As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 22, 2019
File
No. 333-08045
File No. 811-07705
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM
N-1A
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under the SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 | x | |
Pre-Effective Amendment No. | ¨ | |
Post-Effective Amendment No. 33 | x | |
and/or | ||
REGISTRATION STATEMENT | ||
Under the INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 | x | |
Amendment No. 35 | x | |
(Check appropriate box or boxes) |
Virtus Asset Trust
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
Area
Code and Telephone Number: 888-784-3863
101 Munson Street
Greenfield, Massachusetts 01301
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Kevin
J. Carr, Esq.
Counsel
Virtus Investment Partners, Inc.
100 Pearl St.
Hartford, Connecticut 06103
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
Copies
of All Correspondence to:
David C. Mahaffey, Esq.
Sullivan & Worcester LLP
1666 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):
¨ | immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) |
x | on February 25, 2019 pursuant to paragraph (b) of Rule 485 |
☐ | 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) |
☐ | on _____________ or at such later date as the Commission shall order pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) |
☐ | 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) |
☐ | on _____________ pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485. |
If appropriate, check the following box:
☐ | this post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment. |
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TICKER SYMBOL BY CLASS
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FUND
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A
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C
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I
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R6
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Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
SASVX
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STCEX
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SCETX
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VVERX
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| FUND SUMMARY | | |
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| MORE INFORMATION ABOUT RISKS RELATED TO PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES | | | | |
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| RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES AND FUND OPERATIONS | | | | |
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Shareholder Fees
(fees paid directly from your investment)
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Class A
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Class C
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Class I
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Class R6
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Maximum Sales Charge (load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of
offering price) |
| | | | | 5.75 | % | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | 2.50 | % | | | |
| | Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (load) (as a percentage of the lesser of purchase price or redemption proceeds) | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | 1.00 | % (a) | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | Non | e | | | |
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Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a
percentage of the value of your investment) |
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Class A
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Class C
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Class I
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Class R6
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| | Management Fees | | | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | | | | 0.84 | % | | | |
| | Distribution and Shareholder Servicing (12b-1) Fees | | | | | | 0.25 | % | | | | | | | 1.00 | % | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | Non | e | | | |
| | Other Expenses | | | | | | 0.37 | % | | | | | | | 0.25 | % | | | | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | | | | 0.18 | % (b) | | | |
| | Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses | | | | | | 1.46 | % | | | | | | | 2.09 | % | | | | | | | 1.18 | % | | | | | | | 1.02 | % | | | |
| | Less: Fee Waivers and/or Expense Reimbursements (c) | | | | | | 0.00 | % | | | | | | | (0.19) | % | | | | | | | 0.00 | % | | | | | | | (0.14) | % | | | |
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Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waivers and/or Expense
Reimbursements (c) |
| | | | | 1.46 | % | | | | | | | 1.90 | % | | | | | | | 1.18 | % | | | | | | | 0.88 | % | | | |
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Share Status
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1 Year
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3 Years
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5 Years
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10 Years
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| | Class A | | | |
Sold or Held
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| | | | | $715 | | | | | | | $1,010 | | | | | | | $1,327 | | | | | | | $2,221 | | | | ||||
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Class C
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Sold
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| | | | | $293 | | | | | | | $637 | | | | | | | $1,106 | | | | | | | $2,406 | | | | ||||
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Held
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| | | | | $193 | | | | | | | $637 | | | | | | | $1,106 | | | | | | | $2,406 | | | | |||||||||
| | Class I | | | |
Sold or Held
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| | | | | $120 | | | | | | | $375 | | | | | | | $649 | | | | | | | $1,432 | | | | ||||
| | Class R6 | | | |
Sold or Held
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| | | | | $90 | | | | | | | $311 | | | | | | | $550 | | | | | | | $1,235 | | | |
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Best Quarter:
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Q3/2009:
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19.65%
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Worst Quarter:
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Q3/2011:
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-19.94%
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Year to Date (12/31/18):
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-12.42%
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1 Year
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5 Years
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10 Years
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| | Class I | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Return Before Taxes
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| | | | | -12.42 | % | | | | | | | 3.70 | % | | | | | | | 12.30 | % | | | |
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Return After Taxes on Distributions
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| | | | | -15.77 | % | | | | | | | -0.29 | % | | | | | | | 9.76 | % | | | |
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Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares
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| | | | | -4.96 | % | | | | | | | 2.65 | % | | | | | | | 10.11 | % | | | |
| | Class A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Return Before Taxes
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| | | | | -17.72 | % | | | | | | | 2.18 | % | | | | | | | 11.31 | % | | | |
| | Class C | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Return Before Taxes
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| | | | | -13.07 | % | | | | | | | 2.99 | % | | | | | | | 11.40 | % | | | |
| | Russell 2000 ® Value Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | | | | -12.86 | % | | | | | | | 3.61 | % | | | | | | | 10.40 | % | | | |
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Class A Shares
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Class C Shares
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Class I Shares
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Class R6 Shares
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| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | | 1.55 | % | | | | | | | 1.90 | % | | | | | | | 1.24 | % | | | | | | | 0.88 | % | | | |
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Class A Shares
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Class C Shares
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Class I Shares
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Class R6 Shares
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| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | | 1.46 | % | | | | | | | 1.90 | % | | | | | | | 1.18 | % | | | | | | | N/A | | | |
| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | Ceredex | | |
| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | | 0.85 % | | | |
| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | | 0.84 % | | | |
| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | 50% of net investment management fee | | |
| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | Brett Barner, CFA (since 1995) | | |
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Fund
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Class A
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Class C
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Class I
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Class R6
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| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | | 0.25 % | | | | | | | 1.00 % | | | | | | | None | | | | | | | None | | | |
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Sales Charge as a percentage of
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Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
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Offering Price
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Net Amount Invested
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Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75 % | | | | | | 6.10 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.50 | | | | | | 2.56 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
Year
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1
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2+
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CDSC | | | | | 1 % | | | | | | 0 % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
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Sales Charge as a
Percentage of Offering Price |
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Sales Charge as a
Percentage of Amount Invested |
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Dealer Discount as a
Percentage of Offering Price |
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Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75 % | | | | | | 6.10 % | | | | | | 5.00 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | | | | | 4.25 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | | | | | 3.25 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | | | | | 2.25 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | | 1.75 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
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To Open An Account
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| | Through a financial advisor | | | |
Contact your advisor. Some advisors may charge a fee and may set different minimum investments or limitations on buying shares.
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| | Through the mail | | | |
Complete a new account application and send it with a check payable to the fund. Mail them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074.
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| | Through express delivery | | | |
Complete a new account application and send it with a check payable to the fund. Send them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, 4400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA 01581-1722.
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| | By Federal Funds wire | | | | Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0). | | |
| | By Systematic Purchase | | | |
Complete the appropriate section on the application and send it with your initial investment payable to the fund. Mail them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074.
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| | By telephone exchange | | | | Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0). | | |
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To Sell Shares
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| | Through a financial advisor | | | |
Contact your advisor. Some advisors may charge a fee and may set different minimums on redemptions of accounts.
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| | Through the mail | | | |
Send a letter of instruction to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074. Be sure to include the registered owner’s name, fund and account number, and number of shares or dollar value you wish to sell.
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| | Through express delivery | | | |
Send a letter of instruction to: Virtus Mutual Funds, 4400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA 01581-1722. Be sure to include the registered owner’s name, fund and account number, and number of shares or dollar value you wish to sell.
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| | By telephone | | | | For sales up to $50,000, requests can be made by calling 800-243-1574. | | |
| | By telephone exchange | | | | Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0). | | |
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Fund
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Dividend Paid
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| | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | Semiannually | | |
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Net Asset
Value, Beginning of Period |
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Net
Investment Income (Loss) (1) |
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Net Realized
and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
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Total from
Investment Operations |
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Dividends
from Net Investment Income |
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Distributions
from Net Realized Gains |
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Total
Distributions |
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Change in Net
Asset Value |
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Net Asset
Value End of Period |
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Total
Return (2)(4) |
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Net Assets
End of Period (in thousands) |
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Ratio of Net
Expenses to Average Net Assets (3)(5) |
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Ratio of Gross
Expenses to Average Net Assets (3)(5) |
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Ratio of Net
Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets (3) |
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Portfolio
Turnover Rate (4) |
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Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1/1/18 to 6/30/18 (9) | | | | $ | 11.53 | | | | | | 0.02 | | | | | | 0.44 | | | | | | 0.46 | | | | | | — | | | | | | (0.07 ) | | | | | | (0.07 ) | | | | | | | | | 0.39 | | | | | | 11.92 | | | | | | 3.97 % | | | | | $ | 91,715 | | | | | | 1.47 % (8) | | | | | | 1.47 % | | | | | | 0.29 % | | | | | | 20 % | | |
4/1/2017 to 12/31/2017 (6) | | | | | 12.58 | | | | | | 0.14 | | | | | | 0.90 | | | | | | 1.04 | | | | | | (0.16 ) | | | | | | (1.93 ) | | | | | | (2.09 ) | | | | | | | | | (1.05 ) | | | | | | 11.53 | | | | | | 8.74 | | | | | | 114,673 | | | | | | 1.47 | | | | | | 1.50 | | | | | | 1.52 | | | | | | 15 | | |
4/1/2016 to 3/31/2017 | | | | | 10.96 | | | | | | 0.07 | | | | | | 2.20 | | | | | | 2.27 | | | | | | (0.09 ) | | | | | | (0.56 ) | | | | | | (0.65 ) | | | | | | | | | 1.62 | | | | | | 12.58 | | | | | | 20.81 (7) | | | | | | 123,495 | | | | | | 1.55 | | | | | | 1.55 | | | | | | 0.58 | | | | | | 29 | | |
4/1/2015 to 3/31/2016 | | | | | 15.25 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | (0.50 ) | | | | | | (0.42 ) | | | | | | (0.15 ) | | | | | | (3.72 ) | | | | | | (3.87 ) | | | | | | | | | (4.29 ) | | | | | | 10.96 | | | | | | (1.07 ) (7) | | | | | | 121,367 | | | | | | 1.55 | | | | | | 1.55 | | | | | | 0.62 | | | | | | 36 | | |
4/1/2014 to 3/31/2015 | | | | | 17.61 | | | | | | 0.15 | | | | | | 0.38 | | | | | | 0.53 | | | | | | (0.10 ) | | | | | | (2.79 ) | | | | | | (2.89 ) | | | | | | | | | (2.36 ) | | | | | | 15.25 | | | | | | 3.79 | | | | | | 162,732 | | | | | | 1.52 | | | | | | 1.52 | | | | | | 0.89 | | | | | | 10 | | |
4/1/2013 to 3/31/2014 | | | | | 15.19 | | | | | | 0.12 | | | | | | 3.05 | | | | | | 3.17 | | | | | | (0.11 ) | | | | | | (0.64 ) | | | | | | (0.75 ) | | | | | | | | | 2.42 | | | | | | 17.61 | | | | | | 20.96 | | | | | | 195,098 | | | | | | 1.50 | | | | | | 1.50 | | | | | | 0.73 | | | | | | 37 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class C | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1/1/18 to 6/30/18 (9) | | | | $ | 10.31 | | | | | | (0.01 ) | | | | | | 0.41 | | | | | | 0.40 | | | | | | — | | | | | | (0.07 ) | | | | | | (0.07 ) | | | | | | | | | 0.33 | | | | | | 10.64 | | | | | | 3.86 % | | | | | $ | 19,235 | | | | | | 1.90 % | | | | | | 2.15 % | | | | | | (0.15 )% | | | | | | 20 % | | |
4/1/2017 to 12/31/2017 (6) | | | | | 11.46 | | | | | | 0.09 | | | | | | 0.80 | | | | | | 0.89 | | | | | | (0.11 ) | | | | | | (1.93 ) | | | | | | (2.04 ) | | | | | | | | | (1.15 ) | | | | | | 10.31 | | | | | | 8.28 | | | | | | 20,658 | | | | | | 1.90 | | | | | | 2.07 | | | | | | 1.05 | | | | | | 15 | | |
4/1/2016 to 3/31/2017 | | | | | 10.04 | | | | | | 0.02 | | | | | | 2.02 | | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | | (0.06 ) | | | | | | (0.56 ) | | | | | | (0.62 ) | | | | | | | | | 1.42 | | | | | | 11.46 | | | | | | 20.35 | | | | | | 24,529 | | | | | | 1.90 | | | | | | 1.90 | | | | | | 0.22 | | | | | | 29 | | |
4/1/2015 to 3/31/2016 | | | | | 14.31 | | | | | | 0.03 | | | | | | (0.47 ) | | | | | | (0.44 ) | | | | | | (0.11 ) | | | | | | (3.72 ) | | | | | | (3.83 ) | | | | | | | | | (4.27 ) | | | | | | 10.04 | | | | | | (1.34 ) | | | | | | 27,410 | | | | | | 1.90 | | | | | | 1.90 | | | | | | 0.28 | | | | | | 36 | | |
4/1/2014 to 3/31/2015 | | | | | 16.71 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | 0.36 | | | | | | 0.44 | | | | | | (0.05 ) | | | | | | (2.79 ) | | | | | | (2.84 ) | | | | | | | | | (2.40 ) | | | | | | 14.31 | | | | | | 3.42 | | | | | | 33,793 | | | | | | 1.88 | | | | | | 1.88 | | | | | | 0.54 | | | | | | 10 | | |
4/1/2013 to 3/31/2014 | | | | | 14.47 | | | | | | 0.06 | | | | | | 2.90 | | | | | | 2.96 | | | | | | (0.08 ) | | | | | | (0.64 ) | | | | | | (0.72 ) | | | | | | | | | 2.24 | | | | | | 16.71 | | | | | | 20.53 | | | | | | 38,408 | | | | | | 1.87 | | | | | | 1.87 | | | | | | 0.36 | | | | | | 37 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class I | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1/1/18 to 6/30/18 (9) | | | | $ | 11.98 | | | | | | 0.03 | | | | | | 0.47 | | | | | | 0.50 | | | | | | — | | | | | | (0.07 ) | | | | | | (0.07 ) | | | | | | | | | 0.43 | | | | | | 12.41 | | | | | | 4.24 % | | | | | $ | 620,975 | | | | | | 1.19 % (8) | | | | | | 1.19 % | | | | | | 0.57 % | | | | | | 20 % | | |
4/1/2017 to 12/31/2017 (6) | | | | | 12.99 | | | | | | 0.16 | | | | | | 0.94 | | | | | | 1.10 | | | | | | (0.18 ) | | | | | | (1.93 ) | | | | | | (2.11 ) | | | | | | | | | (1.01 ) | | | | | | 11.98 | | | | | | 8.94 | | | | | | 673,458 | | | | | | 1.22 | | | | | | 1.22 | | | | | | 1.72 | | | | | | 15 | | |
4/1/2016 to 3/31/2017 | | | | | 11.30 | | | | | | 0.11 | | | | | | 2.27 | | | | | | 2.38 | | | | | | (0.13 ) | | | | | | (0.56 ) | | | | | | (0.69 ) | | | | | | | | | 1.69 | | | | | | 12.99 | | | | | | 21.15 | | | | | | 786,245 | | | | | | 1.24 | | | | | | 1.24 | | | | | | 0.87 | | | | | | 29 | | |
4/1/2015 to 3/31/2016 | | | | | 15.59 | | | | | | 0.13 | | | | | | (0.50 ) | | | | | | (0.37 ) | | | | | | (0.20 ) | | | | | | (3.72 ) | | | | | | (3.92 ) | | | | | | | | | (4.29 ) | | | | | | 11.30 | | | | | | (0.64 ) | | | | | | 820,124 | | | | | | 1.21 | | | | | | 1.21 | | | | | | 0.93 | | | | | | 36 | | |
4/1/2014 to 3/31/2015 | | | | | 17.95 | | | | | | 0.20 | | | | | | 0.38 | | | | | | 0.58 | | | | | | (0.15 ) | | | | | | (2.79 ) | | | | | | (2.94 ) | | | | | | | | | (2.36 ) | | | | | | 15.59 | | | | | | 4.07 | | | | | | 1,118,190 | | | | | | 1.21 | | | | | | 1.21 | | | | | | 1.16 | | | | | | 10 | | |
4/1/2013 to 3/31/2014 | | | | | 15.45 | | | | | | 0.17 | | | | | | 3.11 | | | | | | 3.28 | | | | | | (0.14 ) | | | | | | (0.64 ) | | | | | | (0.78 ) | | | | | | | | | 2.50 | | | | | | 17.95 | | | | | | 21.34 | | | | | | 1,528,174 | | | | | | 1.22 | | | | | | 1.22 | | | | | | 1.01 | | | | | | 37 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Investment Company Act File No. 811-07705 | | |
2-19
|
|
| 8645 | | | |
| | |
TICKER SYMBOL BY CLASS
|
| |||||||||||||||
FUND
|
| |
A
|
| |
C
|
| |
I
|
| |
R
|
| |
R6
|
| | ||
Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
SVIIX
|
| |
SVIFX
|
| |
STVTX
|
| | | | |
STVZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
SAMVX
|
| |
SMVFX
|
| |
SMVTX
|
| | | | |
SMVZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
SASVX
|
| |
STCEX
|
| |
SCETX
|
| | | | |
VVERX
|
| | ||
Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
STGIX
|
| | | | |
STIGX
|
| |
SCIGX
|
| |
STGZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
SAINX
|
| |
STIFX
|
| |
STICX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
SFRAX
|
| |
SFRCX
|
| |
SAMBX
|
| | | | |
SFRZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
SGTEX
|
| | | | |
SGATX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
SFLTX
|
| | | | |
SCFTX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix High Income Fund | | |
SAHIX
|
| | | | |
STHTX
|
| |
STHIX
|
| |
STHZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | | |
HYPSX
|
| | | | |
SAMHX
|
| |
HYLSX
|
| |
HYIZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
SISIX
|
| | | | |
STTBX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
SNCIX
|
| | | | |
CNCFX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
STSBX
|
| |
SCBSX
|
| |
SSBTX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
SMMAX
|
| | | | |
CMDTX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
CBPSX
|
| | | | |
SAMFX
|
| |
SCBLX
|
| |
SAMZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
SSAGX
|
| | | | |
SIGVX
|
| | | | |
SIGZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
SLTMX
|
| |
SCLFX
|
| |
SLMTX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
SASSX
|
| | | | |
SISSX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
CVIAX
|
| | | | |
CRVTX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
STCIX
|
| |
STCFX
|
| |
STCAX
|
| | | | |
STCZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
SCGIX
|
| |
SSCFX
|
| |
SSCTX
|
| | | | | | | |||
Virtus WCM International Equity Fund | | |
SCIIX
|
| | | | |
STITX
|
| | | | |
SCIZX
|
| | ||
Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
SAGAX
|
| | | | |
SCATX
|
| | | | | | |
| | |
Page
|
| |||
Glossary | | | | | 3 | | |
| | | | 7 | | | |
| | | | 14 | | | |
| | | | 75 | | | |
| | | | 76 | | | |
| | | | 89 | | | |
| | | | 89 | | | |
| | | | 101 | | | |
| | | | 103 | | | |
| | | | 109 | | | |
| | | | 113 | | | |
| | | | 122 | | | |
| | | | 124 | | | |
| | | | 130 | | | |
| | | | 131 | | | |
| | | | A-1 | | | |
| | | | B-1 | | |
| 1933 Act | | | The Securities Act of 1933, as amended | |
| 1940 Act | | | The Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended | |
| ACH | | | Automated Clearing House, a nationwide electronic money transfer system that provides for the inter-bank clearing of credit and debit transactions and for the exchange of information among participating financial institutions | |
| Administrator | | | The Trust’s administrative agent, Virtus Fund Services, LLC | |
| ADRs | | | American Depositary Receipts | |
| ADSs | | | American Depositary Shares | |
| Adviser | | | The investment adviser to the Funds, Virtus Fund Advisers, LLC, formerly RidgeWorth Capital Management LLC | |
| BNY Mellon | | | BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc., the sub-administrative and accounting agent and sub-transfer agent for the Funds | |
| Board | | | The Board of Trustees of Virtus Asset Trust (also referred to herein as the “Trustees”) | |
| CCO | | | Chief Compliance Officer | |
| CDRs | | | Continental Depositary Receipts (another name for EDRs) | |
| CDSC | | | Contingent Deferred Sales Charge | |
| CEA | | | Commodity Exchange Act, which is the U.S. law governing trading in commodity futures | |
| Ceredex | | | Ceredex Value Advisors LLC, subadviser to the Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund, Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund and Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | |
| Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | |
| Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | |
| Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | |
| CFTC | | | Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which is the U.S. regulator governing trading in commodity futures | |
| Code | | | The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which is the law governing U.S. federal taxes | |
| Custodian | | | The custodian of the Funds’ assets, The Bank of New York Mellon | |
| Distributor | | | The principal underwriter of shares of the Funds, VP Distributors, LLC | |
| EDRs | | | European Depositary Receipts (another name for CDRs) | |
| ETFs | | | Exchange-traded Funds | |
| FHFA | | | Federal Housing Finance Agency, an independent Federal agency that regulates FNMA, FHLMC and the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks | |
| FHLMC | | | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, also known as “Freddie Mac”, which is a government-sponsored corporation formerly owned by the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks and now owned entirely by private stockholders | |
| FINRA | | | Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, a self-regulatory organization with authority over registered broker-dealers operating in the United States, including VP Distributors | |
| Fitch | | | Fitch Ratings, Inc. | |
| FNMA | | | Federal National Mortgage Association, also known as “Fannie Mae”, which is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders and subject to general regulation by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | |
| Fund Complex | | | The group of Funds sponsored by Virtus and managed by the Adviser or its affiliates, including the Virtus Mutual Funds, Virtus Variable Insurance Trust and certain other closed-end funds | |
| Funds | | | The series of the Trust discussed in this SAI | |
| GDRs | | | Global Depositary Receipts | |
| GICs | | | Guaranteed Investment Contracts | |
| GNMA | | | Government National Mortgage Association, also known as “Ginnie Mae”, which is a wholly-owned United States Government corporation within the Department of Housing and Urban Development | |
| IMF | | | International Monetary Fund, an international organization seeking to promote international economic cooperation, international trade, employment and exchange rate stability, among other things | |
| Independent Trustees | | | Those members of the Board who are not “interested persons” as defined by the 1940 Act | |
| IRA | | | Individual Retirement Account | |
| IRS | | | The United States Internal Revenue Service, which is the arm of the U.S. government that administers and enforces the Code | |
| LIBOR | | | London Interbank Offering Rate, an interest rate at which banks can borrow funds, in marketable size, from other banks in the London interbank market | |
| Moody’s | | | Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. | |
| NAV | | | Net Asset Value, which is the per-share price of a Fund | |
| NYSE | | | New York Stock Exchange | |
| OCC | | | Options Clearing Corporation, a large equity derivatives clearing corporation | |
| OECD | | | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an international organization seeking to promote economic progress and world trade | |
| PERLS | | | Principal Exchange Rate Linked Securities | |
| PNX | | | Phoenix Life Insurance Company, which is the former parent company of Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., and certain of its corporate affiliates | |
| Predecessor Funds | | | Series of RidgeWorth Funds that have been reorganized with and into the Funds. | |
| Prospectuses | | | The prospectuses for the Funds, as amended from time to time | |
| PwC | | | PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm for the Trust | |
| Regulations | | | The Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code | |
| RIC | | | Regulated Investment Company, a designation under the Code indicating a U.S.-registered investment company meeting the specifications under the Code allowing the investment company to be exempt from paying U.S. federal income taxes | |
| RidgeWorth | | | RidgeWorth Capital Management LLC (renamed Virtus Fund Advisers, LLC), the Adviser to the Funds | |
| S&P | | | Standard & Poor’s Corporation | |
| S&P 500 ® Index | | | The Standard & Poor’s 500 ® Index, which is a free-float market capitalization-weighted index of 500 of the largest U.S. companies, calculated on a total return basis with dividends reinvested | |
| SAI | | | This Statement of Additional Information | |
| SEC | | | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | |
| Seix | | | Seix Investment Advisors LLC, subadviser to the Seix Core Bond Fund, Seix Corporate Bond Fund, Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund, Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund, Seix High Income Fund, Seix High Yield Fund, Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Seix Short-Term Bond Fund, Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund, Seix Total Return Bond Fund, Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund, Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund, Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund and Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | |
| Seix Core Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | |
| Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | |
|
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund
|
| | Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | |
|
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund
|
| | Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | |
| Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | |
| Seix High Income Fund | | | Virtus Seix High Income Fund | |
| Seix High Yield Fund | | | Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | |
| Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | |
| Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | |
| Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | |
| Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | |
| Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | |
| Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | |
| Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | |
| Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | |
| Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | |
| SIFMA | | | Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (formerly, the Bond Market Association), a financial industry trade group consisting of broker-dealers and asset managers across the United States | |
| Silvant | | | Silvant Capital Management LLC, subadviser to the Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund and Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | |
|
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund
|
| | Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | |
|
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund
|
| | Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | |
| SMBS | | | Stripped Mortgage-backed Securities | |
| State Street | | | State Street Bank and Trust Company, previously the Custodian, sub-administrative and accounting agent for the Funds | |
| Transfer Agent | | | The Trust’s transfer agent, Virtus Fund Services, LLC | |
| Trust | | | Virtus Asset Trust | |
| VIA | | | Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc., an affiliated investment adviser of the Adviser | |
| Virtus | | | Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., which is the parent company of the Adviser, VIA,the Distributor, the Administrator/Transfer Agent, Ceredex, Seix and Silvant and a minority owner of Zevenbergen | |
| Virtus Fund Advisers | | | Virtus Fund Advisers, LLC, the Adviser to the Funds | |
| Virtus Fund Services | | | Virtus Fund Services, LLC, the Administrator/Transfer Agent to the Funds | |
| Virtus Mutual Funds | | | The family of funds consisting of the Funds, the series of Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, the series of Virtus Equity Trust and the series of Virtus Opportunities Trust | |
| VP Distributors | | | VP Distributors, LLC, the Trust's Distributor | |
| VVIT | | | Virtus Variable Insurance Trust, a separate trust consisting of several series advised by VIA and distributed by VP Distributors | |
| WCM | | | WCM Investment Management, subadviser to the WCM International Equity Fund | |
| WCM International Equity Fund | | | Virtus WCM International Equity Fund | |
| World Bank | | | International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs | |
| Zevenbergen | | | Zevenbergen Capital Investments LLC, subadviser to the Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | |
| Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | |
| |
Fund Type
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Investment Objective(s)
|
| |
| | Value | | | | Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide a high level of capital appreciation. As a secondary goal, the fund also seeks to provide current income. | | |
| | | | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund
|
| | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide capital appreciation. As a secondary goal, the fund also seeks to provide current income. | | |
| | | | | | Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide capital appreciation. As a secondary goal, the fund also seeks to provide current income. | | |
| | Growth | | | | Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide capital appreciation. | | |
| | | | | | Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide long-term capital appreciation. | | |
| | | | | | Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide long-term capital appreciation. | | |
| | International | | | | WCM International Equity Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide long-term capital appreciation. | | |
| | Investment Grade | | | | Seix Core Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize long term total return through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize long term total return through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize long term total return through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| |
Fund Type
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Investment Objective(s)
|
| |
| | | | | | Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize long term total return through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | Short Duration | | | | Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize long term total return through a combination of current income and capital appreciation, consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize current income consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize current income consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | High Yield | | | | Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to provide a high level of current income. | | |
| | | | | | Seix High Income Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking high current income and, secondarily, total return (comprised of capital appreciation and income). | | |
| | | | | | Seix High Yield Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking high income and, secondarily, capital appreciation. | | |
| | Municipal Bond | | | | Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking current income exempt from federal and state income taxes for Georgia residents consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize total return through (i) current income that is exempt from federal income taxes and (ii) capital appreciation consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize high total return through (i) current income that is exempt from federal income taxes and (ii) capital appreciation consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking current income exempt from federal and state income taxes for North Carolina residents consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| |
Fund Type
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Investment Objective(s)
|
| |
| | | | | | Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking to maximize total return through (i) current income that is exempt from federal income taxes and (ii) capital appreciation consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| | | | | | Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of seeking current income exempt from federal and state income taxes for Virginia residents consistent with capital preservation. | | |
| |
Type of Service Provider
|
| | |
Name of Service Provider
|
| | |
Timing of Release of Portfolio Holdings
Information |
| |
| | Adviser | | | | Virtus Fund Advisers | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| |
Type of Service Provider
|
| | |
Name of Service Provider
|
| | |
Timing of Release of Portfolio Holdings
Information |
| |
| | Subadviser | | | | Ceredex | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Subadviser | | | | Seix | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Subadviser | | | | Silvant | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Subadviser | | | | WCM | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Subadviser | | | | Zevenbergen | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Administrator | | | | Virtus Fund Services, LLC | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Distributor | | | | VP Distributors, LLC | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Custodian and Security Lending Agent | | | | The Bank of New York Mellon | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Class Action Service Provider | | | | Financial Recovery Technologies and Institutional Shareholder Services | | | | Monthly with no delay | | |
| | Sub-administrative and Accounting Agent and Sub-transfer Agent | | | | BNY Mellon | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | | | | PwC | | | | Annually, within 15 business days of end of fiscal year. | | |
| | Performance Analytic Firm | | | | FactSet Research Systems, Inc. | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Reconciliation Service | | | | Electra Information Systems | | | | Daily with no delay. | | |
| | Typesetting and Printing Firm for Financial Reports | | | | Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. | | | | Quarterly, within 15 days of end of reporting period. | | |
| | Proxy Voting Service | | | | Institutional Shareholder Services | | | | Monthly | | |
| |
Type of Service Provider
|
| | |
Name of Service Provider
|
| | |
Timing of Release of Portfolio Holdings
Information |
| |
| | Portfolio Redistribution Firms | | | | Bloomberg, FactSet Research Systems, Inc. and Thompson Reuters | | | | Various frequencies depending on the fund, which includes, but is not limited to: Monthly with a 15 day delay or quarterly with a 15, 30, 45 or 60 day delay. | | |
| | Rating Agencies | | | | Lipper Inc. and Morningstar | | | | Various frequencies depending on the fund, which includes, but is not limited to: Monthly with a 15 day delay or quarterly with a 15, 30, 45 or 60 day delay. | | |
| | Virtus Public Web site | | | | Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. | | | | Various frequencies depending on the fund, which includes, but is not limited to: Monthly with a 15 day delay or quarterly with a 15, 30, 45 or 60 day delay. | | |
| |
Trust
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Class/Shares
|
| | ||||||||||||||||
|
A
|
| | |
C
|
| | |
C1
|
| | |
I
|
| | |
R6
|
| | |||||||||
| |
Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust
|
| | |
Aviva Multi-Strategy Target Return Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Energy Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | ||||||
| KAR Long/Short Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Newfleet Credit Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| | Virtus Equity Trust | | | | KAR Capital Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | KAR Global Quality Dividend Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | |
| | | | | | KAR Mid-Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | KAR Mid-Cap Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | KAR Small-Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | KAR Small-Cap Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | KAR Small-Cap Value Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | KAR Small-Mid Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | Rampart Enhanced Core Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | SGA Global Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| | | | | | Tactical Allocation Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
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Virtus Opportunities Trust
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Duff & Phelps Global Infrastructure Fund
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X
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X
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X
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X
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| Duff & Phelps Global Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Duff & Phelps International Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Duff & Phelps Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Herzfeld Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Horizon Wealth Masters Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| KAR Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| KAR International Small-Cap Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Newfleet Bond Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Newfleet CA Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
X
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X
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| Newfleet High Yield Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Newfleet Low Duration Income Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Newfleet Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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X
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| Newfleet Senior Floating Rate Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Newfleet Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Rampart Alternatives Diversifier Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Rampart Equity Trend Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Rampart Multi-Asset Trend Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Rampart Sector Trend Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Vontobel Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Vontobel Foreign Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Vontobel Global Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
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| | |
X
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| | | | | | |
X
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X
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| Vontobel Greater European Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
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| | |
X
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X
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Commodities-Related Investing
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Commodity-related companies may underperform the stock market as a whole. The value of securities issued by commodity-related companies may be affected by factors affecting a particular industry or commodity. The operations and financial performance of commodity-related companies may be directly affected by commodity prices, especially those commodity-related companies that own the underlying commodity. The stock prices of such companies may also experience greater price volatility than other types of common stocks. Securities issued by commodity-related companies are sensitive to changes in the supply and demand for, and thus the prices of, commodities. Volatility of commodity prices, which may lead to a reduction in production or supply, may also negatively impact the performance of commodity and natural resources companies that are solely involved in the transportation, processing, storing, distribution or marketing of commodities. Volatility of commodity prices may also make it more difficult for commodity-related companies to raise capital to the extent the market perceives that their performance may be directly or indirectly tied to commodity prices.
Certain types of commodities instruments (such as commodity-linked notes) are subject to the risk that the counterparty to the instrument will not perform or will be unable to perform in accordance with the terms of the instrument.
Exposure to commodities and commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. No active trading market may exist for certain commodities investments, which may impair the ability of the Fund to sell or to realize the full value of such investments in the event of the need to liquidate such investments. In addition, adverse market conditions may impair the liquidity of actively traded commodities investments.
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Debt Investing
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Each Fund may invest in debt, or fixed income, securities. Debt, or fixed income, securities (which include corporate bonds, commercial paper, debentures, notes, government securities, municipal obligations, state- or state agency-issued obligations, obligations of foreign issuers, asset- or mortgage-backed securities, and other obligations) are used by issuers to borrow money and thus are debt obligations of the issuer. Holders of debt securities are creditors of the issuer, normally ranking ahead of holders of both common and preferred stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. The issuer usually pays a fixed, variable, or floating rate of interest and must repay the amount borrowed at the security’s maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero-coupon securities (discussed below), do not pay interest but may be sold at a deep discount from their face value.
Yields on debt securities depend on a variety of factors, including the general conditions of the money, bond, and note markets, the size of a particular offering, the maturity date of the obligation, and the rating of the issue. Debt securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields and are generally subject to greater price fluctuations in
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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response to changes in market conditions than obligations with shorter maturities. An increase in interest rates generally will reduce the market value of portfolio debt securities, while a decline in interest rates generally will increase the value of the same securities. The achievement of a Fund’s investment objective depends in part on the continuing ability of the issuers of the debt securities in which the Fund invests to meet their obligations for the payment of principal and interest when due. Obligations of issuers of debt securities are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency, sovereign immunity, and other laws that affect the rights and remedies of creditors. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the ability of an issuer to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on its debt securities may be materially affected.
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Acquisitional/Equipment Lines (delayed-draw term loans)
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Acquisitional/equipment lines (delayed-draw term loans) are credits that may be drawn down for a given period to purchase specified assets or equipment or to make acquisitions. The issuer pays a fee during the commitment period (a ticking fee). The lines are then repaid over a specified period (the term-out period). Repaid amounts may not be re-borrowed. To avoid any leveraging concerns, the Fund will segregate or earmark liquid assets with the Fund’s custodian in an amount sufficient to cover its repurchase obligations.
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Collateralized Debt Obligations
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Collateralized Debt Obligations (“CDOs”) are securitized interests in pools of assets. Assets called collateral usually comprise loans or debt instruments.
A CDO may be called a collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) or collateralized bond obligation (“CBO”) if it holds only loans or bonds, respectively. Investors bear the credit risk of the collateral.
Multiple tranches of securities are issued by the CDO, offering investors various maturity and credit risk characteristics. Tranches are categorized as senior, mezzanine, and subordinated/equity, according to their degree of credit risk.
Senior and mezzanine tranches are typically rated, with the former receiving ratings of A to AAA/Aaa and the latter receiving ratings of B to BBB/Baa. The ratings reflect both the credit quality of underlying collateral as well as how much protection a given tranche is afforded by tranches that are subordinate to it.
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Contingent Capital Securities
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Contingent capital securities (sometimes referred to as “CoCos”) are debt or preferred securities with loss absorption characteristics built into the terms of the security, for example a mandatory conversion into common stock of the issuer under certain circumstances, such as the issuer’s capital ratio falling below a certain level.
Since the common stock of the issuer may not pay a dividend, investors in these instruments could experience a reduced income rate, potentially to zero, and conversion would deepen the subordination of the investor, hence worsening a Fund’s standing in a bankruptcy. Some CoCos provide for a reduction in the value or principal amount of the security under such circumstances. In addition, most CoCos are considered to be high yield or “junk” securities and are therefore subject to the risks of investing in below investment grade securities.
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Convertible Securities
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A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, or other security that entitles the holder to acquire common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specific price or formula. It generally entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued until the security matures or is redeemed, converted, or exchanged. Convertible securities may have several unique investment characteristics such as (1) higher yields than common stocks, but lower yields than comparable nonconvertible
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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securities, (2) a lesser degree of fluctuation in value than the underlying stock since they have fixed income characteristics and (3) the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases.
Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible debt securities. Convertible securities often rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure and, therefore, are often viewed as entailing less risk than the corporation’s common stock, although the extent to which this is true depends in large measure on the degree to which the convertible security sells above its value as a fixed income security. However, because convertible securities are often viewed by the issuer as future common stock, they are often subordinated to other senior securities and therefore are rated one category lower than the issuer’s nonconvertible debt obligations or preferred stock.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption or conversion at the option of the issuer at a predetermined price. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund could be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security and convert it to the underlying common stock. The Fund generally would invest in convertible securities for their favorable price characteristics and total return potential, and would normally not exercise an option to convert. The Fund might be more willing to convert such securities to common stock.
A Fund’s subadviser will select only those convertible securities for which it believes (a) the underlying common stock is a suitable investment for the Fund and (b) a greater potential for total return exists by purchasing the convertible security because of its higher yield and/or favorable market valuation. However, the Fund may invest in convertible debt securities rated less than investment grade. Debt securities rated less than investment grade are commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” (For information about debt securities rated less than investment grade, see “High-Yield/High-Risk Fixed Income Securities (Junk Bonds)” under “Debt Investing” in this section of the SAI; for additional information about ratings on debt obligations, see Appendix A to this SAI.)
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Corporate Debt Securities
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Each Fund may invest in debt securities issued by corporations, limited partnerships and other similar entities. A Fund’s investments in debt securities of domestic or foreign corporate issuers include bonds, debentures, notes and other similar corporate debt instruments, including convertible securities that meet the Fund’s minimum ratings criteria or if unrated are, in the Fund’s subadviser’s opinion, comparable in quality to corporate debt securities that meet those criteria. The rate of return or return of principal on some debt obligations may be linked or indexed to the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies or to the value of commodities, such as gold.
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Custodial Receipts
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A custodial receipt represents an indirect interest in a tax-exempt bond that is deposited with a custodian. Custodial receipts may be used to permit the sale of the deposited bond in smaller denominations than would otherwise be permitted. Frequently, custodial receipts are issued to attach bond insurance or other forms of credit enhancement to the deposited tax-exempt bond. Because a “separate security” is not created by the issuance of a receipt, many of the tax advantages bestowed upon holders of the deposited tax-exempt bond are also conferred upon the custodial receipt holder.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Dollar-denominated Foreign Debt Securities (“Yankee Bonds”)
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Each Fund may invest in “Yankee bonds”, which are dollar-denominated instruments issued in the U.S. market by foreign branches of U.S. banks and U.S. branches of foreign banks. Since these instruments are dollar-denominated, they are not affected by variations in currency exchange rates. They are influenced primarily by interest rate levels in the United States and by the financial condition of the issuer, or of the issuer’s foreign parent. However, investing in these instruments may present a greater degree of risk than investing in domestic securities, due to less publicly available information, less securities regulation, war or expropriation. Special considerations may include higher brokerage costs and thinner trading markets. Investments in foreign countries could be affected by other factors including extended settlement periods. (See “Foreign Investing” in this section of the SAI for additional information about investing in foreign countries.)
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Duration
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Duration is a time measure of a bond’s interest-rate sensitivity, based on the weighted average of the time periods over which a bond’s cash flows accrue to the bondholder. Time periods are weighted by multiplying by the present value of its cash flow divided by the bond’s price. (A bond’s cash flows consist of coupon payments and repayment of capital.) A bond’s duration will almost always be shorter than its maturity, with the exception of zero-coupon bonds, for which maturity and duration are equal.
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Equipment Trust Certificates (ETCs)
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ETCs are issued by a trust formed to finance large purchases of equipment, such as airplanes, at favorable interest rates. Legal title on such equipment is held by a trustee. The trustee leases the equipment and sells ETCs at a small discount to the purchase price of the equipment. The lease payments are then used to pay principal and interest to the ETC holders.
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Equity-Linked Securities
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Each Fund may invest in equity-linked securities, including, among others, PERCS, ELKS or LYONs, which are securities that are convertible into, or the value of which is based upon the value of, equity securities upon certain terms and conditions.
The amount received by an investor at maturity of such securities is not fixed but is based on the price of the underlying common stock. It is impossible to predict whether the price of the underlying common stock will rise or fall.
Trading prices of the underlying common stock will be influenced by the issuer’s operational results, by complex, interrelated political, economic, financial or other factors affecting the capital markets, the stock exchanges on which the underlying common stock is traded and the market segment of which the issuer is a part. In addition, it is not possible to predict how equity-linked securities will trade in the secondary market. The market for such securities may be shallow, and high volume trades may be possible only with discounting.
In addition to the foregoing risks, the return on such securities depends on the creditworthiness of the issuer of the securities, which may be the issuer of the underlying securities or a third-party investment banker or other lender. The creditworthiness of such third-party issuer equity-linked securities may, and often does, exceed the creditworthiness of the issuer of the underlying securities.
The advantage of using equity-linked securities over traditional equity and debt securities is that the former are income producing vehicles that may provide a higher income than the dividend income on the underlying equity securities while allowing some participation in the capital appreciation of the underlying equity securities.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Another advantage of using equity-linked securities is that they may be used for hedging to reduce the risk of investing in the generally more volatile underlying equity securities.
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Preferred Equity Redemption Cumulative Stock (PERCS)
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PERCS technically is preferred stock with some characteristics of common stock.
PERCS are mandatorily convertible into common stock after a period of time, usually three years, during which the investors’ capital gains are capped, usually at 30%.
Commonly, PERCS may be redeemed by the issuer at any time or if the issuer’s common stock is trading at a specified price level or better. The redemption price starts at the beginning of the PERCS duration period at a price that is above the cap by the amount of the extra dividends the PERCS holder is entitled to receive relative to the common stock over the duration of the PERCS and declines to the cap price shortly before maturity of the PERCS.
In exchange for having the cap on capital gains and giving the issuer the option to redeem the PERCS at any time or at the specified common stock price level, the Fund may be compensated with a substantially higher dividend yield than that on the underlying common stock.
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Equity-Linked Securities (ELKS)
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ELKS differ from ordinary debt securities, in that the principal amount received at maturity is not fixed but is based on the price of the issuer’s common stock.
ELKS are debt securities commonly issued in fully registered form for a term of three years under an indenture trust. At maturity, the holder of ELKS will be entitled to receive a principal amount equal to the lesser of a cap amount, commonly in the range of 30% to 55% greater than the current price of the issuer’s common stock, or the average closing price per share of the issuer’s common stock, subject to adjustment as a result of certain dilution events, for the 10 trading days immediately prior to maturity.
Unlike PERCS, ELKS are commonly not subject to redemption prior to maturity. ELKS usually bear interest six times during the three-year term at a substantially higher rate than the dividend yield on the underlying common stock. In exchange for having the cap on the return that might have been received as capital gains on the underlying common stock, the Fund may be compensated with the higher yield, contingent on how well the underlying common stock does.
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Liquid Yield Option Notes (LYONs)
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LYONs differ from ordinary debt securities, in that the amount received prior to maturity is not fixed but is based on the price of the issuer’s common stock.
LYONs are zero-coupon notes that sell at a large discount from face value. For an investment in LYONs, a Fund will not receive any interest payments until the notes mature, typically in 15 to 20 years, when the notes are redeemed at face, or par value.
The yield on LYONs, typically, is lower-than-market rate for debt securities of the same maturity, due in part to the fact that the LYONs are convertible into common stock of the issuer at any time at the option of the holder of the LYONs.
Commonly, the LYONs are redeemable by the issuer at any time after an initial period or if the issuer’s common stock is trading at a specified price level or better, or, at the option of the holder, upon certain fixed dates.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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The redemption price typically is the purchase price of the LYONs plus accrued original issue discount to the date of redemption, which amounts to the lower-than-market yield.
A Fund will receive only the lower-than-market yield unless the underlying common stock increases in value at a substantial rate. LYONs are attractive to investors, like a Fund, when it appears that they will increase in value due to the rise in value of the underlying common stock.
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Exchange-Traded Notes (ETNs)
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Generally, ETNs are senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt securities whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market benchmark or strategy minus applicable fees. ETNs are traded on an exchange during normal trading hours. However, investors can also hold the ETN until maturity. At maturity, the issuer pays to the investor a cash amount equal to the principal amount, subject to the day’s market benchmark or strategy factor.
ETNs do not make periodic coupon payments or provide principal protection. ETNs are subject to credit risk, and the value of the ETN may drop due to a downgrade in the issuer’s credit rating, despite the underlying market benchmark or strategy remaining unchanged. The value of an ETN may also be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating, and economic, legal, political, or geographic events that affect the referenced underlying asset. When a Fund invests in ETNs it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN. The Fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing, and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN.
ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the IRS will accept, or a court will uphold, how a Fund characterizes and treats ETNs for tax purposes. Further, the IRS and Congress are considering proposals that would change the timing and character of income and gains from ETNs.
An ETN that is tied to a specific market benchmark or strategy may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market benchmark or strategy. Some ETNs that use leverage can, at times, be relatively illiquid and, thus, they may be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs are subject to the same risks as other instruments that use leverage in any form.
The market value of ETNs may differ from that of their market benchmark or strategy. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETNs at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities, commodities or other components underlying the market benchmark or strategy that the ETN seeks to track. As a result, there may be times when an ETN trades at a premium or discount to its market benchmark or strategy.
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High-Yield/High-Risk Fixed Income Securities (“Junk Bonds”)
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Investments in securities rated “BB” or below by S&P or Fitch, or “Ba” or below by Moody’s generally provide greater income (leading to the name “high-yield” securities) and opportunity for capital appreciation than investments in higher quality securities, but they also typically entail greater price volatility, liquidity, and principal and income risk. These securities are regarded as predominantly speculative as to the issuer’s continuing ability to meet principal and interest payment obligations. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of lower-quality
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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debt securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher-quality debt securities.
Interest-bearing securities typically experience appreciation when interest rates decline and depreciation when interest rates rise. The market values of low-rated securities tend to reflect individual corporate developments to a greater extent than do higher-rated securities, which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. Low-rated securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher-rated securities. As a result, they generally involve more credit risks than securities in the higher-rated categories. During an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers of low-rated securities may experience financial stress and may not have sufficient revenues to meet their payment obligations. The issuer’s ability to service its debt obligations may also be adversely affected by specific corporate developments, the issuer’s inability to meet specific projected business forecasts or the unavailability of additional financing. The risk of loss due to default by an issuer of low-rated securities is generally considered to be significantly greater than issuers of higher-rated securities because such securities are usually unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors. Further, if the issuer of a low-rated security defaulted, the applicable Fund might incur additional expenses in seeking recovery. Periods of economic uncertainty and changes would also generally result in increased volatility in the market prices of low-rated securities and thus in the applicable Fund’s NAV.
Low-rated securities often contain redemption, call or prepayment provisions which permit the issuer of the securities containing such provisions to, at its discretion, redeem the securities. During periods of falling interest rates, issuers of low-rated securities are likely to redeem or prepay the securities and refinance them with debt securities with a lower interest rate. To the extent an issuer is able to refinance the securities or otherwise redeem them, the applicable Fund may have to replace the securities with a lower yielding security which would result in lower returns for the Fund.
A Fund may have difficulty disposing of certain low-rated securities because there may be a thin trading market for such securities. Because not all dealers maintain markets in all low-rated securities, there is no established retail secondary market for many of these securities. The Funds anticipate that such securities could be sold only to a limited number of dealers or institutional investors. To the extent a secondary trading market does exist, it is generally not as liquid as the secondary market for higher-rated securities. The lack of a liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the market price of the security, and accordingly, the NAV of a particular Fund and its ability to dispose of particular securities when necessary to meet its liquidity needs, or in response to a specific economic event, or an event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. The lack of a liquid secondary market for certain securities may also make it more difficult for the Fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing its respective portfolio. Market quotations are generally available on many low-rated issues only from a limited number of dealers and may not necessarily represent firm bids of such dealers or prices for actual sales. During periods of thin trading, the spread between bid and asked prices is likely to increase significantly. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of low-rated securities, especially in a thinly-traded market. If a Fund experiences unexpected net redemptions, it may be forced to liquidate a portion of its portfolio securities without regard to their investment merits. Due to the limited liquidity of low-rated securities, the Fund may be forced to liquidate these securities at a substantial discount.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Any such liquidation would reduce the Fund’s asset base over which expenses could be allocated and could result in a reduced rate of return for the Fund.
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Interest Rate Environment Risk
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In the wake of the financial crisis that began in 2007, the Federal Reserve System attempted to stabilize the U.S. economy and support the U.S. economic recovery by keeping the federal funds rate at or near zero percent. In addition, the Federal Reserve has purchased large quantities of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities on the open market (the “quantitative easing program”). The Federal Reserve has since increased the federal funds rate as of December 2015, however, the United States continues to experience historically low interest rate levels. A low interest rate environment may have an adverse impact on each Fund’s ability to provide a positive yield to its shareholders and pay expenses out of Fund assets because of the low yields from the Fund’s portfolio investments.
However, continued economic recovery and the cessation of the quantitative easing program increase the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future and that the Funds will face a heightened level of interest rate risk. Federal Reserve policy changes may expose fixed-income and related markets to heightened volatility and may reduce liquidity for certain Fund investments, which could cause the value of a Fund’s investments and a Fund’s share price to decline or create difficulties for the Fund in disposing of investments. A Fund that invests in derivatives tied to fixed-income markets may be more substantially exposed to these risks than a Fund that does not invest in derivatives. A Fund could also be forced to liquidate its investments at disadvantageous times or prices, thereby adversely affecting the Fund. To the extent a Fund experiences high redemptions because of these policy changes, the Fund may experience increased portfolio turnover, which will increase the costs that the Fund incurs and lower the Fund’s performance.
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Inverse Floating Rate Obligations
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Certain variable rate securities pay interest at a rate that varies inversely to prevailing short-term interest rates (sometimes referred to as inverse floaters). For example, upon reset the interest rate payable on a security may go down when the underlying index has risen. During periods when short-term interest rates are relatively low as compared to long-term interest rates, the Fund may attempt to enhance its yield by purchasing inverse floaters. Certain inverse floaters may have an interest rate reset mechanism that multiplies the effects of changes in the underlying index. While this form of leverage may increase the security’s yield, it may also increase the volatility of the security’s market value.
Similar to other variable and floating rate obligations, effective use of inverse floaters requires skills different from those needed to select most portfolio securities. If movements in interest rates are incorrectly anticipated, a Fund holding these instruments could lose money and its NAV could decline.
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Letters of Credit
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Debt obligations, including municipal obligations, certificates of participation, commercial paper and other short-term obligations, may be backed by an irrevocable letter of credit of a bank that assumes the obligation for payment of principal and interest in the event of default by the issuer. Only banks that, in the opinion of the relevant Fund’s subadviser, are of investment quality comparable to other permitted investments of the Fund may be used for Letter of Credit-backed investments.
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Loan and Debt Participations and Assignments
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A loan participation agreement involves the purchase of a share of a loan made by a bank to a company in return for a corresponding share of the borrower’s principal and interest payments. Loan participations
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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of the type in which the Fund may invest include interests in both secured and unsecured corporate loans. When a Fund purchases loan assignments from lenders, it will acquire direct rights against the borrower, but these rights and the Fund’s obligations may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assignment lender. The principal credit risk associated with acquiring loan participation and assignment interests is the credit risk associated with the underlying corporate borrower. There is also a risk that there may not be a readily available market for participation loan interests and, in some cases, this could result in the Fund disposing of such securities at a substantial discount from face value or holding such securities until maturity.
In the event that a corporate borrower failed to pay its scheduled interest or principal payments on participations held by the Fund, the market value of the affected participation would decline, resulting in a loss of value of such investment to the Fund. Accordingly, such participations are speculative and may result in the income level and net assets of the Fund being reduced. Moreover, loan participation agreements generally limit the right of a participant to resell its interest in the loan to a third party and, as a result, loan participations may be deemed by the Fund to be illiquid investments. A Fund will invest only in participations with respect to borrowers whose creditworthiness is, or is determined by the Fund’s subadviser to be, substantially equivalent to that of issuers whose senior unsubordinated debt securities are rated B or higher by Moody’s or S&P. For the purposes of diversification and/or concentration calculations, both the borrower and issuer will be considered an “issuer.”
The Funds may purchase from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of debt obligations. Each participation interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank that the relevant Fund’s subadviser has determined meets the prescribed quality standards of the Fund. Thus, even if the credit of the issuer of the debt obligation does not meet the quality standards of the Fund, the credit of the selling bank will.
Loan participations and assignments may be illiquid and therefore subject to the Funds’ limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Senior Loans
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A senior floating rate loan (“Senior Loan”) is typically originated, negotiated and structured by a U.S. or foreign commercial bank, insurance company, finance company or other financial institution (the “Agent”) for a group of loan investors (“Loan Investors”). The Agent typically administers and enforces the Senior Loan on behalf of the other Loan Investors in the syndicate. In addition, an institution, typically but not always the Agent, holds any collateral on behalf of the Loan Investors.
Senior Loans primarily include senior floating rate loans and secondarily senior fixed rate loans, and interests therein. Loan interests primarily take the form of assignments purchased in the primary or secondary market. Loan interests may also take the form of participation interests in a Senior Loan. Such loan interests may be acquired from U.S. or foreign commercial banks, insurance companies, finance companies or other financial institutions who have made loans or are Loan Investors or from other investors in loan interests.
The Fund typically purchases “assignments” from the Agent or other Loan Investors. The purchaser of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations under the Loan Agreement of the assigning Loan Investor and becomes a Loan Investor under the Loan Agreement with the same rights and obligations as the assigning Loan Investor.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Assignments may, however, be arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, and the rights and obligations acquired by the purchaser of an assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning Loan Investor.
Each Fund may invest up to 10% of its total assets in “participations.” Loan participations are interests in loans to corporations, which loans are administered by the lending bank or agent for a syndicate of lending banks. In a Loan participation, the borrower corporation is the underlying issuer of the loan, but the Fund derives its rights in the loan participation from the intermediary bank. Because the intermediary bank does not guarantee a Loan participation, it is subject to the credit risks associated with the underlying corporate borrower.
Participations by the Fund in a Loan Investor’s portion of a Senior Loan typically will result in the Fund having a contractual relationship only with such Loan Investor, not with the borrower. As a result, the Fund may have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the Loan Investor selling the participation and only upon receipt by such Loan Investor of such payments from the borrower.
In connection with purchasing participations, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the Loan Agreement, nor any rights with respect to any funds acquired by other Loan Investors through set-off against the borrower and the Fund may not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the Senior Loan in which it has purchased the participation.
As a result, the Fund may assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the Loan Investor selling the participation. In the event of the insolvency of the Loan Investor selling a participation, the Fund may be treated as a general creditor of such Loan Investor. The selling Loan Investors with respect to such participations will likely conduct their principal business activities in the banking, finance and financial services industries.
Persons engaged in such industries may be more susceptible to, among other things, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in the Federal Open Market Committee’s monetary policy, governmental regulations concerning such industries and capital raising activities generally, and fluctuations in the financial markets generally.
In the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the corporate borrower, a Loan participation may be subject to certain defenses that can be asserted by the borrower as a result of improper conduct by the seller.
In addition, in the event the underlying corporate borrower fails to pay principal and interest when due, the Fund may be subject to delays, expenses, and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the Fund had purchased a direct obligation of the borrower.
Under the terms of a Loan participation, the Fund may be regarded as a creditor of the seller of the loan participation (rather than of the underlying corporate borrower), so that the Fund may also be subject to the risk that the seller of the loan participation may become insolvent.
The secondary market for loan participations is limited and any such participation purchased by the Fund may be regarded as illiquid.
A borrower must comply with various restrictive covenants contained in a loan agreement or note purchase agreement between the borrower and the holders of the Senior Loan (the “Loan Agreement”). The Fund will generally rely upon the Agent or an intermediate participant to receive and forward to the Fund its portion of the
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If a Fund’s security interest in loan collateral is invalidated or the Senior Loan is subordinated to other debt of a borrower in bankruptcy or other proceedings, a Fund would have substantially lower recovery, and perhaps no recovery on the full amount of the principal and interest due on the Loan, or a Fund could also have to refund interest.
A Fund may acquire warrants and other equity securities as part of a unit combining a Senior Loan and equity securities of a borrower or its affiliates. The acquisition of such equity securities will only be incidental to a Fund’s purchase of a Senior Loan.
A Fund may also acquire equity securities or debt securities (including non-dollar denominated debt securities) issued in exchange for a Senior Loan or issued in connection with the debt restructuring or reorganization of a borrower, or if such acquisition, in the judgment of the Subadviser, may enhance the value of a Senior Loan or would otherwise be consistent with a Fund’s investment policies.
Economic and other market events may reduce the demand for certain senior loans held by the Fund, which may adversely impact the net asset value of the Fund.
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Municipal Securities and Related Investments
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Tax-exempt municipal securities are debt obligations issued by the various states and their subdivisions (e.g., cities, counties, towns, and school districts) to raise funds, generally for various public improvements requiring long-term capital investment. Purposes for which tax-exempt bonds are issued include flood control, airports, bridges and highways, housing, medical facilities, schools, mass transportation and power, water or sewage plants, as well as others. Tax-exempt bonds also are occasionally issued to retire outstanding obligations, to obtain funds for operating expenses or to loan to other public or, in some cases, private sector organizations or to individuals.
Yields on municipal securities are dependent on a variety of factors, including the general conditions of the money market and the municipal bond market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligations and the rating of the issue. Municipal securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields and are generally subject to potentially greater capital appreciation and depreciation than obligations with shorter maturities and lower yields. The market prices of municipal securities usually vary, depending upon available yields. An increase in interest rates will generally reduce the value of portfolio investments, and a decline in interest rates will generally increase the value of portfolio investments. The ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective is also dependent on the continuing ability of the issuers of municipal securities in which the Fund invests to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal when due. The ratings of Moody’s and S&P represent their opinions as to the quality of municipal securities which they undertake to rate. Ratings are not absolute standards of quality; consequently, municipal securities with the same maturity, coupon, and rating may have different yields. There are variations in municipal securities, both within a particular classification and between classifications, depending on numerous factors. It should also be pointed out that, unlike other types of investments, municipal securities have traditionally not been subject to regulation by, or registration with, the SEC, although there have been proposals which would provide for such regulation in the future.
The federal bankruptcy statutes relating to the debts of political subdivisions and authorities of states of the United States provide that, in certain circumstances, such subdivisions or authorities may be authorized to initiate bankruptcy proceedings without prior notice to or consent of creditors, which proceedings could result in material and adverse changes in the rights of holders of their obligations.
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Lawsuits challenging the validity under state constitutions of present systems of financing public education have been initiated or adjusted in a number of states, and legislation has been introduced to effect changes in public school financing in some states. In other instances there have been lawsuits challenging the issuance of pollution control revenue bonds or the validity of their issuance under state or federal law which could ultimately affect the validity of those municipal securities or the tax-free nature of the interest thereon.
Descriptions of some of the municipal securities and related investment types most commonly acquired by the Funds are provided below. In addition to those shown, other types of municipal investments are, or may become, available for investment by the Funds. For the purpose of each Fund’s investment restrictions set forth in this SAI, the identification of the “issuer” of a municipal security which is not a general obligation bond is made by the applicable Fund’s subadviser on the basis of the characteristics of the obligation, the most significant of which is the source of funds for the payment of principal and interest on such security.
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Municipal Bonds
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Municipal bonds, which meet longer-term capital needs and generally have maturities of more than one year when issued, have two principal classifications: general obligation bonds and revenue bonds. Another type of municipal bond is referred to as an industrial development bond.
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General Obligation Bonds | | |
Issuers of general obligation bonds include states, counties, cities, towns, and regional districts. The proceeds of these obligations are used to fund a wide range of public projects, including construction or improvement of schools, highways and roads, and water and sewer systems. The basic security behind general obligation bonds is the issuer’s pledge of its full faith and credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. The taxes that can be levied for the payment of debt service may be limited or unlimited as to the rate or amount of special assessments.
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Industrial Development Bonds | | |
Industrial development bonds, which are considered municipal bonds if the interest paid is exempt from Federal income tax, are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to raise money to finance various privately operated facilities for business and manufacturing, housing, sports arenas and pollution control. These bonds are also used to finance public facilities such as airports, mass transit systems, ports and parking. The payment of the principal and interest on such bonds is dependent solely on the ability of the facility’s user to meet its financial obligations and the pledge, if any, of real and personal property so financed as security for such payment.
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Revenue Bonds | | |
The principal security for a revenue bond is generally the net revenues derived from a particular facility, group of facilities, or, in some cases, the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Revenue bonds are issued to finance a wide variety of capital projects including: electric, gas, water and sewer systems; highways, bridges, and tunnels; port and airport facilities; colleges and universities; and hospitals. Although the principal security behind these bonds may vary, many provide additional security in the form of a debt service reserve fund whose money may be used to make principal and interest payments on the issuer’s obligations. Housing finance authorities have a wide range of security; including partially or fully insured mortgages, rent subsidized and/or collateralized mortgages, and/or the net revenues from housing or other public projects. Some authorities provide further security in the form of a state’s ability (without obligation) to make up deficiencies in the debt service reserve fund.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Municipal Forwards
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Municipal forwards are forward commitments for the purchase of tax-exempt bonds with a specified coupon to be delivered by an issuer at a future date, typically exceeding 45 days but, normally less than one year after the commitment date.
Municipal forwards are normally used as a refunding mechanism for bonds that may only be redeemed on a designated future date.
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Municipal Leases
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Each Fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (hereinafter collectively called “lease obligations”) of municipal authorities or entities. Although lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality’s taxing power is pledged, a lease obligation may be backed by the municipality’s covenant to budget for, appropriate, and make the payments due under the lease obligation. However, certain lease obligations contain “non-appropriation” clauses which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In addition to the “non-appropriation” risk, these securities represent a relatively new type of financing that has not yet developed the depth of marketability associated with more conventional bonds. In the case of a “non-appropriation” lease, the Fund’s ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property in the event foreclosure might prove difficult. The Fund’s subadviser will evaluate the credit quality of a municipal lease and whether it will be considered liquid. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Investments” in this section of the SAI for information regarding the implications of these investments being considered illiquid.)
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Municipal Notes
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Municipal notes generally are used to provide for short-term working capital needs and generally have maturities of one year or less. Municipal notes include bond anticipation notes, construction loan notes, revenue anticipation notes and tax anticipation notes.
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Bond Anticipation Notes | | |
Bond anticipation notes are issued to provide interim financing until long-term financing can be arranged. In most cases, the long-term bonds then provide the money for the repayment of the notes.
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Construction Loan Notes | | |
Construction loan notes are sold to provide construction financing. After successful completion and acceptance, many projects receive permanent financing through FNMA or GNMA.
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Revenue Anticipation Notes | | |
Revenue anticipation notes are issued in expectation of receipt of other types of revenue, such as Federal revenues available under Federal revenue sharing programs.
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Tax Anticipation Notes
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Tax anticipation notes are issued to finance working capital needs of municipalities. Generally, they are issued in anticipation of various seasonal tax revenue, such as income, sales, use and business taxes, and are payable from these specific future taxes.
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Taxable Municipal Securities
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Taxable municipal securities are municipal securities the interest on which is not exempt from federal income tax. Taxable municipal securities include “private activity bonds” that are issued by or on behalf of states or political subdivisions thereof to finance privately-owned or operated facilities for business and manufacturing, housing, sports, and pollution control and to finance activities of and facilities for charitable institutions. Private activity bonds are also used to finance public facilities such as airports, mass transit systems, ports, parking lots, and low income housing. The payment of the principal and interest on private activity bonds is not backed by a pledge of tax revenues, and is dependent solely on the ability of the facility’s user to
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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meet its financial obligations, and may be secured by a pledge of real and personal property so financed. Interest on these bonds may not be exempt from federal income tax.
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Tax-Exempt Commercial Paper
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Tax-exempt commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a stated maturity of 365 days or less. It is issued by state and local governments or their agencies to finance seasonal working capital needs or as short-term financing in anticipation of longer-term financing.
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Participation on Creditors’ Committees
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While the Funds do not invest in securities to exercise control over the securities’ issuers, each Fund may, from time to time, participate on committees formed by creditors to negotiate with the management of financially troubled issuers of securities held by the Fund. Such participation may subject the relevant Fund to expenses such as legal fees and may deem the Fund an “insider” of the issuer for purposes of the Federal securities laws, and expose the Fund to material non-public information of the issuer, and therefore may restrict the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell a particular security when it might otherwise desire to do so. Participation by a Fund on such committees also may expose the Fund to potential liabilities under the federal bankruptcy laws or other laws governing the rights of creditors and debtors. A Fund will participate on such committees only when the Fund’s subadviser believes that such participation is necessary or desirable to enforce the Fund’s rights as a creditor or to protect the value of securities held by the Fund.
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Payable in Kind (“PIK”) Bonds
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PIK bonds are obligations which provide that the issuer thereof may, at its option, pay interest on such bonds in cash or “in kind”, which means in the form of additional debt securities. Such securities benefit the issuer by mitigating its need for cash to meet debt service, but also require a higher rate of return to attract investors who are willing to defer receipt of such cash. The Funds will accrue income on such investments for tax and accounting purposes, which is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to satisfy the Funds’ distribution obligations. The market prices of PIK bonds generally are more volatile than the market prices of securities that pay interest periodically, and they are likely to respond to changes in interest rates to a greater degree than would otherwise similar bonds on which regular cash payments of interest are being made.
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Ratings
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The rating or quality of a debt security refers to a rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s creditworthiness, i.e., its ability to pay principal and interest when due. Higher ratings indicate better credit quality, as rated by independent rating organizations such as Moody’s, S&P or Fitch, which publish their ratings on a regular basis. Appendix A provides a description of the various ratings provided for bonds (including convertible bonds), municipal bonds, and commercial paper.
After a Fund purchases a debt security, the rating of that security may be reduced below the minimum rating acceptable for purchase by the Fund. A subsequent downgrade does not require the sale of the security, but the Fund’s subadviser will consider such an event in determining whether to continue to hold the obligation. To the extent that ratings established by Moody’s or S&P may change as a result of changes in such organizations or their rating systems, a Fund will invest in securities which are deemed by the Fund’s subadviser to be of comparable quality to securities whose current ratings render them eligible for purchase by the Fund.
Credit ratings issued by credit rating agencies evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments of rated securities. They do not, however, evaluate the market-value risk and therefore may not fully
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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payments of principal or interest. In the event that the Funds hold non-performing sovereign debt, the Funds may incur additional expenses in connection with any restructuring of the issuer’s obligations or in otherwise enforcing their rights thereunder.
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Brady Bonds
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Each Fund may invest a portion of its assets in certain sovereign debt obligations known as “Brady Bonds.” Brady Bonds are issued under the framework of the Brady Plan, an initiative announced by former U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady in 1989 as a mechanism for debtor nations to restructure their outstanding external indebtedness. The Brady Plan contemplates, among other things, the debtor nation’s adoption of certain economic reforms and the exchange of commercial bank debt for newly issued bonds. In restructuring its external debt under the Brady Plan framework, a debtor nation negotiates with its existing bank lenders as well as the World Bank or the IMF. The World Bank or IMF supports the restructuring by providing funds pursuant to loan agreements or other arrangements that enable the debtor nation to collateralize the new Brady Bonds or to replenish reserves used to reduce outstanding bank debt. Under these loan agreements or other arrangements with the World Bank or IMF, debtor nations have been required to agree to implement certain domestic monetary and fiscal reforms. The Brady Plan sets forth only general guiding principles for economic reform and debt reduction, emphasizing that solutions must be negotiated on a case-by-case basis between debtor nations and their creditors.
Brady Bonds are often viewed as having three or four valuation components: (i) the collateralized repayment of principal at final maturity; (ii) the collateralized interest payments; (iii) the uncollateralized interest payments; and (iv) any uncollateralized repayment of principal at maturity (these uncollateralized amounts constitute the “residual risk”). In light of the residual risk of Brady Bonds and, among other factors, the history of defaults with respect to commercial bank loans by public and private entities of countries issuing Brady Bonds, investments in Brady Bonds can be viewed as speculative.
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Stand-by Commitments
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Each Fund may purchase securities together with the right to resell them to the seller or a third party at an agreed-upon price or yield within specified periods prior to their maturity dates. Such a right to resell is commonly known as a stand-by commitment, and the aggregate price which a Fund pays for securities with a stand-by commitment may increase the cost, and thereby reduce the yield, of the security. The primary purpose of this practice is to permit the Fund to be as fully invested as practicable in municipal securities while preserving the necessary flexibility and liquidity to meet unanticipated redemptions. Stand-by commitments acquired by a Fund are valued at zero in determining the Fund’s NAV. Stand-by commitments involve certain expenses and risks, including the inability of the issuer of the commitment to pay for the securities at the time the commitment is exercised, non-marketability of the commitment, and differences between the maturity of the underlying security and the maturity of the commitment.
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Strip Bonds
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Strip bonds are debt securities that are stripped of their interest (usually by a financial intermediary) after the securities are issued. The market value of these securities generally fluctuates more in response to changes in interest rates than interest-paying securities of comparable maturity.
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Tax Credit Bonds (“Build America Bonds”)
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Build America Bonds are taxable bonds issued by federal and state local governments that allow a new direct federal payment subsidy. At the election of the state and local governments, the Treasury Department will make a direct payment to the state or local
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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governmental issuer in an amount equal to 35% of the interest payment on the Build America Bonds. As a result, state and local governments will have lower net borrowing costs. This will also make Build America Bonds attractive to a broader group of investors that typically invest in traditional state and local tax-exempt bonds, where interest rates have historically been 20% lower than taxable interest rates.
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Tender Option Bonds
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Tender option bonds are relatively long-term bonds that are coupled with the option to tender the securities to a bank, broker-dealer or other financial institution at periodic intervals and receive the face value of the bond. This investment structure is commonly used as a means of enhancing a security’s liquidity.
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Variable and Floating Rate Obligations
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Each Fund may purchase securities having a floating or variable rate of interest. These securities pay interest at rates that are adjusted periodically according to a specific formula, usually with reference to some interest rate index or market interest rate (the “underlying index”). The floating rate tends to decrease the security’s price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. These securities may carry demand features permitting the holder to demand payment of principal at any time or at specified intervals prior to maturity. Accordingly, as interest rates decrease or increase, the potential for capital appreciation or depreciation is less than for fixed-rate obligations.
The floating and variable rate obligations that the Funds may purchase include variable rate demand securities. Variable rate demand securities are variable rate securities that have demand features entitling the purchaser to resell the securities to the issuer at an amount approximately equal to amortized cost or the principal amount thereof plus accrued interest, which may be more or less than the price that the Fund paid for them. The interest rate on variable rate demand securities also varies either according to some objective standard, such as an index of short-term, tax-exempt rates, or according to rates set by or on behalf of the issuer.
When a Fund purchases a floating or variable rate demand instrument, the Fund’s subadviser will monitor, on an ongoing basis, the ability of the issuer to pay principal and interest on demand. The Fund’s right to obtain payment at par on a demand instrument could be affected by events occurring between the date the Fund elects to demand payment and the date payment is due that may affect the ability of the issuer of the instrument to make payment when due, except when such demand instrument permits same day settlement. To facilitate settlement, these same day demand instruments may be held in book entry form at a bank other than the Funds’ custodian subject to a sub-custodian agreement between the bank and the Funds’ custodian.
The floating and variable rate obligations that the Funds may purchase also include certificates of participation in such obligations purchased from banks. A certificate of participation gives the Fund an undivided interest in the underlying obligations in the proportion that the Fund’s interest bears to the total principal amount of the obligation. Certain certificates of participation may carry a demand feature that would permit the holder to tender them back to the issuer prior to maturity.
The income received on certificates of participation in tax-exempt municipal obligations constitutes interest from tax-exempt obligations.
Each Fund will limit its purchases of floating and variable rate obligations to those of the same quality as it otherwise is allowed to purchase. Similar to fixed rate debt instruments, variable and floating rate instruments are subject to changes in value based on changes in prevailing market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness.
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A floating or variable rate instrument may be subject to a Fund’s percentage limitation on illiquid securities if there is no reliable trading market for the instrument or if the Fund may not demand payment of the principal amount within seven days. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Zero and Deferred Coupon Debt Securities
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Each Fund may invest in debt obligations that do not make any interest payments for a specified period of time prior to maturity (“deferred coupon” bonds) or until maturity (“zero coupon” bonds). The nonpayment of interest on a current basis may result from the bond’s having no stated interest rate, in which case the bond pays only principal at maturity and is normally initially issued at a discount from face value. Alternatively, the bond may provide for a stated rate of interest, but provide that such interest is not payable until maturity, in which case the bond may initially be issued at par. The value to the investor of these types of bonds is represented by the economic accretion either of the difference between the purchase price and the nominal principal amount (if no interest is stated to accrue) or of accrued, unpaid interest during the bond’s life or payment deferral period.
Because deferred and zero coupon bonds do not make interest payments for a certain period of time, they are generally purchased by a Fund at a deep discount and their value fluctuates more in response to interest rate changes than does the value of debt obligations that make current interest payments. The degree of fluctuation with interest rate changes is greater when the deferred period is longer. Therefore, when a Fund invests in zero or deferred coupon bonds, there is a risk that the value of the Fund’s shares may decline more as a result of an increase in interest rates than would be the case if the Fund did not invest in such bonds.
Even though zero and deferred coupon bonds may not pay current interest in cash, each Fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts to shareholders. Thus, a Fund would not be able to purchase income-producing securities to the extent cash is used to pay such distributions, and, therefore, the Fund’s current income could be less than it otherwise would have been. Instead of using cash, the Fund might liquidate investments in order to satisfy these distribution requirements.
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Derivative Instruments
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Each Fund may invest in various types of derivatives, which may at times result in significant derivative exposure. A derivative is a financial instrument whose performance is derived from the performance of another asset. Each Fund may invest in derivative instruments including, but not limited to: futures contracts, put options, call options, options on future contracts, options on foreign currencies, swaps, forward contracts, structured investments, and other equity-linked derivatives.
Each Fund may use derivative instruments for hedging (to offset risks associated with an investment, currency exposure, or market conditions) or in pursuit of its investment objective(s) and policies (to seek to enhance returns). When a Fund invests in a derivative, the risks of loss of that derivative may be greater than the derivative’s cost. No Fund may use any derivative to gain exposure to an asset or class of assets that it would be prohibited by its investment restrictions from purchasing directly. In addition to other considerations, a Fund’s ability to use derivative instruments may be limited by tax considerations. (See “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” in this SAI.)
Investments in derivatives may subject a Fund to special risks in addition to normal market fluctuations and other risks inherent in investment in securities. For example, a percentage of the Fund’s assets may be segregated to cover its obligations with respect to the
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derivative investment, which may make it more difficult for the Fund’s subadviser to meet redemption requests or other short-term obligations.
Investments in derivatives in general are also subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Investments in derivatives may not directly correlate with the price movements of the underlying instrument. As a result, the use of derivatives may expose the Fund to additional risks that it would not be subject to if it invested directly in the securities underlying those derivatives. The use of derivatives may result in larger losses or smaller gains than otherwise would be the case.
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Commodity Interests
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Certain of the derivative investment types permitted for the Funds may be considered commodity interests for purposes of the CEA and regulations approved by the CFTC. However, each Fund intends to limit the use of such investment types as required to qualify for exclusion or exemption from being considered a “commodity pool” or otherwise as a vehicle for trading in commodity interests under such regulations. As a result, except as otherwise noted in the Fund Specific Limitations column to the right, each Fund has filed a notice of exclusion under CFTC Regulation 4.5 or exemption under another CFTC regulation.
The CFTC has adopted amendments to its rules that may affect the Funds’ ability to continue to claim exclusion or exemption from regulation. If a Fund’s use of these techniques would cause the Fund to be considered a “commodity pool” under the CEA, then the Adviser would be subject to registration and regulation as the Fund’s commodity pool operator, and the Fund’s subadviser may be subject to registration and regulation as the Fund’s commodity trading advisor. A Fund may incur additional expense as a result of the CFTC’s registration and regulation obligations, and the Fund’s use of these techniques and other instruments may be limited or restricted.
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Credit-linked Notes
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Credit-linked notes are derivative instruments used to transfer credit risk. The performance of the notes is linked to the performance of the underlying reference obligation or reference portfolio (“reference entities”). The notes are usually issued by a special purpose vehicle that sells credit protection through a credit default swap agreement in return for a premium and an obligation to pay the transaction sponsor should a reference entity experience a credit event, such as bankruptcy. The special purpose vehicle invests the proceeds from the notes to cover its contingent obligation. Revenue from the investments and the money received as premium are used to pay interest to note holders. The main risk of credit linked notes is the risk of default to the reference obligation of the credit default swap. Should a default occur, the special purpose vehicle would have to pay the transaction sponsor, subordinating payments to the note holders. Credit linked notes also may not be liquid and may be subject to currency and interest rate risks as well.
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Equity-linked Derivatives
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Each Fund may invest in equity-linked derivative products, the performance of which is designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of stocks, or to a single stock. Investments in equity-linked derivatives involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the types of securities such products are designed to track. There can be no assurance that the trading price of the equity-linked derivatives will equal the underlying value of the securities purchased to replicate a particular investment or that such basket will replicate the investment.
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Investment Technique
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Investments in equity-linked derivatives may constitute investments in other investment companies. (See “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI for information regarding the implications of a Fund investing in other investment companies.)
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Eurodollar Instruments
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The Funds may invest in Eurodollar instruments. Eurodollar instruments are dollar-denominated certificates of deposit and time deposits issued outside the U.S. capital markets by foreign branches of U.S. banks and by foreign banks. Eurodollar futures contracts enable purchasers to obtain a fixed rate for the lending of funds and sellers to obtain a fixed rate for borrowings. A Fund might use Eurodollar instruments to hedge against changes in interest rates or to enhance returns.
Eurodollar obligations are subject to the same risks that pertain to domestic issuers, most notably income risk (and, to a lesser extent, credit risk, market risk, and liquidity risk). Additionally, Eurodollar obligations are subject to certain sovereign risks. One such risk is the possibility that a sovereign country might prevent capital, in the form of dollars, from flowing across its borders. Other risks include adverse political and economic developments, the extent and quality of government regulation of financial markets and institutions, the imposition of foreign withholding taxes, and expropriation or nationalization of foreign issuers. However, Eurodollar obligations will undergo the same type of credit analysis as domestic issuers in which a Fund invests.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts, Futures and Options
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Each Fund may engage in certain derivative foreign currency exchange and option transactions involving investment risks and transaction costs to which the Fund would not be subject absent the use of these strategies. If a Fund’s subadviser’s predictions of movements in the direction of securities prices or currency exchange rates are inaccurate, the Fund may experience adverse consequences, leaving it in a worse position than if it had not used such strategies. Risks inherent in the use of option and foreign currency forward and futures contracts include: (1) dependence on the Fund’s subadviser’s ability to correctly predict movements in the direction of securities prices and currency exchange rates; (2) imperfect correlation between the price of options and futures contracts and movements in the prices of the securities or currencies being hedged; (3) the fact that the skills needed to use these strategies are different from those needed to select portfolio securities; (4) the possible absence of a liquid secondary market for any particular instrument at any time; and (5) the possible need to defer closing out certain hedged positions to avoid adverse tax consequences. The Fund’s ability to enter into futures contracts is also limited by the requirements of the Code for qualification as a regulated investment company. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of this SAI.)
A Fund may engage in currency exchange transactions to protect against uncertainty in the level of future currency exchange rates. In addition, a Fund may write covered put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of increasing its return.
A Fund may enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date (“forward contracts”) and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts. For certain hedging purposes, the Fund may also purchase exchange-listed and over-the-counter put and call options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the Fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the Fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A
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call option on a futures contract gives the Fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on a currency gives the Fund the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option.
When engaging in position hedging, a Fund enters into foreign currency exchange transactions to protect against a decline in the values of the foreign currencies in which its portfolio securities are denominated (or an increase in the values of currency for securities which the Fund expects to purchase, when the Fund holds cash or short-term investments). In connection with position hedging, the Fund may purchase put or call options on foreign currency and on foreign currency futures contracts and buy or sell forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts. (A Fund may also purchase or sell foreign currency on a spot basis, as discussed in “Foreign Currency Transactions” under “Foreign Investing” in this section of the SAI.)
The precise matching of the amounts of foreign currency exchange transactions and the value of the portfolio securities involved will not generally be possible since the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the dates the currency exchange transactions are entered into and the dates they mature. It is also impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for a Fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of foreign currency the Fund is obligated to deliver and a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the Fund is obligated to deliver.
Hedging techniques do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities which a Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they also tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the increase in value of such currency.
A Fund may seek to increase its return or to offset some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in currency exchange rates by writing covered put options and covered call options on foreign currencies. In that case, the Fund receives a premium from writing a put or call option, which increases the Fund’s current return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a net profit. A Fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms as the option written.
A Fund’s currency hedging transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its portfolio securities are then denominated. A Fund’s subadviser will engage in such “cross hedging” activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the Fund. Cross hedging transactions by a Fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge.
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Investment Technique
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Foreign currency forward contracts, futures and options may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States; may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees; and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities. The value of such positions also could be adversely affected by (i) other complex foreign political, legal and economic factors, (ii) lesser availability than in the United States of data on which to make trading decisions, (iii) delays in the relevant Fund’s ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States, (iv) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States, and (v) lesser trading volume.
The types of derivative foreign currency exchange transactions most commonly employed by the Funds are discussed below, although each Fund is also permitted to engage in other similar transactions to the extent consistent with the Fund’s investment limitations and restrictions.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
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A foreign currency forward contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days (“term”) from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers.
A Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily in an amount not less than the value of the Fund’s total assets committed to forward foreign currency exchange contracts entered into for the purchase of a foreign currency. If the value of the securities specifically designated declines, additional cash or securities will be added so that the specifically designated amount is not less than the amount of the Fund’s commitments with respect to such contracts.
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Foreign Currency Futures Transactions
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Each Fund may use foreign currency futures contracts and options on such futures contracts. Through the purchase or sale of such contracts, a Fund may be able to achieve many of the same objectives attainable through the use of foreign currency forward contracts, but more effectively and possibly at a lower cost.
Unlike forward foreign currency exchange contracts, foreign currency futures contracts and options on foreign currency futures contracts are standardized as to amount and delivery period and are traded on boards of trade and commodities exchanges. It is anticipated that such contracts may provide greater liquidity and lower cost than forward foreign currency exchange contracts.
Purchasers and sellers of foreign currency futures contracts are subject to the same risks that apply to the buying and selling of futures generally. In addition, there are risks associated with foreign currency futures contracts similar to those associated with options on foreign currencies. (See “Foreign Currency Options” and “Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts”, each in this sub-section of the SAI.) The Fund must accept or make delivery of the underlying foreign currency, through banking arrangements, in accordance with any U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations regarding the maintenance of foreign banking arrangements by U.S. residents and may be required to pay any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery which are assessed in the issuing country.
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Investment Technique
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To the extent required to comply with SEC Release No. IC-10666, when entering into a futures contract or an option transaction, a Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily equal to the net amount of the Fund’s obligation. For foreign currency futures transactions, the prescribed amount will generally be the daily value of the futures contract, marked to market.
Futures contracts are designed by boards of trade which are designated “contracts markets” by the CFTC. Futures contracts trade on contracts markets in a manner that is similar to the way a stock trades on a stock exchange and the boards of trade, through their clearing corporations, guarantee performance of the contracts. As of the date of this SAI, the Funds may invest in futures contracts under specified conditions without being regulated as commodity pools. However, under recently amended CFTC rules the Funds’ ability to maintain the exclusions/exemptions from the definition of commodity pool may be limited. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI.)
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Foreign Currency Options
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A foreign currency option provides the option buyer with the right to buy or sell a stated amount of foreign currency at the exercise price at a specified date or during the option period. A call option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy the currency, while a put option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell the currency. The option seller (writer) is obligated to fulfill the terms of the option sold if it is exercised. However, either seller or buyer may close its position during the option period for such options any time prior to expiration.
A call rises in value if the underlying currency appreciates. Conversely, a put rises in value if the underlying currency depreciates. While purchasing a foreign currency option can protect a Fund against an adverse movement in the value of a foreign currency, it does not limit the gain which might result from a favorable movement in the value of such currency. For example, if the Fund were holding securities denominated in an appreciating foreign currency and had purchased a foreign currency put to hedge against a decline in the value of the currency, it would not have to exercise its put. Similarly, if the Fund had entered into a contract to purchase a security denominated in a foreign currency and had purchased a foreign currency call to hedge against a rise in the value of the currency but instead the currency had depreciated in value between the date of purchase and the settlement date, the Fund would not have to exercise its call but could acquire in the spot market the amount of foreign currency needed for settlement.
The value of a foreign currency option depends upon the value of the underlying currency relative to the other referenced currency. As a result, the price of the option position may vary with changes in the value of either or both currencies and have no relationship to the investment merits of a foreign security, including foreign securities held in a “hedged” investment portfolio. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the use of foreign currency options, the Funds may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd lot market (generally consisting of transactions of less than $1 million) for the underlying foreign currencies at prices that are less favorable than for round lots.
As in the case of other kinds of options, the use of foreign currency options constitutes only a partial hedge, and a Fund could be required to purchase or sell foreign currencies at disadvantageous exchange rates, thereby incurring losses. The purchase of an option on a foreign
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currency may not necessarily constitute an effective hedge against fluctuations in exchange rates and, in the event of rate movements adverse to the Fund’s position, the Fund may forfeit the entire amount of the premium plus related transaction costs.
Options on foreign currencies written or purchased by a Fund may be traded on U.S. or foreign exchanges or over the counter. There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies traded over the counter or any regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Quotation information available is generally representative of very large transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect relatively smaller transactions (i.e., less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that the options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that are not reflected in the options market.
For additional information about options transactions, see “Options” under “Derivative Investments” in this section of the SAI.
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Foreign Currency Warrants
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Foreign currency warrants such as currency exchange warrants are warrants that entitle the holder to receive from the issuer an amount of cash (generally, for warrants issued in the United States, in U.S. dollars) that is calculated pursuant to a predetermined formula and based on the exchange rate between two specified currencies as of the exercise date of the warrant. Foreign currency warrants generally are exercisable upon their issuance and expire as of a specified date and time.
Foreign currency warrants may be used to reduce the currency exchange risk assumed by purchasers of a security by, for example, providing for a supplemental payment in the event the U.S. dollar depreciates against the value of a major foreign currency such as the Japanese Yen or Euro. The formula used to determine the amount payable upon exercise of a foreign currency warrant may make the warrant worthless unless the applicable foreign currency exchange rate moves in a particular direction (e.g., unless the U.S. dollar appreciates or depreciates against the particular foreign currency to which the warrant is linked or indexed).
Foreign currency warrants are severable from the debt obligations with which they may be offered, and may be listed on exchanges. Foreign currency warrants may be exercisable only in certain minimum amounts, and an investor wishing to exercise warrants who possesses less than the minimum number required for exercise may be required either to sell the warrants or to purchase additional warrants, thereby incurring additional transaction costs. Upon exercise of warrants, there may be a delay between the time the holder gives instructions to exercise and the time the exchange rate relating to exercise is determined, thereby affecting both the market and cash settlement values of the warrants being exercised. The expiration date of the warrants may be accelerated if the warrants should be delisted from an exchange or if their trading should be suspended permanently, which would result in the loss of any remaining “time value” of the warrants (i.e., the difference between the current market value and the exercise value of the warrants), and, if the warrants were “out-of-the-money,” in a total loss of the purchase price of the warrants.
Warrants are generally unsecured obligations of their issuers and are not standardized foreign currency options issued by the OCC. Unlike foreign currency options issued by OCC, the terms of foreign exchange warrants generally will not be amended in the event of
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governmental or regulatory actions affecting exchange rates or in the event of the imposition of other regulatory controls affecting the international currency markets. The initial public offering price of foreign currency warrants could be considerably in excess of the price that a commercial user of foreign currencies might pay in the interbank market for a comparable option involving larger amounts of foreign currencies. Foreign currency warrants are subject to significant foreign exchange risk, including risks arising from complex political or economic factors.
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Performance Indexed Paper
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Performance indexed paper is commercial paper the yield of which is linked to certain currency exchange rate movements. The yield to the investor on performance indexed paper is established at maturity as a function of spot exchange rates between the designated currencies as of or about the time (generally, the index maturity two days prior to maturity). The yield to the investor will be within a range stipulated at the time of purchase of the obligation, generally with a guaranteed minimum rate of return that is below, and a potential maximum rate of return that is above, market yields on commercial paper, with both the minimum and maximum rates of return on the investment corresponding to the minimum and maximum values of the spot exchange rate two business days prior to maturity.
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Principal Exchange Rate Linked Securities (“PERLS”)
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PERLS are debt obligations the principal on which is payable at maturity in an amount that may vary based on the exchange rate between the particular currencies at or about that time. The return on “standard” principal exchange rate linked securities is enhanced if the currency to which the security is linked appreciates against the base currency, and is adversely affected by increases in the exchange value of the base currency. “Reverse” PERLS are like the “standard” securities, except that their return is enhanced by increases in the value of the base currency and adversely impacted by increases in the value of other currency. Interest payments on the securities are generally made at rates that reflect the degree of currency risk assumed or given up by the purchaser of the notes (i.e., at relatively higher interest rates if the purchaser has assumed some of the currency exchange risk, or relatively lower interest rates if the issuer has assumed some of the currency exchange risk, based on the expectations of the current market). PERLS may in limited cases be subject to acceleration of maturity (generally, not without the consent of the holders of the securities), which may have an adverse impact on the value of the principal payment to be made at maturity.
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Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts
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Each Fund may use interest rate, foreign currency, dividend, volatility or index futures contracts. An interest rate, foreign currency, dividend, volatility or index futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of a financial instrument, foreign currency, dividend basket or the cash value of an index at a specified price and time. A futures contract on an index is an agreement pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Although the value of an index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, no physical delivery of these securities is made. A public market exists in futures contracts covering several indexes as well as a number of financial instruments and foreign currencies, and it is expected that other futures contracts will be developed and traded in the future. Interest rate and volatility futures contracts currently are traded in the United States primarily on the floors of the Chicago Board of Trade and the International Monetary Market of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Interest rate futures also are traded on foreign exchanges such as the London International Financial Futures Exchange and the Singapore International
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Utilization of futures contracts by a Fund involves the risk of imperfect correlation in movements in the price of futures contracts and movements in the price of the securities which are being hedged. If the price of the futures contract moves more or less than the price of the securities being hedged, the Fund will experience a gain or loss which will not be completely offset by movements in the price of the securities. It is possible that, where a Fund has sold futures contracts to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the market may advance and the value of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may decline. If this occurred, the Fund would lose money on the futures contract and would also experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. Where futures are purchased to hedge against a possible increase in the prices of securities before the Fund is able to invest its cash (or cash equivalents) in securities (or options) in an orderly fashion, it is possible that the market may decline; if the Fund then determines not to invest in securities (or options) at that time because of concern as to possible further market decline or for other reasons, the Fund will realize a loss on the futures that would not be offset by a reduction in the price of the securities purchased.
The market prices of futures contracts may be affected if participants in the futures market elect to close out their contracts through off-setting transactions rather than to meet margin deposit requirements. In such case, distortions in the normal relationship between the cash and futures markets could result. Price distortions could also result if investors in futures contracts opt to make or take delivery of the underlying securities rather than to engage in closing transactions because such action would reduce the liquidity of the futures market. In addition, from the point of view of speculators, because the deposit requirements in the futures markets are less onerous than margin requirements in the cash market, increased participation by speculators in the futures market could cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the prices of securities and movements in the prices of futures contracts, a correct forecast of market trends may still not result in a successful hedging transaction.
Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of put or call options on futures contracts involves less potential risk for the Fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options plus transaction costs. However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of an option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the Fund while the purchase or sale of the futures contract would not have resulted in a loss, such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying securities.
For additional information about options transactions, see “Options” under “Derivative Investments” in this section of the SAI.
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Mortgage-Related and Other Asset-Backed Securities
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Each Fund may purchase mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities, which collectively are securities backed by mortgages, installment contracts, credit card receivables or other financial assets. Asset-backed securities represent interests in “pools” of assets in which payments of both interest and principal on the securities are made periodically, thus in effect “passing through” such payments made by the individual borrowers on the assets that underlie the securities, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of the securities. The average life of asset-backed securities varies with the maturities of the underlying instruments, and the average life of a mortgage-backed instrument, in particular, is likely to be less than the original maturity of the mortgage pools underlying the securities as a result of mortgage prepayments, where applicable. For this and other
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Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”)
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CMOs are hybrid instruments with characteristics of both mortgage-backed and mortgage pass-through securities. Interest and prepaid principal on a CMO are paid, in most cases, monthly. CMOs may be collateralized by whole mortgage loans but are more typically collateralized by portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities guaranteed by entities such as GNMA, FHLMC, or FNMA, and their income streams.
CMOs are typically structured in multiple classes, each bearing a different stated maturity. Actual maturity and average life will depend upon the prepayment experience of the collateral. CMOs provide for a modified form of call protection through a de facto breakdown of the underlying pool of mortgages according to how quickly the loans are repaid. Monthly payment of principal received from the pool of underlying mortgages, including prepayments, is first returned to investors holding the shortest maturity class. Investors holding the longer maturity classes typically receive principal only after the first class has been retired. An investor may be partially guarded against a sooner than desired return of principal because of the sequential payments.
FHLMC CMOs are debt obligations of FHLMC issued in multiple classes having different maturity dates and are secured by the pledge of a pool of conventional mortgage loans purchased by FHLMC. The amount of principal payable on each monthly payment date is determined in accordance with FHLMC’s mandatory sinking fund schedule. Sinking fund payments in the CMOs are allocated to the retirement of the individual classes of bonds in the order of their stated maturities. Payments of principal on the mortgage loans in the collateral pool in excess of the amount of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund obligation for any payment date are paid to the holders of the CMOs as additional sinking-fund payments. Because of the “pass-through” nature of all principal payments received on the collateral pool in excess of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund requirement, the rate at which principal of the CMOs is actually repaid is likely to be such that each class of bonds will be retired in advance of its scheduled maturity date. If collection of principal (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans during any semiannual payment period is not sufficient to meet FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund obligation on the next sinking fund payment date, FHLMC agrees to make up the deficiency from its general funds.
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CMO Residuals
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CMO residuals are derivative mortgage securities issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans. As described above, the cash flow generated by the mortgage assets underlying a series of CMOs is applied first to make required payments of principal and interest on the CMOs and second to pay the related administrative expenses of the issuer. The “residual” in a CMO structure generally represents the interest in any excess cash flow remaining after making the foregoing payments. Each payment of such excess cash flow to a holder of the related CMO residual represents income and/or a return of capital. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characteristics of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and, in particular, the prepayment experience on the mortgage assets. In addition, if a series of a CMO includes a class that bears interest at an adjustable rate, the yield to maturity on the related CMO residual will also be extremely sensitive to changes in the level of the index upon which interest rate adjustments are based. In certain circumstances a Fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in a CMO residual.
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CMO residuals are generally purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers. The CMO residual market currently may not have the liquidity of other more established securities trading in other markets. CMO residuals may be subject to certain restrictions on transferability, may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the Funds’ limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Mortgage Pass-through Securities
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Mortgage pass-through securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans, assembled and issued by various governmental, government-related, and private organizations. Unlike other forms of debt securities, which normally provide for periodic payment of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or specified call dates, these securities provide a monthly payment consisting of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their residential or commercial mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Additional payments are caused by repayments of principal resulting from the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, net of fees or costs. “Modified pass-through” securities (such as securities issued by GNMA) entitle the holder to receive all interest and principal payments owed on the mortgage pool, net of certain fees, at the scheduled payment dates regardless of whether or not the mortgagor actually makes the payment.
The principal governmental guarantor of U.S. mortgage-related securities is GNMA. GNMA is authorized to guarantee, with the full faith and credit of the United States Government, the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by GNMA (such as savings and loan institutions, commercial banks and mortgage bankers) and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration insured or Veterans Administration guaranteed mortgages. Government-related guarantors whose obligations are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government include FNMA and FHLMC. FNMA purchases conventional (i.e., not insured or guaranteed by any government agency) residential mortgages from a list of approved seller/servicers which include state and federally chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. FHLMC issues Participation Certificates that represent interests in conventional mortgages from FHLMC’s national portfolio. FNMA and FHLMC guarantee the timely payment of interest and ultimate collection of principal on securities they issue, but the securities they issue are neither issued nor guaranteed by the United States Government.
Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional residential mortgage loans. Such issuers may, in addition, be the originators and/or servicers of the underlying mortgage loans as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-related securities. Pools created by such non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related pools because there are no direct or indirect government or agency guarantees of payments for such securities. However, timely payment of interest and principal of these pools may be supported by various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The insurance and guarantees are issued by governmental entities, private insurers and the mortgage poolers. Such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the
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issuers thereof will be considered in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets a Fund’s investment quality standards. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. A Fund may buy mortgage-related securities without insurance or guarantees if, through an examination of the loan experience and practices of the originator/servicers and poolers, the Fund’s subadviser determines that the securities meet the Fund’s quality standards. Securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable and may therefore be subject to the Funds’ limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
Mortgage-backed securities that are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities, are not subject to the Funds’ industry concentration restrictions set forth in the “Investment Restrictions” section of this SAI by virtue of the exclusion from the test available to all U.S. Government securities. The assets underlying such securities may be represented by a portfolio of first lien residential mortgages (including both whole mortgage loans and mortgage participation interests) or portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC. Mortgage loans underlying a mortgage-related security may in turn be insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration or the Department of Veterans Affairs.
The Funds will consider the assets underlying privately-issued, mortgage-related securities, and other asset-backed securities, when determining the industry of such securities for purposes of the Funds’ industry concentration restrictions set forth in the ‘Investment Restrictions’ section of this SAI, and as a result such securities may not be deemed by the Funds to represent the same industry or group of industries. In the case of private issue mortgage-related securities whose underlying assets are neither U.S. Government securities nor U.S. Government-insured mortgages, to the extent that real properties securing such assets may be located in the same geographical region, the security may be subject to a greater risk of default than other comparable securities in the event of adverse economic, political or business developments that may affect such region and, ultimately, the ability of residential homeowners to make payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages.
It is possible that the availability and the marketability (that is, liquidity) of the securities discussed in this section could be adversely affected by the actions of the U.S. Government to tighten the availability of its credit. On September 7, 2008, the FHFA, an agency of the U.S. Government, placed FNMA and FHLMC into conservatorship, a statutory process with the objective of returning the entities to normal business operations. FHFA will act as the conservator to operate FNMA and FHLMC until they are stabilized. The conservatorship is still in effect as of the date of this SAI and has no specified termination date. There can be no assurance as to when or how the conservatorship will be terminated or whether FNMA or FHLMC will continue to exist following the conservatorship or what their respective business structures will be during or following the conservatorship. FHFA, as conservator, has the power to repudiate any contract entered into by FNMA or FHLMC prior to its appointment if it determines that performance of the contract is burdensome and repudiation of the contract promotes the orderly administration of FNMA’s or FHLMC’s affairs. Furthermore, FHFA has the right to transfer or sell any asset or liability of FNMA or FHLMC without any approval, assignment or consent. If FHFA were to transfer any such guarantee obligation to another party, holders of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities would have to rely on that party for
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satisfaction of the guarantee obligation and would be exposed to the credit risk of that party.
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Other Asset-Backed Securities
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Through trusts and other special purpose entities, various types of securities based on financial assets other than mortgage loans are increasingly available, in both pass-through structures similar to mortgage pass-through securities described above and in other structures more like CMOs. As with mortgage-related securities, these asset-backed securities are often backed by a pool of financial assets representing the obligations of a number of different parties. They often include credit-enhancement features similar to mortgage-related securities.
Financial assets on which these securities are based include automobile receivables; credit card receivables; loans to finance boats, recreational vehicles, and mobile homes; computer, copier, railcar, and medical equipment leases; and trade, healthcare, and franchise receivables. In general, the obligations supporting these asset-backed securities are of shorter maturities than mortgage loans and are less likely to experience substantial prepayments. However, obligations such as credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the obligors are often entitled to protection under a number of consumer credit laws granting, among other things, rights to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thus reducing the balance due. Other obligations that are secured, such as automobile receivables, may present issuers with difficulties in perfecting and executing on the security interests, particularly where the issuer allows the servicers of the receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations, thus increasing the risk that recoveries on defaulted obligations may not be adequate to support payments on the securities.
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Stripped Mortgage-backed Securities (“SMBS”)
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SMBS are derivative multi-class mortgage securities. They may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans. SMBS are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. In the most extreme case, one class will receive all of the interest (the interest-only or “IO” class), while the other class will receive all of the principal (the principal-only or “PO” class). The yield to maturity on an IO class security is extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the related underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on a Fund’s yield to maturity from these securities. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the Fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities even if the security is in one of the highest rating categories. The market value of the PO class generally is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates.
Although SMBS are purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers, these securities were only recently developed. As a result, established trading markets have not yet developed and, accordingly, these securities may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the Funds’ limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
Each Fund may invest in other mortgage-related securities with features similar to those described above, to the extent consistent with the relevant Fund’s investment objectives and policies.
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securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily equal to the prescribed amount. For options transactions, the prescribed amount will generally be the market value of the underlying instrument but will not be less than the exercise price.
Options purchased are recorded as an asset and written options are recorded as liabilities to the extent of premiums paid or received. The amount of this asset or liability will be subsequently marked-to-market to reflect the current value of the option purchased or written. The current value of the traded option is the last sale price or, in the absence of a sale, the current bid price. If an option purchased by a Fund expires unexercised, the Fund will realize a loss equal to the premium paid. If a Fund enters into a closing sale transaction on an option purchased by it, the Fund will realize a gain if the premium received by the Fund on the closing transaction is more than the premium paid to purchase the option, or a loss if it is less. If an option written by a Fund expires on the stipulated expiration date or if a Fund enters into a closing purchase transaction, it will realize a gain (or loss if the cost of a closing purchase transaction exceeds the net premium received when the option is sold), and the liability related to such option will be eliminated. If an option written by a Fund is exercised, the proceeds of the sale will be increased by the net premium originally received and the Fund will realize a gain or loss.
Options trading is a highly specialized activity that entails more complex and potentially greater than ordinary investment risk. Options may be more volatile than the underlying instruments and, therefore, on a percentage basis, an investment in options may be subject to greater fluctuation than an investment in the underlying instruments themselves.
There are several other risks associated with options. For example, there are significant differences among the securities, currency, volatility, credit default and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation among these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. In addition, a liquid secondary market for particular options, whether traded over-the-counter or on an exchange, may be absent for reasons that include the following: there may be insufficient trading interest in certain options; restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of options or underlying securities or currencies; unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; the facilities of an exchange or the OCC may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading value; or one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange (or in that class or series of options) would cease to exist, although outstanding options that had been issued by the OCC as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
The staff of the SEC currently takes the position that options not traded on registered domestic securities exchanges and the assets used to cover the amount of the Fund’s obligation pursuant to such options are illiquid, and are therefore subject to each Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities. However, for options written with “primary dealers” in U.S. Government securities pursuant to an agreement requiring a closing transaction at the formula price, the amount considered to be illiquid may be calculated by reference to a formula price. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Options on Indexes and “Yield Curve” Options
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Each Fund may enter into options on indexes or options on the “spread,” or yield differential, between two fixed income securities, in transactions referred to as “yield curve” options. Options on indexes and yield curve options provide the holder with the right to make or receive a cash settlement upon exercise of the option. With respect to options on indexes, the amount of the settlement will equal the difference between the closing price of the index at the time of exercise and the exercise price of the option expressed in dollars, times a specified multiple. With respect to yield curve options, the amount of the settlement will equal the difference between the yields of designated securities.
With respect to yield curve options, a call or put option is covered if a Fund holds another call or put, respectively, on the spread between the same two securities and maintains in a segregated account liquid assets sufficient to cover the Fund’s net liability under the two options. Therefore, the Fund’s liability for such a covered option is generally limited to the difference between the amount of the Fund’s liability under the option it wrote less the value of the option it holds. A Fund may also cover yield curve options in such other manner as may be in accordance with the requirements of the counterparty with which the option is traded and applicable laws and regulations.
The trading of these types of options is subject to all of the risks associated with the trading of other types of options. In addition, however, yield curve options present risk of loss even if the yield of one of the underlying securities remains constant, if the spread moves in a direction or to an extent which was not anticipated.
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Reset Options
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In certain instances, a Fund may purchase or write options on U.S. Treasury securities, which provide for periodic adjustment of the strike price and may also provide for the periodic adjustment of the premium during the term of each such option. Like other types of options, these transactions, which may be referred to as “reset” options or “adjustable strike” options grant the purchaser the right to purchase (in the case of a call) or sell (in the case of a put), a specified type of U.S. Treasury security at any time up to a stated expiration date (or, in certain instances, on such date). In contrast to other types of options, however, the price at which the underlying security may be purchased or sold under a “reset” option is determined at various intervals during the term of the option, and such price fluctuates from interval to interval based on changes in the market value of the underlying security. As a result, the strike price of a “reset” option, at the time of exercise, may be less advantageous than if the strike price had been fixed at the initiation of the option. In addition, the premium paid for the purchase of the option may be determined at the termination, rather than the initiation, of the option. If the premium for a reset option written by a Fund is paid at termination, the Fund assumes the risk that (i) the premium may be less than the premium which would otherwise have been received at the initiation of the option because of such factors as the volatility in yield of the underlying Treasury security over the term of the option and adjustments made to the strike price of the option, and (ii) the option purchaser may default on its obligation to pay the premium at the termination of the option. Conversely, where a Fund purchases a reset option, it could be required to pay a higher premium than would have been the case at the initiation of the option.
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Swaptions
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A Fund may enter into swaption contracts, which give the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date. Over-the-counter swaptions, although providing greater flexibility, may involve greater credit risk than exchange-traded options as they are not backed by the clearing organization of the exchanges where they are traded, and as
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such, there is a risk that the seller will not settle as agreed. A Fund’s financial liability associated with swaptions is linked to the marked-to-market value of the notional underlying investments. Purchased swaption contracts are exposed to a maximum loss equal to the price paid for the option/swaption (the premium) and no further liability. Written swaptions, however, give the right of potential exercise to a third party, and the maximum loss to the Fund in the case of an uncovered swaption is unlimited.
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Swap Agreements
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Each Fund may enter into swap agreements on, among other things, interest rates, indices, securities and currency exchange rates. A Fund’s subadviser may use swaps in an attempt to obtain for the Fund a particular desired return at a lower cost to the Fund than if the Fund had invested directly in an instrument that yielded that desired return. Swap agreements are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods typically ranging from a few weeks to more than one year. In a standard “swap” transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are calculated with respect to a “notional amount,” i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular foreign currency, or in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index. The “notional amount” of the swap agreement is only a fictive basis on which to calculate the obligations the parties to a swap agreement have agreed to exchange. A Fund’s obligations (or rights) under a swap agreement will generally be equal only to the amount to be paid or received under the agreement based on the relative values of the positions held by each party to the agreement (the “net amount”). A Fund’s obligations under a swap agreement will be accrued daily on the Fund’s accounting records (offset against any amounts owing to the Fund) and any accrued but unpaid net amounts owed to a swap counterparty will be covered by specifically designating on the accounting records of the Fund liquid assets to avoid leveraging of the Fund’s portfolio.
Because swap agreements are two-party contracts and may have terms of greater than seven days, they may be considered to be illiquid and therefore subject to the Funds’ limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.) Moreover, the Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap agreement counterparty. A Fund’s subadviser will cause the Fund to enter into swap agreements only with counterparties that would be eligible for consideration as repurchase agreement counterparties under the Funds’ repurchase agreement guidelines. (See “Repurchase Agreements” in this section of the SAI.) Certain restrictions imposed on the Funds by the Code may limit the Funds’ ability to use swap agreements. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of this SAI.) The swaps market is a relatively new market and is largely unregulated. It is possible that developments in the swaps market, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect a Fund’s ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements.
Certain swap agreements are exempt from most provisions of the CEA and, therefore, are not regulated as futures or commodity option transactions under the CEA, pursuant to regulations of the CFTC. To qualify for this exemption, a swap agreement must be entered into by eligible participants and must meet certain conditions (each pursuant to the CEA and regulations of the CFTC). However, recent CFTC rule amendments dictate that certain swap agreements be considered
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commodity interests for purposes of the CEA. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI for additional information regarding the implications of investments being considered commodity interests under the CEA.)
Recently, the SEC and the CFTC have developed rules under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to create a new, comprehensive regulatory framework for swap transactions. Under the new regulations, certain swap transactions will be required to be executed on a regulated trading platform and cleared through a derivatives clearing organization. Additionally, the new regulations impose other requirements on the parties entering into swap transactions, including requirements relating to posting margin, and reporting and documenting swap transactions. A Fund engaging in swap transactions may incur additional expenses as a result of these new regulatory requirements. The Adviser is continuing to monitor the implementation of the new regulations and to assess their impact on the Funds.
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Credit Default Swap Agreements
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Each Fund may enter into credit default swap agreements. A credit default swap is a bilateral financial contract in which one party (the protection buyer) pays a periodic fee in return for a contingent payment by the protection seller following a credit event of a reference issuer. The protection buyer must either sell particular obligations issued by the reference issuer for its par value (or some other designated reference or strike price) when a credit event occurs or receive a cash settlement based on the difference between the market price and such reference price. A credit event is commonly defined as bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership, material adverse restructuring of debt, or failure to meet payment obligations when due. A Fund may be either the buyer or seller in the transaction. If a Fund is a buyer and no event of default occurs, the Fund loses its investment and recovers nothing; however, if an event of default occurs, the Fund receives full notional value for a reference obligation that may have little or no value. As a seller, a Fund receives a periodic fee throughout the term of the contract, provided there is no default event; if an event of default occurs, the Fund must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation. The value of the reference obligation received by the Fund as a seller, coupled with the periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value the Fund pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Fund.
As with other swaps, when a Fund enters into a credit default swap agreement, to the extent required by applicable law and regulation the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily, equal to the Fund’s net exposure under the swap (the “Segregated Assets”). Generally, the minimum cover amount for a swap agreement is the amount owed by the Fund, if any, on a daily mark-to-market basis. With respect to swap contracts that provide for the netting of payments, the net amount of the excess, if any, of the Fund’s obligations over its entitlements with respect to each swap contract will be accrued on a daily basis and an amount of Segregated Assets having an aggregate market value at least equal to the accrued excess will be maintained to cover the transactions in accordance with SEC positions. With respect to swap contracts that do not provide for the netting of payments by the counterparties, the full notional amount for which the Fund is obligated under the swap contract with respect to each swap contract will be accrued on a daily basis and an amount of Segregated Assets having an aggregate market value at least equal to the accrued full notional value will be maintained to cover the transactions in accordance with SEC positions. When the Fund sells protection on an individual credit default swap, upon a credit event, the
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Fund may be obligated to pay the cash equivalent value of the asset. Therefore, the cover amount will be the notional value of the underlying credit. With regard to selling protection on an index (CDX), as a practical matter, the Fund would not be required to pay the full notional amount of the index; therefore, only the amount owed by the Fund, if any, on a daily mark-to-market basis is required as cover.
Credit default swaps involve greater risks than if the Fund had invested in the reference obligation directly. In addition to general market risks, credit default swaps are subject to illiquidity risk, counterparty risk and credit risks. A Fund will enter into swap agreements only with counterparties deemed creditworthy by the Fund’s subadviser.
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Dividend Swap Agreements
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A dividend swap agreement is a financial instrument where two parties contract to exchange a set of future cash flows at set dates in the future. One party agrees to pay the other the future dividend flow on a stock or basket of stocks in an index, in return for which the other party gives the first call options. Dividend swaps generally are traded over the counter rather than on an exchange.
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Inflation Swap Agreements
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Inflation swap agreements are contracts in which one party agrees to pay the cumulative percentage increase in a price index (e.g., the Consumer Price Index with respect to CPI swaps) over the term of the swap (with some lag on the inflation index), while the other pays a compounded fixed rate. Inflation swap agreements may be used by a Fund to hedge the inflation risk associated with non-inflation indexed investments, thereby creating “synthetic” inflation-indexed investments. One factor that may lead to changes in the values of inflation swap agreements is a change in real interest rates, which are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. If nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates may rise, which may lead to a decrease in value of an inflation swap agreement.
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Total Return Swap Agreements
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“Total return swap” is the generic name for any non-traditional swap where one party agrees to pay the other the “total return” of a defined underlying asset, usually in return for receiving a stream of cash flows based upon an agreed rate. A total return swap may be applied to any underlying asset but is most commonly used with equity indices, single stocks, bonds and defined portfolios of loans and mortgages. A total return swap is a mechanism for the user to accept the economic benefits of asset ownership without utilizing the balance sheet. The other leg of the swap, which is often LIBOR, is spread to reflect the non-balance sheet nature of the product. Total return swaps can be designed with any underlying asset agreed between the two parties. No notional amounts are exchanged with total return swaps.
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Variance and Correlation Swap Agreements
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Variance swap agreements are contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash payments based on the difference between the stated level of variance and the actual variance realized on an underlying asset or index. “Actual variance” as used here is defined as the sum of the square of the returns on the reference asset or index (which in effect is a measure of its “volatility”) over the length of the contract term. In other words, the parties to a variance swap can be said to exchange actual volatility for a contractually stated rate of volatility. Correlation swap agreements are contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash payments based on the differences between the stated and the actual correlation realized on the underlying equity securities within a given equity index. “Correlation” as used here is defined as the weighted average of the correlations between the daily returns of each pair of securities within a given equity index. If two assets are said to be closely correlated, it means that their daily returns vary in similar proportions or along similar trajectories. A Fund
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may enter into variance or correlation swaps in an attempt to hedge equity market risk or adjust exposure to the equity markets.
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Equity Securities
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The Funds may invest in equity securities. Equity securities include common stocks, preferred stocks and preference stocks; securities such as bonds, warrants or rights that are convertible into stocks; and depositary receipts for those securities.
Common stockholders are the owners of the company issuing the stock and, accordingly, usually have the right to vote on various corporate governance matters such as mergers. They are not creditors of the company, but rather, in the event of liquidation of the company, would be entitled to their pro rata shares of the company’s assets after creditors (including fixed income security holders) and, if applicable, preferred stockholders are paid. Preferred stock is a class of stock having a preference over common stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. A preferred stockholder is a shareholder in the company and not a creditor of the company as is a holder of the company’s fixed income securities. Dividends paid to common and preferred stockholders are distributions of the earnings or other surplus of the company and not interest payments, which are expenses of the company. Equity securities owned by the Fund may be traded in the over-the-counter market or on a securities exchange and may not be traded every day or in the volume typical of securities traded on a major U.S. national securities exchange. As a result, disposition by the Fund of a portfolio security to meet redemptions by shareholders or otherwise may require the Fund to sell the security at less than the reported value of the security, to sell during periods when disposition is not desirable, or to make many small sales over a lengthy period of time. The market value of all securities, including equity securities, is based upon the market’s perception of value and not necessarily the book value of an issuer or other objective measure of a company’s worth.
Stock values may fluctuate in response to the activities of an individual company or in response to general market and/or economic conditions. Historically, common stocks have provided greater long-term returns and have entailed greater short-term risks than other types of securities. Smaller or newer issuers may be more likely to realize more substantial growth or suffer more significant losses. Investments in these companies can be both more volatile and more speculative. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which a Fund invests will cause the NAV of the Fund to fluctuate.
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Initial Public Offerings
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A Fund may invest in a company’s securities at the time of a company’s initial public offering (“IPO”). Companies involved in IPOs are often smaller and have a limited operating history, which involves a greater risk that the value of their securities will be impaired following the IPO. In addition, market psychology prevailing at the time of an IPO can have a substantial and unpredictable effect on the price of an IPO security, causing the price of a company’s securities to be particularly volatile at the time of its IPO and for a period thereafter. As a result, a Fund’s Adviser or subadviser might decide to sell an IPO security more quickly than it would otherwise, which may result in significant gains or losses to the Fund.
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Securities of Small and Mid Capitalization Companies
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While small and medium-sized issuers in which a Fund invests may offer greater opportunities for capital appreciation than larger market capitalization issuers, investments in such companies may involve greater risks and thus may be considered speculative. For example, smaller companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources, or they may be dependent on a limited management group. In addition, many small and mid-capitalization company stocks trade less frequently and in smaller volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements, than stocks of
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Securities of U.S. issuers denominated in foreign currencies may be less liquid and their prices more volatile than securities issued by domestic issuers and denominated in U.S. dollars. In addition, investing in securities denominated in foreign currencies often entails costs not associated with investment in U.S. dollar-denominated securities of U.S. issuers, such as the cost of converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars, higher brokerage commissions, custodial expenses and other fees. Non-U.S. dollar denominated securities may be subject to certain withholding and other taxes of the relevant jurisdiction, which may reduce the yield on the securities to the Funds and which may not be recoverable by the Funds or their investors.
The Trust may use an eligible foreign custodian in connection with its purchases of foreign securities and may maintain cash and cash equivalents in the care of a foreign custodian. The amount of cash or cash equivalents maintained in the care of eligible foreign custodians will be limited to an amount reasonably necessary to effect the Trust’s foreign securities transactions. The use of a foreign custodian invokes considerations which are not ordinarily associated with domestic custodians. These considerations include the possibility of expropriations, restricted access to books and records of the foreign custodian, inability to recover assets that are lost while under the control of the foreign custodian, and the impact of political, social or diplomatic developments.
Settlement procedures relating to the Funds’ investments in foreign securities and to the Funds’ foreign currency exchange transactions may be more complex than settlements with respect to investments in debt or equity securities of U.S. issuers, and may involve certain risks not present in the Funds’ domestic investments. For example, settlement of transactions involving foreign securities or foreign currency may occur within a foreign country, and a Fund may be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may be required to pay any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations. Settlement procedures in many foreign countries are less established than those in the United States, and some foreign country settlement periods can be significantly longer than those in the United States.
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Depositary Receipts
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Each Fund permitted to hold foreign securities may also hold ADRs, ADSs, GDRs and EDRs. ADRs and ADSs typically are issued by an American bank or trust company and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign corporation. EDRs, which are sometimes referred to as CDRs, are issued in Europe typically by foreign banks and trust companies and evidence ownership of either foreign or domestic securities. GDRs are similar to EDRs and are designed for use in several international financial markets. Generally, ADRs and ADSs in registered form are designed for use in United States securities markets and EDRs in bearer form are designed for use in European securities markets. For purposes of a Fund’s investment policies, its investments in ADRs, ADSs, GDRs and EDRs will be deemed to be investments in the underlying foreign securities.
Depositary Receipts may be issued pursuant to sponsored or unsponsored programs. In sponsored programs, an issuer has made arrangements to have its securities traded in the form of Depositary Receipts. In unsponsored programs, the issuer may not be directly involved in the creation of the program. Although regulatory requirements with respect to sponsored and unsponsored programs are generally similar, in some cases it may be easier to obtain financial information from an issuer that has participated in the creation of a
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sponsored program. Accordingly, there may be less information available regarding issuers of securities underlying unsponsored programs and there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the Depositary Receipts. For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, investments in Depositary Receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a Depositary Receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock.
Depositary Receipts are generally subject to the same sort of risks as direct investments in a foreign country, such as currency risk, political and economic risk, and market risk, because their values generally depend on the performance of a foreign security denominated in its home currency. (The risks of foreign investing are addressed above in this section of the SAI under the heading “Foreign Investing.”) In addition to risks associated with the underlying portfolio of securities, receipt holders also must consider credit standings of the custodians and broker/dealer sponsors. The receipts are not registered with the SEC and qualify as Rule 144A securities which may make them more difficult and costly to sell. (For information about Rule 144A securities, see “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Emerging Market Securities
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The Funds may invest in countries or regions with relatively low gross national product per capita compared to the world’s major economies, and in countries or regions with the potential for rapid economic growth (emerging markets). Emerging markets will include any country: (i) having an “emerging stock market” as defined by the International Finance Corporation; (ii) with low-to-middle-income economies according to the World Bank; (iii) listed in World Bank publications as developing; or (iv) determined by the adviser to be an emerging market as defined above.
Certain emerging market countries are either comparatively underdeveloped or are in the process of becoming developed and may consequently be economically dependent on a relatively few or closely interdependent industries. A high proportion of the securities of many emerging market issuers may also be held by a limited number of large investors trading significant blocks of securities. While a Fund’s subadviser will strive to be sensitive to publicized reversals of economic conditions, political unrest and adverse changes in trading status, unanticipated political and social developments may affect the values of the Fund’s investments in such countries and the availability of additional investments in such countries.
The risks of investing in foreign securities may be intensified in the case of investments in emerging markets. Securities of many issuers in emerging markets may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. Emerging markets also have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when a portion of the assets of a Fund is uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of a Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of portfolio securities or, if a Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, in possible liability to the purchaser. Securities prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than in the more developed nations of the world, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may have relatively unstable governments, present the risk of nationalization of businesses,
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restrictions on foreign ownership, or prohibitions of repatriation of assets, and may have less protection of property rights than more developed countries.
Certain emerging markets may require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors. In addition, a country could impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital remittances, whether because deterioration occurs in an emerging market’s balance of payments or for other reasons. The Funds could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital, as well as by the application to the Funds of any restrictions on investments.
Investments in certain foreign emerging market debt obligations may be restricted or controlled to varying degrees. These restrictions or controls may at times preclude investment in certain foreign emerging market debt obligations and increase the expenses of the Funds.
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Foreign Currency Transactions
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When investing in securities denominated in foreign currencies, the Funds will be subject to the additional risk of currency fluctuations. An adverse change in the value of a particular foreign currency as against the U.S. dollar, to the extent that such change is not offset by a gain in other foreign currencies, will result in a decrease in the Fund’s assets. Any such change may also have the effect of decreasing or limiting the income available for distribution. Foreign currencies may be affected by revaluation, adverse political and economic developments, and governmental restrictions. Further, no assurance can be given that currency exchange controls will not be imposed on any particular currency at a later date.
As a result of its investments in foreign securities, a Fund may receive interest or dividend payments, or the proceeds of the sale or redemption of such securities, in the foreign currencies in which such securities are denominated. In that event, the Fund may convert such currencies into dollars at the then current exchange rate. Under certain circumstances, however, such as where the Fund’s subadviser believes that the applicable rate is unfavorable at the time the currencies are received or the Fund’s subadviser anticipates, for any other reason, that the exchange rate will improve, the Fund may hold such currencies for an indefinite period of time.
In addition, a Fund may be required to receive delivery of the foreign currency underlying forward foreign currency contracts it has entered into. This could occur, for example, if an option written by the Fund is exercised or the Fund is unable to close out a forward contract. A Fund may hold foreign currency in anticipation of purchasing foreign securities.
A Fund may also elect to take delivery of the currencies’ underlying options or forward contracts if, in the judgment of the Fund’s subadviser, it is in the best interest of the Fund to do so. In such instances as well, the Fund may convert the foreign currencies to dollars at the then current exchange rate, or may hold such currencies for an indefinite period of time.
While the holding of currencies will permit a Fund to take advantage of favorable movements in the applicable exchange rate, it also exposes the Fund to risk of loss if such rates move in a direction adverse to the Fund’s position. Such losses could reduce any profits or increase any losses sustained by the Fund from the sale or redemption of securities, and could reduce the dollar value of interest or dividend payments received. In addition, the holding of currencies could adversely affect the Fund’s profit or loss on currency options or forward contracts, as well as its hedging strategies.
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When a Fund effects foreign currency exchange transactions on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign exchange market, the Fund incurs expenses in converting assets from one currency to another. A Fund may also effect other types of foreign currency exchange transactions, which have their own risks and costs. For information about such transactions, please see “Foreign Currency Forward Contracts, Futures and Options” under “Derivatives” in this section of the SAI.
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Foreign Investment Companies
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Some of the countries in which the Funds may invest may not permit, or may place economic restrictions on, direct investment by outside investors. Investments in such countries may be permitted only through foreign government-approved or -authorized investment vehicles, which may include other investment companies. These funds may also invest in other investment companies that invest in foreign securities. Investing through such vehicles may involve frequent or layered fees or expenses and may also be subject to limitation under the 1940 Act. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund would bear, along with other shareholders, its pro rata portion of the other investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. Those expenses would be in addition to the advisory and other expenses that the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations. For additional information, see “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI.
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Privatizations
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The governments of some foreign countries have been engaged in programs of selling part or all of their stakes in government owned or controlled enterprises (“privatizations”). Privatizations may offer opportunities for significant capital appreciation. In certain foreign countries, the ability of foreign entities such as the Funds to participate in privatizations may be limited by local law, or the terms on which a Fund may be permitted to participate may be less advantageous than those for local investors. There can be no assurance that foreign governments will continue to sell companies currently owned or controlled by them or that privatization programs will be successful.
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Funding Agreements
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Each Fund may invest in funding agreements, which are insurance contracts between an investor and the issuing insurance company. For the issuer, they represent senior obligations under an insurance product. For the investor, and from a regulatory perspective, these agreements are treated as securities. These agreements, like other insurance products, are backed by claims on the general assets of the issuing entity and rank on the same priority level as other policy holder claims. Funding agreements typically are issued with a one-year final maturity and a variable interest rate, which may adjust weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Some agreements carry a seven-day put feature. A funding agreement without this feature is considered illiquid and will therefore be subject to the Funds’ limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.) Funding agreements are regulated by the state insurance board of the state where they are executed.
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Guaranteed Investment Contracts
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Each Fund may invest in GICs issued by U.S. and Canadian insurance companies. A GIC requires the investor to make cash contributions to a deposit fund of an insurance company’s general account. The insurance company then makes payments to the investor based on negotiated, floating or fixed interest rates. A GIC is a general obligation of the issuing insurance company and not a separate account. The purchase price paid for a GIC becomes part of the general assets of the insurance company, and the contract is paid from the insurance company’s general assets. Generally, a GIC is not assignable or transferable without the permission of the issuing insurance company, and an active secondary market in GICs does not
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currently exist. Therefore, these investments may be deemed to be illiquid, in which case they will be subject to the Funds’ limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Illiquid and Restricted Securities
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Illiquid securities are investments that a Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. Each Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid securities. Historically, illiquid securities have included securities subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale because they have not been registered under the 1933 Act (“restricted securities”), securities that are otherwise not readily marketable, such as over-the-counter options, and repurchase agreements not entitling the holder to payment of principal in seven days. Such securities may offer higher yields than comparable publicly traded securities, and they also may incur higher risks.
Repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements and time deposits that do not provide for payment to the Fund within seven days after notice or which have a term greater than seven days are deemed illiquid securities for this purpose unless such securities are variable amount master demand notes with maturities of nine months or less or unless the Fund’s subadviser has determined that an adequate trading market exists for such securities or that market quotations are readily available.
The Funds may purchase Rule 144A securities sold to institutional investors without registration under the 1933 Act and commercial paper issued in reliance upon the exemption in Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, for which an institutional market has developed. Institutional investors depend on an efficient institutional market in which the unregistered security can be readily resold or on the issuer’s ability to honor a demand for repayment of the unregistered security.
Although the investments described in this section generally will be considered illiquid, an investment’s contractual or legal restrictions on resale to the general public or to certain institutions may not be indicative of the liquidity of the investment and therefore these investments may be determined to be liquid in accordance with guidelines established by the Board. The Trustees have delegated to each Fund’s investment adviser the determination of the liquidity of such investments in the respective Fund’s portfolio as administrator of the Fund’s liquidity risk management program. The Fund’s investment adviser will take into account relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations when determining whether an investment is illiquid.
If illiquid securities exceed 15% of a Fund’s net assets after the time of purchase, the Fund will take steps to reduce in an orderly fashion its holdings of illiquid securities. Because illiquid securities may not be readily marketable, the relevant Fund’s subadviser may not be able to dispose of them in a timely manner. As a result, the Fund may be forced to hold illiquid securities while their price depreciates. Depreciation in the price of illiquid securities may cause the NAV of the Fund holding them to decline. An investment that is determined by a Fund’s investment adviser to be liquid may subsequently revert to being illiquid if not enough buyer interest exists.
Restricted securities ordinarily can be sold by the Fund in secondary market transactions to certain qualified investors pursuant to rules established by the SEC, in privately negotiated transactions to a limited number of purchasers or in a public offering made pursuant to an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act. When registration is required, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a considerable time may elapse
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between the decision to sell and the sale date. If, during such period, adverse market conditions were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than the price which prevailed when it decided to sell.
Restricted securities will be priced at fair value as determined in good faith by the Trustees or their delegate.
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Leverage
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Each Fund may employ investment techniques that create leverage, either by using borrowed capital to increase the amount invested, or investing in instruments, including derivatives, where the investment loss can exceed the original amount invested. Certain investments or trading strategies that involve leverage can result in losses that greatly exceed the amount originally invested.
The SEC takes the position that transactions that have a leveraging effect on the capital structure of a mutual fund or are economically equivalent to borrowing can be viewed as constituting a form of borrowing by the fund for purposes of the 1940 Act. These transactions can include buying and selling certain derivatives (such as futures contracts); selling (or writing) put and call options; engaging in sale-buybacks; entering into firm-commitment and stand-by commitment agreements; engaging in when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-commitment transactions; and other similar trading practices (additional discussion about a number of these transactions can be found throughout this section of the SAI). As a result, when a Fund enters into such transactions the transactions may be subject to the same requirements and restrictions as borrowing. (See “Borrowing” below for additional information.)
The following are some of the Funds’ permitted investment techniques that are generally viewed as creating leverage for the Funds.
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Borrowing
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A Fund’s ability to borrow money is limited by its investment policies and limitations, by the 1940 Act, and by applicable exemptions, no-action letters, interpretations, and other pronouncements issued from time to time by the SEC and its staff or any other regulatory authority with jurisdiction. Under the 1940 Act, a Fund is required to maintain continuous asset coverage (that is, total assets including borrowings, less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of the amount borrowed, with an exception for borrowings not in excess of 5% of the Fund’s total assets made for temporary or emergency purposes. Any borrowings for temporary purposes in excess of 5% of the Fund’s total assets must maintain continuous asset coverage. If the 300% asset coverage should decline as a result of market fluctuations or for other reasons, a Fund may be required to sell some of its portfolio holdings within three days (excluding Sundays and holidays) to reduce the debt and restore the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint to sell securities at that time.
Borrowing will tend to exaggerate the effect on net asset value of any increase or decrease in the market value of a Fund’s portfolio. Money borrowed will be subject to interest costs that may or may not be recovered by earnings on the securities purchased. A Fund also may be required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with a borrowing or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.
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Mortgage “Dollar-Roll” Transactions
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Each Fund may enter into mortgage “dollar-roll” transactions pursuant to which it sells mortgage-backed securities for delivery in the future and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Fund forgoes principal and interest paid on the mortgage-backed securities.
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The Fund is compensated for the lost interest by the difference between the current sales price and the lower price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”) as well as by the interest earned on, and gains from, the investment of the cash proceeds of the initial sale. The Fund may also be compensated by receipt of a commitment fee. If the income and capital gains from the Fund’s investment of the cash from the initial sale do not exceed the income, capital appreciation and gain or loss that would have been realized on the securities sold as part of the dollar roll, the use of this technique will diminish the investment performance of the Fund compared with what the performance would have been without the use of the dollar roll.
Dollar-roll transactions involve the risk that the market value of the securities the Fund is required to purchase may decline below the agreed upon repurchase price of those securities. If the broker-dealer to whom the Fund sells securities becomes insolvent, the Fund’s right to purchase or repurchase securities may be restricted. Successful use of dollar rolls may depend upon the Fund’s subadviser’s ability to correctly predict interest rates and prepayments. There is no assurance that dollar rolls can be successfully employed.
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Reverse Repurchase Agreements
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Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Fund sells a security and simultaneously commits to repurchase that security from the buyer, such as a bank or broker-dealer, at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date. The resale price in a reverse repurchase agreement reflects a market rate of interest that is not related to the coupon rate or maturity of the sold security. For certain demand agreements, there is no agreed-upon repurchase date and interest payments are calculated daily, often based upon the prevailing overnight repurchase rate.
Generally, a reverse repurchase agreement enables the Fund to recover for the term of the reverse repurchase agreement all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities sold and to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are only advantageous if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. In addition, interest costs on the money received in a reverse repurchase agreement may exceed the return received on the investments made by the Fund with those monies. Using reverse repurchase agreements to earn additional income involves the risk that the interest earned on the invested proceeds is less than the expense of the reverse repurchase agreement transaction.
Because reverse repurchase agreements are considered borrowing under the 1940 Act, while a reverse repurchase agreement is outstanding, the Fund will maintain cash and appropriate liquid assets in a segregated custodial account to cover its obligation under the agreement. A Fund will enter into reverse repurchase agreements only with parties that the Fund’s subadviser deems creditworthy, but such investments are still subject to the risks of leverage discussed above.
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Leveraged Buyouts
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A Fund may invest in leveraged buyout limited partnerships and funds that, in turn, invest in leveraged buyout transactions (“LBOs”).
An LBO, generally, is an acquisition of an existing business by a newly formed corporation financed largely with debt assumed by such newly formed corporation to be later repaid with funds generated from the acquired company.
Equity investments in LBOs may appreciate substantially in value given only modest growth in the earnings or cash flow of the acquired business. Investments in LBO limited partnerships and funds, however, present a number of risks. Investments in LBO limited
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partnerships and funds will normally lack liquidity and may be subject to intense competition from other LBO limited partnerships and funds.
Additionally, if the cash flow of the acquired company is insufficient to service the debt assumed in the LBO, the LBO limited partnership or fund could lose all or part of its investment in such acquired company.
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Master Limited Partnerships (“MLP”)
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An investment in MLP units involves some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have limited control on matters affecting the partnership. Conflicts of interest exist between common unit holders and the general partner, including those arising from incentive distribution payments. MLPs holding credit-related investments are subject to interest rate risk and the risk of default on payment obligations by debt issuers. MLPs that concentrate in a particular industry or a particular geographic region are subject to risks associated with such industry or region. The fees that MLPs charge for transportation of oil and gas products through their pipelines are subject to government regulation, which could negatively impact the revenue stream. Investing in MLPs also involves certain risks related to investing in the underlying assets of the MLPs and risks associated with pooled investment vehicles. These include the risk of environmental incidents, terrorist attacks, demand destruction from high commodity prices, proliferation of alternative energy sources, inadequate supply of external capital, and conflicts of interest with the general partner. There are also certain tax risks associated with investment in MLPs. The benefit derived from a Fund’s investment in MLPs is somewhat dependent on the MLP being treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, so any change to this status would adversely affect the price of MLP units. Historically, a substantial portion of the gross taxable income of MLPs has been offset by tax losses and deductions reducing gross income received by investors, and any change to these tax rules would adversely affect the price of an MLP unit. Certain MLPs may trade less frequently than other securities, and those with limited trading volumes may display volatile or erratic price movements.
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Money Market Instruments
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Each Fund may invest in money market instruments, which are high-quality short-term investments. The types of money market instruments most commonly acquired by the Funds are discussed below, although each Fund is also permitted to invest in other types of money market instruments to the extent consistent with the Fund’s investment limitations and restrictions.
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Banker's Acceptances
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A banker's acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods). The borrower, as well as the bank, is liable for payment, and the bank unconditionally guarantees to pay the draft at its face amount on the maturity date. Most acceptances have maturities of six months or less and are traded in secondary markets prior to maturity.
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Certificates of Deposit
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Certificates of deposit are generally short-term, interest-bearing negotiable certificates issued by banks or savings and loan associations against funds deposited in the issuing institution. They generally may be withdrawn on demand but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which could reduce the Fund’s yield. Deposits subject to early withdrawal penalties or that mature in more than seven days are treated as illiquid securities if there is no readily available market for the securities.
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Commercial Paper
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Commercial paper refers to short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by corporations to finance short-term credit needs. Commercial paper is usually sold on a discount basis and has a maturity at the time of issuance not exceeding nine months.
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Obligations of Foreign Banks and Foreign Branches of U.S. Banks
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The money market instruments in which the Funds may invest include negotiable certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and time deposits of foreign branches of U.S. banks, foreign banks and their non-U.S. branches (Eurodollars), U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks (Yankee dollars), and wholly-owned banking-related subsidiaries of foreign banks. For the purposes of each Fund’s investment policies with respect to money market instruments, obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks are obligations of the issuing bank and may be general obligations of the parent bank. Such obligations, however, may be limited by the terms of a specific obligation and by government regulation. As with investment in non-U.S. securities in general, investments in the obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks may subject a Fund to investment risks that are different in some respects from those of investments in obligations of domestic issuers.
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Time Deposits
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Time deposits are deposits in a bank or other financial institution for a specified period of time at a fixed interest rate for which a negotiable certificate is not received.
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U.S. Government Obligations
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Securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States Government include a variety of Treasury securities, which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. Treasury bills have maturities of one year or less. Treasury notes have maturities of one to ten years, and Treasury bonds generally have maturities of greater than ten years.
Agencies of the United States Government which issue or guarantee obligations include, among others, Export-Import Bank of the United States, Farmers Home Administration, Federal Housing Administration, GNMA, Maritime Administration, Small Business Administration and The Tennessee Valley Authority. Obligations of instrumentalities of the United States Government include securities issued or guaranteed by, among others, FNMA, Federal Home Loan Banks, FHLMC, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, Banks for Cooperatives, and the U.S. Postal Service. Some of these securities are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, others are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the Treasury, while still others are supported only by the credit of the instrumentality. There is no guarantee that the U.S. Government will provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities, now or in the future, if it is not obligated to do so by law. Accordingly, although these securities have historically involved little risk of loss of principal if held to maturity, they may involve more risk than securities backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government because the Fund must look principally to the agency or instrumentality issuing or guaranteeing the securities for repayment and may not be able to assert a claim against the United States if the agency or instrumentality does not meet its commitment.
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Mutual Fund Investing
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Each Fund is authorized to invest in the securities of other investment companies subject to the limitations contained in the 1940 Act.
Investment companies in which the Fund may invest may include ETFs. An ETF is an investment company classified as an open-end investment company or unit investment trust that is traded similarly to a publicly traded company. Most ETFs seek to achieve the same return as a particular market index. That type of ETF is similar to an index fund in that it will primarily invest in the securities of companies that are included in a selected market index. An index-based ETF will invest in all of the securities included in the index, a representative sample of the securities included in the index, or other investments expected to produce returns substantially similar to that of the index.
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Description and Risks
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Fund-Specific Limitations
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Investors in each Fund should recognize that when a Fund invests in another investment company, the Fund will bear its pro rata portion of the other investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees, in addition to the expenses the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
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Each Fund may invest in REITs. REITs pool investors’ funds for investment primarily in income producing commercial real estate or real estate related loans. A REIT is not taxed on income distributed to shareholders if it complies with several requirements relating to its organization, ownership, assets, and income and a requirement that it distribute to its shareholders at least 90% of its taxable income (other than net capital gains) for each taxable year.
REITs can generally be classified as follows:
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Equity REITs, which invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive their income primarily from rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value.
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Mortgage REITs, which invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive their income primarily from interest payments.
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Hybrid REITs, which combine the characteristics of both equity REITs and mortgage REITs.
REITs are structured similarly to closed-end investment companies in that they are essentially holding companies. An investor should realize that by investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, he will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the underlying REITs. (See “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI.)
Selecting REITs requires an evaluation of the merits of each type of asset a particular REIT owns, as well as regional and local economics. Due to the proliferation of REITs in recent years and the relative lack of sophistication of certain REIT managers, the quality of REIT assets has varied significantly. The risks associated with REITs are similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate. These include declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, dependence on management skill, cash flow dependence, possible lack of availability of long-term mortgage funds, over-building, extended vacancies of properties, decreased occupancy rates and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in neighborhood values and the appeal of the properties to tenants and changes in interest rates.
Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties they own, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, equity and mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally are not diversified. Equity and mortgage REITs are also subject to potential defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, and the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free status of income under the Code and failing to maintain exemption from the 1940 Act. In the event of a default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments. In addition, investment in REITs could cause the Fund to possibly fail to qualify as a regulated investment company. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of the SAI.)
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Repurchase Agreements
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Each Fund may enter into repurchase agreements by which the Fund purchases portfolio securities subject to the seller’s agreement to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon time and price. The repurchase price may be higher than the purchase price, the
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difference being income to the Fund, or the purchase and repurchase price may be the same, with interest payable to the Fund at a stated rate together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In either case, the income to the Fund is unrelated to the interest rate on the security.
A repurchase agreement must be collateralized by obligations that could otherwise be purchased by the Fund (except with respect to maturity), and these must be maintained by the seller in a segregated account for the Fund. The value of such collateral will be monitored throughout the term of the repurchase agreement in an attempt to ensure that the market value of the collateral always equals or exceeds the repurchase price (including accrued interest). If the value of the collateral dips below such repurchase price, additional collateral will be requested and, when received, added to the account to maintain full collateralization.
Repurchase agreements will be entered into with commercial banks, brokers and dealers considered by the relevant Fund’s subadviser to be creditworthy. However, the use of repurchase agreements involves certain risks such as default by, or insolvency of, the other party to the transaction. The Fund also might incur disposition costs in connection with liquidating the underlying securities or enforcing its rights.
Typically, repurchase agreements are in effect for one week or less, but they may be in effect for longer periods of time.
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| | each Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities, which means that no more than 15% of the market value of a Fund’s total assets may be invested in repurchase agreements with a maturity of more than seven days and in other illiquid securities. | |
Securities Lending
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Subject to certain investment restrictions, each Fund may, subject to the Trustees’ and Trust Treasurer’s approval, lend securities from its portfolio to brokers, dealers and financial institutions deemed creditworthy and receive, as collateral, cash or cash equivalents which at all times while the loan is outstanding will be maintained in amounts equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities. Any cash collateral will be invested in short-term securities that will increase the current income of the Fund lending its securities.
A Fund will have the right to regain record ownership of loaned securities to exercise beneficial rights such as voting rights and subscription rights. While a securities loan is outstanding, the Fund is to receive an amount equal to any dividends, interest or other distributions with respect to the loaned securities. A Fund may pay reasonable fees to persons unaffiliated with the Trust for services in arranging such loans.
Even though securities lending usually does not impose market risks on the lending Fund, as with any extension of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery of the loaned securities and in some cases loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially. In addition, the value of the collateral taken as security for the securities loaned may decline in value or may be difficult to convert to cash in the event that a Fund must rely on the collateral to recover the value of the securities. Moreover, if the borrower of the securities is insolvent, under current bankruptcy law, the Fund could be ordered by a court not to liquidate the collateral for an indeterminate period of time. If the borrower is the subject of insolvency proceedings and the collateral held might not be liquidated, the result could be a material adverse impact on the liquidity of the lending Fund.
No Fund will lend securities having a value in excess of 33 1/3% of its assets, including collateral received for loaned securities (valued at the time of any loan).
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Short Sales
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Each Fund may sell securities short as part of its overall portfolio management strategies involving the use of derivative instruments and to offset potential declines in long positions in similar securities. A short sale is a transaction in which a Fund sells a security it does not own or have the right to acquire, or that it owns but does not wish to
|
| | | |
Investment Technique
|
| |
Description and Risks
|
| |
Fund-Specific Limitations
|
|
| | |
deliver, in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. A short sale is “against the box” to the extent the Fund contemporaneously owns, or has the right to obtain at no added cost, securities identical to those sold short. All other short sales are commonly referred to as “naked” short sales.
When a Fund makes a short sale, the broker-dealer through which the short sale is made must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the party purchasing the security. The Fund is required to make a margin deposit in connection with such short sales; the Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and will often be obligated to pay over any dividends and accrued interest on borrowed securities. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund covers its short position, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. The successful use of short selling may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the security sold short and the securities being hedged.
If a Fund sells securities short against the box, it may protect unrealized gains, but will lose the opportunity to profit on such securities if the price rises. If a Fund engages in naked short sales, the Fund’s risk of loss could be as much as the maximum attainable price of the security (which could be limitless) less the price paid by the Fund for the security at the time it was borrowed.
When a Fund sells securities short, to the extent required by applicable law and regulation the Fund will “cover” the short sale, which generally means that the Fund will segregate any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily, equal to the market value of the securities sold short, reduced by any amount deposited as margin. Alternatively, the Fund may “cover” a short sale by (a) owning the underlying securities, (b) owning securities currently convertible into the underlying securities at an exercise price equal to or less than the current market price of the underlying securities, or (c) owning a purchased call option on the underlying securities with an exercise price equal to or less than the price at which the underlying securities were sold short.
|
| | | |
Special Situations
|
| |
Each Fund may invest in special situations that the Fund’s subadviser believes present opportunities for capital growth. Such situations most typically include corporate restructurings, mergers, and tender offers.
A special situation arises when, in the opinion of the Fund’s subadviser, the securities of a particular company will, within a reasonably estimable period of time, be accorded market recognition at an appreciated value solely by reason of a development particularly or uniquely applicable to that company and regardless of general business conditions or movements of the market as a whole. Developments creating special situations might include, among others, the following: liquidations, reorganizations, recapitalizations, mergers, or tender offers; material litigation or resolution thereof; technological breakthroughs; and new management or management policies. Although large and well-known companies may be involved, special situations often involve much greater risk than is inherent in ordinary investment securities.
|
| | | |
Standby Commitments and Puts
|
| |
A Fund may purchase securities at a price which would result in a yield to maturity lower than that generally offered by the seller at the time of purchase when the Fund can simultaneously acquire the right to sell the securities back to the seller, the issuer or a third-party (the “writer”) at an agreed-upon price at any time during a stated period or on a
|
| | | |
Investment Technique
|
| |
Description and Risks
|
| |
Fund-Specific Limitations
|
|
| | |
certain date. Such a right is generally denoted as a “standby commitment” or a “put.”
The purpose of engaging in transactions involving puts is to maintain flexibility and liquidity to permit a Fund to meet redemptions and remain as fully invested as possible in municipal securities. The Funds reserve the right to engage in put transactions.
The right to put the securities depends on the writer’s ability to pay for the securities at the time the put is exercised. A Fund would limit its put transactions to institutions which the Subadviser believes present minimal credit risks, and the Subadviser would use its best efforts to initially determine and continue to monitor the financial strength of the sellers of the options by evaluating their financial statements and such other information as is available in the marketplace. It may, however, be difficult to monitor the financial strength of the writers because adequate current financial information may not be available.
In the event that any writer is unable to honor a put for financial reasons, a Fund would be a general creditor (i.e., on a parity with all other general unsecured creditors) of the writer. Furthermore, particular provisions of the contract between a Fund and the writer may excuse the writer from repurchasing the securities. For example, a change in the published rating of the underlying securities or any similar event that has an adverse effect on the issuer’s credit or a provision in the contract that the put will not be exercised except in certain special cases (such as to maintain portfolio liquidity). A Fund could, however, at any time sell the underlying portfolio security in the open market or wait until the portfolio security matures, at which time it should realize the full par value of the security.
The securities purchased subject to a put may be sold to third persons at any time, even though the put is outstanding, but the put itself, unless it is an integral part of the security as originally issued, may not be marketable or otherwise assignable. Therefore, the put would have value only to a Fund.
Sale of the securities to third parties or lapse of time with the put unexercised may terminate the right to put the securities. Prior to the expiration of any put option, a Fund could seek to negotiate terms for the extension of such an option. If such a renewal cannot be negotiated on terms satisfactory to a Fund, the Fund could, of course, sell the portfolio security.
The maturity of the underlying security will generally be different from that of the put.
There will be no limit to the percentage of portfolio securities that a Fund may purchase subject to a standby commitment or put, but the amount paid directly or indirectly for all standby commitments or puts which are not integral parts of the security as originally issued held in a Fund will not exceed one-half of 1% of the value of the total assets of such Fund calculated immediately after any such put is acquired.
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| | | |
Stapled Securities
|
| |
A stapled security consists of two or more securities that are combined to form one security such that the individual securities cannot be traded separately. For example, an interest in a portfolio of real estate properties (a REIT) may be combined with an interest in the operating company that manages the portfolio of those properties. Investors in stapled securities are subject to the risks inherent with each security that makes up the stapled security.
|
| | | |
Structured Notes
|
| |
Structured Notes are derivatives where the amount of principal repayment and or interest payments is based upon the movement of one or more factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, currency exchange rates, interest rates (such as the prime lending rate and LIBOR) and stock indices such as the S&P 500
®
Index.
|
| | | |
Investment Technique
|
| |
Description and Risks
|
| |
Fund-Specific Limitations
|
|
| | |
In some cases, the impact of the movements of these factors may increase or decrease through the use of multipliers or deflators. The use of structured notes allows the Fund to tailor its investments to the specific risks and returns the Subadviser wishes to accept while avoiding or reducing certain other risks.
|
| | | |
Supranational Agency Obligations
|
| |
Supranational Agency Obligations are obligations of supranational entities established through the joint participation of several governments, including the Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (also known as the “World Bank”), African Development Bank, European Union, European Investment Bank, and the Nordic Investment Bank.
|
| | | |
Temporary Investments
|
| |
When business or financial conditions warrant, each Fund may assume a temporary defensive position by investing in money-market instruments, including obligations of the U.S. Government and its agencies and instrumentalities, obligations of foreign sovereigns, other debt securities, commercial paper including bank obligations, certificates of deposit (including Eurodollar certificates of deposit) and repurchase agreements. (See “Money Market Instruments” in this section of the SAI for more information about these types of investments.)
For temporary defensive purposes, during periods in which a Fund’s subadviser believes adverse changes in economic, financial or political conditions make it advisable, the Fund may reduce its holdings in equity and other securities and may invest up to 100% of its assets in certain short-term (less than twelve months to maturity) and medium-term (not greater than five years to maturity) debt securities and in cash (U.S. dollars, foreign currencies, or multicurrency units). The short-term and medium-term debt securities in which a Fund may invest for temporary defensive purposes will be those that the Fund’s subadviser believes to be of high quality (i.e., subject to relatively low risk of loss of interest or principal). If rated, these securities will be rated in one of the three highest rating categories by rating services such as Moody’s or S&P (i.e., rated at least A).
|
| | The Funds are not prohibited from investing in bank obligations issued by clients of the Funds’ administrator or distributor or their respective parent or affiliated companies. The purchase of Fund shares by these banks or their customers will not be a consideration in deciding which bank obligations the Funds will purchase. A Fund will not purchase obligations issued by the Adviser, Subadvisers, or their affiliates. The Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund also may invest in investment grade fixed income securities and mid- to large-capitalization common stocks that would not ordinarily be consistent with the Fund’s objective. | |
Trust Preferred Securities
|
| |
Trust preferred securities are convertible preferred shares issued by a trust where proceeds from the sale are used to purchase convertible subordinated debt from the issuer. The convertible subordinated debt is the sole asset of the trust. The coupon from the issuer to the trust exactly mirrors the preferred dividend paid by the trust. Upon conversion by the investors, the trust in turn converts the convertible debentures and passes through the shares to the investors.
|
| | | |
Warrants or Rights to Purchase Securities
|
| |
Each Fund may invest in or acquire warrants or rights to purchase equity or fixed income securities at a specified price during a specific period of time. A Fund will make such investments only if the underlying securities are deemed appropriate by the Fund’s subadviser for inclusion in the Fund’s portfolio. Included are warrants and rights whose underlying securities are not traded on principal domestic or foreign exchanges. Warrants and stock rights are almost identical to call options in their nature, use and effect except that they are issued by the issuer of the underlying security, rather than an
|
| | | |
Investment Technique
|
| |
Description and Risks
|
| |
Fund-Specific Limitations
|
|
| | |
When-issued purchases and forward commitments enable the Fund to lock in what is believed to be an attractive price or yield on a particular security for a period of time, regardless of future changes in interest rates. For example, in periods of rising interest rates and falling bond prices, the Fund might sell debt securities it owns on a forward commitment basis to limit its exposure to falling prices. In periods of falling interest rates and rising prices, the Fund might sell securities it owns and purchase the same or similar securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis, thereby obtaining the benefit of currently higher yields. The Fund will not enter into such transactions for the purpose of leverage.
The value of securities purchased on a when-issued or forward commitment basis and any subsequent fluctuations in their value will be reflected in the Fund’s NAV starting on the first business day after the date of the agreement to purchase the securities. The Fund will be subject to the rights and risks of ownership of the securities on the agreement date. However, the Fund will not earn interest on securities it has committed to purchase until they are paid for and received. A seller’s failure to deliver securities to the Fund could prevent the Fund from realizing a price or yield considered to be advantageous and could cause the Fund to incur expenses associated with unwinding the transaction.
When a Fund makes a forward commitment to sell securities it owns, the proceeds to be received upon settlement will be included in the Fund’s assets. Fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities will not be reflected in the Fund’s NAV as long as the commitment to sell remains in effect. Settlement of when-issued purchases and forward commitment transactions generally takes place up to 90 days after the date of the transaction, but the Fund may agree to a longer settlement period.
The Funds will make commitments to purchase securities on a when-issued basis or to purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis only with the intention of completing the transaction and actually purchasing or selling the securities. If deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, however, a Fund may dispose of or renegotiate a commitment after it is entered into. A Fund also may sell securities it has committed to purchase before those securities are delivered to the Fund on the settlement date. The Fund may realize a capital gain or loss in connection with these transactions.
When a Fund purchases securities on a when-issued or forward-commitment basis, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records securities having a value (determined daily) at least equal to the amount of the Fund’s purchase commitments. These procedures are designed to ensure that each Fund will maintain sufficient assets at all times to cover its obligations under when-issued purchases and forward commitments.
|
| | | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Brown, Thomas J.
YOB: 1945
|
| |
Since
2017
|
| |
69
|
| | Retired. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2011), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2010), D’Youville Senior Care Center; and Director (since 2005), VALIC Company Funds (49 portfolios). | |
|
Burke, Donald C.
YOB: 1960
|
| |
Since
2017
|
| |
73
|
| | Retired. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Director (since 2014), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); Director, Avista Corp. (energy company) (since 2011); Trustee, Goldman Sachs Fund Complex (2010 to 2014); and Director, BlackRock Luxembourg and Cayman Funds (2006 to 2010). | |
|
Harris, Sidney E.
YOB: 1949
|
| |
Since 2017
|
| |
69
|
| | Professor and Dean Emeritus (since April 2015), Professor (1997 to 2014), Dean (1997 to 2004), J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University. | | | Trustee (since 2019), Mutual Fund Directors Forum; Trustee (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2013), KIPP Metro Atlanta; Trustee (since 1999) Total System Services, Inc.; Trustee (2004 to 2017), RidgeWorth Funds; Trustee (since 2012), International University of the Grand Bassam Foundation; and Trustee (2011 to 2015), Genspring Family Offices, LLC. | |
|
Mallin, John R.
YOB: 1950
|
| |
Since 2017
|
| |
69
|
| | Partner/Attorney (since 2003), McCarter & English LLP (law firm) Real Property Practice Group; and Member (since 2014), Counselors of Real Estate. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Director (since 2013), Horizons, Inc. (non-profit); and Trustee (since 1999), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
McClellan, Hassell H.
YOB: 1945
|
| |
Since 2017
|
| |
69
|
| | Retired (since 2013). Professor (1984 to 2013), Wallace E. Carroll School of Management, Boston College. | | | Chairperson of the Board (since 2017) and Trustee (since 2000), John Hancock Fund Complex (collectively, 227 portfolios); Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2015), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios); Director (since 2010), Barnes Group, Inc. (diversified global components manufacturer and logistical services company); and Trustee (since 2008), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios). | |
|
McDaniel, Connie D.
YOB: 1958
|
| |
Since 2017
|
| |
69
|
| | Retired. Vice President, Chief of Internal Audit, Corporate Audit Department (2009 to 2013); Vice President Global Finance Transformation (2007 to 2009); Vice President and Controller (1999 to 2007), The Coca-Cola Company. | | | Trustee (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2014), Total System Services, Inc.; and Trustee (2005 to 2017), RidgeWorth Funds. | |
|
McLoughlin, Philip Chairman
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Since
1989
|
| |
77
|
| | Retired. | | | Director and Chairman (since 2016), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Director and Chairman (since 2014) Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee and Chairman (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Trustee and Chairman (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Chairman and Trustee (since 2003), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 1995), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); Director (since 1991) and Chairman (since 2010), Lazard World Trust Fund (closed-end investment firm in Luxembourg); and Trustee (since 1989) and Chairman (since 2002), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
| McNamara, Geraldine M. YOB: 1951 | | |
Since
2002
|
| |
73
|
| | Retired. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2015), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2003), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); and Trustee (since 2001), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios). | |
|
Oates, James M.
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Since
2005
|
| |
73
|
| | Managing Director (since 1994), Wydown Group (consulting firm). | | | Director (since 2016), Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2005) and Chairperson (2005 to 2017), John Hancock Fund Complex (227 portfolios); Director (2002 to 2014), New Hampshire Trust Company; Chairman (2000 to 2016), Emerson Investment Management, Inc.; Non-Executive Chairman (2000 to 2014), Hudson Castle Group, Inc. (formerly IBEX Capital Markets, Inc.) (financial services); Chairman and Director (1999 to 2014), Connecticut River Bank; Director (since 1996), Stifel Financial; and Trustee (since 1987), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios). | |
|
Segerson, Richard E.
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Since 2005
|
| |
69
|
| | Retired. Managing Director (1998 to 2013), Northway Management Company. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios) and Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); and Trustee (since 1983), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Aylward, George R.
YOB: 1964
|
| |
Since
2006
|
| |
78
|
| | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2008), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; and various senior officer positions with Virtus affiliates (since 2005). | | | Chairman and Trustee (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II (1 portfolio); Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Inc.; Trustee and President (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (4 portfolios); Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds, PLC (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2012) and President (since 2010), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee and President (since 2006) and Executive Vice President (2004 to 2006), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (57 portfolios); and Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2006), Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Batchelar, Peter
YOB: 1970
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017). | | | Senior Vice President, Product Development (since 2017), and Vice President, Product Development (2008 to 2017), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various officer positions (since 2008) with Virtus affiliates; Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2008 to 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2010 to 2016), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; and Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2013 to 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Bradley, W. Patrick
YOB: 1972
|
| | Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2006). | | | Executive Vice President, Fund Services (since 2016), and Senior Vice President, Fund Services (2010 to 2016), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various officer positions (since 2006) with Virtus affiliates; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2004), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2006), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2012 to 2013) and Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (since 2010), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2014 to 2016), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Vice President and Assistant Treasurer (since 2011), Duff & Phelps Global Utility Income Fund Inc.; Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds, PLC; and Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust. | |
|
Carr, Kevin J.
YOB: 1954
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2013), Vice President (2005 to 2013), Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (since 2005). | | | Vice President and Senior Counsel (2017 to Present), Senior Vice President (2009 to 2017), Vice President, Counsel and Secretary (2008 to 2009), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various senior officer positions (since 2005) with Virtus affiliates; Senior Vice President (since 2013), Vice President (2005 to 2013), Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (since 2005), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (2013 to 2014), Vice President (2012 to 2013), Secretary and Chief Legal Officer (2005 to 2013), and Assistant Secretary (2013 to 2014 and since 2017), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Assistant Secretary (since 2013), Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (2010 to 2013), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (2013 to 2014), Vice President (2011 to 2013), and Assistant Secretary (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Assistant Secretary (since 2015), Duff & Phelps Select Energy MLP Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017) and Assistant Secretary (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Secretary (since 2015), ETFis Series Trust I; and Secretary (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Engberg, Nancy J.
YOB: 1956
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011). | | | Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2008 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (2008 to 2011 and since 2016), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various officer positions (since 2003) with Virtus affiliates; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2010 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2016) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2012 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2012), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2013 to 2016) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2014 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Chief Compliance Officer (since 2015), ETFis Series Trust I; and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II. | |
|
Short, Julia R.
YOB: 1972
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017). | | | Senior Vice President (since 2018), Virtus Closed-End Funds; Senior Vice President, Product Development (since 2017), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2018), Virtus Closed-End Funds; President and Chief Executive Officer, RidgeWorth Funds (2007 to 2017); and Managing Director, Product Manager, RidgeWorth Investments (2004 to 2017). | |
|
Waltman, Francis G.
YOB: 1962
|
| | Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2008 to 2013). | | | Executive Vice President, Product Development (since 2009), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various senior officer positions (since 2006) with Virtus affiliates; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2008 to 2013), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2010 to 2013), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2011 to 2013), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Executive Vice President (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds PLC; and Executive Vice President (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust. | |
Independent Trustees
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities in a Fund of the Trust
|
| |
Aggregate Dollar Range
of Trustee Ownership in all Funds Overseen by Trustee in Family of Investment Companies * |
|
Thomas J Brown | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund – $10,001-$50,000
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Donald C. Burke | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Independent Trustees
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities in a Fund of the Trust
|
| |
Aggregate Dollar Range
of Trustee Ownership in all Funds Overseen by Trustee in Family of Investment Companies * |
|
Sidney E. Harris | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund – $50,001-$100,000
Floating Rate High Income Fund – $50,001-$100,000
WCM International Equity Fund – $10,001-$50,000
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
John R. Mallin | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Hassell H. McClellan | | |
None
|
| |
None
|
|
Connie D. McDaniel
|
| |
Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Fund – $10,001-$50,000
Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund – $50,001-$100,000
Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund – $50,001-$100,000
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund – $10,001-$50,000
Virtus Seix High Yield Bond Fund – $50,001-$100,000
Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Fund – $10,001-$50,000
Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund – $50,001-$100,000
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Philip McLoughlin | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Geraldine M. McNamara | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
James M. Oates | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Richard E. Segerson | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
| |
Interested Trustee
|
| | | | | | |
George R. Aylward | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
| | |
Aggregate Compensation from Trust
|
| |
Total Compensation From Trust and Fund
Complex Paid to Trustees |
|
Independent Trustees | | | | ||||
Thomas J. Brown | | |
$51,569
|
| |
$140,394 (87 funds)
|
|
Donald C. Burke | | |
$47,003
|
| |
$174,272 (91 funds)
|
|
Sidney E. Harris | | |
$50,268
|
| |
$136,086 (87 funds)
|
|
John R. Mallin | | |
$47,003
|
| |
$127,894 (87 funds)
|
|
Hassell H. McClellan | | |
$57,963
|
| |
$157,894 (87 funds)
|
|
Connie D. McDaniel | | |
$43,556
|
| |
$117,825 (87 funds)
|
|
Philip R. McLoughlin | | |
$85,363
|
| |
$356,144 (95 funds)
|
|
Geraldine M. McNamara | | |
$54,309
|
| |
$194,271 (91 funds)
|
|
James M. Oates | | |
$49,743
|
| |
$204,144 (91 funds)
|
|
Richard E. Segerson | | |
$47,003
|
| |
$127,894 (87 funds)
|
|
Interested Trustee | | | | ||||
George R. Aylward | | |
None
|
| |
None
|
|
Fund
|
| |
Investment Advisory
Fee |
|
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
0.70%
|
|
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
0.75%
|
|
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
0.85%
|
|
Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
0.25%
|
|
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
0.40%
|
|
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
0.45%
|
|
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
0.50%
|
|
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
0.50%
|
|
Seix High Income Fund | | |
0.55%
|
|
Seix High Yield Fund | | |
0.45%
|
|
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
0.50%
|
|
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
0.50%
|
|
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
0.40%
|
|
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
0.35%
|
|
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
0.25%
|
|
Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
0.20%
|
|
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
0.40%
|
|
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
0.22%
|
|
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
0.50%
|
|
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
0.70%
|
|
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
0.85%
|
|
WCM International Equity Fund | | |
0.85%
|
|
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
0.80%
|
|
| | |
Class A
|
| |
Class C
|
| |
Class I
|
| |
Class R
|
| |
Class R6
|
|
Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
1.24%
|
| |
1.72%
|
| |
0.97%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.72%
|
|
Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
1.38%
|
| |
1.79%
|
| |
1.08%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.79%
|
|
Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
1.55%
|
| |
1.90%
|
| |
1.24%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.88%
|
|
Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
0.64%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.50%
|
| |
0.91%
|
| |
0.36%
|
|
Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
0.95%
|
| |
1.65%
|
| |
0.70%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
0.94%
|
| |
1.52%
|
| |
0.62%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.52%
|
|
Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
0.75%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.65%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
0.75%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.60%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix High Income Fund | | |
1.03%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.80%
|
| |
1.22%
|
| |
0.64%
|
|
Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | | |
0.82%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.64%
|
| |
1.04%
|
| |
0.53%
|
|
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
0.75%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.60%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
0.80%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.65%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
0.80%
|
| |
1.57%
|
| |
0.60%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
0.65%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.48%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
0.70%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.46%
|
| |
1.06%
|
| |
0.31%
|
|
Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
0.66%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.41%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.26%
|
|
Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
0.90%
|
| |
1.65%
|
| |
0.70%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
0.65%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.40%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
0.79%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.65%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
1.23%
|
| |
1.90%
|
| |
0.97%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0.90%
|
|
Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
1.27%
|
| |
1.93%
|
| |
1.15%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Virtus WCM International Equity Fund | | |
1.42%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1.20%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1.10%
|
|
Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
1.25%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1.00%
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
N/A
|
|
| | |
Gross Advisory Fee ($)
|
| |
Advisory Fee Waived and/or
Expenses Reimbursed ($) |
| |
Net Advisory Fee ($)
|
| | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity
Fund |
| | |
|
14,465,035
|
| | | |
|
13,960,279
|
| | | |
|
9,876,390
|
| | | |
|
2,457,755
|
| | | |
|
2,178,652
|
| | | |
|
1,035,769
|
| | | |
|
12,007,280
|
| | | |
|
11,781,627
|
| | | |
|
8,840,621
|
| | | ||
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | |
|
26,903,880
|
| | | |
|
22,594,937
|
| | | |
|
15,782,899
|
| | | |
|
239,140
|
| | | |
|
243,891
|
| | | |
|
75,834
|
| | | |
|
26,664,740
|
| | | |
|
22,351,046
|
| | | |
|
15,707,065
|
| | | ||
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity
Fund |
| | |
|
8,848,043
|
| | | |
|
7,779,690
|
| | | |
|
5,369,196
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
2,929
|
| | | |
|
18,560
|
| | | |
|
8,848,043
|
| | | |
|
7,776,761
|
| | | |
|
5,350,636
|
| | | ||
Seix Core Bond Fund | | | |
|
629,875
|
| | | |
|
611,681
|
| | | |
|
405,278
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
129,740
|
| | | |
|
629,875
|
| | | |
|
611,681
|
| | | |
|
275,538
|
| | | ||
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | |
|
88,233
|
| | | |
|
77,773
|
| | | |
|
55,241
|
| | | |
|
30,054
|
| | | |
|
40,902
|
| | | |
|
55,482
|
| | | |
|
58,179
|
| | | |
|
36,871
|
| | | |
|
(241
)
|
| | | ||
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | |
|
23,465,997
|
| | | |
|
19,502,286
|
| | | |
|
18,829,152
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
2,992,692
|
| | | |
|
23,465,997
|
| | | |
|
19,502,286
|
| | | |
|
15,836,460
|
| | | ||
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
|
635,725
|
| | | |
|
543,382
|
| | | |
|
344,258
|
| | | |
|
32,454
|
| | | |
|
47,286
|
| | | |
|
111,870
|
| | | |
|
603,271
|
| | | |
|
496,096
|
| | | |
|
232,388
|
| | | ||
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond
Fund |
| | |
|
573,994
|
| | | |
|
531,149
|
| | | |
|
321,867
|
| | | |
|
43,026
|
| | | |
|
49,128
|
| | | |
|
100,300
|
| | | |
|
530,968
|
| | | |
|
482,021
|
| | | |
|
221,567
|
| | | ||
Seix High Income Fund | | | |
|
4,029,645
|
| | | |
|
3,251,539
|
| | | |
|
2,054,077
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
20,361
|
| | | |
|
222,421
|
| | | |
|
4,029,645
|
| | | |
|
3,231,178
|
| | | |
|
1,831,656
|
| | | ||
Seix High Yield Fund | | | |
|
2,862,692
|
| | | |
|
2,475,941
|
| | | |
|
1,661,369
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
304,178
|
| | | |
|
2,862,692
|
| | | |
|
2,475,941
|
| | | |
|
1,357,191
|
| | | ||
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond | | | |
|
3,238,901
|
| | | |
|
3,074,220
|
| | | |
|
1,979,804
|
| | | |
|
230,521
|
| | | |
|
291,442
|
| | | |
|
426,312
|
| | | |
|
3,008,380
|
| | | |
|
2,782,778
|
| | | |
|
1,553,492
|
| | | ||
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
|
167,104
|
| | | |
|
146,069
|
| | | |
|
86,212
|
| | | |
|
27,322
|
| | | |
|
26,028
|
| | | |
|
66,031
|
| | | |
|
139,782
|
| | | |
|
120,041
|
| | | |
|
20,181
|
| | | ||
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | |
|
215,055
|
| | | |
|
215,396
|
| | | |
|
98,485
|
| | | |
|
43,104
|
| | | |
|
48,049
|
| | | |
|
78,168
|
| | | |
|
171,951
|
| | | |
|
167,347
|
| | | |
|
20,317
|
| | | ||
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond
Fund |
| | |
|
149,091
|
| | | |
|
117,677
|
| | | |
|
86,602
|
| | | |
|
46,670
|
| | | |
|
57,092
|
| | | |
|
79,550
|
| | | |
|
102,421
|
| | | |
|
60,585
|
| | | |
|
7,052
|
| | | ||
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | |
|
2,747,821
|
| | | |
|
2,443,768
|
| | | |
|
1,723,512
|
| | | |
|
2,074
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
454,345
|
| | | |
|
2,745,747
|
| | | |
|
2,443,768
|
| | | |
|
1,269,167
|
| | | ||
Seix U.S. Government Securities
Ultra-Short Bond Fund |
| | |
|
3,029,253
|
| | | |
|
2,859,419
|
| | | |
|
2,013,439
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
596,201
|
| | | |
|
3,029,253
|
| | | |
|
2,859,419
|
| | | |
|
1,417,238
|
| | | ||
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | |
|
114,410
|
| | | |
|
134,253
|
| | | |
|
75,495
|
| | | |
|
44,867
|
| | | |
|
43,772
|
| | | |
|
68,539
|
| | | |
|
69,543
|
| | | |
|
90,481
|
| | | |
|
6,956
|
| | | ||
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | |
|
248,510
|
| | | |
|
224,130
|
| | | |
|
112,520
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
74,215
|
| | | |
|
248,510
|
| | | |
|
224,130
|
| | | |
|
38,305
|
| | | ||
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | |
|
507,743
|
| | | |
|
319,847
|
| | | |
|
175,206
|
| | | |
|
28,628
|
| | | |
|
32,565
|
| | | |
|
80,519
|
| | | |
|
479,115
|
| | | |
|
287,282
|
| | | |
|
94,687
|
| | | ||
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
|
1,911,815
|
| | | |
|
1,604,583
|
| | | |
|
866,064
|
| | | |
|
331,753
|
| | | |
|
292,474
|
| | | |
|
206,908
|
| | | |
|
1,580,062
|
| | | |
|
1,312,109
|
| | | |
|
659,156
|
| | | ||
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
|
796,245
|
| | | |
|
401,915
|
| | | |
|
221,194
|
| | | |
|
63,957
|
| | | |
|
46,193
|
| | | |
|
57,754
|
| | | |
|
732,288
|
| | | |
|
355,722
|
| | | |
|
163,440
|
| | | ||
WCM International Equity Fund | | | |
|
228,606
|
| | | |
|
515,041
|
| | | |
|
562,296
|
| | | |
|
94,494
|
| | | |
|
64,503
|
| | | |
|
51,076
|
| | | |
|
134,112
|
| | | |
|
450,538
|
| | | |
|
511,220
|
| | | ||
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | |
|
281,146
|
| | | |
|
203,727
|
| | | |
|
180,528
|
| | | |
|
17,391
|
| | | |
|
26,011
|
| | | |
|
35,729
|
| | | |
|
263,755
|
| | | |
|
177,716
|
| | | |
|
144,799
|
| | | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | |
Gross Subadvisory Fee ($)
|
| |
Subadvisory Fee Waived and/or
Expenses Reimbursed ($) |
| |
Net Subadvisory Fee ($)
|
| | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity
Fund |
| | |
|
7,232,517
|
| | | |
|
6,980,140
|
| | | |
|
4,938,195
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
260,473
|
| | | |
|
7,232,517
|
| | | |
|
6,980,140
|
| | | |
|
4,677,722
|
| | | ||
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | |
|
13,451,940
|
| | | |
|
11,297,469
|
| | | |
|
7,891,450
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
26,092
|
| | | |
|
13,451,940
|
| | | |
|
11,297,469
|
| | | |
|
7,865,358
|
| | | ||
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity
Fund |
| | |
|
4,424,021
|
| | | |
|
3,889,845
|
| | | |
|
2,684,598
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
(3,821
)
|
| | | |
|
4,424,021
|
| | | |
|
3,889,845
|
| | | |
|
2,688,419
|
| | | ||
Seix Core Bond Fund | | | |
|
314,938
|
| | | |
|
305,841
|
| | | |
|
202,639
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
63,030
|
| | | |
|
314,938
|
| | | |
|
305,841
|
| | | |
|
139,609
|
| | | ||
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | |
|
44,116
|
| | | |
|
38,887
|
| | | |
|
27,620
|
| | | |
|
8,803
|
| | | |
|
11,965
|
| | | |
|
25,956
|
| | | |
|
35,313
|
| | | |
|
26,922
|
| | | |
|
1,664
|
| | | ||
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | |
|
11,732,998
|
| | | |
|
9,751,143
|
| | | |
|
9,414,575
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
1,494,202
|
| | | |
|
11,732,998
|
| | | |
|
9,751,143
|
| | | |
|
7,920,373
|
| | | ||
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
|
317,862
|
| | | |
|
271,691
|
| | | |
|
172,130
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
48,189
|
| | | |
|
317,862
|
| | | |
|
271,691
|
| | | |
|
123,941
|
| | | ||
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond
Fund |
| | |
|
286,997
|
| | | |
|
265,574
|
| | | |
|
160,934
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
41,719
|
| | | |
|
286,997
|
| | | |
|
265,574
|
| | | |
|
119,215
|
| | | ||
Seix High Income Fund | | | |
|
2,014,823
|
| | | |
|
1,625,770
|
| | | |
|
1,027,039
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
109,995
|
| | | |
|
2,014,823
|
| | | |
|
1,625,770
|
| | | |
|
917,044
|
| | | ||
Seix High Yield Fund | | | |
|
1,431,346
|
| | | |
|
1,237,971
|
| | | |
|
830,684
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
147,951
|
| | | |
|
1,431,346
|
| | | |
|
1,237,971
|
| | | |
|
682,733
|
| | | ||
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond | | | |
|
1,619,451
|
| | | |
|
1,537,110
|
| | | |
|
989,903
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
169,533
|
| | | |
|
1,619,451
|
| | | |
|
1,537,110
|
| | | |
|
820,370
|
| | | ||
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
|
83,552
|
| | | |
|
73,034
|
| | | |
|
43,105
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
2,716
|
| | | |
|
30,239
|
| | | |
|
83,552
|
| | | |
|
70,318
|
| | | |
|
12,866
|
| | | ||
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | |
|
107,527
|
| | | |
|
107,698
|
| | | |
|
49,243
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
31,292
|
| | | |
|
107,527
|
| | | |
|
107,698
|
| | | |
|
17,951
|
| | | ||
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond
Fund |
| | |
|
74,545
|
| | | |
|
58,838
|
| | | |
|
43,329
|
| | | |
|
6,581
|
| | | |
|
14,585
|
| | | |
|
35,590
|
| | | |
|
67,964
|
| | | |
|
44,253
|
| | | |
|
7,739
|
| | | ||
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | |
|
1,373,910
|
| | | |
|
1,221,884
|
| | | |
|
861,755
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
226,963
|
| | | |
|
1,373,910
|
| | | |
|
1,221,884
|
| | | |
|
634,792
|
| | | ||
Seix U.S. Government Securities
Ultra-Short Bond Fund |
| | |
|
1,514,626
|
| | | |
|
1,429,709
|
| | | |
|
1,006,720
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
296,117
|
| | | |
|
1,514,626
|
| | | |
|
1,429,709
|
| | | |
|
710,603
|
| | | ||
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | |
|
57,205
|
| | | |
|
67,126
|
| | | |
|
37,748
|
| | | |
|
8,922
|
| | | |
|
1,237
|
| | | |
|
30,675
|
| | | |
|
48,283
|
| | | |
|
65,889
|
| | | |
|
7,073
|
| | | ||
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | |
|
124,255
|
| | | |
|
112,065
|
| | | |
|
56,260
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
32,638
|
| | | |
|
124,255
|
| | | |
|
112,065
|
| | | |
|
23,622
|
| | | ||
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | |
|
253,872
|
| | | |
|
159,924
|
| | | |
|
87,602
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
34,712
|
| | | |
|
253,872
|
| | | |
|
159,924
|
| | | |
|
52,890
|
| | | ||
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
|
955,907
|
| | | |
|
802,291
|
| | | |
|
433,033
|
| | | |
|
12,330
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
66,861
|
| | | |
|
943,577
|
| | | |
|
802,291
|
| | | |
|
366,172
|
| | | ||
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
|
398,123
|
| | | |
|
200,957
|
| | | |
|
110,601
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
4,345
|
| | | |
|
23,277
|
| | | |
|
398,123
|
| | | |
|
196,612
|
| | | |
|
87,324
|
| | | ||
WCM International Equity Fund | | | |
|
128,123
|
| | | |
|
309,024
|
| | | |
|
337,377
|
| | | |
|
1,626
|
| | | |
|
5,312
|
| | | |
|
4,254
|
| | | |
|
126,497
|
| | | |
|
303,712
|
| | | |
|
333,123
|
| | | ||
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | |
|
145,535
|
| | | |
|
105,459
|
| | | |
|
93,449
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
145,535
|
| | | |
|
105,459
|
| | | |
|
93,449
|
| | | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| First $15 billion | | | 0.10% | |
| $15+ billion to $30 billion | | | 0.095% | |
| $30+ billion to $50 billion | | | 0.09% | |
| Greater than $50 billion | | | 0.085% | |
| | |
Administration Fee ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |||||||||
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 222,768 | | | | | | 211,567 | | | | | | 934,527 | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 393,073 | | | | | | 323,824 | | | | | | 1,406,067 | | |
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 108,274 | | | | | | 92,970 | | | | | | 392,429 | | |
Seix Core Bond Fund | | | | | 25,326 | | | | | | 24,270 | | | | | | 100,811 | | |
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | | | 2,224 | | | | | | 1,929 | | | | | | 8,094 | | |
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | | | 580,141 | | | | | | 470,239 | | | | | | 2,918,260 | | |
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 12,800 | | | | | | 10,780 | | | | | | 42,569 | | |
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 11,548 | | | | | | 10,537 | | | | | | 42,393 | | |
Seix High Income Fund | | | | | 75,040 | | | | | | 59,127 | | | | | | 226,307 | | |
Seix High Yield Fund | | | | | 64,797 | | | | | | 54,843 | | | | | | 224,351 | | |
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond | | | | | 65,959 | | | | | | 61,585 | | | | | | 245,683 | | |
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 3,365 | | | | | | 2,898 | | | | | | 10,661 | | |
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | | | 5,409 | | | | | | 5,342 | | | | | | 11,379 | | |
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 4,286 | | | | | | 3,335 | | | | | | 15,985 | | |
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | | | 114,491 | | | | | | 99,557 | | | | | | 435,727 | | |
Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 160,974 | | | | | | 149,311 | | | | | | 660,066 | | |
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | | | 2,757 | | | | | | 3,329 | | | | | | 11,823 | | |
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 11,371 | | | | | | 10,109 | | | | | | 29,412 | | |
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 10,236 | | | | | | 6,345 | | | | | | 21,238 | | |
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 27,498 | | | | | | 22,739 | | | | | | 66,367 | | |
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 9,462 | | | | | | 4,690 | | | | | | 15,512 | | |
WCM International Equity Fund | | | | | 2,643 | | | | | | 6,012 | | | | | | 43,631 | | |
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 3,333 | | | | | | 2,378 | | | | | | 13,067 | | |
| | | | |
| | |
Sub-administrative
Fees ($) |
| |||
Fund
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |||
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 247,278 | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 376,367 | | |
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 106,513 | | |
Seix Core Bond Fund | | | | | 25,960 | | |
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | | | 2,251 | | |
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | | | 717,318 | | |
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 11,300 | | |
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 10,536 | | |
Seix High Income Fund | | | | | 63,658 | | |
Seix High Yield Fund | | | | | 60,484 | | |
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 64,032 | | |
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 2,892 | | |
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | | | 4,867 | | |
| | |
Sub-administrative
Fees ($) |
| |||
Fund
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |||
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 3,802 | | |
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | | | 113,669 | | |
Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 168,547 | | |
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | | | 3,093 | | |
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 10,058 | | |
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 5,805 | | |
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 21,664 | | |
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 4,469 | | |
WCM International Equity Fund | | | | | 9,935 | | |
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 3,205 | | |
| | |
Aggregate Sales Charges Payable
to Distributor ($) |
| |
Amount Reallowed by Distributor ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |||||||||||||||
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
9,858
|
| | | | 21,757 | | | | | | 23,855 | | | | | | 1,209 | | | | | | 2,789 | | | | | | 20,779 | | |
| | |
Aggregate Sales Charges Payable
to Distributor ($) |
| |
Amount Reallowed by Distributor ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |||||||||||||||
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
35,321
|
| | | | 67,720 | | | | | | 59,487 | | | | | | 4,702 | | | | | | 9,224 | | | | | | 50,763 | | |
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
5,576
|
| | | | 3,523 | | | | | | 174 | | | | | | 932 | | | | | | 589 | | | | | | 151 | | |
Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
3,235
|
| | | | 4,133 | | | | | | 89 | | | | | | 538 | | | | | | 682 | | | | | | 78 | | |
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
898
|
| | | | 435 | | | | | | 463 | | | | | | 140 | | | | | | 68 | | | | | | 391 | | |
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
86,229
|
| | | | 164,839 | | | | | | 85,428 | | | | | | 8,303 | | | | | | 17,679 | | | | | | 75,561 | | |
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
5,632
|
| | | | 3,549 | | | | | | — | | | | | | 1,277 | | | | | | 686 | | | | | | — | | |
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
22,709
|
| | | | 22,766 | | | | | | 2,562 | | | | | | 3,718 | | | | | | 2,530 | | | | | | 2,348 | | |
Seix High Income Fund | | |
23,385
|
| | | | 23,466 | | | | | | 13,105 | | | | | | 3,867 | | | | | | 4,053 | | | | | | 10,848 | | |
Seix High Yield Fund | | |
17,190
|
| | | | 10,703 | | | | | | 4,786 | | | | | | 3,056 | | | | | | 1,983 | | | | | | 3,887 | | |
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond | | |
23,868
|
| | | | 2,395 | | | | | | 6,695 | | | | | | 4,289 | | | | | | 405 | | | | | | 5,863 | | |
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
371
|
| | | | 11,655 | | | | | | 1,575 | | | | | | 59 | | | | | | 264 | | | | | | 1,359 | | |
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
1,318
|
| | | | 61 | | | | | | 133 | | | | | | 147 | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | 118 | | |
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
2,297
|
| | | | 0 | | | | | | 2,754 | | | | | | 374 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 2,333 | | |
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
2,967
|
| | | | 3,832 | | | | | | — | | | | | | 536 | | | | | | 852 | | | | | | — | | |
Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
—
|
| | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | |
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
4,959
|
| | | | 744 | | | | | | — | | | | | | 90 | | | | | | 69 | | | | | | — | | |
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
—
|
| | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | |
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
5,350
|
| | | | 5,114 | | | | | | 221 | | | | | | 632 | | | | | | 832 | | | | | | 200 | | |
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
31,904
|
| | | | 10,405 | | | | | | 3,433 | | | | | | 4,379 | | | | | | 1,448 | | | | | | 2,971 | | |
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
747
|
| | | | 2,720 | | | | | | 1,808 | | | | | | 99 | | | | | | 382 | | | | | | 1,561 | | |
WCM International Equity Fund | | |
11,338
|
| | | | 38,151 | | | | | | 17,397 | | | | | | 1,721 | | | | | | 6,649 | | | | | | 15,212 | | |
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
11,696
|
| | | | 6,187 | | | | | | 12,347 | | | | | | 1,668 | | | | | | 818 | | | | | | 11,038 | | |
| | | | | | | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
|
| |
Sales Charge
as a percentage of Offering Price |
| |
Sales Charge
as a percentage of Net Amount Invested |
| |
Dealer Discount
as a percentage of Offering Price |
| |||||||||
Under $100,000 | | | | | 2.25 % | | | | | | 2.30 % | | | | | | 2.00 % | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 1.75 % | | | | | | 1.78 % | | | | | | 1.50 % | | |
$250,000 but under $3,000,000 | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | 0.50 % | | |
$3,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | 0.25 % | | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
|
| |
Sales Charge
as a percentage of Offering Price |
| |
Sales Charge
as a Percentage of Amount Invested |
| |
Dealer Discount
as a Percentage of Offering Price |
| |||||||||
Under $50,000 | | | | | 2.75 % | | | | | | 2.83 % | | | | | | 2.25 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 2.25 | | | | | | 2.30 | | | | | | 2.00 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 1.75 | | | | | | 1.78 | | | | | | 1.50 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 1.25 | | | | | | 1.27 | | | | | | 1.00 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 1.00 | | | | | | 1.01 | | | | | | 1.00 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
|
| |
Sales Charge
as a percentage of Offering Price |
| |
Sales Charge
as a Percentage of Amount Invested |
| |
Dealer Discount
as a Percentage of Offering Price |
| |||||||||
Under $50,000 | | | | | 3.75 % | | | | | | 3.90 % | | | | | | 3.25 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 3.50 | | | | | | 3.63 | | | | | | 3.00 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.25 | | | | | | 3.36 | | | | | | 2.75 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.25 | | | | | | 2.30 | | | | | | 2.00 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 1.75 | | | | | | 1.78 | | | | | | 1.50 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
|
| |
Sales Charge
as a Percentage of Offering Price |
| |
Sales Charge
as a Percentage of Amount Invested |
| |
Dealer Discount
as a Percentage of Offering Price |
| |||||||||
Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75 % | | | | | | 6.10 % | | | | | | 5.00 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | | | | | 4.25 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | | | | | 3.25 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | | | | | 2.25 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | | 1.75 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
|
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services:
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
Gross
income from securities lending activities |
| |
Fees paid to
securities lending agent from a revenue split |
| |
Fees paid for any
cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) |
| |
Administrative
fees not included in revenue split |
| |
Indemnification
fee not included in revenue split |
| |
Rebate
(paid to borrower) |
| |
Other fees
not included in revenue split (specify) |
| |
Aggregate
fees/ compensation for securities lending activities |
| |
Net
income from securities lending activities |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ceredex Large-Cap Value
Equity Fund |
| | | $ | 1,758 | | | | | $ | 264 | | | | | | — * | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 264 | | | | | $ | 1,494 | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | $ | 1,123,838 | | | | | $ | 152,211 | | | | | $ | 276 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 108,829 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 261,316 | | | | | $ | 862,523 | | |
Seix Core Bond Fund | | | | $ | 4,971 | | | | | $ | 8 | | | | | $ | 8 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 4,909 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 4,925 | | | | | $ | 46 | | |
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | | $ | 1,447 | | | | | $ | 82 | | | | | $ | 2 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 897 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 981 | | | | | $ | 466 | | |
Seix High Income Fund | | | | $ | 279,379 | | | | | $ | 32,763 | | | | | $ | 222 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 60,764 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 93,749 | | | | | $ | 185,631 | | |
Seix High Yield Fund | | | | $ | 118,545 | | | | | $ | 11,662 | | | | | $ | 135 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 40,676 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 52,473 | | | | | $ | 66,072 | | |
Total Return Bond Fund | | | | $ | 67,721 | | | | | $ | 1,538 | | | | | $ | 102 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 57,364 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 59,004 | | | | | $ | 8,717 | | |
Silvant Large-Cap Growth
Stock Fund |
| | | $ | 3,796 | | | | | $ | 472 | | | | | $ | 1 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 649 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 1,122 | | | | | $ | 2,674 | | |
|
Fees and/or compensation for securities lending activities and related services:
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
Gross
income from securities lending activities |
| |
Fees paid to
securities lending agent from a revenue split |
| |
Fees paid for any
cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) |
| |
Administrative
fees not included in revenue split |
| |
Indemnification
fee not included in revenue split |
| |
Rebate
(paid to borrower) |
| |
Other fees
not included in revenue split (specify) |
| |
Aggregate
fees/ compensation for securities lending activities |
| |
Net
income from securities lending activities |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Silvant Small-Cap Growth
Stock Fund |
| | | $ | 22,622 | | | | | $ | 2,568 | | | | | $ | 13 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 5,493 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 8,074 | | | | | $ | 14,548 | | |
WCM International Equity
Fund |
| | | $ | 4,775 | | | | | $ | 514 | | | | | $ | 4 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 1,343 | | | | | | — | | | | | $ | 1,862 | | | | | $ | 2,913 | | |
Fund
|
| |
12b-1 Fees Paid ($)
|
| |
12b-1 Fees Waived ($)
|
|
Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
599,649
|
| |
110,737
|
|
Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
825,541
|
| |
118,776
|
|
Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
306,046
|
| |
34,814
|
|
Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
27,002
|
| |
1,667
|
|
Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
32,092
|
| |
8,771
|
|
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
522,471
|
| |
32,610
|
|
Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
3,178
|
| |
385
|
|
Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
10,669
|
| |
1,416
|
|
Virtus Seix High Income Fund | | |
112,773
|
| |
7,025
|
|
Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | | |
8,370
|
| |
516
|
|
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
26,627
|
| |
2,872
|
|
Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
2,048
|
| |
266
|
|
Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
6,744
|
| |
3,273
|
|
Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
1,917
|
| |
198
|
|
Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
148,014
|
| |
8,080
|
|
Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
—
|
| |
—
|
|
Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
18,694
|
| |
8,074
|
|
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
—
|
| |
—
|
|
Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
3,699
|
| |
465
|
|
Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
292,469
|
| |
28,730
|
|
Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
34,554
|
| |
3,130
|
|
Fund
|
| |
12b-1 Fees Paid ($)
|
| |
12b-1 Fees Waived ($)
|
|
Virtus WCM International Equity Fund | | |
29,219
|
| |
1,870
|
|
Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
9,749
|
| |
2,107
|
|
Fund
|
| |
Portfolio Manager(s)
|
|
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | Mills Riddick, CFA (since 1995) | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | Don Wordell, CFA (since 2001) | |
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | Brett Barner, CFA (since 1995) | |
Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
Carlos Catoya (since 2015)
James F. Keegan (since 2008)
Michael Rieger (since 2007)
Perry Troisi (since 2004)
Jonathan Yozzo (since 2015)
|
|
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
Carlos Catoya (since 2015)
James F. Keegan (since 2008)
Perry Troisi (since 2004)
Jonathan Yozzo (since 2015)
|
|
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
Vincent Flanagan (since 2011)
George Goudelias (since 2006)
(Lead Portfolio Manager)
|
|
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
Ronald Schwartz (since 2018)
Dusty Self (since June 2018)
|
|
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
Ronald Schwartz (since 1994)
Dusty Self (since June 2018)
|
|
Seix High Income Fund | | |
James FitzPatrick (since 2013)
Michael Kirkpatrick (since 2011)
|
|
Seix High Yield Fund | | |
James FitzPatrick (since 2013)
Michael Kirkpatrick (since 2007)
|
|
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
Ronald Schwartz (since 1992)
Dusty Self (since June 2018)
|
|
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
Ronald Schwartz (since 2018)
Dusty Self (since June 2018)
|
|
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
Carlos Catoya (since 2015)
James F. Keegan (since 2014)
Michael Rieger (since 2014)
Perry Troisi (since 2014)
Jonathan Yozzo (since 2015)
|
|
Fund
|
| |
Portfolio Manager(s)
|
|
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
Ronald Schwartz (since 2011)
(Lead Portfolio Manager)
Dusty Self (since 2011)
|
|
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
Seth Antiles (since 2007)
Carlos Catoya (since 2015)
James F. Keegan (since 2008)
Michael Rieger (since 2007)
Perry Troisi (since 2002)
Jonathan Yozzo (since 2015)
|
|
Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
James F. Keegan (since 2014)
Michael Rieger (since 2014)
Perry Troisi (since 2014)
|
|
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
Seth Antiles (since 2009)
Carlos Catoya (since 2015)
James F. Keegan (since 2008)
Michael Rieger (since 2007)
Perry Troisi (since 2007)
Jonathan Yozzo (since 2015)
|
|
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
Carlos Catoya (since 2015)
James F. Keegan (since 2014)
Michael Rieger (since 2014)
Perry Troisi (since 2014)
Jonathan Yozzo (since 2015)
|
|
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
Ronald Schwartz (since 2018)
Dusty Self (since June 2018)
|
|
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
Sandeep Bhatia, PhD, CFA (since 2011)
Michael A. Sansoterra (since 2007)
(Lead Portfolio Manager)
|
|
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
Sandeep Bhatia, PhD, CFA (since 2011)
(Lead Portfolio Manager)
Michael A. Sansoterra (since 2007)
|
|
WCM International Equity Fund | | |
Paul R. Black (since 2015)
Peter J. Hunkel (since 2015)
Michael B. Trigg (since 2015)
Kurt R. Winrich, CFA (since 2015)
|
|
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
Brooke de Boutray (since 2004)
Joseph Dennison (since 2015)
Leslie Tubbs (since 2004)
Anthony Zackery (since 2015)
Nancy Zevenbergen (since 2004)
|
|
| | |
Registered Investment Companies
|
| |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
| |
Other Accounts
|
| |||||||||
| | |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
|
Seth Antiles | | |
3
|
| |
$902 million
|
| |
1
|
| |
$7.5 million
|
| |
92
|
| |
$6.2 billion
|
|
Brett Barner | | |
1
|
| |
$814 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
18
|
| |
$1.7 billion
|
|
Sandeep Bhatia | | |
1
|
| |
$29.8 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
4
|
| |
$326 million
|
|
Paul R. Black | | |
18
|
| |
$10.5 billion
|
| |
16
|
| |
$2.3 billion
|
| |
462
|
| |
$10.8 billion
|
|
Brooke de Boutray | | |
3
|
| |
$40.8 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
124
|
| |
$1.9 billion
|
|
Carlos Catoya | | |
7
|
| |
$1.2 billion
|
| |
1
|
| |
$7.5 million
|
| |
92
|
| |
$6.2 billion
|
|
Joseph Dennison | | |
3
|
| |
$40.8 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
124
|
| |
$1.9 billion
|
|
James FitzPatrick | | |
2
|
| |
$894 million
|
| |
3
|
| |
$547 million
|
| |
17
|
| |
$3.0 billion
|
|
Vince Flanagan | | |
1
|
| |
$6.0 billion
|
| |
2
|
| |
$553 million
|
| |
1
|
| |
$83.0 million
|
|
George Goudelias | | |
1
|
| |
$6 billion
|
| |
2
|
| |
$553 million
|
| |
1
|
| |
$83 million
|
|
Peter J. Hunkel | | |
18
|
| |
$10.5 billion
|
| |
16
|
| |
$2.3 billion
|
| |
462
|
| |
$10.8 billion
|
|
James F. Keegan | | |
8
|
| |
$2.6 billion
|
| |
1
|
| |
$7.5 million
|
| |
92
|
| |
$6.2 billion
|
|
Michael Kirkpatrick | | |
2
|
| |
$894 million
|
| |
3
|
| |
$547 million
|
| |
17
|
| |
$3.0 billion
|
|
Mills Riddick | | |
1
|
| |
$2.0 billion
|
| |
7
|
| |
$422 million
|
| |
20
|
| |
$1.5 billion
|
|
Michael Rieger | | |
7
|
| |
$2.6 billion
|
| |
1
|
| |
$7.5 million
|
| |
92
|
| |
$6.2 billion
|
|
Michael A. Sansoterra | | |
1
|
| |
$125 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
14
|
| |
$617 million
|
|
Ronald Schwartz (1) | | |
3
|
| |
$548 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
9
|
| |
$377 million
|
|
Dusty Self (2) | | |
1
|
| |
$27.4 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
5
|
| |
$66.3 million
|
|
Michael B. Trigg | | |
18
|
| |
$10.5 billion
|
| |
16
|
| |
$2.3 billion
|
| |
462
|
| |
$10.8 billion
|
|
Perry Troisi | | |
8
|
| |
$2.6 billion
|
| |
1
|
| |
$7.5 million
|
| |
92
|
| |
$6.2 billion
|
|
Leslie Tubbs | | |
3
|
| |
$40.8 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
124
|
| |
$1.9 billion
|
|
| | |
Registered Investment Companies
|
| |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
| |
Other Accounts
|
| |||||||||
| | |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
|
Kurt R. Winrich | | |
18
|
| |
$10.5 billion
|
| |
16
|
| |
$2.3 billion
|
| |
462
|
| |
$10.8 billion
|
|
Don Wordell | | |
3
|
| |
$3.2 billion
|
| |
1
|
| |
$84.4 million
|
| |
7
|
| |
$327 million
|
|
Jonathan Yozzo | | |
7
|
| |
$1.2 billion
|
| |
1
|
| |
$7.5 million
|
| |
92
|
| |
$6.2 billion
|
|
Anthony Zackery | | |
3
|
| |
$40.8 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
124
|
| |
$1.9 billion
|
|
Nancy Zevenbergen | | |
3
|
| |
$40.8 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
124
|
| |
$1.9 billion
|
|
| | |
Registered Investment Companies
|
| |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
| |
Other Accounts
|
| |||||||||
| | |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accts |
| |
Total Assets
|
|
Seth Antiles | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$354 million
|
|
Paul R. Black | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
8
|
| |
$1.3 billion
|
|
Brooke de Boutray | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$455 million
|
|
Carlos Catoya | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
2
|
| |
$354 million
|
|
James FitzPatrick | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$183 million
|
|
George Goudelias | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
7
|
| |
$2.7 billion
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
|
Peter J. Hunkel | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
8
|
| |
$1.3 billion
|
|
James F. Keegan | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
2
|
| |
$354 million
|
|
Michael Kirkpatrick | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$183 million
|
|
Michael Rieger | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
2
|
| |
$354 million
|
|
Michael A. Sansoterra | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$4.2 million
|
|
Michael B. Trigg | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
8
|
| |
$1.3 billion
|
|
Perry Troisi | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
2
|
| |
$354 million
|
|
Leslie Tubbs | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$455 million
|
|
Kurt R. Winrich | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
8
|
| |
$1.3 billion
|
|
Jonathan Yozzo | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
2
|
| |
$354 million
|
|
Anthony Zackery | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$455 million
|
|
Nancy Zevenbergen | | |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
1
|
| |
$455 million
|
|
Portfolio Manager
|
| |
Funds Managed
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities
Beneficially Owned in Fund Managed ($) |
|
Seth Antiles | | | Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
1 – 10,000
|
|
| | | Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
None
|
|
Brett Barner | | | Ceredex Small Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
Sandeep Bhatia | | | Silvant Large Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
10,001 – 50,000
|
|
| | | Silvant Small Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
50,001 – 100,000
|
|
Paul R. Black | | | WCM International Equity Fund | | |
None
|
|
Brooke de Boutray | | | Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
None
|
|
Carlos Catoya | | | Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
| | | Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
None
|
|
Joseph Dennison | | | Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
None
|
|
James FitzPatrick | | | Seix High Income Fund | | |
10,001 – 50,000
|
|
| | | Seix High Yield Fund | | |
10,001 – 50,000
|
|
Vince Flanagan | | | Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
None
|
|
George Goudelias | | | Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
Peter J. Hunkel | | | WCM International Equity Fund | | |
None
|
|
James F. Keegan | | | Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
| | | Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
None
|
|
Michael Kirkpatrick | | | Seix High Income Fund | | |
50,001 – 100,000
|
|
| | | Seix High Yield Fund | | |
50,001 – 100,000
|
|
Mills Riddick | | | Ceredex Large Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
Over 1,000,000
|
|
Michael Rieger | | | Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
| | | Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
| | | Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
Michael A. Sansoterra | | | Silvant Large Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
| | | Silvant Small Cap Growth Stock Fund | | |
None
|
|
Ronald Schwartz (1) | | | Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
Portfolio Manager
|
| |
Funds Managed
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities
Beneficially Owned in Fund Managed ($) |
|
| | Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
10,001 – 50,000
|
| |
| | | Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
10,001 – 50,000
|
|
| | | Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
10,001 – 50,000
|
|
| | | Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
Dusty Self (2) | | | Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | |
10,001 – 50,000
|
|
| | | Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
Michael B. Trigg | | | WCM International Equity Fund | | |
None
|
|
Perry Troisi | | | Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
| | | Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix U.S Mortgage Fund | | |
None
|
|
Leslie Tubbs | | | Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
None
|
|
Don Wordell | | | Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | |
500,001 – 1,000,000
|
|
Kurt R. Winrich | | | WCM International Equity Fund | | |
None
|
|
Jonathan Yozzo | | | Seix Core Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | |
100,001 – 500,000
|
|
| | | Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | | Seix U.S Mortgage Fund | | |
None
|
|
Anthony Zackery | | | Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
None
|
|
Nancy Zevenbergen | | | Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | |
None
|
|
| | |
Aggregate Amount of Brokerage Commissions ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |||||||||
Ceredex Large Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 1,658,482 | | | | | | 1,779,381 | | | | | | 912,484 | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 5,129,261 | | | | | | 4,720,071 | | | | | | 3,360,629 | | |
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 817,249 | | | | | | 566,709 | | | | | | 320,788 | | |
Seix Core Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix High Income Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix High Yield Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix U.S. Gov’t Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Silvant Large Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 30,465 | | | | | | 92,771 | | | | | | 41,148 | | |
Silvant Small Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 179,882 | | | | | | 52,332 | | | | | | 19,700 | | |
WCM International Equity Fund | | | | | 90,444 | | | | | | 79,205 | | | | | | 21,479 | | |
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 26,842 | | | | | | 20,277 | | | | | | 17,138 | | |
| | |
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage
Commissions for Research Services ($) |
| |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving
Brokerage Commissions For Research Services ($) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/312017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 1,607,401 | | | | | | 856,623 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 3,079,512,152 | | | | | | 2,398,617,375 | | |
Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 4,233,196 | | | | | | 3,098,180 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 6,726,405,065 | | | | | | 5,171,778,634 | | |
Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 506,371 | | | | | | 305,641 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 668,201,971 | | | | | | 422,896,349 | | |
Seix Core Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 6,769 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 15,417,902 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix High Income Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix High Yield Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
| | |
Total Dollar Amount of Brokerage
Commissions for Research Services ($) |
| |
Total Dollar Amount of Transactions Involving
Brokerage Commissions For Research Services ($) |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/31/2017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| |
3/31/2016
|
| |
3/312017
|
| |
12/31/2017
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 0 | | |
Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 50,592 | | | | | | 40,638 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 69,685,850 | | | | | | 153,456,270 | | |
Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 85,122 | | | | | | 19,629 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 227,482,949 | | | | | | 40,984,386 | | |
WCM International Equity Fund | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 25,483 | | | | | | 16,156 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 26,065,790 | | | | | | 12,405,651 | | |
Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | | | 25,754 | | | | | | 18,291 | | | | | | 14,236 | | | | | | 37,673,122 | | | | | | 22,722,928 | | | | | | 26,013,125 | | |
|
Fund
|
| |
Broker/Dealer
|
| |
Dollar Amount of
Securities Held as of December 31, 2017 ($) |
| |||
| Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | Citigroup, Inc. | | | | | 59,050 | | |
| | | | JPMorgan Chase & Co. | | | | | 60,331 | | |
| | | | Wells Fargo & Co. | | | | | 43,741 | | |
| Seix Core Bond Fund | | | Bank of America LLC | | | | | 1,658 | | |
| | | | Barclays Bank | | | | | 512 | | |
| | | | Citigroup, Inc. | | | | | 2,058 | | |
| | | | Credit Suisse First Boston Corp | | | | | 761 | | |
| | | | Goldman Sachs & Company | | | | | 4,003 | | |
| | | | JPMorgan Chase & Co. | | | | | 623 | | |
| | | | Morgan Stanley | | | | | 2,766 | | |
| | | | RBS Securities Corp | | | | | 1,117 | | |
| | | | Wells Fargo & Co. | | | | | 901 | | |
| Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | Bank of America LLC | | | | | 609 | | |
| | | | Barclays Bank | | | | | 207 | | |
| | | | Citigroup, Inc. | | | | | 247 | | |
| | | | Credit Suisse First Boston Corp | | | | | 263 | | |
| | | | Jefferies & Co | | | | | 325 | | |
| | | | JPMorgan Chase & Co. | | | | | 305 | | |
|
Fund
|
| |
Broker/Dealer
|
| |
Dollar Amount of
Securities Held as of December 31, 2017 ($) |
| |||
| | | | Morgan Stanley | | | | | 481 | | |
| | | | RBS Securities Corp | | | | | 203 | | |
| | | | Wells Fargo & Co. | | | | | 354 | | |
| Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | Jefferies & Co | | | | | 2,393 | | |
| Seix High Income Fund | | | Jefferies & Co | | | | | 2,109 | | |
| Seix High Yield Fund | | | Jefferies & Co | | | | | 2,853 | | |
| Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | Bank of America LLC | | | | | 186 | | |
| | | | Citigroup, Inc. | | | | | 328 | | |
| | | | Goldman Sachs & Company | | | | | 245 | | |
| | | | Morgan Stanley | | | | | 327 | | |
| | | | Wells Fargo & Co. | | | | | 185 | | |
| Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | Bank of America LLC | | | | | 9,991 | | |
| | | | Barclays Bank | | | | | 1,915 | | |
| | | | Citigroup, Inc. | | | | | 8,611 | | |
| | | | Credit Suisse First Boston Corp | | | | | 4,302 | | |
| | | | Goldman Sachs & Company | | | | | 14,476 | | |
| | | | JPMorgan Chase & Co. | | | | | 2,524 | | |
| | | | Morgan Stanley | | | | | 11,966 | | |
| | | | RBS Securities Corp | | | | | 3,242 | | |
| | | | Wells Fargo & Co. | | | | | 3,035 | | |
| Seix U.S. Mortgage | | | Goldman Sachs & Company | | | | | 314 | | |
| Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | Bank of America LLC | | | | | 1,034 | | |
| | | | Citigroup, Inc. | | | | | 1,794 | | |
| | | | Credit Suisse First Boston Corp | | | | | 1,150 | | |
| | | | Goldman Sachs & Company | | | | | 1,215 | | |
| | | | Morgan Stanley | | | | | 1,274 | | |
| Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | Morgan Stanley | | | | | 1,681 | | |
APPENDIX B — CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
The following table sets forth information as of February 12, 2019, with respect to each person who owns of record or is known by the Trust to own of record or beneficially own 5% or more of any class of any Fund’s outstanding securities (Principal Shareholders) and the name of each person who has beneficial ownership, either directly or through one or more controlled companies, of more than 25% of the voting securities of a Fund (Control Person), as noted below.
*These entities are omnibus accounts for many individual shareholder accounts. The Funds are not aware of the size or identity of the underlying individual accounts.
CONTROL PERSON
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND |
PERCENTAGE
(%) OF FUND OUTSTANDING |
||||
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC * | SEIX CORE BOND FUND | 47.59 | % | |||
SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS | SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND | 32.46 | % | |||
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS | SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND | 27.88 | % | |||
211 MAIN ST | SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND | 52.28 | % | |||
SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1905 | SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND | 50.6 | % | |||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND | 25.21 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND | 26.39 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND | 38.42 | % | ||||
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND | 58.58 | % | ||||
GREAT WEST LIFE & ANNUITY COMPANY *
C/O FASCORP RECORD KEEPER 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VLG CO 80111-5002 |
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND | 31.00 | % | |||
JP MORGAN SECURITIES LLC *
OMNIBUS ACCOUNT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 4 CHASE METROTECH CENTER 3RD FLOOR MUTUAL FUND DEPARTMENT BROOKLYN NY 11245 |
SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND | 41.04 | % | |||
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC * | SEIX ULTRA SHORT BOND FUND | 35.57 | % | |||
FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS | SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND | 39.39 | % | |||
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT | ZEVENBERGEN INNOVATIVE GROWTH STOCK FUND | 32.04 | % | |||
499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 4 | ||||||
JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-2010 | ||||||
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY *
C/O REGIONS ATTN MUTUAL FUND ADMIN ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS PA 19456-9989 |
SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND | 69.00 | % | |||
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY * | SEIX GEORGIA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND | 65.15 | % | |||
C/O SUNTRUST BANK ID XXX | SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND | 54.05 | % | |||
ATTN MUTUAL FUND ADMINISTRATOR | SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND | 29.87 | % | |||
ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE | SEIX VIRGINIA INTERMEDIATE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND | 46.50 | % | |||
OAKS PA 19456-9989 | ||||||
SUNTRUST BANK AND VARIOUS BENEFIT P *
C/O FASCORE RECORD KEEPER 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002 |
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND | 51.76 | % |
B- 1 |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND |
PERCENTAGE
(%) OF CLASS OUTSTANDING |
||||
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC * | CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 7.16 | % | |||
FBO #XXXX9970 | SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND C SHARES | 20.66 | % | |||
707 2ND AVENUE | ||||||
SOUTH MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405 | ||||||
AMERICAN UNITED LIFE INSURANCE GROUP * | CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 8.84 | % | |||
RETIREMENT ANNUITY | CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 5.32 | % | |||
ATTN SEPARATE ACCOUNTS | ||||||
PO BOX 368 | ||||||
INDIANAPOLIS IN 46206-0368 | ||||||
ASCENSUS TRUST COMPANY *
FBO NFAA 401(K) & P.S. PLAN XXXXXX P.O. BOX 10758 FARGO ND 58106-0758 |
SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND R6 SHARES | 8.67 | % | |||
BAND & CO C/O US BANK NA *
1555 N RIVER CENTER DR STE 302 MILWAUKEE WI 53212-3958 |
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND I SHARES | 5.96 | % | |||
BNYH FIXED INCOME LLC
126 5TH AVE FL 9 NEW YORK NY 10011-5624 |
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND R6 SHARES | 56.17 | % | |||
BNYM I S TRUST CO
CUST FOR NON-DFI SIMPLE IRA OF DENNIS P MCMAHON WETHERSFIELD CT 06109-3940 |
SEIX SHORT BOND FUND C SHARES | 7.41 | % | |||
BNYM I S TRUST CO CUST ROLLOVER IRA
JANNETTE N PALMER CARMEL ME 04419-3553 |
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND A SHARES | 10.55 | % | |||
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC * | CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 6.94 | % | |||
SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS | CEREDEX MID CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 13.91 | % | |||
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 14.01 | % | |||
211 MAIN ST | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 26.90 | % | |||
SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1905 | SEIX CORE BOND FUND I SHARES | 50.69 | % | |||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 11.55 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 5.91 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND I SHARES | 39.10 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 10.02 | % | ||||
SEIX GEORGIA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 5.76 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 7.05 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 32.25 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND I SHARES | 59.45 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND I SHARES | 51.43 | % | ||||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 26.01 | % | ||||
SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 7.38 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND C SHARES | 16.29 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 28.36 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND I SHARES | 53.84 | % | ||||
SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND I SHARES | 6.87 | % | ||||
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND I SHARES | 60.29 | % | ||||
SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 19.73 | % | ||||
CITY OF LOS ANGELES TTEE *
CITY OF LOS ANGELES CITY HALL EMPLOYEE BENEFITS OFFICE 200 N SPRING ST RM 867 LOS ANGELES CA 90012 |
CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 5.00 | % | |||
COMERICA BANK
FBO DINGLE P.O. BOX 75000 MAIL CODE 3446 DETROIT MI 48275-0001 |
SEIX US GOVERNMENT ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND R6 SHARES | 22.45 | % |
B- 2 |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND |
PERCENTAGE
(%) OF CLASS OUTSTANDING |
||||
DCGT AS TTEE AND/OR CUST FBO *
PLIC VARIOUS RETIREMENT PLANS OMNIBUS ATTN NPIO TRADE DESK 711 HIGH STREET DES MOINES IA 50392-0001 |
CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND R6 SHARES | 5.72 | % | |||
EDWARD D JONES & CO * | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 11.51 | % | |||
FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 10.66 | % | |||
12555 MANCHESTER RD | ||||||
SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3729 | ||||||
GEORGE WALTON
COLUMBUS GA 31907 |
SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND A SHARES | 9.39 | % | |||
GREAT WEST LIFE & ANNUITY *
8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002 |
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 50.89 | % | |||
GREAT WEST LIFE & ANNUITY COMPANY *
C/O FASCORP RECORD KEEPER 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VLG CO 80111-5002 |
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 6.35 | % | |||
GREAT-WEST LIFE & ANNUITY INS *
CODE FAULT 2T2--XXXXE 8515 E ORCHARD RD # 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002 |
CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 11.76 | % | |||
GREAT-WEST TRUST COMPANY LLC * | CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 9.25 | % | |||
TTEE F EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CLIENTS 401K | SEIX CORE BOND FUND R SHARES | 18.74 | % | |||
8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 | SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND R SHARES | 8.10 | % | |||
GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002 | ||||||
GREAT-WEST TRUST COMPANY LLC *
TTEE/CFBO: GREAT WEST IRA ADVANTAGE C/O FASCORE LLC 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002 |
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 12.84 | % | |||
GUIDEWELL GROUP INC
ATTN QUENT J HERRING 4800 DEERWOOD CAMPUS PKWY BLDG 100 JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6498 |
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 7.06 | % | |||
HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE CO * | CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 17.16 | % | |||
SEPARATE ACCOUNT | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 18.14 | % | |||
PO BOX 2999 | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 56.67 | % | |||
HARTFORD CT 06104-2999 | SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND A SHARES | 55.54 | % | |||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND R SHARES | 20.66 | % | ||||
JOHN HANCOCK TRUST COMPANY LLC *
690 CANTON ST SUITE 100 WESTWOOD, MA 02090 |
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 5.56 | % | |||
JP MORGAN SECURITIES LLC *
OMNIBUS ACCOUNT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 4 CHASE METROTECH CENTER 3RD FLOOR MUTUAL FUND DEPARTMENT BROOKLYN NY 11245 |
SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 44.10 | % | |||
LOAN COLLATERAL ACCOUNT
SUN TRUST BANK ORLANDO ORANGE CO CONVENTION VISITORS BUREAU 6277 SEA HARBOR DR STE 400 ORLANDO FL 32821-8028 |
SEIX CORE BOND FUND R SHARES | 14.64 | % |
B- 3 |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND |
PERCENTAGE
(%) OF CLASS OUTSTANDING |
||||
LOCAL 295/LOCAL 851
IBT EMPLOYER GROUP PENSION TRUST FUND 60 BROAD ST 37TH FLOOR NEW YORK NY 10004-2336 |
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND I SHARES | 7.59 | % | |||
LPL FINANCIAL * | CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY C SHARES | 9.57 | % | |||
A/C 1000-XXXX | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY C SHARES | 7.24 | % | |||
4707 EXECUTIVE DR | CEREDEX SMALL-CAP VALUE EQUITY C SHARES | 5.19 | % | |||
SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091 | SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND C SHARES | 21.34 | % | |||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 19.58 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 34.14 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND I SHARES | 10.64 | % | ||||
SEIX GEORGIA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 7.58 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT TERM BOND FUND C SHARES | 5.29 | % | ||||
SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND I SHARES | 7.89 | % | ||||
MAC & CO
A/C XXXX16 ATTN MUTUAL FUND OPS 500 GRANT STREET ROOM 151-1010 PITTSBURGH PA 15219-2502 |
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND R6 SHARES | 20.26 | % | |||
MAC & CO
A/C XXXX11 ATTN MUTUAL FUND OPS 500 GRANT STREET ROOM 151-1010 PITTSBURGH PA 15219-2502 |
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND R6 SHARES | 19.99 | % | |||
MAC & CO
A/C XXXX39 ATTN MUTUAL FUND OPS 500 GRANT STREET ROOM 151-1010 PITTSBURGH PA 15219-2502 |
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND R6 SHARES | 17.92 | % | |||
MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY *
1295 STATE STREET MIP M200-INVST SPRINGFIELD MA 01111-0001 |
CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 8.61 | % | |||
MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH * | CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 5.80 | % | |||
FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOM | CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 30.18 | % | |||
4800 DEER LAKE DRIVE | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 6.05 | % | |||
EAST JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484 | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 10.04 | % | |||
SEIX CORE BOND FUND A SHARES | 19.61 | % | ||||
SEIX CORE BOND FUND I SHARES | 6.39 | % | ||||
SEIX CORE BOND FUND R SHARES | 8.41 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 10.95 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 12.12 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 5.93 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND A SHARES | 5.74 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND I SHARES | 7.78 | % | ||||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 18.42 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 8.82 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND A SHARES | 24.14 | % | ||||
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND A SHARES | 7.07 | % | ||||
MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC * | SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 8.28 | % | |||
HARBORSIDE FINANCIAL CENTER | SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 11.91 | % | |||
PLAZA 2 3RD FLOOR | WCM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 34.76 | % | |||
JERSEY CITY NJ 07311 | ||||||
NABANK & CO. *
PO BOX 2180 TULSA OK 74101-2180 |
SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND I SHARES | 11.60 | % |
B- 4 |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND |
PERCENTAGE
(%) OF CLASS OUTSTANDING |
||||
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC *
FOR THE |
CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 12.73 | % | |||
EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS
ATTN |
CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 15.80 | % | |||
MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT
499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 4 |
CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 26.04 | % | |||
JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-2010
|
CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND R6 SHARES | 54.05 | % | |||
CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 8.18 | % | ||||
CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 11.68 | % | ||||
CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 24.32 | % | ||||
CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND R6 SHARES | 40.52 | % | ||||
CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 11.40 | % | ||||
CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 8.12 | % | ||||
CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 17.05 | % | ||||
SEIX CORE BOND FUND A SHARES | 17.91 | % | ||||
SEIX CORE BOND FUND I SHARES | 5.13 | % | ||||
SEIX CORE BOND FUND R SHARES | 40.35 | % | ||||
SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND A SHARES | 89.24 | % | ||||
SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND C SHARES | 38.77 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 14.03 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND I SHARES | 11.58 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 5.69 | % | ||||
SEIX GEORGIA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 75.96 | % | ||||
SEIX GEORGIA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 12.17 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 17.30 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 9.63 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 19.28 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND I SHARES | 7.47 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND R SHARES | 52.04 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND A SHARES | 18.38 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND I SHARES | 12.22 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND R SHARES | 85.12 | % | ||||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 33.59 | % | ||||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 19.54 | % | ||||
SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 41.52 | % | ||||
SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 14.68 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND A SHARES | 32.75 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND I SHARES | 17.20 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 63.99 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 20.86 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND A SHARES | 5.12 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND I SHARES | 8.67 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND R SHARES | 7.94 | % | ||||
SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND I SHARES | 36.33 | % | ||||
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND A SHARES | 50.05 | % | ||||
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND C SHARES | 50.73 | % | ||||
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND I SHARES | 6.43 | % | ||||
SEIX VIRGINIA INTERMEDIATE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 76.81 | % | ||||
SEIX VIRGINIA INTERMEDIATE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 17.78 | % | ||||
SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND A SHARES | 57.07 | % | ||||
SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND C SHARES | 87.59 | % | ||||
SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 21.21 | % | ||||
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND A SHARES | 45.60 | % | ||||
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND C SHARES | 85.80 | % | ||||
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 5.97 | % | ||||
WCM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 12.29 | % | ||||
ZEVENBERGEN INNOVATIVE GROWTH STOCK FUND A SHARES | 55.07 | % | ||||
ZEVENBERGEN INNOVATIVE GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 41.35 | % | ||||
NATIONWIDE TRUST COMPANY FSB * | SEIX CORE BOND FUND A SHARES | 12.96 | % | |||
C/O IPO PORTFOLIO ACCOUNTING | SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND A SHARES | 15.70 | % | |||
PO BOX 182029 | ||||||
COLUMBUS OH 43218-2029 | ||||||
OCHSNER CLINIC FOUNDATION
1514 JEFFERSON HWY RM BH542 NEW ORLEANS LA 70121-2483 |
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 8.87 | % |
B- 5 |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND |
PERCENTAGE
(%) OF CLASS OUTSTANDING |
||||
PERSHING LLC * 1 PERSHING PLZ
|
CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 5.13 | % | |||
JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0002 | SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 6.52 | % | |||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND I SHARES | 6.84 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND A SHARES | 6.29 | % | ||||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 7.04 | % | ||||
ZEVENBERGEN INNOVATIVE GROWTH STOCK FUND A SHARES | 12.76 | % | ||||
PIEDMONT HEALTHCARE INC
1800 HOWELL MILL RD NW STE 850 |
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND I SHARES | 6.11 | % | |||
ATLANTA GA 30318-0923 | ||||||
RAYMOND JAMES * | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 13.44 | % | |||
OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 13.33 | % | |||
HOUSE ACCT FIRM XXXXXX15 | SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 8.96 | % | |||
ATTN COURTNEY WALLER | SEIX GEORGIA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 5.92 | % | |||
880 CARILLON PKWY | SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 7.64 | % | |||
ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1100 | SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 9.36 | % | |||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND C SHARES | 5.37 | % | ||||
SEIX US GOVERNMENT ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND A SHARES | 7.49 | % | ||||
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND C SHARES | 24.60 | % | ||||
SILVANT SMALL CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND A SHARES | 6.44 | % | ||||
WCM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 29.20 | % | ||||
ZEVENBERGEN INNOVATIVE GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 11.39 | % | ||||
RBC CAPITAL MARKETS LLC * | SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND A SHARES | 26.12 | % | |||
BLOOMFIELD TOWNSHIP PUBLIC LIBRARY GENERAL | SEIX US GOVERNMENT ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND A SHARES | 47.78 | % | |||
FUND | ||||||
1099 LONE PINE RD | ||||||
BLOOMFIELD HLS MI 48302-2410 | ||||||
RBC CAPITAL MARKETS LLC
SALLY T PIERCE-TOD DAYTONA BEACH FL 32119-1335 |
SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND C SHARES | 5.95 | % | |||
RELIANCE TRUST CO TTEE *
ADP ACCESS LARGE MARKET 401K 1100 ABERNATHY RD ATLANTA GA 30328-5620 |
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND A SHARES | 13.92 | % | |||
RELIANCE TRUST COMPANY
MASSMUTUAL REGISTERED PRODUCT P.O. BOX 28004 ATLANTA GA 30362-1529 |
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 14.76 | % | |||
RELIANCE TRUST COMPANY
FBO WAUKESHA NON-EB C/C P.O. BOX 48529 ATLANTA GA 30362-1529 |
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND R6 SHARES | 18.71 | % | |||
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY * | SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 6.71 | % | |||
C/O EVERCORE ID XXX | SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 8.22 | % | |||
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS ADMIN | ||||||
ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE | ||||||
OAKS PA 19456-9989 | ||||||
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY
C/O REGIONS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS ADMIN ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS PA 19456 |
SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND I SHARES | 80.64 | % | |||
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY *
C/O SECURITY NATIONAL ID XXX ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS ADMIN ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS PA 19456 |
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 5.51 | % |
B- 6 |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND |
PERCENTAGE
(%) OF CLASS OUTSTANDING |
||||
SEI PRIVATE TRUST COMPANY *
C/O SUNTRUST BANK ID XXX |
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 17.45 | % | |||
ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS ADMINISTRATOR
ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE |
SEIX GEORGIA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 68.03 | % | |||
OAKS PA 19456-9989
|
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 23.37 | % | |||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND R6 SHARES | 59.94 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND R6 SHARES | 43.83 | % | ||||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 12.99 | % | ||||
SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 61.80 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND I SHARES | 56.96 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND R6 SHARES | 28.53 | % | ||||
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND R6 SHARES | 50.83 | % | ||||
SEIX VIRGINIA INTERMEDIATE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 64.75 | % | ||||
SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND R6 SHARES | 7.84 | % | ||||
STATE STREET BANK & TRUST COMPANY *
TTEE AND OR CUSTODIAN FBO ADP ACCESS PRODUCT 1 LINCOLN ST BOSTON MA 02111-2901 |
SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND R6 SHARES | 91.30 | % | |||
STATE STREET BANK 10/01/02 *
STATE OF MICHIGAN 401K PO BOX 5501 BOSTON MA 02206-5501 |
CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 14.00 | % | |||
STATE STREET BANK CUSTODIAN *
(FBO) CUSTODIAN ADP ACCESS LARGE MARKET 401K 1 LINCOLN ST BOSTON MA 02111-2901 |
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND A SHARES | 15.31 | % | |||
SUNTRUST BANK AND VARIOUS BENEFIT P * | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 5.38 | % | |||
C/O FASCORE RECORD KEEPER | SEIX CORE BOND FUND I SHARES | 15.69 | % | |||
8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 | SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND I SHARES | 72.95 | % | |||
GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002 | SILVANT LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 26.87 | % | |||
SUNTRUST BANK *
FBO VARIOUS SUNTRUST OMNIBUS ACCOUNTS 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002 |
SEIX CORE BOND FUND R6 SHARES | 100 | % | |||
T ROWE PRICE RETIREMENT PLAN SERVICES INC * FBO RETIREMENT PLAN CLIENTS
4515 PAINTERS MILL RD OWINGS MILLS MD 21117-4903 |
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND R SHARES | 7.58 | % | |||
TD AMERITRADE INC * | SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 5.48 | % | |||
FBO OUR CLIENTS | SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 5.16 | % | |||
PO BOX 2226 | SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND A SHARES | 31.25 | % | |||
OMAHA NE 68103-2226 | SEIX SHORT TERM BOND FUND C SHARES | 11.57 | % | |||
ZEVENBERGEN INNOVATIVE GROWTH STOCK FUND A SHARES | 10.04 | % | ||||
ZEVENBERGEN INNOVATIVE GROWTH STOCK FUND I SHARES | 8.04 | % | ||||
TEREZA M M GUEDES TOD | SEIX SHORT-TERM MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 6.38 | % | |||
SUBJECT TO VIR TOD RULES | SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND A SHARES | 6.80 | % | |||
CENTENNIAL CO 80112-1156 | ||||||
THE NORTHERN TRUST COMPANY *
AS TRUSTEE FBO GENUINE PARTS-DV PO BOX 92994 CHICAGO IL 60675-2994 |
CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND R6 SHARES | 11.45 | % |
B- 7 |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND | PERCENTAGE (%) OF CLASS OUTSTANDING | ||||
UBS WM USA *
XXX XXXXX 6100 |
CEREDEX LARGE CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 5.84 | % | |||
OMNI ACCOUNT M/F
SPEC CDY A/C EBOC UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD |
CEREDEX MID CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 5.48 | % | |||
WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761
|
CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 9.28 | % | |||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 7.03 | % | ||||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 6.40 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 27.81 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND I SHARES | 7.28 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 17.54 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND I SHARES | 7.10 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND R SHARES | 13.93 | % | ||||
SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 40.25 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND A SHARES | 34.04 | % | ||||
SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND A SHARES | 36.36 | % | ||||
SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND I SHARES | 11.14 | % | ||||
SEIX US GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ULTRA-SHORT BOND A SHARES | 21.40 | % | ||||
WCM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 32.95 | % | ||||
WCM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 29.71 | % | ||||
UMB BANK NA *
FBO FIDUCIARY FOR VARIOUS RETIREMENT PROGRAMS ONE SECURITY BENEFIT PLACE TOPEKA KS 66636-1000 |
CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 15.48 | % | |||
VIRTUS PARTNERS INC | SEIX ULTRA-SHORT BOND FUND A SHARES | 7.76 | % | |||
ONE FINANCIAL PLAZA 26TH FL | WCM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND R6 SHARES | 100 | % | |||
HARTFORD CT 06103 | ||||||
VOYA RETIREMENT INSURANCE AND ANNUITY * | CEREDEX LARGE-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 16.59 | % | |||
COMPANY | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND A SHARES | 8.23 | % | |||
ONE ORANGE WAY | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND R6 SHARES | 5.10 | % | |||
WINDSOR CT 06095-4773 | SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 6.88 | % | |||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND R SHARES | 9.63 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND R SHARES | 67.61 | % | ||||
WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC * | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 14.72 | % | |||
SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT | CEREDEX MID-CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 29.87 | % | |||
OF CUSTOMER | CEREDEX SMALL CAP VALUE EQUITY FUND C SHARES | 18.87 | % | |||
2801 MARKET ST | SEIX CORPORATE BOND FUND C SHARES | 5.69 | % | |||
SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523 | SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 9.08 | % | |||
SEIX FLOATING RATE HIGH INCOME FUND C SHARES | 9.14 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH GRADE MUNICIPAL BOND FUND A SHARES | 36.61 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH INCOME FUND A SHARES | 6.01 | % | ||||
SEIX HIGH YIELD FUND A SHARES | 15.25 | % | ||||
SEIX INVESTMENT GRADE TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND A SHARES | 12.59 | % | ||||
SEIX NORTH CAROLINA TAX-EXEMPT BOND FUND I SHARES | 5.30 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND C SHARES | 32.17 | % | ||||
SEIX SHORT-TERM BOND FUND I SHARES | 6.93 | % | ||||
SEIX TOTAL RETURN BOND FUND I SHARES | 5.44 | % | ||||
SEIX ULTRA SHORT BOND FUND I SHARES | 10.81 | % | ||||
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND C SHARES | 13.87 | % | ||||
SEIX U.S. MORTGAGE FUND I SHARES | 5.73 | % | ||||
WCM INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FUND I SHARES | 20.22 | % |
B- 8 |
VIRTUS ASSET TRUST
PART C — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 28. Exhibits
(a) | Agreement and Declaration of Trust. |
1. | Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of Virtus Asset Trust (“Registrant” or “VAT”) dated January 18, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(b) | Bylaws. |
1. | Amended and Restated By-Laws of Registrant adopted January 18, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(c) | Instruments Defining Rights of Security Holders – Reference is made to Registrant’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust and Bylaws. See Exhibits a and b. |
(d) | Investment Advisory Contracts. |
1. | Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and Virtus Fund Advisers, LLC (the “Adviser”) effective as of June 12, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) *First Amendment to Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and the Adviser effective as of December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.a) herewith.
2. | Subadvisory Agreement dated June 20, 2017, among the Adviser, Ceredex Value Advisors LLC (“Ceredex”) and Registrant, on behalf of Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund, Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund and Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Subadvisory Agreement dated June 21, 2017, among the Adviser, Seix Investment Advisors LLC (“Seix”) and Registrant, on behalf of Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund, Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund, Virtus Seix High Income Fund, Virtus Seix High Yield Fund, Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund, Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund, and Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Subadvisory Agreement dated June 20, 2017, among the Adviser, Silvant Capital Management LLC (“Silvant”) and Registrant, on behalf of Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund and Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
5. | Subadvisory Agreement dated June 20, 2017, among the Adviser, WCM Investment Management (“WCM”), and Registrant, on behalf of Virtus WCM International Equity Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
6. | Subadvisory Agreement dated June 21, 2017, among the Adviser, Zevenbergen Capital Investments LLC (“Zevenbergen”) and Registrant, on behalf of Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(e) | Underwriting Agreement. |
1. | Underwriting Agreement between Registrant and VP Distributors, LLC (“VP Distributors”) dated as of June 12, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit e.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | *Form of Sales Agreement between VP Distributors and dealers, effective February 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit e.2) herewith. |
a) | Amended Annex A to Form of Sales Agreement between VP Distributors and dealers effective January 29, 2019 filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit 7(c)) to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to Virtus Equity Trust’s (“VET”) Form N-14 (File No. 333-228583) on February 5, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(f) | Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Program, effective February 9, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 31 to Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust’s (“VAST”) Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(g) | Custodian Agreement. |
1. | Custody Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated March 21, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1) with Pre-effective Amendment No. 3 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on March 28, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon effective May 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 16 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on May 29, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.
b) Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of September 1, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on February 26, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
c) Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, VET, VOT(VET and VOT collectively, “Virtus Mutual Funds”), Virtus Asset Trust (“VAT”), Virtus Retirement Trust (“VRT”; formerly known as Virtus Institutional Trust), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (“VVIT”) and The Bank of New York Mellon dated September 11, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.d) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
d) Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT and VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit 9(e)) to VET’s Form N-14 (File No. 333-228766) on December 12, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference.
2. | Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2) with Pre-effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 4, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of August 19, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on September 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.
b) Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of May 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 16 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on May 29, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.
c) Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of September 1, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on February 26, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.
d) Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VAT, VRT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit 9(j)) to VET’s Form N-14 (File No. 333-228766) on December 12, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference.
(h) | Other Material Contracts. |
1. | Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VAT, VRT and Virtus Fund Services, LLC (“Virtus Fund Services”) dated September 20, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on November 16, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. (“BNY Mellon”), dated April 15, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 54 to Virtus Insight Trust’s (“VIT”) Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Adoption and Amendment Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of March 21, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.b) with Pre-effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 4, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of August 19, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on September 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of June 1, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of November 12, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 9 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on January 22, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of May 28, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.d) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 18 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on June 5, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of December 10, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.e) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 35 to VRT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-80057) on January 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of February 1, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.g) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of February 1, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.h) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VAT, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of September 18, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.i) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VAT, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of January 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VAT, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of September 20, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on November 16, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
l) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VAT, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of December 21, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on January 25, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of January 1, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 50 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on February 25, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) effective as of April 14, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of June 30, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.10) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of September 14, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.11), with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) effective as of January 1, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9), with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) effective as of March 15, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.15), with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of August 28, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of December 18, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.g) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of June 10, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.h), with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Ninth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of December 18, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.i), with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Tenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of November 13, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 74 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on November 13, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Eleventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of January 1, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 80 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
l) | Twelfth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of March 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Thirteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of January 8, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.m) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 35 to VRT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-80057) on January 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
n) | Fourteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of December 1, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.n) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
o) | Fifteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of June 12, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.o) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
p) | Sixteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement by and among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of March 6, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.p) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 117 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on March 6, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of January 1, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 50 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on February 25, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | First Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of June 30, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.13.) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 52 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 28, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Second Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of September 14, 2010 filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.14.) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 52 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 28, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Third Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of March 15, 2011 filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.15.) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 52 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 28, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Fourth Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of August 28, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.d) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 56 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 29, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Fifth Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of December 18, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.e) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 56 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 29, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Sixth Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, effective as of June 10, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Seventh Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, effective as of December 18, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.g) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VVIT, VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. (“VATS”), Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated February 24, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.h) with Pre-effective Amendment No. 3 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on March 28, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Joinder Agreement to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAST, VVIT, VATS, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated December 10, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.i) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 35 (File No. 033-80057) on January 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAST, VVIT, VATS, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated July 27, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 31 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VVIT, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated April, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
l) | Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VVIT, VRT, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated September 21, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VVIT, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit 13(rr)) with VET’s Form N-14 (File No. 333-228766) on December 12, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
5. | *Form of Fourth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and the Adviser, effective as of December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.5) herewith. |
6. | Form of Indemnification Agreement with each Trustee of Registrant, effective as of October 24, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 to VOT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Form of Joinder Agreement and Amendment to the Indemnification Agreement with George R. Aylward, Philip R. McLoughlin, Geraldine M. McNamara, James M. Oates, Richard E. Segerson and Ferdinand L.J. Verdonck, effective as of January 18, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.7.a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Form of Joinder Agreement and Amendment to the Indemnification Agreement with Thomas J. Brown, Donald C. Burke, Roger A. Gelfenbien, John R. Mallin, and Hassell H. McClellan, effective as of February 27, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.7.b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
7. | Form of Indemnification Agreement with Sidney E. Harris and Connie D. McDaniel, effective as of July 17, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9) with Post-effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(i) | Legal Opinion. |
1. | Opinion of counsel as to legality of shares dated January 26, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 20 to the Registration Statement on January 27, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | *Opinion of counsel as to legality of shares dated February 5, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.2) herewith. |
3. | *Consent of Sullivan & Worcester LLP filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.3) herewith. |
(j) | Other Opinions. |
1. | *Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit j.1) herewith. |
(k). | Not applicable. |
(l) | None. |
(m) | Rule 12b-1 Plans. |
1. | Class A Shares Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), effective June 12, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) *Amendment No. 1 to Class A Shares Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective July 23, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.a) herewith.
2. | Class C Shares Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective June 12, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Class R Shares Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective June 12, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(n) | Amended and Restated Plan Pursuant to Rule 18f-3 under the 1940 Act, effective as of November 15, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit n.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on November 16, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(o) | Reserved. |
(p) | Code of Ethics. |
1. | Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of the Virtus Funds effective October 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of VFA, VP Distributors and other Virtus Affiliates (including Ceredex Value Advisors LLC, Seix Investment Advisors, LLC and Silvant Capital Management LLC) dated October 1, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Code of Ethics of WCM Investment Management, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 28 (File No. 333-08045) on April 26, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | *Code of Ethics of Zevenbergen Capital Investments LLC, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.4) herewith. |
(q) | Power of Attorney. |
1. | Power of Attorney for all Trustees, dated March 2, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit q.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 21 (File No. 333-08045) on April 11, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Power of Attorney for Trustees Sidney E. Harris and Connie D. McDaniel dated June 26, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit q.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
* Filed herewith
Item 29. | Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with the Fund |
None.
Item 30. | Indemnification |
The indemnification of Registrant’s principal underwriter against certain losses is provided for in Section 16 of the Underwriting Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit e.1. Indemnification of Registrant’s Custodian is provided for in section 9.9, among others, of the Custody Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit g.1. The indemnification of Registrant’s Transfer Agent is provided for, in Article 6 of the Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit h.1. The Trust has entered into Indemnification Agreements with each trustee, the form of which is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits h.6 and h.7, whereby the Registrant shall indemnify the trustee for expenses incurred in any proceeding in connection with the trustee’s service to the Registrant subject to certain limited exceptions.
In addition, Article VII sections 2 and 3 of the Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit a, provides in relevant part as follows:
“A Trustee, when acting in such capacity, shall not be personally liable to any Person, other than the Trust or a Shareholder to the extent provided in this Article VII, for any act, omission or obligation of the Trust, of such Trustee or of any other Trustee. The Trustees shall not be responsible or liable in any event for any neglect or wrongdoing of any officer, agent, employee, Manager or Principal Underwriter of the Trust. The Trust (i) may indemnify an agent of the Trust or any Person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as an agent of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise and (ii) shall indemnify each Person who is, or has been, a Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust and any Person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as a director, officer, trustee, or employee of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise, in the case of (i) and (ii), to the fullest extent consistent with the 1940 Act and in the manner provided in the By-Laws; provided that such indemnification shall not be available to any of the foregoing Persons in connection with a claim, suit or other proceeding by any such Person against the Trust or a Series (or Class) thereof.
All persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Trust or the Trustees shall look only to the assets of the appropriate Series (or Class thereof if the Trustees have included a Class limitation on liability in the agreement with such person as provided below), or, if the Trustees have yet to establish Series, of the Trust for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Trustees nor the Shareholders, nor any of the Trust’s officers, employees or agents, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor.
Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking and every other act or thing whatsoever executed or done by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees by any of them in connection with the Trust shall conclusively be deemed to have been executed or done only in or with respect to his or their capacity as Trustee or Trustees, and such Trustee or Trustees shall not be personally liable thereon. …
A Trustee shall be liable to the Trust and to any Shareholder solely for her or his own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Trustees may take advice of counsel or other experts with respect to the meaning and operation of this Declaration of Trust, and shall be under no liability for any act or omission in accordance with such advice nor for failing to follow such advice.”
In addition, Article III section 7 of such Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for the indemnification of shareholders of the Registrant as follows: “If any Shareholder or former Shareholder shall be exposed to liability by reason of a claim or demand relating to such Person being or having been a Shareholder, and not because of such Person's acts or omissions, the Shareholder or former Shareholder (or such Person's heirs, executors, administrators, or other legal representatives or in the case of a corporation or other entity, its corporate or other general successor) shall be entitled to be held harmless from and indemnified out of the assets of the Trust against all cost and expense reasonably incurred in connection with such claim or demand, but only out of the assets held with respect to the particular Series of Shares of which such Person is or was a Shareholder and from or in relation to which such liability arose. The Trust may, at its option and shall, upon request by the Shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against the Shareholder for any act or obligation of the Trust and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets held with respect to the particular series.”
Article VI of the Registrant’s Bylaws incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit b, provides in relevant part, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, “every agent shall be indemnified by the Trust to the fullest extent permitted by law against all liabilities and against all expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him or her in connection with any proceeding in which he or she becomes involved as a party or otherwise by virtue of his or her being or having been an agent.” Such indemnification would not apply in the case of any liability to which the Registrant would otherwise be subject by reason of or for willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of such person’s duties.
The Investment Advisory Agreement, Subadvisory Agreements, Custody Agreement, Foreign Custody Manager Agreement, Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement and Sub-Transfer Agency and Service Agreement, each as amended, respectively provide that the Registrant will indemnify the other party (or parties, as the case may be) to the agreement for certain losses. Similar indemnities to those listed above may appear in other agreements to which the Registrant is a party.
The Registrant, in conjunction with VFA, the Registrant’s Trustees, and other registered investment management companies managed by VFA or its affiliates, maintains insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a Trustee, officer, employee, or agent of the Registrant, or who is or was serving at the request of the Registrant as a trustee, director, officer, employee or agent of another trust or corporation, against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by him or arising out of his position. However, in no event will Registrant maintain insurance to indemnify any such person for any act for which the Registrant itself is not permitted to indemnify him.
Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Item 31. | Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser and Subadvisers |
See “Management of the Funds” in the Prospectus and “Investment Advisory and Other Services” and “Management of the Trust” in the Statement of Additional Information which is included in this Post-Effective Amendment. For information as to the business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature of directors and officers of the Adviser and Subadvisers, reference is made to the Adviser’s and each Subadviser’s current Form ADV filed under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and incorporated herein by reference.
Adviser |
SEC File
No.: |
|
The Adviser | 801-23163 | |
Ceredex | 801-68739 | |
Seix | 801-68743 | |
Silvant | 801-68741 | |
WCM | 801-11916 | |
Zevenbergen | 801-62477 |
Item 32. | Principal Underwriter |
(a) | VP Distributors, LLC serves as the principal underwriter for the following registrants: |
Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, Virtus Asset Trust, Virtus Equity Trust, Virtus Opportunities Trust and Virtus Variable Insurance Trust.
(b) | Directors and executive officers of VP Distributors, One Financial Plaza, Hartford, CT 06103 are as follows: |
Name and Principal
Business Address |
Positions and Offices with Distributor |
Positions and Offices
with Registrant |
||
George R. Aylward | Executive Vice President | President and Trustee | ||
Kevin J. Carr | Vice President, Counsel and Secretary | Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary | ||
Nancy J. Engberg | Senior Vice President and Assistant Secretary | Senior Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer | ||
David Hanley | Senior Vice President and Treasurer | None | ||
Barry Mandinach | President | None | ||
David C. Martin | Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer | Anti-Money Laundering Officer | ||
Francis G. Waltman | Executive Vice President | Executive Vice President |
(c) | To the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, no commissions or other compensation was received by any principal underwriter who is not an affiliated person of the Registrant or an affiliated person of such affiliated person, directly or indirectly, from the Registrant during the Registrant’s last fiscal year. |
Item 33. | Location of Accounts and Records |
Persons maintaining physical possession of accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the 1940 Act and the Rules promulgated thereunder include:
Secretary of the Trust: | Principal Underwriter: | |
Kevin J. Carr, Esq. One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
VP Distributors, LLC One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
|
Investment Adviser: | Custodian: | |
Virtus Fund Advisers, LLC One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 and 3333 Piedmont Road, Suite 1500 Atlanta, GA 30305 |
The Bank of New York Mellon 240 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10286 |
|
Administrator & Transfer Agent: | ||
Virtus Fund Services, LLC One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
||
Fund Accountant, Sub-Administrator, Sub-Transfer Agent and Dividend Dispersing Agent: | ||
BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. 301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809 |
||
Subadviser to: Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund, Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund and Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund Ceredex Value Advisors LLC 301 East Pine Street, Suite 500 Orlando, Florida 32801 |
Subadviser to: Virtus
WCM International
WCM Investment Management 281 Brooks Street Laguna Beach, California 92651 |
Subadviser to: Core Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund, Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund, Virtus Seix High Income Fund, Virtus Seix High Yield Fund, Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund, Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund, and Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund Seix Investment Advisors, LLC One Maynard Drive, Suite 3200 Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656
Subadviser to: Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund and Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund Silvant Capital Management LLC 3333 Piedmont Road, Suite 1500 Atlanta, Georgia 30305 |
Subadviser to: Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund Zevenbergen Capital Investments LLC 601 Union Street, Suite 4600 Seattle, Washington 98101
|
Item 34. | Management Services |
None.
Item 35. | Undertakings |
None.
Item 28. | Exhibits |
Exhibit | Item | |
d.1.a | First Amendment to Investment Advisory Agreement | |
e.2 | Form of Sales Agreement | |
h.5 | Form of Fourth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement | |
i.2 | Opinion of counsel as to legality of shares | |
i.3 | Consent of Sullivan & Worcester LLP | |
j.1 | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP | |
m.1.a | Amendment No. 1 to Class A Shares Distribution Plan | |
p.4 | Code of Ethics of Zevenbergen Capital Investments LLC |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness for this registration statement under Rule 485(b) of the Securities Act and has duly caused this amendment to the registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City of Hartford and the State of Connecticut on the 22 nd day of February, 2019.
VIRTUS ASSET TRUST | ||
By: | /s/ George R. Aylward | |
George R. Aylward | ||
President |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this amendment to the registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated on the 22 nd day of February, 2019.
Signature | Title | |
/s/ George R. Aylward | ||
George R. Aylward | Trustee and President (principal executive officer) | |
/s/ W. Patrick Bradley | ||
W. Patrick Bradley |
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (principal financial and accounting officer) |
|
* | ||
Thomas J. Brown | Trustee | |
* | ||
Donald C. Burke | Trustee | |
* | ||
Sidney E. Harris | Trustee | |
* | ||
John R. Mallin | Trustee | |
* | ||
Hassell H. McClellan | Trustee | |
* | ||
Connie D. McDaniel | Trustee | |
* | ||
Philip R. McLoughlin | Trustee and Chairman | |
* | ||
Geraldine M. McNamara | Trustee | |
* | ||
James M. Oates | Trustee | |
* | ||
Richard E. Segerson | Trustee |
*By: | /s/ George R. Aylward | |
*George R. Aylward, Attorney-in-Fact, pursuant to a power of attorney |
Exhibit 99 d.1.a
VIRTUS ASSET TRUST
FIRST AMENDMENT TO
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDMENT, effective as of the 1 st day of December 2018 amends that certain Investment Advisory Agreement dated as of June 12, 2017 (the “Agreement”), by and between Virtus Asset Trust, a Delaware business trust (the “Trust”), and Virtus Fund Advisers, LLC, a Delaware corporation (the “Adviser”) as follows:
1. | All references to the series Virtus Conservative Allocation Strategy Fund and Virtus Growth Allocation Strategy Fund are hereby deleted. |
2. | Schedule A is hereby deleted and Schedule A attached hereto is substituted in its place to reflect changes in Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund’s investment advisory fee. |
3. | Except as expressly amended hereby, all provisions of the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect and are unchanged in all other respects. All initial capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed thereto in the Agreement, as amended. |
4. | This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts (including executed counterparts delivered and exchanged by facsimile transmission) with the same effect as if all signing parties had originally signed the same document, and all counterparts shall be construed together and shall constitute the same instrument. For all purposes, signatures delivered and exchanged by facsimile transmission shall be binding and effective to the same extent as original signatures. |
[signature page follows]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized officers as of the day and year first written above.
VIRTUS ASSET TRUST | ||
By: | /s/ W. Patrick Bradley | |
Name: | W. Patrick Bradley | |
Title: | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | |
VIRTUS FUND ADVISERS, LLC | ||
By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | |
Name: | Francis G. Waltman | |
Title: | Executive Vice President |
2 |
SCHEDULE A
Breakpoint Advisory Fee Schedules and Discounts:
Equity and Fixed Income Funds :
First $500 million = None (no discount from full fee)
Next $500 million = 5% discount from full fee
Next $4.0 billion = 10% discount from full fee
Over $5.0 billion = 15% discount from full fee
Equity Funds
Series | Annual Investment Advisory Fee | |||
Virtus Ceredex Large Cap Value Equity Fund | 0.70 | % | ||
Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | 0.75 | % | ||
Virtus Ceredex Small Cap Value Equity Fund | 0.85 | % | ||
Virtus Silvant Large Cap Growth Stock Fund | 0.70 | % | ||
Virtus Silvant Small Cap Growth Stock Fund | 0.85 | % | ||
Virtus WCM International Equity Fund | 0.85 | % | ||
Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | 0.80 | % |
Fixed Income Funds
Series | Annual Investment Advisory Fee | |||
Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | 0.40 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | 0.45 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.50 | % | ||
Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | 0.50 | % | ||
Virtus Seix High Income Fund | 0.55 | % | ||
Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | 0.45 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.50 | % | ||
Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.50 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | 0.40 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | 0.35 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | ||
Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | 0.20 | % | ||
Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | 0.40 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | 0.22 | % | ||
Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | 0.50 | % |
3 |
Exhibit 99 e.2
|
|||
One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
800.248.7971 | VIRTUS.COM | |
VP Distributors, LLC
One Financial Plaza
Hartford, CT 06103
VIRTUS FUNDS
SALES AGREEMENT
To: | Dealer Name |
Attention: | |
Address | |
City, State, Zip Code |
VP Distributors, LLC ("VPD", "we", "us", or "our") invites you to participate in the sale and distribution of shares of registered investment companies for which we are national distributor or principal underwriter, as listed in Annex A hereto (which such Annex may be amended by us from time to time in our sole discretion) (which shall collectively be referred to hereinafter as the "Funds"). Upon acceptance of this Sales Agreement (“Agreement”) by VPD, you may offer and sell shares of each of the Funds (hereafter "Shares") subject, however, to the terms and conditions hereof including our right to suspend or cease the sale of any such Shares at any time. For the purposes hereof, the above referenced dealer shall be referred to as "you".
1. | You understand and agree that in all sales of Shares by you to the public, you shall act as dealer for your customers or for your own account. All purchase orders and applications are subject to acceptance or rejection by us in our sole discretion and are effective only upon confirmation by us. Each purchase will be deemed to have been consummated in our principal office subject to our acceptance and effective only upon confirmation to you by us. |
2. | You agree that all purchases of Shares by you shall be made only for the purpose of covering purchase orders already received from your customers (who may be any person other than a securities dealer or broker) or for your own bona-fide investment, each of which will be held in an account for which you are listed as dealer of record (each, an “Account”). |
3. | You shall offer and sell Shares pursuant to this Agreement for the purpose of covering purchase orders of your customers, to the extent applicable, (a) at the current public offering price ("Offering Price") for certain classes of shares (such as Class A) or (b) at the Net Asset Value for other classes of shares (such as Class C, Class I, Class R and/or Class R6), each as set forth in, and in accordance with the other provisions of, the current prospectus of each of the Funds. |
4. | You shall pay us for Shares purchased on the earliest of the following: (i) within three (3) business days of the date of our confirmation to you of such purchase, (ii) within such time-frame as is required by laws, rules and regulations governing such matters (Applicable Law) or (iii) with respect to transactions processed through the services and systems of the national securities clearing corporation (NSCC), within the time-frame mandated by the rules and procedures of the NSCC. The purchase price in each case shall be as set forth in the current prospectus at the time the purchase order is received by us, which is generally expected to be: (a) the Offering Price, less only the applicable dealer discount (Dealer Discount) for Class A Shares, if applicable, or (b) the Net Asset Value, less only the applicable sales commission (Sales Commission) for Class C Shares, if applicable. We have the right, without notice, to cancel any order for which payment of good and sufficient funds has not been received by us as provided in this paragraph, in which case you may be held responsible for any loss suffered by us resulting from your failure to make payment as aforesaid. |
5. | You understand and agree that any Dealer Discount, Sales Commission, or fee is subject to change from time to time without prior notice. Any orders placed after the effective date of any such change shall be subject to the Dealer Discount or Sales Commission in effect at the time such order is received by us. |
6. | You understand and agree that Shares purchased under this Agreement will not be delivered until payment of good and sufficient funds has been received by us. Delivery of Shares will be made by credit to an open shareholder Account. |
7. | You understand that we will pay you an amount equal to the Dealer Discount, Sales Commission or fees on all purchases of Shares hereunder into an Account for which you are dealer of record. You understand and agree that the dealer of record for this purpose shall be the dealer through whom such shareholder most recently purchased Shares of such fund, unless the shareholder or you have instructed us otherwise. You understand that all amounts payable to you under this paragraph will be paid as of the end of the month unless specified otherwise for the total amount of Shares to which this paragraph is applicable but may be paid more frequently as we may determine in our discretion. Your request for Dealer Discount or Sales Commission reclaims, if any, will be considered only if adequate verification and documentation of the purchase in question is supplied to us, and the reclaim is requested within three years of the applicable purchase. |
8. | You may purchase Shares into Accounts that are omnibus accounts, into individual beneficial owner accounts that are registered in your own name for the benefit of your customers, or into individual beneficial owner Accounts that are “fully disclosed” (meaning that they are registered in the name, and with the taxpayer identification number, of your customers) Accounts. We appoint the transfer agent (or identified sub-transfer agent) for each of the Funds as our agent to execute the purchase transaction of Shares and to confirm such purchases to you, or to your customers on your behalf, and irrespective of the means of registering such Accounts, you guarantee the legal capacity of each of your customers so purchasing such Shares. Whatever means of Account registration you elect, you understand and agree that if a customer's Account is established without the customer signing the application form, you will be deemed to have made a representation hereunder, and you do hereby make such representation with respect to each such Account, that the instructions relating to the registration and shareholder options selected (whether on the application form, in some other document or orally) with respect to each Account are in accordance with the customer's instructions and you hereby agree to indemnify the Funds, the transfer agent (or identified sub-transfer agent) and us for any loss, damage, claim, expense, or liability resulting from acting upon such instructions and/or otherwise from a breach of such representation. |
9. | In the event that you designate that certain Shares to be purchased into an Account are being purchased under a letter of intent (a “Letter of Intent”), as to which a lesser sales load is applied due to the Letter of Intent, you acknowledge that you will receive a reduced Dealer Discount with respect to any Letter of Intent that is satisfied. You further acknowledge and agree, as set forth in our standard Letter of Intent, that if your customer fails to satisfy such Letter of Intent within the specified time, that they will be given the choice of either buying enough shares to fulfill the Letter of Intent or paying the difference between any sales charge previously paid and the otherwise applicable sales charge based on the intended aggregate purchases described in the Letter of Intent. If, after the requisite election period, your customer does not make an election, we will automatically redeem the number of the restricted shares needed to make up the deficiency in sales charges received. |
10. | Unless you specifically identify to us other holdings for a given customer in a given Fund at the time of transmitting a purchase order, we may consider that your customer (the investor or beneficial owner in each case), owns no other Shares in that Fund or Funds, and may further assume that such investor is not entitled to any lower sales charge than that accorded to a single transaction in the amount of the purchase order, as set forth in the current prospectus. |
11. | You understand and agree that if any Shares purchased by you under the terms of this Agreement are redeemed within seven (7) business days after the date of our confirmation to you of the original purchase order for such Shares, you shall forfeit the right to, and shall promptly pay over to us the amount of, any Dealer Discount or Sales Commission allowed to you with respect to such Shares. We will notify you of such redemption within ten (10) days of the date upon which the holder of Shares held in a shareholder open Account places or causes to be placed with us or with such fund an order to have such shares redeemed. |
12. | You understand and agree that our obligations to you under this Agreement are subject to all the provisions of the respective underwriting/distribution agreements entered into between us and each of the Funds. You understand and agree that in performing your services under this Agreement you are acting in the capacity of an independent contractor, and we are in no way responsible for the manner of your performance or for any of your acts or omissions in connection therewith. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to constitute you or any of your agents, employees, or representatives as our agent, partner or employee, or the agent, partner of employee of any of the Funds. |
2 |
In connection with the sale and distribution of Shares, you agree to indemnify and hold us and our affiliates, employees, and/or officers harmless from any damage or expense as a result of (a) the negligence, misconduct or wrongful act by you or any employee, representative, or agent of yours, (b) any actual or alleged violation of any applicable law by you or any employee, representative, or agent of yours, (c) your breach of any representation, warranty, or covenant hereunder, and/or (d) our reliance on any instruction provided by you hereunder. Any indebtedness or obligation of yours to us whether arising hereunder or otherwise, and any liabilities incurred or moneys paid by us to any person as a result of any misrepresentation, wrongful or unauthorized act or omission, negligence of, or failure of you or your employees, representatives or agents to comply with this Agreement, shall be set off against any compensation payable under this Agreement. Any differential between such expenses and compensation payable hereunder shall be payable to us upon demand. The provisions of this Section 12 shall survive, and shall remain in full force and effect, notwithstanding any termination of this Agreement.
In connection with the sale and distribution of shares of Shares, we agree to indemnify and hold you harmless from any damage or expense (i) on account of the gross negligence, willful misconduct, or wrongful act by us or by any employee of ours, (ii) which arises out of or is based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of material fact, or the omission or alleged omission of a material fact in: (a) any registration statement, including any prospectus or any post-effective amendment thereto; or (b) any material prepared and/or supplied by us for use in conjunction with the offer or sale of Virtus Funds; or (c) any state registration or other document filed in any state or jurisdiction in order to qualify any Fund under the securities laws of such state or jurisdiction. The terms of this provision shall not be impaired by the termination of this Agreement.
13. | We will supply you with reasonable quantities of the current prospectus, periodic reports to shareholders, and sales materials for each of the Funds. You agree not to use any other advertising or sales material relating to the sale of shares of any of the Funds unless other advertising or sales material is (i) pre-approved in writing by us and (ii) we have, to the extent that filing of such material is required under applicable law, mutually agreed in writing as to the filing any such material. |
14. | You agree, or covenant, to offer and sell Shares only in accordance with the terms and conditions of the then current prospectus of each of the Shares and subject to the provisions of this Agreement, and you will make no representations regarding the Shares, or their offer and sale, not contained in any such prospectus or any authorized supplemental sales material supplied by us. You agree to use your best efforts in the development and promotion of sales of the Shares covered by this Agreement, and agree to be responsible for the proper instruction, training and supervision of all sales representatives employed by you in order that such Shares will be offered in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement and all applicable laws, rules and regulations. All expenses incurred by you in connection with your activities under this Agreement shall be borne by you. In consideration for the extension of the right to exercise telephone exchange and redemption privileges to you and your registered representatives, you agree to bear the risk of any loss resulting from any unauthorized telephone exchange or redemption instructions from you or your registered representatives. |
15. | You represent that you are either properly registered as a broker or dealer under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 or exempt from such registration, and you are either a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA) or not eligible for membership with FINRA; and if you are a bank, you represent that you are a member of all applicable self-regulatory organizations. You agree to notify us promptly of any change, termination or suspension of your status(es) as referenced in the foregoing sentence. You agree to abide by all the rules and regulations of FINRA and NASD Rules, including NASD Conduct Rule 2341, which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full. You further agree to comply with all applicable state and federal laws and the rules and regulations of applicable regulatory agencies. You further agree that you will not sell, or offer for sale, Shares in any jurisdiction in which such Shares have not been duly registered or qualified for sale. You agree to promptly notify us with respect to (a) the initiation and disposition of any formal disciplinary action by the FINRA or any other agency or instrumentality having jurisdiction over your or any of your employees or agents with respect to the subject matter hereof; (b) the issuance of any form of deficiency notice by the FINRA or any such agency regarding your training, supervision or sales practices; and (c) the effectuation of any consensual order with respect thereto. |
3 |
15.1 | Patriot Act. You shall employ policies and procedures designed to comply with the rules and regulations promulgated from time to time by the Office of Foreign Asset Control (including transactions involving embargoed countries or Specifically Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons) and all other applicable money laundering restrictions, including, without limitation, such restrictions as may be adopted pursuant to the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) of 2001 with respect to similarly situated financial institutions as VPD. You agree that you will perform the Customer Identification Program requirements of the USA Patriot Act, as applicable, with respect to all beneficial owners of all Accounts established, and transactions made, pursuant to this Agreement. |
15.2 | Sarbanes-Oxley Act. You agree to cooperate with VPD and will facilitate the filing by VPD, each underlying registered investment company (collectively, the “Funds”) and/or their respective officers and auditors of any and all certifications or attestations as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, including, without limitation, furnishing such sub-certifications from your relevant officers with respect to the services performed by you under this Agreement as reasonably requested from time to time. |
15.3 | Rule 38a-1. Upon reasonable request, you agree to provide your written policies and procedures to the Funds’ chief compliance officer for review and the Funds’ board of trustees’ approval to assist our compliance with Rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. You further agree to cooperate with VPD in its review of such written policies and procedures, including, without limitation, furnishing such certifications and sub-certifications as VPD shall reasonably request from time to time. You agree that you shall promptly notify VPD and Funds in the event that a “material compliance matter” (as such term is defined pursuant to Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act) arises with respect the services you provide under this Agreement. |
15.4 | Late Trading. You will accept no orders for the purchase and redemption of Fund shares after 4:00 p.m. Eastern time on any Business Day. For the purposes hereof, a "Business Day" shall mean any day on which the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading and on which a Fund calculates its net asset value pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (hereinafter, the “SEC”), as amended from time to time, subject to such terms and conditions as may be set forth in the registration statements for the Funds as filed with the SEC, as the same shall be amended from time to time. |
15.5 | Market Timing. VPD may refuse to sell shares of any Fund (or series thereof) to any person, or suspend or terminate the offering of shares of any Fund (or series thereof), if such action is required by law or by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction with respect to VPD or Fund, as the case may be, or is, in the reasonable discretion of VPD, reasonably necessary in order to protect the best interests of its investors. You shall establish and maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to detect, monitor and deter (including, without limitation, rejecting specific purchase orders) account owners (or their agents) whose purchase and redemption activity follows a market timing pattern, and to take such other actions as you deem necessary to discourage or reduce market timing activity. For the purposes hereof, “market timing activity” shall mean and refer to any discernable pattern of excessive trading in and out of a Fund (or series thereof) by one or more account owners (or their agents), including, without limitation, any purchase and sale (round trip) in and out of a single series of a Fund within any thirty day period. The parties acknowledge that, if necessary, such policies and procedures may include the identification of account owners engaged in such market timing activity and the imposition of restrictions on their requests to purchase or exchange Fund shares. You shall provide reasonable reports regarding your implementation and enforcement of such restrictions on purchase and redemption activity that follows a market-timing pattern upon request. |
16. | Shareholder Information and SEC Rule 22c-2. If trading as an intermediary (an “Intermediary” for purposes of this Section 16, meaning a broker, dealer, bank or other entity that holds securities of record issued by the Funds in an Account registered in nominee name, in an omnibus Account, in an Account registered in your name for the benefit of your customers; and in the case of a participant-directed employee benefit plan that owns securities issued by the Funds, a retirement plan administrator under ERISA or any entity that maintains the plan’s participant records) you hereby agree as follows: |
4 |
16.1 | Agreement to Provide Information. Intermediary agrees to provide the Funds, upon written request, the taxpayer information number (“TIN”), if known, of any or all Shareholder(s) of the account and the amount, date, name or other identifier of any investment professional(s) associated with the Shareholder(s) or account (if known), and transaction type (purchase, redemption, transfer, or exchange) of every purchase, redemption, transfer, or exchange of Fund shares held through an account maintained by the Intermediary during the period covered by the request. |
16.1.1 | Period Covered by Request. Requests must set forth a specific period, not to exceed 180 days from the date of the request, for which transaction information is sought. The Fund may request transaction information older than 180 days from the date of the request as it deems necessary to investigate compliance with policies established by the Fund for the purposes of eliminating or reducing any dilution of the value of the outstanding shares issued by the Fund. If requested by the Fund, Intermediary agrees to provide the information specified in 16.1 for each trading day. |
16.1.2 | Form and Timing of Response. Intermediary agrees to transmit the requested information that is on its books and records to the Funds or its designee promptly, but in any event not later than 10 business days, after receipt of a request. If the requested information is not on the Intermediary’s books and records, Intermediary agrees to use reasonable efforts to: (i) promptly obtain and transmit the requested information; (ii) obtain assurances from the accountholder that the requested information will be provided directly to the Fund Agent promptly; or (iii) if directed by the Fund Agent, block further purchases of Fund shares from such accountholder. In such instance, Intermediary agrees to inform the Fund Agent whether it plans to perform (i), (ii) or (iii). Responses required by this paragraph must be communicated in writing and in format mutually agreed upon by the parties. To the extent practicable, the format for any transaction information provided to the Fund Agent should be consistent with the NSCC Standardized Data Reporting Format. |
16.1.3 | Limitations on Use of Information. The Fund Agent agrees not to use the information received for marketing or any other similar purpose without the prior written consent of the Intermediary. |
16.2. | Agreement to Restrict Trading. Intermediary agrees to execute written instructions from the Fund Agent to restrict or prohibit further purchases or exchanges of Fund shares by a Shareholder that has been identified by the Fund Agent as having engaged in transactions of the Funds’ shares (directly or indirectly through the Intermediary’s account) that violate policies established by the Funds for the purposes of eliminating or reducing any dilution of the value of the outstanding shares issued by the Funds. |
16.2.1 | Form of Instructions. Instructions must include the TIN, if known, and the specific restriction(s) to be executed. If the TIN is not known, the instructions must include any equivalent identifying number of the Shareholder(s) or account(s) or other agreed upon information to which the instruction relates. |
16.2.2 | Timing of Response. Intermediary agrees to execute instructions as soon as reasonably practicable, but not later than five business days after receipt of the instructions by the Intermediary. |
16.2.3 | Confirmation by Intermediary. Intermediary must provide written confirmation to the Fund Agent that instructions have been executed. Intermediary agrees to provide confirmation as soon as reasonably practicable, but not later than ten business days after the instructions have been executed. |
16.3 | Definitions. For purposes of this paragraph: |
16.3.1 | The term “Funds” includes the fund’s principal underwriter and transfer agent. The term not does include any “excepted funds” as defined in SEC Rule 22c-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940. |
16.3.2 | The term “Shares” means the interests of Shareholders corresponding to the redeemable securities of record issued by the Fund under the Investment Company Act of 1940 that are held by the Intermediary. |
16.3.3 | The term “Shareholder” means the beneficial owner of Shares, whether the Shares are held directly or by the Intermediary in nominee name or, if applicable, the Plan participant notwithstanding that the Plan may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of Shares. |
17. | Either party may terminate this Agreement for any reason by written or electronic notice to the other party which termination shall become effective fifteen (15) days after the date of mailing or electronically transmitting such notice to the other party. We may also terminate this Agreement for cause or as a result of a violation by you, as determined by us in our discretion, of any of the provisions of this Agreement, said termination to be effective on the date of mailing written or electronic notice to you of the same. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, your own expulsion from the FINRA will automatically terminate this Agreement without notice. Your suspension from the FINRA or violation of applicable state or Federal laws or rules and regulations of applicable regulatory agencies will terminate this Agreement effective upon the date of our mailing written notice or transmitting electronic notice to you of such termination. Our failure to terminate this Agreement for any cause shall not constitute a waiver of our right to so terminate at a later date. |
5 |
18. | All communications and notices to you or us shall be sent to the addresses set forth at the beginning of this Agreement or to such other address as may be specified in writing from time to time. |
19. | VPD agrees to comply with all laws, rules, regulations, and ordinances relating to privacy, confidentiality, security, data security, and the handling of customer information which may from time to time be established. VPD agrees not to disclose or use any consumer nonpublic personal information (including nonpublic personal financial information and nonpublic personal health information), which may be supplied by you to VPD in performance under this Agreement other than to: a) carry out the purpose for which the information was provided; and b) to use or disclose the information as otherwise permitted or required by law. You agree to comply with all laws, rules, regulations, and ordinances relating to privacy, confidentiality, security, data security, and the handling of customer information which may from time to time be established. You agree not to disclose or use any consumer nonpublic personal information (including nonpublic personal financial information and nonpublic personal health information), which may be supplied by VPD to you in performance under this Agreement other than to: a) carry out the purpose for which the information was provided; and b) to use or disclose the information as otherwise permitted or required by law. This provision will survive, and continue in full force and effect after, the termination of this Agreement. |
20. | Any notice or other communication given by you to us under the terms of this Agreement shall be executed or communicated by an individual who has been duly authorized by you. VPD, the Funds, the Funds’ transfer agent and the employees and agents of each shall be fully protected in acting upon any notice or other communication reasonably believed to be signed or communicated by an authorized individual, and VPD, the Funds, the Funds’ transfer agent and the employees and agents of each shall be under no duty to make any investigation or inquiry into the authority of such individual. Without limiting the foregoing, you agree that, unless and until you send timely notice of termination of your registered representatives to us, (a) VPD, the Funds, the Funds’ transfer agent and the employees and agents of each may rely on the designation of your registered representatives as listed on the transfer agent records for the Funds in answering inquiries and/or placing transactions from your current or former registered representatives, and (b) you will continue to be responsible and liable under the terms of this Agreement, including the indemnification provisions thereof, for the actions and/or omissions of such terminated registered representatives. |
21. | This Agreement shall become effective upon the date of its acceptance by us as set forth herein. This Agreement may be amended by VPD from time to time by sending a copy of the amendment to you. In the event that you fail to object to the terms of such amendment within thirty (30) days of the receipt thereof, or in the event that you place a transaction in an Account or open an new Account after receipt of any such amendment, the terms of such amendment shall be deemed to be binding and enforceable by you. This Agreement may not be amended by you without the written consent of VPD. This Agreement and all rights and obligations of the parties hereunder shall be governed by and construed under the laws of the State of Connecticut applicable to contracts entered into and fully performed therein. This Agreement is not assignable or transferable, except that we may assign or transfer this Agreement to any successor distributor of the Shares described herein. |
ACCEPTED ON BEHALF OF | ACCEPTED ON BEHALF OF | |||
VP DISTRIBUTORS, LLC | ||||
Name of Dealer Firm | ||||
Date | Date |
By | By |
Name | Barry Mandinach | Print Name |
Title | President | Print Title |
FINRA CRD Number |
6 |
Exhibit 99 h.5
FORM OF FOURTH AMENDED AND RESTATED
EXPENSE LIMITATION AGREEMENT
VIRTUS ASSET TRUST
This Fourth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement (the “Agreement”), effective as of February 25, 2019, amends and restates that certain Third Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement effective as of December 1, 2018, by and between Virtus Asset Trust, a Delaware statutory trust (the “Registrant”), on behalf of each series of the Registrant listed in Appendix A (each a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”) and the Adviser of each of the Funds, Virtus Fund Advisers, LLC, a Delaware corporation (the “Adviser”).
WHEREAS, the Adviser renders advice and services to the Funds pursuant to the terms and provisions of one or more Investment Advisory Agreements entered into between the Registrant and the Adviser (the “Advisory Agreement”);
WHEREAS, the Adviser desires to maintain the expenses of each Fund at a level below the level to which each such Fund might otherwise be subject; and
WHEREAS, the Adviser understands and intends that the Registrant will rely on this Agreement in accruing the expenses of the Registrant for purposes of calculating net asset value and for other purposes, and expressly permits the Registrant to do so.
NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto agree as follows:
1. | Limit on Fund Expenses. The Adviser has agreed to limit the respective rate of Total Fund Operating Expenses (“Expense Limit”) for each Fund as specified in Appendix A of this Agreement, for the time period indicated. |
2. | Definitions. |
2.1. | For purposes of this Agreement, the term “Total Fund Operating Expenses” with respect to a Fund is defined to include all expenses necessary or appropriate for the operation of the Fund including the Adviser’s investment advisory or management fee under the Advisory Agreement and other expenses described in the Advisory Agreement that the Fund is responsible for and have not been assumed by the Adviser, but excludes front-end or contingent deferred loads, taxes, leverage expenses, interest, brokerage commissions, expenses incurred in connection with any merger or reorganization, unusual or infrequently occurring expenses (such as litigation), acquired fund fees and expenses, and dividend expenses, if any. |
3. | Recoupment and Recapture of Fees and Expenses. Each Fund has agreed to reimburse the Adviser and/or certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Virtus”) out of assets belonging to the relevant class of the Fund for any Total Fund Operating Expenses of the relevant class of the Fund in excess of the Expense Limit paid, waived or assumed by Virtus for that Fund, provided that Virtus would not be entitled to reimbursement for any amount that would cause Total Fund Operating Expenses to exceed either the Expense Limit in place at the time of the applicable waiver or assumption of expenses by Virtus or, if less, any contractual Expense Limit in place at the time that the reimbursement would be made, and provided further that no amount would be reimbursed by the Fund more than three years after the date on which it was incurred or waived by Virtus. The terms, conditions and rights of this section shall survive any termination of this Agreement. |
4. | Term, Termination and Modification. This Agreement is effective for the time period indicated on Appendix A, unless sooner terminated as provided below in this Paragraph. This Agreement may be terminated by mutual agreement of the parties at any time or by the Registrant on behalf of any one or more of the Funds upon thirty (30) days’ written notice to the Adviser. In addition, this Agreement shall terminate with respect to a Fund upon termination of the Advisory Agreement with respect to such Fund. |
5. | Assignment. This Agreement and all rights and obligations hereunder may not be assigned without the written consent of the other party. |
6. | Severability. If any provision of this Agreement shall be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute or rule, or shall otherwise be rendered invalid, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby. |
7. | Captions. The captions in this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and in no way define or limit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or effect. |
8. | Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of Delaware without giving effect to the conflict of laws principles thereof; provided that nothing herein shall be construed to preempt, or to be inconsistent with, any Federal securities law, regulation or rule, including the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. |
9. | Computation. If the fiscal year-to-date Total Fund Operating Expenses of a Fund or Other Expenses, as applicable, at the end of any month during which this Agreement is in effect exceed the Expense Limit for that Fund (the “Excess Amount”), the Adviser shall (at its option) waive or reduce its fee under the Advisory Agreement and/or remit to that Fund an amount that is sufficient to pay the Excess Amount computed on the last day of the month. |
10. | Liability. Virtus agrees that it shall look only to the assets of the relevant class of each respective relevant Fund for performance of this Agreement and for payment of any claim Virtus may have hereunder, and neither any other Fund (including the other series of the Registrant) or class of the Fund, nor any of the Registrant’s trustees, officers, employees, agents or shareholders, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor. |
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed by their duly authorized officers.
VIRTUS ASSET TRUST | VIRTUS FUND ADVISERS, LLC | |||
By: | By: |
APPENDIX A
Contractual Expense Limitations*
Total Fund Operating Expense Limit | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Virtus Fund |
Class A |
Class C |
Class I |
Class R6 |
Class R |
Term | ||||||||||||||||
Virtus Ceredex Large Cap Value Equity Fund | 1.24 | % | 1.72 | % | 0.97 | % | 0.72 | % | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | 1.38 | % | 1.79 | % | 1.08 | % | 0.79 | % | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Ceredex Small Cap Value Equity Fund | 1.55 | % | 1.90 | % | 1.24 | % | 0.88 | % | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | 0.64 | % | — | 0.50 | % | 0.36 | % | 0.91 | % | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | 0.95 | % | 1.65 | % | 0.70 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | |||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | 0.94 | % | 1.52 | % | 0.62 | % | 0.52 | % | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.75 | % | — | 0.65 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | 0.75 | % | — | 0.60 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Virtus Seix High Income Fund | 1.03 | % | — | 0.80 | % | 0.64 | % | 1.22 | % | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | 0.82 | % | — | 0.64 | % | 0.53 | % | 1.04 | % | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.75 | % | — | 0.60 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.80 | % | — | 0.65 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | 0.80 | % | 1.57 | % | 0.60 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | |||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | 0.65 | % | — | 0.48 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | 0.70 | % | — | 0.46 | % | 0.31 | % | 1.06 | % | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | 0.66 | % | — | 0.41 | % | 0.26 | % | — | Through April 30, 2020 | |||||||||||||
Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | 0.90 | % | 1.65 | % | 0.70 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | |||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | 0.65 | % | — | 0.40 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | 0.79 | % | — | 0.65 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Virtus Silvant Large Cap Growth Stock Fund | 1.23 | % | 1.90 | % | 0.97 | % | 0.90 | % | — | Through April 30, 2020 | ||||||||||||
Virtus Silvant Small Cap Growth Stock Fund | 1.27 | % | 1.93 | % | 1.15 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 | |||||||||||||
Virtus WCM International Equity Fund | 1.42 | % | — | 1.20 | % | 1.10 | % | — | Through April 30, 2020 | |||||||||||||
Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | 1.25 | % | — | 1.00 | % | — | — | Through April 30, 2020 |
*Following the contractual period, the Adviser may discontinue these arrangements at any time. Under certain conditions, the adviser may recapture operating expenses reimbursed and/or fees waived under these arrangements for a period of three years following the fiscal year in which such reimbursement occurred.
Exhibit 99 i.2
|
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One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
800.248.7971 | VIRTUS.COM | |
February 5, 2019
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
100 F Street, NE
Washington, DC 20549
Re: | Virtus Asset Trust (the “Trust”) |
Post-Effective Amendment No. 33 | |
to Registration Statement 333-08045 |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
This opinion is furnished in connection with the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of shares (the “Shares”) of the above-referenced Trust. In rendering this opinion, I have examined such documents, records and matters of law as deemed necessary for purposes of this opinion. I have assumed the genuineness of all signatures of all parties, the authenticity of all documents submitted as originals, the correctness of all copies and the correctness of all written or oral statements made to me.
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, it is my opinion that the Shares that will be issued by the Trust when sold will be legally issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
My opinion is rendered solely in connection with the Registration Statement on Form N-1A under which the Shares will be registered and may not be relied upon for any other purpose without my written consent. I hereby consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to such Registration Statement.
Very truly yours, | |
/s/ Kevin J. Carr | |
Kevin J. Carr | |
Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary | |
Virtus Asset Trust |
Securities distributed by VP Distributors, LLC
Exhibit 99 i.3
CONSENT OF SULLIVAN & WORCESTER LLP
We hereby consent to the use of our name and any reference to our firm in the Statement of Additional Information of Virtus Asset Trust (the “Trust”), included as part of Post-Effective Amendment No. 33 to the Trust’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 333-08045). In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder.
/s/ Sullivan & Worcester LLP
Sullivan & Worcester LLP
Washington, DC
February 22, 2019
Exhibit 99 j.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form N-1A of Virtus Asset Trust of our reports dated February 23, 2018, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights, which appear in the Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund, Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund, Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund, Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund, Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund, Virtus WCM International Equity Fund, Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund, Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund, Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund, Virtus Seix High Income Fund, Virtus Seix High Yield Fund, Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund, Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund and Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund Annual Reports on Form N-CSR for the period ended December 31, 2017. We also consent to the references to us under the headings “Glossary”, “Non-Public Portfolio Holdings Information”, “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm”, “Financial Statements” and “Financial Highlights” in such Registration Statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 22, 2019
Exhibit 99 m.l.a
VIRTUS ASSET TRUST
(the "Trust")
AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO
CLASS A SHARES
DISTRIBUTION PLAN PURSUANT TO RULE 12b-1
under the
INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940
THIS AMENDMENT made effective as of the 23 rd day of July, 2018 amends that certain Class A Shares Distribution Plan Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, dated June 12, 2017, by and for the Funds (the “Plan”) as herein below provided.
WITNESSETH:
WHEREAS, the Fund wishes to amend Appendix A of the Plan to reflect the addition of Class A shares to two series of the Funds, each of which has been approved as a party to the Plan.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing premises, the Funds hereby agree that the Plan is amended as follows:
1. Appendix A to the Plan is hereby replaced with Appendix A attached hereto and made a part hereof.
2. Except as herein provided, the Plan shall be and remain unmodified and in full force and effect.
Adopted as of: July 23, 2018
1 |
APPENDIX A
Fund |
Maximum
Fee |
Current
Approved Fee |
||||||
Virtus Ceredex Large Cap Value Equity Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Ceredex Small Cap Value Equity Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Conservative Allocation Strategy Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Growth Allocation Strategy Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Georgia Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.18 | % | 0.15 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | 0.18 | % | 0.15 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix High Income Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix North Carolina Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | 0.15 | % | 0.15 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | 0.23 | % | 0.20 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | 0.15 | % | 0.15 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | 0.23 | % | 0.20 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Seix Virginia Intermediate Municipal Bond Fund | 0.15 | % | 0.15 | % | ||||
Virtus Silvant Large Cap Growth Stock Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Silvant Small Cap Growth Stock Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus WCM International Equity Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % | ||||
Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | 0.25 | % | 0.25 | % |
2 |
Exhibit 99 p.4
Code of Ethics and
Personal Trading Policy |
Effective Date: February 5, 2018 |
Page 1 of 18 |
Zevenbergen Capital (ZCI) has established a Code of Ethics and Personal Trading Policy (Policy) to ensure that the firm’s fiduciary responsibility to clients serves as the guiding principle in all its activities. ZCI’s policy has been developed to comply with the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (Rule 204A-1), the Investment Company Act of 1940 (Rule 17j-1), the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988 and with consideration of guidelines established by the Investment Company Institute’s 1994 Report on Personal Investing, as well as the unique aspects of ZCI’s business, clients and investments. This Policy helps to clearly set out the following: 1) at all times, ZCI places the interest of its clients first, 2) personal trading procedures for ZCI team members, 3) deterrents for the misuse of material, nonpublic information in securities transactions and 4) commitment by the firm’s entire team to comply with all securities laws and ZCI’s overarching fiduciary responsibility to clients. Every employee must read and follow this Policy or risk serious sanctions, including dismissal, substantial personal liability and criminal penalties. Any questions should be directed to ZCI’s Chief Compliance Officer (CCO).
Definitions
Access Person – any employee of ZCI (except those working on a part-time, temporary or independent contractor basis, unless the positions held are responsible for portfolio management, research or trading) or non-employee director of ZCI’s Board.
Associated Person – an Access Person’s spouse, household member(s), minor child(ren), domestic partner or other individuals where the employee manages the account or has beneficial interest in the account.
Beneficial Interest – the opportunity, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, to profit, or share in any profit derived from, a transaction in a security and/or account.
Code of Ethics and
Personal Trading Policy |
Effective Date: February 5, 2018 |
Page 2 of 18 |
Statement of Principles
Under no circumstance shall an Access Person take advantage of their position of trust and responsibility. At all times the following principles shall govern an Access Person’s investments. Every ZCI Access Person shall:
1) | adhere to the highest ethical standards |
2) | place client interests above personal interests |
3) | ensure that all personal securities transactions are conducted consistent with this Policy and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of an individual’s position of trust and responsibility |
4) | avoid certain types of personal securities transactions deemed to create a conflict of interest |
5) | not use knowledge of open, executed or pending client portfolio transactions to profit by the market effect of such transactions |
6) | not take advantage of any investment opportunity belonging to clients |
7) | conduct all personal securities transactions in a manner consistent with this Policy and with the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct |
8) | embrace the firm’s fiduciary responsibility to clients by holding information regarding clients’ security holdings and financial circumstances as confidential |
9) | comply with all Federal securities laws and any laws governing ZCI’s actions on behalf of clients. |
Technical compliance with this Policy does not automatically insulate Access Persons from scrutiny should any security transaction indicate an abuse of fiduciary duties or violate applicable law.
CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct
ZCI has adopted the CFA Institute’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct as a further commitment to the fiduciary responsibility the firm has to its clients and the ethical approach the firm brings to its business, industry and profession.
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Conflicts of Interest
Associations with Other Entities
Access Persons shall disclose any potential conflicts of interest, including the existence of any substantial economic relationship (to include beneficial interest) with any other entity, public or private.
No one shall serve as a director or officer of another entity without prior, written authorization from the Board of Directors of ZCI based upon a determination that such officer or board service would be consistent with the interests of ZCI and its clients. If officer or board service is authorized, the Access Person shall be isolated from making investment decisions for ZCI with respect to the entity for which they are serving as an officer or director. The Access Person is also restricted from sharing any material, nonpublic information relating to the entity.
Gifts and Entertainment
ZCI and its Employee Access Persons should not accept inappropriate gifts, favors, entertainment, special accommodations, or other things of material value that could influence their decision-making or make them feel beholden to another person or firm. Similarly, ZCI and its Employee Access Persons should not offer gifts, favors, entertainment or other things of value that could be viewed as overly generous or aimed at influencing decision- making or making a client feel beholden to ZCI or to the Employee Access Person.
Gifts (defined as items given/received where the recipient does not pay fair market value) of nominal value (i.e. whose reasonable value is no more than $100 per calendar year) may be accepted. In conjunction with their responsibilities at ZCI, on occasion, ZCI Access Persons may be offered, or may receive without notice, gifts from clients, brokers, vendors, or other individuals or entities that are valued in excess of $100. In order to maintain impartial relationships, acceptance of such gifts is not permitted. If an Employee Access Person receives any gift that might be prohibited under this Policy, immediately inform the CCO.
Generally, ZCI and its Employee Access Persons may not give gifts (as defined above) with an aggregate value in excess of $250 per calendar year to persons associated with securities or financial organizations, including exchanges, other investment advisers, news media, clients, or other individuals/entities with which ZCI does business (calculation of this amount excludes the cost of Seattle Mariners tickets that are shared with clients, prospective clients, vendors, etc. by ZCI). Sometimes circumstances may exist where a gift or entertainment request falls outside of these guidelines and additional review or consideration is warranted. These circumstances must be submitted to the CCO for review and approval.
Unsolicited promotional material (such as cards, pens, t-shirts, hats, etc.) that is general in nature and incidental in value is not considered a gift under this policy.
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In addition to the gift guidelines provided above, the following gifts are never permissible to give or accept:
· | Cash, items redeemable for cash, cash equivalents or securities |
· | An arrangement of “quid pro quo,” (i.e., “something for something”) |
· | Any gift which is illegal or results in any violation of law such as ERISA, Taft Hartley, State Statutes, etc. |
· | Gifts to anyone who threatens or has submitted a complaint about ZCI or a ZCI team member |
With regard to entertainment (defined as an activity with a ZCI Employee Access Person present), ZCI and its Employee Access Persons are permitted to both entertain and be entertained provided the entertainment is not excessive in value or frequency, and only to foster and promote business relationships.
Special attention should also be given to gifts or entertainment shared with any union officials. ZCI is responsible for additional reporting to the Department of Labor of such items. The quarterly compliance certification provides for separate delineation of any such gifts or entertainment to facilitate the firm’s required annual reporting (LM-10).
For ERISA clients, Employee Access Persons are limited to giving a total of $250 for both gifts and entertainment combined per individual, per calendar year. In the case of gifts or entertainment provided to a group of individuals of an ERISA client, the total amount will be divided by the number of individuals who receive the gift or entertainment. A designated Investment Associate will track gifts and entertainment provided to individuals at ERISA clients throughout the year to ensure compliance with this limitation.
Should a client’s or prospective client’s policies, investment guidelines or governing regulations (i.e. Taft Hartley, etc.) specifically address the giving or accepting of gifts and/or entertainment, then ZCI shall follow whichever standard is more conservative.
To ensure ZCI’s compliance with this gift and entertainment policy, ZCI Employee Access Persons are responsible for providing, as part of their quarterly compliance certification, a list of each gift and or/entertainment given or received during the quarter (the Employee Access Person responsible for such reporting is the one initiating/receiving the gift, or entertaining/being entertained, not the Employee Access Person who may have responsibility for paying for such gifts or entertainment). If such entertainment is shared, then an estimate of the Employee Access Person’s pro-rated share of the entertainment is noted. A designated Investment Associate is responsible for recording gifts and/or entertainment given to, and received by the firm (as opposed to an Employee Access Person, individually) and estimating the per person value of the gift/entertainment and reporting on such separately each quarter.
These guidelines are not intended to govern entertainment provided, or gifts given to its Employee Access Persons (or their immediate family members) by ZCI.
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Political Contributions (Pay-to-Play)
As an investment adviser to Government Entities (as defined in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’S) “Pay-to-Play” Rule 206(4)-5 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (defined for this section as “Rule”), ZCI has established the following policies and procedures related to political contributions in compliance with the Rule.
Definitions . For purposes of this section:
Political Contribution: means any gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit of money or anything of value provided to a political candidate, party or Political Action Committee (PAC). This is to include the use of property (such as an Access Person’s home or other real property) for the furtherance of a campaign. This shall not include an Access Person’s volunteer time, provided the Access Person is not compensated for such time by ZCI (e.g. during work hours, vacation, paid leave, holiday or sick time) and such volunteer time/work does not involve the coordination or solicitation of other’s to make Political Contributions (as more thoroughly defined below).
ZCI is prohibited from making Political Contributions. ZCI’s Access Persons shall not make Political Contributions to any specific candidate in excess of $150 per candidate, per election. This applies to all elections with the exception of U.S. Presidential elections or contributions made directly to a political party [excluding Political Action Committees (PAC)]. All political contributions (regardless of size) must be reported on the quarterly Gifts, Entertainment and Political Contributions certification.
ZCI and its Access Persons shall not coordinate or solicit a person or PAC to make Political Contributions. This shall mean (as defined in the Rule) “communicate, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of obtaining or arranging” a Political Contribution.
Look-Back Provision – New Employees
In compliance with the “look-back” provision of the Rule, ZCI will require any prospective employee to disclose all Political Contributions made over the prior two years. This disclosure will be made a condition of any employment offer and the CCO will review such contributions to ensure compliance with the Rule prior to ZCI hiring the individual.
Recordkeeping
To comply with the Recordkeeping Rule (Rule 204-2) as amended by the Pay-to-Play Rule, ZCI’s Access Persons will report all Political Contributions on a quarterly basis to the CCO. This reporting will be combined with the Gifts and Entertainment reporting described above, with a centralized list of Political Contributions maintained by year. ZCI will also maintain a list of all Government Entities (as defined in the Rule) managed during the previous five years. ZCI’s President will review/approve those contributions reported by the CCO on a quarterly basis.
Charitable Contributions
ZCI and its Access Persons are allowed to make charitable contributions (to not-for-profit organizations), unless the contribution is made with the express purpose to garner or retain advisory business.
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Personal Securities Trading
ZCI encourages Access Persons to invest their retirement and/or other accounts as appropriate for their individual circumstances and within the standards set forth in this Policy.
Employee Personal Trading Compliance Software
ZCI employs an automated, web-based software application (“Software Application”) that facilitates the pre- clearance and matching, approval, tracking, certification and recordkeeping of all Access Persons’ personal trading information. The Software Application is designed to allow for trade pre-approval, quarterly trading certification, monitoring of employee trades against ZCI client trades, detect misuse/abuse of proprietary information and to detect violations of applicable securities law. The following requirements will be enforced via this platform unless specifically described otherwise.
ZCI Designated Broker/Dealer
ZCI has established an institutional relationship with a specific broker/dealer (“Designated Broker”) to better utilize the functionality of the Software Application previously described. Access Persons are encouraged to maintain their personal trading accounts with this broker/dealer. Trading pre-approval procedures described later will differ depending on whether the account is held at the Designated Broker or elsewhere. Any such differences are explicitly described in this Policy.
Disclosure of Securities Holdings and Brokerage Accounts
Access Persons shall disclose all reportable investments in which they or an Associated Person has a beneficial interest (including, but not limited to, private placements, non-public securities, warrants, venture capital, derivatives, paper stock and bonds) upon employment with ZCI or designation as an Access Person under this policy and within 30 days of each calendar year-end. Such disclosure is required within 10 days of employment or becoming an Access Person, and shall include information on reportable investments that is not more than 45 days old at the time of employment or becoming an Access Person under this Policy and upon submission of annual reporting. The disclosure must include, at a minimum, the name of the broker, the date of the report, the title and type of security, ticker or CUSIP, number of shares (quantity) and/or principal amount. Should the report not contain one of the above described required items, the Access Person or Associated Person will be required to provide this information. Additionally, all Access Persons must notify the CCO in writing at the end of each quarter when providing the quarterly Report of Personal Investment Transactions if the Access Person or an Associated Person opened a brokerage account or received securities (through gifting or other means) during the quarter for reporting is being provided.
Losses
ZCI does not bear any responsibility for losses resulting from personal investments made in keeping with, or disciplinary actions resulting from violations of this Policy.
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High-Risk Trading Activities
Certain trading activities conducted by an Access Person may be high-risk, not only because of the nature of the securities transactions themselves, but also because of the potential that the action necessary to close out the transaction(s) may become prohibited by specific requirements of this Policy. It should be understood that sales and trading in derivative instruments involve special risks (ex. greater price volatility than the underlying security).
Commissions
Employee Access Persons’ commissions on security transactions shall be no lower than the highest commission structure negotiated by ZCI on behalf of clients with the same broker. The CCO must approve any exceptions.
Prohibited Transactions
Access and Associated Persons are prohibited from the following transactions:
· | Acquiring any equity or equity-related securities in an Initial Public Offering (IPO). This represents a clear potential for conflict between the interests of Access Persons and clients. Opportunities to invest in IPOs should be reserved solely for clients. IPO shares may be purchased once they are available on the open market (usually the next business day), assuming all other employee-trading guidelines have been met. |
· | Conducting the purchase and sale, or sale and purchase of securities (including mutual funds managed by ZCI) within (60) sixty calendar days of the original transaction (except for “No Knowledge” Accounts as more fully described under the “Exemptions from Pre-Clearance Requirements” section of this Policy). Any profits realized on short-term trades are required to be disgorged. The CCO may grant an exception to the 60 day restriction for specific transactions conducted solely for the purposes of realizing gains or losses for tax purposes. Any such request for exception must be made of the CCO prior to executing the transaction and all granted exceptions will be documented in the quarterly personal trading exception report. |
· | Buying or selling securities for an Access or Associated Person’s account ahead of client trades in order to receive a better price (front-running); |
· | Purchasing securities already held by an Access or Associated Person, for a client to protect or improve the securities value in an Access or Associated Person’s account (could be used to avoid a personal margin call); |
· | Taking an investment opportunity from a client for the Access or Associated Person’s own account; |
· | Transactions designed to profit by market effect of the firm’s advice to its clients; |
· | Transactions intended to impact the price of any security; |
· | Transactions intended to create a false appearance of trading; and |
· | Using advance knowledge of securities being considered for client accounts for personal benefit. |
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Private Placements (to include venture capital)
ZCI currently invests solely in securities of publicly traded companies for clients. However, ZCI and its Access and Associated Persons may invest in private placement securities (i.e. securities that are not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and are issued by a private company), including venture capital, subject to prior written approval (Rule 204A-1 under the Investment Advisers Act requires prior written approval from the CCO for private offerings). For Access or Associated Persons wishing to acquire securities in a private placement, a copy of the proposed investment’s private placement memorandum or other investment description must be provided along with a private placement and private offering approval form, to the CCO. Taking into account potential conflicts of interest, the CCO and a Portfolio Manager review the private placement, considering, among other factors, whether the opportunity being offered is a reward for past business, offered to influence future business, or otherwise related to the Access Person’s position with ZCI.
The issue is also reviewed to determine if any of ZCI’s clients currently own the security. If a client currently owns a private placement security that ZCI or an Access or Associated Person is reviewing for purchase, ZCI or the Access or Associated Person may not purchase the security unless; 1) it is determined that the opportunity to invest in the private placement is not being offered because of a client’s ownership of securities of the same issuer, or 2) ZCI discloses to the client(s) that ZCI or an Access or Associated Person has the opportunity to invest in private placement securities of the same issuer and the client(s) provide their written consent prior to any transaction.
ZCI or its Access or Associated Persons shall not purchase any private placement securities of an issuer if the investment opportunity is conditioned upon, or related to; 1) ZCI directing brokerage business from clients to the private placement agent or an affiliate or, 2) ZCI making investments in, or recommending, any securities of the issuer.
Records are maintained of each review and the rationale supporting the decision made. Access and Associated Persons who have received written authorization to acquire a private placement, shall be responsible for informing ZCI’s CCO immediately regarding any change in the status of the private placement, including but not limited to any liquidity event, merger or acquisition, foreclosure or the company’s decision to proceed with an IPO.
Private placement securities may not be purchased or otherwise acquired once an issuer initiates the registration of its IPO. If an Access or Associated Person already holds shares in a private company that initiates the registration process for an IPO, they must notify ZCI’s CCO that the registration process has begun. In such circumstances, the decision to purchase securities of the issuer for clients is subject to an independent review by a Portfolio Manager with no personal interest in the security or issuer. Consideration is also made as to the timing of any liquidation of the securities held by ZCI or an Access or Associated Person. If a private placement security is liquidated prior to an IPO, ZCI (but not Access or Associated Persons) may purchase securities in the IPO for clients, provided the opportunity to invest in the private placement was not connected to the IPO purchase. If the private placement security is liquidated in the issuer’s IPO pursuant to registration rights or otherwise, no IPO shares shall be purchased for clients, unless ZCI receives prior written consent from all participating clients, to sell its private placement securities in the IPO.
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ZCI does not sell any private placement securities to clients. ZCI may purchase and sell, on behalf of clients, publicly-offered securities of companies that also issued private placement securities currently held by ZCI or an Access or Associated Person, provided that; 1) ZCI determines that the investment is consistent with the client’s investment objective, policies and restrictions, 2) no private placement securities are sold for 60 days before or after any purchases of publicly-offered securities of the same issuer for ZCI clients, and 3) ZCI discloses in its Form ADV that it may purchase, on behalf of clients, publicly offered securities of an issuer that also issued private placement securities currently held by ZCI or an Access or Associated Person.
ZCI reviews annually, any investments in private placement securities and any decisions to purchase securities of the same issuer for clients. In analyzing these transactions, ZCI shall review the facts and circumstances of the investments, including the investments in private placement securities that were made, the percentage of issuers of private placement securities held by ZCI and/or Access or Associated Persons that are also purchased for clients and the timing of ZCI’s purchases and sales of private placement securities and the purchases and sales of other securities of the issuer for clients.
Trades in Securities Not Held By Clients
Access and Associated Persons may hold equity, or equity-related securities that are not held by clients. However, by virtue of their job responsibilities (including making purchase and sale decisions and/or recommendations for clients), Portfolio Managers, Research Analysts and Traders and their Associated Persons are held to a higher standard regarding trades in securities not held by clients. Should a member of these groups wish to purchase a security not owned/held by clients, they must submit a pre-approval to the CCO via the Software Application and the Portfolio Manager responsible for the security’s sector must provide the CCO rationale why ZCI is not purchasing that particular security for client accounts. If a decision is made to purchase that security on behalf of clients in the future, the Portfolio Manager making the decision and/or recommendation provides an email to ZCI’s CCO explaining why that security is now appropriate for clients. The CCO may grant exception to this limitation and record-keeping requirement for certain securities that do not lend themselves to abuse of the authority placed with Portfolio Managers (including, but not limited to U.S. Government issued securities, municipal bonds and/or broad index-based Exchange Traded Funds – ETFs). Any such exception will be documented in the quarterly personal trading exception report.
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Digital Assets (Crypto-currency)
As of this Policy’s effective date, the SEC has concluded that most crypto-currencies do not qualify as securities and are therefore not considered reportable investments. The SEC does consider certain digital assets (crypto- currencies) as securities if they have characteristics that entitle the purchaser/holder of the asset to future benefits (right, warrant, ICO, etc.). Although crypto-currencies do not currently require (by law) disclosure or pre-clearance, ZCI has elected to request annual disclosure of Access Person’s investments in crypto-currencies. This annual disclosure is facilitated via the Software Application and will only include a list of digital assets (if any) owned/invested in by the Access Person (the quantity or amount is not required).
Restricted Securities
To ensure ZCI’s clients’ interests are always put ahead of Access and Associated Persons, ZCI maintains a list of securities for which all Employee Access Persons and their Associated Persons (except “No Knowledge” accounts) are prohibited from trading (“Restricted Securities List”). Such list is comprised of those securities that are part of active and/or ongoing investment decisions for clients (as determined by the Portfolio Managers [PM]) as described below:
· | New Position/Purchase: once the PM team identifies a new security to be purchased for client accounts it is added to the Restricted Securities List until a pre-determined target percentage is reached for all client accounts for which the security is being purchased. |
· | Selling/Exiting: when the PMs identify a particular security to be liquidated from all eligible client accounts it is added to the Restricted Securities List. The security will remain on the Restricted List until it is sold from all client accounts for which it is targeted for sale. |
The Restricted Securities List is reviewed by the CCO and PMs periodically, no less than quarterly, to ensure it accurately reflects the above criteria. Changes to the list are conducted by the CCO as necessary or as directed by a Portfolio Manager.
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Pre-Approval Procedures for Personal Securities Transactions
The following procedures shall govern personal securities transactions (excluding mutual funds managed by ZCI) of all Employee Access Persons and their Associated Persons. Non-Employee Access Persons and their Associated Persons may be exempt from these outlined pre-approval procedures for personal securities transactions provided they have no day-to-day access to ZCI client securities holdings or ZCI’s security trading activity in client accounts. Should the CCO determine that at any time in the future, Non-Employee Access Persons are given access or gain knowledge of ZCI’s day-to-day investment activities on behalf of clients, then the CCO can require full compliance with these personal securities transaction procedures by Non-Employee Access Persons and their Associated Persons.
Pre-Approval Requirements for Accounts Not Held at ZCI’s Designated Broker
1. | Employee Access Persons or their Associated Persons shall submit trade pre-approval via the Software Application to ZCI’s CCO for all accounts not at ZCI’s Designated Broker. |
2. | As previously described, Portfolio Managers, Research Analysts, Traders and their Associated Persons must obtain pre-approval in the Software Application for trades in securities not currently held in ZCI client accounts. |
3. | The pre-approval submission includes the following information: the name of the security, the number of shares/units (or amount) in the transaction, the nature of the transaction (buy or sell), the date of the transaction, the account number and the name of the broker/dealer or entity where the account is held. |
4. | Once CCO approval is secured, trades must be entered between 12:00 p.m. Pacific Time and the close of the market at 1:00 p.m. Pacific Time. For days that the NYSE closes early, trades can be entered within the hour before the market closes. |
5. | At least quarterly, the CCO reviews all trades placed in accounts not held at the Designated Broker against the trade confirmation and monthly statements of the respective account(s). |
Pre-Approval Requirements for Accounts Held at ZCI’s Designated Broker
1. | With the exception of those instances described in the previous section where pre-approval in the Software Application for trades placed in accounts held at ZCI’s Designated Broker, pre-approval is facilitated directly in the Designated Broker’s on-line trading platform. All trades entered for these accounts will be pre-screened against ZCI’s trading restrictions (as defined herein and encoded in the Software Application) at the time the trade is placed. Any trade in conflict with a trading restriction will be denied in the on-line trading platform and the CCO will be informed via the Software Application’s notification system. Should the CCO attempt to place a trade as described in this section, the notification of such trade denial is sent to a designated member of senior management. |
2. | Trades must be entered between 12:00 p.m. Pacific Time and the close of the market at 1:00 p.m. Pacific Time. For days that the NYSE closes early, trades can be entered within the hour before the market closes. Trades attempted outside this time-frame will be rejected in the on-line trading platform. |
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Reporting, Record Keeping and Review Procedures
1. | Employee Access Persons must provide ZCI with account statements containing information as required by Section 204-2(a)(12) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, including the date of the report, name of Employee Access Person or their Associated Person, security, ticker symbol or CUSIP, number of shares (and/or dollar amount of the trade), nature of the transaction (purchase or sale), date trade was executed (or correspondingly settled), price trade was executed at and the broker/dealer the trade was executed through. This requirement includes all accounts holding mutual funds managed by ZCI. Should the account statement not report one of the above described required items, the Access Person or Associated Person will be required to provide this information. |
2. | Records of Access and Associated Persons transactions must be provided no later than 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter in which the transaction was executed. ZCI considers it has made the required record under 204-2(a)(12) when, 1) ZCI receives an account statement, trade confirmation or transaction report within 30 days of quarter-end, and 2) the account statement, confirmation or transaction report contains all required information. |
3. | ZCI maintains an exception report recording any Access Person’s activity not in compliance with this Policy. The exception report contains the name of the Access Person, the security, the number of shares/units (or amount) of the transaction, the nature of the transaction (purchase or sale), the date the trade was executed, the price at which the trade was executed, the broker/dealer or entity the trade was executed through, the best client execution price, details surrounding the excepted transaction and details of resolution to the exception or if unrelated to trading, other appropriate information. |
4. | ZCI’s CCO has responsibility for reviewing Employee Access Persons’ and their Associated Persons’ trades and another member of senior management reviews the CCO’s transactions. Quarterly, the President of ZCI further reviews any material exceptions and makes a determination as to whether profits should be disgorged and/or disciplinary action taken. |
5. | ZCI requests a quarterly Report of Personal Investment Transactions from every Access Person, that all personal trades have been made within the guidelines of this Policy and that the CCO has been notified of any new accounts and/or investments of the Access and Associated Persons. |
6. | All Employee Access Persons and their Associated Persons must request that the custodians of their accounts provide ZCI with duplicate copies of confirmations and statements of all securities transactions in a timely manner. If duplicates are not available, then it is the Employee Access Persons’ responsibility to provide such statements to ZCI. This can also be accomplished via the Access Person granting permission to electronically link their accounts to the Software Application. |
7. | Access and Associated Persons’ personal trading records are treated with strict confidentiality, but such information may be made available to the following upon request: ZCI’s President, Managing Directors, Board of Directors, designated legal counsel, consultants and auditors hired by ZCI, advisers for which ZCI serves as sub-adviser and/or the Securities and Exchange Commission or as otherwise required by law. |
8. | Any material revisions to this Policy are provided to all Access Persons immediately, with receipt of such revisions being acknowledged in writing. Absent any changes, this Policy is provided to all Access Persons annually, such receipt being acknowledged in writing. |
9. | All records associated with this Policy, whether in hard-copy or electronic format, are kept for a minimum of five years following the end of the calendar year to which the records were related (including policies, statements, acknowledgements, Reports of Personal Investment Transactions and Trade Tickets, etc.) with the two most recent years of hard-copy records retained onsite. |
Exemptions from Pre-Approval Requirements
The following securities transactions are exempt from ZCI’s required pre-approval procedures outlined earlier in this Policy. However, they are still reportable to ZCI as detailed in the Reporting, Recordkeeping and Review procedures described above:
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1. | Certain Corporate Actions – any acquisition or disposition of securities through stock dividends, dividend reinvestments, stock splits, reverse stock splits, mergers, consolidations, recapitalizations, spin-offs, or other similar corporate reorganizations or distributions generally applicable to all holders of the same class of securities; |
2. | Systematic Investment Plans – any acquisition of a security pursuant to a systematic investment plan that has previously been approved pursuant to this Policy. A systematic investment plan is one in which a prescribed investment is made automatically on a regular, predetermined basis without affirmative action by the Access or Associated Person; |
3. | Options-Related Activity – any acquisition or disposition of a security in connection with an option-related securities transaction that has been previously approved pursuant to this Policy. For example, if an Access or Associated Person receives approval to write a covered call, and the call is later exercised, no further approval is necessary; |
4. | Commodities, Futures and Options on Futures – any security transaction involving commodities, futures (including currency futures and futures on securities comprising part of a broad-based, publicly traded market based index of stocks) and options on futures; |
5. | Rights – any acquisition of securities through the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its securities, to the extent the rights were acquired in the issue; |
6. | “No Knowledge” Accounts – accounts over which the Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control; where the Access Person has no knowledge of transactions before they are completed and is neither consulted nor advised of trades before they are executed. Examples of such accounts may include: 1) investment partnerships or investment clubs, where the Access Person does not provide recommendations and is neither consulted nor advised of trades before they are executed, and 2) accounts held by Associated Persons, where the Access Person does not provide recommendations and is neither consulted nor advised of trades before they are executed, or 3) accounts of Access or Associated Persons where discretionary authority has been formally given to a third party for management of the account (i.e. investment advisory relationship). These “No Knowledge” accounts are reviewed for trading irregularities on a regular basis. If necessary, the CCO may impose further restrictions and safeguards on a case-by-case basis. In addition to normal reporting requirements under this Policy, Access Persons shall be required to submit an annual written statement for such account(s) certifying that they have no direct or indirect influence or control over the account in question. |
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Exemptions from Pre-Approval and Reporting Requirements
As these securities present little opportunity for improper trading, the following securities are exempt from both ZCI’s pre-approval procedures and reporting, recordkeeping and review requirements described earlier in this Policy:
1. | Transactions and holdings in direct obligations of the Government of the United States; |
2. | Transactions and holdings in money market instruments: banker’s acceptances, bank certificates of deposits, commercial paper and high–quality, short-term (issuance less than 366 days) debt instruments including repurchase agreements; |
3. | Transactions and holdings in money market funds; |
4. | Transactions and holdings in U.S. registered, open-end mutual funds (except those managed by ZCI, as described earlier); |
5. | Transactions and holdings in a unit investment trust if the unit investment trust is invested exclusively in unaffiliated mutual funds, including interests in variable insurance products or variable annuities. |
Sanctions for Personal Trading Violations
If it is determined that a material, intentional violation of this Policy has occurred, the President of ZCI is to be notified immediately and appropriate sanctions will be imposed which may include disgorgement of profits, censure, suspension or termination of employment, depending on the severity and circumstances. If the trade did not cause an adverse effect for a client of ZCI, but was an intentional violation of this Policy, ZCI need not provide a warning and may terminate the Employee without notice. If the trade is of criminal nature, the appropriate regulatory authorities will be notified.
Disgorgement of Profits
In situations where material, non-compliant trades occur, the following remedies apply:
· | Tax-Exempt Loss on Non-Compliant Trade: No further action is necessary. |
· | Tax-Exempt Profit on Non-Compliant Trade: Access Person pays to ZCI the amount of the profit (from a source other than the tax-exempt account). |
· | Taxable Loss on Non-Compliant Trade: Access Person pays to ZCI the amount of taxable benefit realized. |
· | Taxable Profit on Non-Compliant Trade: Access Person pays to ZCI the amount of the profit. |
Any payments ZCI receives as disgorgement of profits on noncompliant trades are to be clearly identified and segregated for accounting purposes. The proceeds are then used for charitable donations, with no resulting tax benefit to ZCI for such donations.
Insider Trading
Access or Associated Persons of ZCI may not trade a security while in possession of material, nonpublic information related to that security (“insider trading”), nor may Access or Associated Persons communicate material, nonpublic information to others. This applies to transactions and information within and outside of an Access Person’s duties at ZCI.
Material Information
Trading on inside information alone is not a basis for liability unless the information is material. Information is “material” when there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in making an investment decision. Generally, this is information that, if disclosed, has a substantial effect on the price of a company’s securities. Unfortunately, there is no simple test to determine whether information is material. For this reason, questions about whether information is material should be directed to the CCO. The mere fact that transactions occurred based on the information may contribute to the conclusion that the information was material. If there is any question, always err on the side of assuming information is material.
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Following is a list of items (while not exhaustive) that might be considered material: dividend changes, changes in previously released earnings estimates, significant merger or acquisition proposals or agreements, major litigation, the acquisition or loss of a contract, a change in control or significant change in management, a call of securities for redemption, the purchase or sale of a significant asset, a change in capital investment plans, labor disputes, stock buy-backs and/or a tender offer for another company’s securities. Note that material information may be information about either adverse or positive developments or conditions, and it may even relate to possible future events.
Public Information
Information is “public” when it has been dispersed broadly to investors in the marketplace. Tangible evidence of such disbursement is the best indication that the information is public. For example, information is public after it has become generally available through a public filing with the SEC (or other governmental agency), the Dow Jones “tape”, the Wall Street Journal or other publications or domains of general circulation.
Information is considered “nonpublic” until it has been effectively communicated to the market place. An individual must be able to point to some fact to show that the information is generally public. In general, it is assumed that information in reports filed with the SEC or research reports issued by a brokerage firm is public. If, however, it becomes apparent that there is particularly significant information included in the filing or report that has not otherwise been disclosed to the public, then purchases, sales or recommendations should not be made based on that information. Once information has become public, insiders and those with inside information must wait to trade until the market has absorbed the information; the waiting period is at least twenty-four hours, and in some situations longer.
Tender offers (a broad solicitation by a company or a third party to purchase a substantial percentage of a target company’s shares) raise concerns related to insider trading for two reasons. First, tender offer trading often results in extraordinary volatility in the price of the target company’s securities. Trading during this time is more likely to attract regulatory attention. Second, the SEC has adopted a rule that expressly forbids trading and “tipping” while in possession of material, nonpublic information regarding a tender offer. Access and Associated Persons should exercise extra caution any time they become aware of material nonpublic information relating to a tender offer.
Any knowledge, or potential knowledge, of material non-public information is a serious issue and should be immediately reported to the CCO. Once a determination has been made that information is material and nonpublic, no transactions in the security about which this information is known should be made by an Access or Associated Person for their own benefit, or for the benefit of clients. Do not communicate the information to anyone (other than to ZCI’s CCO, President or designated legal counsel), inside or outside of ZCI. Furthermore, access to any sources containing material nonpublic information will be restricted (i.e. lock files, restrict computer access).
If the information is determined to be material and nonpublic, a decision is then made to either place the security on a restricted list (thereby prohibiting its purchase and sale for clients, by ZCI and any Access or Associated Persons) or prevent the flow of such information to any other persons within ZCI to allow Portfolio Managers to remain uncompromised.
Violations of this Policy
Should an Access Person suspect that any violation of this Policy has occurred (whether it is with regard to conduct, personal trading activities, etc.) they are to report such violations to the CCO immediately. Should an Access Person suspect a violation of this Policy by the CCO, such report should be made to ZCI’s President. ZCI takes any violation of this Policy with the utmost seriousness. To ensure an environment of open communication with respect to such issues, no retribution or consequences will occur as a result of merely reporting such violation.
Code of Ethics and
Personal Trading Policy |
Effective Date: February 5, 2018 |
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Violations of any relevant local or federal law, or provisions of this Policy, may result in significant penalties, including but not limited to: termination of employment of the Access Person, criminal and/or civil prosecution, fines, sanctions and permanent bar from the securities industry.
Board of Directors Review
At least annually, the CCO shall provide a report to ZCI’s Board of Directors summarizing this Policy and any procedural changes made in the last year. A report of any material violation that occurred during the past year that resulted in disciplinary actions is also included with the name of the securities involved, the date of the violation, the date the investigation began, the accounts/Access Person(s) involved, actions taken as a result of the investigations, and any recommendations for further action.
Certification of Compliance with this Policy
ZCI shall give a copy of this Policy to all Access Persons upon employment and annually thereafter. A copy of this Policy shall also be provided whenever a material amendment to this Policy is made. Upon initial receipt, annual updates and or amendments to this Policy, all Access Persons certify at that time that they have read, understood and will comply with this Policy. In addition, each Access Person certifies quarterly that they have complied with all requirements of the Policy and that they have disclosed or reported all personal securities transactions required to be disclosed or reported pursuant to the requirements of this Policy. All Access Persons must certify trading for their own personal accounts and the accounts of Associated Persons. If an Access Person and/or their Associated Persons do not have a brokerage account, they must certify that. And, annually, the certification requires Access Persons provide an updated list of all brokerage accounts and/or all reportable securities under this Policy (including mutual funds managed by ZCI) for themselves and their Associated Persons. All such certification is facilitated via the Software Application.