NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Overview

Apollo Medical Holdings, Inc. (“ApolloMed”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 21, 2016 (as amended on March 30, 2017 and October 17, 2017) (the “Merger Agreement”) among ApolloMed, Apollo Acquisition Corp., a California corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of ApolloMed, Network Medical Management, Inc. (“NMM”), and Kenneth Sim, M.D., not individually but in his capacity as the representative of the shareholders of NMM, pursuant to which ApolloMed effected a merger with NMM (the “Merger”). The Merger closed and became effective on December 8, 2017 (the “Closing”). As a result of the Merger, NMM is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of ApolloMed and the former NMM shareholders own a majority of the issued and outstanding common stock of ApolloMed. For accounting purposes, the Merger is treated as a “reverse acquisition,” and NMM is considered the accounting acquirer and ApolloMed is the accounting acquiree. Accordingly, as of the Closing, NMM’s historical results of operations replaced ApolloMed’s historical results of operations for all periods prior to the Merger, and the results of operations of both companies are included in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for all periods following the Merger.  

The combined company, following the Merger, together with its affiliated physician groups and consolidated entities (collectively, the “Company”), is a physician-centric integrated population health management company providing coordinated, outcomes-based medical care in a cost-effective manner and serving patients in California, the majority of whom are covered by private or public insurance provided through Medicare, Medicaid and health maintenance organizations (“HMOs”). A small portion of the Company’s revenue is generated from non-insured patients. The Company provides care coordination services to each major constituent of the healthcare delivery system, including patients, families, primary care physicians, specialists, acute care hospitals, alternative sites of inpatient care, physician groups and health plans. The Company’s physician network consists of primary care physicians, specialist physicians and hospitalists. The Company operates primarily through the following subsidiaries of ApolloMed: NMM, Apollo Medical Management, Inc. (“AMM”), APAACO and Apollo Care Connect, Inc. (“Apollo Care Connect”), and their consolidated entities.

NMM was formed in 1994 as a management service organization (“MSO”) for the purposes of providing management services to medical companies and independent practice associations (“IPAs”). The management services include primarily billing, collection, accounting, administrative, quality assurance, marketing, compliance and education.

Allied Physicians of California IPA, a Professional Medical Corporation d.b.a. Allied Pacific of California IPA (“APC”) was incorporated on August 17, 1992 for the purpose of arranging health care services as an IPA. APC has contracts with various HMOs or licensed health care service plans as defined in the California Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975. Each HMO negotiates a fixed amount per member per month (“PMPM”) that is to be paid to APC. In return, APC arranges for the delivery of health care services by contracting with physicians or professional medical corporations for primary care and specialty care services. APC assumes the financial risk of the cost of delivering health care services in excess of the fixed amounts received. Some of the risk is transferred to the contracted physicians or professional corporations. The risk is also minimized by stop-loss provisions in contracts with HMOs.

On July 1, 1999, APC entered into an amended and restated management and administrative services agreement with NMM (the initial management services agreement was entered into in 1997) for an initial fixed term of 30 years. In accordance with relevant accounting guidance, APC is determined to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) of the Company as NMM is the primary beneficiary with the ability to direct the activities (excluding clinical decisions) that most significantly affect APC’s economic performance through its majority representation on the APC Joint Planning Board; therefore APC is consolidated by NMM. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, APC had an ownership interest of 4.89% and 4.82% in ApolloMed, respectively.

Concourse Diagnostic Surgery Center, LLC (“CDSC”) was formed on March 25, 2010 in the state of California. CDSC is an ambulatory surgery center in City of Industry, California. Its facility is Medicare Certified and accredited by the Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Healthcare, Inc. During 2011, APC invested $0.6 million for a 41.59% ownership interest in CDSC. APC’s ownership percentage in CDSC’s capital stock increased to 43.43% on July 31, 2016. CDSC is consolidated as a VIE by APC as it was determined that APC has a controlling financial interest in CDSC and is the primary beneficiary of CDSC.

APC-LSMA was formed on October 15, 2012 as a designated shareholder professional corporation. Dr. Thomas Lam, a shareholder, Chief Executive and Financial Officer of APC and CEO of ApolloMed, is a nominee shareholder of APC. APC makes all the investment decisions on behalf of APC-LSMA, funds these investments and receives all the distributions from the investments. APC has the obligation to absorb losses or rights to receive benefits from all the investments made by APC-LSMA. APC-LSMA’s sole function is to act as the nominee shareholder for APC in other California medical professional corporations. Therefore, APC-LSMA is controlled and consolidated by APC who is the primary beneficiary of this VIE. The only activity of APC-LSMA is to hold the investments in medical corporations, including the IPA line of business of LaSalle Medical Associates (“LMA”), Pacific Medical Imaging and Oncology Center, Inc. (“PMIOC”), Diagnostic Medical Group (“DMG”) and AHMC International Cancer Center (“ICC”).

ICC was formed on September 2, 2010 in the state of California. ICC is a Professional Medical California Corporation and has entered into agreements with HMOs, IPAs, medical groups and other purchasers of medical services for the arrangement of services to subscribers or enrollees. On November 15, 2016, APC-LSMA, a holding company of APC, agreed to purchase and acquire from ICC 40% of the aggregate issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of ICC for $0.4 million in cash. Certain requirements to complete the investment transaction was completed in August 2017 and effective on October 31, 2017, ICC was determined to be a VIE of APC and is consolidated by APC as it was determined that APC is the primary beneficiary of ICC through its obligation to absorb losses and right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to ICC.

Universal Care Acquisition Partners, LLC (“UCAP”), a 100% owned subsidiary of APC, was formed on June 4, 2014, for the purpose of holding an investment in Universal Care, Inc. (“UCI”). 

APAACO, jointly owned by NMM and AMM, began participating in the next generation accountable care organization model (“NGACO Model”) of the CMS in January 2017. The NGACO Model is a new CMS program that allows provider groups to assume higher levels of financial risk and potentially achieve a higher reward from participating in this new attribution-based risk sharing model. In addition to APAACO, NMM and AMM operated three accountable care organizations (“ACOs”) that participated in the Medicare Shared Savings Program (“MSSP”), with the goal of improving the quality of patient care and outcomes through a more efficient and coordinated approach among providers. MSSP revenues are uncertain, and, if such amounts are payable by CMS, they will be paid on an annual basis significantly after the time earned, and are contingent on various factors, including achievement of the minimum savings rate for the relevant period. Such payments are earned and made on an “all or nothing” basis.

AMM, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ApolloMed, manages affiliated medical groups, which consist of ApolloMed Hospitalists (“AMH”), a hospitalist company, Southern California Heart Centers (“SCHC”), Bay Area Hospitalist Associates (“BAHA”), a medical corporation, ApolloMed Care Clinic (“ACC”) and AKM Medical Group, Inc. (“AKM”). AMH provides hospitalist, intensivist and physician advisor services. SCHC is a specialty clinic that focuses on cardiac care and diagnostic testing. BAHA, ACC and AKM are no longer active to any material extent.

Apollo Care Connect, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ApolloMed, provides a cloud and mobile-based population health management platform that includes digital care plans, a case management module, connectivity with multiple healthcare tracking devices and the ability to integrate with multiple electronic health records to capture clinical data.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018, has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2019 and for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements, and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 18, 2019. In the opinion of management, all material adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been made to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all material adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary to make the condensed consolidated financial statements not misleading as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. The Company’s quarterly results fluctuate. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019 or any future periods.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, include the accounts of ApolloMed, its consolidated subsidiaries NMM, AMM, APAACO and Apollo Care Connect, including NMM’s subsidiaries, APCN-ACO and AP-ACO, NMM’s consolidated VIE, APC, APC’s subsidiary, UCAP, and APC’s consolidated VIEs, CDSC, APC-LSMA and ICC.

All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include collectability of receivables, recoverability of long-lived and intangible assets, business combination and goodwill valuation and impairment, accrual of medical liabilities (including historical medical loss ratios (“MLR”), and incurred, but not reported (“IBNR”) claims), determination of full-risk and shared-risk revenue and receivables (including constraints and completion factors), income taxes, valuation of share-based compensation and right of use assets and lease liabilities. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, and makes adjustments when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.

Reportable Segments

The Company operates as one reportable segment, the healthcare delivery segment, and implements and operates innovative health care models to create a patient-centered, physician-centric experience. The Company reports its condensed consolidated financial statements in the aggregate, including all activities in one reportable segment.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts disclosed in prior period financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no material effect on the Company’s reported revenue, net income, cash flows or total assets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of money market funds and certificates of deposit. The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible into known amounts of cash and mature within ninety days from their date of purchase to be cash equivalents.

The Company maintains its cash in deposit accounts with several banks, which at times may exceed the insured limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk with respect to its cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s deposit accounts with banks exceeded the FDIC’s insured limit by approximately $110.0 million. The Company has not experienced any losses to date and performs ongoing evaluations of these financial institutions to limit the Company’s concentration of risk exposure.

Investments in Marketable Securities

The appropriate classification of investments is determined at the time of purchase and such designation is reevaluated at each balance sheet date. Investments in marketable debt securities have been classified and accounted for as held-to-maturity based on management’s investment intentions relating to these securities. Held-to-maturity marketable securities are stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, short-term marketable securities in the amount of approximately $1.1 million, consist of certificates of deposit with various financial institutions, reported at par value plus accrued interest, with maturity dates from four months to twelve months (see fair value measurements of financial instruments below). Investments in certificates of deposits are classified as Level 1 investments in the fair value hierarchy.

Receivables and Receivables – Related Parties

The Company’s receivables are comprised of accounts receivable, capitation and claims receivable, risk pool settlements and incentive receivables, management fee income and other receivables. Accounts receivable are recorded and stated at the amount expected to be collected.

The Company’s receivables – related parties are comprised of risk pool settlements and incentive receivables, management fee income and other receivables. Receivables – related parties are recorded and stated at the amount expected to be collected.

Capitation and claims receivable relate to each health plan’s capitation, which is received by the Company in the month following the month of service. Risk pool settlements and incentive receivables mainly consist of the Company’s full risk pool receivable that is recorded quarterly based on reports received from our hospital partners and management’s estimate of the Company’s portion of the estimated risk pool surplus for open performance years. Settlement of risk pool surplus or deficits occurs approximately 18 months after the risk pool performance year is completed. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, recoverable claims paid related to the 2019 APAACO performance year to be administered following instructions from CMS, fee-for-services (“FFS”) reimbursement for patient care, certain expense reimbursements, transportation reimbursements from the hospitals, and stop loss insurance premium reimbursements are included in “Other receivables” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The Company maintains reserves for potential credit losses on accounts receivable. Management reviews the composition of accounts receivable and analyzes historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit worthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment patterns to evaluate the adequacy of these reserves. The Company also regularly analyses the ultimate collectability of accounts receivable after certain stages of the collection cycle using a look-back analysis to determine the amount of receivables subsequently collected and adjustments are recorded when necessary. Reserves are recorded primarily on a specific identification basis.

Amounts are recorded as a receivable when the Company is able to determine amounts receivable under these contracts and/or agreements based on information provided and collection is reasonably likely to occur. The Company continuously monitors its collections of receivables and its policy is to write off receivables when they are determined to be uncollectible. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $5.2 million and approximately $4.3 million, respectively.

Concentrations of Risks

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts by service type and by payor. This level of detail provides useful information pertaining to how the Company generates revenue by significant revenue stream and by type of direct contracts. The consolidated statements of income present disaggregated revenue by service type. The following table presents disaggregated revenue generated by each payor type for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

The Company had major payors that contributed the following percentage of net revenue:

The Company had major payors that contributed to the following percentage of receivables and receivables – related parties before the allowance for doubtful accounts:

Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, fiduciary cash, restricted cash, investment in marketable securities, receivables, loans receivable, accounts payable, certain accrued expenses, capital lease obligations, bank loan and the line of credit. The carrying values of the financial instruments classified as current in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets are considered to be at their fair values, due to the short maturity of these instruments. The carrying amounts of the loan receivables – long term, bank loan, capital lease obligations and line of credit approximate fair value as they bear interest at rates that approximate current market rates for debt with similar maturities and credit quality.

Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”), applies to all financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured and reported on a fair value basis and requires disclosure that establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure about fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for disclosures of the inputs to valuations used to measure fair value.

This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 —Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that can be accessed at the measurement date.

Level 2 —Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates and yield curves), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

Level 3 —Unobservable inputs that reflect assumptions about what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. These inputs would be based on the best information available, including the Company’s own data.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2019 are presented below:

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 are presented below:

There were no Level 3 inputs measured on a recurring basis for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

There have been no changes in Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 classification and no changes in valuation techniques for these assets for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets

Intangible assets with finite lives include network-payor relationships, management contracts and member relationships and are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. These intangible assets are amortized on the accelerated method using the discounted cash flow rate.

Intangible assets with finite lives also include a patient management platform, as well as trade names and trademarks, whose valuations were determined using the cost to recreate method and the relief from royalty method, respectively. These assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses, and are amortized using the straight-line method.

Finite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the expected future cash flows from the use of such assets (undiscounted and without interest charges) are less than the carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value. Fair value is determined based on appropriate valuation techniques. The Company determined that there was no impairment of its finite-lived intangible or long-lived assets during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Under the ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed at least annually for impairment.

At least annually, at the Company’s fiscal year end, or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment has occurred, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to complete quantitative impairment assessments for each of the Company’s three main reporting units (1) management services, (2) IPA, and (3) ACO. The Company is required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test only if the conclusion from the qualitative assessment is that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than the carrying value of its assets. Should this be the case, a quantitative analysis is performed to identify whether a potential impairment exists by comparing the estimated fair values of the reporting units with their respective carrying values, including goodwill.

An impairment loss is recognized if the implied fair value of the asset being tested is less than its carrying value. In this event, the asset is written down accordingly. The fair values of goodwill are determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments and assumptions management believes are appropriate in the circumstances.

At least annually, indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment. Impairment for intangible assets with indefinite lives exists if the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value. The fair values of indefinite-lived intangible assets are determined using valuation techniques based on estimates, judgments and assumptions management believes are appropriate in the circumstances.

The Company determined that there was no impairment of its goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Investments in Other Entities - Equity Method

The Company accounts for certain investments using the equity method of accounting when it is determined that the investment provides the Company with the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the investee. Significant influence is generally deemed to exist if the Company has an ownership interest in the voting stock of the investee of between 20% and 50%, although other factors, such as representation on the investee’s board of directors, are considered in determining whether the equity method of accounting is appropriate. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment, originally recorded at cost, is adjusted to recognize the Company’s share of net earnings or losses of the investee and is recognized in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income under “Income (loss) from equity method investments” and also is adjusted by contributions to and distributions from the investee. Equity method investments are subject to impairment evaluation. As of March 31, 2019, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $0.3 million related to its investment in Pacific Ambulatory Surgery Center, LLC (“PASC”) (included in loss from equity method investments in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income) as the Company does not expect to recover its investment (see Note 4).

Medical Liabilities

APC, APAACO and MMG are responsible for integrated care that the associated physicians and contracted hospitals provide to its enrollees. APC, APAACO and MMG provide integrated care to HMOs, Medicare and Medi-Cal enrollees through a network of contracted providers under sub-capitation and direct patient service arrangements. Medical costs for professional and institutional services rendered by contracted providers are recorded as cost of services expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income.

An estimate of amounts due to contracted physicians, hospitals, and other professional providers is included in medical liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Medical liabilities include claims reported as of the balance sheet date and estimates IBNR claims. Such estimates are developed using actuarial methods and are based on numerous variables, including the utilization of health care services, historical payment patterns, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, changes in membership, and other factors. The estimation methods and the resulting reserves are periodically reviewed and updated. Many of the medical contracts are complex in nature and may be subject to differing interpretations regarding amounts due for the provision of various services. Such differing interpretations may not come to light until a substantial period of time has passed following the contract implementation.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” on January 1, 2018 and recognizes revenue in accordance with the applicable guidance.

The Company receives payments from the following sources for services rendered: (i) commercial insurers; (ii) the federal government under the Medicare program administered by CMS; (iii) state governments under the Medicaid and other programs; (iv) other third party payors (e.g., hospitals and IPAs); and (v) individual patients and clients.

Nature of Services and Revenue Streams

Revenue primarily consists of capitation revenue, risk pool settlements and incentives, NGACO All-Inclusive Population-Based Payments (“AIPBP”) revenue, management fee income, and FFS revenue. Revenue is recorded in the period in which services are rendered or the period in which the Company is obligated to provide services. The form of billing and related risk of collection for such services may vary by type of revenue and the customer. The following is a summary of the principal forms of the Company’s billing arrangements and how revenue is recognized for each.

Capitation, net

Managed care revenues of the Company consist primarily of capitated fees for medical services provided by the Company under a capitated arrangement directly made with various managed care providers including HMOs. Capitation revenue is typically prepaid monthly to the Company based on the number of enrollees selecting the Company as their healthcare provider. Capitation revenue is recognized in the month in which the Company is obligated to provide services to plan enrollees under contracts with various health plans. Minor ongoing adjustments to prior months’ capitation, primarily arising from contracted HMOs finalizing their monthly patient eligibility data for additions or subtractions of enrollees, are recognized in the month they are communicated to the Company. Additionally, Medicare pays capitation using a “Risk Adjustment” model, which compensates managed care organizations and providers based on the health status (acuity) of each individual enrollee. Health plans and providers with higher acuity enrollees will receive more and those with lower acuity enrollees will receive less. Under Risk Adjustment, capitation is determined based on health severity, measured using patient encounter data. Capitation is paid on a monthly basis based on data submitted for the enrollee for the preceding year and is adjusted in subsequent periods after the final data is compiled. Positive or negative capitation adjustments are made for Medicare enrollees with conditions requiring more or less healthcare services than assumed in the interim payments. Since the Company cannot reliably predict these adjustments, periodic changes in capitation amounts earned as a result of Risk Adjustment are recognized when those changes are communicated by the health plans to the Company.

PMPM managed care contracts generally have a term of one year or longer. All managed care contracts have a single performance obligation that constitutes a series for the provision of managed healthcare services for a population of enrolled members for the duration of the contract. The transaction price for PMPM contracts is variable as it primarily includes PMPM fees associated with unspecified membership that fluctuates throughout the contract. In certain contracts, PMPM fees also include adjustments for items such as performance incentives, performance guarantees and risk shares. The Company generally estimates the transaction price using the most likely methodology and amounts are only included in the net transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once any uncertainty is resolved. The majority of the Company’s net PMPM transaction price relates specifically to the Company’s efforts to transfer the service for a distinct increment of the series (e.g. day or month) and is recognized as revenue in the month in which members are entitled to service.

Risk Pool Settlements and Incentives

APC enters into full risk capitation arrangements with certain health plans and local hospitals, which are administered by a third party, where the hospital is responsible for providing, arranging and paying for institutional risk and APC is responsible for providing, arranging and paying for professional risk. Under a full risk pool sharing agreement, APC generally receives a percentage of the net surplus from the affiliated hospital’s risk pools with HMOs after deductions for the affiliated hospital’s costs. Advance settlement payments are typically made quarterly in arrears if there is a surplus. Risk pool settlements under arrangements with health plans and hospitals are recognized using the most likely methodology and amounts are only included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once any uncertainty is resolved. The assumptions for historical MLR, IBNR completion factor and constraint percentages were used by management in applying the most likely method.

Under capitated arrangements with certain HMOs APC participates in one or more shared risk arrangements relating to the provision of institutional services to enrollees (shared risk arrangements) and thus can earn additional revenue or incur losses based upon the enrollee utilization of institutional services. Shared risk capitation arrangements are entered into with certain health plans, which are administered by the health plan, where APC is responsible for rendering professional services, but the health plan does not enter into a capitation arrangement with a hospital and therefore the health plan retains the institutional risk. Shared risk deficits, if any, are not payable until and unless (and only to the extent of any) risk sharing surpluses are generated. At the termination of the HMO contract, any accumulated deficit will be extinguished.

Risk pool settlements under arrangements with HMOs are recognized, using the most likely methodology, and only included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur. Given the lack of access to the health plans’ data and control over the members assigned to APC, the adjustments and/or the withheld amounts are unpredictable and as such APC’s risk share revenue is deemed to be fully constrained until APC is notified of the amount by the health plan. Risk pools for the prior contract years are generally final settled in the third or fourth quarter of the following year.

In addition to risk-sharing revenues, the Company also receives incentives under “pay-for-performance” programs for quality medical care, based on various criteria. As an incentive to control enrollee utilization and to promote quality care, certain HMOs have designed the quality incentive programs and commercial generic pharmacy incentive programs to compensate the Company for efforts it takes to improve the quality of services and for efficient and effective use of pharmacy supplemental benefits provided to the HMO’s members. The incentive programs track specific performance measures and calculate payments to the Company based on the performance measures. Incentives earned under “pay-for-performance” programs are recognized using the most likely methodology. However, as the Company does not have sufficient insight from the health plans on the amount and timing of the shared risk pool and incentive payments, these amounts are considered to be fully constrained and only recorded when such payments are known and/or received.

Generally, for the foregoing arrangements, the final settlement is dependent on each distinct day’s performance within the annual measurement period but cannot be allocated to specific days until the full measurement period has occurred and performance can be assessed. As such, this is a form of variable consideration estimated at contract inception and updated through the measurement period (i.e. the contract year), to the extent the risk of reversal does not exist and the consideration is not constrained.

NGACO AIPBP Revenue

APAACO and CMS entered into a Next Generation ACO Model Participation Agreement (the “Participation Agreement”) with an initial term of two performance years through December 31, 2018, which has been extended for another two renewal years.

For each performance year, the Company shall submit to CMS its selections for risk arrangement; the amount of the profit/loss cap; alternative payment mechanism; benefits enhancements, if any; and its decision regarding voluntary alignment under the NGACO Model. The Company must obtain CMS consent before voluntarily discontinuing any benefit enhancement during a performance year.

Under the NGACO Model, CMS aligns beneficiaries to the Company to manage (direct care and pay providers) based on a budgetary benchmark established with CMS. The Company is responsible for managing medical costs for these beneficiaries. The beneficiaries will receive services from physicians and other medical service providers that are both in-network and out-of-network. The Company receives capitation from CMS on a monthly basis to pay claims from in-network providers. The Company records such capitation received from CMS as revenue as the Company is primarily responsible and liable for managing the patient care and for satisfying provider obligations, is assuming the credit risk for the services provided by in-network providers through its arrangement with CMS, and has control of the funds, the services provided and the process by which the providers are ultimately paid. Claims from out-of-network providers are processed and paid by CMS and the Company’s shared savings or losses in managing the services provided by out-of-network providers are generally determined on an annual basis after reconciliation with CMS. Pursuant to the Company’s risk share agreement with CMS, the Company will be eligible to receive the savings or be liable for the deficit according to the budget established by CMS based on the Company’s efficiency or lack thereof, respectively, in managing how the beneficiaries aligned to the Company by CMS are served by in-network and out-of-network providers. The Company’s savings or losses on providing such services are both capped by CMS, and are subject to significant estimation risk, whereby payments can vary significantly depending upon certain patient characteristics and other variable factors. Accordingly, the Company recognizes such surplus or deficit upon substantial completion of reconciliation and determination of the amounts. The Company records NGACO capitation revenues monthly, as that is when the Company is obligated to provide services to its members. Excess, over claims paid plus an estimate for the related IBNR (see Note 7), monthly capitation received are deferred and recorded as a liability until actual claims are paid or incurred. CMS will determine if there were any excess capitation paid for the performance year and the excess is refunded to CMS. Further, in accordance with the guidance in ASC 606-10-55-36 through 55-40 on principal versus agent considerations, the Company records such revenues in the gross amount of consideration.

For each performance year, CMS shall pay the Company in accordance with the alternative payment mechanism, if any, for which CMS has approved the Company; the risk arrangement for which the Company has been approved by CMS; and as otherwise provided in the Participation Agreement. Following the end of each performance year and at such other times as may be required under the Participation Agreement, CMS will issue a settlement report to the Company setting forth the amount of any shared savings or shared losses and the amount of other monies. If CMS owes the Company shared savings or other monies, CMS shall pay the Company in full within 30 days after the date on which the relevant settlement report is deemed final, except as provided in the Participation Agreement. If the Company owes CMS shared losses or other monies owed as a result of a final settlement, the Company shall pay CMS in full within 30 days after the relevant settlement report is deemed final. If the Company fails to pay the amounts due to CMS in full within 30 days after the date of a demand letter or settlement report, CMS shall assess simple interest on the unpaid balance at the rate applicable to other Medicare debts under current provisions of law and applicable regulations. In addition, CMS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury may use any applicable debt collection tools available to collect any amounts owed by the Company.

The Company participates in the AIPBP track of the NGACO Model. Under the AIPBP track, CMS estimates the total annual expenditures for APAACO’s assigned patients and pays that projected amount to the Company in monthly installments, and the Company is responsible for all Part A and Part B costs for in-network participating providers and preferred providers contracted by the Company to provide services to the assigned patients.

As APAACO does not have sufficient insight into the financial performance of the shared risk pool with CMS because of unknown factors related to IBNR, risk adjustment factors, stop loss provisions, among other factors, an estimate cannot be developed. Due to these limitations, APAACO cannot determine the amount of surplus or deficit that will probably not be reversed in the future and therefore this shared risk pool revenue is considered fully constrained.

For performance year 2018, the Company received monthly AIPBP payments at a rate of approximately $7.3 million per month from CMS that started in February 2018, which was reduced to $5.5 million per month beginning October 1, 2018. The Company will need to continue to comply with all terms and conditions in the Participation Agreement and various regulatory requirements to be eligible to participate in the AIPBP mechanism and/or NGACO Model. The Company continues to be eligible in receiving AIPBP payments under the NGACO Model for performance year 2019, with the effective date of the performance year beginning April 1, 2019. The monthly AIPBP payments have been increased from approximately $5.5 million to approximately $8.3 million per month for performance year 2019. The Company has received approximately $24.8 million in total AIPBP payments for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and have recorded the entire amount received as deferred revenue included in “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company also recorded an asset of approximately $11.2 million related to recoverable claims paid during the three months ended March 31, 2019 which will be administered following instructions from CMS. This balance is included in “Other receivables” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Management Fee Income

Management fee income encompasses fees paid for management, physician advisory, healthcare staffing, administrative and other non-medical services provided by the Company to IPAs, hospitals and other healthcare providers. Such fees may be in the form of billings at agreed-upon hourly rates, percentages of revenue or fee collections, or amounts fixed on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. The revenue may include variable arrangements measuring factors such as hours staffed, patient visits or collections per visit against benchmarks, and, in certain cases, may be subject to achieving quality metrics or fee collections. The Company recognizes such variable supplemental revenues in the period when such amounts are determined to be fixed and therefore contractually obligated as payable by the customer under the terms of the respective agreement. The Company’s MSA revenue also includes revenue sharing payments from the Company’s partners based on their non-medical services.

The Company provides a significant service of integrating the services selected by the Company’s clients into one overall output for which the client has contracted. Therefore, such management contracts generally contain a single performance obligation. The nature of the Company’s performance obligation is to stand ready to provide services over the contractual period. Also, the Company’s performance obligation forms a series of distinct periods of time over which the Company stands ready to perform. The Company’s performance obligation is satisfied as the Company completes each period’s obligations.

Consideration from management contracts is variable in nature because the majority of the fees are generally based on revenue or collections, which can vary from period to period. The Company has control over pricing. Contractual fees are invoiced to the Company’s clients generally monthly and payment terms are typically due within 30 days. The variable consideration in the Company’s management contracts meets the criteria to be allocated to the distinct period of time to which it relates because (i) it is due to the activities performed to satisfy the performance obligation during that period and (ii) it represents the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled.

The Company’s management contracts generally have long terms (e.g., ten years), although they may be terminated earlier under the terms of the respective contracts. Since the remaining variable consideration will be allocated to a wholly unsatisfied promise that forms part of a single performance obligation recognized under the series guidance, the Company has applied the optional exemption to exclude disclosure of the allocation of the transaction price to remaining performance obligations.

Fee-for-Service Revenue

FFS revenue represents revenue earned under contracts in which the Company bills and collects the professional component of charges for medical services rendered by the Company’s contracted physicians and employed physicians. Under the FFS arrangements, the Company bills the hospitals and third-party payors for the physician staffing and further bills patients or their third-party payors for patient care services provided and receives payment. FFS revenue related to the patient care services is reported net of contractual allowances and policy discounts and are recognized in the period in which the services are rendered to specific patients. All services provided are expected to result in cash flows and are therefore reflected as net revenue in the financial statements. The recognition of net revenue (gross charges less contractual allowances) from such services is dependent on such factors as proper completion of medical charts following a patient visit, the forwarding of such charts to the Company’s billing center for medical coding and entering into the Company’s billing system and the verification of each patient’s submission or representation at the time services are rendered as to the payor(s) responsible for payment of such services. Revenue is recorded based on the information known at the time of entering of such information into the Company’s billing systems as well as an estimate of the revenue associated with medical services.

The Company is responsible for confirming member eligibility, performing program utilization review, potentially directing payment to the provider and accepting the financial risk of loss associated with services rendered, as specified within the Company’s client contracts. The Company has the ability to adjust contractual fees with clients and possess the financial risk of loss in certain contractual obligations. These factors indicate the Company is the principal and, as such, the Company records gross fees contracted with clients in revenues.

Consideration from FFS arrangements is variable in nature because fees are based on patient encounters, credits due to clients and reimbursement of provider costs, all of which can vary from period to period. Patient encounters and related episodes of care and procedures qualify as distinct goods and services, provided simultaneously together with other readily available resources, in a single instance of service, and thereby constitute a single performance obligation for each patient encounter and, in most instances, occur at readily determinable transaction prices. As a practical expedient, the Company adopted a portfolio approach for the FFS revenue stream to group contracts with similar characteristics and analyze historical cash collections trends. The contracts within the portfolio share the characteristics conducive to ensuring that the results do not materially differ under the new standard if it were to be applied to individual patient contracts related to each patient encounter. Accordingly, there was not a change in the Company's method to recognize revenue under ASC 606 from the previous accounting guidance.

Estimating net FFS revenue is a complex process, largely due to the volume of transactions, the number and complexity of contracts with payors, the limited availability at times of certain patient and payor information at the time services are provided, and the length of time it takes for collections to fully mature. These expected collections are based on fees and negotiated payment rates in the case of third-party payors, the specific benefits provided for under each patient's healthcare plans, mandated payment rates in the case of Medicare and Medicaid programs, and historical cash collections (net of recoveries) in combination with expected collections from third party payors.

The relationship between gross charges and the transaction price recognized is significantly influenced by payor mix, as collections on gross charges may vary significantly, depending on whether and with whom the patients the Company provides services to in the period are insured and the Company's contractual relationships with those payors. Payor mix is subject to change as additional patient and payor information is obtained after the period services are provided. The Company periodically assesses the estimates of unbilled revenue, contractual adjustments and discounts, and payor mix by analyzing actual results, including cash collections, against estimates. Changes in these estimates are charged or credited to the consolidated statement of income in the period that the assessment is made. Significant changes in payor mix, contractual arrangements with payors, specialty mix, acuity, general economic conditions and health care coverage provided by federal or state governments or private insurers may have a significant impact on estimates and significantly affect the results of operations and cash flows.

Contract Assets

Typically, revenues and receivables are recognized once the Company has satisfied its performance obligation. Accordingly, the Company’s contract assets are comprised of receivables and receivables – related parties. Generally, the Company does not have material amounts of other contract assets.

The Company's billing and accounting systems provide historical trends of cash collections and contractual write-offs, accounts receivable agings and established fee adjustments from third-party payors. These estimates are recorded and monitored monthly as revenues are recognized. The principal exposure for uncollectible fee for service visits is from self-pay patients and, to a lesser extent, for co-payments and deductibles from patients with insurance.

Contract Liabilities (Deferred Revenue )

Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance, or in the case of the Company’s NGACO, the excess of AIPBP capitation received and the actual claims paid or incurred. The Company’s contract liability balance was $33.2 million and $9.1 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is presented within “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, $0.1 million of the Company’s contracted liability accrued in 2018 has been recognized as revenue.

Leases

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” Refer to “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” below and to Note 15 – Leases for further details.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in “Right-of-use assets”, and “Lease liabilities” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in “Land, property and equipment, net” and “Capital lease obligations” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As none of our leases provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Income Taxes

Federal and state income taxes are computed at currently enacted tax rates less tax credits using the asset and liability method. Deferred taxes are adjusted both for items that do not have tax consequences and for the cumulative effect of any changes in tax rates from those previously used to determine deferred tax assets or liabilities. Tax provisions include amounts that are currently payable, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities that arise because of temporary differences between the timing of when items of income and expense are recognized for financial reporting and income tax purposes, changes in the recognition of tax positions and any changes in the valuation allowance caused by a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized.

The Company uses a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not and a measurement attribute on all tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return in order to be recognized in the financial statements. Once the recognition threshold is met, the tax position is then measured to determine the actual amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company maintains a stock-based compensation program for employees, non-employees, directors and consultants. The value of share-based awards such as options is recognized as compensation expense on a cumulative straight-line basis over the vesting terms of the awards, adjusted for expected forfeitures. At times, the Company issues shares of its common stock to its employees, directors and consultants, which shares may be subject to the Company’s repurchase right (but not obligation) that lapses based on performance of services in the future.

The Company accounts for share-based awards granted to persons other than employees and directors under ASC 505-50 Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees . As such the fair value of such shares of stock is periodically re-measured using an appropriate valuation model and income or expense is recognized over the vesting period.

Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to holders of the Company’s common stock by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the effect of dilutive securities outstanding during the periods presented, using the treasury stock method. Refer to Note 13 for a discussion of shares treated as treasury shares for accounting purposes.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company consolidates entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The Company consolidates subsidiaries in which the Company holds, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting rights, and VIEs in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Noncontrolling interests represent third-party equity ownership interests (including certain VIEs) in the Company’s consolidated entities. The amount of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests is disclosed in the consolidated statements of income.

Mezzanine Equity

Pursuant to APC’s shareholder agreements, in the event of a disqualifying event, as defined in the agreements, APC could be required to repurchase the shares from the respective shareholders based on certain triggers outlined in the shareholder agreements. As the redemption feature of the shares is not solely within the control of APC, the equity of APC does not qualify as permanent equity and has been classified as mezzanine or temporary equity. Accordingly, the Company recognizes noncontrolling interests in APC as mezzanine equity in the condensed consolidated financial statements. APC’s shares are not redeemable and it is not probable that the shares will become redeemable as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASC 842”), which amends the existing accounting standards for leases to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of right of use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases. Under the standard, disclosures are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases.

The Company adopted ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019 using the following practical expedients as permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard; (i) not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; not reassess initial direct costs for existing leases; and (ii) use hindsight in determining the lease term and in assessing impairment of the entity’s ROU assets. The Company has also implemented additional internal controls to enable future preparation of financial information in accordance with ASC 842.

The standard had a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets, but did not materially impact our consolidated results of operations and had no impact on cash flows. The most significant impact was the recognition of ROU assets of $9.0 million and lease liabilities of $8.9 million for operating leases, while our accounting for finance leases remained substantially unchanged. The 2018 comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for that period (ASC 840). Refer to Note 15 – Leases for further details.

ASC 842 provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected: (1) the “package of practical expedients”, which permits it not to reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification, and initial direct costs, and (2) the use-of-hindsight in determining the lease term and in assessing impairment of ROU assets. In addition, ASC 842 provides practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing accounting that the Company has elected, comprised of the following: (1) the election for classes of underlying asset to not separate non-lease components from lease components, and (2) the election for short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. Refer to Note 15 – Leases for further details.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326)-Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”). The new standard requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU 2016-13 will have on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, “Earnings Per Share (Topic 260): Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part 1) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Non-controlling Interests with a Scope Exception” (“ASU 2017-11”). The amendments in Part I of this Update change the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features. When determining whether certain financial instruments should be classified as liabilities or equity instruments, a down round feature no longer precludes equity classification when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to an entity’s own stock. The amendments also clarify existing disclosure requirements for equity-classified instruments. The amendments in Part 1 of this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company adopted ASU 2017-11 on January 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2017-11 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities” (“ASU 2018-17”). This ASU reduces the cost and complexity of financial reporting associated with consolidation of variable interest entities (VIEs). A VIE is an organization in which consolidation is not based on a majority of voting rights. The new guidance supersedes the private company alternative for common control leasing arrangements issued in 2014 and expands it to all qualifying common control arrangements. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently assessing the impact the adoption of ASU 2018-17 will have on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

With the exception of the new standards discussed above, there have been no other new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

At March 31, 2019, the Company’s intangible assets, net, consisted of the following:

At December 31, 2018, the Company’s intangible assets, net, consisted of the following:

Included in depreciation and amortization on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income is amortization expense of $3.9 million and $4.4 million (excluding $0.1 million of amortization expense for exclusivity incentives) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Future amortization expense is estimated to be as follows for the years ending December 31:

LaSalle Medical Associates

LaSalle Medical Associates (“LMA”) was founded by Dr. Albert Arteaga in 1996 and currently operates four neighborhood medical centers employing more than 120 dedicated healthcare professionals, treating children, adults and seniors in San Bernardino County. LMA’s patients are primarily served by Medi-Cal. LMA accepts Blue Cross, Blue Shield, Molina, Care 1 ^st , Health Net and Inland Empire Health Plan. LMA is also an IPA of independently contracted doctors, hospitals and clinics, delivering high quality care to more than 313,000 patients in Fresno, Kings, Los Angeles, Madera, Riverside, San Bernardino and Tulare Counties. During 2012, APC-LSMA and LMA entered into a share purchase agreement whereby APC-LSMA invested $5.0 million for a 25% interest in LMA’s IPA line of business. NMM has a management services agreement with LMA. APC accounts for its investment in LMA under the equity method as APC has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control over LMA’s operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC recorded losses from this investment of $1.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets include the related investment balance of $6.0 million and $7.1 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

LMA’s summarized balance sheets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and summarized statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 with respect to its IPA line of business are as follows:

Pacific Medical Imaging and Oncology Center, Inc.

PMIOC was incorporated in 2004 in the state of California. PMIOC provides comprehensive diagnostic imaging services using state-of-the-art technology. PMIOC offers high quality diagnostic services such as MRI/MRA, PET/CT, CT, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, digital x-rays, bone densitometry and digital mammography at its facilities.

In July 2015, APC-LSMA and PMIOC entered into a share purchase agreement whereby APC-LSMA invested $1.2 million for a 40% ownership in PMIOC.

APC and PMIOC have an Ancillary Service Contract together whereby PMIOC provides covered services on behalf of APC to enrollees of the plans of APC. Under the Ancillary Service Contract, APC paid PMIOC fees for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 of approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively. APC accounts for its investment in PMIOC under the equity method of accounting as APC has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control over PMIOC’s operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC recorded income (loss) from this investment of approximately $70,466 and $(26,025) respectively, in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets include the related investment balance of $1.4 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Universal Care, Inc.

UCI is a privately held health plan that has been in operation since 1985 in order to help its members through the complexities of the healthcare system. UCI holds a license under the California Knox-Keene Health Care Services Plan Act (“Knox-Keene Act”) to operate as a full-service health plan. UCI contracts with CMS under the Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Program.

On August 10, 2015, UCAP, an entity solely owned 100% by APC with APC’s executives, Dr. Thomas Lam, Dr. Pen Lee and Dr. Kenneth Sim, as designated managers of UCAP, purchased from UCI 100,000 shares of UCI class A-2 voting common stock (comprising 48.9% of the total outstanding UCI shares, but 50% of UCI’s voting common stock) for $10.0 million. APC accounts for its investment in UCI under the equity method of accounting as APC has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control over UCI’s operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded income (loss) from this investment of approximately $1.0 million and $(20,202), respectively, in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets include the related investment balance of $3.6 million and $2.6 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

UCI’s balance sheets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

Accountable Health Care, IPA – Related Party

Accountable Health Care IPA (“Accountable”) is a California professional medical corporation that has served the local community in the greater Los Angeles County area through a network of physicians and health care providers for more than 20 years. Accountable currently has a network of over 400 primary and 700 specialty care physicians, and eight community and regional hospital medical centers that provide quality health care services to more than 160,000 members of seven federally qualified health plans and multiple product lines, including Medi-Cal, Commercial, Medicare and Healthy Families.

On September 21, 2018, APC and NMM each exercised their option to convert their respective $5.0 million loans into shares of Accountable capital stock (see Note 6). As a result, APC’s $5.0 million loan was converted into a 25% equity interest with the remaining $5.0 million loan held by NMM to be converted into an equity interest that will be determined based on a third party valuation of Accountable’s current enterprise value, which has not been completed as of the filing of this Report. APC accounts for its investment in Accountable under the equity method of accounting. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recorded losses from this investment of $0.8 million in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets include the related investment balance of $4.2 million and $5.0 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Accountable’s balance sheet at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows:

Diagnostic Medical Group

On May 14, 2016, David C.P. Chen M.D., Inc., a California professional corporation doing business as Diagnostic Medical Group (“DMG”), and David C.P. Chen M.D., individually and APC-LSMA, a designated shareholder professional corporation formed on October 15, 2012, which is 100% owned by Dr. Thomas Lam (CEO of APC) and is controlled and consolidated by APC who is the primary beneficiary of this VIE, entered into a share purchase agreement whereby APC-LSMA acquired a 40% ownership interest in DMG for total cash consideration of $1.6 million.

APC accounts for its investment in DMG under the equity method of accounting as APC has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control over DMG’s operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC recorded income from this investment of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of income. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets include the related investment balance of $2.5 million and $2.3 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Pacific Ambulatory Surgery Center, LLC

PASC, a California limited liability company, is a multi-specialty outpatient surgery center that is certified to participate in the Medicare program and is accredited by the Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care. PASC has entered into agreements with organizations such as healthcare service plans, independent physician practice associations, medical groups and other purchasers of healthcare services for the arrangement of the provision of outpatient surgery center services to subscribers or enrollees of such health plans. On November 15, 2016, PASC and APC, entered into a membership interest purchase agreement whereby PASC sold 40% of its aggregate issued and outstanding membership interests to APC for total consideration of $0.8 million.

In connection with the membership interest purchase agreement, PASC entered into a management services agreement with NMM, which requires the payment of management fees computed at predetermined percentage (as defined) of PASC revenues. The term of the management services agreement commenced on the effective date and extend for a period of 60 months thereafter, and may be extended in writing at the sole option of NMM for an additional period of 60 months following the expiration of the initial term and is automatically renewed for additional consecutive terms of three years unless terminated by either party. PASC shall not be permitted to terminate the management services agreement for any reason during the initial term and, if extended, the extended term. 

APC accounted for its investment in PASC under the equity method of accounting as APC has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control over PASC’s operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, APC recorded income from this investment of $41,953 in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of income. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets include the related investment balance of $0.3 million as of December 31, 2018.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $0.3 million, which has been included in the loss from equity method investment line on the condensed consolidated statement of income, related to its investment in PASC as the Company does not believe it will recover its investment balance.

In 2019, APC advanced $0.3 million to PASC for working capital purposes. The repayment of the advance is based on collections of PASC’s outstanding AR, and accordingly, the entire amount has been classified under “Other Assets” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $0.3 million as of March 31, 2019.

531 W. College LLC – Related Party  

In June 2018, College Street Investment LP, a California limited partnership (“CSI”), APC and NMM entered into an operating agreement to govern the limited liability company, 531 W. College, LLC and the conduct of its business, and to specify their relative rights and obligations. CSI, APC and NMM, each owns 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively, of member units based on initial capital contributions of $16.7 million, $8.3 million, and $8.3 million, respectively.

An agreement of purchase and sale and joint escrow instructions (“Purchase Agreement”) with an effective date of April 10, 2018 was entered into between 531 W. College, LLC and Societe Francaise De Bienfaisance Mutuelle De Los Angeles, a California nonprofit corporation, pursuant to which 531 W. College LLC agreed to purchase a former hospital located in the City of Los Angeles. The total purchase price of such real estate is $33.3 million. In June 2018, APC, NMM and AMHC Healthcare, Inc. on behalf of CSI, wired $8.3 million, $8.3 million and $16.7 million, respectively into an escrow account for the benefit of 531 W. College, LLC to purchase the hospital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. The transaction closed on June 29, 2018. APC and NMM accounts for its investment in 531 W. College, LLC under the equity method of accounting as APC and NMM have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control over the operations of this joint venture. APC and NMM’s investment is presented as an investment in joint venture-equity method in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

As of March 31, 2019, NMM and APC has recorded losses from its investment in 531 W. College LLC of $23,484, respectively, in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of income. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet includes the related investment balance of $16.2 million related to NMM and APC’s investment at March 31, 2019. 

531 W. College LLC’s balance sheets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is as follows:

MWN LLC – Related Party  

On December 18, 2018, NMM along with 6 Founders LLC, a California limited liability company doing business as Pacific6 Enterprises (“Pacific6”), and Health Source MSO Inc., a California corporation (“HSMSO”) entered into an operating agreement to govern MWN Community Hospital, LLC and the conduct of its business and to specify their relative rights and obligations. NMM, Pacific6, and HSMSO each owns 33.3% of the membership shares based on each member’s initial capital contributions of $3,000 and working capital contributions of $30,000. The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets include the related investment balance of $33,000 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Investment in privately held entity that does not report net asset value per share

In May 2018, APC purchased 270,000 membership interests of MediPortal LLC, a New York limited liability company, for $0.4 million or $1.50 per membership interest, which represented approximately 2.8% ownership. APC also received a 5-year warrant to purchase 270,000 membership interests. A 5-year option to purchase an additional 380,000 membership interests and a 5-year warrant to purchase 480,000 membership interests are contingent upon the portal completion date, which has not been completed as of March 31, 2019. As APC does not have the ability to exercise significant influence, and lacks control, over the investee, this investment is accounted for using a measurement alternative which allows the investment to be measured at cost, adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes recognized in net income.

Accountable Health Care IPA

On October 9, 2017, NMM and APC-LSMA entered into an agreement with Accountable, Signal Health Solutions, Inc. (“Signal”), a California corporation and George M. Jayatilaka, M.D. (“Dr. Jay”), individually, whereby concurrent with the execution of the agreement, APC-LSMA extended a line of credit to Dr. Jay in the principal amount of $10.0 million (“Dr. Jay Loan”) to fund the working capital needs of Accountable ($5.0 million of which was funded by APC on behalf of APC-LSMA and the other $5.0 million was funded by NMM to Dr. Jay). Interest on the Dr. Jay Loan accrues at a rate that is equal to the prime rate plus 1% (6.50% as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018) and payable in monthly installments of interest only on the first day of each month until the date that is three years following the initial date of funding, at which time, all outstanding principal and accrued interest thereon shall be due and payable in full. The Dr. Jay Loan is not subordinated to any other indebtedness and is secured by a first-lien security interest in certain shares of Accountable owned by Dr. Jay. The outstanding balance as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $5.0 million and $5.0 million, respectively.

Concurrently with the funding of the Dr. Jay Loan, Dr. Jay loaned to Accountable the entire proceeds of the Dr. Jay Loan at the same interest rate and maturity date as the Dr. Jay Loan (“Dr. Jay-Accountable Subordinated Loan”). Repayment of the Dr. Jay-Accountable Subordinated Loan is subordinated to Accountable’s creditors in a manner acceptable to the California Department of Managed Health Care (“DMHC”).

At any time on or before the date that is one year following the initial funding date of the Dr. Jay Loan, APC-LSMA or its designee have the right, but not the obligation, to convert up to $5.0 million of the outstanding principal amount into shares of Accountable’s capital stock. At any time after the date that is one year following the funding date, the Dr. Jay Loan may be prepaid at any time. Within three years following the initial funding of the Dr. Jay Loan, APC-LSMA or its designee shall have the right, but not the obligation, to convert the then outstanding principal amount into Accountable shares based on Accountable’s then-current valuation. On September 21, 2018, APC and NMM each exercised their option to convert their respective $5.0 million loan into shares of Accountable capital stock. As a result, APC’s $5.0 million loan was converted into a 25% equity interest with the remaining $5.0 million loan held by NMM to be converted into an equity interest that will be determined based on a third party valuation of Accountable’s current enterprise value, which has not been completed as of the filing date of this Report. APC accounted for its investment in Accountable under the equity method of accounting (See Note 4).

Subsequent to the funding of the Dr. Jay Loan, to the extent needed by Accountable for working capital needs as determined by APC-LSMA, APC-LSMA will extend an additional line of credit in the principal amount up to $8.0 million. The funding mechanism, interest rate and maturity date of such additional line of credit shall be the same as the Dr. Jay Loan and additional collateral security in Accountable’s issued and outstanding shares will be required.

As a condition of funding the Dr. Jay Loan, Accountable entered into a ten-year management service agreement with NMM on October 27, 2017, to commence on the termination of Accountable’s previously existing management agreement with MedPoint Management to be effective on December 1, 2017. Under the management service agreement, NMM is responsible for managing 100% of all health plan membership assigned and delegated to Accountable, and all hospital risk pools. The management service agreement requires the payment of IPA and hospital risk pool management fees as set forth therein.

Concurrent with the initial funding of the Dr. Jay Loan, the Accountable Board of Directors shall be automatically reconstituted to be comprised of two directors, which will comprise of Dr. Jay and a director appointed by APC-LSMA. Dr. Jay and APC-LSMA will have two and one votes as a director, respectively.

Based on management’s assessment, Accountable is a variable interest entity. However, the Company does not have the power to the direct the activities of Accountable that most significantly impact its economic performance and as such, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of Accountable.

Universal Care, Inc.

In 2015, APC advanced $5.0 million on behalf of UCAP to UCI for working capital purposes. On June 29, 2018, and November 28, 2018, APC advanced an additional $2.5 million and $5.0 million, respectively. These subordinated loans accrue interest at the prime rate plus 1%, or 6.50%, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, with interest to be paid monthly. The repayment schedule is based on certain contingent criteria, and accordingly, the entire note receivable has been classified under loans receivable - related parties on the condensed consolidated balance sheets in the amount of $12.5 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The Company’s accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following:

The Company’s medical liabilities consisted of the following:

Bank Loans

In December 2010, ICC obtained a loan of $4.6 million from a financial institution. The loan bears interest based on the Wall Street Journal “prime rate”, or 5.50% per annum, as of December 31, 2018. The loan was collateralized by the medical equipment ICC owns and guaranteed by one of ICC’s shareholders. The loan matured on December 31, 2018 and final payment was made in January 2019.

Lines of Credit – Related Party

On June 14, 2018, NMM amended its promissory note agreement with Preferred Bank (“NMM Business Loan Agreement”), which provides for loan availability of up to $20.0 million with a maturity date of June 22, 2020. One of the Company’s board members is the chairman and CEO of Preferred Bank. The NMM Business Loan Agreement was subsequently amended on September 1, 2018 to temporarily increase the loan availability from $20.0 million to $27.0 million for the period from September 1, 2018 through January 31, 2019, further extended to October 31, 2019, pursuant to an amendment entered into March 5, 2019 to facilitate the issuance of an additional standby letter of credit for the benefit of CMS. The interest rate is based on the Wall Street Journal “prime rate” plus 0.125%, or 5.625%, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2019, NMM was in compliance with such financial debt covenant requirements. The loan is guaranteed by Apollo Medical Holdings, Inc. and is collateralized by substantially all of the assets of NMM. The amount outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $13.0 million. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, availability under this line of credit was $0.7 million.

On September 5, 2018, NMM entered into a non-revolving line of credit agreement with Preferred Bank (“NMM Line of Credit Agreement”), which provides for loan availability of up to $20.0 million with a maturity date of September 5, 2019. This credit facility was subsequently amended on April 17, 2019 to reduce the loan availability from $20.0 million to $16.0 million. The interest rate is based on the Wall Street Journal “prime rate” plus 0.125%, or 5.625%, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The line of credit is guaranteed by Apollo Medical Holdings, Inc. and is collateralized by substantially all assets of NMM. The line of credit was obtained to finance potential acquisitions, with each drawdown to be converted into a five-year term loan with monthly principal payments plus interest based on a five-year amortization schedule, the availability of the line of credit is reduced accordingly based on the aggregate amount drawn. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, availability under this line of credit was $20.0 million.

On June 14, 2018, APC amended its promissory note agreement with Preferred Bank (“APC Business Loan Agreement”), which provides for loan availability of up to $10.0 million with a maturity date of June 22, 2020. This credit facility was subsequently amended on April 17, 2019 to increase the loan availability from $10.0 million to $40.0 million. The interest rate is based on the Wall Street Journal “prime rate” plus 0.125%, or 5.625%, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2019, APC was in compliance with such financial debt covenant requirements. The loan is also collateralized by substantially all assets of APC. No amounts were drawn on this line during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and no amounts were outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, availability under this line of credit was $9.7 million.

Standby Letters of Credit

On March 3, 2017, APAACO established an irrevocable standby letter of credit with Preferred Bank (through the NMM Business Loan Agreement) for $6.7 million for the benefit of CMS. The letter of credit expired on December 31, 2018 and was deemed automatically extended without amendment for additional one - year periods from the present or any future expiration date, unless notified by the institution to terminate prior to 90 days from any expiration date. APAACO may continue to draw from the letter of credit for one year following the bank’s notification of non-renewal.

On October 3, 2018, APAACO established a second irrevocable standby letter of credit with Preferred Bank (through the NMM Business Loan Agreement) for $6.6 million for the benefit of CMS. The letter of credit expires on December 31, 2019 and is deemed automatically extended without amendment for additional one - year periods from the present or any future expiration date, unless notified by the institution to terminate prior to 90 days from any expiration date. APAACO may continue to draw from the letter of credit for one year following the bank’s notification of non-renewal.

APC established irrevocable standby letters of credit with a financial institution for a total of $0.3 million for the benefit of certain health plans. The standby letters of credit are automatically extended without amendment for additional one-year periods from the present or any future expiration date, unless notified by the institution in advance of the expiration date that the letter will be terminated.

Mezzanine

APC

APC’s shareholders have entered into shareholder agreements that requires APC, under the circumstances described in those agreements, to repurchase the APC shares from the shareholders. Since the redemption feature (see Note 2) of the shares is not solely within the control of APC, the equity of APC does not qualify as permanent equity and has been classified as noncontrolling interests in mezzanine or temporary equity. Except when the repurchase obligation is triggered, APC’s shares are not redeemable and it is not probable that the shares will become redeemable as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

On December 18, 2018, the Company entered into a settlement agreement and mutual release with former APCN shareholders to repurchase all the equity interests in APC previously held by these shareholders. APC paid approximately $1.7 million to repurchase 1,662,571 shares of common stock (see Note 10).

Stockholders’ Equity

As of the date of this Report, 480,212 holdback shares have not been issued to certain former NMM shareholders who were NMM shareholders at the time of Closing of the Merger, as they have yet to submit properly completed letters of transmittal to ApolloMed in order to receive their pro rata portion of ApolloMed common stock and warrants as contemplated under the Merger Agreement. Pending such receipt, such former NMM shareholders have the right to receive, without interest, their pro rata share of dividends or distributions with a record date after the effectiveness of the Merger. The condensed consolidated financial statements have treated such shares of common stock as outstanding, given the receipt of the letter of transmittal is considered perfunctory and the Company is legally obligated to issue these shares in connection with the Merger.

See options and warrants section below for common stock issued upon exercise of stock options and stock purchase warrants.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, stock options were exercised for 6,000 and 75,000 shares, respectively, of the Company’s common stock, which resulted in proceeds of approximately $27,000 and $0.5 million, respectively. The exercise price was $4.50 per share for the exercises during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and ranged from $2.10 to $10.00 per share for the exercises during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, stock options were exercised pursuant to the cashless exercise provision of the option agreement, with respect to 54,536 shares of the Company’s common stock, which resulted in the Company issuing 43,201 net shares.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company granted 45,000 stock options to certain ApolloMed board members which were recognized at fair value, as determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions:

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recorded approximately $0.1 million of share-based compensation expense associated with the issuance of restricted shares of common stock and vesting of stock options which is included in “General and administrative expenses” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of income.

Outstanding stock options granted to primary care physicians to purchase shares of APC’s common stock consisted of the following:

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price and the estimated fair value of common stock as of March 31, 2019.

Share-based compensation expense related to option awards granted to primary care physicians to purchase shares of APC’s common stock, are recognized over their respective vesting periods, and consisted of the following:

The remaining unrecognized share-based compensation expense of stock option awards granted to primary care physicians to purchase shares of APC’s common stock as of March 31, 2019 was $0.4 million which is expected to be recognized over the remaining term of 0.5 years.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, common stock warrants were exercised for 11,516 shares of the Company’s common stock, which resulted in proceeds of approximately $0.1 million. The exercise price ranged from $9.00 to $11.00 per share.

Treasury Stock 

APC owned 1,775,561 and 1,682,110 shares of ApolloMed’s common stock as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, which are legally issued and outstanding but excluded from shares of common stock outstanding in the condensed consolidated financial statements, as such shares are treated as treasury shares for accounting purposes. Pursuant to the issuance of the Holdback Shares (see Note 13), 93,451 shares issued to APC are treated as treasury shares. The remaining treasury shares of 168,493 were repurchased from the former APCN shareholders in 2018.

Dividends

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC paid dividends of $10.0 million and $2.0 million, respectively.

Regulatory Matters

Laws and regulations governing the Medicare program and healthcare generally are complex and subject to interpretation. The Company believes that it is in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations and is not aware of any pending or threatened investigations involving allegations of potential wrongdoing. While no regulatory inquiries have been made, compliance with such laws and regulations can be subject to future government review and interpretation as well as significant regulatory action including fines, penalties, and exclusion from the Medicare and Medi-Cal programs.

As risk-bearing organizations, APC is required to follow regulations of the California DMHC, including maintenance of minimum working capital, tangible net equity (“TNE”), cash-to-claims ratio and claims payment requirements prescribed by the California DMHC. TNE is defined as net equity less intangibles, less non-allowable assets (which include unsecured amounts due from affiliates), plus subordinated obligations. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, APC was in compliance with these regulations.

Many of the Company’s payor and provider contracts are complex in nature and may be subject to differing interpretations regarding amounts due for the provision of medical services. Such differing interpretations may not come to light until a substantial period of time has passed following contract implementation. Liabilities for claims disputes are recorded when the loss is probable and can be estimated. Any adjustments to reserves are reflected in current operations.

Affordable Care Act

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”) has made significant changes to the United States health care system. The legislation impacted multiple aspects of the health care system, including many provisions that change payments from Medicare, Medicaid and insurance companies. Under this legislation, 33 states have expanded their Medicaid programs to cover previously uninsured childless adults, and four additional states voted in 2018 to expand Medicaid or to elect a governor that pledged to expand Medicaid.  In addition, many uninsured individuals have had the opportunity to purchase health insurance via state-based marketplaces, state-based marketplaces using a federal platform, state-partnership marketplaces or the federally-facilitated marketplace. PPACA also implemented a number of health insurance market reforms, such as allowing children to remain on their parents’ health insurance until age 26 or prohibiting certain plans from denying coverage based on pre-existing conditions. Nationally, these reforms have reduced the number of uninsured individuals.

It is unclear what changes may be made to PPACA with the divided Congress, current presidential administration, and pending litigation over the validity of PPACA. The Administration has promulgated rules to broaden the availability of coverage options that do not comply with the full range of PPACA requirements for individual market coverage, namely Association Health Plans and Short-Term Limited-Duration Insurance.  The Administration has also provided additional guidance on state PPACA waivers.  These executive actions have been or may be challenged in court.  In addition, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), passed in December 2017, eliminates the individual mandate penalty under PPACA, effective January 1, 2019.  The individual mandate penalty was included in PPACA to address concerns that other market reforms expanding access to coverage might produce adverse selection and higher premiums. The extent to which the repeal of the individual mandate penalty will impact the uninsured rate and 2019 premiums is unclear at this juncture. On December 14, 2018, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas ruled that the individual mandate without the penalty is unconstitutional and that PPACA is therefore invalid in its entirety.  Litigation on this issue is ongoing, with the Administration indicating it will continue implementing PPACA pending any appeals, the court ordering expedited briefing on a potential stay and certification of an interlocutory appeal, and pending litigation in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland to ensure continued implementation of PPACA.  This litigation along with any future legislative changes to PPACA or other federal and state legislation could have a material impact on the operations of the Company. The Company is continuing to monitor the legislative environment and developments in pending litigation for risks and uncertainties.

Standby Letters of Credit

As part of the APAACO participation with CMS, the Company must provide a financial guarantee to CMS, the guarantee generally must be in an amount of 2% of our benchmark Medicare Part A and Part B expenditures. The Company has established irrevocable standby letters of credit with Preferred Bank, which is affiliated with one of the Company’s board members, of $6.6 million and $6.7 million for the 2018 and 2017 performance years, respectively (see Note 8).

APC established irrevocable standby letters of credit with a financial institution for a total of $0.3 million for the benefit of certain health plans. The standby letters of credit are automatically extended without amendment for additional one-year periods from the present or any future expiration date, unless notified by the institution in advance of the expiration date that the letter will be terminated (see Note 8).

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings and other matters arising in the normal course of its business. The resolution of any claim or litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Prospect Medical Systems

On or about March 23, 2018 and April 3, 2018, a Demand for Arbitration and an Amended Demand for Arbitration were filed by Prospect Medical Group, Inc. and Prospect Medical Systems, Inc. (collectively, “Prospect”) against MMG, ApolloMed and AMM with Judicial Arbitration Mediation Services in California, arising out of MMG’s purported business plans, seeking damages in excess of $5.0 million, and alleging breach of contract, violation of unfair competition laws, and tortious interference with Prospect’s current and future economic relationships with its health plans and their members. MMG, ApolloMed and AMM dispute the allegations and intend to vigorously defend against this matter. The resolution of this matter and any potential range of loss in excess of any current accrual cannot be reasonably determined or estimated at this time primarily because the matter has not been fully arbitrated and presents unique regulatory and contractual interpretation issues.

Liability Insurance

The Company believes that its insurance coverage is appropriate based upon the Company’s claims experience and the nature and risks of the Company’s business. In addition to the known incidents that have resulted in the assertion of claims, the Company cannot be certain that its insurance coverage will be adequate to cover liabilities arising out of claims asserted against the Company, the Company’s affiliated professional organizations or the Company’s affiliated hospitalists in the future where the outcomes of such claims are unfavorable. The Company believes that the ultimate resolution of all pending claims, including liabilities in excess of the Company’s insurance coverage, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows; however, there can be no assurance that future claims will not have such a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Contracted physicians are required to obtain their own insurance coverage.

Although the Company currently maintains liability insurance policies on a claims-made basis, which are intended to cover malpractice liability and certain other claims, the coverage must be renewed annually, and may not continue to be available to the Company in future years at acceptable costs, and on favorable terms.

On November 16, 2015, UCAP entered into a subordinated note receivable agreement with UCI, a 48.9% owned equity method investee (See Note 4), in the amount of $5.0 million. On June 28, 2018 and November 28, 2018, UCAP entered into two additional subordinated note receivable agreements with UCI in the amount of $2.5 million and $5.0 million, respectively (see Note 5).

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, NMM received approximately $3.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively, in management fees from LMA, which is accounted for under the equity method based on 25% equity ownership interest held by APC in LMA’s IPA line of business (see Note 4).

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC paid approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, to PMIOC for provider services, which is accounted for under the equity method based on 40% equity ownership interest held by APC (see Note 4).

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC paid approximately $2.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively, to DMG for provider services, which is accounted for under the equity method based on 40% equity ownership interest held by APC (see Note 4).

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC paid approximately $92,000 and $22,000, respectively, to Advanced Diagnostic Surgery Center for services as a provider. Advanced Diagnostic Surgery Center shares common ownership with certain board members of APC.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC paid approximately $1.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, to AMG, Inc. for services as a provider. AMG, Inc. shares common ownership with certain board members of APC.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, APC paid an aggregate of approximately $9.3 million and $9.2 million, respectively, to shareholders of APC for provider services, which include approximately $3.3 million and $2.3 million, respectively, to shareholders who are also officers of APC.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, NMM paid approximately $0.3 million, to Medical Property Partners (“MPP”) for an office lease. MPP shares common ownership with certain board members of NMM.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, APC paid $90,000, to Tag-2 Medical Investment Group, LLC (“Tag-2”) for an office lease. Tag-2 shares common ownership with certain board members of APC.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company paid approximately $0.1 million and $35,000, respectively, to Critical Quality Management Corp (“CQMC”) for an office lease. CQMC shares common ownership with certain board members of APC.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, SCHC paid approximately $0.1 million, respectively, to Numen, LLC (“Numen”) for an office lease. Numen is owned by a shareholder of APC.

The Company has agreements with HSMSO, Aurion Corporation (“Aurion”), and AHMC Healthcare (“AHMC”) for services provided to the Company. One of the Company’s board members is an officer of AHMC, HSMSO and Aurion. Aurion is also partially owned by one of the Company’s board members. The following table sets forth fees incurred and income received related to AHMC, HSMSO and Aurion Corporation:

The Company and AHMC has a risk sharing agreement with certain AHMC hospitals to share the surplus and deficits of each of the hospital pools. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company has recognized risk pool revenue under this agreement of $10.1 million and $18.0 million respectively, for which $49.8 million and $44.2 million remain outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

In addition, affiliates wholly-owned by the Company’s officers, including our CEO, Dr. Lam, are reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of income on a consolidated basis, together with the Company’s subsidiaries, and therefore, the Company does not separately disclose transactions between such affiliates and the Company’s subsidiaries as related party transactions.

For equity method investments, loans receivable and line of credits from related parties, see Notes 4, 5 and 8, respectively.

The Company uses the liability method of accounting for income taxes as set forth in ASC 740. Under the liability method, deferred taxes are determined based on differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates.