Exhibit 1.1

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.

25,000,000 Shares of Common Stock

Series A Warrants to Purchase 25,000,000 Shares of Common Stock

Series B Warrants to Purchase 25,000,000 Shares of Common Stock

Underwriting Agreement

November 15, 2016

Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.

499 Park Avenue

New York, New York 10022

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “ Company ”), proposes to issue and sell to the several underwriters listed in Schedule I hereto (the “ Underwriters ”), for whom you are acting as representative (the “ Representative ”), (i) an aggregate of 25,000,000 shares (the “ Firm Shares ”) of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“ Common Stock ”), of the Company, (ii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 25,000,000 shares of Common Stock (the “ Firm Series A Warrants ”) in the form attached as Exhibit A to, and with the terms included in, the Warrant Agreement, to be dated as of the Closing Time (as defined below) between the Company and Corporate Stock Transfer, Inc., acting as warrant agent, in the form of Exhibit C hereto (the “ Warrant Agreement ”) and (iii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 25,000,000 shares of Common Stock (the “ Firm Series B Warrants ”) in the form attached as Exhibit B to, and with the terms included in, the Warrant Agreement. Each Firm Share is being sold together with a Firm Series A Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.43 and a Firm Series B Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.72. In addition, at the option of the Underwriters, the Company proposes to sell, subject to the terms and conditions stated herein, to the Underwriters up to an additional (i) 3,750,000 shares of Common Stock (the “ Optional Shares ” and, collectively with the Firm Shares, the “ Shares ”), (ii) warrants to purchase up to an additional 3,750,000 shares of Common Stock (the “ Optional Series A Warrants ” and, collectively with the Firm Series A Warrants, the “ Series A Warrants ”) and (iii) warrants to purchase up to an additional 3,750,000 shares of Common Stock (the “ Optional Series B Warrants ” and, collectively with the Firm Series B Warrants, the “ Series B Warrants ”). Each Optional Share is being sold together with an Optional Series A Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.43 and an Optional Series B Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.72. The Series A Warrants and the Series B Warrants are collectively referred to herein as the “ Warrants ”. The shares of Common Stock underlying the Series A Warrants are hereinafter referred to as the “ Series A Warrant Shares ”. The shares of Common Stock underlying the Series B Warrants are hereinafter referred to as the “ Series B Warrant Shares ” and, collectively with the Series A Warrant Shares, the “ Warrant Shares ”. To the extent there are no additional underwriters listed on Schedule I , the term “Representative” as used herein shall mean you, as Underwriter, and the term “Underwriters” shall mean either the singular or the plural, as the context requires.

The Company hereby confirms its agreement with the several Underwriters concerning the purchase and sale of the Shares and the Warrants, as follows:

1. Registration Statement . The Company has prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “ Commission ”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the “ Securities Act ”), a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-206266), including a base prospectus, relating to the Shares and the Warrants. Such registration statement, as amended at the time it became effective, including the information, if any, deemed pursuant to Rule 430A, 430B or 430C under the Securities Act to be part of the registration statement at the time of its effectiveness (“ Rule 430 Information ”), is referred to herein as the “ Registration Statement ”; and as used herein, the term “ Preliminary Prospectus ” means each prospectus included in such registration statement (and any amendments thereto) before effectiveness, any prospectus (including any preliminary prospectus supplement) filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act and the prospectus included in the Registration Statement at the time of its effectiveness that omits Rule 430 Information, in each case relating to the Shares and the Warrants; and the term “ Prospectus ” means the final prospectus supplement in the form first used (or made available upon request of purchasers pursuant to Rule 173 under the Securities Act) in connection with confirmation of sales of the Shares and the Warrants. If the Company has filed an abbreviated registration statement pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act (the “ Rule 462 Registration Statement ”), then any reference herein to the term “Registration Statement” shall be deemed to include such Rule 462 Registration Statement. Any reference in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the Securities Act, as of the effective date of the Registration Statement or the date of such Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be and any reference to “amend”, “amendment” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include any documents filed after such date under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the “ Exchange Act ”) that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein.

For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, any 462(b) Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval system (“ EDGAR ”). All references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information which are “contained,” “included” or “stated” (or other references of like import) in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include all such financial statements and schedules and other information incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing, as the case may be, prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement; and all references in this Agreement to amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to include the filing of any document under the Exchange Act incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, such Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, at or after the execution and delivery of this Agreement.

“ Applicable Time ” means 8:00 A.M., New York time, on November 15, 2016, or such other time as agreed by the Company and the Representative.

“ General Disclosure Package ” means any Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectuses issued at or prior to the Applicable Time, the most recent preliminary prospectus that is distributed to investors prior to the Applicable Time and the information included on Schedule II hereto, all considered together.

“ Issuer Free Writing Prospectus ” means any “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act (“ Rule 433 ”), including without limitation any “free writing prospectus” (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act (“ Rule 405 ”)) relating to the Shares and the Warrants that is (i) required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, (ii) a “road show that is a written communication” within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i), whether or not required to be filed with the Commission, or (iii) exempt from filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Shares and the Warrants or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company’s records pursuant to Rule 433(g).

“ Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectus ” means any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is intended for general distribution to prospective investors, as evidenced by its being specified in Schedule III hereto.

“ Issuer Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus ” means any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is not an Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectus.

2. Purchase of the Shares and the Warrants by the Underwriters .

(a) The Firm Shares, Firm Series A Warrants and Firm Series B Warrants . On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company agrees to issue and sell (i) the Firm Shares, (ii) the Firm Series A Warrants and (iii) the Firm Series B Warrants to the several Underwriters as provided in this Agreement, and each Underwriter, on the basis of the representations, warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Company the respective numbers of Firm Shares, Firm Series A Warrants and Firm Series B Warrants set forth opposite the names of the Underwriters in Schedule I hereto. The combined purchase price to be paid by the Underwriters to the Company for the Firm Shares, Firm Series A Warrants and Firm Series B Warrants will be $0.94 per share of Common Stock, Series A Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock and Series B Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock (the “ Purchase Price ”).

(b) The Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants . In addition, in the event and to the extent that the Underwriters shall exercise the option to purchase Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants as provided below, the Company agrees to sell to each of the Underwriters, and each of the Underwriters, severally and not jointly, agrees to purchase from the Company at the Purchase Price, that portion of the number of Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants as to which such option shall have been exercised (to be adjusted by the Representative so as to eliminate fractional shares) determined by multiplying such number of Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants by a fraction, the numerator of which is the maximum number of Optional Shares. Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants which such Underwriter is entitled to purchase as set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter in Schedule I hereto and the denominator of which is the maximum number of Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants that all of the Underwriters are entitled to purchase hereunder. The option hereby granted will expire 30 days after the date hereof and may be exercised in whole or in part from time to time upon notice by the Representative to the Company setting forth the number of Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants as to which the several Underwriters are then exercising the option and the time and date of payment and delivery for such Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants. Any such time and date of delivery (a “ Date of Delivery ”) shall be determined by the Representative, but shall not be later than seven full business days after the exercise of said option, nor in any event prior to the Closing Time. If the option is exercised as to all or any portion of the Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants, each of the Underwriters, acting severally and not jointly, will purchase that proportion of the total number of Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants then being purchased which the number of Firm Shares, Firm Series A Warrants and Firm Series B Warrants set forth in Schedule I opposite the name of such Underwriter bears to the total number of Firm Shares, Firm Series A Warrants and Firm Series B Warrants subject, in each case, to such adjustments as the Representative in its sole discretion shall make to eliminate any sales or purchases of fractional shares. The Company understands that the Underwriters intend to make a public offering of the Shares and the Warrants as soon after the effectiveness of this Agreement as in the judgment of the Representative is advisable, and initially to offer the Shares and the Warrants on the terms set forth in the Prospectus. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Underwriters may offer and sell Shares and the Warrants to or through any affiliate of an Underwriter.

(c) Payment . Payment of the purchase price for, and delivery of, the Firm Shares, the Firm Series A Warrants and the Firm Series B Warrants shall be made at 10:00 A.M. (New York time) on the third (fourth, if the pricing occurs after 4:30 P.M. (New York time) on any given day) business day after the date hereof (unless postponed in accordance with the provisions of Section 10), or such other time not later than ten business days after such date as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the Company (such time and date of payment and delivery being herein called “ Closing Time ”). In addition, in the event that any or all of the Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants are purchased by the Underwriters, payment of the purchase price for, and delivery of certificates for, such Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants shall be made on each Date of Delivery as specified in the notice from the Representative to the Company, which shall be no sooner than three (3) business days after the Company receives notice of the exercise of the option to purchase Optional Shares unless otherwise mutually agreed to by the parties hereto. In each case, payment shall be made by wire transfer of Federal (same-day) or other immediately available funds to the bank accounts specified by the Company against delivery to the Representative for the respective accounts of the Underwriters of certificates for the Shares and the Warrants to be purchased by them. It is understood that each Underwriter has authorized the Representative, for its account, to accept delivery of, receipt for, and make payment of the purchase price for, the Firm Shares, the Firm Series A Warrants and the Firms Series B Warrants and the Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants, if any, which it has agreed to purchase. The Representative, individually and not as representative of the Underwriters, may (but shall not be obligated to) make payment of the purchase price for the Firm Shares, the Firm Series A Warrants and the Firm Series B Warrants or the Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants, if any, to be purchased by any Underwriter whose funds have not been received by the Closing Time or the relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, but such payment shall not relieve such Underwriter from its obligations hereunder.

(d) Denominations; Registration . The Firm Shares, the Firm Series A Warrants and the Firms Series B Warrants and the Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants to be purchased by each Underwriter hereunder will be represented by one or more definitive global shares in book-entry form which will be deposited by or on behalf of the Company with the Depository Trust Company (“ DTC ”) or its designated custodian. The documents to be delivered at the Closing Time and at each Date of Delivery by or on behalf of the parties hereto, including the cross receipt for the Shares and the Warrants and any additional documents requested by the Underwriters, will be delivered at the offices of Latham & Watkins LLP, 12670 High Bluff Drive, San Diego, CA 92130 or at such other place and in such manner as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the Company, and the Shares and the Warrants will be delivered at the office of DTC or its designated custodian, all at such Closing Time or Date of Delivery. Final drafts of the documents to be delivered pursuant to the preceding sentence will be available for review by the parties hereto on the Business Day preceding such Closing Time or Date of Delivery.

3. Representations and Warranties of the Company . The Company represents and warrants to each Underwriter as of the date hereof, the Applicable Time, the Closing Time and any Date of Delivery that:

(a) Registration Statement and Prospectus . (i) At the time the Registration Statement was originally filed, (ii) at the time of the most recent amendment thereto for the purposes of complying with Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act (whether such amendment was by post-effective amendment, a report filed pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and incorporated therein by reference or form of prospectus), and (iii) at the date hereof, the Company met or meets the requirements for use of General Instruction I.B.1. Form S-3 under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement is a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 for an offering made pursuant to 415(a)(1)(x) of the Securities Act and the Shares and the Warrants have been and remain eligible for registration by the Company on such shelf registration statement. Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto has become effective under the Securities Act. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto has been issued under the Securities Act, no order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, contemplated. The Company has complied with each request (if any) from the Commission for additional information.

Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time of its effectiveness and at each deemed effective date with respect to the Underwriters pursuant to Rule 430B(f)(2), complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. Each Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto, at the time each was filed with the Commission, complied in all material respects with the Securities Act. Each Preliminary Prospectus delivered by the Company to the Underwriters for use in connection with this offering and the Prospectus was or will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.

The reports incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, when they became effective or at the time they were or hereafter are filed with the Commission, complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

(b) Accurate Disclosure . Neither the Registration Statement nor any amendment thereto, at its effective time, at the Closing Time or at any Date of Delivery, contained or will contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or will omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. As of the Applicable Time, neither (i) the General Disclosure Package, (ii) any individual Issuer Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus, when considered together with the General Disclosure Package nor (iii) any roadshow or investor presentations delivered by the Company to and approved by the Underwriters for use in connection with the marketing of the Shares and the Warrants (the “ Marketing Materials ”), when considered together with the General Disclosure Package, included an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. Neither the Prospectus nor any amendment or supplement thereto (including any prospectus wrapper), as of its issue date, at the time of any filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), at the Closing Time or at any Date of Delivery will include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, at the time the Registration Statement became effective or when such documents incorporated by reference were filed with the Commission, as the case may be, when read together with the other information in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, did not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The representations and warranties in this subsection shall not apply to statements in or omissions from the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use therein, which the parties acknowledge and agree consists solely of the statements set forth in the first sentence in the third paragraph, the paragraph under the caption “Discretionary Accounts” and the first sentence under the caption “Stabilization,” each under the heading “Underwriting” in the Prospectus (collectively, the “ Underwriter Information ”).

(c) Issuer Free Writing Prospectus . No Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein, and any preliminary or other prospectus deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified.

(d) Company Not Ineligible Issuer . At the time of filing the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the earliest time thereafter that the Company or any offering participant made a bona fide offer (within the meaning of Rule 164(h)(2) under the Securities Act) of the Shares and the Warrants and at the date hereof, the Company was not and is not an “ineligible issuer,” as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act.

(e) Independent Accountants . BDO USA, LLP, who have certified certain financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (each, a “ Subsidiary ” and, collectively, the “ Subsidiaries ”) is an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries within the applicable rules and regulations adopted by the Commission and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and as required by the Securities Act.

(f) Financial Statements; Non-GAAP Financial Measures . The financial statements included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, together with the related schedules and notes, present fairly in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries at the dates indicated and the statement of operations, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries for the periods specified; said financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“ GAAP ”) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved except where and to the extent noted therein. The supporting schedules, if any, present fairly in all material respects in accordance with GAAP the information required to be stated therein. The selected financial data and the summary financial information included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, if any, present fairly in all material respects the information shown therein and have been compiled on a basis consistent with that of the audited financial statements included therein, except where and to the extent noted. Except as included therein, no historical or pro forma financial statements or supporting schedules are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus under the Securities Act. All disclosures contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus regarding “non-GAAP financial measures” (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act, to the extent applicable.

(g) No Material Adverse Change . Since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, (i) there has been no material adverse change in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business affairs or business prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business (a “ Material Adverse Effect ”), (ii) there have been no transactions entered into by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries other than those in the ordinary course of business and that are not, individually or in the aggregate, material to the Company or its Subsidiaries, and (iii) there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock.

(h) Good Standing of the Company . The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the State of Nevada and has corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement and the Warrant Agreement; and the Company is duly qualified as a foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each other jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure so to qualify or to be in good standing would not result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(i) Good Standing of Subsidiaries . Each of the Subsidiaries of the Company listed on Schedule IV hereto has been duly incorporated and is validly existing and in good standing (to the extent such concept exists) under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization as set forth on Schedule IV , has corporate or similar power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure to so qualify or to be in good standing would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, all of the issued and outstanding capital stock (or other ownership interests) of each Subsidiary has been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and are owned by the Company, directly or through Subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance, claim or equity. None of the outstanding shares of capital stock (or other ownership interests) of any Subsidiary was issued in violation of the preemptive or similar rights of any securityholder of such Subsidiary. The only Subsidiaries of the Company are the Subsidiaries listed Schedule IV hereto.

(j) Capitalization . The authorized, issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are as set forth in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. The outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable. None of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company was issued in violation of the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company.

(k) Due Authorization . The Company has full right, power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Warrant Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder; and all action required to be taken for the due and proper authorization, execution and delivery by it of this Agreement and the Warrant Agreement and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly and validly taken.

(l) Underwriting Agreement . This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company.

(m) The Shares and the Warrants . The Shares to be purchased by the Underwriters from the Company have been duly authorized for issuance and sale to the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement and, when issued and delivered by the Company pursuant to this Agreement against payment of the consideration set forth herein, will be validly issued and fully paid and non-assessable; and the issuance of the Shares is not subject to the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company other than such rights that have been duly waived or otherwise satisfied. The Common Stock conforms in all material respects to all statements relating thereto contained in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and such description conforms in all material respects to the rights set forth in the instruments defining the same. The Warrants to be purchased by the Underwriters from the Company have been duly authorized for issuance and sale to the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement and the Warrant Agreement and, when executed and delivered by the Company pursuant to this Agreement and the Warrant Agreement against payment of the consideration set forth herein, will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable in accordance with their terms, except that such enforcement may be subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws, now or hereafter in effect, affecting creditors’ rights generally. The Warrant Shares have been duly authorized and reserved for issuance pursuant to the terms of the Warrants, and when issued by the Company upon valid exercise of the Warrants and payment of the exercise price, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable; and the issuance of the Warrant Shares will not be subject to any preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company other than such rights that have been duly waived or otherwise satisfied. The Warrants conform in all material respects to all statements relating thereto contained in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and such description conforms in all material respects to the rights set forth in the instruments defining the same.

(n) Registration Rights . Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there are no persons with registration rights or other similar rights to have any securities registered for sale pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise registered for sale by the Company under the Securities Act.

(o) Absence of Violations . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is (i) in violation of its respective charter, by-laws or similar organizational document, (ii) in default in the performance or observance of any existing obligation, agreement, covenant or condition contained in any contract, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement, note, lease or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them is bound or to which any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary is subject (collectively, “ Agreements and Instruments ”), except for such defaults that would not, singly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or (iii) in violation of any applicable law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any arbitrator, court, governmental body, regulatory body, administrative agency or other authority, body or agency having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective properties, assets or operations (each, a “ Governmental Entity ”), except for such violations that would not, singly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(p) No Conflicts . The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, the Warrant Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein and therein and in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus (including the issuance and sale of the Shares and the Warrants and the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Shares and the Warrants as described therein under the caption “Use of Proceeds”) and compliance by the Company with its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and do not and will not, whether with or without the giving of notice or passage of time or both, conflict with or constitute a breach of, or default or Repayment Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary pursuant to, the Agreements and Instruments (except for such conflicts, breaches, defaults or Repayment Events or liens, charges or encumbrances that would not, singly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect), nor will such action result in any violation of the provisions of the charter, by-laws or similar organizational document of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any Governmental Entity having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. As used herein, a “ Repayment Event ” means any event or condition which gives the holder of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder’s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(q) No Consents Required . No filing with, or authorization, approval, consent, license, order, registration, qualification or decree of, any Governmental Entity is necessary or required for the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, in connection with the offering, issuance or sale of the Shares and the Warrants hereunder or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the Warrant Agreement, except such as have been already obtained or as may be required under the Securities Act, the rules of the NYSE MKT, state securities laws or the rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“ FINRA ”).

(r) Absence of Proceedings . Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or brought by any Governmental Entity now pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing, against or affecting the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, which reasonably would be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or which reasonably would be expected to materially and adversely affect their respective properties or assets or the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or the Warrant Agreement or the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder or thereunder.

(s) Accuracy of Exhibits . There are no contracts or documents which are required to be described in the Registration Statement or to be filed as exhibits thereto which have not been so described and filed as required.

(t) Title to Real and Personal Property . Except as would not reasonably be expected to result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Change, the Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title to all real property owned by them and good title to all other properties owned by them, in each case, free and clear of all mortgages, pledges, liens, security interests, claims, restrictions or encumbrances of any kind except such as (i) are described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus; or (ii) do not, singly or in the aggregate, materially affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; and all of the leases and subleases material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, considered as one enterprise, and under which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries holds properties described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, are in full force and effect, and neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary has any notice of any material claim of any sort that has been asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company or any Subsidiary under any of the leases or subleases mentioned above, or affecting or questioning the rights of the Company or such Subsidiary to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease.

(u) Intellectual Property Rights . The Company and its Subsidiaries owns, possesses or has valid and enforceable licenses or other rights to use, or can acquire on reasonable terms, all Intellectual Property (as defined below) necessary for the conduct of the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ business as now conducted or as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus to be conducted, except as such failure to own, possess, or acquire such rights would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Furthermore, except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the documents incorporated therein), (A) to the knowledge of the Company, there is no infringement, misappropriation or violation by third parties of any such Intellectual Property; (B) there is no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the Company’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ rights in or to any such Intellectual Property; (C) the Intellectual Property owned by the Company and its Subsidiaries, and to the knowledge of the Company, the Intellectual Property licensed to the Company and its Subsidiaries, has not been adjudged invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and there is no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the validity or scope of any such Intellectual Property; (D) there is no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others that the Company or any of its Subsidiaries infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates any Intellectual Property or other proprietary rights of others, and neither the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has received any written notice of such claim; and (E) to the Company’s knowledge, no employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is in or has ever been in material violation of any term of any employment contract, patent disclosure agreement, invention assignment agreement, non-competition agreement, non-solicitation agreement, nondisclosure agreement or any restrictive covenant to or with a former employer where the basis of such violation relates to such employee’s employment with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or actions undertaken by the employee while employed with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Except as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and each Subsidiary has complied with the terms of each agreement pursuant to which Intellectual Property has been licensed to the Company or its Subsidiary, and all such agreements are in full force and effect. Except as would not reasonably be expected individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect, the product candidates described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus and the Prospectus as under development by the Company or its Subsidiaries fall within the scope of the claims of one or more patents or applications owned by, or exclusively licensed to, the Company or the applicable Subsidiary. “Intellectual Property” shall mean all patents, patent applications, trade and service marks, trade and service mark registrations, trade names, copyrights, licenses, inventions, trade secrets, domain names, technology, know-how and other intellectual property.

(v) No Undisclosed Relationships . No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders, customers or suppliers of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, on the other, that is required by Item 404 of Regulation S-K to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and that is not so described in such documents and in the General Disclosure Package.

(w) Investment Company Act . The Company is not required, and upon the issuance and sale of the Shares and the Warrants as herein contemplated and the application of the net proceeds therefrom as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus will not be required, to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

(x) Payment of Taxes . All United States federal income tax returns of the Company and its Subsidiaries required by law to be filed have been filed (taking into account timely filed ordinary extensions of the time to file) and all taxes shown by such returns or otherwise assessed, which are due and payable, have been paid, except for payments that would not result in a Material Adverse Effect and except assessments against which appeals have been or will be taken and as to which adequate reserves have been provided in accordance with GAAP. No deficiencies for United States federal income taxes of the Company have been assessed and no deficiencies for United States federal income taxes of the Company have been proposed. The Company and its Subsidiaries have filed all other tax returns that are required to have been filed by them pursuant to applicable foreign, state, local or other law, and has paid all taxes due pursuant to such returns or pursuant to any assessment received by the Company and its Subsidiaries except to the extent that the failure to so file would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. The charges, accruals and reserves on the books of the Company in respect of any income and corporation tax liability for any years not finally determined are adequate to meet any material assessments or re-assessments for additional income tax for any years not finally determined or closed by the applicable statute of limitations, except to the extent any inadequacy would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(y) Licenses and Permits . The Company and its Subsidiaries possess such valid and current certificates, authorizations or permits required by state, federal or foreign regulatory agencies or bodies to conduct their respective business as currently conducted and as described in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Prospectus or the Prospectus (“ Permits ”), except where the failure to so possess would not reasonably be expected to, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of, or in default under, any of the Permits or has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of, or non-compliance with, any such certificate, authorization or permit, except where failure to be so in compliance would not be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(z) Absence of Labor Dispute . No labor dispute with the employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of its or any Subsidiary’s principal suppliers, manufacturers, customers or contractors, which, in either case would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(aa) Environmental Laws . Except as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or as would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, (i) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or rule of common law or any judicial or administrative interpretation thereof, including any judicial or administrative order, consent, decree or judgment, relating to pollution or protection of human health, the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum or petroleum products, asbestos-containing materials or mold (collectively, “ Hazardous Materials ”) or to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials (collectively, “ Environmental Laws ”), (ii) the Company and its Subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations and approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their requirements, (iii) there are no pending or threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance or violation, investigation or proceedings relating to any Environmental Law against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and (iv) there are no events or circumstances that would reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for clean-up or remediation, or an action, suit or proceeding by any private party or Governmental Entity, against or affecting the Company or any of its Subsidiaries relating to Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws.

(bb) Compliance with ERISA . (i) Each employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ ERISA ”), for which the Company or any member of its “Controlled Group” (defined as any organization which is a member of a controlled group of corporations within the meaning of Section 414 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “ Code ”)) would have any liability (each, a “ Plan ”) has been maintained in compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to, ERISA and the Code, except for noncompliance that could not reasonably be expected to result in material liability to the Company or its Subsidiaries; (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred with respect to any Plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption that could reasonably be expected to result in a material liability to the Company or its Subsidiaries; (iii) for each Plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, the minimum funding standard of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, as applicable, has been satisfied (without taking into account any waiver thereof or extension of any amortization period) and is reasonably expected to be satisfied in the future (without taking into account any waiver thereof or extension of any amortization period); (iv) the fair market value of the assets of each Plan exceeds the present value of all benefits accrued under such Plan (determined based on those assumptions used to fund such Plan); and (v) no “reportable event” (within the meaning of Section 4043(c) of ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur that either has resulted, or could reasonably be expected to result, in material liability to the Company or its Subsidiaries.

(cc) Accounting and Disclosure Controls . The Company and each of its Subsidiaries maintain effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined under Rule 13-a15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act); a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. Except as described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, since the end of the Company’s most recent audited fiscal year, there has been (1) no material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and (2) no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company maintains an effective system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15 and Rule 15d-15 under the Exchange Act Regulations) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer or officers and principal financial officer or officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.

(dd) Regulatory Permits . The Company and its Subsidiaries have such permits, licenses, clearances, registrations, exemptions, patents, franchises, certificates of need and other approvals, consents and other authorizations (“ Permits ”) issued by the appropriate domestic or foreign regional, federal, state, or local regulatory agencies or bodies necessary to conduct the business of the Company, including, without limitation, any Investigational New Drug Application (an “ IND ”), Biologics License Application (“ BLA ”) and/or New Drug Application (an “ NDA ”), as required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “ FDA ”), the Drug Enforcement Administration (the “ DEA ”), or any other Permits issued by domestic or foreign regional, federal, state, or local agencies or bodies engaged in the regulation of pharmaceuticals such as those being developed by the Company and its Subsidiaries (collectively, the “ Regulatory Permits ”), except for any of the foregoing that would not reasonably be expected to, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; the Company is in compliance in all material respects with the requirements of the Regulatory Permits, and all of such Regulatory Permits are valid and in full force and effect; the Company has not received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation, termination, modification or impairment of rights of any of the Regulatory Permits that, individually or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect; the Company has not failed to submit to the FDA any IND, BLA or NDA necessary to conduct the business of the Company, any such filings that were required to be made were in material compliance with applicable laws when filed, and no material deficiencies have been asserted by the FDA with respect to any such filings or submissions that were made.

(ee) Regulatory Filings . Neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries has failed to file with the applicable regulatory authorities (including, without limitation, the FDA, or any foreign, federal, state, provincial or local governmental or regulatory authority performing functions similar to those performed by the FDA) any required filing, declaration, listing, registration, report or submission, except for such failures that, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect; except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, all such filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports or submissions were in compliance with applicable laws when filed and no deficiencies have been asserted by any applicable regulatory authority with respect to any such filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports or submissions, except for any deficiencies that, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

(ff) Compliance with Health Care Laws . Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries is, and at all times has been, in compliance in all material respects with all applicable Health Care Laws, and has not engaged in activities which are, as applicable, cause for false claims liability, civil penalties, or mandatory or permissive exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid, or any other state or federal health care program. For purposes of this Agreement, “ Health Care Laws ” means: (i) the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. §§ 301 et seq.), the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq.), and the regulations promulgated thereunder; (ii) all applicable federal, state, local and all applicable foreign health care related fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute (42 U.S.C. Section 1320a-7b(b)), the U.S. Physician Payment Sunshine Act (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7h), the U.S. Civil False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. Section 3729 et seq.), the criminal False Claims Law (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a)), all criminal laws relating to health care fraud and abuse, including but not limited to 18 U.S.C. Sections 286 and 287, and the health care fraud criminal provisions under the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) (42 U.S.C. Section 1320d et seq.), the exclusion laws (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7), the civil monetary penalties law (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7a), HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (42 U.S.C. Section 17921 et seq.), and the regulations promulgated pursuant to such statutes; (iii) Medicare (Title XVIII of the Social Security Act); (iv) Medicaid (Title XIX of the Social Security Act); (v) the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. §§ 801 et seq.) and the regulations promulgated thereunder; and (vi) any and all other applicable health care laws and regulations. Neither the Company nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any subsidiary has received notice of any claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action from any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority or third party alleging that any product operation or activity is in material violation of any Health Care Laws, and, to the Company’s knowledge, no such claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action is threatened. Neither the Company nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any subsidiary is a party to or has any ongoing reporting obligations pursuant to any corporate integrity agreements, deferred prosecution agreements, monitoring agreements, consent decrees, settlement orders, plans of correction or similar agreements with or imposed by any governmental or regulatory authority. Additionally, neither the Company, its Subsidiaries nor any of its respective employees, officers or directors has been excluded, suspended or debarred from participation in any U.S. federal health care program or human clinical research or, to the knowledge of the Company, is subject to a governmental inquiry, investigation, proceeding, or other similar action that could reasonably be expected to result in debarment, suspension, or exclusion.

(gg) Clinical Studies . The studies, tests and preclinical and clinical investigations conducted by or on behalf of the Company and its Subsidiaries were and, if still pending, are, in all material respects, being conducted in accordance with established protocols, procedures and controls pursuant to accepted professional scientific standards and all applicable Health Care Laws and Regulatory Permits, including, without limitation, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and its implementing regulations set forth at 21 C.F.R. Parts 50, 54, 56, 58, and 312; the descriptions of the results of such studies, tests and trials contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus are accurate in all material respects and fairly present the data derived from such studies, tests and trials; except to the extent disclosed in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the Company is not aware of any studies, tests or trials the results of which the Company believes reasonably call into question in any material respect, the study, test, or trial results described or referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus when viewed in the context in which such results are described and the clinical state of development; and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have received any notices or correspondence from any governmental authority requiring the termination, suspension or material modification of any studies, tests or preclinical or clinical investigations conducted by or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(hh) eXtensible Business Reporting Language . The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto in all material respects.

(ii) Insurance . The Company and its Subsidiaries carry or are entitled to the benefits of insurance, with reputable insurers, in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company reasonably believes are generally maintained by companies of established repute engaged in the same or similar business, and all such insurance is in full force and effect. The Company has no reason to believe that it or any of its Subsidiaries will not be able (i) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (ii) to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. In the prior 12 months, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it has applied.

(jj) No Unlawful Payments . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has (i) used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; (ii) made any direct or indirect unlawful payment to any foreign or domestic government official or employee from corporate funds; (iii) violated or is in violation of any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977; or (iv) made any bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment.

(kk) Money Laundering Laws . The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are, and have been conducted at all times, in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar applicable rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any Governmental Entity (collectively, the “ Money Laundering Laws ”) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any Governmental Entity involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company, threatened.

(ll) Sanctions .

(i) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any officer, director, employee, agent, affiliate or representative of the Company or its Subsidiaries, is a government, individual, or entity (in this paragraph (ll), “ Person ”) that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is (A) the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, “ Sanctions ”), nor (B) located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions (including, without limitation, Burma/Myanmar, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria).

(ii) The Company represents and covenants that it will not, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person (A) to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person or in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions; or (B) in any other manner that will result in a violation of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise).

(iii) The Company represents and covenants that for the past 5 years, it has not knowingly engaged in, is not now knowingly engaging in, and will not engage in, any dealings or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.

(mm) No Restrictions on Subsidiaries . No Subsidiary of the Company is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly, under any agreement or other instrument to which it is a party or is subject, from paying any dividends to the Company, from making any other distribution on such Subsidiary’s capital stock, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such Subsidiary’s properties or assets to the Company or any other Subsidiary of the Company.

(nn) No Broker’s Fees . Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person (other than this Agreement) that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any Underwriter for a brokerage commission, finder’s fee or like payment in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares and the Warrants.

(oo) No Stabilization . Neither the Company nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any affiliate of the Company has taken, directly or indirectly, any action which is designed, or would be expected, to cause or result in, or which has constituted, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares, the Warrants or the Warrant Shares or to result in a violation of Regulation M under the Exchange Act.

(pp) Margin Rules . The application of the proceeds received by the Company from the issuance, sale and delivery of the Shares and the Warrants as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus will not violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors.

(qq) Forward-Looking Statements . No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act) contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.

(rr) Statistical and Market-Related Data . Any statistical and market-related data included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company reasonably believes to be reliable and accurate.

(ss) Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements . There are no off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined in Regulation S-K Item 303(a)(4)(ii)) that may have a material current or future effect on the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

(tt) Sarbanes-Oxley Act . The Company and each of the Company’s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, has complied with all applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith (the “ Sarbanes-Oxley Act ”), including Section 402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.

(uu) Actively Traded Security . The Company’s Common Stock is an “actively traded security”, as such term is defined in Regulation M under the Exchange Act.

(vv) FINRA . To enable the Underwriters to rely on FINRA Rule 5110(b)(7)(C)(i), as of the date hereof, the registration of the Shares, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares with the Commission could have been effected on Form S-3 under the Securities Act pursuant to the standards for such Form S-3 in effect prior to October 21, 1992.

(ww) Officer’s Certificates . Any certificate signed by any officer of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries delivered to the Representative or to counsel for the Underwriters shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company or such Subsidiary, as applicable, to each Underwriter as to the matters covered thereby.

4. Further Agreements of the Company . The Company covenants and agrees with each Underwriter that:

(a) Compliance with Securities Regulations and Commission Requests . The Company, subject to Section 4(b), will comply with the requirements of Rule 430B, and will notify the Representative as soon as reasonably practicable, and confirm the notice in writing, (i) when any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement in connection with the sale of the Shares and the Warrants shall become effective or any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus shall have been filed, (ii) of the receipt of any comments from the Commission, (iii) of any request by the Commission for any amendment to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus or for additional information, (iv) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, or of the suspension of the qualification of the Shares or the Warrants for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceedings for any of such purposes or of any examination pursuant to Section 8(e) of the Securities Act concerning the Registration Statement, and (v) if the Company becomes the subject of a proceeding under Section 8A of the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Shares and the Warrants. The Company will effect all filings required under Rule 424(b), in the manner and within the time period required by Rule 424(b) (without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8)), and will take such steps as it deems necessary to ascertain promptly whether the form of prospectus transmitted for filing under Rule 424(b) was received for filing by the Commission and, in the event that it was not, it will promptly file such prospectus. The Company will make every reasonable effort to prevent the issuance of any stop order, prevention or suspension and, if any such order is issued, to obtain the lifting thereof at the earliest possible moment.

(b) Continued Compliance with Securities Laws . The Company will comply with the Securities Act and the Exchange Act so as to permit the completion of the distribution of the Shares and the Warrants as contemplated in this Agreement and the Warrant Agreement and in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. If at any time when a Prospectus relating to the Shares and the Warrants is (or, but for the exception afforded by Rule 172 under the Securities Act (“ Rule 172 ”), would be) required by the Securities Act to be delivered in connection with sales of the Shares and the Warrants, any event shall occur or condition shall exist as a result of which it is necessary, in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters or for the Company, to (i) amend the Registration Statement in order that the Registration Statement will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, (ii) amend or supplement the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus in order that the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, will not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading in the light of the circumstances existing at the time it is delivered to a purchaser, or (iii) amend the Registration Statement or amend or supplement the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, in order to comply with the requirements of the Securities Act, the Company will promptly (A) give the Representative notice of such event, (B) prepare any amendment or supplement as may be necessary to correct such statement or omission or to make the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus comply with such requirements and, a reasonable amount of time prior to any proposed filing or use, furnish the Representative with copies of any such amendment or supplement, and (C) file with the Commission any such amendment or supplement; provided that the Company shall not file or use any such amendment or supplement to which the Representative or counsel for the Underwriters shall reasonably object in writing. The Company will furnish to the Underwriters such number of copies of such amendment or supplement as the Underwriters may reasonably request. The Company has given the Representative notice of any filings made pursuant to the Exchange Act within 48 hours prior to the Applicable Time; the Company will give the Representative notice of its intention to make any such filing from the Applicable Time to the Closing Time and will furnish the Representative with copies of any such documents a reasonable amount of time prior to such proposed filing, as the case may be, and will not file or use any such document to which the Representative or counsel for the Underwriters shall reasonably object.

(c) Delivery of Registration Statements . The Company has furnished or will deliver to the Representative and counsel for the Underwriters, without charge, signed copies of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto (including exhibits filed therewith) and will also deliver to the Representative, without charge, a conformed copy of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto (without exhibits) for each of the Underwriters. The copies of the Registration Statement and each amendment thereto furnished to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.

(d) Delivery of Prospectuses . The Company has delivered to each Underwriter, without charge, as many copies of each Preliminary Prospectus as such Underwriter reasonably requested, and the Company hereby consents to the use of such copies for purposes permitted by the Securities Act. The Company will furnish to each Underwriter, without charge, during the period when a prospectus relating to the Shares and the Warrants is (or, but for the exception afforded by Rule 172, would be) required to be delivered under the Securities Act, such number of copies of the Prospectus (as amended or supplemented) as such Underwriter may reasonably request. The Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto furnished to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.

(e) Blue Sky Qualifications . The Company will use its commercially reasonable best efforts, in cooperation with the Underwriters, to qualify the Shares and the Warrants for offering and sale under the applicable securities laws of such states and other jurisdictions (domestic or foreign) as the Representative may designate and as may be required and to maintain such qualifications in effect so long as required to complete the distribution of the Shares and the Warrants; provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation or as a dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not so qualified or to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject.

(f) Rule 158 . The Company will timely file such reports pursuant to the Exchange Act as are necessary in order to make generally available to its securityholders as soon as practicable an earnings statement for the purposes of, and to provide to the Underwriters the benefits contemplated by, the last paragraph of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act.

(g) Use of Proceeds . The Company will use the net proceeds received by it from the sale of the Shares and the Warrants in the manner specified in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under “Use of Proceeds.”

(h) Exchange Listing . The Company will use its best efforts to list, subject to notice of issuance, the Shares and the Warrant Shares on the NYSE MKT.

(i) Restriction on Sale of Securities . During a period of 90 days from the date of the Prospectus, the Company will not, without the prior written consent of the Representative, (i) directly or indirectly, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of any shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock or file any registration statement under the Securities Act with respect to any of the foregoing or (ii) enter into any swap or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, the economic consequence of ownership of the Common Stock, whether any such swap or transaction described in clause (i) or (ii) above is to be settled by delivery of Common Stock or such other securities, in cash or otherwise. The foregoing sentence shall not apply to (A) the Shares and the Warrants to be sold by the Company hereunder or the issuance of any Warrant Shares, (B) any shares of Common Stock issued by the Company upon the exercise of an option or warrant or the conversion of a security outstanding on the date hereof and referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, (C) any shares of Common Stock issued or options to purchase Common Stock granted pursuant to existing employee benefit plans of the Company referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, and (D) any shares issuable pursuant to Section 1.3(a) of that certain Stock Purchase Agreement, dated December 5, 2013, by and among the Company, Synthetic Biomics, Inc. and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, provided that, in the case of (D), prior to the issuance of any shares thereunder, the recipient shall agree to sign a lock-up agreement substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A with respect to such shares.

(j) Reporting Requirements . The Company, during the period when a Prospectus relating to the Shares and the Warrants is (or, but for the exception afforded by Rule 172, would be) required to be delivered under the Securities Act, will file all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act within the time periods required by the Exchange Act. Additionally, the Company shall report the use of proceeds from the issuance of the Shares and the Warrants as may be required under Rule 463 under the Securities Act.

(k) Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses . The Company agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Representative, it will not make any offer relating to the Shares and the Warrants that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or that would otherwise constitute a “free writing prospectus,” or a portion thereof, required to be filed by the Company with the Commission or retained by the Company under Rule 433; provided that the Representative will be deemed to have consented to the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses listed on Schedule III hereto and any “road show that is a written communication” within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i) that has been reviewed by the Representative. The Company represents that it has treated or agrees that it will treat each such free writing prospectus consented to, or deemed consented to, by the Representative as an “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433, and that it has complied and will comply with the applicable requirements of Rule 433 with respect thereto, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. If at any time following issuance of an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus or included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company will promptly notify the Representative and will promptly amend or supplement, at its own expense, such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus to eliminate or correct such conflict, untrue statement or omission.

(l) No Stabilization . The Company will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that could reasonably be expected to cause or result in any stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Company’s securities.

(m) Maintenance of Registration . The Company shall, at all times while any Warrants are outstanding, use its best efforts to maintain a registration statement covering the issue and sale of the Warrant Shares upon exercise of the Warrants such that the Warrant Shares, when issued, will not be subject to resale restrictions under the Securities Act except to the extent that the Warrant Shares are owned by affiliates.

(l) Warrant Shares Reserved . The Company shall, at all times while any Warrants are outstanding, reserve and keep available out of the aggregate of its authorized but unissued and otherwise unreserved Common Stock, solely for the purpose of enabling it to issue Warrant Shares upon exercise of such Warrants, the number of Warrant Shares that are initially issuable and deliverable upon the exercise of the then-outstanding Warrants.

5. Payment of Expenses .

(a) Expenses . The Company will pay or cause to be paid all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, including (i) the preparation, printing and filing of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits) as originally filed and each amendment thereto, (ii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates for the Shares and the Warrants to the Underwriters, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any stamp or other duties payable upon the sale, issuance or delivery of the Shares and the Warrants to the Underwriters, (iii) the fees and disbursements of the Company’s counsel, accountants and other advisors, (iv) the qualification of the Shares and the Warrants under securities laws in accordance with the provisions of Section 4(e) hereof, including filing fees and, if requested by the Underwriters, preparing and printing a “Blue Sky survey” or memorandum advising the Underwriters of such qualifications, registrations and exemptions, (v) the preparation, printing and delivery to the Underwriters of copies of each Preliminary Prospectus, each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto and any costs associated with electronic delivery of any of the foregoing by the Underwriters to investors, (vi) the fees and expenses of the Company’s transfer agent and registrar for the Shares and the Warrant Shares and the warrant agent for the Warrants, (vii) the costs and expenses of the Company relating to investor presentations on any “road show” undertaken in connection with the marketing of the Shares and the Warrants, including without limitation, expenses associated with the production of road show slides and graphics, fees and expenses of any consultants engaged in connection with the road show presentations, travel and lodging expenses of officers of the Company and any such consultants in connection with the road show, (viii) the filing fees incident to, and the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel to the Underwriters in connection with, the review by FINRA (if any) of the terms of the sale of the Shares and the Warrants, and (ix) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Shares and the Warrant Shares on the NYSE MKT.

(b) Termination of Agreement . If this Agreement is terminated by the Representative in accordance with the provisions of Section 6 (other than Section 6(h) or (l)) or Section 9(a) hereof, the Company shall reimburse the Underwriters for all of their out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters, for which documentation has been provided.

6. Conditions of Underwriters’ Obligations . The obligation of each Underwriter to purchase the Firm Shares, the Firm Series A Warrants and the Firm Series B Warrants on the Closing Date or the Optional Shares, the Optional Series A Warrants and the Optional Series B Warrants on the relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, as provided herein is subject to the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein or in certificates of any officer of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries delivered pursuant to the provisions hereof, to the performance by the Company of its covenants and other obligations hereunder and to the following additional conditions:

(a) Effectiveness of Registration Statement; Rule 430B Information . The Registration Statement, including any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, has become effective and at the Closing Time no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto has been issued under the Securities Act, no order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, contemplated; and the Company has complied with each request (if any) from the Commission for additional information. A prospectus containing the Rule 430B information that was omitted from the Registration Statement at the time it become effective but that is deemed to be a part of the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430B shall have been filed with the Commission in the manner and within the time frame required by Rule 424(b) without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8) or a post-effective amendment providing such information shall have been filed with, and declared effective by, the Commission in accordance with the requirements of Rule 430B).

(b) No Material Adverse Effect; Officers’ Certificate . At the Closing Time, there shall not have been, since the date hereof or since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, any change resulting in a Material Adverse Effect, and the Representative shall have received a certificate of the Chief Executive Officer or the President of the Company and of the Chief Financial Officer or Chief Accounting Officer of the Company, dated the Closing Time, to the effect that (i) there has been no such Material Adverse Effect, (ii) the representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct with the same force and effect as though expressly made at and as of the Closing Time, (iii) the Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions herein on its part to be performed or satisfied at or prior to the Closing Time, and (iv) no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement under the Securities Act has been issued, no order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to their knowledge, contemplated.

(c) Accountant’s Comfort Letter . At the time of the execution of this Agreement, the Representative shall have received from BDO USA, LLP a letter, dated such date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each of the other Underwriters containing statements and information of the type ordinarily included in accountants’ “comfort letters” to underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain financial information contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus.

(d) Bring-down Comfort Letter . At the Closing Time, the Representative shall have received from BDO USA, LLP a letter, dated as of the Closing Time, to the effect that they reaffirm the statements made in the letter furnished pursuant to subsection (c) of this Section, except that the specified date referred to shall be a date not more than three business days prior to the Closing Time.

(e) Opinion and 10b-5 Statement of Counsel for the Company . Gracin & Marlow, LLP, counsel for the Company, shall have furnished to the Representative their written opinion and negative assurance statement, dated the Closing Date or any relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representative.

(f) Opinions of Intellectual Property and Regulatory Counsel for the Company . Each of (i) Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, intellectual property counsel for the Company, and (ii) Cooley, LLP, regulatory counsel for the Company, shall have furnished to the Representative their written opinion, dated the Closing Date or any relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representative.

(g) Opinion of Nevada Counsel for the Company . Parsons Behle & Latimer, Nevada counsel for the Company, shall have furnished to the Representative their written opinion, dated the Closing Date or any relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representative.

(h) Opinion and 10b-5 Statement of Counsel for the Underwriters . The Representative shall have received on and as of the Closing Date or any relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, an opinion and negative assurance statement of Latham & Watkins LLP, counsel for the Underwriters, with respect to such matters as the Representative may reasonably request, and such counsel shall have received such documents and information as they may reasonably request to enable them to pass upon such matters.

(i) No Legal Impediment to Issuance and/or Sale . No action shall have been taken and no statute, rule, regulation or order shall have been enacted, adopted or issued by any federal, state or foreign governmental or regulatory authority that would, as of the Closing Date or any relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, prevent the issuance or sale of the Shares and the Warrants by the Company; and no injunction or order of any federal, state or foreign court shall have been issued that would, as of the Closing Date or the relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, prevent the issuance or sale of the Shares and the Warrants by the Company.

(j) Good Standing . The Representative shall have received on and as of the Closing Date or each relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, satisfactory evidence of the good standing of the Company and its active Subsidiaries in their respective jurisdictions of organization and their good standing as foreign entities in such other jurisdictions as the Representative may reasonably request, in each case in writing or any standard form of telecommunication from the appropriate governmental authorities of such jurisdictions and in each case where the failure to so qualify would have a Material Adverse Effect.

(k) Exchange Listing . At the Closing Time, the Shares and the Warrant Shares shall have been approved for listing on the NYSE MKT, subject only to official notice of issuance.

(l) No Objection . FINRA shall have not raised any unresolved objection with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of the underwriting terms and arrangements relating to the offering of the Shares and the Warrants.

(m) Lock-up Agreements . At the date of this Agreement, the Representative shall have received an agreement substantially in the form of Exhibit A hereto signed by the persons listed on Exhibit B hereto.

(n) Secretary’s Certificate . The Company shall have furnished to the Representative a Secretary’s Certificate of the Company, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters and customary for the type of offering contemplated by this Agreement.

(o) Additional Documents . At the Closing Time and at each Date of Delivery (if any) counsel for the Underwriters shall have been furnished with such documents and opinions as they may reasonably require for the purpose of enabling them to pass upon the issuance and sale of the Shares and the Warrants as herein contemplated, or in order to evidence the accuracy of any of the representations or warranties, or the fulfillment of any of the conditions, herein contained; and all proceedings taken by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares and the Warrants as herein contemplated shall be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Representative and counsel for the Underwriters.

(p) Termination of Agreement . If any condition specified in this Section shall not have been fulfilled when and as required to be fulfilled, this Agreement, or, in the case of any condition to the purchase of Optional Shares, the Optional Series A Warrants and the Optional Series B Warrants on a Date of Delivery which is after the Closing Time, the obligations of the several Underwriters to purchase the relevant Optional Shares, the Optional Series A Warrants and the Optional Series B Warrants, may be terminated by the Representative by notice to the Company at any time at or prior to Closing Time or such Date of Delivery, as the case may be, and such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except as provided in Section 5 and except that Sections 7, 13, 14 and 15 shall survive any such termination and remain in full force and effect.

All opinions, letters, certificates and evidence mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions hereof only if they are in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters.

7. Indemnification and Contribution .

(a) Company Indemnification . The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its affiliates and their respective partners, members, directors, officers, employees and agents and each person, if any, who controls any Underwriter or any affiliate within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act as follows:

(i) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any Preliminary Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or any Marketing Materials, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading;

(ii) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission; provided that (subject to Section 7(d) below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be delayed or withheld;

(iii) against any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel), reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission (whether or not a party), to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i) or (ii) above;

(iv) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon any breach of a material representation, warranty or covenant made by the Company in this Agreement,

provided , however , that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) solely in reliance upon and in conformity with the Underwriter Information.

(b) Underwriter Indemnification . Each Underwriter severally agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in Section 7(a), as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto), any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter and furnished to the Company in writing by the Underwriter expressly for use therein, which information the parties hereto agree is limited to the Underwriter Information.

(c) Procedure . Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this Section 7 will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this Section 7, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 7 and (ii) any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provision of this Section 7 unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. Upon request of the indemnified party, the indemnifying party shall retain counsel selected by the indemnified party and reasonably satisfactory to the indemnifying party to represent the indemnified party that the indemnified party may designate in such proceeding and shall pay the actual and reasonable fees and disbursements of such counsel related to such proceeding as incurred. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any other legal expenses or any other expenses (except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of investigation) subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (A) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (B) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (C) a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (D) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action or counsel satisfactory to the indemnified party, in each case, within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action; in each of which cases the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction (plus local counsel) at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly as they are incurred. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this Section 7 (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent (1) includes an express, full and unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such litigation, investigation, proceeding or claim and (2) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.

(d) Settlement Without Consent if Failure to Reimburse . If at any time an indemnified party shall have requested an indemnifying party to reimburse the indemnified party for fees and expenses of counsel, such indemnifying party agrees that it shall be liable for any settlement of the nature contemplated by Section 7(a)(ii) effected without its written consent if (i) such settlement is entered into more than 45 days after receipt by such indemnifying party of the aforesaid request, (ii) such indemnifying party shall have received notice of the terms of such settlement at least 30 days prior to such settlement being entered into and (iii) such indemnifying party shall not have reimbursed such indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement.

(e) Contribution . In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this Section 7 is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable from the Company or the Underwriters, the Company and the Underwriters will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other than the Underwriters, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, officers of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company and the Underwriters may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total net proceeds from the sale of the Shares and the Warrants (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Underwriters (before deducting expenses) from the sale of the Shares and the Warrants on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters, on the other hand, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or the Underwriters, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 7(e) were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this Section 7(e) shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this Section 7(e), any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with Section 7(c) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 7(e), the Underwriters shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 7(e), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any officers, directors, partners, employees or agents of the Underwriters, will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each director of the Company and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section 7(e), will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section 7(e) except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of Section 7(c) hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to Section 7(c) hereof.

8. Representations, Warranties and Agreements to Survive . All representations, warranties and agreements contained in this Agreement or in certificates of officers of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries submitted pursuant hereto, shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or its Affiliates or selling agents, any person controlling any Underwriter, its officers or directors, any person controlling the Company and (ii) delivery of and payment for the Shares and the Warrants.

9. Termination .

(a) Termination . The Representative may terminate this Agreement, by notice to the Company, at any time at or prior to the Closing Time (i) if there has been, since the time of execution of this Agreement or since the respective dates as of which information is given in the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, any Material Adverse Effect, (ii) if the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise has suffered any loss or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood or other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, (iii) if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of the Representative, impracticable or inadvisable to market the Shares and the Warrants or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Shares and the Warrants, (iv) if trading in any securities of the Company has been suspended or materially limited by the Commission or the NYSE MKT, (v) if trading generally on the NYSE MKT or the NASDAQ has been suspended or materially limited, or minimum or maximum prices for trading have been fixed, or maximum ranges for prices have been required, by any of said exchanges or by order of the Commission, FINRA or any other governmental authority, (vi) a material disruption has occurred in commercial banking or securities settlement or clearance services in the United States or (vii) if a banking moratorium has been declared by either Federal or New York authorities.

(b) Liabilities . If this Agreement is terminated pursuant to this Section, such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except as provided in Section 5 hereof, and provided further that Sections 7, 13, 14 and 15 shall survive such termination and remain in full force and effect.

10. Defaulting Underwriter .

(a) If one or more of the Underwriters shall fail at the Closing Time or a Date of Delivery to purchase the Shares and the Warrants which it or they are obligated to purchase under this Agreement (the “ Defaulted Securities ”), the Representative shall have the right, within 24 hours thereafter, to make arrangements for one or more of the non-defaulting Underwriters, or any other underwriters, to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Defaulted Securities in such amounts as may be agreed upon and upon the terms herein set forth; if, however, the Representative shall not have completed such arrangements within such 24-hour period, then:

(i) if the number of Defaulted Securities does not exceed 10% of the number of Shares and Warrants to be purchased on such date, each of the non-defaulting Underwriters shall be obligated, severally and not jointly, to purchase the full amount thereof in the proportions that their respective underwriting obligations hereunder bear to the underwriting obligations of all non-defaulting Underwriters, or

(ii) if the number of Defaulted Securities exceeds 10% of the number of Shares and Warrants to be purchased on such date, this Agreement or, with respect to any Date of Delivery which occurs after the Closing Time, the obligation of the Underwriters to purchase, and the Company to sell, the Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants to be purchased and sold on such Date of Delivery shall terminate without liability on the part of any non-defaulting Underwriter.

No action taken pursuant to this Section 10 shall relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability in respect of its default.

In the event of any such default which does not result in a termination of this Agreement or, in the case of a Date of Delivery which is after the Closing Time, which does not result in a termination of the obligation of the Underwriters to purchase and the Company to sell the relevant Optional Shares, Optional Series A Warrants and Optional Series B Warrants, as the case may be, either the (i) Representative or (ii) the Company shall have the right to postpone Closing Time or the relevant Date of Delivery, as the case may be, for a period not exceeding seven days in order to effect any required changes in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or in any other documents or arrangements. As used herein, the term “Underwriter” includes any person substituted for an Underwriter under this Section 10.

11. No Advisory or Fiduciary Relationship . The Company acknowledges and agrees that (a) the purchase and sale of the Shares and the Warrants pursuant to this Agreement, including the determination of the public offering price of the Shares and the Warrants and any related discounts and commissions, is an arm’s-length commercial transaction between the Company, on the one hand, and the several Underwriters, on the other hand, (b) in connection with the offering of the Shares and the Warrants and the process leading thereto, each Underwriter is and has been acting solely as a principal and is not the agent or fiduciary of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or its respective stockholders, creditors, employees or any other party, (c) no Underwriter has assumed or will assume an advisory or fiduciary responsibility in favor of the Company with respect to the offering of the Shares and the Warrants or the process leading thereto (irrespective of whether such Underwriter has advised or is currently advising the Company or any of its Subsidiaries on other matters) and no Underwriter has any obligation to the Company with respect to the offering of the Shares and the Warrants except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement, (d) the Underwriters and their respective affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that involve interests that differ from those of each of the Company, and (e) the Underwriters have not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the offering of the Shares and the Warrants and the Company has consulted its own respective legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it deemed appropriate.

12. Parties . This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Underwriters, the Company and their respective successors. Nothing expressed or mentioned in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give any person, firm or corporation, other than the Underwriters, the Company and their respective successors and the controlling persons and officers and directors referred to in Section 7 and their heirs and legal representatives, any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement or any provision herein contained. This Agreement and all conditions and provisions hereof are intended to be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the Underwriters and the Company and their respective successors, and said controlling persons and officers and directors and their heirs and legal representatives, and for the benefit of no other person, firm or corporation. No purchaser of Shares and Warrants from any Underwriter shall be deemed to be a successor by reason merely of such purchase.

13. Trial by Jury . The Company (on its behalf and, to the extent permitted by applicable law, on behalf of its stockholders and affiliates) and each of the Underwriters hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.

14. GOVERNING LAW . THIS AGREEMENT AND ANY CLAIM, CONTROVERSY OR DISPUTE ARISING UNDER OR RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF, THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

15. Consent to Jurisdiction; Waiver of Immunity . Any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or based upon this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby (“ Related Proceedings ”) may be instituted in the federal courts of the United States of America located in the City and County of New York, Borough of Manhattan, or the courts of the State of New York, in each case located in the City and County of New York, Borough of Manhattan (collectively, the “ Specified Courts ”), and each party irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction (except for proceedings instituted in regard to the enforcement of a judgment of any such court, as to which such jurisdiction is non-exclusive) of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. Service of any process, summons, notice or document by mail to such party’s address set forth above shall be effective service of process for any suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court. The parties irrevocably and unconditionally waive any objection to the laying of venue of any suit, action or other proceeding in the Specified Courts and irrevocably and unconditionally waive and agree not to plead or claim in any such court that any such suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.

16. TIME . TIME SHALL BE OF THE ESSENCE OF THIS AGREEMENT. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE SET FORTH HEREIN, SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME.

17. Partial Unenforceability . The invalidity or unenforceability of any Section, paragraph or provision of this Agreement shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any other Section, paragraph or provision hereof. If any Section, paragraph or provision of this Agreement is for any reason determined to be invalid or unenforceable, there shall be deemed to be made such minor changes (and only such minor changes) as are necessary to make it valid and enforceable

18. Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same Agreement.

19. Effect of Headings . The Section headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.

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If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding, please indicate your acceptance of this Agreement by signing in the space provided below.

The foregoing Underwriting Agreement is

hereby confirmed and accepted as of the date first

above written on behalf of themselves and the other

several Underwriters named in Schedule I hereto

Schedule II

  Pricing Information

Number of Firm Shares to be Issued and Sold: 25,000,000

Number of Firm Series A Warrants to be Issued and Sold: 25,000,000

Number of Firm Series B Warrants to be Issued and Sold: 25,000,000

Combined Public Offering Price per Share, Series A Warrant and Series B Warrant: $1.00

Underwriting Discounts and Commissions: $0.06

Number of Optional Shares to be Issued and Sold:  3,750,000

Number of Optional Series A Warrants to be Issued and Sold: 3,750,000

Number of Optional Series B Warrants to be Issued and Sold: 3,750,000

Schedule III