As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 16, 2019
File No. 033-65137
File No. 811-07455
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM N-1A
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under the SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
Pre-Effective Amendment No. | ☐ | |
Post-Effective Amendment No. 102
|
☒ |
and/or
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under the INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940
|
☐ | |
Amendment No. 103 | ☒ |
(Check appropriate box or boxes)
Virtus Opportunities Trust
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
Area Code and Telephone Number: (800) 243-1574
101 Munson Street
Greenfield, Massachusetts 01301
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Kevin J. Carr, Esq.
Counsel
Virtus Investment Partners, Inc.
One Financial Plaza
Hartford, Connecticut 06103
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
Copies of All Correspondence to:
David C. Mahaffey, Esq.
Sullivan & Worcester LLP
1666 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):
☐ | immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) |
☐ | on pursuant to paragraph (b) of Rule 485 |
☐ | 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) |
☐ | on or at such later date as the Commission shall order pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) |
☒ | 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) |
☐ | on _____________ pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485. |
If appropriate, check the following box:
☐ | this post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment. |
| | |
TICKER SYMBOL BY CLASS
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FUND
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A
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C
|
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I
|
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R6
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|
Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | |
[TBD]
|
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[TBD]
|
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[TBD]
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[TBD]
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| FUND SUMMARY | | | | |
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| MORE INFORMATION ABOUT RISKS RELATED TO PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES | | | | |
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Shareholder Fees
(fees paid directly from your investment)
|
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Class A
|
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Class C
|
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Class I
|
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Class R6
|
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Maximum Sales Charge (load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of
offering price) |
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
| |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (load) (as a percentage of the lesser of purchase price or redemption proceeds)
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % (a) | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
| |
Annual Fund Operating Expenses
(expenses that you pay each year as a
percentage of the value of your investment) |
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Class A
|
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Class C
|
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Class I
|
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Class R6
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Management Fees
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
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Distribution and Shareholder Servicing (12b-1) fees
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
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Other Expenses
(b)
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
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Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
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Less: Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement
(c)
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
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Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Expense Reimbursement
(c)
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
| | | | | |
Share Status
|
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1 Year
|
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3 Years
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Class A
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Sold or Held
|
| | | | | $[___] | | | | | | | $[___] | | | | ||
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Class C
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Sold
|
| | | | | $[___] | | | | | | | $[___] | | | | ||
|
Held
|
| | | | | $[___] | | | | | | | $[___] | | | | |||||||
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Class I
|
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Sold or Held
|
| | | | | $[___] | | | | | | | $[___] | | | | ||
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Class R6
|
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Sold or Held
|
| | | | | $[___] | | | | | | | $[___] | | | |
| | | | | |
Class A Shares
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Class C Shares
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Class I Shares
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Class R6 Shares
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Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund
|
| | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | | | | | [___] | % | | | |
| | | | | |
First $1 billion
|
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$1+ billion
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| | Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | | | | | [___] % | | | | | | | [___] % | | | |
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Fund
|
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Class A
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Class C
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Class I
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Class R6
|
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| | Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | | | | | [___] % | | | | | | | [___] % | | | | | | | [___] % | | | | | | | [___] % | | | |
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Sales Charge as a percentage of
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Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
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Offering Price
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Net Amount Invested
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Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75 % | | | | | | 6.10 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
Year
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1
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2+
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CDSC | | | | | 1 % | | | | | | 0 % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
|
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Sales Charge as a
Percentage of Offering Price |
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Sales Charge as a
Percentage of Amount Invested |
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Dealer Discount as a
Percentage of Offering Price |
| |||||||||
Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75 % | | | | | | 6.10 % | | | | | | 5.00 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | | | | | 4.25 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | | | | | 3.25 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | | | | | 2.25 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | | 1.75 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
| | | | | |
To Open An Account
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Through a financial advisor
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Contact your advisor. Some advisors may charge a fee and may set different minimum investments or limitations on buying shares.
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Through the mail
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Complete a new account application and send it with a check payable to the fund. Mail them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074.
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Through express delivery
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Complete a new account application and send it with a check payable to the fund. Send them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, 4400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA 01581-1722.
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By Federal Funds wire
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Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0).
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By Systematic Purchase
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Complete the appropriate section on the application and send it with your initial investment payable to the fund. Mail them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074.
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By telephone exchange
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Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0).
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To Sell Shares
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Through a financial advisor
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Contact your advisor. Some advisors may charge a fee and may set different minimums on redemptions of accounts.
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Through the mail
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Send a letter of instruction to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074. Be sure to include the registered owner’s name, fund and account number, and number of shares or dollar value you wish to sell.
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Through express delivery
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Send a letter of instruction to: Virtus Mutual Funds, 4400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA 01581-1722. Be sure to include the registered owner’s name, fund and account number, and number of shares or dollar value you wish to sell.
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By telephone
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For sales up to $50,000, requests can be made by calling 800-243-1574.
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By telephone exchange
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Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0).
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Fund
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Dividend Paid
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Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund
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Semiannually
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| Investment Company Act File No. 811-07455 | | | | |
| 8651 | | |
9-19
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TICKER SYMBOL BY CLASS
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FUND
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A
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C
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I
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R6
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Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | |
[TBD]
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[TBD]
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[TBD]
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[TBD]
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Page
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Glossary | | | | | 3 | | |
| | | | 6 | | | |
| | | | 12 | | | |
| | | | 53 | | | |
| | | | 54 | | | |
| | | | 67 | | | |
| | | | 67 | | | |
| | | | 72 | | | |
| | | | 73 | | | |
| | | | 75 | | | |
| | | | 76 | | | |
| | | | 83 | | | |
| | | | 86 | | | |
| | | | 91 | | | |
| | | | 92 | | | |
| | | | A-1 | | |
| 1933 Act | | | The Securities Act of 1933, as amended | |
| 1940 Act | | | The Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended | |
| ACH | | | Automated Clearing House, a nationwide electronic money transfer system that provides for the inter-bank clearing of credit and debit transactions and for the exchange of information among participating financial institutions | |
| Administrator | | | The Trust’s administrative agent, Virtus Fund Services, LLC | |
| ADRs | | | American Depositary Receipts | |
| ADSs | | | American Depositary Shares | |
| Adviser | | | The investment adviser to the Fund, Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc. | |
| BNY Mellon | | | BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc., the sub-administrative and accounting agent and sub-transfer agent for the Fund | |
| Board | | | The Board of Trustees of Virtus Opportunities Trust (also referred to herein as the “Trustees”) | |
| CCO | | | Chief Compliance Officer | |
| CDRs | | | Continental Depositary Receipts (another name for EDRs) | |
| CDSC | | | Contingent Deferred Sales Charge | |
| CEA | | | Commodity Exchange Act, which is the U.S. law governing trading in commodity futures | |
| CFTC | | | Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which is the U.S. regulator governing trading in commodity futures | |
| Code | | | The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which is the law governing U.S. federal taxes | |
| Custodian | | | The custodian of the Fund’s assets, The Bank of New York Mellon | |
| Distributor | | | The principal underwriter of shares of the Fund, VP Distributors, LLC | |
| EDRs | | | European Depositary Receipts (another name for CDRs) | |
| ETFs | | | Exchange-traded Funds | |
| FHFA | | | Federal Housing Finance Agency, an independent Federal agency that regulates FNMA, FHLMC and the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks | |
| FHLMC | | | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, also known as “Freddie Mac”, which is a government-sponsored corporation formerly owned by the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks and now owned entirely by private stockholders | |
| FINRA | | | Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, a self-regulatory organization with authority over registered broker-dealers operating in the United States, including VP Distributors | |
| Fitch | | | Fitch Ratings, Inc. | |
| FNMA | | | Federal National Mortgage Association, also known as “Fannie Mae”, which is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders and subject to general regulation by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | |
| Fund Complex | | | The group of funds sponsored by Virtus and managed by VIA and its affiliates, including the Virtus Mutual Funds, Virtus Variable Insurance Trust and certain other closed-end funds | |
| Fund | | | The series of the Trust discussed in this SAI | |
| GDRs | | | Global Depositary Receipts | |
| GICs | | | Guaranteed Investment Contracts | |
| GNMA | | | Government National Mortgage Association, also known as “Ginnie Mae”, which is a wholly-owned United States Government corporation within the Department of Housing and Urban Development | |
| IMF | | | International Monetary Fund, an international organization seeking to promote international economic cooperation, international trade, employment and exchange rate stability, among other things | |
| Independent Trustees | | | Those members of the Board who are not “interested persons” as defined by the 1940 Act | |
| International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | | Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund | |
| IRA | | | Individual Retirement Account | |
| IRS | | | The United States Internal Revenue Service, which is the arm of the U.S. government that administers and enforces the Code | |
| KAR | | | Kayne Anderson Rudnick Investment Management, LLC, subadviser to the International Small-Mid Cap Fund | |
| LIBOR | | | London Interbank Offering Rate, an interest rate at which banks can borrow funds, in marketable size, from other banks in the London interbank market | |
| Moody’s | | | Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. | |
| NAV | | | Net Asset Value, which is the per-share price of the Fund | |
| NYSE | | | New York Stock Exchange | |
| OCC | | | Options Clearing Corporation, a large equity derivatives clearing corporation | |
| OECD | | | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an international organization seeking to promote economic progress and world trade | |
| PERLS | | | Principal Exchange Rate Linked Securities | |
| PNX | | | Phoenix Life Insurance Company, which is the former parent company of Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., and certain of its corporate affiliates | |
| Prospectuses | | | The prospectuses for the Fund, as amended from time to time | |
| PwC | | | PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm for the Trust | |
| Regulations | | | The Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code | |
| RIC | | | Regulated Investment Company, a designation under the Code indicating a U.S.-registered investment company meeting the specifications under the Code allowing the investment company to be exempt from paying U.S. federal income taxes | |
| S&P | | | Standard & Poor’s Corporation | |
| S&P 500 ® Index | | | The Standard & Poor’s 500 ® Index, which is a free-float market capitalization-weighted index of 500 of the largest U.S. companies, calculated on a total return basis with dividends reinvested | |
| SAI | | | This Statement of Additional Information | |
| SEC | | | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | |
| SIFMA | | | Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (formerly, the Bond Market Association), a financial industry trade group consisting of broker-dealers and asset managers across the United States | |
| SMBS | | | Stripped Mortgage-backed Securities | |
| Transfer Agent | | | The Trust’s transfer agent, Virtus Fund Services, LLC | |
| Trust | | | Virtus Opportunities Trust | |
| Trust Funds | | | The series of the Trust | |
| VFS | | |
Virtus Fund Services, LLC, the Administrator and Transfer Agent of the Trust
|
|
| VIA | | | Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc., the Adviser to the Fund | |
| Virtus | | | Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., which is the parent company of the Adviser, the Distributor, the Administrator/Transfer Agent and KAR | |
| Virtus Funds | | | The family of funds overseen by the Board, consisting of the Trust Funds, the series of Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, the series of Virtus Asset Trust, the series of Virtus Equity Trust, the series of Virtus Retirement Trust and the series of Virtus Variable Insurance Trust | |
| Virtus Mutual Funds | | | The family of funds consisting of the Trust Funds, the series of Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, the series of Virtus Asset Trust, the series of Virtus Equity Trust and the series of Virtus Variable Insurance Trust | |
| VP Distributors | | | VP Distributors, LLC, the Trust’s Distributor | |
| VVIT | | | Virtus Variable Insurance Trust, a separate trust consisting of several series advised by VIA and distributed by VP Distributors | |
| |
Fund Type
|
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Fund
|
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Investment Objective
|
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| | International/Global | | | | International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of capital appreciation. | | |
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Type of Service Provider
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Name of Service Provider
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Timing of Release of Portfolio Holdings
Information |
| |
| | Adviser | | | | Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc. | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Subadviser (International Small-Mid Cap Fund) | | | | KAR | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Administrator | | | | Virtus Fund Services, LLC | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Distributor | | | | VP Distributors, LLC | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Custodian and Security Lending Agent | | | | The Bank of New York Mellon | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
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Type of Service Provider
|
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Name of Service Provider
|
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Timing of Release of Portfolio Holdings
Information |
| |
| | Class Action Service Provider | | | | Financial Recovery Technologies and Institutional Shareholder Services | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Sub-administrative and Accounting Agent and Sub-transfer Agent | | | | BNY Mellon | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Reconciliation Firm for Subadviser | | | | SS&C, Inc. | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Middle Office for Subadviser | | | | SS&C, Inc. | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | | | | PwC | | | | Annually, within 15 business days of end of fiscal year. | | |
| | Performance Analytics Firm | | | | FactSet Research Systems Inc. | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Liquidity Management Analytics System | | | | MSCI Group | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Back-end Compliance Monitoring System | | | | Financial Tracking Technologies, LLC | | | | Daily with no delay | | |
| | Typesetting and Printing firm for Financial Reports | | | | R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co. | | | | Quarterly, within 15 days of end of reporting period. | | |
| | Proxy Voting Service | | | | Institutional Shareholder Services | | | | Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly depending on subadviser | | |
| | Intermediary Selling Shares of the Fund | | | | Merrill Lynch | | | | Quarterly within 10 days of quarter end | | |
| | Portfolio Redistribution Firms | | | | Bloomberg, FactSet Research Systems Inc. and Thompson Reuters | | | | Fiscal quarter with a 60-day delay. | | |
| | Rating Agencies | | | | Lipper Inc. and Morningstar | | | | Fiscal quarter with a 60-day delay. | | |
| | Virtus Public Web site | | | | Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. | | | | Fiscal quarter with a 60-day delay. | | |
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Trust
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Fund
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Class/Shares
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A
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C
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I
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R
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R6
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Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust
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Aviva Multi-Strategy Target Return Fund
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X
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X
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X
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X
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| Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Energy Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| KAR Long/Short Equity Fund | | | |
X
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X
|
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X
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X
|
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Trust
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Fund
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Class/Shares
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A
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C
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I
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R
|
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R6
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Virtus Asset Trust
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| | |
Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund
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X
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X
|
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X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
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| Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
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X
|
| | |
X
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| Seix Core Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
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X
|
| | |
X
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| Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
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| Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Seix High Income Fund | | | |
X
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| | | | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Seix High Yield Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
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| | |
X
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X
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| Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
X
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| | | | | | |
X
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| Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | |
X
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X
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| | |
X
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| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
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| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
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| Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| SGA International Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| |
Virtus Equity Trust
|
| | |
KAR Capital Growth Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| |
| KAR Global Quality Dividend Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| KAR Mid-Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| KAR Mid-Cap Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| KAR Small-Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| KAR Small-Cap Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| KAR Small-Cap Value Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| KAR Small-Mid Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Rampart Enhanced Core Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
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| SGA Emerging Markets Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| SGA Global Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Tactical Allocation Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
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Trust
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Class/Shares
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| | ||||||||||||||||
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A
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| | |
C
|
| | |
I
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| | |
R
|
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R6
|
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Virtus Opportunities Trust
|
| | |
Duff & Phelps Global Infrastructure Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| |
| Duff & Phelps Global Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Duff & Phelps International Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Duff & Phelps Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Herzfeld Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Horizon Wealth Masters Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| KAR Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| KAR International Small-Cap Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Newfleet Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Newfleet High Yield Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Newfleet Low Duration Income Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Newfleet Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund * | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Newfleet Senior Floating Rate Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
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| Newfleet Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Rampart Alternatives Diversifier Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Rampart Equity Trend Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Rampart Multi-Asset Trend Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Rampart Sector Trend Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | | |||||
| Vontobel Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Vontobel Foreign Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Vontobel Global Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Vontobel Greater European Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | | | | |
Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Commodities-Related Investing
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Commodity-related companies may underperform the stock market as a whole. The value of securities issued by commodity-related companies may be affected by factors affecting a particular industry or commodity. The operations and financial performance of commodity-related companies may be directly affected by commodity prices, especially those commodity-related companies that own the underlying commodity. The stock prices of such companies may also experience greater price volatility than other types of common stocks. Securities issued by commodity-related companies are sensitive to changes in the supply and demand for, and thus the prices of, commodities. Volatility of commodity prices, which may lead to a reduction in production or supply, may also negatively impact the performance of commodity and natural resources companies that are solely involved in the transportation, processing, storing, distribution or marketing of commodities. Volatility of commodity prices may also make it more difficult for commodity-related companies to raise capital to the extent the market perceives that their performance may be directly or indirectly tied to commodity prices.
Certain types of commodities instruments (such as commodity-linked notes) are subject to the risk that the counterparty to the instrument will not perform or will be unable to perform in accordance with the terms of the instrument.
Exposure to commodities and commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. No active trading market may exist for certain commodities investments, which may impair the ability of the Fund to sell or to realize the full value of such investments in the event of the need to liquidate such investments. In addition, adverse market conditions may impair the liquidity of actively traded commodities investments.
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Debt Investing
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The Fund may invest in debt, or fixed income, securities. Debt, or fixed income, securities (which include corporate bonds, commercial paper, debentures, notes, government securities, municipal obligations, state- or state agency-issued obligations, obligations of foreign issuers, asset- or mortgage-backed securities, and other obligations) are used by issuers to borrow money and thus are debt obligations of the issuer. Holders of debt securities are creditors of the issuer, normally ranking ahead of holders of both common and preferred stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. The issuer usually pays a fixed, variable, or floating rate of interest and must repay the amount borrowed at the security’s maturity. Some debt securities, such as zero-coupon securities (discussed below), do not pay interest but may be sold at a deep discount from their face value.
Yields on debt securities depend on a variety of factors, including the general conditions of the money, bond, and note markets, the size of a particular offering, the maturity date of the obligation, and the rating of the issue. Debt securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields and are generally subject to greater price fluctuations in response to changes in market conditions than obligations with shorter maturities. An increase in interest rates generally will reduce the market value of portfolio debt securities, while a decline in interest rates generally will increase the value of the same securities. The achievement of the Fund’s investment objective depends in part on the continuing ability of the issuers of the debt securities in which the Fund invests to meet their obligations for the payment of principal and interest when due. Obligations of issuers of debt securities are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency, sovereign immunity, and other laws that affect the rights and remedies of creditors. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the ability of an issuer to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on its debt securities may be materially affected.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
|
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Convertible Securities
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A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, or other security that entitles the holder to acquire common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specific price or formula. It generally entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued until the security matures or is redeemed, converted, or exchanged. Convertible securities may have several unique investment characteristics such as (1) higher yields than common stocks, but lower yields than comparable nonconvertible securities, (2) a lesser degree of fluctuation in value than the underlying stock since they have fixed income characteristics and (3) the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases.
Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible debt securities. Convertible securities often rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure and, therefore, are often viewed as entailing less risk than the corporation’s common stock, although the extent to which this is true depends in large measure on the degree to which the convertible security sells above its value as a fixed income security. However, because convertible securities are often viewed by the issuer as future common stock, they are often subordinated to other senior securities and therefore are rated one category lower than the issuer’s nonconvertible debt obligations or preferred stock.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption or conversion at the option of the issuer at a predetermined price. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund could be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security and convert it to the underlying common stock. The Fund generally would invest in convertible securities for their favorable price characteristics and total return potential, and would normally not exercise an option to convert. The Fund might be more willing to convert such securities to common stock.
The Fund’s subadviser will select only those convertible securities for which it believes (a) the underlying common stock is a suitable investment for the Fund and (b) a greater potential for total return exists by purchasing the convertible security because of its higher yield and/or favorable market valuation. However, the Fund may invest in convertible debt securities rated less than investment grade. Debt securities rated less than investment grade are commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” (For information about debt securities rated less than investment grade, see “High-Yield/High-Risk Fixed Income Securities (Junk Bonds)” under “Debt Investing” in this section of the SAI; for additional information about ratings on debt obligations, see Appendix A to this SAI.)
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Corporate Debt Securities
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The Fund may invest in debt securities issued by corporations, limited partnerships and other similar entities. The Fund’s investments in debt securities of domestic or foreign corporate issuers include bonds, debentures, notes and other similar corporate debt instruments, including convertible securities that meet the Fund’s minimum ratings criteria or if unrated are, in the Fund’s subadviser’s opinion, comparable in quality to corporate debt securities that meet those criteria. The rate of return or return of principal on some debt obligations may be linked or indexed to the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies or to the value of commodities, such as gold.
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Dollar-denominated Foreign Debt Securities (“Yankee Bonds”)
|
| |
The Fund may invest in “Yankee bonds”, which are dollar-denominated instruments issued in the U.S. market by foreign branches of U.S. banks and U.S. branches of foreign banks. Since these instruments are dollar-denominated, they are not affected by variations in currency exchange rates. They are influenced primarily by interest rate levels in the United States and by the financial condition of the issuer, or of the issuer’s foreign parent. However, investing in these instruments may present a greater degree of risk than investing in domestic securities, due to less publicly available information, less securities regulation, war or expropriation. Special considerations may include higher brokerage costs and thinner trading markets. Investments in foreign countries could be affected by other factors including extended settlement periods. (See “Foreign Investing” in this section of the SAI for additional information about investing in foreign countries.)
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Duration
|
| |
Duration is a time measure of a bond’s interest-rate sensitivity, based on the weighted average of the time periods over which a bond’s cash flows accrue to the bondholder. Time periods are weighted by multiplying by the present value of its cash flow divided by the bond’s price. (A bond’s cash flows consist of coupon payments and repayment of
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
|
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capital.) A bond’s duration will almost always be shorter than its maturity, with the exception of zero-coupon bonds, for which maturity and duration are equal.
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Exchange-Traded Notes (ETNs)
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| |
Generally, ETNs are senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt securities whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market benchmark or strategy minus applicable fees. ETNs are traded on an exchange during normal trading hours. However, investors can also hold the ETN until maturity. At maturity, the issuer pays to the investor a cash amount equal to the principal amount, subject to the day’s market benchmark or strategy factor.
ETNs do not make periodic coupon payments or provide principal protection. ETNs are subject to credit risk, and the value of the ETN may drop due to a downgrade in the issuer’s credit rating, despite the underlying market benchmark or strategy remaining unchanged. The value of an ETN may also be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating, and economic, legal, political, or geographic events that affect the referenced underlying asset. When the Fund invests in ETNs it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN. The Fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing, and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN.
ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the IRS will accept, or a court will uphold, how the Fund characterizes and treats ETNs for tax purposes. Further, the IRS and Congress are considering proposals that would change the timing and character of income and gains from ETNs.
An ETN that is tied to a specific market benchmark or strategy may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market benchmark or strategy. Some ETNs that use leverage can, at times, be relatively illiquid and, thus, they may be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs are subject to the same risks as other instruments that use leverage in any form.
The market value of ETNs may differ from that of their market benchmark or strategy. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETNs at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities, commodities or other components underlying the market benchmark or strategy that the ETN seeks to track. As a result, there may be times when an ETN trades at a premium or discount to its market benchmark or strategy.
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High-Yield/High-Risk Fixed Income Securities (“Junk Bonds”)
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| |
Investments in securities rated “BB” or below by S&P or Fitch, or “Ba” or below by Moody’s generally provide greater income (leading to the name “high-yield” securities) and opportunity for capital appreciation than investments in higher quality securities, but they also typically entail greater price volatility, liquidity, and principal and income risk. These securities are regarded as predominantly speculative as to the issuer’s continuing ability to meet principal and interest payment obligations. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of lower-quality debt securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher-quality debt securities.
Interest-bearing securities typically experience appreciation when interest rates decline and depreciation when interest rates rise. The market values of low-rated securities tend to reflect individual corporate developments to a greater extent than do higher-rated securities, which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. Low-rated securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher-rated securities. As a result, they generally involve more credit risks than securities in the higher-rated categories. During an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers of low-rated securities may experience financial stress and may not have sufficient revenues to meet their payment obligations. The issuer’s ability to service its debt obligations may also be adversely affected by specific corporate developments, the issuer’s inability to meet specific projected business forecasts or the unavailability of additional financing. The risk of loss due to default by an issuer of low-rated securities is generally considered to be significantly greater than issuers of higher-rated securities because such securities are usually unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors. Further, if the issuer of a low-rated security
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
|
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defaulted, the Fund might incur additional expenses in seeking recovery. Periods of economic uncertainty and changes would also generally result in increased volatility in the market prices of low-rated securities and thus in the Fund’s NAV.
Low-rated securities often contain redemption, call or prepayment provisions which permit the issuer of the securities containing such provisions to, at its discretion, redeem the securities. During periods of falling interest rates, issuers of low-rated securities are likely to redeem or prepay the securities and refinance them with debt securities with a lower interest rate. To the extent an issuer is able to refinance the securities or otherwise redeem them, the Fund may have to replace the securities with a lower yielding security which would result in lower returns for the Fund.
The Fund may have difficulty disposing of certain low-rated securities because there may be a thin trading market for such securities. Because not all dealers maintain markets in all low-rated securities, there is no established retail secondary market for many of these securities. The Fund anticipates that such securities could be sold only to a limited number of dealers or institutional investors. To the extent a secondary trading market does exist, it is generally not as liquid as the secondary market for higher-rated securities. The lack of a liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the market price of the security, and accordingly, the NAV of the Fund and its ability to dispose of particular securities when necessary to meet its liquidity needs, or in response to a specific economic event, or an event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. The lack of a liquid secondary market for certain securities may also make it more difficult for the Fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing its respective portfolio. Market quotations are generally available on many low-rated issues only from a limited number of dealers and may not necessarily represent firm bids of such dealers or prices for actual sales. During periods of thin trading, the spread between bid and asked prices is likely to increase significantly. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of low-rated securities, especially in a thinly-traded market. If the Fund experiences unexpected net redemptions, it may be forced to liquidate a portion of its portfolio securities without regard to their investment merits. Due to the limited liquidity of low-rated securities, the Fund may be forced to liquidate these securities at a substantial discount. Any such liquidation would reduce the Fund’s asset base over which expenses could be allocated and could result in a reduced rate of return for the Fund.
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Interest Rate Environment Risk
|
| |
In the wake of the financial crisis that began in 2007, the Federal Reserve System attempted to stabilize the U.S. economy and support the U.S. economic recovery by keeping the federal funds rate at or near zero percent. In addition, the Federal Reserve has purchased large quantities of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities on the open market (the “quantitative easing program”). The Federal Reserve has since increased the federal funds rate as of December 2015, however, the United States continues to experience historically low interest rate levels. A low interest rate environment may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to provide a positive yield to its shareholders and pay expenses out of Fund assets because of the low yields from the Fund’s portfolio investments.
However, continued economic recovery and the cessation of the quantitative easing program increase the risk that interest rates will continue to rise in the near future and that the Fund will face a heightened level of interest rate risk. Federal Reserve policy changes may expose fixed-income and related markets to heightened volatility and may reduce liquidity for certain Fund investments, which could cause the value of the Fund’s investments and the Fund’s share price to decline or create difficulties for the Fund in disposing of investments. A fund that invests in derivatives tied to fixed-income markets may be more substantially exposed to these risks than a fund that does not invest in derivatives. The Fund could also be forced to liquidate its investments at disadvantageous times or prices, thereby adversely affecting the Fund. To the extent the Fund experiences high redemptions because of these policy changes, the Fund may experience increased portfolio turnover, which will increase the costs that the Fund incurs and lower the Fund’s performance.
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Inverse Floating Rate Obligations
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| |
Certain variable rate securities pay interest at a rate that varies inversely to prevailing short-term interest rates (sometimes referred to as inverse floaters). For example, upon reset the interest rate payable on a security may go down when the underlying index has risen. During periods when short-term interest rates are relatively low as compared to
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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long-term interest rates, the Fund may attempt to enhance its yield by purchasing inverse floaters. Certain inverse floaters may have an interest rate reset mechanism that multiplies the effects of changes in the underlying index. While this form of leverage may increase the security’s yield, it may also increase the volatility of the security’s market value.
Similar to other variable and floating rate obligations, effective use of inverse floaters requires skills different from those needed to select most portfolio securities. If movements in interest rates are incorrectly anticipated, the Fund holding these instruments could lose money and its NAV could decline.
The Fund will not invest more than 5% of its assets in inverse floaters.
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Letters of Credit
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Debt obligations, including municipal obligations, certificates of participation, commercial paper and other short-term obligations, may be backed by an irrevocable letter of credit of a bank that assumes the obligation for payment of principal and interest in the event of default by the issuer. Only banks that, in the opinion of the Fund’s subadviser, are of investment quality comparable to other permitted investments of the Fund may be used for Letter of Credit-backed investments.
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Loan and Debt Participations and Assignments
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A loan participation agreement involves the purchase of a share of a loan made by a bank to a company in return for a corresponding share of the borrower’s principal and interest payments. Loan participations of the type in which the Fund may invest include interests in both secured and unsecured corporate loans. When the Fund purchases loan assignments from lenders, it will acquire direct rights against the borrower, but these rights and the Fund’s obligations may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assignment lender. The principal credit risk associated with acquiring loan participation and assignment interests is the credit risk associated with the underlying corporate borrower. There is also a risk that there may not be a readily available market for participation loan interests and, in some cases, this could result in the Fund disposing of such securities at a substantial discount from face value or holding such securities until maturity.
There is typically a limited amount of public information available about loans because loans normally are not registered with the SEC or any state securities commission or listed on any securities exchange. Certain of the loans in which the Fund may invest may not be considered “securities,” and therefore the Fund may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws with respect to those loans in the event of fraud or misrepresentation by a borrower. The Fund may come into possession of material, non-public information about a borrower as a result of the Fund’s ownership of a loan or other floating-rate instrument of the borrower. Because of prohibitions on trading in securities of issuers while in possession of material, non-public information, the Fund might be unable to enter into a transaction in a publicly-traded security of the borrower when it would otherwise be advantageous to do so.
Loans trade in an unregulated inter-dealer or inter-bank secondary market. Purchases and sales of loans are generally subject to contractual restrictions that must be satisfied before a loan can be bought or sold. These restrictions may (i) impede the Fund’s ability to buy or sell loans; (ii) negatively affect the transaction price; (iii) affect the counterparty credit risk borne by the Fund; (iv) impede the Fund’s ability to timely vote or otherwise act with respect to loans; and (v) expose the Fund to adverse tax or regulatory consequences.
In the event that a corporate borrower failed to pay its scheduled interest or principal payments on participations held by the Fund, the market value of the affected participation would decline, resulting in a loss of value of such investment to the Fund. Accordingly, such participations are speculative and may result in the income level and net assets of the Fund being reduced. Moreover, loan participation agreements generally limit the right of a participant to resell its interest in the loan to a third party and, as a result, loan participations may be deemed by the Fund to be illiquid investments. The Fund will invest only in participations with respect to borrowers whose creditworthiness is, or is determined by the Fund’s subadviser to be, substantially equivalent to that of issuers whose senior unsubordinated debt securities are rated B or higher by Moody’s or S&P. For the purposes of diversification and/or concentration calculations, both the borrower and issuer will be considered an “issuer.”
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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The Fund may purchase from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of debt obligations. Each participation interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank that the Fund’s subadviser has determined meets the prescribed quality standards of the Fund. Thus, even if the credit of the issuer of the debt obligation does not meet the quality standards of the Fund, the credit of the selling bank will.
Loan participations and assignments may be illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Municipal Securities and Related Investments
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| |
Tax-exempt municipal securities are debt obligations issued by the various states and their subdivisions (e.g., cities, counties, towns, and school districts) to raise funds, generally for various public improvements requiring long-term capital investment. Purposes for which tax-exempt bonds are issued include flood control, airports, bridges and highways, housing, medical facilities, schools, mass transportation and power, water or sewage plants, as well as others. Tax-exempt bonds also are occasionally issued to retire outstanding obligations, to obtain funds for operating expenses or to loan to other public or, in some cases, private sector organizations or to individuals.
Yields on municipal securities are dependent on a variety of factors, including the general conditions of the money market and the municipal bond market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligations and the rating of the issue. Municipal securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields and are generally subject to potentially greater capital appreciation and depreciation than obligations with shorter maturities and lower yields. The market prices of municipal securities usually vary, depending upon available yields. An increase in interest rates will generally reduce the value of portfolio investments, and a decline in interest rates will generally increase the value of portfolio investments. The ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective is also dependent on the continuing ability of the issuers of municipal securities in which the Fund invests to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal when due. The ratings of Moody’s and S&P represent their opinions as to the quality of municipal securities which they undertake to rate. Ratings are not absolute standards of quality; consequently, municipal securities with the same maturity, coupon, and rating may have different yields. There are variations in municipal securities, both within a particular classification and between classifications, depending on numerous factors. It should also be pointed out that, unlike other types of investments, municipal securities have traditionally not been subject to regulation by, or registration with, the SEC, although there have been proposals which would provide for such regulation in the future.
The federal bankruptcy statutes relating to the debts of political subdivisions and authorities of states of the United States provide that, in certain circumstances, such subdivisions or authorities may be authorized to initiate bankruptcy proceedings without prior notice to or consent of creditors, which proceedings could result in material and adverse changes in the rights of holders of their obligations.
Lawsuits challenging the validity under state constitutions of present systems of financing public education have been initiated or adjusted in a number of states, and legislation has been introduced to effect changes in public school financing in some states. In other instances there have been lawsuits challenging the issuance of pollution control revenue bonds or the validity of their issuance under state or federal law which could ultimately affect the validity of those municipal securities or the tax-free nature of the interest thereon.
Descriptions of some of the municipal securities and related investment types most commonly acquired by the Fund are provided below. In addition to those shown, other types of municipal investments are, or may become, available for investment by the Fund. For the purpose of the Fund’s investment restrictions set forth in this SAI, the identification of the “issuer” of a municipal security which is not a general obligation bond is made by the Fund’s subadviser on the basis of the characteristics of the obligation, the most significant of which is the source of funds for the payment of principal and interest on such security.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Municipal Bonds
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Municipal bonds, which meet longer-term capital needs and generally have maturities of more than one year when issued, have two principal classifications: general obligation bonds and revenue bonds. Another type of municipal bond is referred to as an industrial development bond.
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General Obligation Bonds | | |
Issuers of general obligation bonds include states, counties, cities, towns, and regional districts. The proceeds of these obligations are used to fund a wide range of public projects, including construction or improvement of schools, highways and roads, and water and sewer systems. The basic security behind general obligation bonds is the issuer’s pledge of its full faith and credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. The taxes that can be levied for the payment of debt service may be limited or unlimited as to the rate or amount of special assessments.
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Industrial Development Bonds | | |
Industrial development bonds, which are considered municipal bonds if the interest paid is exempt from Federal income tax, are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to raise money to finance various privately operated facilities for business and manufacturing, housing, sports arenas and pollution control. These bonds are also used to finance public facilities such as airports, mass transit systems, ports and parking. The payment of the principal and interest on such bonds is dependent solely on the ability of the facility’s user to meet its financial obligations and the pledge, if any, of real and personal property so financed as security for such payment.
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Revenue Bonds | | |
The principal security for a revenue bond is generally the net revenues derived from a particular facility, group of facilities, or, in some cases, the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Revenue bonds are issued to finance a wide variety of capital projects including: electric, gas, water and sewer systems; highways, bridges, and tunnels; port and airport facilities; colleges and universities; and hospitals. Although the principal security behind these bonds may vary, many provide additional security in the form of a debt service reserve fund whose money may be used to make principal and interest payments on the issuer’s obligations. Housing finance authorities have a wide range of security; including partially or fully insured mortgages, rent subsidized and/or collateralized mortgages, and/or the net revenues from housing or other public projects. Some authorities provide further security in the form of a state’s ability (without obligation) to make up deficiencies in the debt service reserve fund.
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Municipal Leases
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The Fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (hereinafter collectively called “lease obligations”) of municipal authorities or entities. Although lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality’s taxing power is pledged, a lease obligation may be backed by the municipality’s covenant to budget for, appropriate, and make the payments due under the lease obligation. However, certain lease obligations contain “non-appropriation” clauses which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In addition to the “non-appropriation” risk, these securities represent a relatively new type of financing that has not yet developed the depth of marketability associated with more conventional bonds. In the case of a “non-appropriation” lease, the Fund’s ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property in the event foreclosure might prove difficult. The Fund’s subadviser will evaluate the credit quality of a municipal lease and whether it will be considered liquid. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Investments” in this section of the SAI for information regarding the implications of these investments being considered illiquid.)
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Municipal Notes
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Municipal notes generally are used to provide for short-term working capital needs and generally have maturities of one year or less. Municipal notes include bond anticipation notes, construction loan notes, revenue anticipation notes and tax anticipation notes.
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Bond Anticipation Notes | | |
Bond anticipation notes are issued to provide interim financing until long-term financing can be arranged. In most cases, the long-term bonds then provide the money for the repayment of the notes.
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Construction Loan Notes | | |
Construction loan notes are sold to provide construction financing. After successful completion and acceptance, many projects receive permanent financing through FNMA or GNMA.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Revenue Anticipation Notes
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Revenue anticipation notes are issued in expectation of receipt of other types of revenue, such as Federal revenues available under Federal revenue sharing programs.
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Tax Anticipation Notes | | |
Tax anticipation notes are issued to finance working capital needs of municipalities. Generally, they are issued in anticipation of various seasonal tax revenue, such as income, sales, use and business taxes, and are payable from these specific future taxes.
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Tax-Exempt Commercial Paper
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Tax-exempt commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a stated maturity of 365 days or less. It is issued by state and local governments or their agencies to finance seasonal working capital needs or as short-term financing in anticipation of longer-term financing.
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Participation on Creditors’ Committees
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While the Fund does not invest in securities to exercise control over the securities’ issuers, the Fund may, from time to time, participate on committees formed by creditors to negotiate with the management of financially troubled issuers of securities held by the Fund. Such participation may subject the Fund to expenses such as legal fees and may deem the Fund an “insider” of the issuer for purposes of the Federal securities laws, and expose the Fund to material non-public information of the issuer, and therefore may restrict the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell a particular security when it might otherwise desire to do so. Participation by the Fund on such committees also may expose the Fund to potential liabilities under the federal bankruptcy laws or other laws governing the rights of creditors and debtors. The Fund will participate on such committees only when the Fund’s subadviser believes that such participation is necessary or desirable to enforce the Fund’s rights as a creditor or to protect the value of securities held by the Fund.
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Payable in Kind (“PIK”) Bonds
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PIK bonds are obligations which provide that the issuer thereof may, at its option, pay interest on such bonds in cash or “in kind”, which means in the form of additional debt securities. Such securities benefit the issuer by mitigating its need for cash to meet debt service, but also require a higher rate of return to attract investors who are willing to defer receipt of such cash. The Fund will accrue income on such investments for tax and accounting purposes, which is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to satisfy the Fund’s distribution obligations. The market prices of PIK bonds generally are more volatile than the market prices of securities that pay interest periodically, and they are likely to respond to changes in interest rates to a greater degree than would otherwise similar bonds on which regular cash payments of interest are being made.
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Ratings
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The rating or quality of a debt security refers to a rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s creditworthiness, i.e., its ability to pay principal and interest when due. Higher ratings indicate better credit quality, as rated by independent rating organizations such as Moody’s, S&P or Fitch, which publish their ratings on a regular basis. Appendix A provides a description of the various ratings provided for bonds (including convertible bonds), municipal bonds, and commercial paper.
After the Fund purchases a debt security, the rating of that security may be reduced below the minimum rating acceptable for purchase by the Fund. A subsequent downgrade does not require the sale of the security, but the Fund’s subadviser will consider such an event in determining whether to continue to hold the obligation. To the extent that ratings established by Moody’s or S&P may change as a result of changes in such organizations or their rating systems, the Fund will invest in securities which are deemed by the Fund’s subadviser to be of comparable quality to securities whose current ratings render them eligible for purchase by the Fund.
Credit ratings issued by credit rating agencies evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments of rated securities. They do not, however, evaluate the market-value risk and therefore may not fully reflect the true risks of an investment. In addition, credit rating agencies may or may not make timely changes in a rating to reflect changes in the economy or in the condition of the issuer that affect the market value of the security. Consequently, credit ratings are used only as a preliminary indicator of investment quality.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Sovereign Debt
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The Fund may invest in “sovereign debt,” which is issued or guaranteed by foreign governments (including countries, provinces and municipalities) or their agencies and instrumentalities. Sovereign debt may trade at a substantial discount from face value. The Fund may hold and trade sovereign debt of foreign countries in appropriate circumstances to participate in debt conversion programs. Emerging-market country sovereign debt involves a higher degree of risk than that of developed markets, is generally lower-quality debt, and is considered speculative in nature due, in part, to the extreme and volatile nature of debt burdens in such countries and because emerging market governments can be relatively unstable. The issuer or governmental authorities that control sovereign-debt repayment (“sovereign debtors”) may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due in accordance with the terms of the debt. A sovereign debtor’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash-flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign debtor’s policy towards the IMF, and the political constraints to which the sovereign debtor may be subject. Sovereign debtors may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest arrearage on their debt. The commitment of these third parties to make such disbursements may be conditioned on the sovereign debtor’s implementation of economic reforms or economic performance and the timely service of the debtor’s obligations. The sovereign debtor’s failure to meet these conditions may cause these third parties to cancel their commitments to provide funds to the sovereign debtor, which may further impair the debtor’s ability or willingness to timely service its debts. In certain instances, the Fund may invest in sovereign debt that is in default as to payments of principal or interest. In the event that the Fund holds non-performing sovereign debt, the Fund may incur additional expenses in connection with any restructuring of the issuer’s obligations or in otherwise enforcing their rights thereunder.
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Brady Bonds
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The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in certain sovereign debt obligations known as “Brady Bonds.” Brady Bonds are issued under the framework of the Brady Plan, an initiative announced by former U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady in 1989 as a mechanism for debtor nations to restructure their outstanding external indebtedness. The Brady Plan contemplates, among other things, the debtor nation’s adoption of certain economic reforms and the exchange of commercial bank debt for newly issued bonds. In restructuring its external debt under the Brady Plan framework, a debtor nation negotiates with its existing bank lenders as well as the World Bank or the IMF. The World Bank or IMF supports the restructuring by providing funds pursuant to loan agreements or other arrangements that enable the debtor nation to collateralize the new Brady Bonds or to replenish reserves used to reduce outstanding bank debt. Under these loan agreements or other arrangements with the World Bank or IMF, debtor nations have been required to agree to implement certain domestic monetary and fiscal reforms. The Brady Plan sets forth only general guiding principles for economic reform and debt reduction, emphasizing that solutions must be negotiated on a case-by-case basis between debtor nations and their creditors.
Brady Bonds are often viewed as having three or four valuation components: (i) the collateralized repayment of principal at final maturity; (ii) the collateralized interest payments; (iii) the uncollateralized interest payments; and (iv) any uncollateralized repayment of principal at maturity (these uncollateralized amounts constitute the “residual risk”). In light of the residual risk of Brady Bonds and, among other factors, the history of defaults with respect to commercial bank loans by public and private entities of countries issuing Brady Bonds, investments in Brady Bonds can be viewed as speculative.
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Stand-by Commitments
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The Fund may purchase securities together with the right to resell them to the seller or a third party at an agreed-upon price or yield within specified periods prior to their maturity dates. Such a right to resell is commonly known as a stand-by commitment, and the aggregate price which the Fund pays for securities with a stand-by commitment may increase the cost, and thereby reduce the yield, of the security. The primary purpose of this practice is to permit the Fund to be as fully invested as practicable in municipal securities while preserving the necessary flexibility and liquidity to meet unanticipated redemptions. Stand-by commitments acquired by the Fund are valued at zero in determining the Fund’s NAV. Stand-by commitments involve certain expenses and risks,
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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including the inability of the issuer of the commitment to pay for the securities at the time the commitment is exercised, non-marketability of the commitment, and differences between the maturity of the underlying security and the maturity of the commitment.
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Strip Bonds
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Strip bonds are debt securities that are stripped of their interest (usually by a financial intermediary) after the securities are issued. The market value of these securities generally fluctuates more in response to changes in interest rates than interest-paying securities of comparable maturity.
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Tender Option Bonds
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Tender option bonds are relatively long-term bonds that are coupled with the option to tender the securities to a bank, broker-dealer or other financial institution at periodic intervals and receive the face value of the bond. This investment structure is commonly used as a means of enhancing a security’s liquidity.
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Variable and Floating Rate Obligations
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The Fund may purchase securities having a floating or variable rate of interest. These securities pay interest at rates that are adjusted periodically according to a specific formula, usually with reference to some interest rate index or market interest rate (the “underlying index”). The floating rate tends to decrease the security’s price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. These securities may carry demand features permitting the holder to demand payment of principal at any time or at specified intervals prior to maturity. Accordingly, as interest rates decrease or increase, the potential for capital appreciation or depreciation is less than for fixed-rate obligations.
The floating and variable rate obligations that the Fund may purchase include variable rate demand securities. Variable rate demand securities are variable rate securities that have demand features entitling the purchaser to resell the securities to the issuer at an amount approximately equal to amortized cost or the principal amount thereof plus accrued interest, which may be more or less than the price that the Fund paid for them. The interest rate on variable rate demand securities also varies either according to some objective standard, such as an index of short-term, tax-exempt rates, or according to rates set by or on behalf of the issuer.
When the Fund purchases a floating or variable rate demand instrument, the Fund’s subadviser will monitor, on an ongoing basis, the ability of the issuer to pay principal and interest on demand. The Fund’s right to obtain payment at par on a demand instrument could be affected by events occurring between the date the Fund elects to demand payment and the date payment is due that may affect the ability of the issuer of the instrument to make payment when due, except when such demand instrument permits same day settlement. To facilitate settlement, these same day demand instruments may be held in book entry form at a bank other than the Fund’s custodian subject to a sub-custodian agreement between the bank and the Fund’s custodian.
The floating and variable rate obligations that the Fund may purchase also include certificates of participation in such obligations purchased from banks. A certificate of participation gives the Fund an undivided interest in the underlying obligations in the proportion that the Fund’s interest bears to the total principal amount of the obligation. Certain certificates of participation may carry a demand feature that would permit the holder to tender them back to the issuer prior to maturity.
The income received on certificates of participation in tax-exempt municipal obligations constitutes interest from tax-exempt obligations.
The Fund will limit its purchases of floating and variable rate obligations to those of the same quality as it otherwise is allowed to purchase. Similar to fixed rate debt instruments, variable and floating rate instruments are subject to changes in value based on changes in prevailing market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness.
A floating or variable rate instrument may be subject to the Fund’s percentage limitation on illiquid securities if there is no reliable trading market for the instrument or if the Fund may not demand payment of the principal amount within seven days. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Zero and Deferred Coupon Debt Securities
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The Fund may invest in debt obligations that do not make any interest payments for a specified period of time prior to maturity (“deferred coupon” bonds) or until maturity (“zero coupon” bonds). The nonpayment of interest on a current basis may result from the bond’s having no stated interest rate, in which case the bond pays only principal at
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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maturity and is normally initially issued at a discount from face value. Alternatively, the bond may provide for a stated rate of interest, but provide that such interest is not payable until maturity, in which case the bond may initially be issued at par. The value to the investor of these types of bonds is represented by the economic accretion either of the difference between the purchase price and the nominal principal amount (if no interest is stated to accrue) or of accrued, unpaid interest during the bond’s life or payment deferral period.
Because deferred and zero coupon bonds do not make interest payments for a certain period of time, they are generally purchased by the Fund at a deep discount and their value fluctuates more in response to interest rate changes than does the value of debt obligations that make current interest payments. The degree of fluctuation with interest rate changes is greater when the deferred period is longer. Therefore, when the Fund invests in zero or deferred coupon bonds, there is a risk that the value of the Fund’s shares may decline more as a result of an increase in interest rates than would be the case if the Fund did not invest in such bonds.
Even though zero and deferred coupon bonds may not pay current interest in cash, the Fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts to shareholders. Thus, the Fund would not be able to purchase income-producing securities to the extent cash is used to pay such distributions, and, therefore, the Fund’s current income could be less than it otherwise would have been. Instead of using cash, the Fund might liquidate investments in order to satisfy these distribution requirements.
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Derivative Instruments
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The Fund may invest in various types of derivatives, which may at times result in significant derivative exposure. A derivative is a financial instrument whose performance is derived from the performance of another asset. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments including, but not limited to: futures contracts, put options, call options, options on future contracts, options on foreign currencies, swaps, forward contracts, structured investments, and other equity-linked derivatives.
The Fund may use derivative instruments for hedging (to offset risks associated with an investment, currency exposure, or market conditions) or in pursuit of its investment objective(s) and policies (to seek to enhance returns). When the Fund invests in a derivative, the risks of loss of that derivative may be greater than the derivative’s cost. The Fund may not use any derivative to gain exposure to an asset or class of assets that it would be prohibited by its investment restrictions from purchasing directly. In addition to other considerations, the Fund’s ability to use derivative instruments may be limited by tax considerations. (See “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” in this SAI.)
Investments in derivatives may subject the Fund to special risks in addition to normal market fluctuations and other risks inherent in investment in securities. For example, a percentage of the Fund’s assets may be segregated to cover its obligations with respect to the derivative investment, which may make it more difficult for the Fund’s subadviser to meet redemption requests or other short-term obligations.
Investments in derivatives in general are also subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Investments in derivatives may not directly correlate with the price movements of the underlying instrument. As a result, the use of derivatives may expose the Fund to additional risks that it would not be subject to if it invested directly in the securities underlying those derivatives. The use of derivatives may result in larger losses or smaller gains than otherwise would be the case.
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Commodity Interests
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Certain of the derivative investment types permitted for the Fund may be considered commodity interests for purposes of the CEA and regulations approved by the CFTC. However, the Fund intends to limit the use of such investment types as required to qualify for exclusion or exemption from being considered a “commodity pool” or otherwise as a vehicle for trading in commodity interests under such regulations. As a result, the Fund has filed a notice of exclusion under CFTC Regulation 4.5 or exemption under another CFTC regulation.
The CFTC has adopted amendments to its rules that may affect the Fund’s ability to continue to claim exclusion or exemption from regulation. If the Fund’s use of these techniques would cause the Fund to be considered a “commodity pool” under the CEA, then the Adviser would be subject to registration and regulation as the Fund’s commodity
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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pool operator, and the Fund’s subadviser may be subject to registration and regulation as the Fund’s commodity trading advisor. The Fund may incur additional expense as a result of the CFTC’s registration and regulation obligations, and the Fund’s use of these techniques and other instruments may be limited or restricted.
As of the date of this SAI, the Fund intends to limit the use of such investment types as required to qualify for exclusion or exemption from being considered a “commodity pool” or otherwise as a vehicle for trading in commodity interests under such regulations, and the Fund has filed a notice of exclusion under CFTC Regulation 4.5 or exemption under another CFTC regulation.
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Credit-linked Notes
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Credit-linked notes are derivative instruments used to transfer credit risk. The performance of the notes is linked to the performance of the underlying reference obligation or reference portfolio (“reference entities”). The notes are usually issued by a special purpose vehicle that sells credit protection through a credit default swap agreement in return for a premium and an obligation to pay the transaction sponsor should a reference entity experience a credit event, such as bankruptcy. The special purpose vehicle invests the proceeds from the notes to cover its contingent obligation. Revenue from the investments and the money received as premium are used to pay interest to note holders. The main risk of credit linked notes is the risk of default to the reference obligation of the credit default swap. Should a default occur, the special purpose vehicle would have to pay the transaction sponsor, subordinating payments to the note holders. Credit linked notes also may not be liquid and may be subject to currency and interest rate risks as well.
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Equity-linked Derivatives
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The Fund may invest in equity-linked derivative products, the performance of which is designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of stocks, or to a single stock. Investments in equity-linked derivatives involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the types of securities such products are designed to track. There can be no assurance that the trading price of the equity-linked derivatives will equal the underlying value of the securities purchased to replicate a particular investment or that such basket will replicate the investment.
Investments in equity-linked derivatives may constitute investments in other investment companies. (See “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI for information regarding the implications of the Fund investing in other investment companies.)
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Eurodollar Instruments
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The Fund may invest in Eurodollar instruments. Eurodollar instruments are dollar-denominated certificates of deposit and time deposits issued outside the U.S. capital markets by foreign branches of U.S. banks and by foreign banks. Eurodollar futures contracts enable purchasers to obtain a fixed rate for the lending of funds and sellers to obtain a fixed rate for borrowings. The Fund might use Eurodollar instruments to hedge against changes in interest rates or to enhance returns.
Eurodollar obligations are subject to the same risks that pertain to domestic issuers, most notably income risk (and, to a lesser extent, credit risk, market risk, and liquidity risk). Additionally, Eurodollar obligations are subject to certain sovereign risks. One such risk is the possibility that a sovereign country might prevent capital, in the form of dollars, from flowing across its borders. Other risks include adverse political and economic developments, the extent and quality of government regulation of financial markets and institutions, the imposition of foreign withholding taxes, and expropriation or nationalization of foreign issuers. However, Eurodollar obligations will undergo the same type of credit analysis as domestic issuers in which the Fund invests.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts, Futures and Options
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The Fund may engage in certain derivative foreign currency exchange and option transactions involving investment risks and transaction costs to which the Fund would not be subject absent the use of these strategies. If the Fund’s subadviser’s predictions of movements in the direction of securities prices or currency exchange rates are inaccurate, the adverse consequences to the Fund may leave the Fund in a worse position than if it had not used such strategies. Risks inherent in the use of option and foreign currency forward and futures contracts include: (1) dependence on the Fund’s subadviser’s ability to correctly predict movements in the direction of securities prices and currency exchange rates; (2) imperfect correlation between the price of options and futures contracts and movements in the prices of the securities or currencies being hedged; (3) the fact that the skills needed to use these strategies are different from those
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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will engage in such “cross hedging” activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the Fund. Cross hedging transactions by the Fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge.
Foreign currency forward contracts, futures and options may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States; may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees; and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities. The value of such positions also could be adversely affected by (i) other complex foreign political, legal and economic factors, (ii) lesser availability than in the United States of data on which to make trading decisions, (iii) delays in the Fund’s ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States, (iv) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States, and (v) lesser trading volume.
The types of derivative foreign currency exchange transactions most commonly employed by the Fund are discussed below, although the Fund is also permitted to engage in other similar transactions to the extent consistent with the Fund’s investment limitations and restrictions.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
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A foreign currency forward contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days (“term”) from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers.
The Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily in an amount not less than the value of the Fund’s total assets committed to forward foreign currency exchange contracts entered into for the purchase of a foreign currency. If the value of the securities specifically designated declines, additional cash or securities will be added so that the specifically designated amount is not less than the amount of the Fund’s commitments with respect to such contracts.
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Foreign Currency Futures Transactions
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The Fund may use foreign currency futures contracts and options on such futures contracts. Through the purchase or sale of such contracts, the Fund may be able to achieve many of the same objectives attainable through the use of foreign currency forward contracts, but more effectively and possibly at a lower cost.
Unlike forward foreign currency exchange contracts, foreign currency futures contracts and options on foreign currency futures contracts are standardized as to amount and delivery period and are traded on boards of trade and commodities exchanges. It is anticipated that such contracts may provide greater liquidity and lower cost than forward foreign currency exchange contracts.
Purchasers and sellers of foreign currency futures contracts are subject to the same risks that apply to the buying and selling of futures generally. In addition, there are risks associated with foreign currency futures contracts similar to those associated with options on foreign currencies. (See “Foreign Currency Options” and “Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts”, each in this sub-section of the SAI.) The Fund must accept or make delivery of the underlying foreign currency, through banking arrangements, in accordance with any U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations regarding the maintenance of foreign banking arrangements by U.S. residents and may be required to pay any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery which are assessed in the issuing country.
To the extent required to comply with SEC Release No. IC-10666, when entering into a futures contract or an option transaction, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily equal to the net amount of the Fund’s obligation. For foreign currency futures transactions, the prescribed amount will generally be the daily value of the futures contract, marked to market.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Futures contracts are designed by boards of trade which are designated “contracts markets” by the CFTC. Futures contracts trade on contracts markets in a manner that is similar to the way a stock trades on a stock exchange and the boards of trade, through their clearing corporations, guarantee performance of the contracts. As of the date of this SAI, the Fund may invest in futures contracts under specified conditions without being regulated as commodity pools. However, under CFTC rules the Fund’s ability to maintain the exclusions/exemptions from the definition of commodity pool may be limited. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI.)
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Foreign Currency Options
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A foreign currency option provides the option buyer with the right to buy or sell a stated amount of foreign currency at the exercise price at a specified date or during the option period. A call option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy the currency, while a put option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell the currency. The option seller (writer) is obligated to fulfill the terms of the option sold if it is exercised. However, either seller or buyer may close its position during the option period for such options any time prior to expiration.
A call rises in value if the underlying currency appreciates. Conversely, a put rises in value if the underlying currency depreciates. While purchasing a foreign currency option can protect the Fund against an adverse movement in the value of a foreign currency, it does not limit the gain which might result from a favorable movement in the value of such currency. For example, if the Fund were holding securities denominated in an appreciating foreign currency and had purchased a foreign currency put to hedge against a decline in the value of the currency, it would not have to exercise its put. Similarly, if the Fund had entered into a contract to purchase a security denominated in a foreign currency and had purchased a foreign currency call to hedge against a rise in the value of the currency but instead the currency had depreciated in value between the date of purchase and the settlement date, the Fund would not have to exercise its call but could acquire in the spot market the amount of foreign currency needed for settlement.
The value of a foreign currency option depends upon the value of the underlying currency relative to the other referenced currency. As a result, the price of the option position may vary with changes in the value of either or both currencies and have no relationship to the investment merits of a foreign security, including foreign securities held in a “hedged” investment portfolio. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the use of foreign currency options, the Fund may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd lot market (generally consisting of transactions of less than $1 million) for the underlying foreign currencies at prices that are less favorable than for round lots.
As in the case of other kinds of options, the use of foreign currency options constitutes only a partial hedge, and the Fund could be required to purchase or sell foreign currencies at disadvantageous exchange rates, thereby incurring losses. The purchase of an option on a foreign currency may not necessarily constitute an effective hedge against fluctuations in exchange rates and, in the event of rate movements adverse to the Fund’s position, the Fund may forfeit the entire amount of the premium plus related transaction costs.
Options on foreign currencies written or purchased by the Fund may be traded on U.S. or foreign exchanges or over the counter. There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies traded over the counter or any regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Quotation information available is generally representative of very large transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect relatively smaller transactions (i.e., less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that the options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that are not reflected in the options market.
For additional information about options transactions, see “Options” under “Derivative Investments” in this section of the SAI.
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Foreign Currency Warrants
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Foreign currency warrants such as currency exchange warrants are warrants that entitle the holder to receive from the issuer an amount of cash (generally, for warrants issued in the United States, in U.S. dollars) that is calculated pursuant to a predetermined formula and based on the exchange rate between two specified currencies as of the exercise date of the warrant. Foreign currency warrants generally are exercisable upon their issuance and expire as of a specified date and time.
Foreign currency warrants may be used to reduce the currency exchange risk assumed by purchasers of a security by, for example, providing for a supplemental payment in the event the U.S. dollar depreciates against the value of a major foreign currency such as the Japanese Yen or Euro. The formula used to determine the amount payable upon exercise of a foreign currency warrant may make the warrant worthless unless the applicable foreign currency exchange rate moves in a particular direction (e.g., unless the U.S. dollar appreciates or depreciates against the particular foreign currency to which the warrant is linked or indexed).
Foreign currency warrants are severable from the debt obligations with which they may be offered, and may be listed on exchanges. Foreign currency warrants may be exercisable only in certain minimum amounts, and an investor wishing to exercise warrants who possesses less than the minimum number required for exercise may be required either to sell the warrants or to purchase additional warrants, thereby incurring additional transaction costs. Upon exercise of warrants, there may be a delay between the time the holder gives instructions to exercise and the time the exchange rate relating to exercise is determined, thereby affecting both the market and cash settlement values of the warrants being exercised. The expiration date of the warrants may be accelerated if the warrants should be delisted from an exchange or if their trading should be suspended permanently, which would result in the loss of any remaining “time value” of the warrants (i.e., the difference between the current market value and the exercise value of the warrants), and, if the warrants were “out-of-the-money,” in a total loss of the purchase price of the warrants.
Warrants are generally unsecured obligations of their issuers and are not standardized foreign currency options issued by the OCC. Unlike foreign currency options issued by OCC, the terms of foreign exchange warrants generally will not be amended in the event of governmental or regulatory actions affecting exchange rates or in the event of the imposition of other regulatory controls affecting the international currency markets. The initial public offering price of foreign currency warrants could be considerably in excess of the price that a commercial user of foreign currencies might pay in the interbank market for a comparable option involving larger amounts of foreign currencies. Foreign currency warrants are subject to significant foreign exchange risk, including risks arising from complex political or economic factors.
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Performance Indexed Paper
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Performance indexed paper is commercial paper the yield of which is linked to certain currency exchange rate movements. The yield to the investor on performance indexed paper is established at maturity as a function of spot exchange rates between the designated currencies as of or about the time (generally, the index maturity two days prior to maturity). The yield to the investor will be within a range stipulated at the time of purchase of the obligation, generally with a guaranteed minimum rate of return that is below, and a potential maximum rate of return that is above, market yields on commercial paper, with both the minimum and maximum rates of return on the investment corresponding to the minimum and maximum values of the spot exchange rate two business days prior to maturity.
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Principal Exchange Rate Linked Securities (“PERLS”)
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PERLS are debt obligations the principal on which is payable at maturity in an amount that may vary based on the exchange rate between the particular currencies at or about that time. The return on “standard” principal exchange rate linked securities is enhanced if the currency to which the security is linked appreciates against the base currency, and is adversely affected by increases in the exchange value of the base currency. “Reverse” PERLS are like the “standard” securities, except that their return is enhanced by increases in the value of the base currency and adversely impacted by increases in the value of other currency. Interest payments on the securities are generally made at rates that reflect the degree of currency risk assumed or given up by the purchaser of the notes (i.e., at relatively higher interest rates if the purchaser has assumed some of the currency exchange risk, or relatively lower interest rates if the issuer has assumed some of the
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currency exchange risk, based on the expectations of the current market). PERLS may in limited cases be subject to acceleration of maturity (generally, not without the consent of the holders of the securities), which may have an adverse impact on the value of the principal payment to be made at maturity.
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Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts
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The Fund may use interest rate, foreign currency, dividend, volatility or index futures contracts. An interest rate, foreign currency, dividend, volatility or index futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of a financial instrument, foreign currency, dividend basket or the cash value of an index at a specified price and time. A futures contract on an index is an agreement pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Although the value of an index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, no physical delivery of these securities is made. A public market exists in futures contracts covering several indexes as well as a number of financial instruments and foreign currencies, and it is expected that other futures contracts will be developed and traded in the future. Interest rate and volatility futures contracts currently are traded in the United States primarily on the floors of the Chicago Board of Trade and the International Monetary Market of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Interest rate futures also are traded on foreign exchanges such as the London International Financial Futures Exchange and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange. Interest rate futures also are traded on foreign exchanges such as the London International Financial Futures Exchange and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange. Volatility futures also are traded on foreign exchanges such as Eurex. Dividend futures are also traded on foreign exchanges such as Eurex, NYSE Euronext Liffe, London Stock Exchange and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange.
The Fund may purchase and write call and put options on futures. Futures options possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indexes discussed above. A futures option gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of option. Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the opposite is true.
Except as otherwise described in this SAI, the Fund will limit its use of futures contracts and futures options to hedging transactions and in an attempt to increase total return, in accordance with Federal regulations. The costs of, and possible losses incurred from, futures contracts and options thereon may reduce the Fund’s current income and involve a loss of principal. Any incremental return earned by the Fund resulting from these transactions would be expected to offset anticipated losses or a portion thereof.
The Fund will only enter into futures contracts and futures options which are standardized and traded on a U.S. or foreign exchange, board of trade, or similar entity, or quoted on an automated quotation system.
When a purchase or sale of a futures contract is made by the Fund, the Fund is required to deposit with its custodian (or broker, if legally permitted) a specified amount of cash or U.S. Government securities (“initial margin”). The margin required for a futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified during the term of the contract. The initial margin is in the nature of a performance bond or good faith deposit on the futures contract which is returned to the Fund upon termination of the contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. The Fund expects to earn interest income on its initial margin deposits. A futures contract held by the Fund is valued daily at the official settlement price of the exchange on which it is traded. Each day the Fund pays or receives cash, called “variation margin,” equal to the daily change in value of the futures contract. This process is known as “marking to market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by the Fund but is instead a settlement between the Fund and the broker of the amount one would owe the other if the futures contract expired. In computing daily NAV, the Fund will mark to market its open futures positions.
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The Fund is also required to deposit and maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts it has written. Such margin deposits will vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option, and other futures positions held by the Fund.
To the extent required to comply with SEC Release No. IC-10666, when entering into a futures contract or an option on a futures contract, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily equal to the prescribed amount. Generally, for cash-settled futures contracts the prescribed amount is the net amount of the Fund’s obligation, and for non-cash-settled futures contracts the prescribed about is the notional value of the reference obligation.
Futures contracts are designed by boards of trade which are designated “contracts markets” by the CFTC. Futures contracts trade on contracts markets in a manner that is similar to the way a stock trades on a stock exchange and the boards of trade, through their clearing corporations, guarantee performance of the contracts. The Fund’s ability to claim an exclusion or exemption from the definition of a commodity pool may be limited when the Fund invests in futures contracts. (See “Commodity Interests” in this SAI.)
The requirements of the Code for qualification as a regulated investment company also may limit the extent to which the Fund may enter into futures, futures options or forward contracts. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of this SAI.)
Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities, generally these obligations are closed out prior to delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (same exchange, underlying security or index, and delivery month). If an offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is more, the Fund realizes a capital loss. Conversely, if an offsetting sales price is more than the original purchase price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is less, the Fund realizes a capital loss. The transaction costs must also be included in these calculations.
Positions in futures contracts and related options may be closed out only on an exchange which provides a secondary market for such contracts or options. The Fund will enter into an option or futures position only if there appears to be a liquid secondary market. However, there can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular option or futures contract at any specific time. Thus, it may not be possible to close out a futures or related option position. In the case of a futures position, in the event of adverse price movements the Fund would continue to be required to make daily margin payments. In this situation, if the Fund has insufficient cash to meet daily margin requirements it may have to sell portfolio securities to meet its margin obligations at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so. In addition, the Fund may be required to take or make delivery of the securities underlying the futures contracts it holds. The inability to close out futures positions also could have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to hedge its portfolio effectively.
There are several risks in connection with the use of futures contracts as a hedging device. While hedging can provide protection against an adverse movement in market prices, it can also limit a hedger’s opportunity to benefit fully from a favorable market movement. In addition, investing in futures contracts and options on futures contracts will cause the Fund to incur additional brokerage commissions and may cause an increase in the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate.
The successful use of futures contracts and related options may also depend on the ability of the Fund’s subadviser to forecast correctly the direction and extent of market movements, interest rates and other market factors within a given time frame. To the extent market prices remain stable during the period a futures contract or option is held by the Fund or such prices move in a direction opposite to that anticipated, the Fund may realize a loss on the transaction which is not offset by an increase in the value of its portfolio securities. Options and futures may also fail as a hedging technique in cases where the movements of the securities underlying the options and futures do not follow the price movements of the hedged portfolio securities. As a result, the Fund’s total return for the period may be less than if it had not engaged in the hedging transaction. The loss from investing in futures transactions is potentially unlimited.
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Utilization of futures contracts by the Fund involves the risk of imperfect correlation in movements in the price of futures contracts and movements in the price of the securities which are being hedged. If the price of the futures contract moves more or less than the price of the securities being hedged, the Fund will experience a gain or loss which will not be completely offset by movements in the price of the securities. It is possible that, where the Fund has sold futures contracts to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the market may advance and the value of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may decline. If this occurred, the Fund would lose money on the futures contract and would also experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. Where futures are purchased to hedge against a possible increase in the prices of securities before the Fund is able to invest its cash (or cash equivalents) in securities (or options) in an orderly fashion, it is possible that the market may decline; if the Fund then determines not to invest in securities (or options) at that time because of concern as to possible further market decline or for other reasons, the Fund will realize a loss on the futures that would not be offset by a reduction in the price of the securities purchased.
The market prices of futures contracts may be affected if participants in the futures market elect to close out their contracts through off-setting transactions rather than to meet margin deposit requirements. In such case, distortions in the normal relationship between the cash and futures markets could result. Price distortions could also result if investors in futures contracts opt to make or take delivery of the underlying securities rather than to engage in closing transactions because such action would reduce the liquidity of the futures market. In addition, from the point of view of speculators, because the deposit requirements in the futures markets are less onerous than margin requirements in the cash market, increased participation by speculators in the futures market could cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the prices of securities and movements in the prices of futures contracts, a correct forecast of market trends may still not result in a successful hedging transaction.
Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of put or call options on futures contracts involves less potential risk for the Fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options plus transaction costs. However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of an option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the Fund while the purchase or sale of the futures contract would not have resulted in a loss, such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying securities.
For additional information about options transactions, see “Options” under “Derivative Investments” in this section of the SAI.
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Mortgage-Related and Other Asset-Backed Securities
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The Fund may purchase mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities, which collectively are securities backed by mortgages, installment contracts, credit card receivables or other financial assets. Asset-backed securities represent interests in “pools” of assets in which payments of both interest and principal on the securities are made periodically, thus in effect “passing through” such payments made by the individual borrowers on the assets that underlie the securities, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of the securities. The average life of asset-backed securities varies with the maturities of the underlying instruments, and the average life of a mortgage-backed instrument, in particular, is likely to be less than the original maturity of the mortgage pools underlying the securities as a result of mortgage prepayments, where applicable. For this and other reasons, an asset-backed security’s stated maturity may be different, and the security’s total return may be difficult to predict precisely.
If an asset-backed security is purchased at a premium, a prepayment rate that is faster than expected will reduce yield to maturity, while a prepayment rate that is slower than expected will have the opposite effect of increasing yield to maturity. Conversely, if an asset-backed security is purchased at a discount, faster than expected prepayments will increase yield to maturity, while slower than expected prepayments will decrease yield to maturity.
Prepayments of principal of mortgage-related securities by mortgagors or mortgage foreclosures affect the average life of the mortgage-related securities in the Fund’s portfolio. Mortgage prepayments are affected by the level of interest rates and other factors, including general economic conditions and the underlying location and age of the
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mortgage. In periods of rising interest rates, the prepayment rate tends to decrease, lengthening the average life of a pool of mortgage-related securities. The longer the remaining maturity of a security the greater the effect of interest rate changes will be. Changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal and in the market’s perception of its creditworthiness also affect the market value of that issuer’s debt securities.
In periods of falling interest rates, the prepayment rate tends to increase, shortening the average life of a pool. Because prepayments of principal generally occur when interest rates are declining, it is likely that the Fund, to the extent that it retains the same percentage of debt securities, may have to reinvest the proceeds of prepayments at lower interest rates than those of its previous investments. If this occurs, that Fund’s yield will correspondingly decline. Thus, mortgage-related securities may have less potential for capital appreciation in periods of falling interest rates than other fixed income securities of comparable duration, although they may have a comparable risk of decline in market value in periods of rising interest rates. To the extent that the Fund purchases mortgage-related securities at a premium, unscheduled prepayments, which are made at par, result in a loss equal to any unamortized premium.
Duration is one of the fundamental tools used by the Fund’s subadviser in managing interest rate risks including prepayment risks. Traditionally, a debt security’s “term to maturity” characterizes a security’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates. “Term to maturity,” however, measures only the time until a debt security provides its final payment, taking no account of prematurity payments. Most debt securities provide interest (“coupon”) payments in addition to a final (“par”) payment at maturity, and some securities have call provisions allowing the issuer to repay the instrument in full before maturity date, each of which affect the security’s response to interest rate changes. “Duration” therefore is generally considered a more precise measure of interest rate risk than “term to maturity.” Determining duration may involve the subadviser’s estimates of future economic parameters, which may vary from actual future values. Generally fixed income securities with longer effective durations are more responsive to interest rate fluctuations than those with shorter effective durations. For example, if interest rates rise by 1%, the value of securities having an effective duration of three years will generally decrease by approximately 3%.
Descriptions of some of the different types of mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities most commonly acquired by the Fund are provided below. In addition to those shown, other types of mortgage-related and asset-backed investments are, or may become, available for investment by the Fund.
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Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”)
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CMOs are hybrid instruments with characteristics of both mortgage-backed and mortgage pass-through securities. Interest and prepaid principal on a CMO are paid, in most cases, monthly. CMOs may be collateralized by whole mortgage loans but are more typically collateralized by portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities guaranteed by entities such as GNMA, FHLMC, or FNMA, and their income streams.
CMOs are typically structured in multiple classes, each bearing a different stated maturity. Actual maturity and average life will depend upon the prepayment experience of the collateral. CMOs provide for a modified form of call protection through a de facto breakdown of the underlying pool of mortgages according to how quickly the loans are repaid. Monthly payment of principal received from the pool of underlying mortgages, including prepayments, is first returned to investors holding the shortest maturity class. Investors holding the longer maturity classes typically receive principal only after the first class has been retired. An investor may be partially guarded against a sooner than desired return of principal because of the sequential payments.
FHLMC CMOs are debt obligations of FHLMC issued in multiple classes having different maturity dates and are secured by the pledge of a pool of conventional mortgage loans purchased by FHLMC. The amount of principal payable on each monthly payment date is determined in accordance with FHLMC’s mandatory sinking fund schedule. Sinking fund payments in the CMOs are allocated to the retirement of the individual classes of bonds in the order of their stated maturities. Payments of principal on the mortgage loans in the collateral pool in excess of the amount of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund obligation for any payment date are paid to the holders of the CMOs as additional sinking-fund payments. Because of the “pass-through” nature of all principal payments received on the collateral pool in excess of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund requirement, the rate at which
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principal of the CMOs is actually repaid is likely to be such that each class of bonds will be retired in advance of its scheduled maturity date. If collection of principal (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans during any semiannual payment period is not sufficient to meet FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund obligation on the next sinking fund payment date, FHLMC agrees to make up the deficiency from its general funds.
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CMO Residuals
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CMO residuals are derivative mortgage securities issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans. As described above, the cash flow generated by the mortgage assets underlying a series of CMOs is applied first to make required payments of principal and interest on the CMOs and second to pay the related administrative expenses of the issuer. The “residual” in a CMO structure generally represents the interest in any excess cash flow remaining after making the foregoing payments. Each payment of such excess cash flow to a holder of the related CMO residual represents income and/or a return of capital. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characteristics of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and, in particular, the prepayment experience on the mortgage assets. In addition, if a series of a CMO includes a class that bears interest at an adjustable rate, the yield to maturity on the related CMO residual will also be extremely sensitive to changes in the level of the index upon which interest rate adjustments are based. In certain circumstances the Fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in a CMO residual.
CMO residuals are generally purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers. The CMO residual market currently may not have the liquidity of other more established securities trading in other markets. CMO residuals may be subject to certain restrictions on transferability, may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Mortgage Pass-through Securities
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Mortgage pass-through securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans, assembled and issued by various governmental, government-related, and private organizations. Unlike other forms of debt securities, which normally provide for periodic payment of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or specified call dates, these securities provide a monthly payment consisting of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their residential or commercial mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Additional payments are caused by repayments of principal resulting from the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, net of fees or costs. “Modified pass-through” securities (such as securities issued by GNMA) entitle the holder to receive all interest and principal payments owed on the mortgage pool, net of certain fees, at the scheduled payment dates regardless of whether or not the mortgagor actually makes the payment.
The principal governmental guarantor of U.S. mortgage-related securities is GNMA. GNMA is authorized to guarantee, with the full faith and credit of the United States Government, the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by GNMA (such as savings and loan institutions, commercial banks and mortgage bankers) and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration insured or Veterans Administration guaranteed mortgages. Government-related guarantors whose obligations are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government include FNMA and FHLMC. FNMA purchases conventional (i.e., not insured or guaranteed by any government agency) residential mortgages from a list of approved seller/servicers which include state and federally chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. FHLMC issues Participation Certificates that represent interests in conventional mortgages from FHLMC’s national portfolio. FNMA and FHLMC guarantee the timely payment of interest and ultimate collection of principal on securities they issue, but the securities they issue are neither issued nor guaranteed by the United States Government.
Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional residential mortgage loans. Such issuers may, in addition, be the originators and/ or servicers of the underlying mortgage loans as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-related securities. Pools created by such non-governmental issuers generally
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offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related pools because there are no direct or indirect government or agency guarantees of payments for such securities. However, timely payment of interest and principal of these pools may be supported by various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The insurance and guarantees are issued by governmental entities, private insurers and the mortgage poolers. Such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof will be considered in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets the Fund’s investment quality standards. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. The Fund may buy mortgage-related securities without insurance or guarantees if, through an examination of the loan experience and practices of the originator/servicers and poolers, the Fund’s subadviser determines that the securities meet the Fund’s quality standards. Securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable and may therefore be subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
Mortgage-backed securities that are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities, are not subject to the Fund’s industry concentration restrictions set forth in the “Investment Restrictions” section of this SAI by virtue of the exclusion from the test available to all U.S. Government securities. The assets underlying such securities may be represented by a portfolio of first lien residential mortgages (including both whole mortgage loans and mortgage participation interests) or portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC. Mortgage loans underlying a mortgage-related security may in turn be insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration or the Department of Veterans Affairs.
The Fund will consider the assets underlying privately-issued, mortgage-related securities, and other asset-backed securities, when determining the industry of such securities for purposes of the Fund’s industry concentration restrictions set forth in the ‘Investment Restrictions’ section of this SAI, and as a result such securities may not be deemed by the Fund to represent the same industry or group of industries. In the case of private issue mortgage-related securities whose underlying assets are neither U.S. Government securities nor U.S. Government-insured mortgages, to the extent that real properties securing such assets may be located in the same geographical region, the security may be subject to a greater risk of default than other comparable securities in the event of adverse economic, political or business developments that may affect such region and, ultimately, the ability of residential homeowners to make payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages.
It is possible that the availability and the marketability (that is, liquidity) of the securities discussed in this section could be adversely affected by the actions of the U.S. Government to tighten the availability of its credit. On September 7, 2008, the FHFA, an agency of the U.S. Government, placed FNMA and FHLMC into conservatorship, a statutory process with the objective of returning the entities to normal business operations. FHFA will act as the conservator to operate FNMA and FHLMC until they are stabilized. The conservatorship is still in effect as of the date of this SAI and has no specified termination date. There can be no assurance as to when or how the conservatorship will be terminated or whether FNMA or FHLMC will continue to exist following the conservatorship or what their respective business structures will be during or following the conservatorship. FHFA, as conservator, has the power to repudiate any contract entered into by FNMA or FHLMC prior to its appointment if it determines that performance of the contract is burdensome and repudiation of the contract promotes the orderly administration of FNMA’s or FHLMC’s affairs. Furthermore, FHFA has the right to transfer or sell any asset or liability of FNMA or FHLMC without any approval, assignment or consent. If FHFA were to transfer any such guarantee obligation to another party, holders of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities would have to rely on that party for satisfaction of the guarantee obligation and would be exposed to the credit risk of that party.
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Other Asset-Backed Securities
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Through trusts and other special purpose entities, various types of securities based on financial assets other than mortgage loans are increasingly available, in both pass-through structures similar to mortgage pass-through securities described above and in other structures more like CMOs. As with mortgage-related securities, these asset-backed securities are often backed by a pool of financial assets representing the
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obligations of a number of different parties. They often include credit-enhancement features similar to mortgage-related securities.
Financial assets on which these securities are based include automobile receivables; credit card receivables; loans to finance boats, recreational vehicles, and mobile homes; computer, copier, railcar, and medical equipment leases; and trade, healthcare, and franchise receivables. In general, the obligations supporting these asset-backed securities are of shorter maturities than mortgage loans and are less likely to experience substantial prepayments. However, obligations such as credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the obligors are often entitled to protection under a number of consumer credit laws granting, among other things, rights to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thus reducing the balance due. Other obligations that are secured, such as automobile receivables, may present issuers with difficulties in perfecting and executing on the security interests, particularly where the issuer allows the servicers of the receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations, thus increasing the risk that recoveries on defaulted obligations may not be adequate to support payments on the securities.
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Stripped Mortgage-backed Securities (“SMBS”)
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SMBS are derivative multi-class mortgage securities. They may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans. SMBS are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. In the most extreme case, one class will receive all of the interest (the interest-only or “IO” class), while the other class will receive all of the principal (the principal-only or “PO” class). The yield to maturity on an IO class security is extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the related underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s yield to maturity from these securities. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the Fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities even if the security is in one of the highest rating categories. The market value of the PO class generally is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates.
Although SMBS are purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers, these securities were only recently developed. As a result, established trading markets have not yet developed and, accordingly, these securities may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
The Fund may invest in other mortgage-related securities with features similar to those described above, to the extent consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies.
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Options
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The Fund may purchase or sell put and call options on securities, indices and other financial instruments. Options may relate to particular securities, foreign and domestic securities indices, financial instruments, volatility, credit default, foreign currencies or the yield differential between two securities. Such options may or may not be listed on a domestic or foreign securities exchange and may or may not be issued by the OCC.
A call option for a particular security gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy, and a writer the obligation to sell, the underlying security at the stated exercise price before the expiration of the option, regardless of the market price of the security. A premium is paid to the writer by the purchaser in consideration for undertaking the obligation under the option contract. A put option for a particular security gives the purchaser the right to sell and a writer the obligation to buy the security at the stated exercise price before the expiration date of the option, regardless of the market price of the security.
To the extent required to comply with SEC Release No. IC-10666, options written by the Fund will be covered and will remain covered as long as the Fund is obligated as a writer. A call option is “covered” if the Fund owns the underlying security or its equivalent covered by the call or has an absolute and immediate right to acquire that security without additional cash consideration (or for additional cash consideration if such cash is segregated) upon conversion or exchange of other securities held in its portfolio. A call
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option is also covered if the Fund holds on a share-for-share or equal principal amount basis a call on the same security as the call written where the exercise price of the call held is equal to or less than the exercise price of the call written or greater than the exercise price of the call written if appropriate liquid assets representing the difference are segregated by the Fund. A put option is “covered” if the Fund maintains appropriate liquid securities with a value equal to the exercise price, or owns on a share-for-share or equal principal amount basis a put on the same security as the put written where the exercise price of the put held is equal to or greater than the exercise price of the put written.
The Fund’s obligation to sell an instrument subject to a covered call option written by it, or to purchase an instrument subject to a secured put option written by it, may be terminated before the expiration of the option by the Fund’s execution of a closing purchase transaction. This means that the Fund buys an option of the same series (i.e., same underlying instrument, exercise price and expiration date) as the option previously written. Such a purchase does not result in the ownership of an option. A closing purchase transaction will ordinarily be effected to realize a profit on an outstanding option, to prevent an underlying instrument from being called, to permit the sale of the underlying instrument or to permit the writing of a new option containing different terms on such underlying instrument. The cost of such a closing purchase plus related transaction costs may be greater than the premium received upon the original option, in which event the Fund will experience a loss. There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular option. If the Fund has written an option and is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction, it will not be able to sell the underlying instrument (in the case of a covered call option) or liquidate the segregated assets (in the case of a secured put option) until the option expires or the optioned instrument is delivered upon exercise. The Fund will be subject to the risk of market decline or appreciation in the instrument during such period.
To the extent required to comply with SEC Release No. IC-10666, when entering into an option transaction, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily equal to the prescribed amount. For options transactions, the prescribed amount will generally be the market value of the underlying instrument but will not be less than the exercise price.
Options purchased are recorded as an asset and written options are recorded as liabilities to the extent of premiums paid or received. The amount of this asset or liability will be subsequently marked-to-market to reflect the current value of the option purchased or written. The current value of the traded option is the last sale price or, in the absence of a sale, the current bid price. If an option purchased by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund will realize a loss equal to the premium paid. If the Fund enters into a closing sale transaction on an option purchased by it, the Fund will realize a gain if the premium received by the Fund on the closing transaction is more than the premium paid to purchase the option, or a loss if it is less. If an option written by the Fund expires on the stipulated expiration date or if the Fund enters into a closing purchase transaction, it will realize a gain (or loss if the cost of a closing purchase transaction exceeds the net premium received when the option is sold), and the liability related to such option will be eliminated. If an option written by the Fund is exercised, the proceeds of the sale will be increased by the net premium originally received and the Fund will realize a gain or loss.
Options trading is a highly specialized activity that entails more complex and potentially greater than ordinary investment risk. Options may be more volatile than the underlying instruments and, therefore, on a percentage basis, an investment in options may be subject to greater fluctuation than an investment in the underlying instruments themselves.
There are several other risks associated with options. For example, there are significant differences among the securities, currency, volatility, credit default and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation among these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. In addition, a liquid secondary market for particular options, whether traded over-the-counter or on an exchange, may be absent for reasons that include the following: there may be insufficient trading interest in certain options; restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with
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Swaptions
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The Fund may enter into swaption contracts, which give the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date. Over-the-counter swaptions, although providing greater flexibility, may involve greater credit risk than exchange-traded options as they are not backed by the clearing organization of the exchanges where they are traded, and as such, there is a risk that the seller will not settle as agreed. The Fund’s financial liability associated with swaptions is linked to the marked-to-market value of the notional underlying investments. Purchased swaption contracts are exposed to a maximum loss equal to the price paid for the option/swaption (the premium) and no further liability. Written swaptions, however, give the right of potential exercise to a third party, and the maximum loss to the Fund in the case of an uncovered swaption is unlimited.
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Swap Agreements
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The Fund may enter into swap agreements on, among other things, interest rates, indices, securities and currency exchange rates. The Fund’s subadviser may use swaps in an attempt to obtain for the Fund a particular desired return at a lower cost to the Fund than if the Fund had invested directly in an instrument that yielded that desired return. Swap agreements are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods typically ranging from a few weeks to more than one year. In a standard “swap” transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are calculated with respect to a “notional amount,” i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular foreign currency, or in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index. The “notional amount” of the swap agreement is only a fictive basis on which to calculate the obligations the parties to a swap agreement have agreed to exchange. The Fund’s obligations (or rights) under a swap agreement will generally be equal only to the amount to be paid or received under the agreement based on the relative values of the positions held by each party to the agreement (the “net amount”). The Fund’s obligations under a swap agreement will be accrued daily on the Fund’s accounting records (offset against any amounts owing to the Fund) and any accrued but unpaid net amounts owed to a swap counterparty will be covered by specifically designating on the accounting records of the Fund liquid assets to avoid leveraging of the Fund’s portfolio.
Because swap agreements are two-party contracts and may have terms of greater than seven days, they may be considered to be illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.) Moreover, the Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap agreement counterparty. The Fund’s subadviser will cause the Fund to enter into swap agreements only with counterparties that would be eligible for consideration as repurchase agreement counterparties under the Fund’s repurchase agreement guidelines. (See “Repurchase Agreements” in this section of the SAI.) Certain restrictions imposed on the Fund by the Code may limit the Fund’s ability to use swap agreements. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of this SAI.) The swaps market is a relatively new market and is largely unregulated. It is possible that developments in the swaps market, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements.
Certain swap agreements are exempt from most provisions of the CEA and, therefore, are not regulated as futures or commodity option transactions under the CEA, pursuant to regulations of the CFTC. To qualify for this exemption, a swap agreement must be entered into by eligible participants and must meet certain conditions (each pursuant to the CEA and regulations of the CFTC). However, recent CFTC rule amendments dictate that certain swap agreements be considered commodity interests for purposes of the CEA. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI for additional information regarding the implications of investments being considered commodity interests under the CEA.)
Recently, the SEC and the CFTC have developed rules under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to create a new, comprehensive regulatory framework for swap transactions. Under the new regulations, certain swap transactions will be required to be executed on a regulated trading platform and cleared through a
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derivatives clearing organization. Additionally, the new regulations impose other requirements on the parties entering into swap transactions, including requirements relating to posting margin, and reporting and documenting swap transactions. The Fund engaging in swap transactions may incur additional expenses as a result of these new regulatory requirements. The Adviser is continuing to monitor the implementation of the new regulations and to assess their impact on the Fund.
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Credit Default Swap Agreements
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The Fund may enter into credit default swap agreements. A credit default swap is a bilateral financial contract in which one party (the protection buyer) pays a periodic fee in return for a contingent payment by the protection seller following a credit event of a reference issuer. The protection buyer must either sell particular obligations issued by the reference issuer for its par value (or some other designated reference or strike price) when a credit event occurs or receive a cash settlement based on the difference between the market price and such reference price. A credit event is commonly defined as bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership, material adverse restructuring of debt, or failure to meet payment obligations when due. The Fund may be either the buyer or seller in the transaction. If the Fund is a buyer and no event of default occurs, the Fund loses its investment and recovers nothing; however, if an event of default occurs, the Fund receives full notional value for a reference obligation that may have little or no value. As a seller, the Fund receives a periodic fee throughout the term of the contract, provided there is no default event; if an event of default occurs, the Fund must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation. The value of the reference obligation received by the Fund as a seller, coupled with the periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value the Fund pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Fund.
As with other swaps, when the Fund enters into a credit default swap agreement, to the extent required by applicable law and regulation the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily, equal to the Fund’s net exposure under the swap (the “Segregated Assets”). Generally, the minimum cover amount for a swap agreement is the amount owed by the Fund, if any, on a daily mark-to-market basis. With respect to swap contracts that provide for the netting of payments, the net amount of the excess, if any, of the Fund’s obligations over its entitlements with respect to each swap contract will be accrued on a daily basis and an amount of Segregated Assets having an aggregate market value at least equal to the accrued excess will be maintained to cover the transactions in accordance with SEC positions. With respect to swap contracts that do not provide for the netting of payments by the counterparties, the full notional amount for which the Fund is obligated under the swap contract with respect to each swap contract will be accrued on a daily basis and an amount of Segregated Assets having an aggregate market value at least equal to the accrued full notional value will be maintained to cover the transactions in accordance with SEC positions. When the Fund sells protection on an individual credit default swap, upon a credit event, the Fund may be obligated to pay the cash equivalent value of the asset. Therefore, the cover amount will be the notional value of the underlying credit. With regard to selling protection on an index (CDX), as a practical matter, the Fund would not be required to pay the full notional amount of the index; therefore, only the amount owed by the Fund, if any, on a daily mark-to-market basis is required as cover.
Credit default swaps involve greater risks than if the Fund had invested in the reference obligation directly. In addition to general market risks, credit default swaps are subject to illiquidity risk, counterparty risk and credit risks. The Fund will enter into swap agreements only with counterparties deemed creditworthy by the Fund’s subadviser.
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Dividend Swap Agreements
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A dividend swap agreement is a financial instrument where two parties contract to exchange a set of future cash flows at set dates in the future. One party agrees to pay the other the future dividend flow on a stock or basket of stocks in an index, in return for which the other party gives the first call options. Dividend swaps generally are traded over the counter rather than on an exchange.
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Inflation Swap Agreements
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Inflation swap agreements are contracts in which one party agrees to pay the cumulative percentage increase in a price index (e.g., the Consumer Price Index with respect to CPI swaps) over the term of the swap (with some lag on the inflation index), while the other pays a compounded fixed rate. Inflation swap agreements may be used by the Fund to hedge the inflation risk associated with non-inflation indexed investments, thereby
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creating “synthetic” inflation-indexed investments. One factor that may lead to changes in the values of inflation swap agreements is a change in real interest rates, which are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. If nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates may rise, which may lead to a decrease in value of an inflation swap agreement.
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Total Return Swap Agreements
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“Total return swap” is the generic name for any non-traditional swap where one party agrees to pay the other the “total return” of a defined underlying asset, usually in return for receiving a stream of cash flows based upon an agreed rate. A total return swap may be applied to any underlying asset but is most commonly used with equity indices, single stocks, bonds and defined portfolios of loans and mortgages. A total return swap is a mechanism for the user to accept the economic benefits of asset ownership without utilizing the balance sheet. The other leg of the swap, which is often LIBOR, is spread to reflect the non-balance sheet nature of the product. Total return swaps can be designed with any underlying asset agreed between the two parties. No notional amounts are exchanged with total return swaps.
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Variance and Correlation Swap Agreements
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Variance swap agreements are contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash payments based on the difference between the stated level of variance and the actual variance realized on an underlying asset or index. “Actual variance” as used here is defined as the sum of the square of the returns on the reference asset or index (which in effect is a measure of its “volatility”) over the length of the contract term. In other words, the parties to a variance swap can be said to exchange actual volatility for a contractually stated rate of volatility. Correlation swap agreements are contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash payments based on the differences between the stated and the actual correlation realized on the underlying equity securities within a given equity index. “Correlation” as used here is defined as the weighted average of the correlations between the daily returns of each pair of securities within a given equity index. If two assets are said to be closely correlated, it means that their daily returns vary in similar proportions or along similar trajectories. The Fund may enter into variance or correlation swaps in an attempt to hedge equity market risk or adjust exposure to the equity markets.
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Equity Securities
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The Fund may invest in equity securities. Equity securities include common stocks, preferred stocks and preference stocks; securities such as bonds, warrants or rights that are convertible into stocks; and depositary receipts for those securities.
Common stockholders are the owners of the company issuing the stock and, accordingly, usually have the right to vote on various corporate governance matters such as mergers. They are not creditors of the company, but rather, in the event of liquidation of the company, would be entitled to their pro rata shares of the company’s assets after creditors (including fixed income security holders) and, if applicable, preferred stockholders are paid. Preferred stock is a class of stock having a preference over common stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. A preferred stockholder is a shareholder in the company and not a creditor of the company as is a holder of the company’s fixed income securities. Dividends paid to common and preferred stockholders are distributions of the earnings or other surplus of the company and not interest payments, which are expenses of the company. Equity securities owned by the Fund may be traded in the over-the-counter market or on a securities exchange and may not be traded every day or in the volume typical of securities traded on a major U.S. national securities exchange. As a result, disposition by the Fund of a portfolio security to meet redemptions by shareholders or otherwise may require the Fund to sell the security at less than the reported value of the security, to sell during periods when disposition is not desirable, or to make many small sales over a lengthy period of time. The market value of all securities, including equity securities, is based upon the market’s perception of value and not necessarily the book value of an issuer or other objective measure of a company’s worth.
Stock values may fluctuate in response to the activities of an individual company or in response to general market and/or economic conditions. Historically, common stocks have provided greater long-term returns and have entailed greater short-term risks than other types of securities. Smaller or newer issuers may be more likely to realize more substantial growth or suffer more significant losses. Investments in these companies can be both more volatile and more speculative. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the NAV of the Fund to fluctuate.
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Securities of Small and Mid Capitalization Companies
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While small and medium-sized issuers in which the Fund invests may offer greater opportunities for capital appreciation than larger market capitalization issuers, investments in such companies may involve greater risks and thus may be considered speculative. For example, smaller companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources, or they may be dependent on a limited management group. In addition, many small and mid-capitalization company stocks trade less frequently and in smaller volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements, than stocks of larger companies. The securities of small and mid-capitalization companies may also be more sensitive to market changes than the securities of larger companies. When the Fund invests in small or mid-capitalization companies, these factors may result in above-average fluctuations in the NAV of the Fund’s shares. Therefore, the Fund investing in such securities should be considered as a long-term investment and not as a vehicle for seeking short-term profits. Similarly, an investment solely in such securities should not be considered a complete investment program.
Market capitalizations of companies in which the Fund invests are determined at the time of purchase.
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Unseasoned Companies
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As a matter of operating policy, the Fund may invest to a limited extent in securities of unseasoned companies and new issues. The Adviser regards a company as unseasoned when, for example, it is relatively new to, or not yet well established in, its primary line of business. Such companies generally are smaller and younger than companies whose shares are traded on the major stock exchanges. Accordingly, their shares are often traded over-the-counter and their share prices may be more volatile than those of larger, exchange-listed companies. Generally the Fund will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in securities of any one company with a record of fewer than three years’ continuous operation (including that of predecessors).
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Foreign Investing
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The Fund may invest in a broad range of securities of foreign issuers, including equity, debt and convertible securities and foreign government securities. The Fund may purchase the securities of issuers from various countries, including countries commonly referred to as “emerging markets.” The Fund may also invest in domestic securities denominated in foreign currencies.
Investing in the securities of foreign companies involves special risks and considerations not typically associated with investing in U.S. companies. These include differences in accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, generally higher commission rates on foreign portfolio transactions, the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, adverse changes in investment or exchange control regulations, political instability which could affect U.S. investments in foreign countries, and potential restrictions on the flow of international capital. Foreign issuers may become subject to sanctions imposed by the United States or another country, which could result in the immediate freeze of the foreign issuers’ assets or securities. The imposition of such sanctions could impair the market value of the securities of such foreign issuers and limit the Fund’s ability to buy, sell, receive or deliver the securities. Additionally, dividends payable on foreign securities may be subject to foreign taxes withheld prior to distribution. Foreign securities often trade with less frequency and volume than domestic securities and therefore may exhibit greater price volatility. Changes in foreign exchange rates will affect the value of those securities which are denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Many of the foreign securities held by the Fund will not be registered with, nor will the issuers thereof be subject to the reporting requirements of, the SEC. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information about the securities and about the foreign company or government issuing them than is available about a domestic company or government entity. Moreover, individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the United States economy in such respects as growth of Gross National Product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payment positions. Finally, the Fund may encounter difficulty in obtaining and enforcing judgments against issuers of foreign securities.
Securities of U.S. issuers denominated in foreign currencies may be less liquid and their prices more volatile than securities issued by domestic issuers and denominated in U.S. dollars. In addition, investing in securities denominated in foreign currencies often entails costs not associated with investment in U.S. dollar-denominated securities of U.S. issuers, such as the cost of converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars, higher brokerage
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commissions, custodial expenses and other fees. Non-U.S. dollar denominated securities may be subject to certain withholding and other taxes of the relevant jurisdiction, which may reduce the yield on the securities to the Fund and which may not be recoverable by the Fund or their investors.
The Trust may use an eligible foreign custodian in connection with its purchases of foreign securities and may maintain cash and cash equivalents in the care of a foreign custodian. The amount of cash or cash equivalents maintained in the care of eligible foreign custodians will be limited to an amount reasonably necessary to effect the Trust’s foreign securities transactions. The use of a foreign custodian invokes considerations which are not ordinarily associated with domestic custodians. These considerations include the possibility of expropriations, restricted access to books and records of the foreign custodian, inability to recover assets that are lost while under the control of the foreign custodian, and the impact of political, social or diplomatic developments.
Settlement procedures relating to the Fund’s investments in foreign securities and to the Fund’s foreign currency exchange transactions may be more complex than settlements with respect to investments in debt or equity securities of U.S. issuers, and may involve certain risks not present in the Fund’s domestic investments. For example, settlement of transactions involving foreign securities or foreign currency may occur within a foreign country, and the Fund may be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may be required to pay any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations. Settlement procedures in many foreign countries are less established than those in the United States, and some foreign country settlement periods can be significantly longer than those in the United States.
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Depositary Receipts
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The Fund may also hold ADRs, ADSs, GDRs and EDRs. ADRs and ADSs typically are issued by an American bank or trust company and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign corporation. EDRs, which are sometimes referred to as CDRs, are issued in Europe typically by foreign banks and trust companies and evidence ownership of either foreign or domestic securities. GDRs are similar to EDRs and are designed for use in several international financial markets. Generally, ADRs and ADSs in registered form are designed for use in United States securities markets and EDRs in bearer form are designed for use in European securities markets. For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, its investments in ADRs, ADSs, GDRs and EDRs will be deemed to be investments in the underlying foreign securities.
Depositary Receipts may be issued pursuant to sponsored or unsponsored programs. In sponsored programs, an issuer has made arrangements to have its securities traded in the form of Depositary Receipts. In unsponsored programs, the issuer may not be directly involved in the creation of the program. Although regulatory requirements with respect to sponsored and unsponsored programs are generally similar, in some cases it may be easier to obtain financial information from an issuer that has participated in the creation of a sponsored program. Accordingly, there may be less information available regarding issuers of securities underlying unsponsored programs and there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the Depositary Receipts. For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, investments in Depositary Receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a Depositary Receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock.
Depositary Receipts are generally subject to the same sort of risks as direct investments in a foreign country, such as currency risk, political and economic risk, and market risk, because their values generally depend on the performance of a foreign security denominated in its home currency. (The risks of foreign investing are addressed above in this section of the SAI under the heading “Foreign Investing.”) In addition to risks associated with the underlying portfolio of securities, receipt holders also must consider credit standings of the custodians and broker/dealer sponsors. The receipts are not registered with the SEC and qualify as Rule 144A securities which may make them more difficult and costly to sell. (For information about Rule 144A securities, see “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Emerging Market Securities
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The Fund may invest in countries or regions with relatively low gross national product per capita compared to the world’s major economies, and in countries or regions with the potential for rapid economic growth (emerging markets). Emerging markets will include any country: (i) having an “emerging stock market” as defined by the International Finance Corporation; (ii) with low-to-middle-income economies according to the World Bank; (iii) listed in World Bank publications as developing; or (iv) determined by the adviser to be an emerging market as defined above.
Certain emerging market countries are either comparatively underdeveloped or are in the process of becoming developed and may consequently be economically dependent on a relatively few or closely interdependent industries. A high proportion of the securities of many emerging market issuers may also be held by a limited number of large investors trading significant blocks of securities. While the Fund’s subadviser will strive to be sensitive to publicized reversals of economic conditions, political unrest and adverse changes in trading status, unanticipated political and social developments may affect the values of the Fund’s investments in such countries and the availability of additional investments in such countries.
The risks of investing in foreign securities may be intensified in the case of investments in emerging markets. Securities of many issuers in emerging markets may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. Emerging markets also have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when a portion of the assets of the Fund is uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of the Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of portfolio securities or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, in possible liability to the purchaser. Securities prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than in the more developed nations of the world, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may have relatively unstable governments, present the risk of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership, or prohibitions of repatriation of assets, and may have less protection of property rights than more developed countries.
Certain emerging markets may require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors. In addition, a country could impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital remittances, whether because deterioration occurs in an emerging market’s balance of payments or for other reasons. The Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital, as well as by the application to the Fund of any restrictions on investments.
Investments in certain foreign emerging market debt obligations may be restricted or controlled to varying degrees. These restrictions or controls may at times preclude investment in certain foreign emerging market debt obligations and increase the expenses of the Fund.
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Foreign Currency Transactions
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When investing in securities denominated in foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to the additional risk of currency fluctuations. An adverse change in the value of a particular foreign currency as against the U.S. dollar, to the extent that such change is not offset by a gain in other foreign currencies, will result in a decrease in the Fund’s assets. Any such change may also have the effect of decreasing or limiting the income available for distribution. Foreign currencies may be affected by revaluation, adverse political and economic developments, and governmental restrictions. Further, no assurance can be given that currency exchange controls will not be imposed on any particular currency at a later date.
As a result of its investments in foreign securities, the Fund may receive interest or dividend payments, or the proceeds of the sale or redemption of such securities, in the foreign currencies in which such securities are denominated. In that event, the Fund may convert such currencies into dollars at the then current exchange rate. Under certain
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circumstances, however, such as where the Fund’s subadviser believes that the applicable rate is unfavorable at the time the currencies are received or the Fund’s subadviser anticipates, for any other reason, that the exchange rate will improve, the Fund may hold such currencies for an indefinite period of time.
In addition, the Fund may be required to receive delivery of the foreign currency underlying forward foreign currency contracts it has entered into. This could occur, for example, if an option written by the Fund is exercised or the Fund is unable to close out a forward contract. The Fund may hold foreign currency in anticipation of purchasing foreign securities.
The Fund may also elect to take delivery of the currencies’ underlying options or forward contracts if, in the judgment of the Fund’s subadviser, it is in the best interest of the Fund to do so. In such instances as well, the Fund may convert the foreign currencies to dollars at the then current exchange rate, or may hold such currencies for an indefinite period of time.
While the holding of currencies will permit the Fund to take advantage of favorable movements in the applicable exchange rate, it also exposes the Fund to risk of loss if such rates move in a direction adverse to the Fund’s position. Such losses could reduce any profits or increase any losses sustained by the Fund from the sale or redemption of securities, and could reduce the dollar value of interest or dividend payments received. In addition, the holding of currencies could adversely affect the Fund’s profit or loss on currency options or forward contracts, as well as its hedging strategies.
When the Fund effects foreign currency exchange transactions on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign exchange market, the Fund incurs expenses in converting assets from one currency to another. The Fund may also effect other types of foreign currency exchange transactions, which have their own risks and costs. For information about such transactions, please see “Foreign Currency Forward Contracts, Futures and Options” under “Derivatives” in this section of the SAI.
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Foreign Investment Companies
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Some of the countries in which the Fund may invest may not permit, or may place economic restrictions on, direct investment by outside investors. Investments in such countries may be permitted only through foreign government-approved or -authorized investment vehicles, which may include other investment companies. These funds may also invest in other investment companies that invest in foreign securities. Investing through such vehicles may involve frequent or layered fees or expenses and may also be subject to limitation under the 1940 Act. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund would bear, along with other shareholders, its pro rata portion of the other investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. Those expenses would be in addition to the advisory and other expenses that the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations. For additional information, see “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI.
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Privatizations
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The governments of some foreign countries have been engaged in programs of selling part or all of their stakes in government owned or controlled enterprises (“privatizations”). Privatizations may offer opportunities for significant capital appreciation. In certain foreign countries, the ability of foreign entities such as the Fund to participate in privatizations may be limited by local law, or the terms on which the Fund may be permitted to participate may be less advantageous than those for local investors. There can be no assurance that foreign governments will continue to sell companies currently owned or controlled by them or that privatization programs will be successful.
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Funding Agreements
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The Fund may invest in funding agreements, which are insurance contracts between an investor and the issuing insurance company. For the issuer, they represent senior obligations under an insurance product. For the investor, and from a regulatory perspective, these agreements are treated as securities. These agreements, like other insurance products, are backed by claims on the general assets of the issuing entity and rank on the same priority level as other policy holder claims. Funding agreements typically are issued with a one-year final maturity and a variable interest rate, which may adjust weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Some agreements carry a seven-day put feature. A funding agreement without this feature is considered illiquid and will therefore be subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted
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Securities” in this section of the SAI.) Funding agreements are regulated by the state insurance board of the state where they are executed.
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Guaranteed Investment Contracts
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The Fund may invest in GICs issued by U.S. and Canadian insurance companies. A GIC requires the investor to make cash contributions to a deposit fund of an insurance company’s general account. The insurance company then makes payments to the investor based on negotiated, floating or fixed interest rates. A GIC is a general obligation of the issuing insurance company and not a separate account. The purchase price paid for a GIC becomes part of the general assets of the insurance company, and the contract is paid from the insurance company’s general assets. Generally, a GIC is not assignable or transferable without the permission of the issuing insurance company, and an active secondary market in GICs does not currently exist. Therefore, these investments may be deemed to be illiquid, in which case they will be subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Illiquid and Restricted Securities
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Illiquid securities are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. The Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid securities. Historically, illiquid securities have included securities subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale because they have not been registered under the 1933 Act (“restricted securities”), securities that are otherwise not readily marketable, such as over-the-counter options, and repurchase agreements not entitling the holder to payment of principal in seven days. Such securities may offer higher yields than comparable publicly traded securities, and they also may incur higher risks.
Repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements and time deposits that do not provide for payment to the Fund within seven days after notice or which have a term greater than seven days are deemed illiquid securities for this purpose unless such securities are variable amount master demand notes with maturities of nine months or less or unless the Fund’s subadviser has determined that an adequate trading market exists for such securities or that market quotations are readily available.
The Fund may purchase Rule 144A securities sold to institutional investors without registration under the 1933 Act and commercial paper issued in reliance upon the exemption in Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, for which an institutional market has developed. Institutional investors depend on an efficient institutional market in which the unregistered security can be readily resold or on the issuer’s ability to honor a demand for repayment of the unregistered security.
Although the investments described in this section generally will be considered illiquid, an investment’s contractual or legal restrictions on resale to the general public or to certain institutions may not be indicative of the liquidity of the investment and therefore these investments may be determined to be liquid in accordance with guidelines established by the Board. The Trustees have delegated to the Fund’s investment adviser the determination of the liquidity of such investments in the respective Fund’s portfolio as administrator of the Fund’s liquidity risk management program. The Fund’s investment adviser will take into account relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations when determining whether an investment is illiquid.
If illiquid securities exceed 15% of the Fund’s net assets after the time of purchase, the Fund will take steps to reduce in an orderly fashion its holdings of illiquid securities. Because illiquid securities may not be readily marketable, the Fund’s subadviser may not be able to dispose of them in a timely manner. As a result, the Fund may be forced to hold illiquid securities while their price depreciates. Depreciation in the price of illiquid securities may cause the NAV of the Fund to decline while holding them. An investment that is determined by the Fund’s investment adviser to be liquid may subsequently revert to being illiquid if not enough buyer interest exists.
Restricted securities ordinarily can be sold by the Fund in secondary market transactions to certain qualified investors pursuant to rules established by the SEC, in privately negotiated transactions to a limited number of purchasers or in a public offering made pursuant to an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act. When registration is required, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a considerable time may elapse between the decision to sell and the sale date. If, during
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such period, adverse market conditions were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than the price which prevailed when it decided to sell.
Restricted securities will be priced at fair value as determined in good faith by the Trustees or their delegate.
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Leverage
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The Fund may employ investment techniques that create leverage, either by using borrowed capital to increase the amount invested, or investing in instruments, including derivatives, where the investment loss can exceed the original amount invested. Certain investments or trading strategies that involve leverage can result in losses that greatly exceed the amount originally invested.
The SEC takes the position that transactions that have a leveraging effect on the capital structure of a mutual fund or are economically equivalent to borrowing can be viewed as constituting a form of borrowing by the fund for purposes of the 1940 Act. These transactions can include buying and selling certain derivatives (such as futures contracts); selling (or writing) put and call options; engaging in sale-buybacks; entering into firm-commitment and stand-by commitment agreements; engaging in when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-commitment transactions; and other similar trading practices (additional discussion about a number of these transactions can be found throughout this section of the SAI). As a result, when the Fund enters into such transactions the transactions may be subject to the same requirements and restrictions as borrowing. (See “Borrowing” below for additional information.)
The following are some of the Fund’s permitted investment techniques that are generally viewed as creating leverage for the Fund.
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Borrowing
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The Fund’s ability to borrow money is limited by its investment policies and limitations, by the 1940 Act, and by applicable exemptions, no-action letters, interpretations, and other pronouncements issued from time to time by the SEC and its staff or any other regulatory authority with jurisdiction. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is required to maintain continuous asset coverage (that is, total assets including borrowings, less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of the amount borrowed, with an exception for borrowings not in excess of 5% of the Fund’s total assets made for temporary or emergency purposes. Any borrowings for temporary purposes in excess of 5% of the Fund’s total assets must maintain continuous asset coverage. If the 300% asset coverage should decline as a result of market fluctuations or for other reasons, the Fund may be required to sell some of its portfolio holdings within three days (excluding Sundays and holidays) to reduce the debt and restore the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint to sell securities at that time.
Borrowing will tend to exaggerate the effect on net asset value of any increase or decrease in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio. Money borrowed will be subject to interest costs that may or may not be recovered by earnings on the securities purchased. The Fund also may be required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with a borrowing or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.
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Mortgage “Dollar-Roll” Transactions
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The Fund may enter into mortgage “dollar-roll” transactions pursuant to which it sells mortgage-backed securities for delivery in the future and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Fund forgoes principal and interest paid on the mortgage-backed securities. The Fund is compensated for the lost interest by the difference between the current sales price and the lower price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”) as well as by the interest earned on, and gains from, the investment of the cash proceeds of the initial sale. The Fund may also be compensated by receipt of a commitment fee. If the income and capital gains from the Fund’s investment of the cash from the initial sale do not exceed the income, capital appreciation and gain or loss that would have been realized on the securities sold as part of the dollar roll, the use of this technique will diminish the investment performance of the Fund compared with what the performance would have been without the use of the dollar roll.
Dollar-roll transactions involve the risk that the market value of the securities the Fund is required to purchase may decline below the agreed upon repurchase price of those securities. If the broker-dealer to whom the Fund sells securities becomes insolvent, the
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Fund’s right to purchase or repurchase securities may be restricted. Successful use of dollar rolls may depend upon the Fund’s subadviser’s ability to correctly predict interest rates and prepayments. There is no assurance that dollar rolls can be successfully employed.
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Reverse Repurchase Agreements
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Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Fund sells a security and simultaneously commits to repurchase that security from the buyer, such as a bank or broker-dealer, at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date. The resale price in a reverse repurchase agreement reflects a market rate of interest that is not related to the coupon rate or maturity of the sold security. For certain demand agreements, there is no agreed-upon repurchase date and interest payments are calculated daily, often based upon the prevailing overnight repurchase rate.
Generally, a reverse repurchase agreement enables the Fund to recover for the term of the reverse repurchase agreement all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities sold and to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are only advantageous if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. In addition, interest costs on the money received in a reverse repurchase agreement may exceed the return received on the investments made by the Fund with those monies. Using reverse repurchase agreements to earn additional income involves the risk that the interest earned on the invested proceeds is less than the expense of the reverse repurchase agreement transaction.
Because reverse repurchase agreements are considered borrowing under the 1940 Act, while a reverse repurchase agreement is outstanding, the Fund will maintain cash and appropriate liquid assets in a segregated custodial account to cover its obligation under the agreement. The Fund will enter into reverse repurchase agreements only with parties that the Fund’s subadviser deems creditworthy, but such investments are still subject to the risks of leverage discussed above.
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Master Limited Partnerships (“MLP”)
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An investment in MLP units involves some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have limited control on matters affecting the partnership. Conflicts of interest exist between common unit holders and the general partner, including those arising from incentive distribution payments. MLPs holding credit-related investments are subject to interest rate risk and the risk of default on payment obligations by debt issuers. MLPs that concentrate in a particular industry or a particular geographic region are subject to risks associated with such industry or region. The fees that MLPs charge for transportation of oil and gas products through their pipelines are subject to government regulation, which could negatively impact the revenue stream. Investing in MLPs also involves certain risks related to investing in the underlying assets of the MLPs and risks associated with pooled investment vehicles. These include the risk of environmental incidents, terrorist attacks, demand destruction from high commodity prices, proliferation of alternative energy sources, inadequate supply of external capital, and conflicts of interest with the general partner. There are also certain tax risks associated with investment in MLPs. The benefit derived from the Fund’s investment in MLPs is somewhat dependent on the MLP being treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, so any change to this status would adversely affect the price of MLP units. Historically, a substantial portion of the gross taxable income of MLPs has been offset by tax losses and deductions reducing gross income received by investors, and any change to these tax rules would adversely affect the price of an MLP unit. Certain MLPs may trade less frequently than other securities, and those with limited trading volumes may display volatile or erratic price movements.
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Money Market Instruments
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The Fund may invest in money market instruments, which are high-quality short-term investments. The types of money market instruments most commonly acquired by the Fund are discussed below, although the Fund is also permitted to invest in other types of money market instruments to the extent consistent with the Fund’s investment limitations and restrictions.
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Banker's Acceptances
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A banker's acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods). The borrower, as well as the bank, is liable for payment, and the bank unconditionally guarantees to pay the draft at its face amount on the
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maturity date. Most acceptances have maturities of six months or less and are traded in secondary markets prior to maturity.
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Certificates of Deposit
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Certificates of deposit are generally short-term, interest-bearing negotiable certificates issued by banks or savings and loan associations against funds deposited in the issuing institution. They generally may be withdrawn on demand but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which could reduce the Fund’s yield. Deposits subject to early withdrawal penalties or that mature in more than seven days are treated as illiquid securities if there is no readily available market for the securities.
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Commercial Paper
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Commercial paper refers to short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by corporations to finance short-term credit needs. Commercial paper is usually sold on a discount basis and has a maturity at the time of issuance not exceeding nine months.
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Obligations of Foreign Banks and Foreign Branches of U.S. Banks
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The money market instruments in which the Fund may invest include negotiable certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and time deposits of foreign branches of U.S. banks, foreign banks and their non-U.S. branches (Eurodollars), U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks (Yankee dollars), and wholly-owned banking-related subsidiaries of foreign banks. For the purposes of the Fund’s investment policies with respect to money market instruments, obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks are obligations of the issuing bank and may be general obligations of the parent bank. Such obligations, however, may be limited by the terms of a specific obligation and by government regulation. As with investment in non-U.S. securities in general, investments in the obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks may subject the Fund to investment risks that are different in some respects from those of investments in obligations of domestic issuers.
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Time Deposits
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Time deposits are deposits in a bank or other financial institution for a specified period of time at a fixed interest rate for which a negotiable certificate is not received.
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U.S. Government Obligations
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Securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States Government include a variety of Treasury securities, which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. Treasury bills have maturities of one year or less. Treasury notes have maturities of one to ten years, and Treasury bonds generally have maturities of greater than ten years.
Agencies of the United States Government which issue or guarantee obligations include, among others, Export-Import Bank of the United States, Farmers Home Administration, Federal Housing Administration, GNMA, Maritime Administration, Small Business Administration and The Tennessee Valley Authority. Obligations of instrumentalities of the United States Government include securities issued or guaranteed by, among others, FNMA, Federal Home Loan Banks, FHLMC, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, Banks for Cooperatives, and the U.S. Postal Service. Some of these securities are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, others are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the Treasury, while still others are supported only by the credit of the instrumentality. There is no guarantee that the U.S. Government will provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities, now or in the future, if it is not obligated to do so by law. Accordingly, although these securities have historically involved little risk of loss of principal if held to maturity, they may involve more risk than securities backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government because the Fund must look principally to the agency or instrumentality issuing or guaranteeing the securities for repayment and may not be able to assert a claim against the United States if the agency or instrumentality does not meet its commitment.
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Mutual Fund Investing
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The Fund is authorized to invest in the securities of other investment companies subject to the limitations contained in the 1940 Act.
Investment companies in which the Fund may invest may include ETFs. An ETF is an investment company classified as an open-end investment company or unit investment trust that is traded similarly to a publicly traded company. Most ETFs seek to achieve the same return as a particular market index. That type of ETF is similar to an index fund in that it will primarily invest in the securities of companies that are included in a selected market index. An index-based ETF will invest in all of the securities included in the index, a representative sample of the securities included in the index, or other investments expected to produce returns substantially similar to that of the index. Other types of ETFs
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include leveraged or inverse ETFs, which are ETFs that seek to achieve a daily return that is a multiple or an inverse multiple of the daily return of a securities index. An important characteristic of these ETFs is that they seek to achieve their stated objectives on a daily basis, and their performance over longer periods of time can differ significantly from the multiple or inverse multiple of the index performance over those longer periods of time. ETFs also include actively managed ETFs that pursue active management strategies and publish their portfolio holdings on a frequent basis.
In connection with the management of its daily cash positions, the Fund may invest in securities issued by investment companies that invest in short-term debt securities (which may include municipal obligations that are exempt from Federal income taxes) and that seek to maintain a $1.00 NAV per share.
In certain countries, investments by the Fund may only be made through investments in other investment companies that, in turn, are authorized to invest in the securities that are issued in such countries. (See “Foreign Investment Companies” under “Foreign Investing” in this section of the SAI.)
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally may not own more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of an investment company, invest more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, or invest more than 10% of its total assets in the securities of investment companies. In some instances, the Fund may invest in an investment company in excess of these limits; for instance, with respect to investments in money market funds or investments made pursuant to exemptive rules adopted and/or orders granted by the SEC. The SEC has adopted exemptive rules to permit funds of funds to exceed these limits when complying with certain conditions, which differ depending upon whether the funds in which a fund of funds invests are affiliated or unaffiliated with the fund of funds. Many ETFs have obtained exemptive relief from the SEC to permit unaffiliated funds to invest in the ETF’s shares beyond the statutory limitations discussed above, subject to certain conditions. The Fund may rely on these exemptive rules and/or orders to invest in affiliated or unaffiliated mutual funds and/or unaffiliated ETFs. In addition to this, the Trust has obtained exemptive relief permitting the Fund to exceed the limitations with respect to investments in affiliated and unaffiliated funds that are not themselves funds of funds, subject to certain conditions.
The risks associated with investing in other investment companies generally reflect the risks of owning shares of the underlying securities in which those investment companies invest, although lack of liquidity in an investment company could result in its value being more volatile than the underlying portfolio of securities. For purposes of complying with investment policies requiring the Fund to invest a percentage of its assets in a certain type of investments (e.g., stocks of international companies), the Fund generally will look through an investment company in which it invests, to categorize the investment company in accordance with the types of investments the investment company holds.
Certain investment companies in which the Fund may invest may be considered commodity pools under the CEA and applicable CFTC regulations. If the Fund invests in such an investment company, the Fund will be required to treat some or all of its holding of the investment company’s shares as a commodity interest for the purposes of determining whether the Fund is qualified to claim exclusion or exemption from regulation by the CFTC. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI for additional information regarding the implications to the Fund of investing in commodity interests.)
Investors in the Fund should recognize that when the Fund invests in another investment company, the Fund will bear its pro rata portion of the other investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees, in addition to the expenses the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
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The Fund may invest in REITs. REITs pool investors’ funds for investment primarily in income producing commercial real estate or real estate related loans. A REIT is not taxed on income distributed to shareholders if it complies with several requirements relating to its organization, ownership, assets, and income and a requirement that it distribute to its shareholders at least 90% of its taxable income (other than net capital gains) for each taxable year.
REITs can generally be classified as follows:
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Equity REITs, which invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive their income primarily from rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value.
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Mortgage REITs, which invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive their income primarily from interest payments.
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Hybrid REITs, which combine the characteristics of both equity REITs and mortgage REITs.
REITs are structured similarly to closed-end investment companies in that they are essentially holding companies. An investor should realize that by investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, he will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the underlying REITs. (See “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI.)
Selecting REITs requires an evaluation of the merits of each type of asset a particular REIT owns, as well as regional and local economics. Due to the proliferation of REITs in recent years and the relative lack of sophistication of certain REIT managers, the quality of REIT assets has varied significantly. The risks associated with REITs are similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate. These include declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, dependence on management skill, cash flow dependence, possible lack of availability of long-term mortgage funds, over-building, extended vacancies of properties, decreased occupancy rates and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in neighborhood values and the appeal of the properties to tenants and changes in interest rates.
Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties they own, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, equity and mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally are not diversified. Equity and mortgage REITs are also subject to potential defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, and the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free status of income under the Code and failing to maintain exemption from the 1940 Act. In the event of a default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments. In addition, investment in REITs could cause the Fund to possibly fail to qualify as a regulated investment company. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of the SAI.)
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Repurchase Agreements
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The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements by which the Fund purchases portfolio securities subject to the seller’s agreement to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon time and price. The repurchase price may be higher than the purchase price, the difference being income to the Fund, or the purchase and repurchase price may be the same, with interest payable to the Fund at a stated rate together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In either case, the income to the Fund is unrelated to the interest rate on the security.
A repurchase agreement must be collateralized by obligations that could otherwise be purchased by the Fund (except with respect to maturity), and these must be maintained by the seller in a segregated account for the Fund. The value of such collateral will be monitored throughout the term of the repurchase agreement in an attempt to ensure that the market value of the collateral always equals or exceeds the repurchase price (including accrued interest). If the value of the collateral dips below such repurchase price, additional collateral will be requested and, when received, added to the account to maintain full collateralization.
Repurchase agreements will be entered into with commercial banks, brokers and dealers considered by the Fund’s subadviser to be creditworthy. However, the use of repurchase agreements involves certain risks such as default by, or insolvency of, the other party to the transaction. The Fund also might incur disposition costs in connection with liquidating the underlying securities or enforcing its rights.
Typically, repurchase agreements are in effect for one week or less, but they may be in effect for longer periods of time.
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Description and Risks
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Repurchase agreements of more than seven days’ duration are subject to the Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities, which means that no more than 15% of the market value of the Fund’s total assets may be invested in repurchase agreements with a maturity of more than seven days and in other illiquid securities.
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Securities Lending
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Subject to certain investment restrictions, the Fund may, subject to the Trustees’ and Trust Treasurer’s approval, lend securities from its portfolio to brokers, dealers and financial institutions deemed creditworthy and receive, as collateral, cash or cash equivalents which at all times while the loan is outstanding will be maintained in amounts equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities. Any cash collateral will be invested in short-term securities that will increase the current income of the Fund.
The Fund will have the right to regain record ownership of loaned securities to exercise beneficial rights such as voting rights and subscription rights. While a securities loan is outstanding, the Fund is to receive an amount equal to any dividends, interest or other distributions with respect to the loaned securities. The Fund may pay reasonable fees to persons unaffiliated with the Trust for services in arranging such loans.
Even though securities lending usually does not impose market risks on the Fund, as with any extension of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery of the loaned securities and in some cases loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially. In addition, the value of the collateral taken as security for the securities loaned may decline in value or may be difficult to convert to cash in the event that the Fund must rely on the collateral to recover the value of the securities. Moreover, if the borrower of the securities is insolvent, under current bankruptcy law, the Fund could be ordered by a court not to liquidate the collateral for an indeterminate period of time. If the borrower is the subject of insolvency proceedings and the collateral held might not be liquidated, the result could be a material adverse impact on the liquidity of the Fund.
The Fund will not lend securities having a value in excess of 33 1/3% of its assets, including collateral received for loaned securities (valued at the time of any loan).
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Short Sales
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The Fund may sell securities short as part of its overall portfolio management strategies involving the use of derivative instruments and to offset potential declines in long positions in similar securities. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own or have the right to acquire, or that it owns but does not wish to deliver, in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. A short sale is “against the box” to the extent the Fund contemporaneously owns, or has the right to obtain at no added cost, securities identical to those sold short. All other short sales are commonly referred to as “naked” short sales.
When the Fund makes a short sale, the broker-dealer through which the short sale is made must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the party purchasing the security. The Fund is required to make a margin deposit in connection with such short sales; the Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and will often be obligated to pay over any dividends and accrued interest on borrowed securities. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund covers its short position, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. The successful use of short selling may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the security sold short and the securities being hedged.
If the Fund sells securities short against the box, it may protect unrealized gains, but will lose the opportunity to profit on such securities if the price rises. If the Fund engages in naked short sales, the Fund’s risk of loss could be as much as the maximum attainable price of the security (which could be limitless) less the price paid by the Fund for the security at the time it was borrowed.
When the Fund sells securities short, to the extent required by applicable law and regulation the Fund will “cover” the short sale, which generally means that the Fund will segregate any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily, equal to the market value of the securities sold short, reduced by any amount deposited as margin. Alternatively, the Fund may “cover” a short sale by (a) owning the underlying securities,
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(b) owning securities currently convertible into the underlying securities at an exercise price equal to or less than the current market price of the underlying securities, or (c) owning a purchased call option on the underlying securities with an exercise price equal to or less than the price at which the underlying securities were sold short.
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Special Situations
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The Fund may invest in special situations that the Fund’s subadviser believes present opportunities for capital growth. Such situations most typically include corporate restructurings, mergers, and tender offers.
A special situation arises when, in the opinion of the Fund’s subadviser, the securities of a particular company will, within a reasonably estimable period of time, be accorded market recognition at an appreciated value solely by reason of a development particularly or uniquely applicable to that company and regardless of general business conditions or movements of the market as a whole. Developments creating special situations might include, among others, the following: liquidations, reorganizations, recapitalizations, mergers, or tender offers; material litigation or resolution thereof; technological breakthroughs; and new management or management policies. Although large and well-known companies may be involved, special situations often involve much greater risk than is inherent in ordinary investment securities.
|
|
Temporary Investments
|
| |
When business or financial conditions warrant, the Fund may assume a temporary defensive position by investing in money-market instruments, including obligations of the U.S. Government and its agencies and instrumentalities, obligations of foreign sovereigns, other debt securities, commercial paper including bank obligations, certificates of deposit (including Eurodollar certificates of deposit) and repurchase agreements. (See “Money Market Instruments” in this section of the SAI for more information about these types of investments.)
For temporary defensive purposes, during periods in which the Fund’s subadviser believes adverse changes in economic, financial or political conditions make it advisable, the Fund may reduce its holdings in equity and other securities and may invest up to 100% of its assets in certain short-term (less than twelve months to maturity) and medium-term (not greater than five years to maturity) debt securities and in cash (U.S. dollars, foreign currencies, or multicurrency units). The short-term and medium-term debt securities in which the Fund may invest for temporary defensive purposes will be those that the Fund’s subadviser believes to be of high quality (i.e., subject to relatively low risk of loss of interest or principal). If rated, these securities will be rated in one of the three highest rating categories by rating services such as Moody’s or S&P (i.e., rated at least A).
|
|
Warrants or Rights to Purchase Securities
|
| |
The Fund may invest in or acquire warrants or rights to purchase equity or fixed income securities at a specified price during a specific period of time. The Fund will make such investments only if the underlying securities are deemed appropriate by the Fund’s subadviser for inclusion in the Fund’s portfolio. Included are warrants and rights whose underlying securities are not traded on principal domestic or foreign exchanges. Warrants and stock rights are almost identical to call options in their nature, use and effect except that they are issued by the issuer of the underlying security, rather than an option writer, and they generally have longer expiration dates than call options. (See “Options” in this section of the SAI for information about call options.)
Bonds with warrants attached to purchase equity securities have many characteristics of convertible bonds and their prices may, to some degree, reflect the performance of the underlying stock. However, unlike convertible securities and preferred stocks, warrants do not pay a fixed dividend. Bonds also may be issued with warrants attached to purchase additional fixed income securities at the same coupon rate. A decline in interest rates would permit a fund holding such warrants to buy additional bonds at the favorable rate or to sell the warrants at a profit. If interest rates rise, the warrants would generally expire with no value.
The Fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices (“index warrants”). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise
|
|
Investment Technique
|
| |
Description and Risks
|
|
| | |
price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the Fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the Fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.
The Fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the Fund’s use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. (See “Options” in this section of the SAI for information about index options.) Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Although the Fund will normally invest only in exchange-listed warrants, index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the Fund’s ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the Fund would otherwise wish to do.
|
|
When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Transactions
|
| |
The Fund may purchase securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis. These transactions are also known as delayed delivery transactions. (The phrase “delayed delivery” is not intended to include purchases where a delay in delivery involves only a brief period required by the selling party solely to locate appropriate certificates and prepare them for submission for clearance and settlement in the customary way.) Delayed delivery transactions involve a commitment by the Fund to purchase or sell securities at a future date (ordinarily up to 90 days later). The price of the underlying securities (usually expressed in terms of yield) and the date when the securities will be delivered and paid for (the settlement date) are fixed at the time the transaction is negotiated. When-issued purchases and forward commitments are negotiated directly with the selling party.
When-issued purchases and forward commitments enable the Fund to lock in what is believed to be an attractive price or yield on a particular security for a period of time, regardless of future changes in interest rates. For example, in periods of rising interest rates and falling bond prices, the Fund might sell debt securities it owns on a forward commitment basis to limit its exposure to falling prices. In periods of falling interest rates and rising prices, the Fund might sell securities it owns and purchase the same or similar securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis, thereby obtaining the benefit of currently higher yields. The Fund will not enter into such transactions for the purpose of leverage.
The value of securities purchased on a when-issued or forward commitment basis and any subsequent fluctuations in their value will be reflected in the Fund’s NAV starting on the first business day after the date of the agreement to purchase the securities. The Fund will be subject to the rights and risks of ownership of the securities on the agreement date. However, the Fund will not earn interest on securities it has committed to purchase until they are paid for and received. A seller’s failure to deliver securities to the Fund could prevent the Fund from realizing a price or yield considered to be advantageous and could cause the Fund to incur expenses associated with unwinding the transaction.
When the Fund makes a forward commitment to sell securities it owns, the proceeds to be received upon settlement will be included in the Fund’s assets. Fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities will not be reflected in the Fund’s NAV as long as the commitment to sell remains in effect. Settlement of when-issued purchases and forward commitment transactions generally takes place up to 90 days after the date of the transaction, but the Fund may agree to a longer settlement period.
The Fund will make commitments to purchase securities on a when-issued basis or to purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis only with the intention of completing the transaction and actually purchasing or selling the securities. If deemed
|
|
Investment Technique
|
| |
Description and Risks
|
|
| | |
advisable as a matter of investment strategy, however, the Fund may dispose of or renegotiate a commitment after it is entered into. The Fund also may sell securities it has committed to purchase before those securities are delivered to the Fund on the settlement date. The Fund may realize a capital gain or loss in connection with these transactions.
When the Fund purchases securities on a when-issued or forward-commitment basis, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records securities having a value (determined daily) at least equal to the amount of the Fund’s purchase commitments. These procedures are designed to ensure that the Fund will maintain sufficient assets at all times to cover its obligations under when-issued purchases and forward commitments.
|
|
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Brown, Thomas J.
YOB: 1945
|
| |
Served since 2016.
|
| |
67
|
| | Retired | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2011), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2010), D’Youville Senior Care Center; and Director (since 2005), VALIC Company Funds (49 portfolios). | |
|
Burke, Donald C.
YOB: 1960
|
| |
Served since 2016.
|
| |
71
|
| | Retired. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Director (since 2014), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); Director, Avista Corp. (energy company) (since 2011); Trustee, Goldman Sachs Fund Complex (2010 to 2014); and Director, BlackRock Luxembourg and Cayman Funds (2006 to 2010). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Harris, Sidney E.
YOB: 1949
|
| |
Served since 2017
|
| |
67
|
| | Professor and Dean Emeritus (since April 2015), Professor (1997 to 2014), Dean (1997 to 2004), J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University. | | | Trustee (since 2019), Mutual Fund Directors Forum; Trustee (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2013), KIPP Metro Atlanta; Trustee (since 1999) Total System Services, Inc.; Trustee (2004 to 2017), RidgeWorth Funds; Trustee (since 2012), International University of the Grand Bassam Foundation; and Trustee (2011 to 2015), Genspring Family Offices, LLC. | |
|
Mallin, John R.
YOB: 1950
|
| |
Served since 2016.
|
| |
67
|
| | Partner/Attorney (since 2003), McCarter & English LLP (law firm) Real Property Practice Group; and Member (since 2014), Counselors of Real Estate. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Director (since 2013), Horizons, Inc. (non-profit); and Trustee (since 1999), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios). | |
|
McClellan, Hassell H.
YOB: 1945
|
| |
Served since 2015.
|
| |
67
|
| | Retired (since 2013). Professor (1984 to 2013), Wallace E. Carroll School of Management, Boston College. | | | Chairperson of the Board (since 2017) and Trustee (since 2000), John Hancock Fund Complex (collectively, 227 portfolios); Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2015), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios); Director (since 2010), Barnes Group, Inc. (diversified global components manufacturer and logistical services company); and Trustee (since 2008), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios). | |
|
McDaniel, Connie D.
YOB: 1958
|
| |
Served since 2017
|
| |
67
|
| | Retired (since 2013). Vice President, Chief of Internal Audit, Corporate Audit Department (2009 to 2013); Vice President Global Finance Transformation (2007 to 2009); Vice President and Controller (1999 to 2007), The Coca-Cola Company. | | | Trustee (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2014), Total System Services, Inc.; and Trustee (2005 to 2017), RidgeWorth Funds. | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
McLouglin, Philip
Chairman
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Served since 1999.
|
| |
75
|
| | Retired | | | Director and Chairman (since 2016), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Director and Chairman (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee and Chairman (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee and Chairman (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Chairman and Trustee (since 2003), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 1995), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); Director (since 1991) and Chairman (since 2010), Lazard World Trust Fund (closed-end investment firm in Luxembourg); and Trustee (since 1989) and Chairman (since 2002), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios). | |
|
McNamara, Geraldine M.
YOB: 1951
|
| |
Served since 2001.
|
| |
71
|
| | Retired. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2015), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2003), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); and Trustee (since 2001), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Oates, James M.
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Served since 2000.
|
| |
71
|
| | Managing Director (since 1994), Wydown Group (consulting firm). | | | Director (since 2016), Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2005) and Chairperson (2005 to 2017), John Hancock Fund Complex (227 portfolios); Director (2002 to 2014), New Hampshire Trust Company; Chairman (2000 to 2016), Emerson Investment Management, Inc.; Non-Executive Chairman (2000 to 2014), Hudson Castle Group, Inc. (formerly IBEX Capital Markets, Inc.) (financial services); Chairman and Director (1999 to 2014), Connecticut River Bank; Director (since 1996), Stifel Financial; and Trustee (since 1987), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios). | |
|
Segerson, Richard E.
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Served since 2000.
|
| |
67
|
| | Retired. Managing Director (1998 to 2013), Northway Management Company. | | | Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios) and Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); and Trustee (since 1983), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Aylward, George R.
YOB: 1964
|
| |
Served since 2006.
|
| |
73
|
| | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2008), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; and various senior officer positions with Virtus affiliates (since 2005). | | | Chairman and Trustee (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II (2 portfolios); Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee and President (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds, PLC (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2012) and President (since 2010), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee and President (since 2006) and Executive Vice President (2004 to 2006), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (56 portfolios); and Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2006), Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Batchelar, Peter J.
YOB: 1970
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2008 to 2016). | | | Senior Vice President, Product Development (since 2017), and Vice President, Product Development (2008 to 2017), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various officer positions (since 2008) with Virtus affiliates; Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2008 to 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2010 to 2016), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2013 to 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; and Senior Vice President (since 2017) and Vice President (2016 to 2017), Virtus Closed-End Funds. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Bradley, W. Patrick
YOB: 1972
|
| | Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2006). | | | Executive Vice President, Fund Services (since 2016), Senior Vice President, Fund Services (2010 to 2016), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various officer positions (since 2006) with Virtus affiliates; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2004), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2006), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2012 to 2013), Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (since 2010), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2014 to 2016), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Vice President and Assistant Treasurer (since 2011), Duff & Phelps Global Utility Income Fund Inc.; Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds, PLC; and Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust. | |
|
Carr, Kevin J.
YOB: 1954
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2013), Vice President (2005 to 2013), and Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (since 2005). | | | Vice President and Senior Counsel (2017 to Present), Senior Vice President (2009 to 2017), Vice President, Counsel and Secretary (2008 to 2009), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various senior officer positions (since 2005) with Virtus affiliates; Senior Vice President (since 2013), Vice President (2005 to 2013), Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (since 2005), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (2013 to 2014), Vice President (2012 to 2013), Secretary and Chief Legal Officer (2005 to 2013), and Assistant Secretary (2013 to 2014 and since 2017), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Assistant Secretary (since 2013), Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (2010 to 2013), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (2013 to 2014), Vice President (2011 to 2013) and Assistant Secretary (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Assistant Secretary (since 2015), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017) and Assistant Secretary (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Secretary (since 2015), ETFis Series Trust I; and Secretary (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Engberg, Nancy J.
YOB: 1956
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011). | | | Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2008 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (2008 to 2011 and since 2016), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various officer positions (since 2003) with Virtus affiliates; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2010 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2016) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2012 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2012), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2013 to 2016) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2014 to 2016) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Chief Compliance Officer (since 2015), ETFis Series Trust I; and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II. | |
|
Short, Julia R.
YOB: 1972
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017). | | | Senior Vice President (since 2018), Virtus Closed-End Funds; Senior Vice President, Product Development (since 2017), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2018), Virtus Closed-End Funds; President and Chief Executive Officer, RidgeWorth Funds (2007 to 2017); and Managing Director, Product Manager, RidgeWorth Investments (2004 to 2017). | |
|
Waltman, Francis G.
YOB: 1962
|
| | Executive Vice President (since 2013), and Senior Vice President (2008 to 2013). | | | Executive Vice President, Product Development (since 2009), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; various senior officer positions (since 2006) with Virtus affiliates; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2008 to 2013), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2010 to 2013), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2011 to 2013), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Executive Vice President (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds PLC; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; and Executive Vice President (since 2017), Virtus Global Dividend & Income Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. | |
Independent Trustees
|
| |
Aggregate Dollar Range
of Trustee Ownership in all Funds Overseen by Trustee in Family of Investment Companies * |
|
Thomas J. Brown | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
Donald C. Burke | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
Sidney E. Harris | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
John R. Mallin | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
Hassell H. McClellan | | |
None
|
|
Connie D. McDaniel | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
Philip McLoughlin | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
Geraldine M. McNamara | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
James M. Oates | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
Richard E. Segerson | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
Interested Trustee
|
| |
Aggregate Dollar Range
of Trustee Ownership in all Funds Overseen by Trustee in Family of Investment Companies * |
|
George R. Aylward | | |
Over $100,000
|
|
| | |
Aggregate Compensation from Trust
|
| |
Total Compensation From Trust and Fund
Complex Paid to Trustees |
|
Independent Trustees | | | | ||||
Thomas J. Brown | | |
$150,375
|
| |
$315,000 (81 funds)
|
|
Donald C. Burke | | |
$133,667
|
| |
$372,000 (85 funds)
|
|
Sidney E. Harris | | |
$152,762
|
| |
$320,000 (81 funds)
|
|
John R. Mallin | | |
$133,667
|
| |
$280,000 (81 funds)
|
|
Hassell H. McClellan | | |
$164,697
|
| |
$345,000 (81 funds)
|
|
Connie D. McDaniel | | |
$133,667
|
| |
$280,000 (81 funds)
|
|
Philip R. McLoughlin | | |
$233,917
|
| |
$736,500 (89 funds)
|
|
Geraldine M. McNamara | | |
$152,762
|
| |
$412,000 (85 funds)
|
|
James M. Oates | | |
$143,214
|
| |
$437,500 (85 funds)
|
|
Richard E. Segerson | | |
$133,667
|
| |
$280,000 (81 funds)
|
|
Interested Trustee | | | | ||||
George R. Aylward | | |
None
|
| |
None
|
|
Fund
|
| |
Investment Advisory Fee
|
| |||||||||||||||
| | | | | |
1
st
$1 Billion
|
| |
$1+ Billion
|
| |
|
| ||||||
International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | |
|
| | | | [___] % | | | | | | [___] % | | | |
|
|
| | |
Class A
|
| |
Class C
|
| |
Class I
|
| |
Class R6
|
| |
Through
Date |
|
International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | |
[___]%
|
| |
[___]%
|
| |
[___]%
|
| |
[___]%
|
| |
January 31, 2021
|
|
| First $15 billion | | | 0.10% | |
| $15+ billion to $30 billion | | | 0.095% | |
| $30+ billion to $50 billion | | | 0.09% | |
| Greater than $50 billion | | | 0.085% | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
|
| |
Sales Charge
as Percentage of Offering Price |
| |
Sales Charge
as Percentage of Amount Invested |
| |
Dealer Discount
or Agency Fee as Percentage of Offering Price |
| |||||||||
Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75 % | | | | | | 6.10 % | | | | | | 5.00 % | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | | | | | 4.25 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | | | | | 3.25 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | | | | | 2.25 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | | 1.75 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
| | |
Registered Investment Companies
|
| |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
(PIVs) |
| |
Other Accounts
|
| |||||||||
Portfolio Manager
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
|
Hyung Kim | | |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
|
Craig Thrasher | | |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
| |
[TBD]
|
|
Portfolio Manager
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities
Beneficially Owned in Similar Investment Strategies |
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Hyung Kim | | | [TBD] | | |
[TBD]
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Portfolio Manager
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Dollar Range of Equity Securities
Beneficially Owned in Similar Investment Strategies |
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Total Range of Ownership
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Craig Thrasher | | | [TBD] | | |
[TBD]
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VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST
PART C—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 28. | Exhibits |
(a) | Amended Declaration of Trust. |
1. | Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated March 1, 2001, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 12 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2002, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Amendment to the Declaration of Trust of Virtus Opportunities Trust (“VOT” or the “Registrant”), dated November 16, 2006, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit a.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 23 (File No. 033-65137) on January 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Second Amendment to the Declaration of Trust of VOT, dated August 20, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit a.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 85 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Third Amendment to the Declaration of Trust of VOT, dated November 17, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit a.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
5. | Fourth Amendment to the Declaration of Trust of VOT, dated June 2, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit a.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 96 (File No. 033-65137) on January 26, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(b) | Bylaws. |
1. | Amended and Restated By-Laws dated November 16, 2005, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit b.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 23 (File No. 033-65137) on January 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant, dated August 23, 2006, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit b.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 23 (File No. 033-65137) on January 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant, dated August November 17, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit b.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(c) | See Articles III, V, VI and VIII of Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust and Articles II and VII of Registrant’s Bylaws, each as amended. |
(d) | Investment Advisory Contracts. |
1. | Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement between the Registrant and Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc. (“VIA”) effective November 20, 2002, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 14 (File No. 033-65137) on January 29, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and VIA dated June 8, 2006, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 22 (File No. 033-65137) on June 9, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and VIA, dated June 27, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.8) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 (File No. 033-65137) on September 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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c) | Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and VIA dated September 24, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.14) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 28 (File No. 033-65137) on November 14, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, between the Registrant and VIA effective as of January 31, 2008, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.20) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 29 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between the Registrant and VIA effective as of October 1, 2008, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.18) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 32 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of March 2, 2009, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.21) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of May 29, 2009, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.22) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of September 29, 2009, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.26) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Ninth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of January 1, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.336) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Tenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of June 30, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.34) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Eleventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of September 14, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.35) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
l) | Twelfth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of January 1, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.31) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Thirteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of March 15, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.32) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
n) | Fourteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and VIA effective as of February 6, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.15) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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o) | Fifteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant and VIA effective as of August 28, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.16) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
p) | Sixteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of December 18, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.17) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
q) | Seventeenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of June 10, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.18) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
r) | Eighteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of December 18, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.r) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
s) | Nineteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of November 13, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.s) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 75 (File No. 033-65137) on November 12, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
t) | Twentieth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of January 6, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.t) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
u) | Twenty-First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between Registrant and VIA effective as of March 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.u) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
v) | Twenty-Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between the Registrant and VIA effective as of May 11, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.v) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 85 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
w) | Twenty-Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between the Registrant and VIA effective as of February 8, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.w) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 88 (File No. 033-65137) on September 23, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
x) | Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between the Registrant and VIA effective as of January 9, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.x) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
y) | Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between the Registrant and VIA, effective as of January 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1.y) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 96 (File No. 033-65137) on January 26, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
z) | Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement, by and between the Registrant and VIA, effective [____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
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2. | Investment Advisory Agreement between Virtus Insight Trust (“VIT”) (since assigned to the Registrant) and Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc., dated May 18, 2006, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.1) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-64915) on June 2, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | First Amendment to Investment Advisory Agreement between VIT (since assigned to the Registrant) and VIA, dated January 1, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.7) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 50 (File No. 033-64915) on February 25, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Form of Corrected Second Amendment to Investment Advisory Agreement between the Registrant (as assigned by VIT) and VIA, dated December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.2.b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 100 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Subadvisory Agreement dated June 27, 2007, among VIA, Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (“Duff & Phelps”) and VOT on behalf of Virtus Duff & Phelps Global Infrastructure Fund (f/k/a Phoenix Global Utilities Fund and Virtus Global Infrastructure Fund)(“Global Infrastructure Fund”) and Virtus Duff & Phelps Real Estate Securities Fund (f/k/a Phoenix Real Estate Securities Fund and Virtus Real Estate Securities Fund)(“Real Estate Securities Fund”), filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 (File No. 033-65137) on September 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | First Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated September 24, 2007, among VIA, Duff & Phelps and VOT on behalf of Virtus Duff & Phelps International Real Estate Securities Fund (f/k/a Phoenix International Real Estate Securities Fund and Virtus International Real Estate Securities Fund)(“International Real Estate Securities Fund”), filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.16) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 28 (File No. 033-65137) on November 14, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Second Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated March 2, 2009, among VIA, Duff & Phelps and VOT on behalf of Virtus Duff & Phelps Global Real Estate Securities Fund (f/k/a Virtus Global Real Estate Securities Fund)(“Global Real Estate Securities Fund”) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.24) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Third Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated January 1, 2010, among VIA, Duff & Phelps and VOT on behalf of Global Infrastructure Fund, Global Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Real Estate Securities Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.37) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Subadvisory Agreement dated August 28, 2012, among VIA, Thomas J. Herzfeld Advisors, Inc. (“Herzfeld”) and VOT on behalf of Virtus Herzfeld Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.32) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
5. | Subadvisory Agreement dated August 28, 2012, among VIA, Horizon Asset Management LLC (“Horizon”) and VOT on behalf of Virtus Horizon Wealth Masters Fund (f/k/a Virtus Wealth Masters Fund) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.25) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
6. | Subadvisory Agreement dated August 28, 2012, among VIA, Kayne Anderson Rudnick Investment Management, LLC (“KAR”) and VOT on behalf of Virtus KAR International Small-Cap Fund (f/k/a Virtus International Small-Cap Equity Fund and Virtus International Small-Cap Fund) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.26) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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a) | First Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated December 18, 2013, among VIA, KAR and VOT on behalf of Virtus KAR Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund (f/k/a Virtus Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund), filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.11.a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
7. | Subadvisory Agreement effective [____] [__], 2019, among VIA, KAR and VOT on behalf of Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund, to be filed by amendment. |
8. | Subadvisory Agreement dated July 1, 1998, among VIA, Newfleet Asset Management, LLC (f/k/a Seneca Capital Management LLC and SCM Advisors LLC) (“Newfleet”) and VOT, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 15 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Investment Subadvisory Agreement Amendment effective July 1, 1998, among VIA, Newfleet and VOT, for the purpose of amending the Subadvisory Agreement of the same date in order to correct a typographical error in such Subadvisory Agreement, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 15 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated November 20, 2002, among VIA, Newfleet and VOT, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 15 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Third Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated September 1, 2006, among VIA, Newfleet and VOT, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.7) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 23 (File No. 033-65137) on January 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Fourth Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated June 27, 2007, among VIA, Newfleet, and VOT on behalf of Virtus Newfleet High Yield Fund (f/k/a Phoenix High Yield Fund and Virtus High Yield Fund)(“High Yield Fund”), filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.13) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 (File No. 033-65137) on September 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Fifth Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated January 1, 2010, among VIA, Newfleet, and VOT on behalf of Virtus Newfleet Core Plus Bond Fund (f/k/a Phoenix Bond Fund, Virtus Bond Fund and Virtus Newfleet Bond Fund)(“Bond Fund”) and High Yield Fund, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.29) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Sixth Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated June 2, 2011, among VIA, Newfleet and VOT on behalf of Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund (f/k/a Virtus Multi-Sector Fixed Income Fund and Virtus Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund)(“Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund”), Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund (f/k/a Virtus Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund)(“Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund”) and Virtus Newfleet Senior Floating Rate Fund (f/k/a Virtus Senior Floating Rate Fund)(“Senior Floating Rate Fund”) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.40) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Seventh Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated September 30, 2011, among VIA, Newfleet and VOT on behalf of Virtus Newfleet CA Tax-Exempt Bond Fund (since liquidated) (f/k/a Virtus CA Tax-Exempt Bond Fund)(“CA Tax-Exempt Bond Fund”) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.41) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
9. | Subadvisory Agreement dated May 18, 2012, among VIA, Newfleet and VIT (since assigned to VOT) on behalf of Virtus Newfleet Low Duration Core Plus Bond Fund (f/k/a Virtus Low Duration Income Fund and Virtus Newfleet Low Duration Income Fund)(“Low Duration Bond Fund”), filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.6) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 56 (File No. 033-64915) on April 29, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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a) | First Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated June 15, 2012, among VIA, Newfleet and VIT (since assigned to VOT) on behalf of Virtus Newfleet Tax-Exempt Bond Fund (f/k/a Virtus Tax-Exempt Bond Fund)(“Tax-Exempt Bond Fund”), filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.7) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 56 (File No. 033-64915) on April 29, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
10. | Subadvisory Agreement dated August 25, 2017, among VIA, Rampart and VOT on behalf of Virtus Rampart Alternatives Diversifier Fund (“Alternatives Diversifier Fund”), Virtus Rampart Equity Trend Fund (“Equity Trend Fund”), Virtus Rampart Multi-Asset Trend Fund (“Multi-Asset Trend Fund”) and Virtus Rampart Sector Trend Fund (“Sector Trend Fund”) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.12) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 96 (File No. 033-65137) on January 26, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
11. | Subadvisory Agreement dated September 24, 2007, among VIA, Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. (“Vontobel”) and VOT on behalf of Virtus Vontobel Foreign Opportunities Fund (f/k/a Phoenix Foreign Opportunities Fund and Virtus Foreign Opportunities Fund)(“Foreign Opportunities Fund”), filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.18) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 28 (File No. 033-65137) on November 14, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | First Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated January 1, 2009, among VIA, Vontobel and VOT on behalf of Foreign Opportunities Fund, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.15) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 33 (File No. 033-65137) on March 2, 2009, and incorporated by reference. |
b) | Second Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated January 28, 2009, among VIA, Vontobel and VOT on behalf of Virtus Vontobel Global Opportunities Fund (f/k/a Virtus Global Opportunities Fund)(“Global Opportunities Fund”) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.16) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 33 (File No. 033-65137) on March 2, 2009, and incorporated by reference. |
c) | Third Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated April 21, 2009, among VIA, Vontobel and VOT on behalf of Virtus Vontobel Greater European Opportunities Fund (f/k/a Virtus Greater European Opportunities Fund)(“Greater European Opportunities Fund”) filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.23) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Fourth Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement dated January 1, 2010, among VIA, Vontobel and VOT on behalf of Foreign Opportunities Fund, Global Opportunities Fund and Greater European Opportunities Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.31) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
12. | Subadvisory Agreement among VIA, Vontobel and VIT (since assigned to VOT) on behalf of Virtus Vontobel Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund (f/k/a Phoenix Insight Emerging Markets Fund and Virtus Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund)(“Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund”), dated May 18, 2006, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.3) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-64915) on June 2, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | First Amendment to Subadvisory Agreement among VIA, Vontobel and VIT (since assigned to VOT) on behalf of Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund, dated January 1, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 50 (File No. 033-64915) on February 25, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(e) | Underwriting Agreement. |
1. | Underwriting Agreement between VP Distributors, LLC (formerly VP Distributors, Inc.) (“VP Distributors”) and Registrant dated July 1, 1998 and filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit e.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 15 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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2. | Form of Sales Agreement between VP Distributors and dealers, effective February 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit e.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 33 to Virtus Asset Trust’s (“VAT”) Registration Statement (File No. 333-08045) on February 22, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | *Amended Annex A to Form of Sales Agreement between VP Distributors and dealers effective July 2019 filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit e.2.a) herewith. |
(f) | Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Program, effective February 9, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 31 to Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust’s (“VAST”) Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(g) | Custodian Agreement. |
1. | Custody Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated March 21, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1) with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on March 28, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon effective May 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 16 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on May 29, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of September 1, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on February 26, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, VET and VOT (collectively, “Virtus Mutual Funds”), VAT, Virtus Retirement Trust (“VRT”; formerly known as Virtus Institutional Trust), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (“VVIT”) and The Bank of New York Mellon dated September 11, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.d) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT and VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit 9(e)) to VET’s Form N-14 (File No. 333-228766) on December 12, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Form of Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT and VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of March 8, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.e) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 to VVIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-05033) on April 22, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of May 22, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.1.f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on June 12, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of [_____] [___], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
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2. | Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2) with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 4, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of August 19, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on September 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of May 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 16 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on May 29, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of September 1, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 24 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on February 26, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit 9(j)) to VET’s Form N-14 (File No. 333-228766) on December 12, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Form of Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of March 8, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.e) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 to VVIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-05033) on April 22, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of May 22, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit g.2.f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on June 12, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of [_____] [___], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
(h) | Other Material Contracts. |
1. | Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VAT, VRT and Virtus Fund Services, LLC (“Virtus Fund Services”) dated September 20, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on November 16, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. (“BNY Mellon”), dated April 15, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 54 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Adoption and Amendment Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of March 21, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.b) with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 4, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of August 19, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 4 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on September 8, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of June 1, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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d) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of November 12, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.c) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 80 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated as of May 28, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.d) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 18 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on June 5, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of December 10, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.e) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 35 to VRT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-80057) on January 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of February 1, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.g) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of February 1, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.h) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of September 18, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.i) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of January 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of September 20, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on November 16, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
l) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of December 21, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on January 25, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Form of Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of March 22, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.m) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 35 to VAT’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-08045) on April 25, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
n) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of May 22, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.n) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on June 12, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
o) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of [____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
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3. | Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of January 1, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 36 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference. | |
a) | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of April 14, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of June 30, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.10) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of September 14, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.11) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of January 1, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of March 15, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.15) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of August 28, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds and VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services), effective as of December 18, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.2.g) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of June 10, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.h) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Ninth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of December 18, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.i) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Tenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of November 13, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 74 (File No. 033-65137) on November 13, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Eleventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of January 1, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 80 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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l) | Twelfth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of March 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Thirteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of January 8, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.m) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 35 to VRT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-80057) on January 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
n) | Fourteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of December 1, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.n) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
o) | Fifteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of June 12, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.o) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 to VAT’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
p) | Sixteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of March 6, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.p) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 117 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on March 6, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
q) | Seventeenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of May 3, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.q) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on June 12, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
r) | Eighteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of June 12, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.r) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on June 12, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of January 1, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 50 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on February 25, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | First Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of June 30, 2010 filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.13) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 52 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 28, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Second Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of September 14, 2010 filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.14) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 52 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 28, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Third Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of March 15, 2011 filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.15.) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 52 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 28, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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d) | Fourth Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of August 28, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.d) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 56 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 29, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Fifth Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VP Distributors (since assigned to Virtus Fund Services) and BNY Mellon, effective as of December 18, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.e) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 56 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 29, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Sixth Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, effective as of June 10, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.f) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Seventh Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, effective as of December 18, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.g) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAST, VVIT, VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. (“VATS”), Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated February 24, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.h) with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 3 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on March 28, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Joinder Agreement to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VVIT, VAST, VATS, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated December 10, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.i) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 35 to VRT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-80057) on January 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, VATS, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated July 27, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 31 to VAST’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-191940) on April 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated April, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
l) | Joinder Agreement and Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, VAT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated September 21, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Form of Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, VAT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated December 1, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit 13(rr)) to VET’s Form N-14 (File No. 333-228766) on December 12, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
n) | Form of Amendment to Sub-Administration Agreement and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, VAT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon |
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dated March 8, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.3.n) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 to VVIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-05033) on April 22, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
o) | Amendment to Sub-Administration Agreement and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, VAT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated May 22, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.4.o) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on June 12, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
p) | Amendment to Sub-Administration Agreement and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, VAT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated [____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
5. | Form of Thirty-Fourth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and VIA, effective as of January 28, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 100 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
6. | Thirty-Fifth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and VIA, effective [_____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
7. | Thirty-Sixth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and VIA, effective [_____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
8. | Thirty-Seventh Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and VIA, effective [_____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
9. | Second Amended and Restated Fee Waiver Agreement between Registrant and VP Distributors, dated as of March 17, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
10. | First Amended Fee Waiver Agreement (Class I Shares) between VIT and VP Distributors, effective as of December 1, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.8) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 63 to VIT’s Registration Statement (File No. 033-64915) on April 29, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
11. | Form of Indemnification Agreement with each Trustee of Registrant, effective as of October 24, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Form of Joinder Agreement and Amendment to the Indemnification Agreement with George R. Aylward, Philip R. McLoughlin, Geraldine M. McNamara, James M. Oates, Richard E. Segerson and Ferdinand L.J. Verdonck (since retired), effective as of January 18, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.7.a) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 to VAT’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Form of Joinder Agreement and Amendment to the Indemnification Agreement with Thomas J. Brown, Donald C. Burke, Roger A. Gelfenbien (since retired), John R. Mallin, and Hassell H. McClellan, effective as of February 27, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.7.b) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 26 to VAT’s Registration Statement (File No. 333-08045) on June 22, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
12. | Form of Indemnification Agreement with Sidney E. Harris and Connie D. McDaniel, effective as of July 17, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(i) | Legal Opinion. |
1. | Opinion and consent of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit e.10) with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 (File No. 033-65137) on February 29, 1996, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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2. | Opinion of Counsel as to legality of shares dated March 13, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Opinion as to legality of the shares filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.2) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-64915) on November 12, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Opinion of Counsel as to legality of shares dated September 23, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 88 (File No. 033-65137) on September 23, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
5. | Opinion of Counsel as to legality of shares dated October 24, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 90 (File No. 033-65137) on November 1, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
6. | Opinion of Counsel as to legality of the shares dated April 5, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 94 (File No. 033-65137) on April 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
7. | Opinion of Counsel as to legality of the shares dated January 24, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.7) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 97 (File No. 033-65137) on January 26, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
8. | Opinion of Counsel as to legality of the shares dated December 11, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.8) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 98 on December 18, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
9. | Opinion of Counsel as to legality of the shares dated December 18, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.9) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 100 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. |
10. | *Opinion of Counsel as to legality of the shares dated July 16, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.10) herewith. |
11. | Consent of Sullivan & Worcester, to be filed by amendment . |
(j) | Other Opinions. |
1. | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm to be filed by amendment . |
(k) | Not applicable. |
(l) | Initial Capital Agreements |
1. | Share Purchase Agreement (the “Share Purchase Agreement”) between Registrant and GMG/Seneca Capital Management, L.P., filed via EDGAR with Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 (File No. 033-65137) on February 29, 1996, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Form of Purchase Agreement relating to Initial Capital filed via EDGAR with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 3 (File No. 033-64915) on February 28, 1997, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Subscription Agreement, dated January 14, 1999, between Registrant and FDI Distribution Services, Inc. relating to Advisor Shares filed via EDGAR with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 10 (File No. 033-64915) on March 2, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Subscription Agreement, dated December 6, 2000, between Registrant and Provident Distributors, Inc. relating to B Shares filed via EDGAR with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 18 (File No. 033-64915) on December 28, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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(m) | Rule 12b-1 Plans. |
1. | Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), effective March 1, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 25 (File No. 033-65137) on June 27, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Amendment to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective June 27, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 (File No. 033-65137) on September 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Amendment No. 2 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective September 24, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.8) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 29 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Amendment No. 3 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective October 1, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.11) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 29 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Amendment No. 4 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective January 31, 2008, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.13) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 29 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference. |
e) | Amendment No. 5 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective March 2, 2009, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.15) with Post-Effective No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Amendment No. 6 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective April 21, 2009, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.16) with Post-Effective No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Amendment No. 7 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective June 30, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.19) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Amendment No. 8 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective September 14, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.21) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Amendment No. 9 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective March 15, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.23) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Amendment No. 10 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective August 28, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Amendment No. 11 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective December 18, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
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l) | Amendment No. 12 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective June 10, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Amendment No. 13 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective December 18, 2013, on behalf of Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.m) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
n) | Amendment No. 14 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective November 13, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.n) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 75 (File No. 033-65137) on November 12, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
o) | Amendment No. 15 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective March 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1.o) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
p) | Amendment No. 16 to Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective [_____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
2. | Class A Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of VIT Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, dated March 1, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.1) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 (File No. 033-64915) on April 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference |
3. | Class A Shares Amended and Restated Shareholder Services Plan of VIT Not Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, dated March 1, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 (File No. 033-64915) on April 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective March 1, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 25 (File No. 033-65137) on June 27, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
a) | Amendment to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective June 27, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.6) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 27 (File No. 033-65137) on September 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
b) | Amendment No. 2 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective September 24, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.10) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 29 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference. |
c) | Amendment No. 3 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective October 1, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.12) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 29 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference. |
d) | Amendment No. 4 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective January 31, 2008, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.14) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 29 (File No. 033-65137) on January 28, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference. |
C- 16 |
e) | Amendment No. 5 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective March 2, 2009, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.17) with Post-Effective No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
f) | Amendment No. 6 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective April 21, 2009, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.18) with Post-Effective No. 34 (File No. 033-65137) on October 1, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference. |
g) | Amendment No. 7 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective June 30, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.20) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
h) | Amendment No. 8 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective September 14, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.22) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference. |
i) | Amendment No. 9 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective March 15, 2011, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.24) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 51 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference. |
j) | Amendment No. 10 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective August 28, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3.j) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
k) | Amendment No. 11 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act effective December 18, 2012, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3.k) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-65137) on January 25, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
l) | Amendment No. 12 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective June 10, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3.l) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 64 (File No. 033-65137) on June 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference. |
m) | Amendment No. 13 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective December 18, 2013, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3.m) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 70 (File No. 033-65137) on January 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
n) | Amendment No. 14 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective November 13, 2014, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3.n) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 75 (File No. 033-65137) on November 12, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
o) | Amendment No. 15 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of Registrant Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective March 19, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.3.o) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
p) | Amendment No. 16 to Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, effective as of [___] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
C- 17 |
5. | Class C Shares Amended and Restated Distribution Plan of VIT Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, dated March 1, 2007, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.2) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 (File No. 033-64915) on April 24, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference. |
6. | Class C1 Shares Distribution Plan Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit m.8) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 94 (File No. 033-65137) on April 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(n) | Rule 18f-3 Plans. |
1. | Amended and Restated Plan Pursuant to Rule 18f-3 under the 1940 Act, effective as of [_____] [__], 2019, to be filed by amendment. |
(o) | Reserved. |
(p) | Codes of Ethics. |
1. | Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of the Virtus Funds effective October 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.1) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of VIA, VP Distributors and other Virtus Affiliates dated October 1, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.2) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on December 21, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | *Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of Subadviser Vontobel dated December, 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.3) herewith. |
4. | Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of Subadviser Herzfeld dated August 3, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 92 (File No. 033-65137) on January 20, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
5. | Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of Subadviser Horizon dated October 2018, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.5) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 98 on December 18, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. |
(q) | Powers of Attorney |
1. | Power of Attorney for Trustees George R. Aylward, Philip R. McLoughlin, Geraldine M. McNamara, James M. Oates and Richard E. Segerson, dated June 2, 2010, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit q) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
2. | Power of Attorney for Trustee Hassell H. McClellan, dated January 21, 2015, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit r) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 82 (File No. 033-65137) on March 13, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference. |
3. | Power of Attorney for Trustees Thomas J. Brown, Donald C. Burke, Roger A. Gelfenbien (since retired) and John R. Mallin, dated June 30, 2016, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit q.3) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 87 (File No. 033-65137) on July 8, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. |
4. | Power of Attorney for Trustees Sidney E. Harris and Connie D. McDaniel dated June 26, 2017, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit q.4) with Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 to VET’s Registration Statement (File No. 002-16590) on July 26, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference. |
* Filed herewith
C- 18 |
Item 29. | Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with the Fund |
None.
Item 30. | Indemnification |
The indemnification of Registrant’s principal underwriter against certain losses is provided for in Section 18 of the Underwriting Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit e.1. Indemnification of Registrant’s Custodian is provided for in Section 9.9, among others, of the Custody Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit g.1. The indemnification of Registrant’s Transfer Agent is provided for in Article 6 of the Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit h.1. The Trust has entered into Indemnification Agreements with each trustee, the form of which is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits h.8, h.8.a, h.8.b and h.9, whereby the Registrant shall indemnify the trustee for expenses incurred in any proceeding in connection with the trustee’s service to the Registrant subject to certain limited exceptions.
In addition, Article VII sections 2 and 3 of the Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits a.1-5, provides in relevant part as follows:
“A Trustee, when acting in such capacity, shall not be personally liable to any Person, other than the Trust or a Shareholder to the extent provided in this Article VII, for any act, omission or obligation of the Trust, of such Trustee or of any other Trustee. The Trustees shall not be responsible or liable in any event for any neglect or wrongdoing of any officer, agent, employee, Manager or Principal Underwriter of the Trust. The Trust (i) may indemnify an agent of the Trust or any Person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as an agent of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise and (ii) shall indemnify each Person who is, or has been, a Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust and any Person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as a director, officer, trustee, or employee of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise, in the case of (i) and (ii), to the fullest extent consistent with the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) and in the manner provided in the By-Laws; provided that such indemnification shall not be available to any of the foregoing Persons in connection with a claim, suit or other proceeding by any such Person against the Trust or a Series (or Class) thereof.
All persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Trust or the Trustees shall look only to the assets of the appropriate Series (or Class thereof if the Trustees have included a Class limitation on liability in the agreement with such person as provided below), or, if the Trustees have yet to establish Series, of the Trust for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Trustees nor the Shareholders, nor any of the Trust’s officers, employees or agents, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor.
Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking and every other act or thing whatsoever executed or done by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees by any of them in connection with the Trust shall conclusively be deemed to have been executed or done only in or with respect to his or their capacity as Trustee or Trustees, and such Trustee or Trustees shall not be personally liable thereon. …
… A Trustee shall be liable to the Trust and to any Shareholder solely for her or his own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Trustees may take advice of counsel or other experts with respect to the meaning and operation of this Declaration of Trust, and shall be under no liability for any act or omission in accordance with such advice nor for failing to follow such advice.”
In addition, Article III section 7 of such Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for the indemnification of shareholders of the Registrant as follows: “If any Shareholder or former Shareholder shall be exposed to liability by reason of a claim or demand relating to such Person being or having been
C- 19 |
a Shareholder, and not because of such Person’s acts or omissions, the Shareholder or former Shareholder (or such Person’s heirs, executors, administrators, or other legal representatives or in the case of a corporation or other entity, its corporate or other general successor) shall be entitled to be held harmless from and indemnified out of the assets of the Trust against all cost and expense reasonably incurred in connection with such claim or demand, but only out of the assets held with respect to the particular Series of Shares of which such Person is or was a Shareholder and from or in relation to which such liability arose. The Trust may, at its option and shall, upon request by the Shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against the Shareholder for any act or obligation of the Trust and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets held with respect to the particular series.”
Article VI Section 2 of the Registrant’s Bylaws incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits b.1-3, provides in relevant part, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, “every agent shall be indemnified by the Trust to the fullest extent permitted by law against all liabilities and against all expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him or her in connection with any proceeding in which he or she becomes involved as a party or otherwise by virtue of his or her being or having been an agent.” Such indemnification would not apply in the case of any liability to which the Registrant would otherwise be subject by reason of or for willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of such person’s duties.
The Investment Advisory Agreement, Subadvisory Agreements, Custody Agreement, Foreign Custody Manager Agreement, Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement and Sub-Transfer Agency and Service Agreement, each as amended, respectively provide that the Registrant will indemnify the other party (or parties, as the case may be) to the agreement for certain losses. Similar indemnities to those listed above may appear in other agreements to which the Registrant is a party.
The Registrant, in conjunction with VIA, the Registrant’s Trustees, and other registered investment management companies managed by VIA or its affiliates, maintains insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a Trustee, officer, employee, or agent of the Registrant, or who is or was serving at the request of the Registrant as a trustee, director, officer, employee or agent of another trust or corporation, against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by him or arising out of his position. However, in no event will Registrant maintain insurance to indemnify any such person for any act for which the Registrant itself is not permitted to indemnify him.
Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Item 31. | Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser and Subadvisers |
See “Management of the Funds” in the Prospectus and “Investment Advisory and Other Services” and “Management of the Trust” in the Statement of Additional Information which is included in this Post-Effective Amendment. For information as to the business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature of directors and officers of the Adviser and Subadvisers, reference is made to the Adviser’s and each Subadviser’s current Form ADV filed under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and incorporated herein by reference.
C- 20 |
Adviser | SEC File No.: | |
VIA | 801-5995 | |
Duff & Phelps | 801-14813 | |
Herzfeld | 801-20866 | |
Horizon | 801-47515 | |
KAR | 801-24241 | |
Newfleet | 801-51559 | |
Rampart | 801-77244 | |
Vontobel | 801-21953 |
Item 32. | Principal Underwriter |
(a) | VP Distributors, LLC serves as the principal underwriter for the following registrants: |
Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, Virtus Asset Trust, Virtus Equity Trust, Virtus Opportunities Trust, Virtus Variable Insurance Trust and Virtus Retirement Trust.
(b) | Directors and executive officers of VP Distributors, One Financial Plaza, Hartford, CT 06103 are as follows: |
(c) | To the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, no commissions or other compensation was received by any principal underwriter who is not an affiliated person of the Registrant or an affiliated person of such affiliated person, directly or indirectly, from the Registrant during the Registrant’s last fiscal year. |
Item 33. | Location of Accounts and Records |
Persons maintaining physical possession of accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the 1940 Act and the Rules promulgated thereunder include:
Secretary of the Trust: | Principal Underwriter: | |
Kevin J. Carr, Esq.
One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
VP Distributors, LLC
One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
C- 21 |
Investment Adviser: | Custodian: | |
Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc.
One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
The Bank of New York Mellon
240 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10286 |
|
Administrator & Transfer Agent: | ||
Virtus Fund Services, LLC
One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
||
Fund Accountant, Sub-Administrator, Sub-Transfer Agent and Dividend Dispersing Agent: | ||
BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc.
301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809 |
||
Subadviser to: Global Infrastructure Fund, Global Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Real Estate Securities Fund | ||
Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co.
200 South Wacker Drive, Suite 500 Chicago, IL 60606 |
||
Subadviser to: Herzfeld Fund | Subadviser to: Wealth Masters Fund | |
Thomas J. Herzfeld Advisors, Inc.
119 Washington Avenue, Suite 504 Miami Beach, FL 33139 |
Horizon Asset Management LLC
470 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10016 |
|
Subadviser to: Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund, International Small-Cap Fund and International Small-Mid Cap Fund | ||
Kayne Anderson Rudnick Investment Management, LLC
1800 Avenue of the Stars, 2nd Floor Los Angeles, CA 90067 |
||
Subadviser to: Core Plus Bond Fund, High Yield Fund, Low Duration Core Plus Bond Fund, Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund, Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund, Senior Floating Rate Fund and Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | Subadviser to: Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund, Foreign Opportunities Fund, Global Opportunities Fund, and Greater European Opportunities Fund | |
Newfleet Asset Management, LLC
One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
Vontobel Asset Management, Inc.
1540 Broadway, 38th Floor New York, NY 10036 |
|
Subadviser to: Alternatives Diversifier Fund, Equity Trend Fund, Multi-Asset Trend Fund and Sector Trend Fund | ||
Rampart Investment Management Company, LLC
1540 Broadway, 16th Floor New York, NY 10036 |
Item 34. | Management Services |
None.
Item 35. | Undertakings |
None.
C- 22 |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this amendment to the registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City of Hartford and the State of Connecticut on the 16th day of July, 2019.
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST | ||
By: | /s/ George R. Aylward | |
George R. Aylward | ||
President |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this amendment to the registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated on the 16th day of July, 2019.
Signature | Title | |
/s/ George R. Aylward | ||
George R. Aylward | Trustee and President (principal executive officer) | |
/s/ W. Patrick Bradley | ||
W. Patrick Bradley |
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(principal financial and accounting officer) |
|
* | ||
Thomas J. Brown | Trustee | |
* | ||
Donald C. Burke | Trustee | |
* | ||
Sidney E. Harris | Trustee | |
* | ||
John R. Mallin | Trustee | |
* | ||
Hassell H. McClellan | Trustee | |
* | ||
Connie D. McDaniel | Trustee | |
* | ||
Philip R. McLoughlin | Trustee and Chairman | |
* | ||
Geraldine M. McNamara | Trustee | |
* | ||
James M. Oates | Trustee | |
* | ||
Richard E. Segerson | Trustee |
*By: | /s/ George R. Aylward | |
*George R. Aylward, Attorney-in-Fact, pursuant to a power of attorney |
Item 28. | Exhibits |
e.2.a | Amended Annex A to Form of Sales Agreement |
i.10 | Opinion of Counsel |
p.3 | Amended and Restated Code of Ethics of Subadviser Vontobel |
Exhibit e.2.a
|
One Financial Plaza
Hartford, CT 06103 |
800.248.7971 | VIRTUS.COM |
Virtus Mutual Funds Sales Agreement | |
Amended Annex A - July 2019 | |
VP Distributors, LLC |
Virtus Mutual Funds and Available Share Classes
FIXED INCOME | EQUITY | ||||
Virtus Newfleet Core Plus Bond Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Newfleet High Yield Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Newfleet Low Duration Core Plus Bond Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus Horizon Wealth Masters Fund | A C I | ||
Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund** | A C1 I R6 | Virtus KAR Capital Growth Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Newfleet Senior Floating Rate Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus KAR Mid-Cap Core Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Newfleet Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | A C I | Virtus KAR Mid-Cap Growth Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | A I R R6 | Virtus KAR Small-Cap Core Fund * | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | A C I | Virtus KAR Small-Cap Growth Fund * | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus KAR Small-Cap Value Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | A I | Virtus KAR Small-Mid Cap Core Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix High Income Fund | A I R R6 | Virtus Rampart Enhanced Core Equity Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | A I R R6 | Virtus Rampart Equity Trend Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | A I | Virtus Rampart Sector Trend Fund | A C I | ||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | A C I | Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | A I | Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | A C I | ||
Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | A I R R6 | Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | A I | ||
Virtus Seix U.S. Govt Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | A I R6 | ||||
Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | A C I | INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL | |||
Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | A I | Virtus KAR Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund | A C I | ||
Virtus KAR Global Quality Dividend Fund | A C I | ||||
ALTERNATIVES | Virtus KAR International Small-Cap Fund | A C I R6 | |||
Virtus Aviva Multi-Strategy Target Return Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus SGA Emerging Markets Growth Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Duff & Phelps Global Infrastructure Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus SGA Global Growth Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Duff & Phelps Global Real Estate Securities Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus SGA International Growth Fund | A I R6 | ||
Virtus Duff & Phelps International Real Estate Sec Fund | A C I | Virtus Vontobel Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Duff & Phelps Real Estate Securities Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus Vontobel Foreign Opportunities Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Energy Fund | A C I | Virtus Vontobel Global Opportunities Fund | A C I R6 | ||
Virtus KAR Long/Short Equity Fund | A C I R6 | Virtus Vontobel Greater European Opportunities Fund | A C I | ||
Virtus Rampart Alternatives Diversifier Fund | A C I | ||||
ASSET ALLOCATION | |||||
Virtus Herzfeld Fund | A C I | ||||
Virtus Rampart Multi-Asset Trend Fund | A C I | ||||
Virtus Tactical Allocation Fund | A C I |
*The Virtus Small-Cap Core Fund and the Virtus KAR Small-Cap Growth Fund are no longer available for purchases to new investors, subject to limited exceptions. These funds continue to be available for purchases by existing investors. See the prospectus and SAI for possible exceptions and additional information.
** Effective April 30, 2019, the Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund Class C is no longer available for purchases by new or existing shareholders, except by existing shareholders through reinvestment transactions.
Applicable waivers of Class A sales charges and Class A & C contingent deferred sales charges are described in the prospectus.
VP Distributors, LLC, One Financial Plaza, Hartford, CT 06103 | ||
Marketing: (800) 243-4361 | Customer Service: (800) 243-1574 | www.Virtus.com |
Class A Shares |
Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond and Seix Ultra-Short Bond Funds, (the “Ultra-Short Bond Funds”) – There is no Sales Charges on purchases made directly into these funds. A Sales Charge may be applicable upon the exchange of direct purchases into another Class A Share or upon the exchange into these Funds from Funds on which a Finder’s Fee was paid. (See below for additional information regarding exchanges into these Funds from Funds on which a Finder’s Fee was paid)
Equity, Asset Allocation, International/Global, Alternative Funds
Amount of | Dealer Discount | |
Transaction | Sales Charge | or Agency Fee |
Plus Applicable Rights | As Percentage of | As Percentage of |
of Accumulation: | Offering Price | Offering Price |
Less than $50,000 | 5.75% | 5.00% |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | 4.75 | 4.25 |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | 3.75 | 3.25 |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | 2.75 | 2.25 |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | 2.00 | 1.75 |
$1,000,000 or more | None | None |
Newfleet Core Plus Bond, Newfleet High Yield, Newfleet Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond, Seix High Income, Seix Core Bond, Seix Corporate Bond, Seix Total Return Bond, Seix High Yield Funds
Amount of | Dealer Discount | |
Transaction | Sales Charge | or Agency Fee |
Plus Applicable Rights | As Percentage of | As Percentage of |
of Accumulation: | Offering Price | Offering Price |
Less than $50,000 | 3.75% | 3.25% |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | 3.50 | 3.00 |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | 3.25 | 2.75 |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | 2.25 | 2.00 |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | 1.75 | 1.50 |
$1,000,000 or more | None | None |
Newfleet Senior Floating Rate, Seix High Grade Municipal Bond, Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond, Seix Floating Rate High Income
Amount of | Dealer Discount | |
Transaction | Sales Charge | or Agency Fee |
Plus Applicable Rights | As Percentage of | As Percentage of |
of Accumulation: | Offering Price | Offering Price |
Less than $50,000 | 2.75% | 2.25% |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | 2.25 | 2.00 |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | 1.75 | 1.50 |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | 1.25 | 1.00 |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
$1,000,000 or more | None | None |
Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond, Newfleet Low Duration Core Plus Bond, Seix Short-Term Bond Fund, Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond, Seix U.S. Mortgage Bond Funds
Amount of | Dealer Discount | |
Transaction | Sales Charge | or Agency Fee |
Plus Applicable Rights | As Percentage of | As Percentage of |
of Accumulation: | Offering Price | Offering Price |
Less $100,000 | 2.25% | 2.00% |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | 1.75 | 1.50 |
$250,000 or more | None | None |
2 |
Class A Shares continued
12b-1 Fees: 0.15% - Seix High Grade Municipal Bond and the Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond - For providing shareholder services which include, but are not limited to, transmitting prospectuses, statements of additional information, shareholder reports, proxy statements and other materials to shareholders; providing educational materials; providing facilities to answer questions about the Funds; receiving and answering correspondence; assisting shareholders in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options and providing such other information and services as VP Distributors, LLC (“VPD”) or a Fund may reasonably request, VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.15% annually. The Service Fee is based on the average daily net asset value of Class A Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. Dealers must have an aggregate value of $50,000 or more per Fund CUSIP to qualify for payment in that Fund class. The Service Fee for shares on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid will commence in the thirteenth month following purchase of Class A Shares. See the last page of this Annex A for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
12b-1 Fees: 0.20% - Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage and Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Funds Only - For providing shareholder services which include, but are not limited to, transmitting prospectuses, statements of additional information, shareholder reports, proxy statements and other materials to shareholders; providing educational materials; providing facilities to answer questions about the Funds; receiving and answering correspondence; assisting shareholders in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options and providing such other information and services as VPD or a Fund may reasonably request, VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.20% annually. The Service Fee is based on the average daily net asset value of Class A Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. Dealers must have an aggregate value of $50,000 or more per Fund CUSIP to qualify for payment in that Fund class. The Service Fee for shares on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid will commence in the thirteenth month following purchase of Class A Shares. See the last page of this Annex A for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
12b-1 Fees: 0.25% - All other Class A Funds- For providing shareholder services which include, but are not limited to, transmitting prospectuses, statements of additional information, shareholder reports, proxy statements and other materials to shareholders; providing educational materials; providing facilities to answer questions about the Funds; receiving and answering correspondence; assisting shareholders in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options and providing such other information and services as VPD or a Fund may reasonably request, VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.25% annually. The Service Fee is based on the average daily net asset value of Class A Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. Dealers must have an aggregate value of $50,000 or more per Fund CUSIP to qualify for payment in that Fund class. The Service Fee for shares on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid will commence in the thirteenth month following purchase of Class A Shares. See the last page of this Annex A for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
Finder’s Fee and CDSC Applicable to Virtus Sector Trend and Fixed Income Funds (excluding Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund, Virtus Newfleet Low Duration Core Plus Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund and Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund): VPD may pay broker-dealers a Finder’s Fee in an amount equal to 0.50% of eligible Class A Share purchases from $1,000,000 to $3,000,000 and 0.25% on amounts greater than $3,000,000. Purchases by an account in the name of a qualified employee benefit plan are eligible for a Finder’s Fee only if such plan has at least 100 eligible employees. A contingent deferred sales charge of 0.50% may apply on certain redemptions made (including exchanges into the Ultra-Short Bond Funds) within 18 months following purchases of Class A Shares on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid to a dealer. The 18 month period begins on the last day of the month preceding the month in which the purchase was made.
Finder’s Fee and CDSC Applicable to Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund, Virtus Newfleet Low Duration Core Plus Bond Fund, Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund, Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund and Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund: VPD may pay broker-dealers a Finder’s Fee in an amount equal to 0.50% of eligible Class A Share purchases from $250,000 to $3,000,000 and 0.25% on amounts greater than $3,000,000. Purchases by an account in the name of a qualified employee benefit plan are eligible for a Finder’s Fee only if such plan has at least 100 eligible employees. A contingent deferred sales charge of 0.50% may apply on certain redemptions (including exchanges into the Ultra-Short Bond Funds) made within 12 months following purchases of Class A Shares on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid to a dealer. The 12 month period begins on the last day of the month preceding the month in which the purchase was made.
Finder’s Fee and CDSC Applicable to Equity, Asset Allocation, International/Global and Alternative Class A Shares: (excluding Virtus Rampart Sector Trend Fund) VPD may pay broker-dealers a Finder’s Fee in an amount equal to 1.00% of eligible Class A Share purchases from $1,000,000 to $3,000,000, 0.50% on amounts of $3,000,001 to $10,000,000 and 0.25% on amounts greater than $10,000,000. Purchases by an account in the name of a qualified employee benefit plan are eligible for a Finder’s Fee only if such plan has at least 100 eligible employees. A contingent deferred sales charge of 1% may apply on certain redemptions made within 18 months following purchases of Class A Shares on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid to a dealer. The 18 month period begins on the last day of the month preceding the month in which the purchase was made.
CDSC Applicable for Virtus SGA Global Growth Fund : For purchases on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid for the Virtus SGA Global Growth Fund’s predecessor, a 0.50% CDSC may apply on certain redemptions made within 18 months through October 31, 2020. Any purchase in this fund on which a Finder’s Fee has been paid after May 3, 2019 a 1.00% CDSC may apply on certain redemptions made within 18 months.
Ultra-Short Bond Funds: In the event that a contingent deferred sales charge is applied to an exchange into one of the Ultra-Short Bond Funds, exchanges from the Ultra-Short Bond Fund into Class A Shares of another Virtus Fund will not be subject to a sales charge or Finder’s Fee.
3 |
Class C Shares
Sales Commission: |
1%
for all Class C Funds
except
Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund
Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund - is no longer available for purchases by new or existing shareholders. When original purchases of the Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund Class C are exchanged to other Class C or C1 Shares, the dealer will receive a 1% sales commission. |
CDSC: 1% for all Class C Funds, except Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund (no CDSC). Dealers maintaining omnibus accounts, upon redemption of a customer account within the time frames specified below, shall charge such customer account the appropriate contingent deferred sales charge as indicated and shall forward the proceeds to VPD. The CDSC on applicable Class C Shares is 1% for one year from each purchase.
Distribution Fee: 0.25% - 0.75% VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.25% annually for Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund, and 0.75% annually for all other Class C Funds, based on the average daily net asset value of Class C Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. The Class C Trail Fee is paid beginning in the 13th month following each purchase. There is no hold for the Class C Trail Fee for the Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund. See the last page of this Annex A for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
Service Fee: 0.25% For providing shareholder services which include, but are not limited to, transmitting prospectuses, statements of additional information, shareholder reports, proxy statements and other materials to shareholders; providing educational materials; providing facilities to answer questions about the Funds; receiving and answering correspondence; assisting shareholders in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options and providing such other information and services as VPD or a Fund may reasonably request, VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.25% annually, based on the average daily net asset value of Class C Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. The Class C Service Fee is paid beginning in the 13 th month following each purchase. There is no hold for the Class C Service Fee for the Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund. See the last page of this Annex A for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
Class C1 Shares – Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund only
Dealer Concession: 1%
CDSC: 1% for one year from the date of each purchase.
Service Fee: 0.25% For providing shareholder services which include, but are not limited to, transmitting prospectuses, statements of additional information, shareholder reports, proxy statements and other materials to shareholders; providing educational materials; providing facilities to answer questions about the Funds; receiving and answering correspondence; assisting shareholders in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options and providing such other information and services as VPD or a Fund may reasonably request, VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.25% annually, based on the average daily net asset value of Class C1 Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. The Class C1 Service Fee is paid beginning in the 13 th month following each purchase. See the last page of this Annex A for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
Distribution Fee: 0.75% VPD intends to pay a quarterly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.75% annually, based on the average daily net asset value of Class C1 Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. The Class C1 Distribution Fee is paid beginning in the 13 th month following each purchase. See the last page of this Annex A for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
Class R Shares
Service Fees: 0.25% For providing shareholder services which include, but are not limited to, transmitting prospectuses, statements of additional information, shareholder reports, proxy statements and other materials to shareholders; providing educational materials; providing facilities to answer questions about the Funds; receiving and answering correspondence; assisting shareholders in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options and providing such other information and services as VPD or a Fund may reasonably request, VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.25% annually, based on the average daily net asset value of Class R Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. Dealers must have an aggregate value of $50,000 or more per Fund CUSIP to qualify for payment in that Fund class. See below for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
Distribution Fee: 0.25% VPD intends to pay a monthly fee to qualifying dealers at the equivalent of 0.25% annually, based on the average daily net asset value of Class R Shares sold by such dealers and remaining on the Funds’ books during the period in which the fee is calculated. Dealers must have an aggregate value of $50,000 or more per Fund CUSIP to qualify for payment in that Fund class. See below for Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees.
4 |
Class I Shares
There is no dealer compensation payable on Class I Shares, and they do not pay any 12b-1 distribution or service fees.
Class R6 Shares
Class R6 Shares are available only to the following investors without a minimum initial investment or minimum additional purchases: certain employer-sponsored retirement plans, including Section 401(k), 403(b) and 457 plans, profit-sharing plans, money purchase pension and defined benefit plans, and non-qualified deferred compensation plans, in each case provided that plan level or omnibus accounts are held on the books of the fund. Other institutional investors may be permitted to purchase Class R6 Shares subject to the fund’s determination of eligibility and may be subject to a $2,500,000 minimum initial investment requirement. Class R6 Shares do not carry sales commissions or pay Rule 12b-1 fees, or make payments to dealers or other entities to assist in, or in connection with, the sale of the fund’s shares. No compensation, administrative payments, sub-transfer agency payments or service payments are paid to dealers or other entities from fund assets or VPD’s or an affiliate’s resources on sales of or investments in Class R6 Shares.
Terms and Conditions for Service and Distribution Fees – All Share Classes
Applicable Service and Distribution Fees are paid pursuant to one or more distribution and/or service plans (“Plan”) adopted by certain of the Funds. Payment of these fees will automatically terminate in the event such Plan terminates or is not continued or in the event that this Agreement terminates, is assigned or ceases to remain in effect. VP Distributors shall be under no obligation to pay any fees hereunder to the extent such fees have not been paid to VP Distributors by the applicable Fund(s). In addition, these fees may be terminated at any time, without the payment of an penalty, by vote of a majority of the members of the Funds’ Board of Trustees who are not interested persons of the Funds and have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plan or in any agreements related to the Plan, or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of any Fund or Funds on not more than sixty days' written notice to any other party to the Agreement.
VPD 80A (July 2019 rev.)
5 |
Exhibit i.10
|
One Financial Plaza, Hartford, CT 06103 | 800.248.7971 | Virtus.com |
July 16, 2019
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
100 F Street, NE
Washington, DC 20549
Re: Virtus Opportunities Trust (the “Trust”)
Post-Effective Amendment No. 102
to Registration Statement 033-65137
Ladies and Gentlemen:
This opinion is furnished in connection with the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of shares (the “Shares”) of the above-referenced Trust. In rendering this opinion, I have examined such documents, records and matters of law as deemed necessary for purposes of this opinion. I have assumed the genuineness of all signatures of all parties, the authenticity of all documents submitted as originals, the correctness of all copies and the correctness of all written or oral statements made to me.
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, it is my opinion that the Shares that will be issued by the Trust when sold will be legally issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
My opinion is rendered solely in connection with the Registration Statement on Form N-1A under which the Shares will be registered and may not be relied upon for any other purpose without my written consent. I hereby consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to such Registration Statement.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Kevin J. Carr | |
Kevin J. Carr | |
Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary | |
Virtus Opportunities Trust |
Securities distributed by VP Distributors, LLC
Exhibit p.3
Code of Ethics
Updated: December 2018
2 /31 Vontobel Asset Management, Inc – Code of Ethics | Vontobel |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. | STATEMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 3 |
1.1. Adherence to Ethical Standards of Vontobel Group | 3 | |
1.2. Compliance with Applicable U.S. Legislation | 3 | |
1.3. General Principles | 3 | |
1.4. Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Policy | 3 | |
2. | DEFINITIONS | 5 |
3. | PRINCIPLES FOR DOING BUSINESS | 7 |
3.1. Confidentiality | 7 | |
3.2. Conflicts of Interest | 7 | |
3.3. Service as an Outside Director or Other Outside Business Activity | 7 | |
3.4. Personal Fiduciary Appointments | 7 | |
3.5. Service on Civic and Charitable Organizations | 7 | |
3.6. Fees to Consultants and Agents | 7 | |
3.7. Personal Benefits – Gifts and Entertainment Policy | 7 | |
3.8. Personal Fees and Commissions | 8 | |
3.9. Dealings with Suppliers | 8 | |
3.10. Charitable Contributions | 8 | |
3.11. Political Contributions by Vontobel | 10 | |
3.12. Political Contributions by Vontobel Employees – “Pay to Play” Policy | 10 | |
3.13. Duty to Report Violations or Potential Conflicts of Interest | 12 | |
3.14. Full Disclosure | 13 | |
4. | PERSONAL SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS | 14 |
4.1. Summary | 14 | |
4.2. Prohibited and Restricted Transactions | 14 | |
4.3. Blackout Period | 15 | |
4.4. Short-Term Trading | 15 | |
4.5. Prior Written Clearance of Personal Securities Trades and Full Disclosure of Securities Holdings | 16 | |
5. | INSIDER TRADING | 18 |
5.1. Policy | 18 | |
5.2. Elements of Insider Trading | 18 | |
5.3. Penalties for Insider Trading | 19 | |
5.4. Procedures | 19 | |
5.5. Supervision | 20 | |
APPENDIX A Excerpts from cited SEC Legislation | 22 | |
APPENDIX B Officers Authorized to Approve Trades | 30 | |
APPENDIX C Security List (included and excluded) | 31 |
3 /31 Vontobel Asset Management, Inc – Code of Ethics | Vontobel |
1. | STATEMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES |
1.1. | Adherence to Ethical Standards of Vontobel Group |
The emphasis placed on the observance of the highest ethical standards by the Vontobel Group’s management is well known to the Swiss financial marketplace. The cornerstones of its standing in the financial community are its integrity and, as a predominantly family-controlled organization, its independence from commercial considerations that could lead it to place its own interest before that of its clients. As a subsidiary of Vontobel Holding, AG, Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. is held to the same standards of ethical conduct that govern the business activities of the Vontobel Group.
1.2. | Compliance with Applicable U.S. Legislation |
As an investment adviser registered with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. is subject to the provisions of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act requires all investment advisers to adopt and maintain a code of ethics and requires the adviser’s personnel to prepare and submit certain specified reports. A copy of Section 204A-1 is included in Appendix A.
Section 206 of the Advisers Act provides that it shall be unlawful for any investment adviser:
(1) | to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud any client or prospective client; |
(2) | to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates as a fraud or deceit upon any client or prospective client; |
(3) | acting as principal for his own account, knowingly to sell any security to or purchase any security from a client, or acting as broker for a person other than such client, knowingly to effect any sale or purchase of any security for the account of such client, without disclosing to such client in writing before the completion of such transaction the capacity in which he is acting and obtaining the consent of the client to such transaction; |
(4) | to engage in any act, practice, or course of business which is fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative. |
Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. is also subject to certain provisions of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“the Investment Company Act”) with respect to fraudulent trading, as discussed in Section 4 hereunder, and the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988, as amended, as discussed in Section 5 hereunder.
Vontobel Personnel shall at all times comply with these and all other laws and regulations that may be applicable to Vontobel Asset Management, Inc.’s business. In some instances, where such laws and regulations may be ambiguous and difficult to interpret, Vontobel Personnel shall seek the advice of Vontobel Asset Management, Inc.’s Legal and Compliance Department, who shall obtain the advice of outside counsel as is necessary to comply with this policy of observance of all applicable laws and regulations. Excerpts from the relevant securities laws and regulations cited above are provided in Appendix A .
1.3. | General Principles |
This Code of Ethics is based on the following principles:
(a) | The officers, directors and employees of Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. owe a fiduciary duty to all Vontobel Clients and, therefore, must at all times place the interests of Vontobel Clients ahead of their own. |
(b) | Vontobel Personnel shall avoid any conduct that could create any actual or potential conflict of interest, and must ensure that their personal securities transactions do not in any way interfere with, or appear to take advantage of, the portfolio transactions undertaken on behalf of Vontobel Clients. |
(c) | Vontobel Personnel shall not take inappropriate advantage of their positions with Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. to secure personal benefits that would otherwise be unavailable to them. |
It is imperative that all Vontobel Personnel avoid any situation that might compromise, or call into question, the exercise of fully independent judgment in the interests of Vontobel Clients. All Vontobel Personnel are expected to adhere to these general principles in the conduct of the firm’s business, even in situations that are not specifically addressed in this Code’s provisions, procedures and restrictions. Serious and/or repeated violations of this Code may constitute grounds for dismissal.
1.4. | Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Policy |
The Dodd-Frank Act (“Dodd Frank”) contains provisions that protect whistleblowers who report fraudulent activities at financial services firms. Section 922 of Dodd-Frank added new Section 21F to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) titled “Securities Whistleblower Incentives and Protection.” This allows the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to pay awards to eligible whistleblowers who voluntarily provides the SEC with original
4 /31 Vontobel Asset Management, Inc – Code of Ethics | Vontobel |
information that leads to a successful enforcement action yielding monetary sanctions of over $1 million. Dodd Frank also expressly prohibits retaliation by employers against whistleblowers and provides them with a private cause of action in the event that they are discharged or discriminated against by their employers in violation of the Act.
The Code of Ethics requires personnel to observe high standards of business and personal ethics in the conduct of their duties and responsibilities. As Vontobel Personnel, we must practice honesty and integrity in fulfilling our responsibilities and comply with all applicable laws and regulations. It is the responsibility of all personnel to comply with the Code and to report violations or suspected violations in accordance with the Whistleblower Policy.
A. | Reporting Violations |
If you know of or suspect a violation of applicable laws or regulations, the Code, or any of the Firm’s related policies, you must immediately report that information to the GC, CCO or Head of Human Resources.
Alleged misconduct includes, but is not limited to:
• | Allegations of breach of confidentiality; |
• | Theft; |
• | Fraud; |
• | Misappropriation or misuse of funds or securities; |
• | Forgery; |
• | Unsuitable investments; |
• | Misrepresentation; |
• | Unauthorized trading; and |
• | Other inappropriate financial dealings. |
B. | Investigations of Suspected Violations |
All reported violations will be promptly investigated by the CCO in consultation with the GC and outside council, if necessary. The CCO will document the investigation and any remedial actions taken. Reports of violations or suspected violations will be kept confidential to the extent possible, consistent with the need to conduct an adequate investigation.
C. | Anti- retaliation |
No director, officer or employee or other personnel who in good faith reports a violation of the Code shall suffer harassment, retaliation or adverse employment consequence. An employee who retaliates against a person who has reported a violation in good faith is subject to discipline up to and including termination of employment. Notwithstanding any other provision in this policy, you are not prohibited or in any way restricted from reporting possible violations of law to a governmental agency or entity, and you are not required to inform the Firm if you make such reports.
5 /31 Vontobel Asset Management, Inc – Code of Ethics | Vontobel |
2. | DEFINITIONS |
For purposes of this Code:
“Beneficial Ownership” and “Beneficial Owner(s)” shall be as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which, generally speaking, encompasses those situations where the Beneficial Owner has the right to enjoy some economic benefits which are substantially equivalent to ownership regardless of who is the registered owner (see Appendix A ). This would include:
(a) | securities which a person holds for his or her own benefit either in bearer form, registered in his or her own name or otherwise, regardless of whether the securities are owned individually or jointly; |
(b) | securities held in the name of a member of his or her immediate family or any adult living in the same household; |
(c) | securities held by a trustee, executor, administrator, custodian or broker; |
(d) | securities owned by a general partnership of which the person is a member or a limited partnership of which such person is a general partner; |
(e) | securities held by a corporation which can be regarded as a personal holding company of a person; and |
(f) | securities recently purchased by a person and awaiting transfer into his or her name. |
“Corporation” shall mean Vontobel Asset Management, Inc.
”Security” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 202(a)(18) of the Advisers Act (see Appendix A ), irrespective of whether the issuer is a US or non-US entity and whether the security is being held by a US or non-US custodian or, directly or indirectly, in personal custody ; except that it shall not include:
– | securities issued by the US Government or US federal agencies that are direct obligations of the US |
– | bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposits and commercial paper |
– | shares of registered open-end investment companies (mutual funds) that Vontobel does not advise or sub-advise |
– | Exchange Traded funds (ETFs) However, note that unit investment trust ETFs including but not limited to SPY, QQQ, DIA and MDY, are considered reportable securities and must be disclosed in any employee’s brokerage accounts. |
– | common securities indicies |
– | commodities or commodity futures |
In addition to the items defined to be securities in Section 202(a)(18) of the Advisers Act, the following are expressly deemed to be securities subject to this C ode:
– | equity security |
– | warrants |
– | rights |
– | convertible security |
– | REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) |
– | ADR’s, ADS’s, GDR’s |
– | any type of preferred stock |
– | corporate bonds |
– | shares of registered open-end investment companies (mutual funds) that Vontobel advises or sub-advises |
– | closed-end investment funds that Vontobel advises or sub-advises |
– | options on equity securities |
– | shares of an investment club account 1 |
“Purchase or sale of a security” shall include the writing of an option to purchase or sell a security.
1 Shares of investment club accounts may be subjected to pre-clearance if, in periodically reviewing investment club trading, the Chief Compliance Officer or designee detects abuses or conflicts of interest (See Section 4.2.4).
6 /31 Vontobel Asset Management, Inc – Code of Ethics | Vontobel |
“Restricted Security” shall mean a security (i) being considered for purchase or sale on behalf of a Vontobel Client; (ii) being purchased or sold by a Vontobel Client; or (iii) about which material, non-public information is held.
A security is “being considered for purchase or sale” or is “being purchased or sold” when a recommendation to purchase or sell the security by a Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. portfolio manager is under serious consideration or has already been made and the transaction executed.
“Vontobel Client(s)” shall mean both individual and institutional clients (including corporations, investment companies, trusts, endowments, foundations and other legal entities), whether resident or non-US-resident, for whom Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. provides investment supervisory services (discretionary management) or manages investment advisory accounts not involving investment supervisory services (non-discretionary management).
“Vontobel Employee(s)” shall include regular full- and part-time officers and employees, and temporary employees of the Corporation.
“Vontobel Personnel” shall include Vontobel Employees and directors of the Corporation.
“New Security” shall mean the establishment of a position which is not currently held by a client portfolio on the day the position is established.
7 /31 Vontobel Asset Management, Inc – Code of Ethics | Vontobel |
3. | PRINCIPLES FOR DOING BUSINESS |
3.1. | Confidentiality |
Confidentiality is a fundamental principle of the investment management business. Vontobel Employees must maintain the confidential relationship between the Corporation and each of its Clients. Confidential information such as the identity of Vontobel Clients and the extent of their account relationship, must be held inviolate by those to whom it is entrusted and must never be discussed outside the normal and necessary course of the Corporation’s business. To the extent possible, all information concerning Vontobel Clients and their accounts shall be shared among Vontobel Employees on a strictly need-to-know basis. In this regard, Vontobel Employees shall be careful not to divulge to their colleagues or any third party any information concerning a Vontobel Client that could be considered “inside information”, as that term is defined in Section 5 hereof.
3.2. | Conflicts of Interest |
It shall be the first obligation of every Vontobel Employee to fulfill his or her fiduciary duty to Vontobel Clients. No Vontobel Employee shall undertake any outside employment, or engage in any personal business interest, that would interfere with the performance of this fiduciary duty. No Vontobel Employee may act on behalf of the Corporation in any transaction involving persons or organizations with whom he or she, or his or her family, have any significant connection or financial interest. In any closely held enterprise, even a modest financial interest held by the Vontobel Employee, or any member of his or her family, should be viewed as significant.
3.3. | Service as an Outside Director or Other Outside Business Activity |
No Vontobel Employee shall become a director or any official of a business organized for profit without first obtaining written approval from the Board of Directors of the Corporation based upon its determination that such board service would not be inconsistent with the interests of the Corporation or its Clients.
After approval from the Board of Directors is obtained, the CCO or designee shall monitor continually the board or official service of the Vontobel Employee to ensure its on-going consistency with the interests of the Corporation or its Clients. To this end, the Vontobel Employee shall provide to the CCO or designee a certification to that effect no more than 10 business days after the last day of every calendar quarter. The certification shall be submitted via an online compliance platform in the manner described in Section 3.7 below.
In addition, as part of the Semi-Annual Compliance Certification to the Board of Directors, the CCO shall certify that any board or official service of a Vontobel Employee during the period was consistent with the interests of the Corporation or its Clients.
3.4. | Personal Fiduciary Appointments |
No Vontobel Employee shall accept a personal fiduciary appointment without first obtaining the written approval of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, unless such appointment results from a close family relationship.
3.5. | Service on Civic and Charitable Organizations |
The Corporation encourages its employees to participate in local civic and charitable activities. In some cases, however, it may be improper for a Vontobel Employee to serve as a member, director, officer or employee of a municipal corporation, agency, school board, or library board. Such service is appropriate when adequate assurances, in writing, are first given to the Corporation that business relationships between the Corporation and such entities would not be prohibited or limited because of statutory or administrative requirements regarding conflicts of interest.
3.6. | Fees to Consultants and Agents |
Any and all fees and payments, direct or indirect, to consultants, agents, solicitors and other third-party providers of professional services must be approved by the Chief Executive Officer or designee prior to conclusion of any formal arrangements for services. No remuneration or consideration of any type shall be given by any Vontobel Employee to any person or organization outside of a contractual relationship that has received the prior approval of the Chief Executive Officer or designee.
3.7. | Personal Benefits – Gifts and Entertainment Policy |
No Vontobel Employee, or member of his or her family, may give or accept a personal gift, benefit, service, form of entertainment, or anything of more than de minimis or nominal value ($200) (“gift”) from Vontobel Clients, suppliers, service providers, brokers and all other parties with whom the Corporation has contractual or other business arrangements
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(“Vontobel Client”), if such gift is made because of the recipient’s affiliation with the Corporation or with a Vontobel Employee. Any cash or cash equivalent gift is strictly prohibited.
Any Vontobel Employee who receives a gift, regardless of value, from a Vontobel Client shall notify the Chief Compliance Officer promptly, or his designee, via an online compliance system.
Vontobel has retained a third party service provider, Financial Tracking Technologies, LLC (FTT), to provide web-based automated compliance services. Among a suite of compliance-related offerings by FTT, the employee compliance module, Employee TradeSphere (ETS), is a portal through which employees meet their compliance obligations. Through this secure, web-based platform, Vontobel Employees are able to perform a variety of compliance-related tasks, including, among other tasks:
– | Personal trade pre-clearance |
– | Code of Ethics delivery and certification |
– | Compliance Manual delivery and certification |
– | Political contribution pre-clearance and certification |
– | Gifts giving or acceptance approval |
– | Personal account establishment or modification |
– | Holdings and Transactions reporting and certification |
– | Outside Business Activity pre-clearance |
A request for gift approval is made on ETS through a 4-step, paperless process:
(1) | An employee enters ETS through a login and password on their website; |
(2) | After logging in, the employee locates the Activity Center and selects “Pre-Approve an Activity” link, and then choosing the Activity Type, which then opens a web form containing the fields necessary to enter information about the proposed gift; |
(3) | Once the necessary information has been filled in, the request is then sent electronically for approval or denial to the Chief Compliance Officer or designee who shall determine whether the gift exceeds the de minimis value and whether the gift shall be retained by the Vontobel Employee or member of his or her family, returned to the donor, or donated without tax deduction to a charitable organization selected by the Chief Compliance Officer. Where the value of the gift is not readily ascertainable, the Chief Compliance Officer or designee shall make a good faith determination of the gift’s value based on the known value of comparable items; and, |
(4) | The decision of the Chief Compliance Officer or designee is then sent via email to the Vontobel Employee. |
Any Vontobel Employee who wishes to give a gift, regardless of value, to a Vontobel Client shall promptly pre-clear the gift with the Chief Compliance Officer or designee in the manner described above and may give the gift only upon prior approval. The Chief Compliance Officer or designee shall determine whether the gift exceeds the de minimis value and whether the gift shall be given by the Vontobel Employee. Any promotional Vontobel logo gifts that are valued below $50, are not required to be pre-cleared or reported. As an example, these include, but are not limited to Vontobel logo candy, power banks, pens, umbrellas, etc.
3.8. | Personal Fees and Commissions |
No Vontobel Employee shall accept personal fees, commissions or any other form of remuneration in connection with any transactions on behalf of the Corporation or any of its Clients.
3.9. | Dealings with Suppliers |
Vontobel Employees shall award orders or contracts to outside suppliers on behalf of the Corporation solely on the basis of merit and competitive pricing, without regard to favoritism or nepotism.
3.10. | Charitable Contributions |
It is the policy of the Firm to support not-for-profit organizations (“NPO”s) that enhance the social welfare and quality of life of the communities where we work and do business. The purpose of this policy is to ensure that all charitable contributions made by, or on behalf of, Vontobel are consistent with its policies and procedures and the laws and regulations that govern such practices in the United States and internationally. All Vontobel Personnel are subject to this policy. Please note that this policy does not cover political contributions. For more information on political contributions, please read our Political Contribution Policy herein.
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Eligibility
All domestic recipients of charitable contributions must possess tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. 2 If the recipient is a foreign entity, then it must establish an equivalency between its foreign not-for-profit status and 501(c)(3) status.
VAMUS will NOT consider donations to:
• | Individuals; |
• | For-profit organizations; |
• | Political parties, campaigns or individual candidates; |
• | Organizations that discriminate on the basis of race, religion, age, color, sex, disability, national origin, ancestry, marital status, sexual orientation, or veteran status; or, |
• | Any NPO that is a VAMUS client, unless it has been a client for at least 18 months. |
Review and Approval Process
All charitable contributions must be approved by the firm’s Charitable Contribution Group (the “Group”), which currently consists of VAMUS’ Chief Compliance Officer and its Head of Marketing and Sales. In determining whether the firm will make a donation to an NPO, the Group will consider, among other things:
• | Whether the NPO meets the eligibility requirements; |
• | The charitable mission of the NPO; |
• | Whether the NPO serves a community in which VAMUS has a physical location or clients; |
• | Whether the NPO, its principals, ultimate beneficiaries, or their countries of domicile appear on any of the sanctions program listings maintained by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC); |
• | Whether VAMUS has previously donated to the NPO, and the amount of any prior donations; |
• | Whether the NPO’s mission or activities are sensitive, controversial, harmful, or pose either a potential conflict of interest to VAMUS, or potential injury to its good reputation; |
• | Whether the donation will be used for a specific, one-time event ( e.g., gala dinner) or as part of the NPO’s regular purpose or mission; |
• | Any benefits received by VAMUS or its Personnel in connection with a donation (e.g., public recognition, table reservation, golf outing, etc.), and any potential conflict of interest for VAMUS in receiving such benefits; |
• | Whether the NPO is a client or prospective client; and, |
• | Whether the donation was requested by a client or prospective client. |
The Group will meet on an ad-hoc basis as requests are received.
Submitting a Request
Personnel or clients requesting a donation on behalf of an NPO-client or other NPO must submit a request in writing to a Group member. This request may be made via email. The request should include:
• | The date of the request; |
• | The NPO’s legal name and contact information; |
• | A list of the principals of the NPO ( e.g. , directors, officers, authorized signatories), if available; |
• | A description of the specific purpose of the request/charitable event, and any other pertinent details regarding the use of the funds; and, |
• | A written representation from the NPO that it holds 501(c)(3) status or its foreign-law equivalent. This representation may be by email. |
For large donations amounting to greater than 50% of the Annual donations limit, donations to organizations to which VAMUS has not previously made donations, or donations to organizations where insufficient information is publicly available, the Group may require additional information from the organization including, among other things:
(1) A copy of the NPO’s 501(c)(3) determination letter; and,
(2) Financial statements and annual reports.
2 To be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, an organization must be organized and operated exclusively for the exempt purposes set forth in section 501(c)(3): charitable; religious; educational; scientific; literary; testing for public safety; fostering national or international amateur sports competition; and, preventing cruelty to children or animals. The term “charitable” is used in its generally accepted legal sense and includes relief of the poor, the distressed, or the underprivileged; advancement of religion; advancement of education or science; erecting or maintaining public buildings, monuments, or works; lessening the burdens of government; lessening neighborhood tensions; eliminating prejudice and discrimination; defending human and civil rights secured by law; and combating community deterioration and juvenile delinquency.
http://www.irs.gov/charities/charitable/article/0,,id=175418,00.htm l
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Donation Amount
Annual donations to a single entity typically will not exceed $10,000. This limit enables a wider distribution of funds to the communities and causes we support.
3.11. | Political Contributions by Vontobe l |
Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. shall make no contributions to political parties or candidates for public office.
3.12. | Political Contributions by Vontobel Employees – “Pay to Play” Policy |
I. | PURPOSE |
This Policy establishes the procedures through which Vontobel will comply with Rule 206(4)-5 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (“Advisers Act”) and related recordkeeping rules in Advisers Act Rule 204-2, regarding political activity by investment advisers who do business with government entities.
The intent of Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5 is to remove the connection between political contributions to state and local officials who may have influence over the awarding of government and public pension investment advisory business (i.e., “pay-to-play” practices). Rule 206(4)-5 is designed to address pay-to-play practices by:
– | Prohibiting investment advisers from being compensated for investment advisory services provided to a state or local government entity for two years if covered employees of the firm make political contributions to certain officials of that government entity in excess of certain de minimis levels; |
– | Prohibiting solicitation or coordination of political contributions to such officials or certain state or local party committees; |
– | Only allowing employees of the investment adviser and certain regulated entities to solicit investment advisory business from government entities; and |
– | Requiring investment advisers to maintain books and records relating to state and local government entity clients, political contributions, use of placement agents, and information relating to covered employees. |
II. | DEFINITIONS |
A. Contribution means any payment, gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made for:
1. | The purpose of influencing any election for federal, state or local office; |
2. | The payment of debt incurred in connection with any such election; or |
3. | Transition or inaugural expenses incurred by the successful candidate for state or local office. |
This includes not only monetary contributions, but also in-kind contributions such as payment for services or use of facilities, personnel or other resources to benefit any federal, state or local candidate campaign, political party committee, or other political committee or political organization exempt from federal income taxes under Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code (such as the Republican or Democratic Governors Association); or the inaugural committee or transition team of a successful candidate. Volunteer services provided to a campaign by Vontobel Employees on their own personal time are not considered Contributions.
B. Covered Associate means, for purposes of this Policy, all Vontobel Employees. The determination of whether any other person or entity is a Covered Associate shall be made by the Legal and Compliance Department.
C. Solicit a Government Entity for Investment Advisory Services means a direct or indirect communication with a state or local Public Official or Government Entity for the purpose of obtaining or retaining Investment Advisory Services. The following are examples of when such solicitation may result:
1. | Leading, participating in or being present at a sales/solicitation meeting with a state or local Public Official or Government Entity, such as a government pension plan or general fund; |
2. | Holding oneself out as part of the investment advisory services sales/solicitation effort with a state or local Public Official or Government Entity; |
3. | Signing a submission to a Request for Proposal in connection with Investment Advisory Services with a state or local Public Official or Government entity; |
4. | Receiving a finder’s fee for helping Vontobel obtain or retain Investment Advisory Services with a state or local Government Entity; and, |
5. | Making introductions between Public Officials and one or more Vontobel Employees. |
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All specific questions regarding activities that may be considered an impermissible solicitation under this Policy should be directed to the Legal and Compliance Department.
D. Public Official means any person (including any election committee for the person) who was, at the time of the Contribution, an incumbent, candidate or successful candidate for elective office of a Government Entity.
E. Government Entity means any state or local government; any agency, authority or instrumentality of a state or local government; any pool of assets sponsored by a state or local government (such as a defined benefit pension plan, separate account or general fund); and any participant-directed government plan (such as 529, 403(b), or 457 plans).
F. Investment Advisory Services - The types of business subject to SEC Rule 206(4)-5 include:
1. | Providing investment advisory services directly to a Government Entity; |
2. | Being an adviser (e.g., general or managing partner) or sub-adviser to the following types of investment pools/funds: |
(a) | Investment pools/funds that are registered with the SEC (such as mutual funds) that are offered by a Government Entity in a government-sponsored plan (such as a 529, 403(b), or 457 plan) as an option for participants/retirees to invest in. Unless the registered investment pool/fund is offered as an option in such government plan, a Government Entity merely investing in the registered pool is NOT covered. |
(b) | Investment pools/funds that are not registered with the SEC, such as hedge funds, private equity funds, venture capital funds, and collective investment trusts in which Government Entities invest. |
G. Coordinating Contributions means bundling, pooling, delivering or otherwise facilitating the Contributions made by other persons.
H. Soliciting Contributions means to communicate, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of obtaining or arranging a Contribution.
I. Political Action Committee (PAC) includes, but is not limited to, political committees generally referred to as PACs, such as separate segregated funds or non-connected committees within the meaning of the Federal Election Campaign Act, or any state or local law equivalent.
III. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR POLITICAL ACTIVITY BY COVERED ASSOCIATES
A. Pre-Approval of Contributions, Coordination and Solicitation of Contributions, and Fundraising
1. | Contributions: All Vontobel Employees are required to obtain approval from the Legal and Compliance Department prior to making any Contribution. Vontobel Employees may request such approval via a specially designated web form in ETS in the manner described above in Section 3.7. The Legal and Compliance Department will review and evaluate each Contribution request to determine whether the Contribution is permissible based upon the requirements of Rule 206(4)-5 and any other Vontobel policy. |
2. | Coordinating or Soliciting Contributions, or Political Fundraising: Also via ETS, all Vontobel Employees must obtain approval from the Legal and Compliance Department prior to Coordinating or Soliciting Contributions, or engaging in any other political fundraising. |
B. Prohibition Against Establishing or Controlling a Political Action Committee
Vontobel Employees are prohibited from establishing, controlling, contributing to or otherwise being involved with a PAC without pre-approval from the Legal and Compliance Department.
C. Examples of Permissible or Potentially Permissible Contributions; Pre-Approval Required
Although all Vontobel Employee Contributions must be pre-approved by the Legal and Compliance Department, the Contributions described below are examples of those which may be approved pursuant to the pre-approval process.
Contributions to any Public Official, if:
1. | The Vontobel Employee is entitled to vote for such Public Official and the Contribution(s) do not exceed $350 per election; or |
2. | The Vontobel Employee is not entitled to vote for such Public Official and the Contribution(s) do not exceed $150 per election. |
All other requested Contributions will be considered on a case-by-case basis and will only be permitted if the Legal and Compliance Department determines that such Contribution will not violate Rule 206(4)-5.
D. Indirect Contributions
Vontobel Employees are prohibited from performing any act which would result in a violation of Rule 206(4)-5 and/or this Policy, whether directly or indirectly, or through or by any other person or means. This means that they may not use other persons or entities, including Vontobel affiliates, placement agents, or third-party PACs, as “conduits” to circumvent Rule 206(4)-5 and/or this Policy. Contributions made by others (for example, spouses, family members, attorneys, businesses,
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etc.) at the direction or suggestion of an Vontobel Employee are considered to be made by that Vontobel Employee for purposes of this Policy and must be pre-cleared.
E. Volunteering for a Campaign
Vontobel Employees are not prohibited from volunteering to serve on political campaigns or providing any other services that would not be considered a Contribution under this Policy. However, no Vontobel Employee may undertake any political activity (i) using Vontobel’s name, (ii) during working hours, (iii) on Vontobel’ premises and/or (iv) with the use of any Vontobel equipment, property or personnel without obtaining pre-approval from the Legal and Compliance Department via ETS.
F. Quarterly Political Contributions Certification Form
At the end of each calendar quarter, Vontobel Employees are required to report and certify to the Legal and Compliance Department via a specially designated web form in ETS their political contributions for the quarter. The Legal and Compliance Department will review the report for any Contributions that were not pre-cleared or otherwise violated this Policy and take corrective action as prescribed under Rule 206(4)-5.
G. New Vontobel Employees
Because Contributions made within two years prior to becoming a Vontobel Employee may trigger a ban on receiving compensation for Advisory Services, the background checks conducted during the hiring process will review each individual’s prior Contributions before allowing him or her to become a Vontobel Employee. IV. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES REGARDING THE USE OF PLACEMENT AGENTS
No Vontobel Employee may directly or indirectly use a third-party or an affiliate (i.e., anyone who is not an Employee of Vontobel) to solicit a Public Official or Government Entity for Investment Advisory Services without pre-approval from the Legal and Compliance Department. Among other things, the Legal and Compliance Department will ensure that the third- party or affiliate is a permissible placement agent under Rule 206(4)-5 and applicable state and local statutes.
V. RECORDKEEPING
A. Records Retention
Please note that the Legal and Compliance Department will keep necessary records based on the information gathered under this Policy, in compliance with Rule 204-2. Specifically, the Legal and Compliance Department will maintain:
1. | A list of the names, titles and business and residence addresses of all Covered Associates; |
2. | A list of all Government Entities to which Vontobel provides or has provided Investment Advisory Services, or which are or were investors in any covered investment pool to which Vontobel provides or has provided investment advisory services in the past five years; |
3. | A list of all Contributions made by Vontobel or any of its Covered Associates, which identifies in chronological order: |
a. | The name and title of each contributor; |
b. | The name and title (including any city/county/State or other political subdivision) of each recipient of a Contribution; |
c. | The amount and date of each Contribution; and, |
d. | Whether any such Contribution was the subject of the exception for certain returned contributions pursuant to Rule 275.206(4)-5(b)(2) |
4. | The name and business address of each regulated person to whom Vontobel provides or agrees to provide, directly or indirectly, payment to solicit a Government Entity for Investment Advisory Services on its behalf, in accordance with Rule 275.206(4)-5(a)(2). |
3.13. | Duty to Report Violations or Potential Conflicts of Interest |
The Corporation’s management and Board of Directors must be informed at all times of matters that may constitute violations of this Code of Ethics, or that may be considered of fraudulent or illegal nature, or potentially injurious to the good reputation of the Corporation or the Vontobel Group. Vontobel Employees shall have a duty to report such events immediately to the Chief Compliance Officer, the General Counsel or the Chief Executive Officer or, if such events concern the Corporation’s management, they should be reported to the Chairman.
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3.14. | Full Disclosure |
In responding to requests for information concerning the Corporation’s business practices from the Corporation’s internal or independent accountants and auditors, outside counsel, regulatory agencies or other third parties, Vontobel Employees shall be truthful in their communications and shall make full disclosure at all times.
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4. | PERSONAL SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS |
4.1. | Summary |
This Section 4 of the Code of Ethics is based upon Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act which requires investment advisers to adopt policies and procedures relating to, among other things, the personal securities transactions of their employees. The key provisions of this Code with respect to personal trading are summarized as follows:
– | Prohibition on investing in initial public offerings |
– | Restrictions on investing in private placements |
– | Prior written clearance of personal trades |
– | Seven-day blackout period |
– | Thirty-day ban on short-term trading profits of securities held, or being considered for purchase for the portfolios of Vontobel Clients |
– | Full disclosure of all securities trades and securities holdings |
While currently not classified as a security by Rule 204A-1, as best practice, we request all Vontobel employees to fully disclose any trades or holdings in cryptocurrencies (a.k.a. digital assets, bitcoin, etc) to the Chief Compliance Officer or other authorized officer through Financial Tracking under Activity Center.
4.2. | Prohibited and Restricted Transactions |
4.2.1 | Rule 204A-1 requires investment advisers to adopt written codes of ethics designed to reflect the business standards and fiduciary obligations of its employees, to prevent fraudulent trading and, further, to use reasonable diligence and institute procedures reasonably necessary to prevent violations of their code of ethics. Vontobel Employees shall not engage in any act, practice or course of conduct that would violate the provisions of Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act or any other provisions of the federal securities laws. |
All Vontobel Personnel are considered “access persons” as that term is defined under Rule 204A-1 of the Advisers Act. As may be required by the investment companies for which it acts as adviser or subadviser, Vontobel shall provide periodic reports with respect to the personal securities transactions of its access persons, as well as an annual compliance report.
No Vontobel Employee shall purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any security categorized under the definition of Restricted Security; except that the prohibitions of this section shall not apply to:
(a) | purchases or sales which are non-volitional on the part of any Vontobel Employee; |
(b) | purchases which are part of an automatic dividend reinvestment or other plan established by any Vontobel Employee prior to the time the security involved came within the purview of this Code; and |
(c) | purchases effected upon the rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer, and sales of such rights so acquired. |
4.2.2 | No Vontobel Employee shall acquire any securities in an initial public offering. |
4.2.3 | No Vontobel Employee shall acquire securities in a private placement without the prior approval of the Chief Compliance Officer or other officer authorized to approve trades (see Appendix B ). The request and subsequent decision are made online via a specially designated web form in ETS as described in Section 3.7. In considering a request to invest in a private placement, the Chief Compliance Officer will take into account, among other factors, whether the investment opportunity should be reserved for a Vontobel Client, and whether the opportunity is being offered to a Vontobel Employee by virtue of his or her position with the Corporation. |
4.2.4 | No Vontobel Employee or person living in the same household shall participate in an investment club without the prior approval of the Chief Compliance Officer or other officer authorized to approve trades (see Appendix B ). The request and subsequent decision are made online via a specially designated web form in ETS as described in Section 3.7. The request must specify the number of members in the club, their relationship to the Vontobel Employee, the total amount of funds pooled for investment, whether the club has a financial advisor, the legal structure of the club, and its investment guidelines and objectives. |
In considering a request to participate in an investment club, the Chief Compliance Officer will take into account, among other factors, undertakings by the Vontobel Employee or household member: to refrain from taking on investment decision-making responsibilities, including research responsibilities; never to hold 50% or more of the club’s investment account assets; and not otherwise to exercise influence or control over the club’s investment account.
Technically a brokerage account holding the assets of a Vontobel Employee or household member, the investment club account is thus subject to the pre-clearance requirement of Section 4.5.1 below. An exemption from the pre-clearance requirement will be granted if the investment club complies with all of the provisions of this Code of Ethics. Accordingly, the Chief Compliance Officer or other authorized officer will periodically review investment club trading for abuses and conflicts of interest. The Chief Compliance Officer reserves the right to subject all of the club’s trades to preclearance and
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other requirements of this Code, and also reserves the right to cancel approval of participation in the club. Investment club accounts may not be used to undermine these procedures.
4.3. | Blackout Period * |
4.3.1 | No Vontobel Employee shall execute a securities transaction on a day during which Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. has a pending “buy” or “sell” order in that same security for a Vontobel Client or its own account until that order is executed or withdrawn. |
4.3.2 | Vontobel Employees are prohibited from purchasing or selling a security within seven (7) calendar days before or after the date on which a transaction in the same security is effected for a Vontobel Client. |
In the case of a personal securities transaction proposed to be executed within 7 calendar days before a client trade in the same security (the “pre-trade blackout period”), a monthly review will be conducted by the designated Compliance Officer to determine whether the trade falls within the pre-trade blackout period and whether an exception applies, as described in this section.
In the case of a personal securities transaction proposed to be executed within 7 calendar days after a client trade in the same security (the “post-trade blackout period”), the designated Compliance Officer will review the trade blotter and consult with the Trading Desk, where necessary, to determine whether the personal trade falls within the post-trade blackout period and whether an exception applies, as described in this section.
Should any Vontobel Employee make an authorized personal trade within such blackout period, the Chief Compliance Officer (or, in his absence, any officer authorized to approve trades), shall, in his sole discretion and based on his assessment of the facts and circumstances surrounding such personal trade, determine whether the Vontobel Employee can be deemed to have benefited, or appear to have benefited, from the market effect of the trade for the Vontobel Client. If such officer so determines, the Vontobel Employee shall cancel the trade or promptly disgorge the imputed profit, if any, from his or her personal trade that shall have accrued between the date thereof and the trade date of the transaction in the same security for the Vontobel Client. Imputed profit shall in all cases mean the difference between the price at which the Vontobel Employee transacted and the price at which the trade for the Vontobel Client was transacted.
The prohitibions of this section shall not apply to:
(a) | purchases or sales which are non-volitional on the part of either the Vontobel Employee or the Vontobel Client account; |
(b) | purchases or sales which are part of an automatic dividend reinvestment or other plan established by Vontobel Employees prior to the time the security involved came within the purview of this Code; |
(c) | purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer, and sales of such rights so acquired; and |
(d) | purchases or sales on any one day of de minimus value; the de minimus value is equal to or less than 2,000 shares of any security listed on an exchange and traded within the seven (7) day blackout period. No Vontobel Employee will be allowed to affect a purchase or sale of a security while a client has a pending purchase or sale order, for that security, until the client’s order is executed or withdrawn. |
4.4. | Short-Term Trading |
No Vontobel Employee shall profit from the purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the same (or equivalent) securities which are owned by a Vontobel Client or which are being considered for purchase on behalf of Vontobel Clients, within thirty (30) calendar days. This restriction does not apply to funds which are advised or subadvised by Vontobel. Any profits realized on such short-term trades must be disgorged and the proceeds paid to a charity selected by the Chief Compliance Officer. The Chief Compliance Officer and any other officer authorized to approve trades (see Appendix B ) may permit exemptions to the prohibition of this section on a case-by-case basis when no abuse is involved and the circumstances of the subject trades, as they are best able to determine, support an exemption, and shall note the reason for any such exemption on the trading authorization form (see 4.5.1. below). Vontobel Employees may sell a security covered by this section at a loss within thirty (30) calendar days of purchase, provided, however, that in such instance the Vontobel Employee may not repurchase the same security in less than thirty (30) calendar days.
* | The purpose of the blackout period before a client trade is to address front-running violations that occur when personal trades are made shortly before a client trade and benefit from the market effect of that trade. The blackout period after a client trade is intended to allow dissipation of the market effect of the client trade. It is also designed to prevent individuals from benefiting from a trade that is opposite the client trade (e.g., selling a security shortly after a purchase of the same security for a client boosted its price, or purchasing a security shortly after a sale of the same security for a client lowered its price). |
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4.5. | Prior Written Clearance of Personal Securities Trades and Full Disclosure of Securities Holdings |
4.5.1 | Except with regard to those items listed in Appendix C that have been exempted from the firm’s pre-clearance requirements, all Vontobel Employees shall obtain authorization of their personal securities transactions prior to executing an order. Via a specially designated web form in ETS, a request must be submitted to one of the officers listed in Appendix B , and such officer must give authorization prior to the placement of a purchase or sell order with a broker by a Vontobel Employee. Should such officer deny the request, he or she will give a reason for the denial. An approved request will remain valid, in the case of a U.S.-based Vontobel Employee, until the U.S. market close on the same business day the request is made, and, in the case of all other Vontobel Employees, until the expiration of 2 business days, inclusive of the day of the request. Please note limit orders are generally prohibited as approval periods are only valid 1 and 2 days, respectively. |
Vontobel has retained a third party service provider, Financial Tracking Technologies, LLC (FTT), to provide web-based automated compliance services. Among a suite of compliance-related offerings by FTT, the Vontobel Employee compliance module, Employee TradeSphere (ETS), is a portal through which Vontobel Employees meet their compliance obligations. Through this secure, web-based platform, Vontobel Employees are able to perform personal trade pre- clearance (See Section 3.7 for more information about ETS).
As with Gifts and Political Contributions, a request for authorization for a personal trade is made on ETS through a 4-step, paperless process:
(1) | A Vontobel Employee enters ETS through a login and password on their website; |
(2) | After logging in, the Vontobel Employee locates the “Pre-Trade Approval > New” link, the selection of which opens a web form containing the fields necessary to enter trade data; |
(3) | Once the necessary trade data have been filled in, the request is then sent electronically for approval or denial to a designated officer (See, Appendix B ), who, with the assistance of the firm’s trading desk and a database, ultimately determines whether the trade is permissible under Code of Ethics strictures; and, |
(4) | The decision of the designated officer is then sent via email to the Vontobel Employee, who may not trade until such decision has been received. |
Should any Vontobel Employee make an unauthorized personal trade in a security, he or she may be obliged, without benefit of tax deduction, to sell the position promptly and/or disgorge any imputed or realized profit that shall have accrued between the date of such unauthorized personal trade and the date of disgorgement. Profits disgorged by Vontobel Employees pursuant to this Code shall be paid to a charity selected by the Chief Compliance Officer.
4.5.2 | In accordance with Rule 204A-1(a)(3), Vontobel Employees shall instruct their broker(s), including the Corporation’s affiliate broker-dealers, to supply the Chief Compliance Officer, on a timely basis (but in no event more than 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which the transactions occurred), with duplicate copies of confirmations of all personal securities transactions and copies of all periodic statements for all securities accounts containing securities in which Vontobel Employees have Beneficial Ownership. For the avoidance of doubt, the above requirements shall not apply to accounts containing only instruments expressly excluded from the Code’s definition of “Security” in Section 2 and in Appendix C. |
In keeping with June 2015 guidance from the US Securities and Exchange Commission regarding the scope of the exception to the above-described Rule 204A-1(a)(3) reporting requirements, the fact that a securities account is an account managed by a third-party with discretionary investment authority or is a trust administered by a trustee with such authority shall not, by itself, mean the Vontobel Employee has not exercised direct or indirect influence or control over the account, thus triggering the reporting exception. The reporting exception shall apply only if in actual practice the Vontobel Employee exerted no direct or indirect influence or control, to any degree, over the account. All other securities accounts must be reported to the Chief Compliance Officer in accordance with the Rule and this Section.
With respect to such accounts, each Vontobel Employee, upon the commencement of employment and annually thereafter, shall certify specifically that, for the previous calendar year, he or she did not (a) suggest that the trustee or third-party discretionary manager make a particular securities transaction for an account; (b) direct the trustee or discretionary manager to make such a transaction; or, (c) consult with the trustee or discretionary manager regarding allocation of investments in an account.
4.5.3 | The Chief Compliance Officer or his designee shall review the personal securities holdings and transaction reports of Vontobel Employees and evidence such review in writing. The review may be performed, and the evidence recorded, electronically and in an automated fashion by the online compliance system, and such a review and recording shall satisfy the requirement. |
4.5.4 | The Chief Compliance Officer shall receive and maintain all reports required hereunder. The reports may be generated and maintained electronically and in an automated fashion by the online compliance system, and such reports shall satisfy the requirement. |
4.5.5 | All Vontobel Employees shall promptly report to the Chief Compliance Officer any apparent violation of this Code. The Chief Compliance Officer shall conduct an investigation into the alleged violation and, in consultation with the General Counsel, impose whatever sanctions are appropriate under the circumstances. On a semi-annual basis, the Chief |
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Compliance Officer shall report any violations of the Code to the Board of Directors. The Chief Compliance Officer or designee shall be responsible for maintaining and updating Vontobel’s Code of Ethics. | ||
4.5.6 | This Code of Ethics, a copy of each report made by Vontobel Personnel, each memorandum made by the Chief Compliance Officer hereunder, and a record of any violation hereof and any action taken as a result of such violation, shall be maintained by the Chief Compliance Officer, as required by Rule 204-2(a)(12) of the Advisers Act. |
4.5.7 | Vontobel Employees shall disclose their personal securities holdings to the Chief Compliance Officer or designee within ten (10) days of the commencement of employment. In keeping with guidance from the Securities and Exchange Commission, this disclosure shall include the certification described in Section 4.5.2 above. |
4.5.8 | Annually, Vontobel Personnel shall be required to certify that they have (a) read and understand the Code, and recognize that they are subject thereto; (b) instructed each financial institution through which they, or any member of their household, effect securities transactions to send duplicate copies of their account statements and trading confirmations to Vontobel; (c) complied with the requirements of the Code; (d) disclosed and reported all personal securities transactions required to be disclosed; and (e) disclosed all personal securities holdings. Such annual report and certification shall be submitted within thirty (30) days of the end of the calendar year and shall be current as of a date no more than forty-five (45) days before submission. |
4.5.9 | The Chief Compliance Officer shall prepare a semi-annual report to the Corporation’s Board of Directors. Such report shall (a) include a copy of the Code of Ethics, if recently amended; (b) summarize existing procedures concerning personal investing and any changes in the Code’s policies or procedures during the past year; (c) identify any violations of the Code; and (d) identify any recommended changes in existing restrictions, policies or procedures based upon the Corporation’s experience under the Code, any evolving practices, or developments in applicable laws or regulations. |
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5. | INSIDER TRADING |
The Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988, as amended (“ITSFEA”) requires that all investment advisers and broker-dealers establish, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures designed to detect and prevent the misuse of material nonpublic information by such investment adviser and/or broker-dealer, or any person associated with the investment adviser and/or broker-dealer.
Section 204A of the Advisers Act states that an investment adviser must adopt and disseminate written policies with respect to ITSFEA, and an investment adviser must also vigilantly review, update and enforce them. Accordingly, Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. has adopted the following policy, procedures and supervisory procedures as an integral part of its Code of Ethics applicable to all of its officers, employees and directors (sometimes referred to herein as Vontobel Personnel).
5.1. | Policy |
The purpose of this Section 5 is to familiarize Vontobel Personnel with issues concerning insider trading and assist them in putting into context the policy and procedures on insider trading.
Policy Statement :
No Vontobel Personnel may trade in a security, either personally or on behalf of Vontobel Clients, while in possession of material, nonpublic information regarding that security; nor may any officer, employee or director communicate material, nonpublic information to others in violation of the law. This conduct is commonly referred to as “insider trading”. This policy extends to activities within and without the individual job functions of Vontobel Personnel and covers not only their personal transactions, but indirect trading by family, friends and others, or the nonpublic distribution of inside information from them to others. Any questions regarding the policy and procedures should be referred to the Chief Compliance Officer and / or the General Counsel.
The term “insider trading” is not defined in federal securities laws, but generally is used to refer to the use of material nonpublic information to trade in securities (whether or not one is an “insider”) or the communication of material nonpublic information to others who may then seek to benefit from such information.
While the law concerning insider trading is not static and may undergo revisions from time to time, it is generally understood that the law prohibits:
(a) | trading by an insider, while in possession of material nonpublic information, or |
(b) | trading by a non-insider, while in possession of material nonpublic information, where the information either was disclosed to the non-insider in violation of an insider’s duty to keep it confidential or was misappropriated, or |
(c) | communicating material nonpublic information to others. |
5.2. | Elements of Insider Trading |
5.2.1 | Who Is an Insider? |
The concept of “insider” is broad. It includes officers, directors an d employees of a company. In addition, a person can be a “temporary insider” if he or she enters into a special confidential relationship in the conduct of a company’s affairs and as a result is given access to information solely for the company’s purposes. A temporary insider can include, among others, a company’s attorneys, accountants, consultants, bank lending officers, and the employees of such service providers. In addition, an investment adviser may become a temporary insider of a company it advises or for which it performs other services. According to the Supreme Court, the company must expect the outsider to keep the disclosed nonpublic information confidential and the relationship must at least imply such a duty before the outsider will be considered an insider.
5.2.2 | What Is Material Information? |
Trading on inside information can be the basis for liability when the information is material. In general, information is “material” when there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in making his or her investment decisions, or information that is reasonably certain to have a substantial effect on the price of a company’s securities. Information that officers, directors and employees should consider material includes, but is not limited to: dividend changes, earnings estimates, changes in previously released earnings estimates, significant merger or acquisition proposals or agreements, major litigation, liquidation problems and extraordinary management developments.
5.2.3 | What Is Nonpublic Information? |
Information is nonpublic until it has been effectively communicated to the marketplace. One must be able to point to some fact to show that the information is generally public. For example, information found in a report filed with the SEC, or appearing in Bloomberg electronic news reports, or in The Wall Street Journal or other publications of general circulation would be considered public. (Depending on the nature of the information, and the type and timing of the filing or other public release, it may be appropriate to allow for adequate time for the information to be “effectively” disseminated.)
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5.2.4 | Legal Bases for Liability |
(a) | Fiduciary Duty Theory : In 1980 the U.S. Supreme Court found that there is no general duty to disclose before trading on material nonpublic information, but that such a duty arises only where there is a direct or indirect fiduciary relationship with the issuer or its agents. That is, there must be a relationship between the parties to the transaction such that one party has a right to expect that the other party will disclose any material nonpublic information or refrain from trading. |
(b) | Misappropriation Theory : Another basis for insider trading liability is the “misappropriation theory”, where liability is established when trading occurs on material on nonpublic information that was stolen or misappropriated from any other person |
(c) | Tipper/Tippee Liability : In 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court in Salman v. United States, unanimously affirmed the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit’s affirmance of Salman’s guilty verdict for insider trading. The Supreme Court affirmed the verdict even though the insider did not receive a tangible personal benefit in return for tipping his brother, who in turn tipped Salman, about material non-public information and, in doing so, overruled the Second Circuit’s ruling in United States v. Newman, to the extent that it held that a tipper to a family member or friend must personally receive a pecuniary benefit before he can be found to have breached his fiduciary duty and, therefore, be held criminally liable for insider trading. |
5.3. | Penalties for Insider Trading |
Penalties for trading on or communicating material nonpublic information are severe, both for individuals and their employers. An individual can be subject to some or all of the penalties below even if he or she does not personally benefit from the violation:
– | civil injunctions |
– | treble damages |
– | disgorgement of profits |
– | jail sentences |
– | fines for the person who committed the violation of up to three times the profit gained or loss avoided, whether or not the person actually benefitted, and |
– | fines for the employer or other controlling person of up to the greater of $1 million or three times the amount of the profit gained or loss avoided. |
5.4. | Procedures |
The following procedures have been established to aid Vontobel Personnel in avoiding insider trading, and to aid in preventing, detecting and imposing sanctions against insider trading. Vontobel Personnel must follow these procedures or risk serious sanctions, including dismissal, substantial personal liability and/or criminal penalties. If you have any questions about these procedures, you should consult the Chief Compliance Officer and / or the General Counsel.
5.4.1 | Identifying Inside Information . Before trading for yourself or others, including Vontobel Clients, in the securities of a company about which you may have potential inside information, ask yourself the following questions: |
(a) | Is the information material? Is this information that an investor would consider important in making his or her investment decisions? If this information that would substantially affect the market price of the securities if generally disclosed? |
(b) | Is the information nonpublic? To whom has this information been provided? Has the information been effectively communicated to the marketplace, e.g., by being published electronically by Bloomberg, or in The Wall Street Journal or other publications of general circulation? |
If, after consideration of the above, you believe that the information is material and nonpublic, or if you have questions as to whether the information is material and nonpublic, you should report the matter immediately to the Chief Compliance Officer and the General Counsel. Until they have had an opportunity to review the matter, you should not (i) purchase or sell the security on behalf of yourself or others, including Vontobel Clients, and (ii) communicate the information to anyone, other than to the Chief Compliance Officer and the General Counsel. After the General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer have reviewed the issue, you will be instructed to either continue the prohibitions against trading and communication, or you will be allowed to communicate the information and then trade.
5.4.2 | Personal Security Trading . Each officer, director and employee must instruct their broker(s) to supply the Chief Compliance Officer, on a timely basis, with duplicate copies of confirmations of all personal securities transactions and copies of all periodic statements for all securities accounts owned or controlled by them or their families (including the |
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spouse, minor children, and adults living in the same household), and trusts of which they are trustees or in which they have beneficial ownership or have participated. | ||
5.4.3 | Restricting Access to Material Nonpublic Information . Any information in your possession that you identify as material and nonpublic may not be communicated other than in the course of performing your duties to anyone, including your colleagues at Vontobel Asset Management, Inc., with the exception of the General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer as provided in subparagraph 5.4.1 above. In addition, care should be taken so that such information is secure. For example, files containing material nonpublic information should be locked; access to computer files containing material nonpublic information should be restricted. |
5.4.4 | Resolving Issues Concerning Insider Trading . If, after considerations of the items set forth in Section 5.2, doubt remains as to whether information is material or nonpublic, or if there is any unresolved question as to the applicability or interpretation of the foregoing procedures, or as to the propriety of any action, it must be discussed with the General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer before trading or communicating the information to anyone. |
5.5. | Supervision |
The supervisory role of the Chief Compliance Officer is critical to the implementation and maintenance of this Statement on Insider Trading, and encompasses the following.
5.5.1 | Prevention of Insider Trading |
To prevent insider trading, the Chief Compliance Officer shall:
– | answer promptly any questions regarding the Statement on Insider Trading |
– | resolve issues of whether information received by any officer, employee or director is material and nonpublic |
– | update the Statement on Insider Trading and distribute amendments thereto, as necessary, to all officers, employees and directors |
– | obtain an annual written acknowledgement from all officers, employees and directors that they have reviewed the Corporation’s Code of Ethics, including the Statement on Insider Trading contained in this Section 5 |
– | when it has been determined that any officer, director or employee has material nonpublic information: |
(i) | implement measures to prevent dissemination of such information, and |
(ii) | if necessary, restrict officers, directors and employees from trading the securities. |
5.5.2 | Detection of Insider Trading |
To detect insider trading, the Chief Compliance Officer shall:
– | Review for each officer, director and employee the periodic account statements and duplicate confirmations forwarded by their brokers to ensure that no trading took place in securities in which the Corporation was in possession of material nonpublic information; |
– | Review the trading activity of the mutual funds and private account portfolios managed by the Corporation quarterly; and |
– | Coordinate, if necessary, the review of such reports with other appropriate officers, directors or employees of the Corporation. |
5.5.3 | Special Reports to Management |
Promptly upon learning of a potential violation of the Statement on Insider Trading, the Chief Compliance Officer shall prepare a written report to the Chief Executive Officer and the Board of Directors of the Corporation and, if the violation occurred with respect to an investment company client, provide a copy of such report to the Board of Directors of the investment company concerned.
5.5.4 | Semi-Annual Reports |
On a semi-annual basis, the Chief Compliance Officer shall prepare a written report to the Corporation’s Board of Directors setting forth the following:
– | a summary of the existing procedures to detect and prevent insider trading; |
– | full details of any investigation, either internal or by a regulatory agency, of any suspected insider trading and the results of such investigation; |
– | an evaluation of the current procedures and any recommendations for improvement. |
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5.5.5 | Annual Reports |
Pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, an annual compliance report shall be furnished to the Board of Directors of the investment companies to which the Corporation acts as investment adviser or subadviser.
5.5.6 | Using Industry Experts for Research |
As part of the investment research process, Vontobel Employees, specifically Vontobel investment professionals, may use expert network firms. Expert network firms (“Expert Network”) facilitate consultations with paid industry experts. Vontobel maintains controls with respect to the use of Expert Networks in order to guard against conflicts and to prevent the transmission of confidential information, including material, non-public information (“confidential information”). These controls include, but are not limited to, the following:
– | Before an Expert Network is allowed to schedule a consultation for Vontobel with an industry expert, the industry expert must first complete a pre-screening questionnaire confirming, among other things, that he or she will not (1) share confidential information, (2) otherwise breach a confidentiality obligation, or (3) provide information about a current or recent employer. |
– | Randomly and without prior notice, the CCO or designee can listen-in on expert network telephone consultations with Vontobel investment professionals. |
– | In keeping with Section 5.4.1, Vontobel investment professionals are required immediately to report to the General Counsel and CCO or designee any actual or suspected revelation of confidential information during a consultation. |
– | Annually, each Vontobel Employee will certify to the Legal and Compliance Department that he or she complied with Vontobel’s Expert Network policy and procedures. |
In addition to the Expert Networks, the investment professionals, specifically the former investigative journalists, may engage in discussions with company management, economists, sell-side analysts, consultants, academics, government officials, etc… outside of the Expert Networks to assist with their research. There are similar guidelines in place and all research is fully documented.
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APPENDIX A
Excerpts from cited SEC legislation:
- | Rule 204A-1 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 - Investment Adviser Code of Ethics |
- | Section 204A of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 - Prevention of Misuse of Nonpublic Information |
- | Section 206 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 - Prohibited Transactions by Investment Advisers |
- | Definitions: |
“Beneficial Owner” - as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
“Security(ies) - as defined in Section 202(a)(18) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
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Rule 204A-1 Investment Adviser Codes of Ethics.
(a) | Adoption of code of ethics. If you are an investment adviser registered or required to be registered under section 203 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 80b–3), you must establish, maintain and enforce a written code of ethics that, at a minimum, includes: |
(1) | A standard (or standards) of business conduct that you require of your supervised persons, which standard must reflect your fiduciary obligations and those of your supervised persons; |
(2) | Provisions requiring your supervised persons to comply with applicable Federal securities laws; |
(3) | Provisions that require all of your access persons to report, and you to review, their personal securities transactions and holdings periodically as provided below; |
(4) | Provisions requiring supervised persons to report any violations of your code of ethics promptly to your chief compliance officer or, provided your chief compliance officer also receives reports of all violations, to other persons you designate in your code of ethics; and |
(5) | Provisions requiring you to provide each of your supervised persons with a copy of your code of ethics and any amendments, and requiring your supervised persons to provide you with a written acknowledgment of their receipt of the code and any amendments. |
(b) | Reporting requirements — |
(1) | Holdings reports . The code of ethics must require your access persons to submit to your chief compliance officer or other persons you designate in your code of ethics a report of the access person’s current securities holdings that meets the following requirements: |
(i) | Content of holdings reports. Each holdings report must contain, at a minimum: |
(A) | The title and type of security, and as applicable the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, number of shares, and principal amount of each reportable security in which the access person has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership; |
(B) | The name of any broker, dealer or bank with which the access person maintains an account in which any securities are held for the access person’s direct or indirect benefit; and |
(C) | The date the access person submits the report. |
(ii) | Timing of holdings reports. Your access persons must each submit a holdings report: |
(A) | No later than 10 days after the person becomes an access person, and the information must be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date the person becomes an access person. |
(B) | At least once each 12-month period thereafter on a date you select, and the information must be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date the report was submitted. |
(2) | Transaction reports. The code of ethics must require access persons to submit to your chief compliance officer or other persons you designate in your code of ethics securities transactions reports that meet the following requirements: |
(i) | Content of transaction reports . Each transaction report must contain, at a minimum, the following information about each transaction involving a reportable security in which the access person had, or as a result of the transaction acquired, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership: |
(A) | The date of the transaction, the title, and as applicable the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, interest rate and maturity date, number of shares, and principal amount of each reportable security involved; |
(B) | The nature of the transaction ( i.e. , purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition); |
(C) | The price of the security at which the transaction was effected; |
(D) | The name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through which the transaction was effected; and |
(E) | The date the access person submits the report. |
(ii) | Timing of transaction reports. Each access person must submit a transaction report no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter, which report must cover, at a minimum, all transactions during the quarter. |
(3) | Exceptions from reporting requirements. Your code of ethics need not require an access person to submit: |
(i) | Any report with respect to securities held in accounts over which the access person had no direct or indirect influence or control; |
(ii) | A transaction report with respect to transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan; |
(iii) | A transaction report if the report would duplicate information contained in broker trade confirmations or account statements that you hold in your records so long as you receive the confirmations or statements no later than 30 days after the end of the applicable calendar quarter. |
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(c) | Pre-approval of certain investments . Your code of ethics must require your access persons to obtain your approval before they directly or indirectly acquire beneficial ownership in any security in an initial public offering or in a limited offering. |
(d) | Small advisers. If you have only one access person ( i.e. , yourself), you are not required to submit reports to yourself or to obtain your own approval for investments in any security in an initial public offering or in a limited offering, if you maintain records of all of your holdings and transactions that this section would otherwise require you to report. |
(e) | Definitions. For the purpose of this section: |
(1) | Access person means: |
(i) | Any of your supervised persons: |
(A) | Who has access to nonpublic information regarding any clients’ purchase or sale of securities, or nonpublic information regarding the portfolio holdings of any reportable fund, or |
(B) | Who is involved in making securities recommendations to clients, or who has access to such recommendations that are nonpublic. |
(ii) | If providing investment advice is your primary business, all of your directors, officers and partners are presumed to be access persons. |
(2) | Automatic investment plan means a program in which regular periodic purchases (or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation. An automatic investment plan includes a dividend reinvestment plan. |
(3) | Beneficial ownership is interpreted in the same manner as it would be under §240.16a–1(a)(2) of this chapter in determining whether a person has beneficial ownership of a security for purposes of section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78p) and the rules and regulations thereunder. Any report required by paragraph (b) of this section may contain a statement that the report will not be construed as an admission that the person making the report has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the security to which the report relates. |
(4) | Federal securities laws means the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a–aa), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a–mm), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–204, 116 Stat. 745 (2002)), the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a), the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b), title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (Pub. L. 106–102, 113 Stat. 1338 (1999), any rules adopted by the Commission under any of these statutes, the Bank Secrecy Act (31 U.S.C. 5311–5314; 5316–5332) as it applies to funds and investment advisers, and any rules adopted thereunder by the Commission or the Department of the Treasury. |
(5) | Fund means an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act. |
(6) | Initial public offering means an offering of securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a), the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to the reporting requirements of sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)). |
(7) | Limited offering means an offering that is exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to section 4(2) or section 4(6) (15 U.S.C. 77d(2) or 77d(6)) or pursuant to §§230.504, 230.505, or 230.506 of this chapter. |
(8) | Purchase or sale of a security includes, among other things, the writing of an option to purchase or sell a security. |
(9) | Reportable fund means: |
(i) | Any fund for which you serve as an investment adviser as defined in section 2(a)(20) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a–2(a)(20)) ( i.e. , in most cases you must be approved by the fund’s board of directors before you can serve); or |
(ii) | Any fund whose investment adviser or principal underwriter controls you, is controlled by you, or is under common control with you. For purposes of this section, control has the same meaning as it does in section 2(a)(9) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a–2(a)(9)). |
(10) | Reportable security means a security as defined in section 202(a)(18) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 80b–2(a)(18)), except that it does not include: |
(i) | Direct obligations of the Government of the United States; |
(ii) | Bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements; |
(iii) | Shares issued by money market funds; |
(iv) | Shares issued by open-end funds other than reportable funds; and |
(v) | Shares issued by unit investment trusts that are invested exclusively in one or more open-end funds, none of which are reportable funds. |
[69 FR 41708, July 9, 2004]
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Section 206 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
Prohibited Transactions by Investment Advisers
It shall be unlawful for any investment adviser, by use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, directly or indirectly–
(1) | to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud any client or prospective client; |
(2) | to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates as a fraud or deceit upon any client or prospective client; |
(3) | acting as principal for his own account, knowingly to sell any security to or purchase any security from a client, or acting as broker for a person other than such client, knowingly to effect any sale or purchase of any security for the account of such client, without disclosing to such client in writing before the completion of such transaction the capacity in which he is acting and obtaining the consent of the client to such transaction. The prohibitions of this paragraph (3) shall not apply to any transaction with a customer of a broker or dealer if such broker or dealer is not acting as an investment adviser in relation to such transaction; |
(4) | to engage in any act, practice, or course of business which is fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative. The Commission shall, for the purposes of this paragraph (4) by rules and regulations define, and prescribe means reasonably designed to prevent, such acts, practices, and courses of business as are fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative. |
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Section 206A of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
Exemptions
The Commission, by rules and regulations, upon its own motion, or by order upon application, may conditionally or unconditionally exempt any person or transaction, or any class or classes or persons, or transactions, from any provision or provisions of this title or of any rule or regulation thereunder, if and to the extent that such exemption is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and consistent with the protection of investors and the purposes fairly intended by the policy and provisions of this title.
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Section 204A of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
Prevention of Misuse of Nonpublic Information
Every investment adviser subject to section 204 of this title shall establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed, taking into consideration the nature of such investment adviser’s business, to prevent the misuse in violation of this Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the rules or regulations thereunder, of material, nonpublic information by such investment adviser or any person associated with such investment adviser. The Commission, as it deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, shall adopt rules or regulations to require specific policies or procedures reasonably designed to prevent misuse in violation of this Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (or the rules or regulations thereunder) of material, nonpublic information.
Definitions:
“Beneficial Owner” - as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 - The term beneficial owner shall have the following applications:
Solely for purposes of determining whether a person is a beneficial owner of more than ten percent of any class of equity securities registered pursuant to section 12 of the Act, the term “beneficial owner” shall mean any person who is deemed a beneficial owner pursuant to section 13(d) of the Act and the rules thereunder; provided, however, that the following institutions or persons shall not be deemed the beneficial owner of securities of such class held for the benefit of third parties or in customer or fiduciary accounts in the ordinary course of business (or in the case of an employee benefit plan specified in paragraph (a)(1)(vi) of this section, of securities of such class allocated to plan participants where participants have voting power) as long as such shares are acquired by such institutions or persons without the purpose or effect of changing or influencing control of the issuer or engaging in any arrangement subject to Rule 13d-3(b) (§ 240.13d-3(b)):
– | A broker or dealer registered under section 15 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o); |
– | A bank as defined in section 3(a)(6) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78c); |
– | An insurance company as defined in section 3(a)(19) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78c); |
– | An investment company registered under section 8 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-8); |
– | Any person registered as an investment adviser under Section 203 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b- 3) or under the laws of any state; |
– | An employee benefit plan as defined in Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, 29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq. (“ERISA”) that is subject to the provisions of ERISA, or any such plan that is not subject to ERISA that is maintained primarily for the benefit of the employees of a state or local government or instrumentality, or an endowment fund; |
– | A parent holding company or control person, provided the aggregate amount held directly by the parent or control person, and directly and indirectly by their subsidiaries or affiliates that are not persons specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (ix), does not exceed one percent of the securities of the subject class; |
– | A savings association as defined in Section 3(b) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813); |
– | A church plan that is excluded from the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(14) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3); and |
– | A group, provided that all the members are persons specified in § 240.16a-1(a)(1)(i) through (ix). |
– | A group, provided that all the members are persons specified in § 240.16a-1(a)(1) (i) through (vii). |
Note to paragraph (a). Pursuant to this section, a person deemed a beneficial owner of more than ten percent of any class of equity securities registered under section 12 of the Act would file a Form 3 (§ 249.103), but the securities holdings disclosed on Form 3, and changes in beneficial ownership reported on subsequent Forms 4 (§ 249.104) or 5 (§ 249.105), would be determined by the definition of “beneficial owner” in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. | ||
Other than for purposes of determining whether a person is a beneficial owner of more than ten percent of any class of equity securities registered under Section 12 of the Act, the term beneficial owner shall mean any person who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in the equity securities, subject to the following:
The term pecuniary interest in any class of equity securities shall mean the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit or share in any profit derived from a transaction in the subject securities.
The term indirect pecuniary interest in any class of equity securities shall include, but not be limited to:
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Securities held by members of a person’s immediate family sharing the same household; provided, however, that the presumption of such beneficial ownership may be rebutted; see also § 240.16a-1(a)(4);
A general partner’s proportionate interest in the portfolio securities held by a general or limited partnership. The general partner’s proportionate interest, as evidenced by the partnership agreement in effect at the time of the transaction and the partnership’s most recent financial statements, shall be the greater of:
The general partner’s share of the partnership’s profits, including profits attributed to any limited partnership interests held by the general partner and any other interests in profits that arise from the purchase and sale of the partnership’s portfolio securities; or
The general partner’s share of the partnership capital account, including the share attributable to any limited partnership interest held by the general partner.
A performance-related fee, other than an asset-based fee, received by any broker, dealer, bank, insurance company, investment company, investment adviser, investment manager, trustee or person or entity performing a similar function; provided, however, that no pecuniary interest shall be present where:
The performance-related fee, regardless of when payable, is calculated based upon net capital gains and/or net capital appreciation generated from the portfolio or from the fiduciary’s overall performance over a period of one year or more; and
Equity securities of the issuer do not account for more than ten percent of the market value of the portfolio. A right to a nonperformance-related fee alone shall not represent a pecuniary interest in the securities;
A person’s right to dividends that are separated or separable from the underlying securities. Otherwise, a right to dividends alone shall not represent a pecuniary interest in the securities;
A person’s interest in securities held by a trust, as specified in § 240.16a-8(b); and
A person’s right to acquire equity securities through the exercise or conversion of any derivative security, whether or not presently exercisable.
A shareholder shall not be deemed to have a pecuniary interest in the portfolio securities held by a corporation or similar entity in which the person owns securities if the shareholder is not a controlling shareholder of the entity and does not have or share investment control over the entity’s portfolio.
Where more than one person subject to section 16 of the Act is deemed to be a beneficial owner of the same equity securities, all such persons must report as beneficial owners of the securities, either separately or jointly, as provided in § 240.16a-3(j). In such cases, the amount of short-swing profit recoverable shall not be increased above the amount recoverable if there were only one beneficial owner.
Any person filing a statement pursuant to section 16(a) of the Act may state that the filing shall not be deemed an admission that such person is, for purposes of section 16 of the Act or otherwise, the beneficial owner of any equity securities covered by the statement.
The following interests are deemed not to confer beneficial ownership for purposes of section 16 of the Act:
Interests in portfolio securities held by any holding company registered under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (15
U.S.C. 79a et seq.);
Interests in portfolio securities held by any investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq.); and
Interests in securities comprising part of a broad-based, publicly traded market basket or index of stocks, approved for trading by the appropriate federal governmental authority.
The term call equivalent position shall mean a derivative security position that increases in value as the value of the underlying equity increases, including, but not limited to, a long convertible security, a long call option, and a short put option position.
The term derivative securities shall mean any option, warrant, convertible security, stock appreciation right, or similar right with an exercise or conversion privilege at a price related to an equity security, or similar securities with a value derived from the value of an equity security, but shall not include:
Rights of a pledgee of securities to sell the pledged securities;
Rights of all holders of a class of securities of an issuer to receive securities pro rata, or obligations to dispose of securities, as a result of a merger, exchange offer, or consolidation involving the issuer of the securities;
Rights or obligations to surrender a security, or have a security withheld, upon the receipt or exercise of a derivative security or the receipt or vesting of equity securities, in order to satisfy the exercise price or the tax withholding consequences of receipt, exercise or vesting;
Interests in broad-based index options, broad-based index futures, and broad-based publicly traded market baskets of stocks approved for trading by the appropriate federal governmental authority;
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Interests or rights to participate in employee benefit plans of the issuer;
Rights with an exercise or conversion privilege at a price that is not fixed; or
Options granted to an underwriter in a registered public offering for the purpose of satisfying over-allotments in such offering.
The term equity security of such issuer shall mean any equity security or derivative security relating to an issuer, whether or not issued by that issuer.
The term immediate family shall mean any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, sibling, mother-in- law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law, and shall include adoptive relationships.
The term “officer” shall mean an issuer’s president, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer (or, if there is no such accounting officer, the controller), any vice-president of the issuer in charge of a principal business unit, division or function (such as sales, administration or finance), any other officer who performs a policy-making function, or any other person who performs similar policy-making functions for the issuer. Officers of the issuer’s parent(s) or subsidiaries shall be deemed officers of the issuer if they perform such policy-making functions for the issuer. In addition, when the issuer is a limited partnership, officers or employees of the general partner(s) who perform policy-making functions for the limited partnership are deemed officers of the limited partnership. When the issuer is a trust, officers or employees of the trustee(s) who perform policy-making functions for the trust are deemed officers of the trust.
Note: “Policy-making function” is not intended to include policy-making functions that are not significant. If pursuant to Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K (§ 229.401(b)) the issuer identifies a person as an “executive officer,” it is presumed that the Board of Directors has made that judgment and that the persons so identified are the officers for purposes of Section 16 of the Act, as are such other persons enumerated in this paragraph (f) but not in Item 401(b). | ||
The term portfolio securities shall mean all securities owned by an entity, other than securities issued by the entity.
The term put equivalent position shall mean a derivative security position that increases in value as the value of the underlying equity decreases, including, but not limited to, a long put option and a short call option position.
“Security(ies) - as defined in Section 202(a)(18) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 - “Security” means any note, stock, treasury stock, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting- trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a security, fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security (including a certificate of deposit) or on any group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a “security,” or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, guaranty of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase any of the foregoing.
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APPENDIX B
Officers authorized to approve trades:
Joseph Mastoloni
Carl Thomas
Andrea Cheung
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APPENDIX C
The following items are expressly included within the Code’s definition of “Security” and must be pre-cleared :
– | equity security |
– | warrants |
– | rights |
– | convertible security |
– | REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) |
– | ADR’s, ADS’s, GDR’s |
– | any type of preferred stock |
– | corporate bonds |
– | shares of registered open-end investment companies (mutual funds) that Vontobel advises or sub-advises |
– | closed-end investment funds that Vontobel advises or sub-advises |
– | options on equity securities |
– | shares of an investment club account 3 |
The following items are expressly excluded from the Code’s definition of “Security” and do not require pre-clearance :
– | securities issued by the US Government or US federal agencies that are direct obligations of the US |
– | bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposits and commercial paper |
– | shares of registered open-end investment companies (mutual funds) that Vontobel does not advise or sub-advise |
– | Exchange Traded funds (ETFs) However, note that unit investment trust ETFs, including but not limited to SPY, QQQ, DIA and MDY, are considered reportable securities and must be disclosed in any employee’s brokerage accounts. |
– | common securities indicies |
– | commodities or commodity futures |
3 Shares of investment club accounts may be subjected to pre-clearance if, in periodically reviewing investment club trading, the Chief Compliance Officer or designee detects abuses or conflicts of interest (See Section 4.2.4).