

ARTICLE II

THE SERIES OF SECURITIES

Section 2.1. TITLE . There shall be a series of Securities designated the “Senior Secured Convertible Note” (the “ Notes ”).

Section 2.2. LIMITATION ON AGGREGATE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT . The aggregate principal amount of the Notes shall be limited to $12,500,000.

Section 2.3 RANK . The Notes shall rank senior to all Indebtedness (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) of the Company and shall be secured by the Collateral (as defined in the Security Documents) (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) as provided in the Security Documents.

Section 2.4. PRINCIPAL PAYMENT DATE . The principal amount of the Notes outstanding (together with any accrued and unpaid interest and other amounts) shall be payable in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the Notes on each Installment Date, Interest Date, Conversion Date, Redemption Date and on the Maturity Date, in each case as defined in the Notes.

Section 2.5. INTEREST AND INTEREST RATES . The rate of interest on the Notes shall be 8% per annum, subject to adjustment as provided in the Notes, accruing from [ ], 2015, and shall be payable at such times and in the manner set forth in the Notes. Any interest to be paid with respect to any Note will, as provided in the Indenture and the Notes, be paid to the record holder of such Note on the applicable Interest Date in Interest Shares, Cash Interest or a combination of Interest Shares and Cash Interest, as applicable, as set forth in the Notes.

Section 2.6. PLACE OF PAYMENT . Except as otherwise provided in the Notes, (i) the Place of Payment where the Notes may be presented or surrendered for payment or redemption, (ii) where the Notes may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange (to the extent required or permitted, as applicable, by the terms of the Notes), and (iii) where notices and demand to or upon the Trustee in respect of the Notes and the Indenture may be made, shall initially be the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee located in Highlands Ranch, Colorado as specified in the Indenture.

Section 2.7. REDEMPTION . The Company may redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, at such times and in the manner set forth in the Notes.

Section 2.8. DENOMINATION . The Securities of this series shall be issuable only in registered form without coupons and in minimum denominations of $1,000 and integral multiples of $1.00 in excess thereof.

Section 2.9. CURRENCY . Principal and interest and any other amounts payable, from time to time, on the Notes shall be payable in United States Dollars (“ U.S. Dollars ”) in accordance with Section 24 of the Notes.

Section 2.10. FORM OF SECURITIES . The Notes shall be issued in the form attached to the Securities Purchase Agreement and hereto as Exhibit A . The Company has elected to issue only definitive Securities and shall not issue any Global Securities hereunder. The terms and provisions set forth in the Notes shall be deemed to be a part of this First Supplemental Indenture as if set forth herein at length.

Section 2.11. CONVERTIBLE SECURITIES . The Notes are convertible into the Common Stock of the Company upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Notes.

Section 2.12. SECURITIES REGISTRAR . The Trustee shall maintain the Register as provided in the Notes.

Section 2.13. SINKING FUND OBLIGATIONS . The Company has no obligation to redeem or purchase any Notes pursuant to any sinking fund or analogous requirement.

Section 2.14. EXCLUDED PROVISIONS . The Company has elected that none of the following provisions of the Indenture shall be applicable to the Notes and any analogous provisions (including definitions related thereto) of this First Supplemental Indenture and/or the Notes shall govern in lieu thereof:

The following definitions in Section 1.01:

“Business Day”;

“Commission”;

“Conversion Price”;

“Default”;

“Event of Default”;

“Exchange Act”;

“Interest Payment Date”;

“Person”;

“Security Register”;

“Security Registrar”;

“Securityholder”

“Subsidiary”;

“Voting Stock”;

Section 2.03 (Denominations; Provisions for Interest);

Section 2.05 (Registration of Transfer and Exchange);

Section 2.06 (Temporary Securities);

Section 2.11 (Global Securities);

Article III (Redemption of Securities and Sinking Fund Provisions);

Article IV (Covenants);

Article VI (Remedies of the Trustee and Securityholders on Event of Default);

Section 9.01 (Supplemental Indentures Without Consent of Securityholders);

Section 9.02 (Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders);

Article X (Successor Entity);

Article XI (Satisfaction and Discharge);

Section 12.01 (No Recourse);

Section 13.02 (Actions by Successor);

Section 13.04 (Notices);

Section 13.08 (Payments on Business Days);

Section 13.12 (Assignment);

Section 2.15. COVENANTS . In addition to the covenants set forth in the Indenture, the Company shall comply with the additional covenants set forth in the Notes and in the Securities Purchase Agreement.

Section 2.16. IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE FUNDS . All cash payments of principal and interest shall be made in U.S. dollars and immediately available funds.

Section 2.17. TRUSTEE MATTERS . For purposes of the Notes, the Security Register shall be kept at the Corporate Trust Office located in Highlands Ranch, Colorado and any notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Notes and the Indenture may be given or served at the Corporate Trust Office located in Highlands Ranch, Colorado.

ARTICLE III

EXPENSES

Section 3.1. PAYMENT OF EXPENSES . In connection with the offering, sale and issuance of the Notes, the Company, in its capacity as borrower with respect to the Notes, shall pay all costs and expenses relating to the offering, sale and issuance of the Notes, and the compensation and expenses of the Trustee under the Indenture in accordance with the provisions of Section 7.06 of the Indenture.

Section 3.2. PAYMENT UPON RESIGNATION OR REMOVAL . Upon termination of this First Supplemental Indenture or the Indenture or the removal or resignation of the Trustee, unless otherwise stated, the Company shall pay to the Trustee all amounts accrued to the date of such termination, removal or resignation.

ARTICLE IV

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 4.1. TRUSTEE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR RECITALS . The recitals herein contained are made by the Company and not by the Trustee, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness thereof. The Trustee makes no representation as to the validity or sufficiency of this First Supplemental Indenture.

Section 4.2. ADOPTION, RATIFICATION AND CONFIRMATION . The Indenture, as supplemented and amended by this First Supplemental Indenture, is in all respects hereby adopted, ratified and confirmed.

Section 4.3. CONFLICT WITH INDENTURE; TRUST INDENTURE ACT . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the Indenture, if any conflict arises between the terms and conditions of this First Supplemental Indenture (including, without limitation, the terms and conditions of the Notes attached to the Securities Purchase Agreement and hereto as Exhibit A ) and the Indenture, the terms and conditions of this First Supplemental Indenture (including the Notes) shall control; provided , however , that if any provision of this First Supplemental Indenture or the Notes limits, qualifies or conflicts with a provision of the Trust Indenture Act that is required under such Act to be a part of and govern this First Supplemental Indenture, the latter provisions shall control. If any provision of this First Supplemental Indenture modifies or excludes any provision of the Trust Indenture Act that may be so modified or excluded, the latter provisions shall be deemed to apply to the Indenture as so modified or excluded, as the case may be.

Section 4.4. AMENDMENTS; WAIVER . This First Supplemental Indenture may be amended by the written consent of the Company and each Holder of Notes. No provision hereof may be waived other than by an instrument in writing signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought.

Section 4.5. SUCCESSORS . This First Supplemental Indenture shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and assigns, including any purchasers of the Notes.

Section 4.6. SEVERABILITY . If any provision of this First Supplemental Indenture shall be invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of this First Supplemental Indenture in that jurisdiction or the validity or enforceability of any provision of this First Supplemental Indenture in any other jurisdiction.

Section 4.7. COUNTERPARTS . This First Supplemental Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.

Section 4.8. GOVERNING LAW . THIS FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURE AND EACH SECURITY SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE A CONTRACT MADE UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK AND SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO CONFLICTS OF LAWS PRINCIPLES THEREOF.

[The remainder of the page is intentionally left blank]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this First Supplemental Indenture to be duly executed, and their respective corporate seals to be hereunto affixed and attested, on the date or dates indicated in the acknowledgments and as of the day and year first above written.

	VRINGO, INC.

	By:
		Name:
		Title:

ATTEST:

By:
	Name:
	Title:

	●, as Trustee

	By:
	Name:
	Title:

EXHIBIT A

(FORM OF SECURITY)

Exhibit 10.6

EXECUTION VERSION

SECURITY AGREEMENT

This SECURITY AGREEMENT (this “ Agreement ”), dated as of May 4, 2015, is made by and among the grantors listed on the signature pages hereof and those additional entities that hereafter become parties hereto by executing the form of Joinder attached hereto as Exhibit D (collectively, jointly and severally, the “ Grantors ” and each, individually, a “ Grantor ”) in favor of Iroquois Master Fund, L.P., in its capacity as collateral agent (in such capacity the “ Collateral Agent ”) for the Secured Parties (as defined below).

RECITALS

WHEREAS , pursuant to that certain (i) Indenture, dated as of May 4, 2015, by and between Vringo, Inc. (the “ Company ”) and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (the “ Trustee ”), as may be amended or supplemented from time to time, including without limitation, by any Supplemental Indenture (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) (the “ Indenture ”) and (ii) Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 4, 2015 (as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, including all schedules thereto, collectively, the “ Securities Purchase Agreement ”), by and among the Company and the Secured Parties the Company has agreed to sell, and the Secured Parties have each agreed to purchase, severally and not jointly, certain Notes and Warrants;

WHEREAS , the Grantors from time to time (other than the Company) (collectively, the “ Guarantors ”) may execute and deliver one or more Guaranties for the benefit of the Secured Parties;

WHEREAS , each Grantor other than the Company is a direct or indirect wholly-owned Subsidiary of Company and will receive direct and substantial benefits from the purchase by the Secured Parties of the Notes and Warrants; and

WHEREAS , in order to induce the Secured Parties to purchase, severally and not jointly, the Notes and Warrants as provided for in the Indenture and the Securities Purchase Agreement, respectively, Grantors have agreed to grant a continuing security interest in and to the Collateral in order to secure the prompt and complete payment, observance and performance of the Secured Obligations.

AGREEMENTS

NOW, THEREFORE , for and in consideration of the recitals made above and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt, sufficiency and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. Defined Terms . All capitalized terms used herein (including in the preamble and recitals hereof) without definition which are defined in the Indenture, the Notes or the Securities Purchase Agreement shall have the meanings ascribed therein. Any terms used in this Agreement that are defined in the Code shall be construed and defined as set forth in the Code unless otherwise defined herein or in the Indenture, the Notes or the Securities Purchase Agreement; provided, however, if the Code is used to define any term used herein and if such term is defined differently in different Articles of the Code, the definition of such term contained in Article 9 of the Code shall govern.

2. In addition to those terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, as used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

(a) “ Account ” means an account (as that term is defined in the Code).

(b) “ Account Debtor ” means an account debtor (as that term is defined in the Code).

(d) “ Books ” means books and records (including, without limitation, each Grantor’s Records) indicating, summarizing, or evidencing each Grantor’s assets (including the Collateral) or liabilities, each Grantor’s Records relating to its business operations (including, without limitation, stock ledgers) or financial condition, and each Grantor’s goods or General Intangibles related to such information.

(e) “ Chattel Paper ” means chattel paper (as that term is defined in the Code) and includes tangible chattel paper and electronic chattel paper.

(f) “ Code ” means the New York Uniform Commercial Code, as in effect from time to time; provided, however, in the event that, by reason of mandatory provisions of law, any or all of the attachment, perfection, priority, or remedies with respect to any Secured Party’s Lien on any Collateral is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code as enacted and in effect in a jurisdiction other than the State of New York, the term “Code” shall mean the Uniform Commercial Code as enacted and in effect in such other jurisdiction solely for purposes of the provisions thereof relating to such attachment, perfection, priority, or remedies.

(g) “ Collateral ” has the meaning specified therefor in Section 3.

(h) “ Collateral Agency Agreement ” means the Collateral Agency Agreement, dated as of the date hereof, by and among the Secured Parties , the Company and the Collateral Agent.

(i) “ Commercial Tort Claims ” means commercial tort claims (as that term is defined in the Code), and includes those commercial tort claims listed on Schedule 1 attached hereto.

(j) “ Control Agreement ” means a control agreement, in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent, executed and delivered by a Grantor, the Collateral Agent, and the applicable securities intermediary (with respect to a Securities Account) or bank (with respect to a Deposit Account), as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time.

(k) “ Copyrights ” means all copyrights and copyright registrations, and also includes (i) the copyright registrations and recordings thereof and all applications in connection therewith listed on Schedule 2 attached hereto and made a part hereof, (ii) all reissues, continuations, extensions or renewals thereof, (iii) all income, royalties, damages and payments now and hereafter due or payable under and with respect thereto, including payments under all licenses entered into in connection therewith and damages and payments for past or future infringements or dilutions thereof, (iv) the right to sue for past, present and future infringements and dilutions thereof, (v) the goodwill of each Grantor’s business symbolized by the foregoing or connected therewith, and (vi) all of each Grantor’s rights corresponding thereto throughout the world.

(l) “ Copyright Security Agreement ” means each Copyright Security Agreement among Grantors, or any of them in favor of the Collateral Agent, in substantially the form of Exhibit A attached hereto, pursuant to which Grantors have granted to the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, a security interest in all their respective Copyrights, as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time.

(m) “ Deposit Account ” means a deposit account (as that term is defined in the Code).

(n) “ Equipment ” means all equipment (as that term is defined in the Code) in all of its forms of the applicable Grantor, wherever located, and including, without limitation, all machinery, apparatus, installation facilities and other tangible personal property, and all parts thereof and all accessions, additions, attachments, improvements, substitutions, replacements and proceeds thereto and therefor.

(o) “ Event of Default ” has the meaning specified therefor in the Notes.

(p) “ Foreign Currency Controlled Accounts” means any account of the Company or its Subsidiaries holding non-USD deposits.

(q) “ General Intangibles ” means general intangibles (as that term is defined in the Code) and, in any event, includes payment intangibles, contract rights, rights to payment, rights arising under common law, statutes, or regulations, choses or things in action, goodwill (including the goodwill associated with any Trademark, Patent, or Copyright), Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights, URLs and domain names, industrial designs, other industrial or Intellectual Property or rights therein or applications therefor, whether under license or otherwise, programs, programming materials, blueprints, drawings, purchase orders, customer lists, monies due or recoverable from pension funds, route lists, rights to payment and other rights under any royalty or licensing agreements, including Intellectual Property Licenses, infringement claims, computer programs, information contained on computer disks or tapes, software, literature, reports, catalogs, pension plan refunds, pension plan refund claims, insurance premium rebates, tax refunds, and tax refund claims, interests in a partnership or limited liability company which do not constitute a security under Article 8 of the Code, and any other personal property other than Commercial Tort Claims, money, Accounts, Chattel Paper, Deposit Accounts, goods, Investment Related Property, Negotiable Collateral, and oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction.

(r) “ Governmental Authority ” means any domestic or foreign federal, state, local, or other governmental or administrative body, instrumentality, board, department, or agency or any court, tribunal, administrative hearing body, arbitration panel, commission, or other similar dispute-resolving panel or body.

(s) “ Guaranty ” means any guaranty or similar agreement now or hereafter executed by a Guarantor in favor of any or all of the Secured Parties in connection with the Notes or any of the other Transaction Documents, as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, and all of the foregoing are collectively referred to herein as the “ Guaranties .”

(t) “ Guarantor ” means each Grantor, other than the Company, and each other Person that now or hereafter executes a Guaranty.

(u) “ Insolvency Proceeding ” means any proceeding commenced by or against any Person under any provision of the Bankruptcy Code or under any other state or federal bankruptcy or insolvency law or any equivalent laws in any other jurisdiction, assignments for the benefit of creditors, formal or informal moratoria, compositions, extensions generally with creditors, or proceedings seeking reorganization, arrangement, or other similar relief.

(v) “ Intellectual Property ” means Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, the goodwill associated with such Trademarks, trade secrets and customer lists, and Intellectual Property Licenses.

(w) “ Intellectual Property Licenses ” means rights under or interests in any patent, trademark, copyright or other intellectual property, including software license agreements with any other party, whether the applicable Grantor is a licensee or licensor under any such license agreement, including the license agreements listed on Schedule 3 attached hereto and made a part hereof, as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time.

(x) “ Inventory ” means all inventory (as that term is defined in the Code) in all of its forms of the applicable Grantor, wherever located, including, without limitation, (i) all goods in which the applicable Grantor has an interest in mass or a joint or other interest or right of any kind (including goods in which the applicable Grantor has an interest or right as consignee), and (ii) all goods which are returned to or repossessed by the applicable Grantor, and all accessions thereto, products thereof and documents therefor.

(y) “ Investment Related Property ” means (i) investment property (as that term is defined in the Code), and (ii) all of the following (regardless of whether classified as investment property under the Code): all Pledged Interests, Pledged Operating Agreements, and Pledged Partnership Agreements.

(z) " Joinder " means each Joinder to this Agreement executed and delivered by Collateral Agent and each of the other parties listed on the signature pages thereto, in substantially the form of Exhibit D .

(aa) “ Lien ” has the meaning specified therefor in the Notes.

(bb) “ Negotiable Collateral ” means letters of credit, letter-of-credit rights, instruments, promissory notes, drafts, and documents.

(cc) “ Notes ” has the meaning specified therefor in the Securities Purchase Agreement.

(dd) “ Patents ” means all patents and patent applications, and also includes (i) the patents and patent applications listed on Schedule 4 attached hereto and made a part hereof, (ii) all renewals thereof, (iii) all income, royalties, damages and payments now and hereafter due or payable under and with respect thereto, including payments under all licenses entered into in connection therewith and damages and payments for past or future infringements or dilutions thereof, (iv) the right to sue for past, present and future infringements and dilutions thereof, and (v) all of each Grantor’s rights corresponding thereto throughout the world.

(ee) “ Patent Security Agreement ” means each Patent Security Agreement among Grantors in favor of the Collateral Agent, in substantially the form of Exhibit B attached hereto, pursuant to which Grantors have granted to the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, a security interest in all their respective Patents, as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time.

(ff) “ Permitted Liens ” has the meaning specified therefor in the Notes.

(gg) “ Person ” has the meaning specified therefor in the Securities Purchase Agreement.

(hh) “ Pledged Companies ” means, each Person listed on Schedule 5 hereto as a “Pledged Company,” together with each other Person all or a portion of whose Stock is acquired or otherwise owned by a Grantor after the date hereof.

(ii) “ Pledged Interests ” means all of each Grantor’s right, title and interest in and to all of the Stock now or hereafter owned by such Grantor, regardless of class or designation, including all substitutions therefor and replacements thereof, all proceeds thereof and all rights relating thereto, also including any certificates representing the Stock, the right to receive any certificates representing any of the Stock, all warrants, options, share appreciation rights and other rights, contractual or otherwise, in respect thereof, and the right to receive dividends, distributions of income, profits, surplus, or other compensation by way of income or liquidating distributions, in cash or in kind, and cash, instruments, and other property from time to time received, receivable, or otherwise distributed in respect of or in addition to, in substitution of, on account of, or in exchange for any or all of the foregoing.

(jj) “ Pledged Operating Agreements ” means all of each Grantor’s rights, powers, and remedies under the limited liability company operating agreements of each of the Pledged Companies that are limited liability companies, as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time.

(kk) “ Pledged Partnership Agreements ” means all of each Grantor’s rights, powers, and remedies under the partnership agreements of each of the Pledged Companies that are partnerships, as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time.

(ll) “ Proceeds ” has the meaning specified therefor in Section 3.

(mm) “ Real Property ” means any estates or interests in real property now owned or hereafter acquired by any Grantor and the improvements thereto.

(nn) “ Records ” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or which is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.

(oo) “ Secured Obligations ” mean all of the present and future payment and performance obligations of Grantors arising under this Agreement, the Notes, the Guaranties, and the other Transaction Documents, including, without duplication, reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses and any interest, fees, or expenses that accrue after the filing of an Insolvency Proceeding, regardless of whether allowed or allowable in whole or in part as a claim in any Insolvency Proceeding.

(pp) “ Secured Parties ” mean collectively, the Collateral Agent and each of the “buyers” identified on the schedule of Buyers attached to the Securities Purchase Agreement and each of their respective successors and assigns.

(qq) “ Securities Account ” means a securities account (as that term is defined in the Code).

(rr) “ Security Documents ” means, collectively, this Agreement, each Copyright Security Agreement, each Patent Security Agreement, each Trademark Security Agreement, each Control Agreement, and each other security agreement, pledge agreement, assignment, mortgage, security deed, deed of trust, and other agreement or document executed and delivered by a Grantor as security for any of the Secured Obligations, as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time.

(ss) “ Security Interest ” and “ Security Interests ” have the meanings specified therefor in Section 3.

(tt) “ Stock ” means all shares, options, warrants, interests (including, without limitation, membership and partnership interests), participations, or other equivalents (regardless of how designated) of or in a Person, whether voting or nonvoting, including common stock, preferred stock, or any other “equity security” (as such term is defined in Rule 3a11-1 of the General Rules and Regulations promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and any successor thereto under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as in effect from time to time).

(uu) “ Subsidiaries ” and “ Subsidiary ” each have the meanings specified therefor in the Notes.

(vv) “ Supporting Obligations ” means supporting obligations (as such term is defined in the Code).

(ww) “ Trademarks ” means all trademarks, trade names, trademark applications, service marks, service mark applications, and also includes (i) the trade names, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, and service mark applications listed on Schedule 6 attached hereto and made a part hereof, and (ii) all renewals thereof, (iii) all income, royalties, damages and payments now and hereafter due or payable under and with respect thereto, including payments under all licenses entered into in connection therewith and damages and payments for past or future infringements or dilutions thereof, (iv) the right to sue for past, present and future infringements and dilutions thereof, (v) the goodwill of each Grantor’s business symbolized by the foregoing or connected therewith, and (vi) all of each Grantor’s rights corresponding thereto throughout the world.

(xx) “ Trademark Security Agreement ” means each Trademark Security Agreement among Grantors in favor of the Collateral Agent in substantially the form of Exhibit C attached hereto, pursuant to which Grantors have granted to the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, a security interest in all their respective Trademarks.

(yy) “ Transaction Documents ” has the meaning specified therefor in the Securities Purchase Agreement.

(zz) “ URL ” means “uniform resource locator,” an internet web address.

(aaa) “ Warrants ” has the meaning specified therefor in the Securities Purchase Agreement.

3. Grant of Security . Each Grantor hereby unconditionally grants, assigns, and pledges to the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, a separate, continuing security interest (each, a “ Security Interest ” and, collectively, the “ Security Interests ”) in substantially all of the assets of such Grantor in the United States (excluding Real Property) whether now owned or hereafter acquired or arising and wherever located (collectively, the “ Collateral ”), including, without limitation, such Grantor’s right, title, and interest in and to the following, whether now owned or hereafter acquired or arising and wherever located in the United States:

(a) all of such Grantor’s Accounts;

(b) all of such Grantor’s Books;

(d) all of such Grantor’s Deposit Accounts;

(e) all of such Grantor’s Equipment and fixtures;

(f) all of such Grantor’s General Intangibles;

(g) all of such Grantor’s Inventory;

(h) all of such Grantor’s Investment Related Property;

(i) all of such Grantor’s Negotiable Collateral;

(j) all of such Grantor’s rights in respect of Supporting Obligations;

(k) all of such Grantor’s Commercial Tort Claims;

(l) all of such Grantor’s money, cash, cash equivalents, or other assets of each such Grantor that now or hereafter come into the possession, custody, or control of any Secured Party;

(m) all of the proceeds and products, whether tangible or intangible, of any of the foregoing, including proceeds of insurance or Commercial Tort Claims covering or relating to any or all of the foregoing, and any and all Accounts, Books, Chattel Paper, Deposit Accounts, Equipment, General Intangibles, Inventory, Investment Related Property, Negotiable Collateral, Supporting Obligations, money, or other tangible or intangible property resulting from the sale, lease, license, exchange, collection, or other disposition of any of the foregoing, the proceeds of any award in condemnation with respect to any of the foregoing, any rebates or refunds, whether for taxes or otherwise, and all proceeds of any such proceeds, or any portion thereof or interest therein, and the proceeds thereof, and all proceeds of any loss of, damage to, or destruction of the above, whether insured or not insured, and, to the extent not otherwise included, any indemnity, warranty, or guaranty payable by reason of loss or damage to, or otherwise with respect to any of the foregoing (the “ Proceeds ”). Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the term “Proceeds” includes whatever is receivable or received when Investment Related Property or proceeds are sold, exchanged, collected, or otherwise disposed of, whether such disposition is voluntary or involuntary, and includes proceeds of any indemnity or guaranty payable to any Grantor or any Secured Party from time to time with respect to any of the Investment Related Property.

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the term “ Collateral ” shall not include, any Subsidiary of such Grantor organized under the laws of a jurisdiction other than the United States, any of the states thereof or the District of Columbia (a “ Foreign Subsidiary ”).

4. Security for Obligations . This Agreement and the Security Interests created hereby secure the payment and performance of the Secured Obligations, whether now existing or arising hereafter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, this Agreement secures the payment of all amounts which constitute part of the Secured Obligations and would be owed by Grantors, or any of them, to Secured Parties, or any of them, but for the fact that they are unenforceable or not allowable due to the existence of an Insolvency Proceeding involving any Grantor.

5. Grantors Remain Liable . Anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, (a) each of the Grantors shall remain liable under the contracts and agreements included in the Collateral, including the Pledged Operating Agreements and the Pledged Partnership Agreements, to perform all of the duties and obligations thereunder to the same extent as if this Agreement had not been executed, (b) the exercise by Secured Parties, or any of them, of any of the rights hereunder shall not release any Grantor from any of its duties or obligations under such contracts and agreements included in the Collateral, and (c) no Secured Party shall have any obligation or liability under such contracts and agreements included in the Collateral by reason of this Agreement, nor shall any Secured Party be obligated to perform any of the obligations or duties of any Grantor thereunder or to take any action to collect or enforce any claim for payment assigned hereunder. Until an Event of Default shall occur and be continuing, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document, Grantors shall have the right to possession and enjoyment of the Collateral for the purpose of conducting the ordinary course of their respective businesses, subject to and upon the terms hereof and the other Transaction Documents. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, it is the intention of the parties hereto that record and beneficial ownership of the Pledged Interests, including all voting, consensual, and dividend rights, shall remain in the applicable Grantor until the occurrence of an Event of Default and until the Collateral Agent shall notify the applicable Grantor of Collateral Agent’s exercise of voting, consensual, or dividend rights with respect to the Pledged Interests pursuant to Section 16 hereof.

6. Representations and Warranties . Each Grantor hereby represents and warrants as follows:

(a) The exact legal name of each of the Grantors is set forth on the signature pages of this Agreement.

(b) Schedule 7 attached hereto sets forth (i) all Real Property owned or leased by Grantors, together with all other locations of Collateral, as of the date hereof, and (ii) the chief executive office of each Grantor as of the date hereof.

(c) As of the date hereof, no Grantor has any interest in, or title to, any Copyrights, Intellectual Property Licenses, Patents, or Trademarks except as set forth on Schedules 2, 3, 4 and 6 , respectively, attached hereto. This Agreement is effective to create a valid and continuing Lien on such Copyrights, Intellectual Property Licenses, Patents and Trademarks and, upon filing of the Copyright Security Agreement with the United States Copyright Office and filing of the Patent Security Agreement and the Trademark Security Agreement with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and the filing of appropriate financing statements in the jurisdictions listed on Schedule 8 hereto, all action necessary or desirable to protect and perfect the Security Interests in and to each Grantor’s Patents, Trademarks, or Copyrights has been taken and such perfected Security Interests are enforceable as such as against any and all creditors of and purchasers from any Grantor. No Grantor has any interest in any material Copyright that is necessary in connection with the operation of such Grantor’s business, except for those Copyrights identified on Schedule 2 attached hereto which have been registered with the United States Copyright Office.

(d) This Agreement creates a valid security interest in all of the Collateral of each Grantor, to the extent a security interest therein can be created under the Code, securing the payment of the Secured Obligations. Except to the extent a security interest in the Collateral cannot be perfected by the filing of a financing statement under the Code, all filings and other actions necessary or desirable to perfect and protect such security interest have been duly taken or will have been taken upon the filing of financing statements listing each applicable Grantor, as a debtor, and Collateral Agent, as secured party, in the jurisdictions listed next to such Grantor’s name on Schedule 8 attached hereto. Upon the making of such filings, Collateral Agent shall each have a first priority perfected security interest in all of the Collateral of each Grantor to the extent such security interest can be perfected by the filing of a financing statement. All action by any Grantor necessary to protect and perfect such security interest on each item of Collateral has been duly taken or will be duly taken pursuant to the terms hereunder.

(e) (i) Except for the Security Interests created hereby, such Grantor is and will at all times be the sole holder of record and the legal and beneficial owner, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, of the Pledged Interests indicated on Schedule 5 as being owned by such Grantor and, when acquired by such Grantor, any Pledged Interests acquired after the date hereof; (ii) all of the Pledged Interests are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and the Pledged Interests constitute or will constitute the percentage of the issued and outstanding Stock of the Pledged Companies of such Grantor identified on Schedule 5 hereto; (iii) such Grantor has the right and requisite authority to pledge all Investment Related Property pledged by such Grantor to the Collateral Agent as provided herein; (iv) all actions necessary or desirable to perfect, establish the first priority of, or otherwise protect, Collateral Agent’s Liens in the Investment Related Property pledged hereunder, and the proceeds thereof, have been or will be duly taken, (A) upon the execution and delivery of this Agreement; (B) if requested by the Collateral Agent, upon the taking of possession by Collateral Agent of any certificates constituting the Pledged Interests, to the extent such Pledged Interests are represented by certificates, together with undated powers endorsed in blank by the applicable Grantor; and (C) upon the filing of financing statements in the applicable jurisdiction set forth on Schedule 8 attached hereto for such Grantor with respect to the Pledged Interests of such Grantor that are not represented by certificates, and (iv) if requested by the Collateral Agent, each Grantor has delivered to and deposited with the Collateral Agent (or, with respect to any Pledged Interests created or obtained after the date hereof, will deliver and deposit in accordance with Sections 7(a) and 9 hereof) all certificates representing the Pledged Interests now or hereafter owned by such Grantor to the extent such Pledged Interests are represented by certificates, and undated powers endorsed in blank with respect to such certificates. None of the Pledged Interests owned or held by such Grantor has been issued or transferred in violation of any securities registration, securities disclosure, or similar laws of any jurisdiction to which such issuance or transfer may be subject.

(f) Notwithstanding the foregoing and anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Pledged Interests shall not include Stock and any other securities of a Subsidiary to the extent that the pledge of such Stock or other securities results in the Grantor being required to file separate financial statements of such Subsidiary with the SEC (or any other governmental agency), but only to the extent necessary to not be subject to such requirement and only for so long as such requirement is in existence. In addition, in the event that Rule 3-16 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act is amended, modified or interpreted by the SEC to require (or is replaced with another rule or regulation or another law, rule or regulation is adopted which would require) the filing with the SEC (or another governmental agency) of separate financial statements of any Subsidiary due to the fact that the Subsidiary’s Stock or other securities secure any Secured Obligations, then the Stock or other securities of such Subsidiary will automatically be deemed to be excluded from the Collateral, but only to the extent necessary to not be subject to such requirement and only for so long as is required to not be subject to such requirement. In such event, this Agreement may be amended or modified, without the consent of any Secured Party, to the extent necessary to release the security interests in the Pledged Interests or other securities that are so deemed to be excluded from the Collateral. In the event that Rule 3-16 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act is amended, modified or interpreted by the SEC to permit (or is replaced with another rule or regulation, or any other law, rule or regulation is adopted which would permit) such Subsidiary’s Stock or other securities to secure the Secured Obligations in excess of the amount then pledged without the filing with the SEC (or any other governmental agency) of separate financial statements of such Subsidiary, then the Stock or other securities of such Subsidiary will automatically be deemed to no longer be excluded from the Collateral, but only to the extent necessary to not be subject to any such financial statement requirement.

(g) No consent, approval, authorization, or other order or other action by, and no notice to or filing with, any Governmental Authority or any other Person is required (i) for the grant of a Security Interest by such Grantor in and to the Collateral pursuant to this Agreement or for the execution, delivery, or performance of this Agreement by such Grantor, or (ii) for the exercise by the Collateral Agent of the voting or other rights provided in this Agreement with respect to Investment Related Property pledged hereunder or the remedies in respect of the Collateral pursuant to this Agreement, except (A) as may be required in connection with such disposition of Investment Related Property by laws affecting the offering and sale of securities generally and (B) for any consent that may be required for the assignment of any Intellectual Property License that expressly provides that such Intellectual Property License is not assignable (or is not assignable without the consent of the other party to such Intellectual Property License).

(h) Schedule 9 contains a complete and accurate list of all of each Grantor’s Deposit Accounts and Securities Accounts, including, without limitation, with respect to each bank or securities intermediary (a) the name and address of such Person and (b) the account numbers of such accounts maintained with such Person.

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, the disclosures set forth on the Schedules referenced in Section 6 above shall be limited to assets located in the United States.

7. Covenants . Each Grantor, jointly and severally, covenants and agrees with the Collateral Agent that from and after the date of this Agreement and until the date of termination of this Agreement in accordance with Section 24 hereof (but only to the extent the particular assets described in this Section 7 constitute Collateral hereunder):

(a) Possession of Collateral . In the event that any Collateral, including proceeds, is evidenced by or consists of Negotiable Collateral, Investment Related Property, or Chattel Paper, in each case valued in an amount in excess of $50,000, and if and to the extent that perfection or priority of the Collateral Agent’s Security Interests is dependent on or enhanced by possession, the applicable Grantor, immediately upon the request of the Collateral Agent, shall execute such other documents and instruments as shall be requested by the Collateral Agent or, if applicable, endorse and deliver physical possession of such Negotiable Collateral, Investment Related Property, or Chattel Paper to the Collateral Agent, together with such undated powers endorsed in blank as shall be requested by the Collateral Agent.

(b) Chattel Paper .

(i) Upon the request of the Collateral Agent, each Grantor shall take all steps reasonably necessary to grant the Collateral Agent control of all Chattel Paper in excess of $50,000 in accordance with the and all “transferable records” as that term is defined in Section 16 of the Uniform Electronic Purchase Act and Section 201 of the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act as in effect in any relevant jurisdiction; and

(ii) If any Grantor retains possession of any Chattel Paper or instruments in excess of $50,000 in each case (which retention of possession shall be subject to the extent permitted hereby and by the Securities Purchase Agreement), promptly upon the request of the Collateral Agent, such Chattel Paper and instruments shall be marked with the following legend: “This writing and the obligations evidenced or secured hereby are subject to the Security Interests of Iroquois Master Fund, L.P. as Collateral Agent.”

(c) Control Agreements . Upon the request of the Collateral Agent, (A) each Grantor shall cause each bank and other financial institution with an account referred to in Schedule 9 hereto (each such account, a “Controlled Account” ) other than any Foreign Currency Controlled Accounts, to execute and deliver to the Collateral Agent a Control Agreement, in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent, duly executed by each Grantor and such bank or financial institution, or enter into other arrangements in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent, pursuant to which such institution shall irrevocably agree, inter alia , subject to Section 14(t) of each Note, with respect to each Deposit Account, that (i) it will comply at any time with the instructions originated by the Collateral Agent to such bank or financial institution directing the disposition of cash, securities, Investment Related Property and other items from time to time credited to such account, without further consent of each Grantor, (ii) all securities, Investment Related Property and other items of each Grantor deposited with such institution shall be subject to a perfected, first priority security interest in favor of the Collateral Agent, (iii) any right of set off (other than recoupment of standard fees), banker’s Lien or other similar Lien, security interest or encumbrance shall be fully waived as against the Collateral Agent, and (iv) upon receipt of written notice from the Collateral Agent during the continuance of an Event of Default, such bank or financial institution shall immediately send to the Collateral Agent by wire transfer (to such account as the Collateral Agent shall specify, or in such other manner as the Collateral Agent shall direct) all such cash, the value of any securities, Investment Related Property and other items held by it. Without the prior written consent of the Collateral Agent, no Grantor shall create or maintain any Deposit Account or Securities Account except for the accounts set forth in Schedule 9 hereto.

(d) Letter-of-Credit Rights . Each Grantor that is or becomes the beneficiary of a letter of credit shall promptly (and in any event within 2 Business Days after becoming a beneficiary) notify the Collateral Agent thereof and, upon the request by the Collateral Agent, enter into a multi-party agreement with the Collateral Agent and the issuing or confirming bank with respect to letter-of-credit rights assigning such letter-of-credit rights to the Collateral Agent and directing all payments thereunder to the Collateral Agent, all in form and substance satisfactory to the Collateral Agent.

(e) Commercial Tort Claims . Each Grantor shall promptly (and in any event within two (2) Business Days of receipt thereof) notify the Collateral Agent in writing upon incurring or otherwise obtaining a Commercial Tort Claim after the date hereof and, upon request of the Collateral Agent, promptly amend Schedule 1 to this Agreement to describe such after-acquired Commercial Tort Claim in a manner that reasonably identifies such Commercial Tort Claim, and hereby authorizes the filing of additional financing statements or amendments to existing financing statements describing such Commercial Tort Claims, and agrees to do such other acts or things deemed necessary or desirable by the Collateral Agent to give the Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, a first priority, perfected security interest in any such Commercial Tort Claim.

(f) Government Contracts . If any Account or Chattel Paper arises out of a contract or contracts with the United States of America, or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof, Grantors shall promptly (and in any event within 2 Business Days of the creation thereof) notify the Collateral Agent thereof in writing and execute any instruments or take any steps reasonably required by the Collateral Agent in order that all moneys due or to become due under such contract or contracts shall be assigned to the Collateral Agent, and shall provide written notice thereof and take all other appropriate actions under the Assignment of Claims Act or other applicable law to provide the Collateral Agent a first-priority perfected security interest in such contract.

(g) Intellectual Property .

(i) In order to facilitate filings with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the United States Copyright Office or any other applicable Governmental Authority, each Grantor shall execute and deliver to the Collateral Agent one or more Copyright Security Agreements, Trademark Security Agreements, or Patent Security Agreements to further evidence the Collateral Agent’s Liens on such Grantor’s Copyrights, Trademarks or Patents.

(ii) Each Grantor shall have the duty (A) to promptly sue for infringement, misappropriation, or dilution with respect to its rights in Intellectual Property to the extent such Intellectual Property is material (as determined by such Grantor) to the business of such Grantor, and to recover any and all damages for such infringement, misappropriation, or dilution, (B) to prosecute diligently any material (as determined by such Grantor) trademark application or service mark application that is part of the Trademarks pending as of the date hereof or hereafter until the termination of this Agreement, (C) to prosecute diligently any patent application that is material (as determined by such Grantor) to the business of such Grantor that is part of the Patents pending as of the date hereof or hereafter until the termination of this Agreement, and (D) to take all reasonable and necessary action to preserve and maintain all of each Grantor’s material Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights, Intellectual Property Licenses, necessary to such Grantor’s business and its rights therein, including the filing of applications for renewal, affidavits of use, affidavits of noncontestability and opposition and interference and cancellation proceedings. Each Grantor shall promptly file an application with the United States Copyright Office for any Copyright that is material to the business of such Grantor and that has not been registered with the United States Copyright Office. Each Grantor shall promptly file an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for any Patent or Trademark that is material to the business of such Grantor and that has not been registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Any expenses incurred in connection with the foregoing shall be borne by Grantors. Each Grantor further agrees not to abandon any Trademark, Patent, Copyright, or Intellectual Property License that is material to the business of such Grantor.

(iii) Grantors acknowledge and agree that the Collateral Agent shall have no duties with respect to the Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights, or Intellectual Property Licenses. Without limiting the generality of this Section 7(g), Grantors acknowledge and agree that the Collateral Agent shall not be under any obligation to take any steps necessary to preserve rights in the Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights, or Intellectual Property Licenses against any other Person, but the Collateral Agent may do so at its option from and after the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, and all expenses incurred in connection therewith (including fees and expenses of attorneys and other professionals) shall be for the sole account of the Grantors and shall be deemed to be Secured Obligations.

(h) Investment Related Property .

(i) If any Grantor shall receive or become entitled to receive any Pledged Interests after the date hereof, it shall promptly (and in any event within 2 Business Days of receipt thereof) identify such Pledged Interests in a written notice to the Collateral Agent;

(ii) Grantors shall notify the Collateral Agent of all sums of money and property paid or distributed in respect of the Investment Related Property pledged hereunder which are received by any Grantor, and if so requested by the Collateral Agent, shall be held by the Grantors in trust for the benefit of the Collateral Agent;

(iii) Upon request of the Collateral Agent, each Grantor shall promptly deliver to the Collateral Agent a copy of each notice or other communication received by it in respect of any Pledged Interests;

(iv) No Grantor shall make or consent to any material amendment or other modification or waiver with respect to any Pledged Interests, Pledged Operating Agreement, or Pledged Partnership Agreement, or enter into any agreement or permit to exist any restriction with respect to any Pledged Interests;

(v) Each Grantor agrees that it will cooperate with the Collateral Agent in obtaining all necessary approvals and making all necessary filings under federal, state, local, or foreign law in connection with the Security Interests on the Investment Related Property pledged hereunder or any sale or transfer thereof; and

(vi) As to all limited liability company or partnership interests issued under any Pledged Operating Agreement or Pledged Partnership Agreement, each Grantor hereby represents, warrants and covenants that the Pledged Interests issued pursuant to such agreement (A) are not and shall not be dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or in securities markets, (B) do not and will not constitute investment company securities, and (C) are not and will not be held by such Grantor in a securities account. In addition, none of the Pledged Operating Agreements, the Pledged Partnership Agreements, or any other agreements governing any of the Pledged Interests issued under any Pledged Operating Agreement or Pledged Partnership Agreement, provide or shall provide that such Pledged Interests are securities governed by Article 8 of the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect in any relevant jurisdiction.

(i) Transfers and Other Liens . Grantors shall not (i) sell, lease, license, assign (by operation of law or otherwise), transfer or otherwise dispose of, or grant any option with respect to, any of the Collateral, except as expressly permitted by this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents, or (ii) create or permit to exist any Lien upon or with respect to any of the Collateral of any of Grantors, except for Permitted Liens. The inclusion of Proceeds in the Collateral shall not be deemed to constitute consent by the Collateral Agent to any sale or other disposition of any of the Collateral except as expressly permitted in this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, Permitted Liens shall not be permitted with respect to any Pledged Interests.

(j) Preservation of Existence . Each Grantor shall maintain and preserve its existence, rights and privileges, and become or remain duly qualified and in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the character of the properties owned or leased by it or in which the transaction of its business makes such qualification necessary.

(k) Maintenance of Properties . Each Grantor shall maintain and preserve all of its properties which are necessary in the proper conduct of its business in good working order and condition, ordinary wear and tear excepted, and comply at all times with the material provisions of all leases to which it is a party as lessee or under which it occupies property, so as to prevent any loss or forfeiture thereof or thereunder.

(l) Maintenance of Insurance . Each Grantor shall maintain insurance with responsible and reputable insurance companies or associations (including, without limitation, comprehensive general liability, property, hazard, rent and business interruption insurance) with respect to all of its assets and properties (including, without limitation, all real properties leased or owned by it and any and all Inventory and Equipment) and business, in such amounts and covering such risks as is required by any governmental authority having jurisdiction with respect thereto or as is carried generally in accordance with sound business practice by companies in similar businesses similarly situated, in each case, acceptable to the Collateral Agent.

(m) Other Actions as to Any and All Collateral . Each Grantor shall promptly (and in any event within ten (10) Business Days of acquiring or obtaining such Collateral) notify the Collateral Agent in writing upon (i) acquiring or otherwise obtaining any Collateral after the date hereof consisting of Trademarks, Patents, registered Copyrights, Intellectual Property Licenses, Investment Related Property, Chattel Paper (electronic, tangible or otherwise), promissory notes (as defined in the Code, or instruments (as defined in the Code) or (ii) any amount payable under or in connection with any of the Collateral being or becoming evidenced after the date hereof by any Chattel Paper, promissory notes, or instruments and, in each such case upon the request of the Collateral Agent, promptly execute such other documents, or if applicable, deliver such Chattel Paper (if such Chattel Paper holds a value in excess of $50,000), other documents or certificates evidencing any Investment Related Property and do such other acts or things deemed necessary or desirable by the Collateral Agent to protect the Collateral Agent’s Security Interests therein.

8. Relation to Other Transaction Documents . The provisions of this Agreement shall be read and construed with the Transaction Documents referred to below in the manner so indicated.

(a) Indenture, Securities Purchase Agreement and Notes . In the event of any conflict between any provision in this Agreement and any provision in the Indenture, Securities Purchase Agreement or Notes, such provision of the Indenture, Securities Purchase Agreement or Notes shall control, except to the extent the applicable provision in this Agreement is more restrictive with respect to the rights of Grantors or imposes more burdensome or additional obligations on Grantors, in which event the applicable provision in this Agreement shall control.

(b) Patent, Trademark, Copyright Security Agreements . The provisions of the Copyright Security Agreements, Trademark Security Agreements, and Patent Security Agreements are supplemental to the provisions of this Agreement, and nothing contained in the Copyright Security Agreements, Trademark Security Agreements or the Patent Security Agreements shall limit any of the rights or remedies of the Collateral Agent hereunder.

9. Further Assurances .

(a) Each Grantor agrees that from time to time, at its own expense, such Grantor will promptly execute and deliver all further instruments and documents, and take all further action, that may be necessary or that the Collateral Agent may reasonably request, in order to perfect and protect the Security Interests granted or purported to be granted hereby or to enable the Collateral Agent to exercise and enforce its rights and remedies hereunder with respect to any of the Collateral.

(b) Each Grantor authorizes the filing by the Collateral Agent of financing or continuation statements, or amendments thereto, and such Grantor will execute and deliver to the Collateral Agent such other instruments or notices, as may be necessary or as the Collateral Agent may reasonably request, in order to perfect and preserve the Security Interests granted or purported to be granted hereby.

(c) Each Grantor authorizes the Collateral Agent at any time and from time to time to file, transmit, or communicate, as applicable, financing statements and amendments (i) describing the Collateral as “all personal property of debtor” or “all assets of debtor” or words of similar effect, (ii) describing the Collateral as being of equal or lesser scope or with greater detail, or (iii) that contain any information required by part 5 of Article 9 of the Code for the sufficiency or filing office acceptance. Each Grantor also hereby ratifies any and all financing statements or amendments previously filed by the Collateral Agent in any jurisdiction.

(d) Each Grantor acknowledges that it is not authorized to file any financing statement or amendment or termination statement with respect to any financing statement filed in connection with this Agreement without the prior written consent of the Collateral Agent, subject to such Grantor’s rights under Section 9-509(d)(2) of the Code.

(e) Each Grantor shall permit the Collateral Agent or its employees, accountants, attorneys or agents, to examine and inspect any Collateral or any other property of such Grantor at any time during ordinary business hours upon reasonable notice.

10. The Collateral Agent’s Right to Perform Contracts, Exercise Rights, etc . Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, the Collateral Agent (a) may proceed to perform any and all of the obligations of any Grantor contained in any contract, lease, or other agreement and exercise any and all rights of any Grantor therein contained as fully as such Grantor itself could, (b) shall have the right to use any Grantor’s rights under Intellectual Property Licenses in connection with the enforcement of the Collateral Agent’s rights hereunder, including the right to prepare for sale and sell any and all Inventory and Equipment now or hereafter owned by any Grantor and now or hereafter covered by such licenses, and (c) shall have the right to request that any Stock that is pledged hereunder be registered in the name of the Collateral Agent or any of its nominees.

11. Collateral Agent Appointed Attorney-in-Fact . Each Grantor, on behalf of itself and each Subsidiary of such Grantor, hereby irrevocably appoints the Collateral Agent as the attorney-in-fact of such Grantor and each such Subsidiary solely for the purposes set forth in this section. In the event any Grantor or any such Subsidiary fails to execute or deliver in a timely manner any Transaction Document or other agreement, document, certificate or instrument which such Grantor or Subsidiary now or at any time hereafter is required to execute or deliver pursuant to the terms of the Indenture, Securities Purchase Agreement or any other Transaction Document, the Collateral Agent shall have full authority in the place and stead of such Grantor or such Subsidiary, and in the name of such Grantor, such Subsidiary or otherwise, to execute and deliver each of the foregoing. Without limitation of the foregoing, the Collateral Agent shall have full authority in the place and stead of each Grantor and each such Subsidiary, and in the name of any such Grantor, any such Subsidiary or otherwise, at such time as an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, to take any action and to execute any instrument which the Collateral Agent may reasonably deem necessary or advisable to accomplish the purposes of this Agreement, including, without limitation:

(a) to ask, demand, collect, sue for, recover, compromise, receive and give acquittance and receipts for moneys due and to become due under or in connection with any Collateral of such Grantor or such Subsidiary;

(b) to receive and open all mail addressed to such Grantor or such Subsidiary and to notify postal authorities to change the address for the delivery of mail to such Grantor or such Subsidiary to that of the Collateral Agent;

(d) to file any claims or take any action or institute any proceedings which the Collateral Agent may deem necessary or desirable for the collection of any of the Collateral of such Grantor or such Subsidiary or otherwise to enforce the rights of the Collateral Agent with respect to any of the Collateral;

(e) to repair, alter, or supply goods, if any, necessary to fulfill in whole or in part the purchase order of any Person obligated to such Grantor or such Subsidiary in respect of any Account of such Grantor or such Subsidiary;

(f) to use any labels, Patents, Trademarks, trade names, URLs, domain names, industrial designs, Copyrights, customer lists, advertising matter or other industrial or intellectual property rights, in advertising for sale and selling Inventory and other Collateral and to collect any amounts due under Accounts, contracts or Negotiable Collateral of such Grantor or such Subsidiary; and

(g) the Collateral Agent shall have the right, but shall not be obligated, to bring suit in its own name to enforce the Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights and Intellectual Property Licenses and, if the Collateral Agent shall commence any such suit, the appropriate Grantor or such Subsidiary shall, at the request of the Collateral Agent, do any and all lawful acts and execute any and all proper documents reasonably required by the Collateral Agent in aid of such enforcement.

To the extent permitted by law, each Grantor hereby ratifies, for itself and each of its Subsidiaries, all that such attorney-in-fact shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Such power-of-attorney granted pursuant to this Section 11 is coupled with an interest and shall be irrevocable until this Agreement is terminated.

12. Collateral Agent May Perform . If any Grantor fails to perform any agreement contained herein, the Collateral Agent may itself perform, or cause performance of, such agreement, and the reasonable expenses of the Collateral Agent incurred in connection therewith shall be payable, jointly and severally, by Grantors.

13. Collateral Agent’s Duties; Bailee for Perfection . The powers conferred on the Collateral Agent hereunder are solely to protect the Collateral Agent’s interests in the Collateral and shall not impose any duty upon the Collateral Agent in favor of any Grantor or any other Secured Party to exercise any such powers. Except for the safe custody of any Collateral in its actual possession and the accounting for moneys actually received by it hereunder, the Collateral Agent shall have any duty to any Grantor or any other Secured Party as to any Collateral or as to the taking of any necessary steps to preserve rights against prior parties or any other rights pertaining to any Collateral. The Collateral Agent shall be deemed to have exercised reasonable care in the custody and preservation of any Collateral in its actual possession if such Collateral is accorded treatment substantially equal to that which the Collateral Agent accords its own property.

14. Collection of Accounts, General Intangibles and Negotiable Collateral . At any time upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an Event of Default, the Collateral Agent may (a) notify Account Debtors of any Grantor that the Accounts, General Intangibles, Chattel Paper or Negotiable Collateral have been assigned to the Collateral Agent or that the Collateral Agent has a security interest therein, and (b) collect the Accounts, General Intangibles and Negotiable Collateral directly, and any collection costs and expenses shall constitute part of the Secured Obligations.

15. Disposition of Pledged Interests by the Collateral Agent . None of the Pledged Interests existing as of the date of this Agreement are, and none of the Pledged Interests hereafter acquired on the date of acquisition thereof will be, registered or qualified under the various federal, state or other securities laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction, and disposition thereof after an Event of Default may be restricted to one or more private (instead of public) sales in view of the lack of such registration. Each Grantor understands that in connection with such disposition, the Collateral Agent may approach only a restricted number of potential purchasers and further understands that a sale under such circumstances may yield a lower price for the Pledged Interests than if the Pledged Interests were registered and qualified pursuant to federal, state and other securities laws and sold on the open market. Each Grantor, therefore, agrees that: (a) if the Collateral Agent shall, pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, sell or cause the Pledged Interests or any portion thereof to be sold at a private sale, the Collateral Agent shall have the right to rely upon the advice and opinion of any nationally recognized brokerage or investment firm (but shall not be obligated to seek such advice and the failure to do so shall not be considered in determining the commercial reasonableness of such action) as to the best manner in which to offer the Pledged Interest or any portion thereof for sale and as to the best price reasonably obtainable at the private sale thereof; and (b) such reliance shall be conclusive evidence that the Collateral Agent has handled the disposition in a commercially reasonable manner.

16. Voting Rights .

(a) Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an Event of Default, (i) the Collateral Agent may, at its option, and with 2 Business Days prior notice to any Grantor, and in addition to all rights and remedies available to the Collateral Agent under any other agreement, at law, in equity, or otherwise, exercise all voting rights, and all other ownership or consensual rights in respect of the Pledged Interests owned by such Grantor, but under no circumstances is the Collateral Agent obligated by the terms of this Agreement to exercise such rights, and (ii) if the Collateral Agent duly exercises its right to vote any of such Pledged Interests, each Grantor hereby appoints the Collateral Agent as such Grantor’s true and lawful attorney-in-fact and IRREVOCABLE PROXY to vote such Pledged Interests in any manner that the Collateral Agent deems advisable for or against all matters submitted or which may be submitted to a vote of shareholders, partners or members, as the case may be. Such power-of-attorney granted pursuant to this Section 16 is coupled with an interest and shall be irrevocable until this Agreement is terminated.

(b) For so long as any Grantor shall have the right to vote the Pledged Interests owned by it, such Grantor covenants and agrees that it will not, without the prior written consent of the Collateral Agent, vote or take any consensual action with respect to such Pledged Interests which would materially or adversely affect the rights of the Collateral Agent exercising the voting rights owned by such Grantor or the value of the Pledged Interests.

17. Remedies . Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default:

(a) The Collateral Agent may exercise in respect of the Collateral, in addition to other rights and remedies provided for herein, in the other Transaction Documents, or otherwise available to it, all the rights and remedies of a secured party on default under the Code or any other applicable law. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, each Grantor expressly agrees that, in any such event, the Collateral Agent without any demand, advertisement, or notice of any kind (except a notice specified below of time and place of public or private sale) to or upon any Grantor or any other Person (all and each of which demands, advertisements and notices are hereby expressly waived to the maximum extent permitted by the Code or by any other applicable law), may take immediate possession of all or any portion of the Collateral and (i) require Grantors to, and each Grantor hereby agrees that it will at its own expense and upon request of the Collateral Agent forthwith, assemble all or part of the Collateral as directed by the Collateral Agent and make it available to the Collateral Agent at one or more locations where such Grantor regularly maintains Inventory, and (ii) without notice except as specified below, sell the Collateral or any part thereof in one or more parcels at public or private sale, at any of the Collateral Agent’s offices or elsewhere, for cash, on credit, and upon such other terms as the Collateral Agent may deem commercially reasonable. Each Grantor agrees that, to the extent notice of sale shall be required by law, at least 10 days notice to any Grantor of the time and place of any public sale or the time after which any private sale is to be made shall constitute reasonable notification and specifically such notice shall constitute a reasonable “authenticated notification of disposition” within the meaning of Section 9-611 of the Code. The Collateral Agent shall not be obligated to make any sale of Collateral regardless of notice of sale having been given. The Collateral Agent may adjourn any public or private sale from time to time by announcement at the time and place fixed therefor, and such sale may, without further notice, be made at the time and place to which it was so adjourned.

(b) The Collateral Agent is hereby granted a license or other right to use, without liability for royalties or any other charge, each Grantor’s labels, Patents, Copyrights, rights of use of any name, trade secrets, trade names, Trademarks, service marks and advertising matter, URLs, domain names, industrial designs, other industrial or intellectual property or any property of a similar nature, whether owned by any Grantor or with respect to which any Grantor has rights under license, sublicense, or other agreements (but only to the extent (i) such license, sublicense or agreement does not prohibit such use by the Collateral Agent and (ii) such Grantor will not be in default under such license, sublicense, or other agreement as a result of such use by the Collateral Agent), as it pertains to the Collateral, in preparing for sale, advertising for sale and selling any Collateral, and each Grantor’s rights under all licenses and all franchise agreements shall inure to the benefit of the Collateral Agent.

(c) Any cash held by the Collateral Agent as Collateral and all proceeds received by the Collateral Agent in respect of any sale of, collection from, or other realization upon all or any part of the Collateral shall be applied against the Secured Obligations in the order set forth in Section 18 hereof. In the event the proceeds of Collateral are insufficient for the Satisfaction in Full of the Secured Obligations (as defined below), each Grantor shall remain jointly and severally liable for any such deficiency.

(d) Each Grantor hereby acknowledges that the Secured Obligations arose out of a commercial transaction, and agrees that if an Event of Default shall occur and be continuing the Collateral Agent shall have the right to an immediate writ of possession without notice of a hearing. The Collateral Agent shall have the right to the appointment of a receiver for the properties and assets of each Grantor, and each Grantor hereby consents to such rights and such appointment and hereby waives any objection such Grantor may have thereto or the right to have a bond or other security posted by the Collateral Agent.

(e) The Collateral Agent may, in addition to other rights and remedies provided for herein, in the other Transaction Documents, or otherwise available to it under applicable law and without the requirement of notice to or upon any Grantor or any other Person (which notice is hereby expressly waived to the maximum extent permitted by the Code or any other applicable law), (i) with respect to any Grantor’s Deposit Accounts in which the Collateral Agent’s Liens are perfected by control under Section 9-104 of the Code, instruct the bank maintaining such Deposit Account for the applicable Grantor to pay the balance of such Deposit Account to or for the benefit of the Collateral Agent, and (ii) with respect to any Grantor’s Securities Accounts in which the Collateral Agent’s Liens are perfected by control under Section 9-106 of the Code, instruct the securities intermediary maintaining such Securities Account for the applicable Grantor to (A) transfer any cash in such Securities Account to or for the benefit of the Collateral Agent, or (B) liquidate any financial assets in such Securities Account that are customarily sold on a recognized market and transfer the cash proceeds thereof to or for the benefit of the Collateral Agent.

18. Application of Proceeds of Collateral. All proceeds of Collateral received by the Collateral Agent shall be applied in such order as the Collateral Agent shall elect, consistent with the provisions of the Collateral Agency Agreement.

19. Remedies Cumulative . Each right, power, and remedy of the Collateral Agent as provided for in this Agreement or in any other Transaction Document or now or hereafter existing at law or in equity or by statute or otherwise shall be cumulative and concurrent and shall be in addition to every other right, power, or remedy provided for in this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents or now or hereafter existing at law or in equity or by statute or otherwise, and the exercise or beginning of the exercise by the Collateral Agent, of any one or more of such rights, powers, or remedies shall not preclude the simultaneous or later exercise by the Collateral Agent of any or all such other rights, powers, or remedies. Each Grantor acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations hereunder will cause irreparable harm to the Collateral Agent and the other Secured Parties and that the remedy at law for any such breach may be inadequate. Each Grantor therefore agrees that, in the event of any breach or any threatened breach, the Collateral Agent shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to an injunction restraining any such breach or any such threatened breach, without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required.

20. Marshaling . The Collateral Agent shall not be required to marshal any present or future collateral security (including but not limited to the Collateral) for, or other assurances of payment of, the Secured Obligations or any of them or to resort to such collateral security or other assurances of payment in any particular order, and all of its rights and remedies hereunder and in respect of such collateral security and other assurances of payment shall be cumulative and in addition to all other rights and remedies, however existing or arising. To the extent that it lawfully may, each Grantor hereby agrees that it will not invoke any law relating to the marshaling of collateral which might cause delay in or impede the enforcement of any of the Collateral Agent’s rights and remedies under this Agreement or under any other instrument creating or evidencing any of the Secured Obligations or under which any of the Secured Obligations is outstanding or by which any of the Secured Obligations is secured or payment thereof is otherwise assured, and, to the extent that it lawfully may, each Grantor hereby irrevocably waives the benefits of all such laws.

21. Indemnity and Expenses .

(a) Without limiting any obligations of Company under the Indenture and the Securities Purchase Agreement, each Grantor agrees to indemnify the Collateral Agent and the other Secured Parties from and against all claims, lawsuits and liabilities (including attorneys’ fees) arising out of or resulting from this Agreement (including enforcement of this Agreement) or any other Transaction Document, except claims, losses or liabilities resulting from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of the party seeking indemnification as determined by a final non-appealable order of a court of competent jurisdiction. This provision shall survive the termination of this Agreement and the Transaction Documents and the Satisfaction in Full of the Secured Obligations.

(b) Grantors, jointly and severally, shall, upon demand, pay to the Collateral Agent all of the costs and expenses which the Collateral Agent may incur in connection with (i) the administration of this Agreement, (ii) the custody, preservation, use or operation of, or, upon an Event of Default, the sale of, collection from, or other realization upon, any of the Collateral in accordance with this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents, (iii) the exercise or enforcement of any of the rights of the Collateral Agent hereunder or (iv) the failure by any Grantor to perform or observe any of the provisions hereof.

22. Merger, Amendments; Etc. THIS AGREEMENT, TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS, REPRESENTS THE FINAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PARTIES SOLELY WITH RESPECT TO THE SUBJECT MATTER HEREOF AND THEREOF AND MAY NOT BE CONTRADICTED BY EVIDENCE OF PRIOR, CONTEMPORANEOUS OR SUBSEQUENT ORAL AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES. THERE ARE NO UNWRITTEN AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE PARTIES. No provision of this Agreement may be amended or waived other than by an instrument in writing signed by each Grantor and the Collateral Agent.

23. Addresses for Notices . All notices and other communications provided for hereunder (a) shall be given in the form and manner set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement and (b) shall be delivered, (i) in the case of notice to any Grantor, by delivery of such notice to the Company at the Company’s address set forth below or at such other address as shall be designated by the Company in a written notice to the Collateral Agent, and (ii) in the case of notice to the Collateral Agent, by delivery of such notice to the Collateral Agent at its address set forth below or at such other address as shall be designated by the Collateral Agent in a written notice to the Company:

If to the Company:

Vringo, Inc.

780 Third Avenue, 12th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Telephone: (646) 532-6778
E-mail: Exec@vringoinc.com
Attention: Andrew Perlman

With a copy (for informational purposes only) to:

Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.

Chrysler Center

666 Third Avenue

New York, NY 10017

Telephone: 212-692-6768
E-mail: krkoch@mintz.com
Attention: Kenneth R. Koch

If to the Collateral Agent:

Iroquois Master Fund Ltd.

205 East 42 ^nd Street – 20 ^th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Telephone: 212-974-3070

Fascimile: 347-408-0969

Attention: Josh Silverman

With a copy (for informational purposes only) to:

Lowenstein Sandler LLP

1251 Avenue of the Americas

New York, New York 10020

Telephone: 646-414-6846

Facsimile: 973-597-2383

Attention: John D. Hogoboom

24. Continuing Security Interests; Assignments under Transaction Documents. This Agreement shall create a continuing security interest in the Collateral in favor of the Collateral Agent and shall (a) remain in full force and effect until Satisfaction in Full of the Secured Obligations, (b) be binding upon each of Grantors, and their respective permitted successors and permitted assigns, and (c) inure to the benefit of, and be enforceable by, the Collateral Agent and the Secured Parties and their respective successors, transferees and assigns. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing clause (c), the Collateral Agent and any Secured Party may, in accordance with the provisions of the Transaction Documents, assign or otherwise transfer all or any portion of its rights and obligations under the Transaction Documents to any other Person, and such other Person shall thereupon become vested with all the benefits in respect thereof granted to the Collateral Agent and the Secured Parties herein or otherwise. Upon Satisfaction in Full of the Secured Obligations, the Security Interests granted hereby shall terminate and all rights to the Collateral shall revert to Grantors or any other Person entitled thereto. At such time, the Collateral Agent will authorize the filing of appropriate termination statements to terminate such Security Interests. No transfer or renewal, extension, assignment, or termination of this Agreement or any other Transaction Document, or any other instrument or document executed and delivered by any Grantor to the Collateral Agent nor any additional loans made by any Secured Party to any Grantor, nor the taking of further security, nor the retaking or re-delivery of the Collateral to Grantors, or any of them, by any Secured Party, nor any other act of Secured Parties, or any of them, shall release any of Grantors from any obligation, except a release or discharge executed in writing by the Collateral Agent. the Collateral Agent shall not by any act, delay, omission or otherwise, be deemed to have waived any of its rights or remedies hereunder, unless such waiver is in writing and signed by the Collateral Agent and then only to the extent therein set forth. A waiver by the Collateral Agent of any right or remedy on any occasion shall not be construed as a bar to the exercise of any such right or remedy which the Collateral Agent would otherwise have had on any other occasion.

25. Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Service of Process; Jury Trial . All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Agreement shall be governed by the internal laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of New York or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in The City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper; provided, however, any suit seeking enforcement against any Collateral or other property may be brought, at the Collateral Agent’s option, in the courts of any jurisdiction where the Collateral Agent elects to bring such action or where such Collateral or other property may be found. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof to such party at the address for such notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Without limitation of the foregoing, each Grantor other than the Company hereby irrevocably appoints the Company as such Grantor’s agent for purposes of receiving and accepting any service of process hereunder or under any of the other Security Documents. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. EACH GRANTOR HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.

26. New Subsidiaries . If pursuant to any Transaction Documents certain Subsidiaries of the Company are required to enter into this Agreement, such Subsidiary shall execute and deliver in favor of Collateral Agent a Joinder to this Agreement in substantially the form of Exhibit D . Upon the execution and delivery of Exhibit D by any such Subsidiary, such Subsidiary shall become a Grantor hereunder with the same force and effect as if originally named as a Grantor herein. The execution and delivery of any instrument adding an additional Grantor as a party to this Agreement shall not require the consent of any Grantor hereunder. The rights and obligations of each Grantor hereunder shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding the addition of any new Grantor hereunder.

27. Miscellaneous .

(a) This Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission or by an e-mail which contains a portable document format (.pdf) file of an executed signature page, such signature page shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such signature page were an original thereof. Any party delivering an executed counterpart of this Agreement by facsimile or other electronic method of transmission also shall deliver an original executed counterpart of this Agreement but the failure to deliver an original executed counterpart shall not affect the validity, enforceability, and binding effect of this Agreement. The foregoing shall apply to each other Security Document mutatis mutandis .

(b) Any provision of this Agreement which is prohibited or unenforceable shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof in that jurisdiction or affecting the validity or enforceability of such provision in any other jurisdiction.

(c) Headings used in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not be used in connection with the interpretation of any provision hereof.

(d) The pronouns used herein shall include, when appropriate, either gender and both singular and plural, and the grammatical construction of sentences shall conform thereto.

(e) The language used in this Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party. For clarification purposes, the Recitals are part of this Agreement.

(f) Unless the context of this Agreement or any other Transaction Document clearly requires otherwise, references to the plural include the singular, references to the singular include the plural, the terms “includes” and “including” are not limiting, and the term “or” has, except where otherwise indicated, the inclusive meaning represented by the phrase “and/or.” The words “hereof,” “herein,” “hereby,” “hereunder,” and similar terms in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document refer to this Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be, as a whole and not to any particular provision of this Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be. Section, subsection, clause, schedule, and exhibit references herein are to this Agreement unless otherwise specified. Any reference in this Agreement or in any other Transaction Document to any agreement, instrument, or document shall include all alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements, thereto and thereof, as applicable (subject to any restrictions on such alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements set forth herein). “ Satisfaction in Full of the Secured Obligations ” shall mean the indefeasible payment in full in cash and discharge, or other satisfaction in accordance with the terms of the Transaction Documents and discharge, of all Secured Obligations in full. Any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s permitted successors and permitted assigns. Any requirement of a writing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document shall be satisfied by the transmission of a Record and any Record so transmitted shall constitute a representation and warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of the information contained therein.

(g) All dollar amounts referred to in this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents are in United States Dollars (“ U.S. Dollars ”), and all amounts owing under this Agreement and all other Transaction Documents shall be paid in U.S. Dollars. All amounts denominated in other currencies (if any) shall be converted into the U.S. Dollar equivalent amount in accordance with the Exchange Rate on the date of calculation. “ Exchange Rate ” means, in relation to any amount of currency to be converted into U.S. Dollars pursuant to this Note, the U.S. Dollar exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on the relevant date of calculation (it being understood and agreed that where an amount is calculated with reference to, or over, a period of time, the date of calculation shall be the final date of such period of time).

[ signature pages follow ]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned parties hereto have executed this Agreement by and through their duly authorized officers, as of the day and year first above written.

GRANTORS:	VRINGO, INC. , a Delaware corporation

	By:

Name:

Title:

SECURITY AGREEMENT

COLLATERAL AGENT:	IROQUOIS MASTER FUND LTD.

	By:
	Name: Joshua Silverman
	Title: Authorized Signatory

SECURITY AGREEMENT

EXHIBIT A

COPYRIGHT SECURITY AGREEMENT

This COPYRIGHT SECURITY AGREEMENT (this “ Copyright Security Agreement ”) is made this [___] day of May 2015, by the Grantors listed on the signature pages hereof (collectively, jointly and severally, “ Grantors ” and each individually “ Grantor ”), in favor of Iroquois Master Fund, L.P., in its capacity as collateral agent (in such capacity the “ Collateral Agent ”) for the Secured Parties as defined in the below-described Security Agreement.

RECITALS

WHEREAS, pursuant to that certain (i) Indenture, dated as of May 4, 2015 by and between Vringo, Inc. (the “ Company ”) and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (the “ Trustee ”), as may be amended or supplemented from time to time, including without limitation, by any Supplemental Indenture (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) (the “ Indenture ”) and (ii) Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 4, 2015 (as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, including all schedules thereto, collectively, the “ Securities Purchase Agreement ”), by and among the Company and the Secured Parties, Company has agreed to sell, and the Secured Parties have each agreed to purchase, severally and not jointly, certain Notes and Warrants;

WHEREAS, in order to induce each of the Secured Parties to purchase, severally and not jointly, the Notes and Warrants as provided for in the Indenture and the Securities Purchase Agreement, Grantors have executed and delivered to the Collateral Agent that certain Security Agreement of even date herewith (including all annexes, exhibits or schedules thereto, as from time to time amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified, the “ Security Agreement ”); and

WHEREAS, pursuant to the Security Agreement, Grantors are required to execute and deliver to the Collateral Agent this Copyright Security Agreement.

AGREEMENTS

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and mutual covenants herein contained and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, Grantors hereby agree as follows:

1. DEFINED TERMS . All capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein have the meanings given to them in the Security Agreement.

2. GRANT OF SECURITY INTEREST IN COPYRIGHT COLLATERAL . Each Grantor hereby grants to the Collateral Agent a continuing first priority security interest in all of such Grantor’s right, title and interest in, to and under the following, whether presently existing or hereafter created or acquired (collectively, the “ Copyright Collateral ”):

(a) all of each Grantor’s Copyrights and Copyright Intellectual Property Licenses to which it is a party including those referred to on Schedule I hereto;

(b) all reissues, continuations or extensions of the foregoing; and

(c) all products and proceeds of the foregoing, including any claim by such Grantor against third parties for past, present or future infringement or dilution of any Copyright or any Copyright licensed under any Intellectual Property License.

3. SECURITY FOR OBLIGATIONS . This Copyright Security Agreement and the Security Interests created hereby secures the payment and performance of all the Secured Obligations, whether now existing or arising hereafter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, this Copyright Security Agreement secures the payment of all amounts which constitute part of the Secured Obligations and would be owed by Grantors, or any of them, to the Secured Parties, or any of them, whether or not they are unenforceable or not allowable due to the existence of an Insolvency Proceeding involving any Grantor.

4. SECURITY AGREEMENT . The security interests granted pursuant to this Copyright Security Agreement are granted in conjunction with the security interests granted to the Collateral Agent pursuant to the Security Agreement. Each Grantor hereby acknowledges and affirms that the rights and remedies of the Collateral Agent with respect to its security interests in the Copyright Collateral made and granted hereby are more fully set forth in the Security Agreement, the terms and provisions of which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth herein.

5. AUTHORIZATION TO SUPPLEMENT . To the extent required under the Security Agreement, Grantors shall give the Collateral Agent prompt notice in writing of any additional copyright registrations or applications therefor after the date hereof. Grantors hereby authorize the Collateral Agent unilaterally to modify this Agreement by amending Schedule I to include any future registered copyrights or applications therefor of Grantors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no failure to so modify this Copyright Security Agreement or amend Schedule I shall in any way affect, invalidate or detract from the Collateral Agent‘s continuing security interest in all Collateral, whether or not listed on Schedule I .

6. COUNTERPARTS . This Copyright Security Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission or by an e-mail which contains a portable document format (.pdf) file of an executed signature page, such signature page shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such signature page were an original thereof. In proving this Copyright Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document in any judicial proceedings, it shall not be necessary to produce or account for more than one such counterpart signed by the party against whom such enforcement is sought.

7. CONSTRUCTION . Unless the context of this Copyright Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document clearly requires otherwise, references to the plural include the singular, references to the singular include the plural, the terms “includes” and “including” are not limiting, and the term “or” has, except where otherwise indicated, the inclusive meaning represented by the phrase “and/or.” The words “hereof,” “herein,” “hereby,” “hereunder,” and similar terms in this Copyright Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document refer to this Copyright Security Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be, as a whole and not to any particular provision of this Copyright Security Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be. Section, subsection, clause, schedule, and exhibit references herein are to this Copyright Security Agreement unless otherwise specified. Any reference in this Copyright Security Agreement or in any other Transaction Document to any agreement, instrument, or document shall include all alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements, thereto and thereof, as applicable (subject to any restrictions on such alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements set forth herein). Any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s permitted successors and permitted assigns. Any requirement of a writing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document shall be satisfied by the transmission of a Record and any Record so transmitted shall constitute a representation and warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of the information contained therein. The language used in this Copyright Security Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party. For clarification purposes, the Recitals are part of this Copyright Security Agreement.

[ signature pages follow ]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each Grantor has caused this Copyright Security Agreement to be executed and delivered by its duly authorized officer as of the date first set forth above.

GRANTORS:	VRINGO, INC. , a Delaware corporation

	By:

Name:

Title:

EXHIBIT B

PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT

This PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (this “ Patent Security Agreement ”) is made this [___] day of May 2015, by the Grantors listed on the signature pages hereof (collectively, jointly and severally, “ Grantors ” and each individually “ Grantor ”), in favor of Iroquois Master Fund, L.P., in its capacity as collateral agent (in such capacity the “ Collateral Agent ”) for the Secured Parties as defined in the below-described Security Agreement.

RECITALS

WHEREAS, pursuant to that certain (i) Indenture, dated as of May 4, 2015, by and between Vringo, Inc. (the “ Company ”) and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (the “ Trustee ”), as may be amended or supplemented from time to time, including without limitation, by any Supplemental Indenture (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) (the “ Indenture ”) and (ii) Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 4, 2015 (as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, including all schedules thereto, collectively, the “ Securities Purchase Agreement ”), by and among the Company and the Secured Parties, Company has agreed to sell, and the Secured Parties have each agreed to purchase, severally and not jointly, certain Notes and Warrants;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the Security Agreement, Grantors are required to execute and deliver to the Collateral Agent this Patent Security Agreement.

AGREEMENTS

1. DEFINED TERMS . All capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein have the meanings given to them in the Security Agreement.

2. GRANT OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT COLLATERAL . Each Grantor hereby grants to the Collateral Agent a continuing first priority security interest in all of such Grantor’s right, title and interest in, to and under the following, whether presently existing or hereafter created or acquired (collectively, the “ Patent Collateral ”):

(a) all of its Patents and Patent Intellectual Property Licenses to which it is a party including those referred to on Schedule I hereto;

(b) all reissues, continuations or extensions of the foregoing; and

(c) all products and proceeds of the foregoing, including any claim by such Grantor against third parties for past, present or future infringement or dilution of any Patent or any Patent licensed under any Intellectual Property License.

3. SECURITY FOR OBLIGATIONS . This Patent Security Agreement and the Security Interests created hereby secures the payment and performance of all the Secured Obligations, whether now existing or arising hereafter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, this Patent Security Agreement secures the payment of all amounts which constitute part of the Secured Obligations and would be owed by Grantors, or any of them, to Secured Parties, or any of them, whether or not they are unenforceable or not allowable due to the existence of an Insolvency Proceeding involving any Grantor.

4. SECURITY AGREEMENT . The security interests granted pursuant to this Patent Security Agreement are granted in conjunction with the security interests granted to the Collateral Agent pursuant to the Security Agreement. Each Grantor hereby acknowledges and affirms that the rights and remedies of the Collateral Agent with respect to their respective security interests in the Patent Collateral made and granted hereby are more fully set forth in the Security Agreement, the terms and provisions of which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth herein.

5. AUTHORIZATION TO SUPPLEMENT . If any Grantor shall obtain rights to any new patentable inventions or become entitled to the benefit of any patent application or patent for any reissue, division, or continuation, of any patent, the provisions of this Patent Security Agreement shall automatically apply thereto. To the extent required under the Security Agreement, Grantors shall give prompt notice in writing to the Collateral Agent with respect to any such new patent rights. Without limiting each Grantor’s obligations under this Section 5, Grantors hereby authorize the Collateral Agent unilaterally to modify this Agreement by amending Schedule I to include any such new patent rights of Grantors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no failure to so modify this Patent Security Agreement or amend Schedule I shall in any way affect, invalidate or detract from the Collateral Agent’s continuing security interest in all Collateral, whether or not listed on Schedule I .

6. COUNTERPARTS . This Patent Security Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission or by an e-mail which contains a portable document format (.pdf) file of an executed signature page, such signature page shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such signature page were an original thereof. In proving this Patent Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document in any judicial proceedings, it shall not be necessary to produce or account for more than one such counterpart signed by the party against whom such enforcement is sought.

7. CONSTRUCTION . Unless the context of this Patent Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document clearly requires otherwise, references to the plural include the singular, references to the singular include the plural, the terms “includes” and “including” are not limiting, and the term “or” has, except where otherwise indicated, the inclusive meaning represented by the phrase “and/or.” The words “hereof,” “herein,” “hereby,” “hereunder,” and similar terms in this Patent Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document refer to this Patent Security Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be, as a whole and not to any particular provision of this Patent Security Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be. Section, subsection, clause, schedule, and exhibit references herein are to this Patent Security Agreement unless otherwise specified. Any reference in this Patent Security Agreement or in any other Transaction Document to any agreement, instrument, or document shall include all alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements, thereto and thereof, as applicable (subject to any restrictions on such alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements set forth herein). Any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s permitted successors and permitted assigns. Any requirement of a writing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document shall be satisfied by the transmission of a Record and any Record so transmitted shall constitute a representation and warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of the information contained therein. The language used in this Patent Security Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party. For clarification purposes, the Recitals are part of this Patent Security Agreement.

[ signature pages follow ]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each Grantor has caused this Patent Security Agreement to be executed and delivered by its duly authorized officer as of the date first set forth above.

GRANTORS:	VRINGO, INC. , a Delaware corporation

	By:

Name:

Title:

EXHIBIT C

TRADEMARK SECURITY AGREEMENT

This TRADEMARK SECURITY AGREEMENT (this “ Trademark Security Agreement ”) is made this [___] day of May 2015 by the Grantors listed on the signature pages hereof (collectively, jointly and severally, “ Grantors ” and each individually “ Grantor ”), in favor of Iroquois Master Fund, L.P., in its capacity as collateral agent (in such capacity the “ Collateral Agent ”) for the Secured Parties as defined in the below-described Security Agreement.

RECITALS

WHEREAS, pursuant to the Security Agreement, Grantors are required to execute and deliver to the Collateral Agent this Trademark Security Agreement.

AGREEMENTS

1. DEFINED TERMS . All capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein have the meanings given to them in the Security Agreement.

2. GRANT OF SECURITY INTEREST IN TRADEMARK COLLATERAL . Each Grantor hereby grants to the Collateral Agent a continuing first priority security interest in all of such Grantor’s right, title and interest in, to and under the following, whether presently existing or hereafter created or acquired (collectively, the “ Trademark Collateral ”):

(a) all of its Trademarks and Trademark Intellectual Property Licenses to which it is a party including those referred to on Schedule I hereto;

(b) all goodwill, trade secrets, proprietary or confidential information, technical information, procedures, formulae, quality control standards, designs, operating and training manuals, customer lists, and other General Intangibles with respect to the foregoing;

(d) all goodwill of the business connected with the use of, and symbolized by, each Trademark and each Trademark Intellectual Property License; and

(e) all products and proceeds of the foregoing, including any claim by such Grantor against third parties for past, present or future (i) infringement or dilution of any Trademark or any Trademark licensed under any Intellectual Property License or (ii) injury to the goodwill associated with any Trademark or any Trademark licensed under any Intellectual Property License.

3. SECURITY FOR OBLIGATIONS . This Trademark Security Agreement and the Security Interests created hereby secures the payment and performance of all the Secured Obligations, whether now existing or arising hereafter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, this Trademark Security Agreement secures the payment of all amounts which constitute part of the Secured Obligations and would be owed by Grantors, or any of them, to Secured Parties, or any of them, whether or not they are unenforceable or not allowable due to the existence of an Insolvency Proceeding involving any Grantor.

4. SECURITY AGREEMENT . The security interests granted pursuant to this Trademark Security Agreement are granted in conjunction with the security interests granted to the Collateral Agent pursuant to the Security Agreement. Each Grantor hereby acknowledges and affirms that the rights and remedies of the Collateral Agent with respect to their respective security interests in the Trademark Collateral made and granted hereby are more fully set forth in the Security Agreement, the terms and provisions of which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth herein.

5. AUTHORIZATION TO SUPPLEMENT . If any Grantor shall obtain rights to any new trademarks, the provisions of this Trademark Security Agreement shall automatically apply thereto. To the extent required under the Security Agreement, Grantors shall give prompt notice in writing to the Collateral Agent with respect to any such new trademarks or renewal or extension of any trademark registration. Without limiting each Grantor’s obligations under this Section 5, Grantors hereby authorize the Collateral Agent unilaterally to modify this Agreement by amending Schedule I to include any such new trademark rights of Grantors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no failure to so modify this Trademark Security Agreement or amend Schedule I shall in any way affect, invalidate or detract from the Collateral Agent’s continuing security interest in all Collateral, whether or not listed on Schedule I .

6. COUNTERPARTS . This Trademark Security Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission or by an e-mail which contains a portable document format (.pdf) file of an executed signature page, such signature page shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such signature page were an original thereof. In proving this Trademark Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document in any judicial proceedings, it shall not be necessary to produce or account for more than one such counterpart signed by the party against whom such enforcement is sought.

7. CONSTRUCTION . Unless the context of this Trademark Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document clearly requires otherwise, references to the plural include the singular, references to the singular include the plural, the terms “includes” and “including” are not limiting, and the term “or” has, except where otherwise indicated, the inclusive meaning represented by the phrase “and/or.” The words “hereof,” “herein,” “hereby,” “hereunder,” and similar terms in this Trademark Security Agreement or any other Transaction Document refer to this Trademark Security Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be, as a whole and not to any particular provision of this Trademark Security Agreement or such other Transaction Document, as the case may be. Section, subsection, clause, schedule, and exhibit references herein are to this Agreement unless otherwise specified. Any reference in this Trademark Security Agreement or in any other Transaction Document to any agreement, instrument, or document shall include all alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements, thereto and thereof, as applicable (subject to any restrictions on such alterations, amendments, changes, extensions, modifications, renewals, replacements, substitutions, joinders, and supplements set forth herein). Any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s permitted successors and permitted assigns. Any requirement of a writing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document shall be satisfied by the transmission of a Record and any Record so transmitted shall constitute a representation and warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of the information contained therein. The language used in this Trademark Security Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party. For clarification purposes, the Recitals are part of this Trademark Security Agreement.

[ signature pages follow ]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each Grantor has caused this Trademark Security Agreement to be executed and delivered by its duly authorized officer as of the date first set forth above.

GRANTORS:	VRINGO, INC. , a Delaware corporation

	By:

Name:

Title:

Annex I - 1

EXHIBIT D

SECURITY AGREEMENT FORM OF JOINDER

Joinder No. ____ (this " Joinder "), dated as of ____________ 20___, to the Security Agreement, dated as of May [__], 2015 (as amended, restated, amended and restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, the " Security Agreement ”) by and among each of the parties listed on the signature pages thereto and those additional entities that thereafter become parties thereto (collectively, jointly and severally, " Grantors " and each, individually, a " Grantor ") and Iroquois Master Fund, L.P., as collateral agent for the Secured Parties.

WITNESSETH:

WHEREAS , pursuant to that certain (i) Indenture, dated as of May 4, 2015, by and between Vringo, Inc. (the “ Company ”) and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (the “ Trustee ”), as may be amended or supplemented from time to time, including without limitation, by any Supplemental Indenture (as defined in the Securities Purchase Agreement) (the “ Indenture ”) and (ii) Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 4, 2015 (as may be amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, including all schedules thereto, collectively, the “ Securities Purchase Agreement ”), by and among the Company and the Secured Parties the Company agreed to sell, and the Secured Parties agreed to purchase, severally and not jointly, certain Notes and Warrants;

WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 26 of the Security Agreement certain Subsidiaries of the Company, must execute and deliver certain Transaction Documents, including a Guaranty and the Security Agreement, and the joinder to the Security Agreement by the undersigned new Grantor or Grantors (collectively, the " New Grantors ") may be accomplished by the execution of this Joinder in favor of Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties; and

WHEREAS, each New Grantor (a) is a Subsidiary of the Company and, as such, will benefit by virtue of the financial accommodations extended to the Company by the Secured Parties and (b) by becoming a Grantor will benefit from certain rights granted to the Grantors pursuant to the terms of the Transaction Documents;

NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the foregoing and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, each New Grantor hereby agrees as follows:

1. In accordance with Section 26 of the Security Agreement, each New Grantor, by its signature below, becomes a "Grantor" under the Security Agreement with the same force and effect as if originally named therein as a "Grantor" and each New Grantor hereby (a) agrees to all of the terms and provisions of the Security Agreement applicable to it as a "Grantor" thereunder and (b) represents and warrants that the representations and warranties made by it as a "Grantor” thereunder are true and correct in all material respects (except that such materiality qualifier shall not be applicable to any representations and warranties that are already qualified or modified by materiality in the text thereof) on and as of the date hereof. In furtherance of the foregoing, each New Grantor hereby unconditionally grants, assigns, and pledges to Collateral Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, to secure the Secured Obligations, a separate, continuing security interest in in substantially all of the assets of such Grantor in the United States (excluding Real Property) whether now owned or hereafter acquired or arising and wherever located (collectively, the “ Collateral ”). Each reference to a "Grantor" in the Security Agreement shall be deemed to include each New Grantor. The Security Agreement is incorporated herein by reference.

2. Schedule 1 , "Commercial Tort Claims", Schedule 2 , "Copyrights", Schedule 3 , "Intellectual Property Licenses", Schedule 4 , "Patents", Schedule 5 , "Pledged Companies", Schedule 6 , "Trademarks", Schedule 7 , “Real Property”, Schedule 8 , "List of Uniform Commercial Code Filing Jurisdictions", and Schedule 9 , “Deposit Accounts and Securities Accounts, attached hereto supplement Schedule 1, Schedule 2, Schedule 3, Schedule 4, Schedule 5, Schedule 6, Schedule 7, Schedule 8, and Schedule 9 respectively, to the Security Agreement and shall be deemed a part thereof for all purposes of the Security Agreement.

3. Each New Grantor authorizes the Collateral Agent at any time and from time to time to file, transmit, or communicate, as applicable, financing statements and amendments (i) describing the Collateral as “all personal property of debtor” or “all assets of debtor” or words of similar effect, (ii) describing the Collateral as being of equal or lesser scope or with greater detail, or (iii) that contain any information required by part 5 of Article 9 of the Code for the sufficiency or filing office acceptance. Each New Grantor also hereby ratifies any and all financing statements or amendments previously filed by the Collateral Agent in any jurisdiction.

4. Each New Grantor represents and warrants to Notes Agent and the Purchaser Group that this Joinder has been duly executed and delivered by such New Grantor and constitutes its legal, valid, and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except as enforceability thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, fraudulent transfer, moratorium, or other similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally and general principles of equity (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity).

5. This Joinder is a Transaction Document. This Joinder may be executed in any number of counterparts and by different parties on separate counterparts, each of which, when executed and delivered, shall be deemed to be an original, and all of which, when taken together, shall constitute but one and the same Joinder. Delivery of an executed counterpart of this Joinder by telefacsimile or other electronic method of transmission shall be equally as effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart of this Joinder. Any party delivering an executed counterpart of this Joinder by telefacsimile or other electronic method of transmission also shall deliver an original executed counterpart of this Joinder but the failure to deliver an original executed counterpart shall not affect the validity, enforceability, and binding effect of this Joinder.

6. The Security Agreement, as supplemented hereby, shall remain in full force and effect.

7. THIS JOINDER SHALL BE SUBJECT TO THE PROVISIONS REGARDING CHOICE OF LAW AND VENUE, JURY TRIAL WAIVER, AND JUDICIAL REFERENCE SET FORTH IN SECTION 25 OF THE SECURITY AGREEMENT, AND SUCH PROVISIONS ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE, MUTATIS MUTANDIS .

[REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Joinder to the Guaranty and Security Agreement to be executed and delivered as of the day and year first above written.

NEW GRANTORS:	[ NAME OF NEW GRANTOR ]

	By:

Name:

Title:

	[ NAME OF NEW GRANTOR ]

	By:

Name:

Title:

COLLATERAL AGENT:	Iroquois Master Fund, L.P.,

	By:

Name:

Title:

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Vringo Inc.:

We consent to the reference to our firm under the heading “Experts” in the prospectus supplement dated May 4, 2015.

Our report on the consolidated financial statements dated March 16, 2015 contains an explanatory paragraph that the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities and may not have sufficient cash or available sources of liquidity to support operating requirements that raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ KPMG LLP

KPMG LLP

New York, New York

May 4, 2015

Exhibit 99.1

VRINGO SECURES $12.5 MILLION LONG-TERM DEBT FINANCING

NEW YORK –May 4, 2015 – Vringo, Inc. (NASDAQ: VRNG), a company engaged in the innovation, development and monetization of intellectual property, today announced that it has entered into an agreement with a long-standing institutional investor to issue $12.5 million of senior secured convertible notes. The investor has lead or participated in most financings since Vringo’s inception in 2006.

The senior secured convertible notes (the “Notes”) will be payable in 21 monthly installments, mature 21 months from issuance and will accrue interest at 8.0% per annum from the date of issuance. The Notes may be repaid, at Vringo’s election, in either cash or, subject to certain conditions, shares of the company’s common stock at a discount to the then-current market price. The Notes are also convertible from time to time, at the election of the holders, into shares of the company’s common stock at a conversion price of $1.00 per share, representing a 40% premium to the closing price of the company’s common stock on May 1, 2014. The Notes will be secured by first priority liens on the Company’s U.S. patent rights and certain other collateral.

Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,375,000 shares of the company’s common stock will be issued with the Notes and will have an initial exercise price of $1.00 per share. The Warrants will be exercisable six months and one day from the date of issuance and will have a term of five years from the date they first become exercisable.

The Notes and the Supplemental Indentures relating to the Notes include certain covenants, including, among others, the punctual payment of principal and interest, certain limitations on the incurrence of indebtedness, restrictions on the redemption of outstanding securities, restrictions on the transfer of assets and restrictions on the existence of liens on the company’s assets.

Vringo expects to use the proceeds from the convertible note to enhance its monetization efforts around the world for existing and upcoming monetization efforts.

For additional information concerning the details of the financing, please refer to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission today.

A shelf registration statement (File No. 333-182823) relating to the securities issued in the offering has been filed with and declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). A prospectus supplement relating to the offering will be filed by the Company with the SEC. Copies of the prospectus supplement, together with the accompanying prospectus, can be obtained at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov, or from the Company.

This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities of the Company in this offering. There shall not be any offer, solicitation of an offer to buy, or sale of securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such an offering, solicitation, or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction. Any offering will be made only by means of a prospectus, including a prospectus supplement, forming a part of the effective registration statement.

About Vringo, Inc.

Vringo, Inc. is engaged in the innovation, development and monetization of intellectual property and mobile technologies. Vringo's intellectual property portfolio consists of over 600 patents and patent applications covering telecom infrastructure, internet search, and mobile technologies. The patents and patent applications have been developed internally, and acquired from third parties. For more information, visit: www.vringo.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release includes forward-looking statements, which may be identified by words such as "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "projects," "intends," "should," "seeks," "future," "continue," or the negative of such terms, or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained herein. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to: our inability to license and monetize our patents, including the outcome of the litigation against online search firms and other companies; our inability to monetize and recoup our investment with respect to patent assets that we acquire; our inability to develop and introduce new products and/or develop new intellectual property; our inability to protect our intellectual property rights; new legislation, regulations or court rulings related to enforcing patents, that could harm our business and operating results; unexpected trends in the mobile phone and telecom infrastructure industries; our inability to raise additional capital to fund our combined operations and business plan; our inability to maintain the listing of our securities on a major securities exchange; the potential lack of market acceptance of our products; potential competition from other providers and products; our inability to retain key members of our management team; the future success of Infomedia and our ability to receive value from its stock; our ability to continue as a going concern; our liquidity and other risks and uncertainties and other factors discussed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 16, 2015. Vringo expressly disclaims any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Contacts:

Investors and Media :

Cliff Weinstein

Executive Vice President

Vringo, Inc.

646-532-6777

cweinstein@vringoinc.com