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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________________________________________ 
Form 10-K
__________________________________________________________________
 (Mark One)
☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
Commission File Number 001-33520
___________________________________________________________________
COMSCORE, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Delaware   54-1955550
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)   (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
11950 Democracy Drive, Suite 600
Reston, Virginia 20190
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(703) 438-2000
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class Trading Symbol Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share SCOR
NASDAQ Global Select Market
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
 ___________________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐  No ☑
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐  No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☑  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☑  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☑
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes ☐   No ☑
The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as of June 30, 2020, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $157.1 million (based on the closing price of the registrant's common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date). Solely for purposes of this disclosure, shares of the registrant's common stock held by executive officers and directors and each person who owned 10% or more of the outstanding common stock of the registrant have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not a conclusive determination for other purposes.
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As of March 5, 2021, there were 75,787,242 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Specified portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement with respect to its 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days following the end of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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COMSCORE, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We may make certain statements, including in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or 10-K, including the information contained in Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this 10-K, and the information incorporated by reference in this 10-K, that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal and state securities laws. Forward-looking statements are all statements other than statements of historical fact. We attempt to identify these forward-looking statements by words such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "might," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "target," "goal," "predict," "intend," "potential," "continue," "seek" and other comparable words. Similarly, statements that describe our business strategy, goals, prospects, opportunities, outlook, objectives, plans or intentions are also forward-looking statements. These statements may relate to, but are not limited to, expectations of future operating results or financial performance; expectations regarding the impact on our business of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic and global measures to mitigate the spread of the virus; macroeconomic trends that we expect may influence our business, including any recession or changes in consumer behavior resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic; plans for business continuity, financing and capital expenditures; expectations regarding liquidity, customer payments and compliance with financing covenants and other payment obligations; expectations regarding the issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, repayment of debt, enhanced commercial relationships and adjustment of outstanding warrants in connection therewith; expectations regarding the development and introduction of new products; effects of restructuring, remote work arrangements and other employment actions; regulatory compliance and expected changes in the regulatory or privacy landscape affecting our business; expected impact of litigation and regulatory proceedings; and plans for stabilization, growth and future operations, as well as assumptions relating to the foregoing.
Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. These statements are based on expectations and assumptions as of the date of this 10-K regarding future events and business performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual events or results to be materially different from any future events or results expressed or implied by these statements. These factors include those set forth in the following discussion and within Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of this 10-K and elsewhere within this report, and those identified in other documents that we file from time to time with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.
We believe that it is important to communicate our future expectations to our investors. However, there may be events in the future that we are not able to accurately predict or control and that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this 10-K. You should carefully review the risk factors described in this 10-K and in other documents that we file from time to time with the SEC. Except as required by applicable law, including the rules and regulations of the SEC, we undertake no obligation, and expressly disclaim any duty, to publicly update or revise forward-looking statements, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise. Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date of this 10-K, our statements are not guarantees of future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements, and actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, any of our statements.







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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this 10-K to "Comscore," "we," "us," the "Company" and "our" refer to comScore, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. We have registered trademarks around the globe, including Unified Digital Measurement®, UDM®, vCE®, Metrix®, Essentials®, Box Office Essentials®, OnDemand Essentials®, OnDemand Everywhere®, and TV Essentials®. This 10-K also contains additional trademarks and trade names of our company and our subsidiaries. We file and maintain trademark protection for our products and services. All trademarks and trade names appearing in this 10-K are the property of their respective holders.
Overview
We are a global information and analytics company that measures advertising, content, and the consumer audiences of each, across media platforms. We create our products using a global data platform that combines information on digital platforms (connected (Smart) televisions, mobile devices, tablets and computers), television ("TV"), over the top devices ("OTT"), direct to consumer applications, and movie screens with demographics and other descriptive information. We have developed proprietary data science that enables measurement of person-level and household-level audiences, removing duplicated viewing across devices and over time. This combination of data and methods enables a common standard for buyers and sellers to transact on advertising. This helps companies across the media ecosystem better understand and monetize their audiences and develop marketing plans, content and products to more efficiently and effectively reach those audiences. Our ability to unify behavioral and other descriptive data enables us to provide audience ratings, advertising verification, and granular consumer segments that describe hundreds of millions of consumers. Our customers include digital publishers, television networks, movie studios, content owners, brand advertisers, agencies and technology providers.
The information we analyze crosses geographies, types of content and activities, including websites, mobile and OTT applications ("apps"), video games, television and movie programming, electronic commerce ("e-commerce") and advertising.
We are a Delaware corporation headquartered in Reston, Virginia with principal offices located at 11950 Democracy Drive, Suite 600, Reston, VA 20190. Our telephone number is 703-438-2000.
Recent Key Developments
Strategic Investment Transactions
On January 7, 2021, we entered into separate Securities Purchase Agreements with each of Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC ("Charter"), Qurate Retail, Inc. ("Qurate") and Pine Investor, LLC ("Pine"), pursuant to which, at the closing of the transactions contemplated thereby (the "Transactions"), we will issue and sell (a) to Charter, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, in exchange for $68.0 million, (b) to Qurate, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million and (c) to Pine, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million. The proceeds of the Transactions will be used to repay the $204.0 million of senior secured convertible notes due January 16, 2022 (the "Notes") issued to certain funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP ("Starboard"). Additionally, in connection with the closing, we expect to repay the $13.0 million secured promissory note due December 31, 2021 issued by a subsidiary of the Company (the "Secured Term Note") and certain transaction-related expenses with cash from our balance sheet. Refer to Footnote 4, Debt for additional information on the Notes and the Secured Term Note. The Transactions and related matters were approved by our stockholders on March 9, 2021 and are expected to be completed on or around March 10, 2021. Repayment of the Notes and the Secured Term Note will result in termination of the affirmative and negative covenants set forth in these instruments, including the Notes covenant requiring maintenance of certain minimum cash balances (currently $40.0 million), and is expected to improve our financial position and liquidity.
COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions continue to have a significant impact on the media, advertising and entertainment industries in which we operate. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has had some impact on our business, including with respect to the execution of new and renewal contracts, the impact of closed movie theaters on our customers, customer payment delays and requests to modify contractual payment terms. These conditions have negatively impacted our liquidity, net loss and cash flows and are expected to continue to have an impact in future periods. Although we cannot quantify the impact that the pandemic may have on our business in the future, we have taken actions to mitigate the near-term liquidity impact, including freezing hiring, exiting non-critical consultants and contractors, terminating or negotiating reductions in vendor agreements and leases, and
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reducing certain travel, marketing, recruiting and other corporate activities not deemed critical to our business in the current environment.
On March 27, 2020, Congress enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act"). The CARES Act, among other things, includes tax provisions for the deferral of certain employer payroll tax liabilities, refundable employee retention credits, rollbacks of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") limitations on net operating losses, the acceleration of alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. We have deferred certain payroll taxes as permitted by the CARES Act and have claimed the employee retention credit created by the CARES Act.
On December 27, 2020, Congress enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 ("CAA"), which contains a number of additional COVID-19 relief tax provisions and extensions of temporary tax provisions, including an extension and significant expansion of the employee retention credit created by the CARES Act.
We continue to evaluate the impact on our business operations and financial results of the CARES Act, the CAA and additional legislation and government guidance related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background and Market
We were founded in 1999 on the belief that digital technology would transform the interactions between people, media and brands in ways that would generate substantial demand for data and analytics about that interaction. The growing adoption of digital technologies also allowed measurement of the behavior of consumers' online activities. Based on this vision, we built a global opt-in panel of over two million individuals that provided insight into online activities. In 2002, we acquired Media Metrix, an internet ratings brand with its own panel of consumers. Anticipating that mobile would become a key digital platform in the future, we acquired mobile measurement specialist M:Metrics in 2008. In 2009, we introduced our proprietary Unified Digital Measurement ("UDM") methodology, which allowed us to unite consumer panel data with census-level data from tags that we implemented on websites and their content and later from software development kits on mobile apps.
To expand our global presence in Latin America and Europe, we acquired Certifica in 2009 and NedStat in 2010, respectively. To enhance our product offerings and expand our presence in certain markets, we acquired ARS in 2010, M.Labs, LLC in 2014, Proximic, Inc. in 2015, and Compete, Inc. in 2016. As consumer media consumption and the availability of television and video programming expanded across a myriad of consumer devices, the ability to measure this dynamic cross-platform world became more important for buyers and sellers of advertising. In response, we pioneered a cross-platform measurement solution in 2015 with the launch of Xmedia. This cross-platform measurement strategy led to our 2015 strategic alliance with WPP plc (together with its affiliates, "WPP"), one of the largest communications services businesses in the world, and our 2016 merger with Rentrak Corporation ("Rentrak"), a global media measurement and advanced consumer targeting company serving the entertainment, television, video and advertising industries. Following the Rentrak merger, we have access to millions of television and video on demand ("VOD") screens and the ability to measure box office results from movie screens across the world. We also have an opt-in Total Home Panel, which enables measurement of household devices that use a home's internet connection, whether traditional mobile and computer devices, streaming media devices, gaming consoles or Internet of Things ("IOT") devices, which may include devices such as smart speakers, thermostats, and appliances.
Our Approach to Media Measurement
Our approach to measuring media consumption addresses the ubiquitous nature of media content and the fragmentation caused by the variety of platforms and technologies used to access such content. Advertising exposure and effectiveness is another rapidly changing and fragmented area where we apply scale for validation and campaign measurement across devices, platforms and ecosystem technology providers. We believe this fragmentation presents major challenges to using legacy measurement systems that are comprised of relatively small panels of cooperating consumers or limited to specific media platforms. Our products and services are built on measurement and analytic capabilities comprised of broad-based data collection, proprietary databases, internally developed software and a computational infrastructure to measure, analyze and report on digital, television and movie activity at the level of granularity that we believe the media and advertising industries need.
Data Collection
The following collection methods illustrate our extensive data sourcing:
•We collect data from proprietary consumer panels that measure the use of computers, tablets and smartphones that access the internet. These panelists have agreed to install our passive metering software on their devices, home network or both.
•We collect data from our near-census digital network whereby content publishers implement our software code (referred to as "tagging") on their websites, in mobile applications and video players to provide us usage information.
•We license certain demographic and behavioral mobile and panel data from third-party data providers.
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•We obtain television viewership information from satellite, telecommunications, connected (Smart) TV and cable operators covering millions of television and VOD screens.
•We measure gross receipts and attendance information from movie screens across the world.
•We integrate our digital and television viewership information with other third-party datasets that include consumer demographic characteristics, attitudes, lifestyles and purchase behavior.
•We integrate many of our services with ad serving platforms.
•We utilize knowledgeable in-house industry analysts that span verticals such as pharmaceuticals, media, finance, consumer packaged goods and political information to add value to our data.
•We have created an opt-in Total Home Panel, which can capture data that runs through a home's internet connection. This expands our intelligence to include such activity as game console and IOT device usage.
Data Science and Management
The ability to integrate, manage and transform massive amounts of data is core to our company. We continue to invest in technologies to enable large-scale measurement with protection of consumer privacy and attractive economics. Our systems contain multiple redundancies and advanced distributed processing technologies. We have created innovations such as:
•Our UDM methodology, which allows us to combine person-centric panel data with website server data. We believe this gives our customers greater accuracy, granularity and relevance in audience measurement.
•Our TV measurement systems, underpinned by multiple patents, which enable us to provide a consistent measurement of TV audience sizes across national, local, and addressable television to customers evaluating programming as well as customers selling and buying TV advertising.
•An ability to de-duplicate audiences across platforms, which is based on direct observations within our consumer panel and census data combined with proprietary data science. This de-duplication allows us to measure the reach and frequency of advertising and content exposure across platforms and over time.
•An ability to validate advertising delivery and detect fraud through our Invalid Traffic and Sophisticated Invalid Traffic filtration methods. These methods have been accredited by the Media Rating Council, which provides our customers with added assurances of validity and reliability.
•An ability to capture the full content of a website or app session, which allows us to measure activity beyond page views such as purchase transactions, application submissions and product configurations.
•An ability to intelligently categorize massive amounts of web and video content, which allows us to inform targeted and brand-safe advertising.
Product Delivery
We deliver our products and services through diverse methods to meet the needs of our customers. These include Software-as-a-Service delivery platforms, application programming interface and other data feeds that integrate directly with customer systems, and integrations with advertising technology providers such as data management platforms and demand-side platforms that enable data management, ad management and programmatic ad trading.
Our Products and Services
Our products and services help our customers measure audiences and consumer behavior across media platforms, while offering validation of advertising delivery and its effectiveness. Our customers include:
•Local and national television broadcasters and content owners;
•Network operators including cable companies, mobile operators and internet service providers;
•OTT providers and distributors of streaming video content;
•Digital content publishers and internet technology companies;
•Advertising technology companies that aggregate supply and demand side inventory for sale to end customers;
•Advertising agencies;
•Movie studios and movie theater operators;
•Financial service companies, including buy and sell-side investment firms, consumer banks and credit card issuers;
•Manufacturers and retailers of consumer products such as consumer packaged goods, pharmaceuticals, automotive and electronics; and
•Political campaigns and related organizations.
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Our products and services are organized around three solution groups that address customer needs:
•Ratings and Planning products and services that provide measurement of the behavior and characteristics of audiences of content and advertising, across television and digital platforms including connected (Smart) televisions, computers, tablets, mobile devices, and other connected devices;
•Analytics and Optimization products and services including custom solutions, activation, lift and survey-based products, that provide end-to-end solutions for planning, optimization and evaluation of advertising campaigns and brand protection; and
•Movies Reporting and Analytics products and services that measure movie viewership and box office results by capturing movie ticket sales in real time or near real time and include box office analytics, trend analysis and insights for movie studios and movie theater operators worldwide.
We categorize our revenue along these three solution groups; however, our shared cost structure is defined and tracked by function and not by our solution groups. These shared costs include employee costs, operational overhead, data centers and our technology that supports our product offerings.
Ratings and Planning products and services are designed to help customers find the most relevant viewing audience, whether that viewing is linear, non-linear, online or on-demand. These products and services include:
•Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix, which measure websites and apps on computers, smartphones and tablets across dozens of countries, are leading currencies for online media planning and enable customers to analyze audience size, reach, engagement, demographics and other characteristics. Publishers use Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix to demonstrate the value of their audiences and understand market dynamics, and advertisers and their agencies use Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix to plan and execute effective marketing and content campaigns. These products also provide competitive intelligence such as cross-site visiting patterns, traffic source/loss reporting and local market trends.
•Video Metrix Multi-Platform, which delivers unduplicated measurement of digital video consumption across computer, smartphone, tablet and OTT devices and provides TV-comparable reach and engagement metrics, as well as audience demographics.
•Plan Metrix, which provides an understanding of consumer lifestyle, buying and other consumption habits, online and offline, by integrating attitudes and interests with online behavior and provides customers with insight into patterns and trends needed to develop and execute advertising and marketing campaigns.
•TV Essentials ("TVE"), which combines TV viewing information with marketing segmentation and consumer databases for enhanced audience intelligence. TVE data is also used in analytical applications to help customers better understand the performance of network advertising campaigns.
•StationView Essentials ("SVE"), which allows customers to better understand consumer viewing patterns and characteristics across local TV stations and cable channels in their market(s) to promote viewership of a particular station and negotiate inventory pricing based on the size, value and relevance of the audience.
•Cross-Platform Suite, including Xmedia, Local Cross-Platform and National Cross Platform (formerly known as Extended TV), which provides the integration of person-level linear TV viewership with digital audience data and enables the creation of cross-platform media plans based on an analysis of de-duplicated reach, engagement and audience overlap across TV and digital platforms using a self-service tool. Customers can simulate cross-platform media planning and share scenarios, understand incremental reach and frequency that digital provides compared to that of linear TV media buys, and simulate various media-mix scenarios to better understand the optimal mix.
•OnDemand Essentials, which provides multichannel video programming distributors and content providers with transactional tracking and reporting based on millions of television screens, enabling our customers to plan advertising campaigns that more precisely target consumers watching on-demand video content.
•Comscore Campaign Ratings ("CCR"), which expands upon validated Campaign Essentials ("vCE") verification of mobile and desktop video campaigns with the addition of video advertising delivered via OTT and TV and provides unduplicated reporting that enables ad buyers and sellers to negotiate and evaluate campaigns across media platforms.
•vCE, which validates whether digital ad impressions are visible to humans, identifies those that are fraudulent (e.g., delivered to automated bots or requested by malware), and verifies that ads are shown in brand safe content and delivered to the right audience targets. Advertisers and their agencies use vCE as the basis for negotiating and evaluating campaign performance against their contracts with, and payments to, digital publishers for ad campaigns.
•Total Home Panel Suite, including OTT Intelligence and Connected Home, which capture OTT, connected TV ("CTV"), and IOT device usage and content consumption. Comscore Connected Home enables users to better understand consumer engagement with technology and media by measuring behavior across network and router-connected devices in the home. Comscore OTT Intelligence provides clients with critical insight into consumer OTT streaming activity on TV-connected devices, including smart TVs, streaming sticks and boxes, and gaming consoles.
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Analytics and Optimization products and services provide end-to-end solutions for planning, optimization and evaluation of advertising campaigns and brand protection. These products are primarily a part of customized data services. These products and services include:
•Comscore Marketing Solutions, which provide analytics that integrate online visitation and advertising data, TV viewing, purchase transactions, attitudinal research and other information assets. These custom deliverables are designed to meet client needs in specific industries such as automotive, financial services, media, retail, travel, telecommunications and technology. Applications include path-to-purchase analyses, competitive benchmarking, and market segmentation studies.
•Lift Models, which measure the impact of advertising on a brand across multiple behavioral and attitudinal dimensions such as brand awareness, purchase intent, online visitation, online and offline purchase behavior and retail store visitation, enabling customers to fine tune campaign strategy and execution.
•Survey Analytics, which measure various types of consumer insights including brand health metrics.
•Activation Solutions, including Audience Activation and Content Activation. Comscore Audience Activation offers targeting with demographics and cross-screen behaviors for digital, mobile and CTV campaigns. Comscore Content Activation provides a robust set of pre-bid inventory filters to help marketers and media companies achieve brand-safe, relevant campaign delivery across desktop, mobile, podcasts, and CTV.
•Branded Content Analytics, which measure the impact and value of brand integrations into content such as TV programs.
Movies Reporting and Analytics products and services measure movie viewership and box office results by capturing movie ticket sales in real time or near real time and include box office analytics, trend analysis and insights for movie studios and movie theater operators worldwide. These products and services include:
•Box Office Essentials and International Box Office Essentials, which provide detailed measurement of domestic and international theatrical gross receipts and attendance, with movie-specific information across the globe.
•PostTrak, which is an exit polling service that reports audience demographics and the aspects of each title that trigger interest and attendance.
•Swift, which is an electronic box office reporting system that facilitates the flow of reconciled theater-level ticket transactions.
•Hollywood Software Suite, including Comscore Theatrical Distribution System ("TDS"), Comscore Exhibitor Management System ("EMS"), Comscore Enterprise Web, and Cinema Auditorium Control Engine ("ACE"). Comscore TDS is an advanced software to help manage theatrical distribution worldwide. Comscore EMS provides a virtual staff of booking assistants and accountants working to consolidate point-of-sale data. Comscore Enterprise Web gives circuit managers an over-the-shoulder look at operations inside their theaters. Cinema ACE is a theater management system that drives productivity and efficiency across digital cinema operations.
Research and Development
Our research and development activities span our business of media and cross-platform measurement, encompassing data collection, data science, analytical application development and product delivery. We continue to focus on expanding our coverage and scale, precision and granularity across diverse types of media, devices and geographies using our census, panel and other data assets.
Examples of our research and development initiatives include:
•Enhancing our recruiting methods and software applications;
•Developing new technologies to manage, stage and deliver cross-platform data and analytics through traditional web-based user interfaces and via integration with customer systems;
•Designing new approaches to measurement challenges such as lift measurement, campaign measurement, and other areas that become more difficult as consumers increase their level of control over data pertaining to their activities;
•Creating new methodologies to measure person-level TV and digital consumption at scale and across platforms; and
•Continuing to develop expertise in combining our data assets with those of partner companies, which allows us to enhance existing services and create new audience rating products and insight into audience behavior.
New Product Investments and Releases
Cookieless - Engineering Products in a Privacy Centric World
Our digital measurement is centered upon using first party panel data combined with additional information captured through census measurement and data partnerships. Historically, we have used cookies and mobile advertising IDs to provide additional context and scale to our digital audience measurement solutions, as well as to assist in more targeted measurement and reportability. The development of new opt-in permissions and enhanced focus on consent-based measurement provide the benefit of limiting the transfer of consumer personal information, but also mean changes to data collection and measurement processes.
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We are adopting new methodologies to lead this transition to a more privacy-centric world. A key component is leveraging our capabilities in panels, which we believe give us a competitive advantage in digital and cross-platform management. In parallel, our work with existing and new partners to collaborate and test emerging solutions is intended to expand the reach of our census-level integrations. We are creating measurement innovations designed to produce stronger products engineered for privacy.
We are also engaged in industry initiatives that focus on the viability and success of the "free web," which is driven by advertising investment. One of these initiatives, championed by Google and Facebook, is a proposal from the World Federation of Advertisers ("WFA"). We are actively involved in WFA working sessions and are proposing a real-world test implementation to begin in the first half of 2021. Moreover, to counter the possibility of commoditization of digital measurement, we are developing two additional paths that are incremental to the WFA approach. One of these is to offer "WFA Plus" solutions, with enhanced features beyond the basic WFA methodology. The other is to offer an alternative, non-WFA measurement for those publishers who decline to participate in the WFA framework. We expect this alternative approach to be interoperable with WFA-based measurements.
Comscore Markets
In 2020, we developed and deployed our own market definitions (known as Comscore Markets) into our television, digital, and cross platform products. During this time, we worked with agencies, local stations, and third-party processors so that Comscore Markets would be supported in existing media transactional systems. We expect these market definitions to provide the flexibility needed for rapid innovation.
Comcast Integration
Also in 2020, we announced an agreement with Comcast to include de-identified Comcast set-top box data in our syndicated TV products. We completed the integration of the Comcast data into our TVE and SVE products in December 2020, and local and national clients will begin to receive TVE and SVE data that includes Comcast contributions beginning with broadcasts in January 2021.
Google Ads Data Hub
Throughout 2020, we partnered with Google to build the next generation of YouTube measurement without third-party pixels. In August, we announced the completion of our integration with Google's Ads Data Hub, or ADH. We were the first company to complete integration for Reach in ADH. During the remainder of 2020, we enhanced our ad-measurement services to include ADH, ensuring measurement continuity while enhancing reporting to include YouTube mobile applications utilizing our cross-platform panels.
Mobile Video into MMX MP
As part of our ongoing effort to provide solutions that measure digital audiences across all platforms, we introduced data enhancements to our Media Metrix Multi-Platform product in late 2020 that added video measurement from mobile smartphone and tablet devices. This product now provides digital reach and engagement that is de-duplicated across content consumption methods for desktop and mobile devices, giving clients a better understanding of how their digital properties perform.
Quick Score
Also in 2020, we introduced Comscore Quick Score, a television ratings report that provides viewership insights to local media within 48 hours of broadcast for faster, more efficient ad sales, programming and promotional decisions. Quick Score builds on the same data collection and processing backbone that powers TVE and SVE, while adding new algorithms and forecasting methods to generate estimates based on partial data. The footprint of the data informing Quick Score spans millions of TV households.
LiveRamp Data Plus Math Integration
In October 2020, we partnered with LiveRamp to launch the next generation of outcome-based measurement with the latest version of LiveRamp's Data Plus Math powered by Comscore. The expanded partnership and offering are designed to help advertisers, TV networks and multichannel video programming distributors ("MVPDs") maximize outcomes for advertising campaigns by allowing marketers to measure TV's impact on business outcomes at scale, across screens, and across formats. The enhanced Data Plus Math solution leverages our comprehensive cross-platform ad exposure information from both set-top boxes and automatic content recognition enabled TVs.
Content Activation for Livestreaming Video
In 2020, we launched a CTV and video contextual targeting solution to help empower advertisers to target relevant and brand-safe CTV and video content programmatically. This enhancement marks the next evolution in our Activation suite, which is designed to
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help advertisers reach specific demographics, and behavioral TV and OTT audiences in brand-safe, relevant contexts across desktop, mobile, and CTV.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property assets are important to protect our business. We protect our innovations and products with numerous patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. In particular, we file for, and seek to acquire patent rights for our innovations and we continue to seek to enhance our patent portfolio through targeted and strategic patent filings and licensing opportunities. We believe that we own the material trademarks used in connection with the marketing, distribution and sale of our products, both domestically and internationally. We will continue to pursue intellectual property opportunities in areas and technologies that we deem to be strategic and appropriate for our business.
Patents
Our patents extend across our data capture and processing techniques and include the following:
•Data Collection - metering such as biometrics and audio fingerprinting, tagging such as video viewability, browser optimization, IP obfuscation and TV-off measurement methodology.
•Data Processing - traffic and content categorization, demographic attribution, ad effectiveness measurement, data overlap and fusion, invalid traffic detection, data weighting, projection and processing of return path data.
Trademarks
We file and maintain trademark protection for our products and services. We rely on trademarks and service marks to protect our intellectual property assets and believe these are important to our marketing efforts and the competitive value of our products and services. We have registered trademarks around the globe, including Unified Digital Measurement®, UDM®, vCE®, Metrix®, Essentials®, Box Office Essentials®, OnDemand Essentials®, OnDemand Everywhere®, and TV Essentials®. This 10-K also contains additional trademarks and trade names of our Company and our subsidiaries. All trademarks and trade names appearing in this 10-K are the property of their respective holders.
Licenses
We license data from third-party providers across the media platforms that we measure. Our licenses include agreements with satellite, telecommunications and cable operators covering television and VOD viewership data, third-party scheduling datasets and data matching partners, and agreements with providers of demographic and behavioral mobile and panel data. See "Our Approach to Media Measurement" above for a discussion of our data sourcing.
Competition
The market for audience and advertising measurement products is highly competitive and is evolving rapidly. We compete primarily with other providers of media intelligence and related analytical products and services. We also compete with providers of marketing services and solutions, with full-service survey providers and with internal solutions developed by customers and potential customers. Our principal competitors include:
•Full-service market research firms, including Nielsen, Ipsos and GfK;
•Companies that provide audience ratings for TV, radio and other media that have extended or may extend their current services, particularly in certain international markets, to the measurement of digital media, including Nielsen Audio (formerly Arbitron) and Xperi Corporation;
•Online advertising companies that provide measurement of online ad effectiveness and ad delivery used for billing purposes, including Nielsen, Google and Facebook;
•Companies that provide digital advertising technology point solutions, including DoubleVerify, Integral Ad Science, Moat (owned by Oracle), and WhiteOps;
•Companies that provide audience measurement and competitive intelligence across digital platforms, including Nielsen, SimilarWeb, and App Annie;
•Analytical services companies that provide customers with detailed information about behavior on their own websites, including Adobe Analytics, IBM Digital Analytics and WebTrends Inc.;
•Companies that report Smart TV data such as Vizio, Alphonso, Samsung, and Samba TV; and
•Companies that provide consumers with TV and digital services such as AT&T and Comcast.
We compete based on the following principal factors:
•The ability to provide accurate measurement of digital audiences across multiple digital platforms;
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•The ability to provide TV audience measurement based on near-census data that increases accuracy and reduces variability;
•The ability to provide de-duplicated audience measurement across platforms;
•The ability to provide actual, accurate and reliable data regarding audience behavior and activity in a timely manner, including the ability to maintain large and statistically representative panels;
•The ability to provide reliable and objective third-party data that, as needed, is able to receive industry-accepted accreditation;
•The ability to adapt product offerings to emerging digital media technologies and standards;
•The breadth and depth of products and their flexibility and ease of use;
•The availability of data across various industry verticals and geographic areas and expertise across these verticals and in these geographic areas; and
•The ability to offer products that meet the changing needs of customers, particularly in the evolving privacy environment.
We believe we compete favorably on these factors and that our vision and investments in the future of media measurement across platforms will deliver products and services that our customers will continue to trust and value.
Government Regulation and Privacy
U.S. and international data security and privacy laws apply to our various businesses. We have programs in place to detect, contain and respond to data security incidents; however, increasing technology risks or unauthorized users who successfully breach our network security could misappropriate or misuse our proprietary information or cause interruptions in our services. Many countries have data protection laws with different requirements than those in the U.S., and many states in the U.S. have or are developing their own data protection and privacy requirements. This may result in inconsistent requirements and differing interpretations across jurisdictions. Governments, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. Laws such as the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), Brazil's General Data Protection Law ("LGPD"), the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") in Europe and industry self-regulatory codes have been enacted, and more are being considered that will affect our ability (and our customers' ability) to reach current and prospective customers, to respond to individual customer requests under the laws, and to implement our business models effectively. The GDPR took effect in May 2018 and includes requirements regarding the collection and handling of individuals' personal data. The CCPA went into effect in January 2020, and the LGPD went into effect in September 2020. In addition, regulators in the European Union and elsewhere are increasingly focused on consent and the collection of data using tracking technologies, including recent guidance from the U.K.'s Information Commissioner's Office and other data protection agencies. Failure to meet the applicable GDPR, CCPA or LGPD requirements, or failure to comply with privacy, data collection or consent requirements in other jurisdictions, could result in substantial penalties.
We also monitor actions by the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission, including regulatory developments affecting Internet Service Providers and other industry participants.
Human Capital Management
Our management of human capital is essential to the success of our company, and our management team is actively engaged in developing a strong, engaged team to execute on our business plans.
As of February 28, 2021, we had approximately 1,340 employees and 140 contingent providers/contractors. Our employee population, which is comprised 93% of full-time employees and 7% of part-time employees, is dispersed across the globe, as outlined below as of December 31, 2020.
Percent of Employees
North America 66%
Europe 13%
Asia-Pacific Rim 13%
Latin America 8%
The following table outlines the percentage of employees in different functional areas as of December 31, 2020:
Percent of Employees
Product and Technology 52%
Sales and Service 23%
Movies 15%
General and Administrative 10%

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Employee Engagement & Retention
The development, attraction and retention of talent is critical to the success of our business. We focus on building employee engagement; developing a positive culture of trust, transparency, learning, and involvement; and competitive pay and benefits structures to attract and retain employees and protect the intellectual capital that we have built. We regularly review our employee turnover and satisfaction rates, and develop strategies and tactics to improve employee engagement and retention. On average, employee tenure is over six years, and more than 20% of our employees have been employed by our company for more than ten years.
We seek to attract and retain the best talent from a diverse group of sources around the world, in order to meet our current and future staffing needs. In addition to a robust employee referral practice and independent outreach, we have developed relationships with universities, professional associations, and industry alliances to further increase our outreach and talent pool. Our company conducted limited hiring in North America and Europe in 2020, but initiated a plan to increase staffing in our Pune, India and Santiago, Chile locations in order to meet staffing needs in a cost-effective manner.
Where feasible within the countries in which we operate, we provide a competitive and varied portfolio of healthcare, wellness, financial, and other benefit offerings to suit the diverse needs and lifestyles of our employees. Within the United States, 88% of our employee population was enrolled in one of our healthcare plans as of December 31, 2020.
We provide virtual, on-demand learning opportunities to all employees, and we also develop and deliver custom learning programs to meet specific business needs and employee interests. In 2020, approximately 64% of our employees participated in learning activities through the on-demand portal.
We believe we have strong labor practices and employee-friendly policies that enable a culture of trust, collaboration, and compliance. Our employment standards begin and end with respect for the dignity and worth of each person. Employees have multiple avenues through which to express opinions, ideas, and concerns, which enables an open culture of communication and inclusion; our policies require that complaints are investigated and any findings are addressed. Our employees are not represented by labor unions outside of those few countries where union representation is a customary practice of doing business. The Company operates a Compliance Management System, a key component of which is mandatory training for all employees in areas including workplace harassment and our code of business conduct.
Work Environment
We believe we have created a work environment, whether in person or virtually, that represents our commitment to safety and wellness. This was exemplified at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, when we acted quickly and conservatively to ensure that employees could work effectively from their homes and protect their own health and that of their households. Over the course of the pandemic, we provided both system and technology capability as well as personal support, including wellness activities and resources, virtual social activities, support for working parents, and locational flexibility. Supporting the person, not just the "worker," allowed us to pivot quickly and maintain business operations without endangering employees or customers. We had no safety incidents or incidents of work-related COVID-19 infections reported in 2020.
Diversity and Inclusion
We strive to build and develop a workforce that reflects diversity, equity, and inclusion at all levels of the organization. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 40% of our global workforce was female and approximately 36% of our executive leaders were female. Within the United States, approximately 36% of our employees identified as a person of color or as other than white. Our view is that our culture of involvement and appreciation of others enables us to more fully develop and leverage the strengths of our workforce to meet our business objectives. We place a high value on inclusion and employee-led opportunities across the Company, including the Employee Resource Groups ("ERGs") which are sponsored by senior leadership but are developed and maintained by diverse groups of employees who share or champion common interests, representations, or causes. We currently have ERGs in support of LGBTQ+ persons, people of color, women, young professionals, and remote workers. We have amplified our conversation and actions relating specifically to inclusion and diversity in the last year, taking a more active executive stance and implementing learning and development initiatives, additional ERGs, virtual employee gatherings and activities, and talent acquisition opportunities.
Locations and Geographic Areas
We are located around the globe with employees in 20 countries. Our primary geographic market is the United States, followed by Europe, Latin America, Canada and Asia. For information with respect to sales by geographic markets, refer to Footnote 3, Revenue Recognition, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Executive Officers and Directors
Executive Officers and Executive Director
William (Bill) Livek has served as our Chief Executive Officer since November 2019 and as our Vice Chairman since January 2016. He was our President from January 2016 through May 2018. Mr. Livek previously served as Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Rentrak Corporation, a media measurement and consumer targeting company, from June 2009 until our merger with
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Rentrak in January 2016. Prior to Rentrak, Mr. Livek was founder and Chief Executive Officer of Symmetrical Capital, an investment and consulting firm; Senior Vice President, Strategic Alliances and International Expansion, of Experian Information Solutions, Inc., a provider of information, analytical and marketing services; and co-President of Experian's subsidiary Experian Research Services. He holds a B.S. degree in Communications Radio/Television from Southern Illinois University. Mr. Livek brings substantial industry experience and audience measurement expertise to our Board and management team.
Gregory Fink has served as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since October 2017 and previously served as our Executive Vice President, Finance since joining the Company earlier in October 2017. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Fink was the Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer at Fannie Mae, a government-sponsored enterprise in the mortgage industry, since 2011. He has more than 30 years of experience in accounting, financial reporting, business analytics, budgeting, internal controls and talent development. Mr. Fink holds a B.S. in Business Administration with an accounting emphasis from San Diego State University and is a Certified Public Accountant.
Christopher Wilson has served as our Chief Commercial Officer since April 2019. He previously served as our Chief Revenue Officer from June 2017 to December 2018 and as our Executive Vice President, Commercial from January 2016 to June 2017. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Wilson served as President, National Television at Rentrak Corporation from 2010 until our merger with Rentrak in January 2016. Before Rentrak, he was Senior Vice President, Sales at Scarborough Research Company; President at Experian Research Services; President and COO of Simmons Market Research Bureau; and CEO and President of LogicLab, a division of Merkle LLC. Mr. Wilson holds a bachelor's degree in Broadcast Communications from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Non-Executive Directors
Brent Rosenthal has served as Chairman of the Board since April 2018 and as a director since January 2016. Mr. Rosenthal is the Founder of Mountain Hawk Capital Partners, LLC, an investment fund focused on small and microcap equities in the technology, media, telecom (TMT) and food industries. Mr. Rosenthal has been the Lead Independent Director/Non-Executive Chairman of the board of directors of RiceBran Technologies, a food company, since July 2016 and served as an advisor to the board of directors and executive management of FLYHT Aerospace from December 2019 to June 2020 and as a member of the FLYHT Aerospace board of directors since June 2020. He also served on the board of directors of SITO Mobile, Ltd., a mobile location-based media platform, from August 2016 to July 2018, and as Non-Executive Chairman of its board of directors from June 2017 to July 2018. Previously, Mr. Rosenthal was a Partner in affiliates of W.R. Huff Asset Management where he worked from 2002 to 2016. Mr. Rosenthal served as the Non-Executive Chairman of Rentrak Corporation from 2011 to 2016. He was Special Advisor to the board of directors of Park City Group from November 2015 to February 2018. Mr. Rosenthal earned his B.S. from Lehigh University and M.B.A. from the S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University. He is an inactive Certified Public Accountant. Mr. Rosenthal brings to our Board financial expertise and experience in the media and information industries.
Irwin Gotlieb has served as a director since April 2019. Mr. Gotlieb was a senior advisor to WPP plc, a multinational advertising and public relations company, from April 2018 through December 2020. He was formerly the global Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of GroupM, a global media investment group, from its formation in early 2003 to 2012 and Chairman of GroupM until April 2018. Mr. Gotlieb served on the board of directors of Invidi, a media solutions company, from October 2007 to June 2020, and on the advisory board of Harland Clarke, a payment solutions company, from January 2014 to December 2018. Mr. Gotlieb brings over 40 years of industry experience to the Board and is the first media agency executive inducted into both the American Advertising Federation Hall of Fame and the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame.
Jacques Kerrest has served as a director since June 2017. Mr. Kerrest served as Executive Vice President and CFO of Intelsat S.A., a communications satellite services provider, from February 2016 to June 2019. Prior to his appointment at Intelsat, he held executive-level roles at numerous leading technology and communications companies, including ActivIdentity Corporation, Virgin Media Inc., Harte-Hanks Corporation and Chancellor Broadcasting Company. Previously, Mr. Kerrest served on the boards of directors of several public companies. Mr. Kerrest received his Master of Science Degree from Faculté des Sciences Économiques in Paris, France, and an M.B.A. from Institut D'Etudes Politiques De Paris in Paris, France as well as the Thunderbird School of Global Management in Glendale, Arizona. Mr. Kerrest's deep financial expertise and background enable him to bring valuable perspective to our Board.
Kathleen Love has served as a director since April 2019. Ms. Love is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Motherwell Resources LLC, a company devoted to management consulting and executive coaching, which she founded in 2013. Prior to founding Motherwell, Ms. Love served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of GFK MRI (formerly Mediamark Research), a media research company, from 2000 to 2013. Prior to joining MRI, Ms. Love held executive positions at The New York Times, EMAP Publishing and The Magazine Publishers of America. She has been an adjunct or guest instructor at Rutgers University, Brooklyn College and Queens College. Ms. Love holds a B.A. degree from Douglass College, Rutgers - The State University, an M.A. from Michigan State University and an M.Phil. from The Graduate Center, C.U.N.Y. She has advanced to candidacy for a Ph.D. in psychology. Ms. Love brings over 30 years of industry experience in media and marketing research, strategic planning and business development to our Board.
John Martin has served as a director since May 2019. Mr. Martin was the Chairman and CEO of Turner Broadcasting System, Inc., a media and entertainment company, from January 2014 through June 2018. At Turner Broadcasting, Mr. Martin oversaw a portfolio of networks including CNN, TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim and Turner Sports. Prior to Turner Broadcasting, Mr. Martin was
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the Chief Financial and Administrative Officer of Time Warner, Inc. for six years. Mr. Martin holds an M.B.A. from Columbia University and a B.S. from the Wharton School of Business. Mr. Martin brings substantial industry experience and financial expertise to our Board.
Available Information
We make our periodic and current reports along with amendments to such reports available, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website address is www.comscore.com, and such reports are filed under "SEC Filings" in the Investor Relations section of our website. Information contained on our website is not part of this 10-K and is not incorporated herein by reference.
You can read our SEC filings, including this 10-K as well as our other periodic and current reports, on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.



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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
An investment in our Common Stock involves a substantial risk of loss. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this 10-K, before you decide whether to invest in shares of our Common Stock. The risks identified below could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. In that case, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results, and may result in the loss of part or all of your investment.
Summary Risk Factors
Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to:
Risks Related to the Convertible Preferred Stock Investment Transactions
•Our pending strategic investment transactions may not be consummated, which could materially impact our financial condition, growth prospects and stock price.
•Litigation relating to the transactions could prevent or delay the transactions closing or result in damages.
•We have incurred, and will incur, significant costs in connection with the transactions.
•Our new investors will have significant influence over the Company, and their interests may conflict with other stockholders.
•We may not realize the anticipated benefits of the transactions.
•If consummated, the transactions will cause dilution to our current stockholders, which may negatively affect the market price of our Common Stock.
•The market value of our Common Stock could decline if the new investors sell their Convertible Preferred Stock or Common Stock, or if our current stockholders sell large amounts of Common Stock following the transactions.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Technologies
•The COVID-19 pandemic could have material adverse effects on our business.
•The market for our products is highly competitive, and our revenues could decline if we cannot compete effectively or if the market for cross-platform products does not develop as we expect.
•If we are unable to provide complete analytics, our ability to maintain and grow our business may be harmed.
•We depend on third parties for data and hosting/delivery services that are critical to our business.
•If we fail to respond to technological developments or evolving industry standards, our products may become obsolete or less competitive.
•Our business may be harmed if we deliver inaccurate information products, change our methodologies or the scope of information we collect, or are unable to maintain sufficient panels.
•We derive a significant portion of our revenues from subscription-based products, and our customers could terminate or fail to renew their subscriptions.
•Our financial results may suffer if we are unable to retain or add large customers or if we cannot persuade customers to substitute our products for incumbent providers.
•Our acquisitions or partnerships with other companies may not be successful and may divert our management's attention.
•System failures, security breaches, delays in system operations, or failure to pass customer/partner security reviews may harm our business.
•We rely heavily on our management team and may need additional personnel to operate and grow our business.
Risks Related to Our Results of Operations
•We may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.
•We may not generate sufficient cash to service our debt, dividend obligations, lease facilities and trade payables.
•We may incur an impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets.
•Changes in the fair value of our financing derivatives or warrants could adversely affect our financial condition and results.
•We may encounter difficulties managing our costs, may continue to incur net losses, and may not achieve profitability.
•Our net operating loss carryforwards may expire unutilized or underutilized.
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•We have limited experience with respect to our pricing model for our new offerings.
Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance, Litigation and Tax Matters
•Concern over privacy violations and data breaches could harm our business.
•Domestic or foreign laws may limit our ability to collect and incorporate media usage information in our products.
•Third parties could assert that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, or we could be unable to protect and enforce our own intellectual property rights.
•We may be named in litigation or regulatory proceedings.
•There could be adverse developments in tax laws or disagreements with our tax positions in the jurisdictions where we operate.
Risks Related to International Operations
•Our business could become increasingly susceptible to risks associated with international operations, including those detailed below.
•Export controls and sanctions laws could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability.
•Changes in foreign currencies could have a significant effect on our operating results.
•Brexit could adversely affect our business.
Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Financings
•Our financing covenants could restrict our operating flexibility.
•We may need additional capital, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
•The issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion or payment of interest on our Notes and the exercise of warrants could substantially dilute your investment.
•Our financing arrangements could impede our ability to enter into corporate transactions or obtain additional financing.
•We may be obligated to redeem our Notes at a premium upon the occurrence of an event of default or change of control.
General Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
•Securities that we may become obligated to issue under existing or future agreements may cause immediate and substantial dilution to our current stockholders.
•Provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control or changes in our management.
Risks Related to the Convertible Preferred Stock Investment Transactions
The pending strategic investment Transactions may not be consummated, and failure to complete the Transactions could materially impact our financial condition, growth prospects and stock price.
As described in Item 1, Business, on January 7, 2021, we entered into separate Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements (collectively, the "Securities Purchase Agreements") with each of Charter, Qurate and Pine (collectively, the "Investors") pursuant to which, at the closing of the Transactions contemplated thereby, we will issue and sell to each Investor shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Convertible Preferred Stock"). Proceeds from the Transactions will be used to repay our outstanding senior secured convertible notes (the "Notes"). In connection with the Transactions, we will also enter into a long-term data license with Charter, which we believe could significantly enhance our ability to execute on our strategic plans and growth initiatives.
Consummation of the Transactions is subject to certain closing conditions. We can provide no assurance that all closing conditions will be satisfied or waived (where permissible) or that the Transactions will be consummated timely or at all. If the Transactions are not consummated, our ongoing business and financial results may be materially adversely affected and we will be subject to a number of risks, including the following:
•we may be unable to meet our debt maintenance or repayment obligations, including pursuant to the Notes, which mature on January 16, 2022, and our Secured Term Note, which matures on December 31, 2021;
•we may lose the anticipated commercial benefits of the Transactions, including the long-term data license with Charter and other relationships and expertise of the Investors, which could negatively impact our financial results, growth prospects and strategic plans; and
•we may be required to pay termination fees as required under the Securities Purchase Agreements.
In addition, if the Transactions are not completed, we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from our existing stockholders, customers, partners, employees, vendors and creditors. We may be unable to find a comparable alternative
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transaction that would allow us to meet our debt and other obligations as they come due, which could have important consequences, including potentially forcing us into bankruptcy or liquidation. These risks may materialize and may adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows, as well as the price of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Common Stock").
Litigation relating to the Transactions may be filed that could prevent or delay the Transactions closing and/or result in the payment of damages following the closing.
In connection with the Transactions, it is possible that stockholders or other parties may file putative class action or other lawsuits against us or the Investors. Among other remedies, these parties could seek damages and/or to enjoin the Transactions. The outcome of any litigation is uncertain, and any such potential lawsuits could prevent or delay the closing of the Transactions and/or result in substantial costs to the Company. Any such actions may create uncertainty relating to the Transactions and may be costly and distracting to management. Further, the defense or settlement of any lawsuit or claim that remains unresolved at the time the Transactions are completed may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The Securities Purchase Agreements limit our ability to pursue alternatives to the Transactions.
The Securities Purchase Agreements contain provisions that make it more difficult for us to pursue or enter into alternative transactions. The Securities Purchase Agreements contain certain provisions that restrict our ability to, among other things, solicit, initiate or knowingly facilitate or encourage any inquiries or the making of any proposal that would reasonably be expected to lead to an acquisition proposal prior to the termination of the Securities Purchase Agreements or the closing, whichever occurs earlier. Moreover, we may be required to pay a termination fee of $1.8 million to each Investor (for an aggregate of $5.4 million to all Investors) if the Securities Purchase Agreements are validly terminated under certain circumstances. The payment of termination fees could affect the structure, pricing and terms proposed by a third party seeking to acquire or merge with us or deter a third party from making a competing proposal.
We have incurred, and will incur, significant costs in connection with the Transactions.
We have incurred, and will incur, substantial expenses in connection with and as a result of the Transactions, including financial advisory, legal, accounting, consulting and other advisory fees and expenses, as well as expenses related to our special meeting of stockholders held on March 9, 2021 and closing of the Transactions. A portion of the costs related to the Transactions will be incurred regardless of whether the Transactions are completed. While we have assumed that a certain level of transaction expenses will be incurred, factors beyond our control could affect the total amount or the timing of these expenses. Some of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately. These expenses will exceed the costs historically borne by the Company and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations prior to and following the Transactions.
The Investors will have significance influence over the Company and may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions following completion of the Transactions, and the Investors' interests may conflict with those of our other stockholders.
Following the closing, the Convertible Preferred Stock will initially be convertible into an aggregate of 82,527,609 shares of our Common Stock (subject to adjustment). On an as-converted basis, we expect this to collectively represent approximately 50.6% of our issued and outstanding Common Stock immediately following the closing (equating to approximately 16.9% per Investor) based on the number of shares of Common Stock currently projected to be outstanding immediately following closing. As a result, the Investors are expected to represent the largest stockholders of the Company. This concentration of ownership, together with the voting rights, director designation rights and consent rights described below, may be perceived negatively by other investors and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.
Upon closing, each Investor is expected to hold 16.66% of the outstanding voting power of the Company on an as-converted basis. In addition, under the Stockholders Agreement that will be entered into in connection with closing, each Investor will have the right to designate two directors to serve on our board of directors until the earlier of such time as the Investor (a) beneficially owns less than 50% of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held by such Investor as of the date of the closing (the "Initial Preferred Stock Ownership") as a result of the Investor's transfer of such shares to any of the other Investors or (b) beneficially owns voting stock representing less than 10% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (on an as-converted basis), after which the Investor's designation rights will be reduced to one designee until such time as the Investor beneficially owns Voting Stock representing less than 5% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (on an as-converted basis). Additionally, under certain circumstances, an Investor may gain additional board designation rights and in some instances, we may even be obligated to increase the size of our board to enable an Investor to designate one additional director nominee.
Pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement, each Investor will have consent rights over certain significant matters of our business. These include, but are not limited to, decisions: (a) to amend our organizational documents; (b) to create, increase, reclassify, issue or sell any additional Convertible Preferred Stock; (c) to consummate a change of control transaction; (d) to create or issue indebtedness that would cause us to exceed a specified leverage ratio; (e) to increase or decrease the number of directors on our board of directors or certain committees thereof; (f) to change the nature of our business in any material respect; (g) to make certain changes to our management; (h) to declare cash dividends or distributions; (i) to enter into certain related-party transactions; and (j) to adopt certain shareholder rights plans. As a result, each Investor will be able to influence fundamental corporate matters and transactions. The
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interests of the Investors may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of our other stockholders, and these consent rights may delay, deter or prevent acts that would be favored by our other stockholders. Also, the Investors may seek to cause us to take courses of action that, in their judgment, could enhance their investment in us, but which might involve risks to our other stockholders or adversely affect us or our other stockholders.
We may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of the Transactions, and we will be subject to business uncertainties that could adversely affect our business.
The anticipated benefits of the Transactions, including expected commercial benefits from the data license with Charter and other relationships and expertise from the Investors, may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than we currently expect. Actual operating, strategic and revenue opportunities, if achieved at all, may be less significant than we expect or may take longer to achieve than we anticipate. If we are not able to achieve these objectives and realize the anticipated benefits from the Transactions within the anticipated timing or at all, our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.
Parties with whom we do business may experience uncertainty associated with the Transactions. Our business relationships may be subject to disruption as customers, partners, vendors, landlords and other parties with whom we do business may attempt to delay or defer entering into new business relationships with us, negotiate changes in existing business relationships, terminate their contracts with us, or consider entering into business relationships with our competitors following the Transactions. Some customers or partners may feel that we are too closely aligned with one of their competitors as an Investor, and as a result, may seek to reduce or terminate their relationships with us. The occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect on our operating results, particularly during the period immediately following the closing.
Uncertainty about the effect of the Transactions could also have an adverse effect on our employee relations. This uncertainty may impair our ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until the Transactions are consummated and for a period of time thereafter. Any loss of key personnel, including members of our senior management team, could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial results.
The Transaction, if consummated, will cause dilution to our current stockholders, which may negatively affect the market price of our Common Stock.
Upon the closing, we will issue Convertible Preferred Stock, which will initially be convertible into an aggregate of 82,527,609 shares of our Common Stock (subject to adjustment). On an as-converted basis, we expect this to represent approximately 50.6% of our issued and outstanding Common Stock immediately following closing. In addition, we expect to issue shares of Common Stock to the holders of our Notes upon exercise of their conversion rights and in payment of accrued interest at closing. As a result, our current stockholders will experience substantial dilution of any earnings per share we may have in the future, as well as of ownership percentage and voting rights. This could have the effect of depressing the market price of our Common Stock. Further, we expect to adjust the exercise price of our outstanding Series A Warrants in connection with the Transactions (pursuant to an antidilution provision in the warrants), which may increase the likelihood of an exercise of the warrants.
The market value of our Common Stock could decline if the Investors sell their Convertible Preferred Stock or Common Stock after certain transfer restrictions expire or if our current stockholders sell large amounts of Common Stock following the Transactions.
Pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement, for one year following the closing, subject to certain exceptions, each Investor will be prohibited from selling any shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held by such Investor, including any shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock. Thereafter, until the second anniversary of the closing, and subject to certain exceptions, each Investor will agree not to sell more than 50% of such Investor's Initial Preferred Stock Ownership, including any shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon conversion of such Convertible Preferred Stock. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement that will be entered into in connection with closing, we will agree to register the resale of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock and the shares of Common Stock underlying the Convertible Preferred Stock with the SEC, which means that such shares would become eligible for resale in the public markets following the expiration of any applicable transfer restrictions. Any sale of such shares, or the anticipation of the possibility of such sales, could create downward pressure on the market price of our Common Stock. Furthermore, our current stockholders may decide to reduce their investment in us due to the changes to our investment profile as a result of the Transactions, and may sell large amounts of Common Stock leading up to or following the Transactions. Such sales of our Common Stock could have the effect of depressing the market price for our Common Stock.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Technologies
The COVID-19 pandemic and related economic repercussions could have material adverse effects on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused massive disruption and uncertainty in domestic and global economies and particularly in the media, advertising and entertainment industries in which we operate. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may ultimately impact our business is uncertain and will depend in large part on our customers, many of whom have been significantly affected by measures taken to mitigate the spread of the virus. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic and related measures have had some impact on
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our business, including with respect to the execution of new and renewal contracts, the impact of closed movie theaters on our customers, customer payment delays and requests to modify contractual payment terms, particularly in our Movies Reporting and Analytics business. These conditions have negatively impacted our operating cash flows, net loss and financial position. If the U.S. and global economies do not recover in the near term, or if recovery is delayed or limited in certain sectors due to longer term changes in consumer behavior, our customers may continue to delay their payments to us, may defer or reduce their purchases from us, or may experience bankruptcy events, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance. Due to our largely subscription-based business model, the effects of COVID-19 may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods.
Given the nature and significance of these events, we are unable to enumerate all potential risks to our business from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we believe that in addition to the impacts described above, other current and potential impacts include, but are not limited to:
•notices from customers and vendors arguing that any non-performance under our contracts with them is permitted as a result of force majeure or other reasons;
•delays in meeting our payment obligations to vendors or others, which could result in the loss of goods and services necessary to operate our business;
•inefficiencies, increased security risks and privacy concerns surrounding remote working arrangements, under which most of our employees are currently operating;
•diversion of management time and resources related to business continuity planning;
•disruptions from operational changes we have undertaken or may undertake to manage liquidity risk, including lease and contract terminations, workforce reductions, furloughs and other cost-reduction initiatives;
•challenges in complying with our existing debt obligations or expected dividend requirements;
•unfavorable capital and credit market conditions, which could impact our ability to obtain future financing;
•heightened sensitivity from government regulators, particularly with respect to privacy compliance and cybersecurity in the current environment;
•further impairment of lease-related assets, goodwill or other intangible assets; and
•litigation risk and possible loss contingencies related to COVID-19 and its impact, including with respect to our debt facilities, leases, commercial contracts, employee matters and insurance arrangements.
We cannot predict the duration or magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic or its effects on our business or financial performance in the future; nor can we guarantee that any measures we take to mitigate the impact will be successful. To the extent COVID-19 continues to adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation or cash flows, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described below.
The COVID-19 pandemic and related economic repercussions have impacted our cash flows, which could impact our ability to comply with the restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our debt or, after the Transactions, our ability to make required dividend payments.
The agreements governing our debt contain affirmative and negative covenants that limit our ability to take certain actions. Our Notes also require us to maintain a $40.0 million minimum cash balance, which we calculate based on our total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. Failure to meet our obligations under the Notes could lead to an Event of Default (as defined in the Notes), which could have important consequences including, potentially, forcing us into bankruptcy or liquidation.
Following the Transactions, the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to a cumulative cash dividend at a rate of 7.5% per year, paid annually in arrears. If we fail to declare and pay a full annual dividend on any dividend payment date, then any dividends otherwise payable on that date will continue to accrue and cumulate at a rate of 9.5% per year until the failure is cured. Moreover, if we breach any of the consent rights set forth in the Stockholders Agreement (as described above), the dividend rate will increase to 9.5% until the breach is cured.
The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting the execution of new and renewal contracts and is creating customer payment delays and requests to modify contractual payment terms, particularly in our Movies Reporting and Analytics business. These conditions have negatively impacted our liquidity and cash flows and could have a more significant impact in future periods. As of December 31, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaling $50.7 million, including $19.6 million in restricted cash, and we were in compliance with the covenants under the Notes and our Secured Term Note; however, in the second quarter of 2020, the holders of the Notes questioned our compliance with the minimum cash balance requirements therein. If the U.S. and global economies do not recover in the near term, or if recovery is delayed or limited in certain sectors due to longer term changes in consumer behavior, our cash flows could be further impacted, which could impact our ability to satisfy the covenants in the agreements governing our debt, including the minimum cash balance requirement in the Notes, or to pay required dividends following the closing of the Transactions.
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The market for media measurement and analytics products is highly competitive, and if we cannot compete effectively, our revenues could decline and our business could be harmed.
The market for audience and advertising measurement products is highly competitive and is evolving rapidly. We compete primarily with providers of media intelligence and related analytical products and services. We also compete with providers of marketing services and solutions, with full-service survey providers, and with internal solutions developed by customers and potential customers. Some of our competitors have longer operating histories, access to larger customer bases and substantially greater resources than we do. As a result, these competitors may be able to devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, panel retention, panel development, or development of systems and technologies than we can. In addition, some of our competitors have adopted and may continue to adopt aggressive pricing policies, including the provision of certain services at little or no cost, in order to retain or acquire customers. Furthermore, large software companies, internet portals and database management companies may enter our market or enhance their current offerings, either by developing competing services or by acquiring our competitors, and could leverage their significant resources and pre-existing relationships with our current and potential customers. Finally, consolidation of our competitors could make it difficult for us to compete effectively. If we are unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, we may not be able to retain and acquire customers, and we may consequently experience a decline in revenues, reduced operating margins, loss of market share and diminished value from our products.
The market for cross-platform products is developing, and if it does not develop further, or develops more slowly than expected, our business could be harmed.
The market for cross-platform products is still developing, and it is uncertain whether these products will achieve or maintain high levels of demand and increased market acceptance. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of companies to increase their use of such products and to continue use of such products on a long-term basis. Factors that may affect market acceptance include:
•the reliability of cross-platform products;
•decisions of our customers and potential customers to develop cross-platform solutions internally rather than purchasing such products from third-party suppliers like us;
•decisions by industry associations in the U.S. or in other countries that result in association-directed awards of measurement contracts to one or a limited number of competitive vendors;
•the rate of growth in e-commerce and mobile commerce, cross-platform focused advertising and continued growth in television and digital media consumption; and
•public and regulatory concern regarding privacy and data security.
The adoption of advertising across television and digital platforms, particularly by advertisers that have historically relied on traditional offline media, requires the acceptance of new approaches to conducting business and a willingness to invest in such new approaches. Moreover, the decision to adopt a cross-platform approach to buying advertisement campaigns requires a change to buying approaches and a willingness to adopt new data analytics to assist in evaluating such approaches by advertisement buyers who traditionally focus on buying advertising campaigns through one medium. Advertisers may perceive such new approaches to advertising or understanding advertising to be less effective than traditional methods for marketing their products. They may also be unwilling to pay premium rates for advertising that is targeted at specific segments of validated users based on their demographic profile or internet behavior across digital media platforms. The digital media advertising and e-commerce markets may also be adversely affected by privacy issues relating to such targeted advertising, including that which makes use of personalized information or online behavioral information. Because of the foregoing factors, among others, the market for cross-platform focused digital media advertising and e-commerce may not continue to grow at significant rates. If these markets do not continue to develop, or if they develop more slowly than expected, our business could suffer.
If we are unable to provide television, digital or cross-platform analytics, or if our analytics are incomplete, our ability to maintain and grow our business may be harmed.
As the media and advertising industries increasingly evaluate advertising campaigns across various forms of media, such as television, online, and mobile, the ability to measure the combined size and composition of audiences across platforms is increasingly important and in demand. If we are unable to gain or maintain access to information measuring a media component or type, or if we are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to meet our customers' demands and our business and financial performance may be harmed. Furthermore, even if we do have access to television and digital (including mobile and OTT) data, if we have insufficient technology, encounter challenges in our methodological approaches or have inadequate source materials to parse the information across such media components to avoid duplications or to do so in a cost-effective manner, our products may be inferior to other offerings, and we may be unable to meet our customers' demands. In such event, our business and financial performance may be harmed.
In particular, our acquisition of television data may be reliant on companies that have historically held a dominant market position measuring television to produce industry-accepted measurement across a combination of media platforms. Our competitors, such as Nielsen, or other providers may have more leverage with data providers and may be unable or unwilling to provide us with access to
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quality data to support our products, on reasonable terms or at all. Likewise, our acquisition of digital data may be reliant on large digital publishers that may technologically or legally prevent access to their proprietary platforms for research or measurement purposes. Moreover, as mobile devices, technology and OTT viewing continue to proliferate, gaining and maintaining cost-effective access to mobile and OTT data will become increasingly critical, and we could face difficulty in accessing these forms of data. If we are unable to acquire and integrate data effectively and efficiently, or if the cost of data acquisition or integration increases, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.
We depend on third parties for data that is critical to our business, and our business could suffer if we cannot continue to obtain reliable data from these suppliers or if third parties place additional restrictions on our use of such data.
We rely on third-party data sources for information usage across the media platforms that we measure, as well as demographics about the people that use such platforms. The availability and accuracy of this data is important to the continuation and development of our products and the performance of our obligations to customers. These data suppliers, some of whom compete with us or the Investors, may increase restrictions on our use of such data, undertake audits (at either our or their expense) of our use of such data, require us to implement new processes with respect to such data, fail to adhere to our quality control, privacy or security standards or otherwise satisfactorily perform services, increase the price they charge us for the data or refuse to license the data to us. Additional restrictions on third-party data could limit our ability to include that data in certain products, which could lead to decreased commercial opportunities for certain products as well as loss of customers, sales credits, refunds or liability to our customers. To comply with any additional restrictions, we may be required to implement certain additional technological and manual controls that could put pressure on our cost structure and could affect our pricing. Supplier consolidation and increased pricing for additional use cases could also put pressure on our cost structure and our ability to meet obligations to our customers. We may be required to enter into vendor relationships, strategic alliances, or joint ventures with some third parties in order to obtain access to the data sources that we need. If our partners do not apply rigorous standards to their data collection methodology and actions, notwithstanding our best efforts, we may receive third-party data that is inaccurate, defective, or delayed. If third-party information is not available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or is found to be inaccurate, it could harm our products, our reputation, and our business and financial performance.
If we fail to respond to technological developments or evolving industry standards, our products may become obsolete or less competitive.
Our future success will depend in part on our ability to develop new and modify or enhance our existing products and services, including without limitation, our data collection technologies and approaches, in order to meet customer needs, add functionality and address technological advancements and industry standards. For example, the development of new opt-in permissions and enhanced focus on consent-based measurement provide the benefit of limiting the transfer of consumer personal information, but also mean changes to our data collection and measurement processes. If we are unable to innovate and adapt our methodologies to meet these needs, our products may become obsolete or less competitive. As another example, if certain proprietary mobile devices become the primary mode of receiving content and conducting transactions on the internet, and we are unable to adapt to collect information from such devices, then we would not be able to report on digital usage activity. To remain competitive, we will need to develop new products that address these evolving technologies and standards across the universe of media including television, online, and mobile usage. However, we may be unsuccessful in identifying new product opportunities, developing or marketing new products in a timely or cost-effective manner, or obtaining the necessary access to data or technologies needed to support new products, or we may be limited in our ability to operate due to patents held by others. In addition, our product innovations may not achieve the market penetration or price levels necessary for profitability. If we are unable to develop timely enhancements to, and new features for, our existing methodologies or products or if we are unable to develop new products and technology that keep pace with rapid technological developments, changing industry standards or consumer preferences, our products may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive, and our business will be harmed.
Furthermore, the market for our products is characterized by changes in protocols and evolving industry standards. For example, industry associations such as the Advertising Research Foundation, the Council of American Survey Research Organizations, the Internet Advertising Bureau, and the Media Rating Council as well as internationally-based industry associations have independently initiated efforts to either review market research methodologies across the media that we measure or develop minimum standards for such research. Failure to achieve accreditation, delays in accreditation, or adverse audit findings may negatively impact the market acceptance of our products. Meanwhile, successful accreditation or audits may lead to costly changes to our procedures and methodologies.
Our business may be harmed if we deliver, or are perceived to deliver, inaccurate information products.
The metrics contained in our products may be viewed as an important measure of the success of certain businesses, especially those that utilize our metrics to evaluate a variety of investments ranging from their internal operations to advertising initiatives. If the information that we provide to our customers, the media, or the public is inaccurate, or perceived to be inaccurate, whether due to inadequate methodological approaches, errors, biases towards certain available data sources or partners, disparate data sets across our products, defects or errors in data collection and processing (conducted by us or by third parties) or the systems used to collect, process or deliver data, our business may be harmed.
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Any inaccuracy, perceived inaccuracy or inconsistency in the data reported by us could lead to consequences that could adversely impact our operating results, including loss of customers; sales credits, refunds or liability to our customers; the incurrence of substantial costs to correct any material defect, error or inconsistency; increased warranty and insurance costs; potential litigation; interruptions in the availability of our products; diversion of development resources; lost or delayed market acceptance and sales of our products; and damage to our brand.
Our business may be harmed if we change our methodologies or the scope of information we collect.
We have in the past and may in the future change our methodologies, the methodologies of companies we acquire, or the scope of information we collect. Such changes may result from identified deficiencies in current methodologies, development of more advanced methodologies, changes in our business plans or in industry standards or regulatory requirements, changes in technology used by websites, browsers, mobile applications, servers, or media we measure, integration of acquired companies or expressed or perceived needs of our customers, potential customers or partners. Any such changes or perceived changes, or our inability to accurately or adequately communicate to our customers and the media such changes and the potential implications of such changes on the data we have published or will publish in the future, may result in customer dissatisfaction, particularly if certain information is no longer collected or information collected in future periods is not comparable with information collected in prior periods. As a result of future methodology changes, some of our customers that may also supply us with data may decide not to continue buying products or services from us or may decide to discontinue providing us with their data to support our products. Such customers may elect to publicly air their dissatisfaction with the methodological changes made by us, which may damage our brand and harm our reputation.
If we are not able to maintain panels of sufficient size and scope, or if the costs of establishing and maintaining our panels materially increase, our business could be harmed.
We believe that the quality, size and scope of our research panels are critical to our business. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to maintain panels of sufficient size and scope to provide the quality of marketing intelligence that our customers demand from our products. We anticipate that the cost of panel recruitment will continue to increase with the proliferation of proprietary and secure media content delivery platforms and evolving regulatory requirements, and that the difficulty in collecting these forms of data will continue to grow, which may require significant hardware and software investments, as well as increases to our panel incentive and panel management costs. To the extent that such additional expenses are not accompanied by increased revenues, our operating margins may be reduced and our financial results could be adversely affected.
We derive a significant portion of our revenues from sales of our subscription-based products. If our customers terminate or fail to renew their subscriptions, our business could suffer.
We currently derive a significant portion of our revenues from our syndicated products, which are generally one-year subscription-based products. This has generally provided us with recurring revenue due to high renewal rates among our enterprise customers; however, syndicated digital revenue from our smaller and international customers declined in 2020. If additional customers terminate their subscriptions for our products, do not renew their subscriptions, delay renewals of their subscriptions or renew on terms less favorable to us, our revenues could decline and our business could suffer.
Our customers have no obligation to renew after the expiration of their initial subscription period, and we cannot be assured that current subscriptions will be renewed at the same or higher dollar amounts, if at all. Furthermore, our newer subscription products, for which revenue is recognized based on impressions used, may be subject to higher fluctuations in revenue. Our customer renewal rates may decline or fluctuate due to a number of factors, including customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our products, the costs or functionality of our products, the prices or functionality of products offered by our competitors, the health of the advertising marketplace and the industries in which we operate (particularly in light of COVID-19), mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base, general economic conditions or reductions in our customers' spending levels.
Our growth depends upon our ability to retain existing large customers and add new large customers. To the extent we are not successful in doing so, our ability to grow revenue and attain profitability and positive cash flow may be impaired.
Our success depends in part on our ability to sell our products to large customers and on the renewal of subscriptions and contracts with these customers in subsequent years. For the years ended 2020, 2019 and 2018, we derived 30%, 27% and 24%, respectively, of our total revenues from our top 10 customers. Uncertain economic conditions, changes in the regulatory environment or other factors, such as the failure or consolidation of large customer companies, internal reorganization or changes in focus, uncertainty relating to the Transactions, or dissatisfaction with our products, may cause certain large customers to terminate or reduce their subscriptions and contracts with us. The loss of any one or more of these customers could decrease our revenues and harm our current and future operating results. The addition of new large customers or increases in sales to existing large customers may require particularly long implementation periods and other significant upfront costs, which may adversely affect our profitability. To compete effectively, we have in the past been, and may in the future be, forced to offer significant discounts to maintain existing customers or acquire other large customers. In addition, we may be forced to reduce or withdraw from our relationships with certain existing customers or refrain from acquiring certain new customers in order to acquire or maintain relationships with important large customers. As a result, new large customers or increased usage of our products by large customers may cause our profits to decline, and our ability to sell our products to other customers could be adversely affected.
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If we are unable to effectively persuade customers to buy our products in substitution for those of an incumbent services provider, our revenue growth may suffer.
Some of our newer products require that we persuade prospective customers, or customers of our existing products, to buy our newer products in substitution for those of an incumbent service provider. In some instances, the customer may have built their systems and processes around the incumbent provider's products. Persuading such customers to switch service providers may be difficult and require longer sales cycles, affecting our ability to increase revenue in these areas. Moreover, the incumbent service provider may have the ability to significantly discount its services or enter into long-term agreements, which could further impede our ability to persuade customers to switch service providers, and accordingly, our ability to increase our revenues.
We may expand through investments in, acquisitions of, or the development of new products with assistance from, other companies, any of which may not be successful and may divert our management's attention.
In the past, we completed several strategic acquisitions. We also may evaluate and enter into discussions regarding an array of potential strategic transactions, including acquiring complementary products, technologies or businesses. An acquisition, investment or business relationship may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel or operations of the acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of the acquired company choose not to be employed by us, and we may have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in management and ownership. Acquisitions may also disrupt our ongoing business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our business. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, investment or business relationship would be realized timely, if at all, or that we would not be exposed to unknown liabilities. In connection with any such transaction, we may:
•encounter difficulties retaining key employees of the acquired company or integrating diverse business cultures;
•incur large charges or substantial liabilities, including without limitation, liabilities associated with products or technologies accused or found to infringe on third-party intellectual property rights or violate existing or future privacy or security regulations;
•issue shares of our capital stock as part of the consideration, which may be dilutive to existing stockholders;
•become subject to adverse tax consequences, legal disputes, substantial depreciation or deferred compensation charges;
•use cash that we may otherwise need for ongoing or future operation of our business or dividends;
•enter new geographic markets that subject us to different laws and regulations that may have an adverse impact on our business;
•experience difficulties effectively utilizing acquired assets;
•encounter difficulties integrating the information and financial reporting systems of acquired businesses, particularly those that operated under accounting principles other than those generally accepted in the U.S. prior to the acquisition by us; and
•incur debt, which may be on terms unfavorable to us or that we are unable to repay.
We also have entered into relationships with certain third-party providers to expand our product offerings, and we may enter into similar arrangements in the future. These or other future relationships or transactions may involve preferred or exclusive licenses, discount pricing, provision of our products and services without charge, or investments in other businesses to expand our sales capabilities. These transactions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations, and though these transactions may provide additional benefits, they may not be profitable immediately or in the long term. Negotiating any such transactions could be time-consuming, difficult and expensive, and our ability to close these transactions may be subject to regulatory or other approvals and other conditions that are beyond our control. Consequently, we can make no assurances that any such transactions, investments or relationships, if undertaken and announced, would be completed or successful. The impact of any one or more of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
System failures, security breaches or delays in the operation of our computer and communications systems may harm our business.
Our success depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer and communications systems and the third-party data centers we use. Our ability to collect and report accurate data may be interrupted by a number of factors, including the failure of our network or software systems, computer viruses, security breaches, or variability in user traffic on customer websites.
Our product, information technology and security teams regularly review our systems and security posture and evaluate ways to enhance our processes and controls. In addition, our board of directors and audit committee receive quarterly updates on developments in information technology, security and data governance, and we regularly train our employees on information security and related risks. Nevertheless, we cannot guarantee that a security incident will not occur or that any such incident will be timely detected or remediated. A security incident or failure of our network or data gathering procedures, or those of our third-party data suppliers, could result in liability to the Company, impede the processing of data, cause the corruption or loss of data, prevent the timely delivery of our products, or damage our brand and reputation.
In the future, we may need to expand our network and systems at a more rapid pace than we have in the past. Our network or systems may not be capable of meeting the demand for increased capacity, or we may incur additional expenses to accommodate these
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capacity demands. In addition, we may lose valuable data or be unable to obtain or provide data on a timely basis or our network may temporarily shut down if we fail to adequately expand or maintain our network capabilities to meet future requirements. Any lapse in our ability to collect or transmit data may decrease the value of our products and prevent us from providing the data requested by our customers and partners. Any disruption in our network processing or any loss, exposure or misuse of internet user data may damage our reputation and result in the loss of customers, partners and vendors and the imposition of penalties or other legal or regulatory action, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We are subject to customer and partner security reviews, and failure to pass these reviews could have an adverse impact on our operations.
Many of our customer and partner contracts require that we maintain certain physical and/or information security standards. Any failure to meet such standards could have an adverse impact on our business. In certain cases, we permit a customer or partner to audit our compliance with contractual standards. Negative findings in an audit and/or the failure to adequately remediate in a timely fashion such negative findings could cause customers or partners to terminate their contracts or otherwise have an adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations and financial condition. Further, customers or partners from time to time may require new or stricter physical or information security than they negotiated in their contracts and may condition continued volumes and business on the satisfaction of such additional requirements. Some of these requirements may be expensive to implement or maintain and may not be factored into our contract pricing. Failure to meet these requirements could have an adverse effect on our business.
We rely on a small number of third-party service providers to host and deliver our products, and any interruptions or delays in services from these third parties could impair the delivery of our products and harm our business.
We host our products and serve our customers from data center facilities located throughout the U.S. While we operate our equipment inside these facilities, we do not control the operation of these facilities, and, depending on service level requirements and costs, we may not continue to operate or maintain redundant data center facilities for all of our products or for all of our data, which could increase our vulnerability. These facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures and similar events. They are also subject to break-ins, computer viruses, security breaches, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct. A natural disaster or an act of terrorism, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in availability of our products. We may also encounter capacity limitations at our third-party data centers. Additionally, our data center facility agreements are of limited durations, and our data center facilities have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. We believe that we have good relationships with our data center facility vendors and believe that we will be able to renew, or find alternative data center facilities, on commercially reasonable terms, although there can be no guarantee of this. If we are unable to renew our agreements with the owners of the facilities on commercially reasonable terms, or if we migrate to a new data center, we may experience delays in delivering our products until an agreement with another data center facility can be arranged or the migration to a new facility is completed.
If we or the third-party data centers that we use were to experience a major power outage, we would have to rely on back-up generators, which may not function properly, and their supply may be inadequate. Such a power outage could result in the disruption of our business. Additionally, if our current facilities fail to have sufficient cooling capacity or availability of electrical power, we would need to find alternative facilities and could experience delays in delivering our products.
We currently leverage a large content delivery network ("CDN"), to provide services that allow us to offer a more efficient tagging methodology. If that network faced an outage or breach or the service became unavailable, an alternate CDN provider or additional capacity in our data centers would need to be established to support the large volume of tag requests that we currently manage, which would either require additional investments in equipment and facilities or a transition plan. This could unexpectedly raise our costs and could contribute to delays or losses in tag data that could affect the quality and reputation of our Media Metrix, vCE, cross-platform and other products that involve the measurement of a large amount of digitally transmitted activity across multiple providers. We recently initiated a migration of our CDN to a new provider, which we believe will allow us to refine the data flow of measurements and ingestion into our data processing while reducing costs. However, there is no guarantee that the migration will be successful or that we will achieve the anticipated benefits or cost savings. Any delay or loss of data in the migration could negatively impact our products, which could have an adverse effect on our customer and partner relationships and financial results.
We depend on access to the internet through third-party bandwidth providers to operate our business. If we lose the services of one or more of our bandwidth providers for any reason, we could experience disruption in the delivery of our products or be required to retain the services of a replacement bandwidth provider. It may be difficult for us to replace any lost bandwidth on a timely basis, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, due to the large amount of bandwidth our operations require.
Any errors, defects, breaches, disruptions or other performance problems related to our products or the delivery of our services caused by third parties could reduce our revenues, harm our reputation, result in the loss of customers, partners and vendors and the imposition of penalties or other legal or regulatory actions and otherwise damage our business. Interruptions in the availability of our products and the delivery of our services may reduce our revenues due to increased turnaround time to complete projects, cause us to issue credits or refunds to customers, cause customers to terminate their agreements or adversely affect our renewal rates. Our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected if there were errors or delays in
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delivering our products or services, including for reasons beyond our control, and our reputation would be harmed if our customers or potential customers believe our products and services are unreliable.
We rely heavily on our management team, and may need additional personnel to operate and grow our business. The loss of one or more key employees, the inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, or the failure to integrate new personnel could harm our business.
Our success and future growth depend to a significant degree on the skills and continued services of our management team. Our future success also depends on our ability to retain, attract and motivate highly skilled technical, managerial, marketing and customer service personnel, including members of our management team. We may experience a loss of productivity due to the departure of key personnel and the associated loss of institutional knowledge, or while new personnel integrate into our business and transition into their respective roles. This risk may be heightened following transformative events, such as the pending Transactions.
A substantial majority of our U.S. employees work for us on an at-will basis. We continually evaluate our personnel needs in all areas of our business, particularly in our sales, marketing, finance and technology development areas, both domestically and internationally, which could increase our recruiting and hiring costs in the foreseeable future. Competition for these types of personnel is intense, particularly in the internet and software industries. Our inability to retain and attract the necessary personnel could adversely affect our business.
The effectiveness of our equity awards as a means to recruit and retain key personnel has diminished, and we may need to grant equity awards outside of our existing plan.
Historically, we have relied on equity awards as one means of recruiting and retaining key personnel, including our senior management. Due to declines in our stock price in recent years, the effectiveness of our outstanding equity awards as a means to retain key personnel was diminished. Moreover, the quantity of equity awards we are able to grant under our 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan ("2018 Plan") is limited. These limits have impacted our ability to offer new awards to current and prospective employees. In order to address our retention and hiring needs, we may seek to amend our 2018 Plan to increase the number of shares available for future equity awards, or we may need to consider granting equity awards outside of our 2018 Plan. Either of these options could result in additional dilution to our existing stockholders. Alternatively, we may need to shift a larger portion of employee compensation to cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Results of Operations
Our revenues and results of operations may fluctuate in the future. As a result, we may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.
Our results of operations may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our revenues or results of operations do not meet or exceed the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the price of our Common Stock could decline substantially. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our revenues or results of operations include:
•our ability to increase sales to existing customers and attract new customers in the current economic environment;
•our ability to respond to changes in our customers' businesses and consumer behavior resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic;
•the potential loss or reduction in spending by significant customers;
•changes in our customers' subscription renewal behaviors and spending on projects, particularly custom projects;
•the impact of our contract renewal rates caused by our customers' budgetary constraints, pandemic-related factors, competition, customer dissatisfaction, customer corporate restructuring, or our customers' actual or perceived lack of need for our products;
•the timing of contract renewals, delivery of products and duration of contracts and the corresponding timing of revenue recognition;
•the challenges of persuading existing and prospective customers to switch from incumbent service providers;
•the timing of revenue recognition for usage-based or impression-based products;
•the effect of revenues generated from significant one-time projects or the loss of such projects;
•the timing and success of new product introductions or changes in methodology by us or our competitors;
•the impact of the Transactions, including the long-term data license with Charter and other anticipated commercial relationships, on our revenues and cost of revenues;
•changes in our pricing and discounting policies or those of our competitors;
•the impact of our decision to discontinue certain products;
•our failure to accurately estimate or control costs, including those incurred as a result of business or product development initiatives, legal proceedings, strategic or financing transactions, and the integration of acquired businesses;
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•the cost and availability of data from third-party sources and the cost to integrate such data into our systems and products;
•adverse judgments or settlements, or increased legal fees, in legal disputes or government proceedings;
•changes in interest rates under our Notes or other financing vehicles;
•charges relating to the Transactions, including with respect to the extinguishment of our Notes and associated financing derivatives, issuance of conversion shares to holders of the Notes, and an anti-dilution adjustment to our Series A Warrants;
•costs incurred in connection with the Transactions, including financial advisory, legal, accounting, consulting and other advisory fees and expenses, as well as expenses related to our special meeting of stockholders held on March 9, 2021;
•incurrence of additional debt following repayment of the Notes and Secured Term Note;
•the amount and timing of capital expenditures and operating costs related to the maintenance and expansion of our operations and infrastructure;
•service outages, other technical difficulties or security breaches;
•limitations relating to the capacity of our networks, systems and processes;
•maintaining appropriate staffing levels and capabilities relative to projected growth;
•limitations on our ability to use equity awards to compensate current and prospective employees;
•the cost and timing of organizational restructuring;
•the risks associated with operating in countries in which we may have little or no previous experience and with maintaining or reorganizing corporate entity structures in international jurisdictions;
•the extent to which certain expenses are deductible for tax purposes, such as share-based compensation that fluctuates based on the timing of vesting and our stock price;
•the timing of any changes to our deferred tax valuation allowance;
•adoption of new accounting pronouncements;
•changes in the fair value of our financing derivatives and warrants related to the Transactions, market volatility or management assumptions; and
•general economic, political, regulatory, industry and market conditions and those conditions specific to internet usage and online businesses.
We believe that our revenues and results of operations on a year-over-year and sequential quarter-over-quarter basis may vary significantly in the future and that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Investors are cautioned not to rely on the results of prior periods as an indication of future performance.
We may not be able to generate or obtain sufficient cash to service our debt, dividend obligations, lease facilities or trade payables.
We currently have indebtedness and lease facilities, as well as trade payables, including expenses incurred in prior periods. Following the Transactions, we will be required to pay annual cash dividends on the Convertible Preferred Stock, and we may incur additional debt for operations or to fund a special dividend to the holders of our Convertible Preferred Stock. These obligations could require us to use a large portion of our cash flow from operations to service our debt, dividend obligations and lease facilities and pay accrued expenses. They could also limit our flexibility to invest in our business and adjust to market conditions, which could impact our customer relationships and place us at a competitive disadvantage.
We expect to obtain the funds to pay our expenses and meet our financial obligations from cash flow from our operations and, potentially, from other debt and/or equity offerings. Accordingly, our ability to meet our obligations depends on our future performance and capital-raising activities, which will be affected by financial, business, contractual, economic and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. Failure to meet our payment obligations to vendors could disrupt our supply of goods and services and impact our reputation, creditworthiness and relations with customers. It could also lead to costly litigation. Failure to meet our dividend payment obligations could result in an increase in the annual dividend rate, among other things.
If our cash flow and capital resources prove inadequate to allow us to pay the interest and principal on our debt when due and meet our other financial obligations, we could face substantial liquidity challenges and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations, restructure or refinance our debt (which we may be unable to do on acceptable terms) or forego attractive business opportunities. In addition, the terms of our existing or future financing agreements and Convertible Preferred Stock may restrict us from pursuing these alternatives. Failure to meet our obligations under the Notes could lead to an Event of Default (as defined in the Notes), which could have important consequences including, potentially, forcing us into bankruptcy or liquidation.
Our financial condition and results of operations could suffer and be adversely affected if we incur an impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets.
We are required to test goodwill and intangible assets, annually and on an interim basis if an event occurs or there is a change in circumstance that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting unit below its carrying values or indicate that the carrying value of such intangibles is not recoverable. When the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a charge to operations, up to the total amount of goodwill, is recorded. If the carrying amount of an intangible asset is not recoverable, a charge to
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operations is recognized. Either event would result in incremental expenses for that period, which would reduce any earnings or increase any loss for the period in which the impairment was determined to have occurred. We recorded a $224.3 million impairment charge related to goodwill and a $17.3 million impairment charge for our strategic alliance intangible asset in 2019. We recorded a $4.7 million non-cash impairment charge related to our right-of-use ("ROU") assets, and related leasehold improvements, during 2020.
Our impairment analysis is sensitive to changes in key assumptions used in our analysis, such as expected future cash flows, the degree of volatility in equity and debt markets and our stock price. Additionally, changes in our strategy or significant technical developments could significantly impact the recoverability of our intangible assets. If the assumptions used in our analysis are not realized, it is possible that an additional impairment charge may need to be recorded in the future. We cannot predict the amount and timing of any future impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets.
Changes in the fair value of our derivative financial instruments or warrants could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our financing derivatives and our warrants are classified as liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. We use various models and assumptions to determine the fair value of these liabilities, including assumptions with respect to market rates, the price and volatility of our Common Stock, the probability of occurrence of certain events, and term. Any change in our assumptions could result in a change in the fair value of our derivative liabilities and warrants, which would be recorded to earnings and could significantly affect our financial condition and results of operations.
In the first quarter of 2021, we expect to record a non-cash charge in connection with the Transactions, which will include extinguishment of debt and associated derivatives, issuance of 3.15 million conversion shares to holders of the Notes, and an anti-dilution adjustment to our Series A Warrants. The amount of the charge will depend on various factors, including the market price of our Common Stock on the closing date, and could significantly affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We may encounter difficulties managing our costs, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We believe that we will need to continue to effectively manage our organization, operations and facilities in order to accommodate changes in our business and to successfully integrate acquired data and businesses. If we continue to change or grow, either organically or through acquired businesses, our current systems and facilities may not be adequate and may need to be expanded or reduced. For example, we may be required to enter into leases for additional facilities or commit to significant investments in the build out of current or new facilities, or we may need to renegotiate or terminate leases to reflect changes in our business. If we are unable to effectively forecast our facilities needs or if we are unable to sublease or terminate leases for unused space, we may experience increased and unexpected costs. Moreover, our need to effectively manage our operations and cost structure requires that we continue to assess and improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.
From time to time, as a result of acquisition integration initiatives, or through efforts to improve or streamline our operations, we have reduced our workforce or reassigned personnel, and we may do so in the future. Such actions may expose us to disruption by dissatisfied employees or employee-related claims, including claims by terminated employees who believe they are owed more compensation than we believe these employees are due under our compensation and benefit plans, or claims maintained internationally in jurisdictions whose laws and procedures differ from those in the U.S.
If we are not able to efficiently and effectively manage our cost structure and resolve employee-related claims, or if we are unable to find appropriate space to support our needs, our business may be impaired.
We have a history of significant net losses, may incur significant net losses in the future and may not achieve profitability.
We incurred net losses of $47.9 million, $339.0 million and $159.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We cannot make assurances that we will be able to achieve profitability in the future. As of December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $1,156.1 million. Because a large portion of our costs are fixed, we may not be able to adequately reduce our expenses in response to any decrease in our revenues, which would materially and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, our operating expenses may increase as we implement certain growth initiatives, which include, among other things, the development of new products and enhancements of our data assets and infrastructure. If our revenues do not increase to offset these increases in costs and operating expenses, our operating results would be materially and adversely affected.
Our net operating loss carryforwards may expire unutilized or underutilized, which could prevent us from offsetting future taxable income.
We have experienced "changes in control" that have triggered the limitations of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code on a significant portion of our net operating loss carryforwards, and we anticipate that the Transactions will trigger further limitations. As a result, we may be limited in the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that we can use in the future to offset taxable income for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes.
As of December 31, 2020, we estimate our U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes were $578.5 million and $1,360.7 million, respectively, subject to limitation as described above. These net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2023 for federal income tax reporting purposes and 2021 for state income tax reporting purposes. The federal and certain state net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 have an indefinite carryforward period as a result of the enactment of the
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TCJA. As of December 31, 2020, we estimate our aggregate net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes related to our foreign subsidiaries were $5.1 million, which will begin to expire in 2024.
We apply a valuation allowance to our deferred tax assets when management does not believe that it is more-likely-than-not that they will be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all sources of taxable income, including potential opportunities for loss carrybacks, the reversal of existing temporary differences associated with our deferred tax assets and liabilities, tax planning strategies and future taxable income. We also consider other evidence such as historical pre-tax book income in making the determination. As of December 31, 2020, we continue to have a valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets of our U.S. entities and certain foreign subsidiaries, including net operating loss carryforwards.
We have limited experience with respect to our pricing model for our new offerings, and if the fees we charge for our products are unacceptable to customers, our revenues and operating results will be harmed.
Many of our customers purchase specifically tailored contracts that are priced in the aggregate. Due to the level of customization of such contracts, the pricing of contracts or individual product components of such packages may not be readily comparable across customers or periods. Existing and potential customers may have difficulty assessing the value of our products and services when comparing them to competing products and services. As the market for our products matures, or as competitors introduce new products or services that compete with ours, we may be unable to renew our agreements with existing customers or attract new customers with the fees we have historically charged. As a result, it is possible that future competitive dynamics in our market may require us to reduce our fees, which could have an adverse effect on our revenues, profitability and operating results.
Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance, Litigation and Tax Matters
Concern over privacy violations and data breaches could lead to public relations problems, regulatory scrutiny and class action lawsuits, which could harm our business.
We are subject to data privacy and protection laws and regulations that apply to the collection, transmission, storage and use of proprietary information and personal information. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and data privacy varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and is constantly evolving and increasingly demanding. The restrictions imposed by such laws continue to develop and may require us to incur substantial costs and fines or adopt additional compliance measures, such as notification requirements and corrective actions.
Any perception of our practices, products or services as a violation of individual privacy rights may subject us to public criticism, loss of customers, partners or vendors, class action lawsuits, reputational harm, or investigations or claims by regulators, industry groups or other third parties, all of which could significantly disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability. (Refer to Footnote 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of certain legal proceedings in which we are involved.) Additionally, laws regulating privacy and third-party products purporting to address privacy concerns could negatively affect the functionality of, and demand for, our products and services, thereby resulting in loss of customers, partners and vendors and harm to our business.
We also rely on security questionnaires and contractual representations made to us by customers, partners, vendors and other third-party data providers that their own use of our services and the information they provide to us do not violate any applicable privacy laws, rules and regulations or their own privacy or security policies. As a component of our client contracts, we obligate customers to provide their consumers the opportunity to obtain the appropriate level of consent (including opt outs) for the information collection associated with our services, as applicable, or provide another appropriate legal basis for collection. If these questionnaires or representations are false, inaccurate or incomplete, or if our customers, partners, vendors and other third-party data providers do not otherwise comply with applicable privacy laws or security practices, we could face adverse publicity and possible legal or regulatory action.
Outside parties, including foreign actors, may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or users of our solutions to disclose sensitive information via illegal electronic spamming, phishing, threats or other tactics. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain physical access to our information systems. This risk may be heightened in U.S. election years, particularly from foreign governments and other foreign actors. Any breach of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unauthorized dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive, personal or confidential data about us, our employees or our customers, partners or vendors, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose us, our employees, our customers or the individuals affected to risks of loss or misuse of this information. Any actual or potential breach of our security measures may result in litigation and potential liability or fines, governmental inquiry or oversight or a loss of customer confidence, any of which could harm our business and damage our brand and reputation, possibly impeding our present and future success in retaining and attracting new customers and thereby requiring time and resources to repair our brand.
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Domestic or foreign laws, regulations or enforcement actions may limit our ability to collect and incorporate media usage information in our products, which may decrease their value and cause an adverse impact on our business and financial results.
Our business could be adversely impacted by existing or future laws, regulations or actions by domestic or foreign regulatory agencies, or by our customers' or partners' efforts to comply with these laws. For example, privacy, data protection and personal information, intellectual property, advertising, data security, data retention and deletion, protection of minors, consumer protection, economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions concerns could lead to legislative, judicial and regulatory limitations on our or our partners' ability to collect, maintain and use information about consumers' behavior or media consumption in the U.S. and abroad. This could impact the amount and quality of data in our products.
State and federal laws within the U.S. and foreign laws and regulations are varied, and at times conflicting, resulting in higher risk related to compliance. A number of laws coming into effect and/or proposals pending before federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies have affected and are likely to continue to affect our business. For example, the European Union's ("EU") General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, became effective in May 2018, imposing more stringent EU data protection requirements and providing for greater penalties for noncompliance. In addition, regulators in the EU and elsewhere are increasingly focused on consent and the collection of data using tracking technologies, including recent guidance from the United Kingdom ("UK") Information Commissioner's Office and other data protection agencies and the proposed EU "ePrivacy" Regulation. Adding further uncertainty is the UK's departure from the EU, commonly referred to as Brexit. Among other things, it is unclear how data transfers to and from the UK will be regulated. As another example, Brazil enacted the General Data Protection Law, and the State of California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"). The CCPA, which went into effect in January 2020, expanded the scope of what is considered "personal information" and created new data access and opt-out rights for consumers, which are impacting Comscore and other companies that operate in California, including many of our customers and partners. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change.
We have implemented policies and procedures to comply with GDPR, CCPA, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act ("COPPA") and other laws, and we continue to evaluate and implement processes and enhancements and monitor changes in laws and regulations. However, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the rapidly evolving industries in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country, state to state, and customer to customer, and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. Additionally, the costs of compliance with, and the other burdens imposed by, these and other laws, regulatory actions and customer or partner policies may prevent us from selling our products and have and may continue to increase the costs associated with selling our products, and may affect our ability to invest in or jointly develop products in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, failure to comply with these and other laws and regulations may result in, among other things, administrative enforcement actions and substantial fines, class action lawsuits, significant legal fees, and civil and criminal liability. Any regulatory or civil action that is brought against us, even if unsuccessful, may distract our management's attention, divert our resources, negatively affect our public image or reputation among our panelists, customers, partners and vendors, and harm our business.
An assertion from a third party that we are infringing its intellectual property rights, whether such assertion is valid or not, could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses.
The media measurement, software and technology industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights, domestically or internationally. As we grow, evolve our products and methodologies, and face increasing competition, the probability that one or more third parties will make intellectual property rights claims against us increases. In such cases, our products, technologies or methodologies may be found to infringe on the intellectual property rights of others. Additionally, many of our agreements may require us to indemnify our customers for third-party intellectual property infringement claims, which would increase our costs if we have to defend such claims and may require that we pay damages and provide alternative services if there were an adverse ruling in any such claims. Intellectual property claims could harm our relationships with our customers, deter future customers from buying our products or expose us to litigation, which could be expensive and divert considerable attention of our management team from the normal operation of our business. Even if we are not a party to any litigation between a customer and a third party, an adverse outcome in any such litigation could make it more difficult for us to defend against intellectual property claims by the third party in any subsequent litigation in which we are a named party. Any of these results could adversely affect our brand, business and results of operations.
With respect to any intellectual property rights claim against us or our customers, we may have to pay damages or stop using technology or methodologies found to be in violation of a third party's rights. We may have to seek a license for the technology, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, may significantly increase our operating expenses or may significantly restrict our business activities in one or more respects. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology or methodologies, which could require significant effort and expense. Any of these outcomes could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Even if we prove successful in defending ourselves against such claims, we may incur substantial expenses and the defense of such claims may divert considerable attention of our management team from the normal operation of our business.
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The success of our business depends in large part on our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights.
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, service mark, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights, all of which provide only limited protection. We endeavor to enter into agreements with our employees and contractors and with parties with whom we do business in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology or the reverse engineering of our technology. We cannot make assurances that any additional patents will be issued with respect to any of our pending or future patent applications, nor can we assure that any patent issued to us will provide adequate protection, or that any patents issued to us will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or held to be unenforceable in actions against alleged infringers. Also, we cannot make assurances that any future trademark or service mark registrations will be issued with respect to pending or future applications or that any of our registered trademarks and service marks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights.
We may be named in litigation or regulatory proceedings, which could require significant management time and attention and result in significant legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition.
Refer to Footnote 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of certain legal proceedings in which we are involved. These and any future legal proceedings could involve substantial defense and other costs and, if decided adversely to us, could result in significant monetary damages, penalties and reputational harm. Although we maintain insurance coverage in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are appropriate for our operations, our insurance may not cover all claims that have been or may be brought against us, and insurance coverage may not continue to be available to us at a reasonable cost in the future. As a result, we could be exposed to substantial uninsured liabilities, including pursuant to our indemnification obligations to directors and officers, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to taxation in multiple jurisdictions. Any adverse development in the tax laws of any of these jurisdictions or any disagreement with our tax positions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We are subject to taxation in, and to the tax laws and regulations of, multiple jurisdictions as a result of the international scope of our operations and our corporate entity structure. We are also subject to transfer pricing laws with respect to our intercompany transactions, including those relating to the flow of funds among our companies. Adverse developments in these laws or regulations, or any change in position regarding the application, administration or interpretation thereof, in any applicable jurisdiction, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, the tax authorities in any applicable jurisdiction, including the U.S., may disagree with the positions we have taken or intend to take regarding the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions. If any applicable tax authorities, including U.S. tax authorities, were to successfully challenge the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions, it could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value added or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future sales.
In certain cases, we have concluded that we do not need to collect sales and use, value added and similar taxes in jurisdictions in which we have sales. Certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes may assert that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest or future requirements may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to International Operations
Our business could become increasingly susceptible to risks associated with international operations.
Conducting international operations subjects us to risks that we generally do not face in the U.S. These risks include:
•recruitment and maintenance of a sufficiently large and representative panel both globally and in certain countries;
•difficulties and expenses associated with tailoring our products to local and international markets as may be required by local customers and joint industry committees or similar industry organizations;
•difficulties in expanding the adoption of our server- or census-based web beacon data collection in certain countries or obtaining access to other necessary data sources;
•the complexities and expense of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations, including the GDPR, LGPD, other privacy and data protection laws and regulations, and foreign anti-corruption laws, as well as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;
•difficulties in staffing and managing international operations, including complex and costly hiring, disciplinary, and termination requirements;
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•the complexities of foreign value-added taxes and the repatriation of earnings, particularly following the enactment of the TCJA;
•reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;
•political, social and economic instability abroad, terrorist attacks and security concerns;
•fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and
•increased accounting and reporting burdens and complexities.
Additionally, operating in international markets requires significant additional management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that the investments and additional resources required to establish and maintain operations in other countries will hold their value or produce desired levels of revenues or profitability. We cannot be certain that we will be able to comply with laws, rules, regulations or local guidelines to maintain and increase the size of the user panels that we currently have in various countries, that we will be able to recruit a representative sample for our audience measurement products or that we will be able to enter into arrangements with a sufficient number of website and mobile app content providers and/or television operators to allow us to collect information for inclusion in our products. In addition, there can be no assurance that internet usage and e-commerce will continue to grow in international markets. In addition, governmental authorities in various countries have different views regarding regulatory oversight of the internet, data protection and consumer privacy. The impact of these risks could negatively affect our international business and, consequently, our financial condition and results of operations.
Export controls and economic and trade sanctions laws could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.
Our business activities include the collection of data from panelists around the world, and such activities may be subject to various restrictions under U.S. export controls and economic and trade sanctions laws. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties and reputational harm.
Although we take precautions to prevent the collection of data from panelists in embargoed countries that may be subject to export controls and economic and trade sanctions under these laws and regulations, we have collected such data in the past, and there is a risk that we could collect such data in the future despite our precautions. We have implemented a number of additional screening and other measures designed to prevent such transactions with embargoed countries and other U.S. sanctions targets. Changes in the list of embargoed countries and regions or prohibited persons may require us to modify these procedures in order to comply with governmental regulations. Our failure to screen potential panelists properly could result in negative consequences to us, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Changes in foreign currencies could have a significant effect on our operating results.
We operate in several countries in Latin America, Europe and Asia. A portion of our revenues and expenses from business operations in foreign countries are derived from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our operations in those countries. As such, we have exposure to adverse changes in exchange rates associated with revenues and operating expenses of our foreign operations, but we do not currently enter into any hedging instruments that hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk. If we grow our international operations, or acquire companies with established business in international regions, our exposure to foreign currency risk could become more significant.
The UK's withdrawal from the EU, commonly known as Brexit, and the risk that other countries may follow suit could adversely affect our business.
The UK formally left the EU on January 31, 2020. Although certain separation issues have been resolved, there is still uncertainty with respect to certain terms of the future relationship between the EU and the UK. Given the status of Brexit at this time, we are unable to predict the impact that it may have on our business. Among other things, we could experience lower growth in the region, increased foreign currency risk, greater restrictions on business with UK customers and data providers, and increased regulatory complexity. Brexit has also created uncertainty with regard to the regulation of data protection in the UK and data transfers to and from the UK. A change in such regulations, or other regulations, could increase our costs of doing business, or in some cases our ability to do business, and adversely impact our operations and financial results. There is also a risk that other countries may decide to leave the EU. We cannot predict the impact that any additional countries leaving the EU may have on our business, but any such impact could adversely affect us.
Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Financings
Covenants in the agreements governing our current and future indebtedness and Convertible Preferred Stock could restrict our operating flexibility.
The agreements governing our existing debt, debt we may incur in the future, and the Convertible Preferred Stock we expect to issue in the Transactions, contain, or may contain, affirmative and negative covenants and consent rights that may materially limit our
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ability to take certain actions, including our ability to incur debt, issue equity, pay dividends and repurchase stock, make certain investments and other payments, enter into certain transactions, and encumber and dispose of assets.
We may require additional capital to support our business, and this capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new products or enhance our existing products, enhance our operating infrastructure and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. In addition, holders of our Convertible Preferred Stock will have certain dividend rights following the Transactions, including the right to request a special cash dividend after January 1, 2022. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Common Stock. Any financing secured by us in the future could include restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.
As a result of our settlement with the SEC relating to financial accounting and disclosure practices between February 2014 and February 2016, we are currently subject to a "bad actor" disqualification and are unable to rely on certain exemptions from registration under the federal securities laws, including Regulation D. In addition, we are an "ineligible issuer" as the term is defined under Rule 405 promulgated under the Securities Act. This could make it more difficult for us to raise necessary financing in the future.
Capital and credit market conditions, adverse events affecting our business or industry, the tightening of lending standards, rising interest rates, negative actions by regulatory authorities or rating agencies, or other factors also could negatively impact our ability to obtain future financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to support our business growth, meet our dividend payment obligations, and respond to business challenges could be significantly limited. In addition, the terms of any additional equity or debt issuances may adversely affect the value and price of our Common Stock, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of, or payment of interest on, our Notes and the exercise of warrants to purchase our Common Stock could substantially dilute your investment.
Our Notes are convertible into, and our Series A Warrants are exercisable for, shares of our Common Stock and give the holders thereof an opportunity to profit from a rise in the market price of our Common Stock such that conversion or exercise thereof will result in dilution of the equity interests of our stockholders. Further, the issuance of shares of our Common Stock ("PIK Interest Shares"), at our election, in lieu of cash, in payment of interest on the Notes, has and will result in dilution of the equity interests of our other stockholders. In connection with the Transactions, we expect to issue 3,150,000 conversion shares to the holders of our Notes, and we intend to pay accrued interest on the Notes through the closing date in PIK Interest Shares. The number of PIK Interest Shares payable will depend on the trading price of our Common Stock during the 10 consecutive trading days ending immediately before the interest payment date. Moreover, we have no control over whether the holders of our Series A Warrants will exercise their right, in whole or in part, to exercise their warrants. For these reasons, we are unable to forecast or predict with certainty the total number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued under the Notes and warrants.
The terms of our Notes, our warrants and our registration rights agreement with certain investors could impede our ability to enter into corporate transactions or obtain additional financing and could result in our paying premiums or penalties to the holders of the Notes and warrants.
The terms of our Notes and our warrants require us, upon the consummation of any "Fundamental Transaction" (as defined in the Notes and the warrants), to cause any successor entity resulting from such Fundamental Transaction to assume all of our obligations under the Notes and warrants and the associated transaction documents.
The Notes and the warrants require us to deliver the number of shares of our Common Stock issuable upon conversion or exercise within a specified time period. If we are unable to deliver the shares of Common Stock within the timeframe required, we may be obligated to reimburse the holders for the cost of purchasing the shares of our Common Stock in the open market or pay them the profit they would have realized upon the conversion or exercise and sale of such shares.
Our registration rights agreement with Starboard provides that in the event that the registration statement required to be filed under the Starboard registration rights agreement ceases to be effective and available to the selling stockholders party thereto under certain circumstances, we must pay to the selling stockholders on the 121st day after the occurrence of each such event and on every 30th day thereafter until the applicable event is cured, an amount equal to 1.0% of the Conversion Amount (as defined in the Notes), subject to a maximum of 3.0% of the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Notes for any 30-day period. Our registration rights agreement with CVI Investments, Inc. ("CVI") provides that in the event that the registration statement required to be filed under the CVI registration rights agreement ceases to be effective and available to the selling stockholders party thereto under certain circumstances, we must pay to the selling stockholder on the date of the occurrence of each such event and on every 30th day thereafter until the applicable event is cured, an amount equal to 2.0% of the Purchase Price (as defined in the CVI purchase agreement), subject to a maximum of 8.0% of the Purchase Price.
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The payments we may be obligated to make to the holders of the Notes and our warrants described above may adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
We may be obligated to redeem our Notes at a premium upon the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the Notes) or a Change of Control (as defined in the Notes).
If we fail to comply with the various covenants in our Notes, including the financial covenants, we could be in default. Upon an Event of Default under the Notes, we could be required to redeem the Notes at a premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of specific kinds of Change of Control events, we will be required to offer to redeem the Notes at a premium as set out in the Notes. We currently expect to repay and extinguish the Notes in connection with the Transactions, which do not constitute a Change of Control under the Notes. If the Transactions do not close or the Notes are not repaid, however, the source of funds for any redemption would be our available cash or, possibly, other financing. We may not be able to redeem the Notes pursuant to the terms thereof because we may not have the financial resources to do so, and no assurances can be provided as to our ability to obtain other requisite financing in amounts, or at times, as may be needed. In the event the holders of the Notes exercised their rights thereunder and we were unable to redeem the Notes, it could have important consequences including, potentially, forcing us into bankruptcy or liquidation.
General Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The Company's outstanding securities, the stock or securities that we may become obligated to issue under existing or future agreements, and certain provisions of those securities, may cause immediate and substantial dilution to our existing stockholders.
Our existing stockholders have and may continue to experience substantial dilution as a result of our obligations to issue shares of Common Stock. See "Risks Related to the Convertible Preferred Stock Investment Transactions" above for a discussion of potential dilution resulting from the Transactions. In addition, as noted above, we expect to issue shares of Common Stock to the holders of our Notes upon exercise of their conversion rights and in payment of accrued interest on the Notes in connection with the closing of the Transactions. Furthermore, we have reserved 5,457,026 shares of Common Stock for issuance pursuant to our Series A Warrants.
As of December 31, 2020, 997,192 shares of Common Stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to outstanding stock options under our equity incentive plans, 1,825,237 shares of Common Stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to outstanding restricted stock unit awards under our equity incentive plans, and 10,746,533 shares of Common Stock were available for future equity awards under our 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan.
The issuance of shares of Common Stock (i) pursuant to the Transactions, including upon the conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock, (ii) upon the conversion of the Notes, (iii) as payment-in-kind of interest on the Notes through the issuance of PIK Interest Shares, (iv) upon the exercise of warrants, (v) pursuant to outstanding and future equity awards, or (vi) upon the conversion of other existing or future convertible securities, may result in substantial dilution to each of our stockholders by reducing that stockholder's percentage ownership of our outstanding Common Stock.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and under Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the trading price of our Common Stock.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could depress the trading price of our Common Stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management that the stockholders of our company may deem advantageous. These provisions:
•provide for a classified board of directors so that not all members of our Board are elected at one time;
•authorize "blank check" preferred stock that our Board could issue to increase the number of outstanding shares to discourage a takeover attempt;
•prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which means that all stockholder actions must be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
•prohibit stockholders from calling a special meeting of our stockholders;
•provide that the Board is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws; and
•provide for advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our Board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any "interested" stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an "interested" stockholder and which may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters are located in Reston, Virginia, where we occupy approximately 84,000 square feet of office space. We also lease space in various locations throughout North America, South America, Europe, and Asia Pacific for sales and other personnel. If we require additional space, we believe that we would be able to obtain such space on commercially reasonable terms.
Our other material locations, all of which are leased under operating leases, include the following:
•Portland, Oregon
•New York, New York
•Chicago, Illinois
•Amsterdam, Netherlands
•Pune, India
•Santiago, Chile
As of December 31, 2020, we leased facilities in 29 locations worldwide, including approximately 56,000 square feet of subleased space in seven properties. Currently, however, most of our employees are operating under remote working arrangements.
For additional information regarding our obligations under operating and finance leases, refer to Footnote 8, Leases of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of material legal proceedings in which we are involved, please refer to Footnote 11, Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
MARKET INFORMATION
Our Common Stock trades on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "SCOR".
HOLDERS
As of March 8, 2021, there were 97 stockholders of record of our Common Stock, although we believe that there are a significantly larger number of beneficial owners of our Common Stock. We derived the number of stockholders by reviewing the listing of outstanding Common Stock recorded by our transfer agent as of March 8, 2021. 
STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Common Stock between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2020 to the cumulative total returns of the Nasdaq Composite Index, the S&P MidCap 400 Index and the Nasdaq Computer Index over the same period. This graph assumes the investment of $100 at the closing price of the markets on December 31, 2015 in our Common Stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index, the S&P MidCap 400 Index and the Nasdaq Computer Index, and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any. The comparisons shown in the following graph are based upon historical data. We caution that the stock price performance shown in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of, nor is it intended to forecast, the potential future performance of our Common Stock.
COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
among comScore, Inc., The Nasdaq Composite Index, The S&P MidCap 400 Index
and The Nasdaq Computer Index
SCOR-20201231_G1.JPG
_________________
* $100 invested upon market close of The Nasdaq Global Select Market on December 31, 2015, including reinvestment of dividends.
The preceding Stock Performance Graph is not deemed filed with the SEC and shall not be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as amended whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such securities filing, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference.
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SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
The information relating to our equity compensation plans required by Item 5 is incorporated by reference to such information as set forth in Part III, Item 12, "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters."
UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The information required by Item 701 of Regulation S-K was previously included in the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 1, 2020.
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
None.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss data and Consolidated Balance Sheets data displayed below is derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the five-year period ended December 31, 2020.
The selected financial data set forth below is not necessarily indicative of results of future operations, and should be read in conjunction with Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included in this 10-K under the caption Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
  Year ended December 31,
(In thousands, except share and per share data) 2020 2019 2018 2017
2016 (1)
Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Data:
Revenues (2)
$ 356,036  $ 388,645  $ 419,482  $ 403,549  $ 399,460 
Total expenses from operations 377,311  699,112  558,418  699,052  531,302 
Loss from operations (21,275) (310,467) (138,936) (295,503) (131,842)
Non-operating (expenses) income, net (25,741) (29,536) (16,626) 11,393  10,662 
Income tax (provision) benefit (902) 1,007  (3,706) 2,717  4,007 
Net loss $ (47,918) $ (338,996) $ (159,268) $ (281,393) $ (117,173)
Net loss per common share:
Basic and diluted $ (0.67) $ (5.33) $ (2.76) $ (4.90) $ (2.10)
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations - Common Stock:
Basic and diluted 71,181,496  63,590,882  57,700,603  57,485,755  55,728,090 
(1) Due to the Rentrak merger in January 2016, 2016 results include 11 months of Rentrak activity as compared to full-year results in the subsequent years.
(2) As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our 2018 10-K, revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 is not comparable to revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 due to our adoption of Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606" or "Topic 606").
  As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018 2017
2016
Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities $ 50,741  $ 66,773  $ 50,198  $ 45,125  $ 116,753 
Total current assets 137,030  153,983  145,779  179,554  232,433 
Total assets 677,970  723,695  954,143  1,022,439  1,120,792 
Capital lease obligations and software license arrangements, current and non-current (1) (2)
567  950  5,417  13,162  28,578 
Finance lease liabilities, current and non-current (2)
3,133  4,250  —  —  — 
Operating lease liabilities, current and non-current (2)
43,151  49,261  —  —  — 
Senior secured convertible notes (3)
192,895  184,075  177,342  —  — 
Financing derivatives (3)
11,300  21,587  26,100  —  — 
Secured term note, current and non-current (4)
12,644  12,463  —  —  — 
Warrants liability (5)
2,831  7,725  —  —  — 
Total liabilities 448,980  464,721  402,576  365,947  215,939 
Stockholders' equity 228,990  258,974  551,567  656,492  904,853 
(1) Amounts for December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016 include software license obligations in the amount of $0.6 million, $0.6 million, $1.8 million, $4.8 million, and $7.7 million, respectively.
(2) As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification 842, Leases ("ASC 842") as of January 1, 2019.
(3) We entered into financing arrangements and issued senior secured convertible notes in 2018. Refer to Footnote 4, Debt, for additional details.
(4) We issued a secured term note in December 2019. Refer to Footnote 4, Debt, for additional details.
(5) We issued four series of liability-classified warrants in June 2019. Refer to Footnote 5, Stockholders' Equity, for additional details.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events in future periods may differ materially from those anticipated or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under Item 1A, "Risk Factors," and elsewhere in this 10-K. See also "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this 10-K.
Overview
We are a global information and analytics company that measures advertising, content, and the consumer audiences of each, across media platforms. We create our products using a global data platform that combines information on digital platforms (connected (Smart) televisions, mobile devices, tablets and computers), TV, OTT devices, direct to consumer applications and movie screens with demographics and other descriptive information. We have developed proprietary data science that enables measurement of person-level and household-level audiences, removing duplicated viewing across devices and over time. This combination of data and methods enables a common standard for buyers and sellers to transact on advertising. This helps companies across the media ecosystem better understand and monetize their audiences and develop marketing plans and products to more efficiently and effectively reach those audiences. Our ability to unify behavioral and other descriptive data enables us to provide audience ratings, advertising verification, and granular consumer segments that describe hundreds of millions of consumers. Our customers include digital publishers, television networks, movie studios, content owners, brand advertisers, agencies and technology providers.
The platforms we measure include televisions, mobile devices, computers, tablets, OTT devices and movie theaters. The information we analyze crosses geographies, types of content and activities, including websites, mobile and OTT apps, video games, television and movie programming, e-commerce, and advertising.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss data as a percentage of revenues for each of the periods indicated.
  Years Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2018
(In thousands) Dollars % of Revenue Dollars % of Revenue Dollars % of Revenue
Revenues $ 356,036  100.0  % $ 388,645  100.0  % $ 419,482  100.0  %
Cost of revenues 180,712  50.8  % 199,622  51.4  % 200,220  47.7  %
Selling and marketing 70,220  19.7  % 89,145  22.9  % 108,395  25.8  %
Research and development 38,706  10.9  % 61,802  15.9  % 76,979  18.4  %
General and administrative 55,783  15.7  % 66,419  17.1  % 84,535  20.2  %
Amortization of intangible assets 27,219  7.6  % 30,076  7.7  % 32,864  7.8  %
Impairment of right-of-use and long-lived assets 4,671  1.3  % —  —  % —  —  %
Impairment of goodwill —  —  % 224,272  57.7  % —  —  %
Impairment of intangible asset —  —  % 17,308  4.5  % —  —  %
Investigation and audit related —  —  % 4,305  1.1  % 38,338  9.1  %
Restructuring —  —  % 3,263  0.8  % 11,837  2.8  %
Settlement of litigation, net —  —  % 2,900  0.7  % 5,250  1.3  %
Total expenses from operations 377,311  106.0  % 699,112  179.9  % 558,418  133.1  %
Loss from operations (21,275) (6.0) % (310,467) (79.9) % (138,936) (33.1) %
Interest expense, net (35,805) (10.1) % (31,526) (8.1) % (16,465) (3.9) %
Other income (expense), net 14,554  4.1  % 1,654  0.4  % (1,464) (0.3) %
(Loss) gain from foreign currency transactions (4,490) (1.3) % 336  0.1  % 1,303  0.3  %
Loss before income taxes (47,016) (13.2) % (340,003) (87.5) % (155,562) (37.1) %
Income tax (provision) benefit (902) (0.3) % 1,007  0.3  % (3,706) (0.9) %
Net loss $ (47,918) (13.5) % $ (338,996) (87.2) % $ (159,268) (38.0) %

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Revenues
Our products and services are organized around solution groups that address customer needs. We evaluate revenues around three solution groups:
•Ratings and Planning provides measurement of the behavior and characteristics of audiences of content and advertising, across television and digital platforms including connected (Smart) televisions, computers, tablets, mobile devices, and other connected devices. These products and services are designed to help customers find the most relevant viewing audience, whether that viewing is linear, non-linear, online or on-demand.
•Analytics and Optimization includes custom solutions, activation, lift and survey-based products that provide end-to-end solutions for planning, optimization and evaluation of advertising campaigns and brand protection.
•Movies Reporting and Analytics measures movie viewership and box office results by capturing movie ticket sales in real time or near real time and includes box office analytics, trend analysis and insights for movie studios and movie theater operators worldwide.
We categorize our revenue along these solution groups; however, our cost structure is tracked at the corporate level and not by our solution groups. These costs include, but are not limited to employee costs, purchased data, operational overhead, data storage and technology that supports multiple solution groups.
Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
  Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 % of Revenue 2019 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Ratings and Planning (1)
$ 253,652  71.2  % $ 271,623  69.9  % $ (17,971) (6.6) %
Analytics and Optimization (1)
69,080  19.4  % 74,725  19.2  % (5,645) (7.6) %
Movies Reporting and Analytics 33,304  9.4  % 42,297  10.9  % (8,993) (21.3) %
Total revenues $ 356,036  100.0  % $ 388,645  100.0  % $ (32,609) (8.4) %
(1) In the second quarter of 2020, we began classifying revenue from certain new and extended custom agreements for services that utilize its syndicated data set, previously classified under Analytics and Optimization, as Ratings and Planning. The impact was not material to either solution group.
Total revenues decreased by $32.6 million, or 8.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.
Ratings and Planning revenue is comprised of revenue from our digital, television and cross-platform products. Ratings and Planning decreased by $18.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was largely driven by lower revenue from our syndicated digital products due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, revenue from our smaller and international syndicated digital customers continued to be impacted by ongoing industry changes in ad buying and consolidations. While retention of syndicated digital enterprise customers remained high, revenue from our syndicated digital products represented 48% and 51% of our Ratings and Planning revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Cross-platform revenue decreased due to fewer deliveries of data in 2020 versus 2019. TV revenue was higher due to our partnership with LiveRamp, additional deliveries of local and addressable TV solutions, and increased deliveries on contracts with political customers. TV revenue increased to 40% of Ratings and Planning revenue in 2020 as compared to 36% in 2019.
Analytics and Optimization revenue decreased by $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to fewer deliveries of custom solutions, lift and survey deliverables, and branded content, due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic. These decreases were partially offset by higher activation usage during the year.
Movies Reporting and Analytics revenue decreased by $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. Revenue continues to be impacted by ongoing theater closures, delayed releases and shifts in consumer behavior as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We expect these factors to continue affecting movies revenue for the foreseeable future.
Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
  Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2019 % of Revenue 2018 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Ratings and Planning $ 271,623  69.9  % $ 285,355  68.0  % $ (13,732) (4.8) %
Analytics and Optimization 74,725  19.2  % 92,380  22.0  % (17,655) (19.1) %
Movies Reporting and Analytics 42,297  10.9  % 41,747  10.0  % 550  1.3  %
Total revenues $ 388,645  100.0  % $ 419,482  100.0  % $ (30,837) (7.4) %
Total revenues decreased by $30.8 million, or 7.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was driven by the Ratings and Planning and Analytics and Optimization solution groups.
Ratings and Planning revenue decreased by $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily driven by syndicated digital products, which declined 12% from 2019 to 2018. While
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retention of syndicated digital enterprise customers remained high in 2019, revenue from our smaller and international syndicated digital customers declined and continued to be impacted by ongoing industry changes in ad buying and consolidation. Syndicated digital revenue represented 51% and 55% of our Ratings and Planning revenue for 2019 and 2018, respectively. Revenue from vCE declined due to lower volumes of measured impressions as we transitioned to premium video content through our CCR product offering. Offsetting those decreases were increased revenue from our cross-platform and TV offerings. Cross-platform revenue increased from higher deliveries of data in 2019 versus 2018. TV revenue increased to 36% of Ratings and Planning revenue in 2019 as compared to 34% in 2018. TV revenue grew as a result of higher local TV revenue due to new customers and expansion of existing relationships, offset in part by lower national TV revenue, due in part to political revenue recognized in 2018 that did not recur in 2019.
Analytics and Optimization revenue decreased by $17.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily driven by lower sales and deliveries of digital custom solutions, survey and lift products in 2019. The decrease was offset by increased revenue from Activation products, which continued to experience year-over-year growth.
Movies Reporting and Analytics revenue increased by $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018 due to growth in new product revenue.
Revenues by Geographic Location
Revenue from outside of the United States was $45.3 million, $52.6 million and $60.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Revenue declines were due in part to our exit from certain countries as part of our restructuring activities, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Please refer to Footnote 14, Organizational Restructuring, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
We generate the majority of our revenues from the sale and delivery of our products within the United States. For information with respect to sales by geographic markets, refer to Footnote 3, Revenue Recognition, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Our chief operating decision maker (our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO")) does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography.
We anticipate that revenues from our U.S. sales will continue to constitute a substantial and increasing portion of our revenues in future periods. We expect our international revenues to continue to decline as a percentage of our total revenues as a result of relative growth in our domestic product offerings.
WPP Related Party Revenue
We provide WPP and its affiliates, in the normal course of business, services relating to our different product lines and receive various services from WPP and its affiliates in supporting our data collection efforts. For the years ended 2020, 2019, and 2018, related party revenues with WPP and its affiliates were $13.3 million, $15.9 million and $11.6 million, respectively.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues consists primarily of expenses related to producing our products, operating our network infrastructure, the recruitment, maintenance and support of our consumer panels and amortization of capitalized fulfillment costs. Expenses associated with these areas include employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related personnel costs of network operations, survey operations, custom analytics and technical support, all of which are expensed as they are incurred. Cost of revenues also includes costs to obtain MVPD data sets and panel, census based and other data sets used in our products as well as operational costs associated with our data centers, including depreciation expense associated with computer equipment and internally developed software that supports our panels and systems. Additionally, cost of revenues includes allocated overhead, lease expense and other facilities-related costs.
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Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 % of Revenue 2019
% of Revenue
$ Variance % Variance
Data costs $ 63,598  17.9  % $ 60,165  15.5  % $ 3,433  5.7  %
Employee costs 38,920  10.9  % 50,996  13.1  % (12,076) (23.7) %
Systems and bandwidth costs 24,349  6.8  % 25,023  6.4  % (674) (2.7) %
Panel costs 19,075  5.4  % 20,901  5.4  % (1,826) (8.7) %
Lease expense and depreciation 16,970  4.8  % 15,052  3.9  % 1,918  12.7  %
Technology 5,710  1.6  % 5,887  1.5  % (177) (3.0) %
Sample and survey costs 5,133  1.4  % 7,225  1.9  % (2,092) (29.0) %
Professional fees 4,272  1.2  % 6,985  1.8  % (2,713) (38.8) %
Royalties and resellers (33) —  % 4,027  1.0  % (4,060) (100.8) %
Other 2,718  0.8  % 3,361  0.9  % (643) (19.1) %
Total cost of revenues $ 180,712  50.8  % $ 199,622  51.4  % $ (18,910) (9.5) %
Cost of revenues decreased by $18.9 million, or 9.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. Employee costs decreased $12.1 million primarily due to lower headcount. Royalties and resellers costs decreased $4.1 million primarily due to a $2.0 million one-time, non-cash benefit related to certain revenue share arrangements recorded in the fourth quarter of 2020 and lower costs due to less revenue associated with revenue sharing arrangements. Professional fees decreased $2.7 million primarily due to a decrease in consulting services. Sample and survey costs decreased $2.1 million primarily due to lower sales and deliveries of digital marketing solutions. Panel costs decreased $1.8 million driven by lower recruitment and support costs for our mobile panels. Offsetting these decreases was an increase in data costs of $3.4 million primarily due to increases in data licensing agreements as we continued to invest in product solution offerings through the acquisition of additional TV data. We expect this increase in data costs to continue in 2021. Lease expense and depreciation increased $1.9 million primarily due to increased depreciation related to internally developed software.
Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2019 % of Revenue 2018
% of Revenue
$ Variance % Variance
Employee costs $ 50,996  13.1  % $ 57,490  13.7  % $ (6,494) (11.3) %
Data costs 60,165  15.5  % 53,248  12.7  % 6,917  13.0  %
Systems and bandwidth costs 25,023  6.4  % 27,033  6.4  % (2,010) (7.4) %
Panel costs 20,901  5.4  % 22,670  5.4  % (1,769) (7.8) %
Lease expense and depreciation(1)
15,052  3.9  % 12,753  3.0  % 2,299  18.0  %
Technology 5,887  1.5  % 6,492  1.5  % (605) (9.3) %
Sample and survey costs 7,225  1.9  % 6,295  1.5  % 930  14.8  %
Professional fees 6,985  1.8  % 5,470  1.3  % 1,515  27.7  %
Royalties and resellers 4,027  1.0  % 3,389  0.8  % 638  18.8  %
Other 3,361  0.9  % 5,380  1.3  % (2,019) (37.5) %
Total cost of revenues $ 199,622  51.4  % $ 200,220  47.7  % $ (598) (0.3) %
(1)As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our 2019 10-K, we adopted ASC 842, Leases as of January 1, 2019. Lease expense and depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2019 is not comparable to the year ended December 31, 2018 due to our adoption of ASC 842.
Cost of revenues decreased by $0.6 million, or 0.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. Employee costs decreased $6.5 million due to reduced headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 14, Organizational Restructuring. Systems and bandwidth costs decreased $2.0 million due to our technology transformation to reduce complexity, increase capacity, and transition to a cloud-based environment from data centers. Panel costs decreased $1.8 million due to lower costs associated with incentive plans used in certain countries and the use of more cost-effective recruitment solutions. Other costs decreased $2.0 million due to reduction in travel costs from lower headcount and certain license expenses that are now included in data costs. Offsetting these decreases was an increase in data costs of $6.9 million due to increased costs associated with our long-term data contracts with MVPDs. We continued to invest in product solution offerings through the acquisition of additional TV data. Lease expense and depreciation increased $2.3 million primarily due to increased depreciation related to internally developed software. Professional fees increased $1.5 million due to an increase in data governance and technology consulting services to improve operational processes.
Selling and Marketing
Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee costs, including salaries, benefits, commissions, stock-based compensation and other related costs for personnel associated with sales and marketing activities, as well as costs related to online and
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offline advertising, industry conferences, promotional materials, public relations, other sales and marketing programs and allocated overhead, which is comprised of lease expense and other facilities-related costs, and depreciation expense generated by general purpose equipment and software.
Selling and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 % of Revenue 2019 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Employee costs $ 57,629  16.2  % $ 71,979  18.5  % $ (14,350) (19.9) %
Lease expense and depreciation 4,980  1.4  % 5,690  1.5  % (710) (12.5) %
Professional fees 2,651  0.7  % 2,521  0.6  % 130  5.2  %
Technology 2,579  0.7  % 2,726  0.7  % (147) (5.4) %
Travel 720  0.2  % 3,260  0.8  % (2,540) (77.9) %
Other 1,661  0.5  % 2,969  0.8  % (1,308) (44.1) %
Total selling and marketing expenses $ 70,220  19.7  % $ 89,145  22.9  % $ (18,925) (21.2) %
Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $18.9 million, or 21.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. Employee costs decreased $14.4 million primarily as a result of lower headcount and a decrease in sales commissions. Travel costs decreased $2.5 million, and other costs decreased $1.3 million, primarily due to a reduction in travel and lower marketing and event costs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Selling and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2019 % of Revenue 2018 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Employee costs $ 71,979  18.5  % $ 87,591  20.9  % $ (15,612) (17.8) %
Lease expense and depreciation(1)
5,690  1.5  % 7,670  1.8  % (1,980) (25.8) %
Travel 3,260  0.8  % 4,780  1.1  % (1,520) (31.8) %
Technology 2,726  0.7  % 1,042  0.2  % 1,684  161.6  %
Professional fees 2,521  0.6  % 3,311  0.8  % (790) (23.9) %
Other 2,969  0.8  % 4,001  1.0  % (1,032) (25.8) %
Total selling and marketing expenses $ 89,145  22.9  % $ 108,395  25.8  % $ (19,250) (17.8) %
(1)As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our 2019 10-K, we adopted ASC 842, Leases as of January 1, 2019. Lease expense and depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2019 is not comparable to the year ended December 31, 2018 due to our adoption of ASC 842.
Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $19.3 million, or 17.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. Employee costs decreased $15.6 million due to reduced headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 14, Organizational Restructuring. Lease expense and depreciation decreased $2.0 million as a result of various lease terminations and decreased depreciation expense as various assets reached the end of their depreciable lives. Travel costs decreased $1.5 million from lower headcount while professional fees decreased $0.8 million from reduced use of consultants. Offsetting these decreases in costs was an increase of $1.7 million in technology costs due certain license expenses that were previously included in research and development expense.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses include product development costs, consisting primarily of employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related costs for personnel associated with research and development activities, third-party expenses to develop new products and third-party data costs and allocated overhead, which is comprised of lease expense and other facilities-related costs, and depreciation expense related to general purpose equipment and software.
Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 % of Revenue 2019 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Employee costs $ 28,512  8.0  % $ 47,626  12.3  % $ (19,114) (40.1) %
Technology 4,322  1.2  % 4,164  1.1  % 158  3.8  %
Lease expense and depreciation 3,999  1.1  % 5,958  1.5  % (1,959) (32.9) %
Professional fees 1,258  0.4  % 2,860  0.7  % (1,602) (56.0) %
Other 615  0.2  % 1,194  0.3  % (579) (48.5) %
Total research and development expenses $ 38,706  10.9  % $ 61,802  15.9  % $ (23,096) (37.4) %
Research and development expenses decreased by $23.1 million, or 37.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. Employee costs decreased $19.1 million primarily due to lower headcount. Lease expense and
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depreciation decreased $2.0 million primarily as a result of various lease terminations and executed sublease agreements. Professional fees decreased $1.6 million primarily due to a decrease in consulting services.
Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2019 % of Revenue 2018 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Employee costs $ 47,626  12.3  % $ 60,490  14.4  % $ (12,864) (21.3) %
Lease expense and depreciation(1)
5,958  1.5  % 7,057  1.7  % (1,099) (15.6) %
Technology 4,164  1.1  % 5,057  1.2  % (893) (17.7) %
Professional fees 2,860  0.7  % 2,668  0.6  % 192  7.2  %
Other 1,194  0.3  % 1,707  0.4  % (513) (30.1) %
Total research and development expenses $ 61,802  15.9  % $ 76,979  18.4  % $ (15,177) (19.7) %
(1)As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our 2019 10-K, we adopted ASC 842, Leases as of January 1, 2019. Lease expense and depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2019 is not comparable to the year ended December 31, 2018 due to our adoption of ASC 842.
Research and development expenses decreased by $15.2 million, or 19.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. Employee costs decreased $12.9 million due to reduced headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 14, Organizational Restructuring. Lease expense and depreciation decreased $1.1 million as a result of various lease terminations and decreased depreciation expense as various assets reached the end of their depreciable lives. Technology costs decreased $0.9 million due to certain license expenses that are now included in selling and marketing expense.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related costs, and related expenses for executive management, finance, human capital, legal and other administrative functions, as well as professional fees, overhead, including allocated overhead, which is comprised of lease expense and other facilities-related costs, depreciation expense related to general purpose equipment and software, and expenses incurred for other general corporate purposes.
General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 % of Revenue 2019 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Employee costs $ 28,205  7.9  % $ 34,435  8.9  % $ (6,230) (18.1) %
Professional fees 12,922  3.6  % 18,385  4.7  % (5,463) (29.7) %
Lease expense and depreciation 2,114  0.6  % 2,491  0.6  % (377) (15.1) %
Bad debt expense 1,693  0.5  % 727  0.2  % 966  132.9  %
Transition services agreement —  —  % 667  0.2  % (667) (100.0) %
Other 10,849  3.0  % 9,714  2.5  % 1,135  11.7  %
Total general and administrative expenses $ 55,783  15.7  % $ 66,419  17.1  % $ (10,636) (16.0) %
General and administrative expenses decreased by $10.6 million, or 16.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. Employee costs decreased $6.2 million primarily due to $3.3 million in severance costs for certain executives who exited in 2019, as well as lower headcount and a decrease in stock-based compensation expense. Professional fees decreased $5.5 million primarily due to reduced audit and legal fees in 2020 as compared to 2019, and fees related to the issuance of Common Stock and warrants in 2019. These decreases were offset by an increase in bad debt expense of $1.0 million primarily due to increased reserves related to customers impacted by the current economic environment.
General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2019 % of Revenue 2018 % of Revenue $ Variance % Variance
Employee costs $ 34,435  8.9  % $ 38,094  9.1  % $ (3,659) (9.6) %
Professional fees 18,385  4.7  % 21,528  5.1  % (3,143) (14.6) %
Lease expense and depreciation(1)
2,491  0.6  % 3,711  0.9  % (1,220) (32.9) %
Transition services agreement 667  0.2  % 9,035  2.2  % (8,368) (92.6) %
Bad debt expense 727  0.2  % 966  0.2  % (239) (24.7) %
Other 9,714  2.5  % 11,201  2.7  % (1,487) (13.3) %
Total general and administrative expenses $ 66,419  17.1  % $ 84,535  20.2  % $ (18,116) (21.4) %
(1)As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our 2019 10-K, we adopted ASC 842, Leases as of January 1, 2019. Lease expense and depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2019 is not comparable to the year ended December 31, 2018 due to our adoption of ASC 842.
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General and administrative expenses decreased by $18.1 million, or 21.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease was largely attributable to a reduction in transition services agreement costs, employee costs, professional fees and lease depreciation expense. Transition services agreement costs decreased $8.4 million as a result of the termination of a three-year transition services agreement. Employee costs decreased primarily due to reduced headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 14, Organizational Restructuring, partially offset by a $3.3 million increase in severance expense related to the departure of certain executives in 2019. Professional fees decreased $3.1 million as a result of lower audit and compliance costs, offset by transaction costs associated with the sale of shares of Common Stock and warrants in June 2019. Lease expense and depreciation decreased $1.2 million as a result of decreased depreciation expense as various assets reached the end of their depreciable lives and decreased lease expense from various lease terminations and executed sublease agreements.
Amortization of Intangible Assets
Amortization expense consists of charges related to the amortization of intangible assets associated with acquisitions, primarily our Rentrak merger in which we acquired $170.3 million of finite-lived intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets decreased by $2.9 million, or 9.5%, for 2020 as compared to 2019 due to the impairment of an intangible asset as described below. Amortization of intangible assets decreased by $2.8 million, or 8.5%, for 2019 as compared to 2018 due to the impairment of an intangible asset as described below.
Impairment of Right-of-use and Long-lived Assets
In 2020, we recorded a $4.7 million impairment charge related to our facility lease right-of-use assets and associated leasehold improvements for certain properties on the market for sublease. The impairment charge was driven by changes in our projected undiscounted cash flows for certain properties, primarily as a result of changes in the real estate market related to the COVID-19 pandemic, that led to an increase in the estimated marketing time and a reduction of expected receipts.
Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Asset
In 2019, as a result of a sustained decline in our stock price and market capitalization, changes in management, and lower revenue, among other factors, we performed an interim impairment review of our goodwill and long-lived assets. Our reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result we recorded a $224.3 million impairment charge.
We also recorded an impairment charge related to our strategic alliance intangible asset during 2019. Changes in our projected revenue in certain non-U.S. geographic markets due to the changing international competitive landscape as well as significant reductions in international staffing, resulted in a change in our long-term view of the viability of the intangible asset. As such, our assessment yielded that the benefit of the strategic alliance would not be realized. The fair value of the strategic alliance intangible asset was estimated using an income approach, resulting in an impairment charge for the full carrying value of the long-lived asset of $17.3 million. While this was a non-cash charge, it reduced amortization expense by approximately $3.0 million on an annualized basis.
For further information refer to Footnote 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets and Item 7, Critical Accounting Policies.
Investigation and Audit Related
Investigation and audit related expenses were $4.3 million and $38.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. No similar costs were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2020. Investigation expenses include professional fees associated with legal and forensic accounting services rendered in connection with the previously disclosed internal Audit Committee investigation into matters related to the Company's revenue recognition practices, disclosures, internal controls, corporate culture and employment practices prior to 2017. Audit related expenses consist of professional fees associated with accounting related consulting services and external auditor fees associated with the audit of our Consolidated Financial Statements for the prior years. Litigation related expenses include legal fees associated with various lawsuits or investigations, including those initiated either directly or indirectly as a result of the Audit Committee's investigation. The decrease in investigation and audit related expenses in 2019 as compared to 2018 was due to the conclusion of the Audit Committee investigation and multi-year audit in 2018, as well as the resolution of related legal proceedings. We resolved the related SEC investigation in September 2019, and as such, incurred no investigation and audit related expenses during 2020.
Restructuring
We incurred restructuring expenses of $3.3 million and $11.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to significant reductions in headcount and reorganization of our business. No such expenses were incurred during 2020.
For further information refer to Footnote 14, Organizational Restructuring.
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Settlement of Litigation, Net
Settlement of litigation, net consists of gains and losses from the settlement of various litigation matters. The $2.9 million net settlement of litigation expense for 2019 relates to the conclusion of the SEC investigation. A civil monetary penalty of $5.0 million payable to the SEC was offset by a clawback of $2.1 million from our former CEO, Serge Matta. The $5.3 million net settlement of litigation expense for 2018 relates to the settlement and final resolution of a prior federal securities class action and shareholder derivative actions.
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net consists of interest income and interest expense. Interest income primarily consists of interest earned from our cash and cash equivalent balances and imputed interest on our minimum commitment agreements with WPP. Interest expense primarily relates to interest on our Notes, our Secured Term Note and our finance leases of computer equipment and automobiles.
Interest expense, net, increased $4.3 million during 2020 to $35.8 million as compared to $31.5 million in 2019. Interest expense increased in 2020 primarily as a result of the interest rate reset feature on the Notes, and the issuance of the Secured Term Note in December 2019.
Interest expense, net, increased $15.1 million during 2019 to $31.5 million as compared to $16.5 million in 2018. Interest expense increased in 2019 primarily as a result of the interest rate reset feature on the Notes.
Refer to Footnote 4, Debt for information on the interest rate reset feature.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net represents income and expenses incurred that are generally not recurring in nature or are not part of our normal operations.
Income from transition services represents reimbursement of costs incurred under the Digital Analytix transition services agreement, which expired in 2019, and is offset as expense in cost of revenues and general and administrative expenses.
The following is a summary of other income (expense), net:
  Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Change in fair value of financing derivatives $ 10,287  $ 5,100  $ (14,226)
Change in fair value of warrants liability 4,894  (2,411) — 
Change in fair value of interest make-whole derivative (871) —  — 
Change in fair value of investment in equity securities —  (2,324) 1,443 
Transition services agreement income —  534  9,029 
Other 244  755  2,290 
Total other income (expense), net $ 14,554  $ 1,654  $ (1,464)
Total other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $14.6 million as compared to total other income, net of $1.7 million in 2019. The increase in other income, net was primarily driven by the change in fair value of warrants liability and financing derivatives. Additionally, we had no loss on equity securities in 2020 compared with a decline in the fair value of equity securities that were sold in 2019.
Total other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1.7 million as compared to total other expense, net of $1.5 million in 2018. The shift to other income was primarily driven by the change in fair value of financing derivatives. Offsetting the increase to other income was a decrease in transition services income, a decline in the fair value of equity securities that were sold in 2019 and a decrease resulting from patent income in 2018.
(Loss) Gain from Foreign Currency Transactions
Our foreign currency transactions are recorded as a result of fluctuations in the exchange rate between the transactional currency and the functional currency of foreign subsidiary transactions.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the loss from foreign currency transactions was $4.5 million. The loss was primarily driven by fluctuations in the Chilean Peso against both the U.S. Dollar and Brazilian Real and the U.S. Dollar against the Euro.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, the gain from foreign currency transactions was $0.3 million. The gain was primarily driven by fluctuations of the average Chilean Peso against the U.S. Dollar.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, the gain from foreign currency transactions was $1.3 million. The gain was primarily related to fluctuations in the average U.S. Dollar to Euro, Canadian Dollar and Chilean Peso.
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Income Tax (Provision) Benefit
A valuation allowance has been established against our net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, and certain foreign deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards. As a result, our income tax position is primarily related to foreign tax activity.
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, we recorded an income tax (provision) benefit of $(0.9) million, $1.0 million, and $(3.7) million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 1.9%, (0.3)%, and 2.4%, respectively. These effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effects of certain permanent items, foreign tax rate differences, and increases in the valuation allowance against our domestic deferred tax assets.
Included within the tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 are income tax adjustments of $8.9 million for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, nondeductible interest expense on debt instruments and associated derivatives, and other nondeductible expenses. Also included is an adjustment of $11.2 million for a permanent difference related to foreign earnings taxable in the U.S. as a result of a tax restructuring that occurred during the year.
Included within the tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2019 are income tax adjustments of $58.6 million related to the impairment of goodwill and $15.2 million for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, nondeductible interest expense on debt instruments and associated derivatives, and other nondeductible expenses. Income tax expense of $17.3 million has also been included for increases in the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of our operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions.
Included within the tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2018, is an income tax adjustment of $19.7 million for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, nondeductible interest expense on debt instruments and associated derivatives, and other nondeductible expenses. Income tax expense of $19.0 million for increases in the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of our operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions.
The COVID-19 pandemic has a global reach, and many countries have introduced measures that provide relief to taxpayers in a variety of ways. We have evaluated these measures, including the CARES Act in the United States, and have concluded that these did not have a significant impact on our income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, and to comply with a covenant under our Notes (described below), we are disclosing herein Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization ("EBITDA") and non-GAAP net loss, each of which are non-GAAP financial measures used by our management to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, as they permit our investors to view our core business performance using the same metrics that management uses to evaluate our performance.
EBITDA is defined as GAAP net income (loss) plus or minus interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization of intangible assets and finance leases. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA plus or minus stock-based compensation expense as well as other items and amounts that we view as not indicative of our core operating performance, specifically: charges for matters relating to the prior-year Audit Committee investigation, such as litigation and investigation-related costs, costs associated with tax projects, audits, consulting and other professional fees; other legal proceedings specified in the Notes; settlement of certain litigation; restructuring expense; transaction costs related to the issuance of equity securities; non-cash impairment charges; and non-cash changes in the fair value of financing derivatives, warrants liability and investments in equity securities.
We define non-GAAP net loss as GAAP net income (loss) plus or minus stock-based compensation expense and amortization of intangible assets, as well as other items and amounts that we view as not indicative of our core operating performance, specifically: charges for matters relating to the prior-year Audit Committee investigation, such as litigation and investigation-related costs, costs associated with tax projects, audits, consulting and other professional fees; other legal proceedings specified in the Notes; settlement of certain litigation; restructuring expense; transaction costs related to the issuance of equity securities; non-cash impairment charges; and non-cash changes in the fair value of financing derivatives, warrants liability and investments in equity securities.
Our use of these non-GAAP financial measures has limitations as an analytical tool, and investors should not consider these measures in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. The limitations of such non-GAAP measures include the following:
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax or interest payments that represent a reduction in cash available to us (or, in the case of interest paid in Common Stock, that represent additional dilution to our existing stockholders);
•Depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges and the assets being depreciated may have to be replaced in the future. Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;
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•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
•Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss do not reflect cash payments relating to fees incurred in connection with issuance of equity securities, restructuring, litigation and the prior-year Audit Committee investigation, such as litigation and investigation-related costs, costs associated with tax projects, audits and other professional, consulting or other fees incurred in connection with our prior-year audits and certain legal proceedings, all of which have represented a reduction in cash available to us;
•Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss do not consider the impact of stock-based compensation and similar arrangements that represent dilution to our existing stockholders;
•Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss do not consider impairment of goodwill, right-of-use and other long-lived assets, which represents a decline in the value of our assets;
•Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss do not consider possible cash gains or losses related to our financing derivatives, warrants liability or investment in equity securities; and
•Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate any of these non-GAAP financial measures differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
Because of these and other limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss alongside GAAP-based financial performance measures, including GAAP revenue and various cash flow metrics, net income (loss) and our other GAAP financial results. Management addresses the inherent limitations associated with using non-GAAP financial measures through disclosure of such limitations, presentation of our financial statements in accordance with GAAP and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net income (loss).
Under our Notes, we are required to disclose Consolidated EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, on a quarterly basis. Consolidated EBITDA, as defined for purposes of the Notes, was the same as Adjusted EBITDA as presented below.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss (GAAP) to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods identified:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net loss (GAAP) $ (47,918) $ (338,996) $ (159,268)
Interest expense, net 35,805  31,526  16,465 
Amortization of intangible assets 27,219  30,076  32,864 
Depreciation 14,064  12,778  17,259 
Amortization expense of finance leases 1,652  2,413  — 
Income tax provision (benefit) 902  (1,007) 3,706 
EBITDA 31,724  (263,210) (88,974)
Adjustments:
Stock-based compensation expense 10,073  16,695  37,151 
Impairment of right-of-use and long-lived assets 4,671  —  — 
Impairment of goodwill —  224,272  — 
Impairment of intangible asset —  17,308  — 
Investigation and audit related —  4,305  38,338 
Restructuring —  3,263  11,837 
Settlement of certain litigation, net (1)
—  2,900  5,250 
Other (income) expense, net (2)
(14,164) 682  12,783 
Adjusted EBITDA $ 32,304  $ 6,215  $ 16,385 
(1) Settlement of certain litigation, net includes settlement amounts incurred for certain legal proceedings defined by the Notes, which amounts are classified as general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
(2) Adjustments to other (income) expense, net, reflect non-cash changes in the fair value of financing derivatives, warrants liability and equity securities investment included in other income (expense), net and certain legal expenses defined by the Notes and classified as general and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Additionally, we recorded transaction costs related to the issuance of warrants, which costs were allocated to the warrants liability and recorded in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The remaining transaction costs were recorded in additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For more information regarding this adjustment, see Footnote 5, Stockholders' Equity.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss (GAAP) to non-GAAP net loss for each of the periods identified:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net loss (GAAP) $ (47,918) $ (338,996) $ (159,268)
Adjustments:
Amortization of intangible assets 27,219  30,076  32,864 
Stock-based compensation expense 10,073  16,695  37,151 
Impairment of right-of-use and long-lived assets 4,671  —  — 
Impairment of goodwill —  224,272  — 
Impairment of intangible asset —  17,308  — 
Investigation and audit related —  4,305  38,338 
Restructuring —  3,263  11,837 
Settlement of certain litigation, net (1)
—  2,900  5,250 
Other (income) expense, net (2)
(14,164) 682  12,783 
Non-GAAP net loss $ (20,119) $ (39,495) $ (21,045)
(1) Settlement of certain litigation, net includes settlement amounts incurred for certain legal proceedings defined by the Notes, which amounts are classified as general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
(2) Adjustments to other (income) expense, net, reflect non-cash changes in the fair value of financing derivatives, warrants liability and equity securities investment included in other income (expense), net and certain legal expenses defined by the Notes and classified as general and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Additionally, we recorded transaction costs related to the issuance of warrants, which costs were allocated to the warrants liability and recorded in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The remaining transaction costs were recorded in additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For more information regarding this adjustment, see Footnote 5, Stockholders' Equity.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods identified:
  Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 717  $ (4,636) $ (72,575)
Net cash used in investing activities (15,555) (10,460) (13,814)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (2,096) 31,973  93,119 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 902  (302) (1,657)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (16,032) 16,575  5,073 
Overview
Our principal uses of cash consist of cash paid for data, payroll and other operating expenses, payments related to investments in equipment, primarily to support our consumer panels and technical infrastructure required to deliver our products and services and support our customers, and service of our debt and lease facilities. In prior years, we incurred significant professional fees relating to our Audit Committee's investigation, subsequent audit and compliance efforts, as well as management changes and various legal proceedings.
As of December 31, 2020, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaling $50.7 million, including $19.6 million in restricted cash.
Our principal sources of liquidity have historically been our cash and cash equivalents, as well as cash flow generated from operations. Our operating losses, including the significant investigation and audit costs in prior years, resulted in a need to secure long-term financing. In 2018, we entered into agreements with funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP (collectively, "Starboard"), pursuant to which we issued and sold to Starboard a total of $204.0 million in Notes as well as warrants to purchase shares of our Common Stock in exchange for $100.0 million in cash and 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock. See "Senior Secured Convertible Notes" below.
In 2019, we issued 2,728,513 shares of our Common Stock and four series of warrants in a private placement to CVI Investments, Inc. ("CVI") in exchange for gross cash proceeds of $20.0 million. See "Sale of Common Stock and Warrants" below.
During 2019, we sold our investment in equity securities for total cash proceeds of $3.8 million, of which $3.1 million was received in July 2019. See Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.
In 2019, we issued the Secured Term Note for gross proceeds of $13.0 million. See "Secured Term Note" below.
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On each of January 2, 2020, April 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020, we paid quarterly accrued interest of $6.1 million on the Notes in cash. On October 1, 2020, we paid quarterly accrued interest on the Notes through the issuance of 1,474,201 PIK Interest Shares and $3.1 million in cash. On January 25, 2021, we paid quarterly accrued interest through the issuance of 2,802,454 PIK Interest Shares. The accrued interest we paid on January 25, 2021 was classified within other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions have had a significant impact on the media, advertising and entertainment industries in which we operate. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has had some impact on our business, including with respect to the execution of new and renewal contracts, the impact of closed movie theaters on our customers, customer payment delays and requests to modify contractual payment terms. These conditions have negatively impacted our liquidity and cash flows and are expected to continue to have an impact in future periods. In the second quarter of 2020, we continued to see delays in cash collections, leading our management team to take actions to mitigate the near-term impact on our liquidity. These actions, some of which continued into the third and fourth quarters of 2020, included freezing hiring, exiting non-critical consultants and contractors, terminating or negotiating reductions in vendor agreements and leases, reducing compensation for our senior leadership team and board of directors, and reducing certain travel, marketing, recruiting and other corporate activities not deemed critical to the business in the current environment. We continue to monitor our liquidity and cash flows and will re-evaluate these actions as appropriate.
On March 27, 2020, Congress enacted the CARES Act. The CARES Act, among other things, includes tax provisions for the deferral of certain employer payroll tax liabilities, refundable employee retention credits, rollbacks of TCJA limitations on net operating losses, the acceleration of alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. We began deferring certain payroll taxes in April 2020, as permitted by the CARES Act. In addition, during the second quarter of 2020, we claimed the refundable employee retention credit created by the CARES Act.
On December 27, 2020, Congress enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 ("CAA"), which contains a number of additional COVID-19 relief tax provisions and extensions of temporary tax provisions, including an extension and significant expansion of the employee retention credit created by the CARES Act.
We continue to evaluate the impact of the CARES Act, the CAA and additional legislation and government guidance related to the COVID-19 pandemic on our business operations and financial results.
Our liquidity could be negatively affected by a decrease in demand for our products and services or additional losses from operations, as well as payment of expenses incurred in prior periods in addition to current-period expenses. It is possible that long-term changes in consumer behavior will impact our customers' operations, and thus their demand for our services and ability to pay, even after the spread of COVID-19 has been contained and businesses are permitted to resume normal operations. While we are taking actions (as described above) to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, control costs and improve our working capital balance, these steps may not be successful or adequate to offset future declines. If our efforts to control costs are not sufficient, or if customer demand or cash collection efforts are further impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors, we may not be able to meet our financial obligations to our vendors or others.
Beginning in 2019 and continuing through 2020, we conducted a comprehensive review of strategic and financing alternatives with a view toward the maturity of the Notes (with a principal balance of $204.0 million) in January 2022. On January 7, 2021, we entered into separate Securities Purchase Agreements with Charter, Qurate, and Pine pursuant to which, at the closing of the Transactions contemplated thereby, we will issue and sell (a) to Charter, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million, (b) to Qurate, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million and (c) to Pine, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million. The proceeds of the Transactions will be used to repay the Notes. Additionally, in connection with the closing, we expect to repay the Secured Term Note and certain transaction-related expenses with cash from our balance sheet. Following the Transactions, the holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to annual cash dividends at a rate of 7.5% per year, paid annually in arrears, and can request a special cash dividend after January 1, 2022.
The Transactions and related matters were approved by our stockholders on March 9, 2021 and are expected to be completed on or around March 10, 2021. Repayment of the Notes and the Secured Term Note will result in termination of the affirmative and negative covenants set forth in these instruments, including the Notes covenant requiring maintenance of certain minimum cash balances, and is expected to improve our financial position and liquidity.
We continue to be focused on maintaining financial flexibility. We believe the approved Transactions will provide us with adequate sources of funding to satisfy our estimated liquidity needs for at least one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. However, we cannot predict with certainty the outcome of our actions to generate liquidity or whether such actions would generate the expected liquidity as currently planned.
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Restricted Cash
Restricted cash represents our requirement to collateralize the Secured Term Note, outstanding letters of credit, and lines of credit related to certain of our corporate credit card programs. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had $19.6 million and $20.2 million of restricted cash, respectively.
Credit Facility
In 2018, we entered into a Security Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. to issue standby letters of credit on our behalf. As of December 31, 2020, $3.3 million in letters of credit were outstanding and cash collateralized under the Security Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
Sale-Leaseback Financing Transaction
In 2019, we entered into an arrangement with a vendor to sell and lease back certain previously acquired computer and other equipment. The arrangement, which resulted in cash proceeds of $4.3 million, requires lease payments over a 24-month term for total consideration of $4.8 million, with control of the equipment transferring to the vendor at the end of the lease term.
Sale of Common Stock and Warrants
On June 23, 2019, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with CVI pursuant to which we sold to CVI for aggregate gross proceeds of $20.0 million (i) 2,728,513 shares of Common Stock and (ii) Series A Warrants, Series B-1 Warrants, Series B-2 Warrants and Series C Warrants to initially purchase up to 11,654,033 shares of Common Stock (the "Private Placement"). On October 14, 2019, we issued 2,728,513 shares of Common Stock to CVI upon exercise by CVI of the Series C Warrants. As a result of this exercise, the number of shares issuable under our Series A Warrants was increased by 2,728,513. On January 29, 2020, the Series B-1 Warrants expired unexercised. On August 3, 2020, the Series B-2 Warrants expired unexercised.
For additional information on the Private Placement, refer to Footnote 5, Stockholders' Equity.
Senior Secured Convertible Notes
On January 16, 2018, we entered into certain agreements with Starboard, pursuant to which we issued and sold to Starboard $150.0 million in Notes in exchange for $85.0 million in cash and 2,600,000 shares of Common Stock. We also agreed to issue to Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $0.01 per share, as adjusted pursuant to the terms of the warrants. The warrants were issued on October 12, 2018 and exercised in full on April 3, 2019 for 323,448 shares of Common Stock. On May 17, 2018, we issued and sold to Starboard $50.0 million of Notes in exchange for $15.0 million in cash and 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock. Later in 2018 we issued an aggregate of $4.0 million in Notes to Starboard, bringing the total balance of Notes as of December 31, 2020 to $204.0 million. The Notes currently have an annual interest rate of 12% that is payable quarterly in cash, PIK Interest Shares or a combination thereof at our election.
The Notes contain certain affirmative and restrictive covenants with which we must comply, including covenants with respect to (i) limitations on additional indebtedness, (ii) limitations on liens, (iii) limitations on certain payments, (iv) maintenance of certain minimum cash balances (currently $40.0 million) and (v) the timely filing of certain disclosures with the SEC. We were in compliance with the Notes covenants as of December 31, 2020. As discussed above, we expect to repay the Notes (and thus eliminate the related covenants) in connection with the Transactions.
For additional information about the terms of the Notes, refer to Footnote 4, Debt.
Secured Term Note
On December 31, 2019, our wholly owned subsidiary, Rentrak B.V., entered into an agreement with several third parties for the Secured Term Note in exchange for gross proceeds of $13.0 million. The Secured Term Note matures on December 31, 2021 and has an annual interest rate of 9.75% that is payable monthly in cash. As discussed above, we expect to repay the Secured Term Note in connection with the Transactions.
For additional information about the terms of the Secured Term Note, refer to Footnote 4, Debt.
Operating Activities
Our primary source of cash provided by operating activities is revenues generated from sales of our Ratings and Planning, Analytics and Optimization, and Movies Reporting and Analytics products and services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities include personnel costs and costs related to data and infrastructure used to develop and maintain our products and services. As discussed above, we have experienced delays in customer payments and requests to modify contractual terms in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions.
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Cash used in operating activities is calculated by adjusting our net loss for changes in working capital, as well as by excluding non-cash items such as: depreciation, non-cash operating lease expense, amortization expense of finance leases and intangible assets, impairment of right-of-use assets, stock-based compensation, deferred tax provision, change in the fair value of financing derivatives, warrants liability and equity securities, non-cash interest expense on the Notes, accretion of debt discount, and amortization of deferred financing costs.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2020 was $0.7 million compared to net cash used of $4.6 million in 2019. The increase in cash provided by operating activities during 2020 as compared to 2019 was primarily attributable to a decrease in net loss, lower investigation and audit related expenses, decrease in headcount, and results of restructuring, offset by additional cash interest paid on the Notes of $21.4 million in 2020 in comparison to $3.0 million in 2019.
Net cash used in operating activities in 2019 was $4.6 million compared to net cash used of $72.6 million in 2018. The decrease in cash used in operating activities during 2019 as compared to 2018 was primarily attributable to a decrease in cash operating expenses driven by lower investigation and audit related expenses and headcount, and extended trade payables. This drove a net increase in operating assets and liabilities of $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to a net decrease of $23.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, there was a net decrease in cash used of $4.4 million related to interest payments made on the Notes in stock in lieu of cash during 2019.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities primarily consists of payments related to capitalized internal-use software costs, purchases of computer and network equipment to support our technical infrastructure, and furniture and equipment. The extent of these investments will be affected by our ability to expand relationships with existing customers, grow our customer base and introduce new digital formats, as well as constraints on cash expenditures in the current economic environment.
Net cash used in investing activities in 2020 was $15.6 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $10.5 million in 2019. This increase in net cash used in investing activities was attributable to an increase of $3.6 million in payments for capitalized internally developed software and a decline of $3.8 million compared to receipts from the sale of an investment in 2019, partially offset by a $2.3 million decrease in purchases of property and equipment in 2020 compared with 2019.
Net cash used in investing activities in 2019 was $10.5 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $13.8 million in 2018. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities was attributable to $3.8 million in cash received from the sale of an investment in 2019 (noted above). Increased capitalized costs of $1.9 million were offset by a $1.5 million decrease in purchases of property and equipment.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities in 2020 was $2.1 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $32.0 million in 2019. The shift to cash used in financing activities from cash provided by financing activities was largely due to gross cash proceeds of $20.0 million from the sale of shares of Common Stock and warrants in the Private Placement, $13.0 million from the issuance of the Secured Term Note, and $4.3 million from the sale-leaseback transaction during 2019. These were offset by a decrease of $2.5 million in principal payments on finance lease and software licensing arrangements.
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2019 was $32.0 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $93.1 million in 2018. In 2019, we raised gross cash proceeds of $20.0 million from the sale of shares of Common Stock and warrants in the Private Placement, $13.0 million from the issuance of the Secured Term Note, and $4.3 million from the sale lease-back transaction. We also had a decrease of debt issuance costs of $5.1 million in 2019 compared to 2018. In 2018 we generated gross cash proceeds of $100.0 million from the issuance of Notes, partially offset by a $9.7 million decrease in proceeds from subscription receivables which ended in 2018.
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Contractual Payment Obligations
We are subject to certain contractual arrangements that are long-term in nature. The information set forth below summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020 that are fixed and determinable.
(In thousands) Total Less Than
1 Year 		1-3 Years 3-5
Years 		More
Than 5
Years
Long-term debt obligations (1)
$ 217,000  $ 13,000  $ 204,000  $ —  $ — 
Unconditional purchase obligations with MVPDs (2)
72,574  27,620  44,954  —  — 
Operating lease obligations (3)
62,900  12,175  19,202  17,240  14,283 
Finance lease obligations (4)
3,476  2,201  1,275  —  — 
Sale-leaseback financing transaction (5)
1,422  1,422  —  —  — 
Other long-term obligations (6)
36,446  14,868  21,428  150  — 
Total $ 393,818  $ 71,286  $ 290,859  $ 17,390  $ 14,283 
(1) In 2018, we entered into several agreements with Starboard whereby we issued Notes in exchange for cash and shares of Common Stock. In 2019 our wholly owned subsidiary Rentrak B.V., entered into a Secured Term Note. See Footnote 4, Debt for more information.
(2) Unconditional purchase obligations with MVPDs include contractual arrangements with MVPDs for the purchase of TV viewing data that is used in our products, primarily reported in the Ratings and Planning solution group. If these arrangements are canceled by the MVPDs, we have the ability to terminate contracts with our end customers. Commitments reflected herein relate to service periods after December 31, 2020.
(3) Operating lease obligations represent future lease commitments, primarily for real estate leases, accounted for under ASC 842. Refer to Footnote 8, Leases.
(4) Finance lease obligations represent future lease commitments, primarily for equipment leases, accounted for under ASC 842. Refer to Footnote 8, Leases.
(5) We entered into a sale-leaseback arrangement with a vendor in June 2019. See Footnote 4, Debt for more information.
(6) Other long-term obligations primarily reflect future commitments for software licenses and the right to access cloud-based solutions under long-term contracts.
Future Capital Requirements
Our ability to generate cash is subject to our performance, general economic conditions, industry trends and other factors, including the timing of cash collections from our customers, data costs and other trade payables, service of our debt and lease facilities, dividend payment obligations following the Transactions, and expenses from ongoing compliance efforts and legal matters. As discussed above, we have experienced delays in customer payments and requests to modify contractual terms in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions. We have also incurred significant costs in connection with our strategic review and the pending Transactions. To the extent that our existing cash, cash equivalents and operating cash flow, together with proceeds from the Transactions and savings from cost-reduction initiatives undertaken by management, are insufficient to fund our future activities and requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. The current disruption and volatility in global capital and credit markets could impact our ability to access capital resources on terms acceptable to us or allowable under applicable financing arrangements, or at all. If we issue additional equity securities in order to raise additional funds or pay interest or dividends, further dilution to existing stockholders may occur.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined in Item 303 of Regulation S-K).
Critical Accounting Policies
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, including the ongoing and potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this 10-K, we believe the following accounting policies to be the most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Accounting for Warrants
During 2019, we issued warrants which were determined to be freestanding financial instruments that qualify for liability treatment as a result of a net cash settlement feature associated with a cap on the issuance of shares under certain circumstances. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are immediately recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
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The fair value of the warrants is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation analysis within an option pricing model. The fair value estimate is determined using an estimate for our credit rating, probability of change of control, dividend yield, risk-free rate, remaining term of the warrants and volatility. The valuation is derived from techniques which utilize inputs, certain of which are significant and unobservable, that result in classification of the warrants as a Level 3 fair value measurement.
The fair value of the warrants is estimated using forward projections of stock issuances with relative certainty and estimated cash payments at each exercise date discounted back to the valuation date at rates commensurate with the remaining term of the related warrants. The primary sensitivity in the valuation of the warrant liability is driven by our Common Stock price at the measurement date and the observable volatility of the Common Stock.
The exercise price of our Series A Warrants is subject to anti-dilution adjustment in certain circumstances, including upon certain issuances of capital stock. As a result of the Transactions discussed in Item 1, Business, we expect to adjust the exercise price of the Series A Warrants to the closing price of the Transactions.
Refer to Footnote 6, Fair Value Measurements for the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2020.
Impairment of Right-of-use ("ROU") and Long-Lived Assets
Our long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. If an indication of impairment is present, we compare the estimated undiscounted future cash flows to be generated by the asset group to its carrying amount. Recoverability measurement and estimation of undiscounted cash flows are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset group, we record an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset group's carrying amount over its fair value. The fair value is determined based on valuation techniques such as a comparison to fair values of similar assets or using a discounted cash flow analysis.
During 2019, we evaluated our strategic alliance asset group for recoverability. Our assessment considered the changes in our projected revenue in certain non-U.S. geographic markets due to the changing international competitive landscape as well as significant reductions in international staffing during the second quarter, which resulted in a change in our long-term view of the viability of the intangible asset. As such, our analysis yielded that the benefit of the strategic alliance would not be realized, and the related investment would not be recoverable. The fair value of the strategic alliance intangible asset was estimated using the income approach, resulting in a non-cash impairment charge for the full carrying value of the asset. Consequently, we recorded a $17.3 million impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2019 in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
We apply the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, to determine whether our ROU and related long-lived assets may be impaired. We evaluate our ROU and long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. For facility lease ROU and related long-lived assets, we compare the estimated undiscounted cash flows generated by a sublease to the current carrying value of the ROU and related long-lived assets. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the ROU and related long-lived assets, we record an impairment loss equal to the excess of the ROU and long-lived assets' carrying value over their fair value consistent with other long-lived assets.
We performed an interim analysis as of March 31, 2020, as changes in market conditions indicated the carrying value of certain facility lease ROU and other long-lived assets may not be recoverable, and determined certain ROU assets, and related leasehold improvements, were impaired. We recorded a $4.7 million impairment charge related to our ROU assets, and related leasehold improvements, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, with corresponding adjustments of $2.8 million and $1.9 million to the operating lease ROU asset and property and equipment, net line items, respectively, in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2020. The impairment charge was driven by changes in our projected undiscounted cash flows for certain properties, primarily as a result of changes in the real estate market related to the COVID-19 pandemic that led to an increase in the estimated marketing time, and a reduction of expected receipts, for properties on the market for sublease. The fair value of these ROU assets, and related leasehold improvements, was estimated using an income approach and a discount rate of 12.0%.
Although we believe that the carrying values of our long-lived assets are appropriately stated, changes in strategy or market conditions, significant technological developments or significant changes in legal or regulatory factors could significantly impact these judgments and require future adjustments to recorded asset balances. 
Revenue Recognition
We apply the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and all related appropriate guidance. We recognize revenue under the core principle of depicting the transfer of promised goods and services to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price,
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(4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.
Our contracts with customers may include multiple promised goods and services, consisting of the various services we offer. Contracts with multiple performance obligations typically consist of a mix of subscriptions to online products, our online database and custom products and services. At contract inception, we identify performance obligations by evaluating whether the promised goods and services are capable of being distinct within the context of the contract. Promised goods and services that are not distinct are combined until the combined bundle of goods and services is distinct.
In general, transaction price is determined by estimating the fixed amount of consideration to which we are entitled for transfer of goods and services and all relevant sources and components of variable consideration. Variable consideration is estimated based on the most likely amount or expected value approach. Once we select a method to estimate variable consideration for a particular type of performance obligation, we will apply that method consistently. We will constrain estimates of variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable that significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.
Significant judgment is required to determine the stand-alone selling price ("SSP") for each performance obligation. We allocate transaction price to each performance obligation based on relative SSP.
For the majority of our products and services, we apply an adjusted market assessment approach for the determination of SSP for identified performance obligations. In general, we bundle multiple products and very few are sold on a standalone basis. We use rate cards and pricing calculators that are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect the latest sales data and observable inputs by industry, channel, geography, customer size, and other relevant groupings. Certain products are sold on a standalone basis in a narrow band of prices. If a product is sold outside of the narrow band of prices, it will be assigned the midpoint of the narrow band for purposes of allocating transaction price on a relative SSP basis.
We recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Customers may obtain the control of promised goods or services over time or at a point in time.
We enter into a limited number of monetary contracts that involve both the purchase and sale of services with a single counterparty. We assess each contract to determine if the revenue and expense should be presented gross or net. In some instances, we may provide free distinct goods or services as a form of non-cash consideration to the counterparty. We recognize revenue for these contracts to the extent that SSP is established for distinct services provided. Any excess consideration above the established SSP is presented as an offset to cost of revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed when a business is acquired. The valuation of goodwill involves the use of management's estimates and assumptions and can have a significant impact on future operating results. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill recorded by the reporting unit.
We have one reporting unit. As such, we perform the impairment assessment for goodwill at the enterprise level. Goodwill is reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below the carrying value. We initially assess qualitative factors to determine if it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment review. We review the goodwill for impairment if, based on our assessment of the qualitative factors, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than the carrying value, or if we decide to bypass the qualitative assessment. We review the carrying value of our reporting unit utilizing a combination of the discounted cash flow model and a market value approach. We make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates and market values to determine the estimated fair value of our reporting unit.
A discounted cash flow analysis requires the use of various assumptions, including; expectations of future cash flows, growth rates, tax rates, and discount rates in developing the present value of projected cash flows. The following assumptions are significant to our discounted cash flow analysis:
Projected financial performance: expected future cash flows and growth rates are based upon assumptions of our future revenue growth and operating costs. Actual results of operations and cash flows will likely differ from those utilized in our discounted cash flow analysis, and it is possible that those differences could be material. We monitor for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining fair value, including long-term revenue growth projects, profitability, discount rates, volatility in our market capitalization, and general industry, micro and macro-economic conditions.
Long-term growth rate: the long-term growth rate represents the rate at which our single reporting unit's earnings are expected to grow or losses to decrease. Our assumed long-term growth rate was based on projected long-term inflation and gross domestic product growth estimates for the countries in which we operate and a long-term growth estimate for our business and the industry in which we operate. The long-term growth rate utilized in the 2020 annual impairment analysis was 3.0%.
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Discount rate: our reporting unit's future cash flows are discounted at a rate that is consistent with our average weighted cost of capital that is likely to be utilized by market participants. The weighted-average cost of capital is our estimate of the overall returns required by both debt and equity investors, weighted by their respective contributions of capital. We used a discount rate of 13.5% in the 2020 annual impairment analysis.
In addition, we also use a market-based approach to estimate the value of our reporting unit, including a guideline public company method and guideline transaction method based on multiples of EBITDA and revenue for the last twelve months. The market value is estimated by comparing our reporting unit to publicly-traded companies and/or to publicly-disclosed business mergers and acquisitions in similar lines of business. The value of the business entity is based on pricing multiples of certain financial parameters observed in the comparable companies.
Goodwill allocated to our single reporting unit as of December 31, 2020 was $418.3 million. As of our October 1, 2020 annual assessment, the estimated fair value of our reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 30%. The projected long-term cash flows used in our fair value estimate are consistent with our most recent operating plan and are dependent on the successful execution of our business plan, overall industry growth rates and the competitive environment.
We monitor for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining fair value, including long-term growth projections, profitability, discount rates, volatility in our market capitalization, and general industry, market and macro-economic conditions. If the reporting unit's future performance falls below our expectations, or there are negative revisions to other significant assumptions, including the long-term growth rate or discount rate, we may need to record a material, non-cash goodwill impairment charge in a future period.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We have derivative financial instruments that are not hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are immediately recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
The fair value of our interest rate reset derivative liability is determined using a with-and-without approach, using a standard binomial tree convertible bond model. The fair value estimate is determined using an estimate for the Company's credit rating, the premium attributable to the payment-in-kind feature of the Notes, and premium estimates for company-specific risk factors (together, the credit adjusted discount rate). The valuation is derived from techniques which utilize inputs, certain of which are significant and unobservable, that result in classification of the interest rate reset derivative liability as a Level 3 fair value measurement.
The fair values of change of control redemption derivative liabilities are determined using a probability adjusted binomial lattice model. The fair value estimates are determined using management's estimate for the probability of change of control, credit adjusted discount rate, risk-free rate, and remaining term of the redemption features. The valuations are derived from techniques which utilize inputs, certain of which are significant and unobservable, that result in classification of the change of control redemption liabilities as Level 3 fair value measurements.
The fair values of our financing derivatives are estimated using forward projections and are discounted back at rates commensurate with the remaining term of the related derivative. The primary sensitivity in the interest rate reset derivative liability is driven by our Common Stock price at the measurement date, the observable volatility of the Common Stock, and the discount rate used to determine the present value of the instrument. The primary sensitivity for the change of control redemption derivative liabilities is driven by the probability of a change of control.
Refer to Footnote 6, Fair Value Measurements for the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of the derivatives as of December 31, 2020.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. As of December 31, 2020, we were subject to interest rate risk in connection with the Notes, and we hold derivative financial instruments and have outstanding warrants that are subject to market risk. We also have foreign currency exchange rate risk from our global operations.
Interest rate risk
As a result of having $204.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes outstanding, which are convertible into shares of Common Stock at a conversion price of $31.29 per share, we were subject to interest rate risk as of December 31, 2020. As of such date, the interest rate on the Notes was 12.0% per year. On February 1, 2021, the interest rate was determined to remain at 12.0% (subject to certain conditions) until the maturity of the Notes.
As discussed in Footnote 4, Debt, we have the ability, subject to certain conditions, to pay interest on the Notes through the issuance of PIK Interest Shares. We elected to pay the interest due on January 2, 2020, April 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020 in cash. We elected to pay the interest due on October 1, 2020 through a combination of cash and the issuance of PIK Interest Shares. For the amount due for the fourth quarter of 2020 we elected to pay through the issuance of PIK Interest Shares which were delivered on January 25, 2021.
As described in Footnote 1, Organization, and Footnote 16, Subsequent Events, on March 9, 2021, our stockholders approved Transactions to issue preferred securities. The proceeds of the Transactions will be used to repay the Notes prior to maturity. For the remaining interest payment from January 1, 2021 through the closing of the Transactions, we intend to pay interest due through the issuance of PIK Interest Shares.
Derivative financial instrument risk
The interest rate reset feature of the Notes represents a complex derivative financial instrument, which is classified as a liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. This derivative is not considered a hedging instrument. We determine the fair value of our derivative financial instrument, relying in part on the work of an independent valuation firm engaged by us to provide inputs as to the fair value of the liability, including the valuation models and assumptions used to determine its fair value. As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of our interest rate reset derivative financial instrument of $11.3 million was recorded in financing derivatives within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The fair value of our interest rate reset derivative liability relates to the interest rate reset feature of the Notes. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate reset derivative liability are primarily driven by changes in the price and volatility of a share of our Common Stock. As described above, the interest rate on the Notes will remain at 12.0% (subject to certain conditions) until the maturity of the Notes. As a result, changes in our stock price no longer affect the fair value of the interest rate reset derivative liability. The value of the interest rate reset derivative liability will decrease as the time to maturity shortens and interest on the Notes is paid.
For additional information on the determination of fair value, including the assumptions used in those determinations, refer to Footnote 4, Debt and Footnote 6, Fair Value Measurements.
Warrants liability financial instrument risk
As a result of having $2.8 million in liability related to outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2020, which warrants are exercisable for shares of Common Stock under certain conditions, we are subject to market risk. The value of the warrants, and the number of shares likely to be issued under the warrants, is impacted by changes in the market price of our Common Stock.
As described in Footnote 1, Organization, and Footnote 16, Subsequent Events, on March 9, 2021 our stockholders approved Transactions to issue preferred securities. The exercise price of our Series A Warrants is subject to anti-dilution adjustment in certain circumstances, including upon certain issuances of capital stock. As a result of the Transactions, we expect to adjust the exercise price of the Series A Warrants to the closing price of the Transactions. If the Series A Warrants had been measured as of December 31, 2020 based on the closing price of the Transactions of $2.4719, then the estimated fair value of the warrants would have increased from $2.8 million to $7.5 million. Thereafter, a 10% increase in the market price of our Common Stock would result in a $1.0 million increase in the fair value of the Series A Warrants, while a 10% decrease in the market price of our Common Stock would result in a $1.1 million decrease in fair value of the Series A Warrants.
For further information regarding our outstanding warrants, see Footnote 5, Stockholders' Equity.
Foreign currency risk
We operate globally, and we predominantly generate revenues and expenses in local currencies. We operate in several countries in Europe, as well as countries throughout South America and Asia Pacific. As such, we have exposure to adverse changes in exchange rates associated with revenues and operating expenses of our foreign operations, but we believe this exposure is not material at this time. We have not engaged in any transactions that hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk.
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There can be no guarantee that exchange rates will remain constant in future periods. In addition to the impact from the U.S. Dollar to Euro exchange rate movements, we are also impacted by the movements in the exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and various South American, Asia Pacific and other European currencies. We have evaluated and assessed the potential effect of this risk and believe that near-term changes in currency rates should not materially affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. We performed a sensitivity analysis, assuming a 10% decrease or increase in the value of foreign currencies in which we operate. Our analysis has determined that a 10% decrease in value would have resulted in a decrease to our net loss of approximately $6.8 million for 2020, and a 10% increase in value would have resulted in an increase to our net loss of approximately $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
As of December 31, 2020, of the total $50.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, $25.5 million was held by foreign subsidiaries. Of this amount, we believe $3.4 million could be subject to income tax withholding of 5% to 15% if the funds were repatriated to the U.S.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
  Page
comScore, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of comScore, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of comScore, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 9, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842, Leases. The Company adopted ASC 842 using the modified retrospective transition method with optional transition relief.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Revenues – Refer to Notes 2 and 3 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company applies the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all related applicable guidance. The Company's contracts with customers may include multiple promised goods and services. Contracts with multiple performance obligations typically consist of a mix of subscriptions to the Company's online database, customized data services, and delivery of periodic custom reports based on information obtained from the database. In such cases, the Company identifies performance obligations by evaluating whether the promised goods and services are capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Promised goods and services that are not distinct at contract inception are combined as one performance obligation. Once the Company identifies the performance obligations, the Company will determine the transaction price based on contractually fixed amounts and an estimate of variable consideration. In general, the transaction price is determined by estimating the fixed amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled for transfer of goods and services and all relevant sources and components of variable consideration. Variable consideration is estimated based on the most likely amount or expected value approach, depending on which method the Company expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled. Once the Company elects one of the methods to estimate variable consideration for a particular type of performance obligation, the Company will apply that method consistently. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on
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relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). Judgment is exercised to determine the SSP of each distinct performance obligation. The Company will constrain estimates of variable consideration based on its expectation of recovery from the customer. The Company recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Customers may obtain the control of promised goods or services over time or at a point in time.
Given the complexity of certain of the Company's contracts, we concluded that revenue recognition from these contracts represents a critical audit matter because of the judgments necessary for management to identify performance obligations, determine the transaction price, allocate transaction price to the performance obligations and recognize revenue when performance obligations are satisfied. Performing audit procedures related to revenue recognition for these contracts required more extensive audit effort and a higher degree of auditor judgment.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to evaluating the significant estimates and judgments used by management in the determination of the accounting for certain revenue contracts, including the identification of performance obligations, determination of the transaction price, allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations and recognition of revenue when performance obligations are satisfied, included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls, including controls over the identification of performance obligations, determination of the transaction price, allocation of the transaction price, and determination of when performance obligations are satisfied.
•For a selection of revenue contracts identified as having more complex terms, we performed the following:
◦Analysed the contract to determine if all arrangement terms that may have an impact on revenue recognition were identified and independently evaluated management's accounting for the contract.
◦Tested management's identification of distinct performance obligations by evaluating whether the underlying goods, services, or both were capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the contract.
◦Tested the relative stand-alone selling prices by recalculating the stand-alone selling pricing of the performance obligations and evaluating the assumptions used by the Company to determine the standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation. We evaluated the methodology used to determine the standalone selling price by comparison to historical analyses prepared by the Company and practices observed in the industry. We also tested the data used in the analysis.
◦Tested the timing of revenue recognition by evaluating whether revenue should be recognized over time or at a point in time, and whether the revenue was recognized in the appropriate period by examining evidence of delivery or access to support the timing of revenue recognition based on the product or service type.
◦Tested the mathematical accuracy of management's calculation of revenue.
◦Obtained external confirmations evidencing the delivery of the performance obligation(s) and confirming there are no side agreements.
◦With the assistance of professionals in our firm having expertise in the recognition of revenue, we evaluated revenue recognition in accordance with ASC 606.
Goodwill – Goodwill Impairment Analysis – Refer to Notes 2 and 9 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill. The Company has a single reporting unit. Accordingly, the impairment assessment for goodwill is performed at the enterprise level. Goodwill is reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. The carrying value of the reporting unit is reviewed utilizing a combination of the discounted cash flow model and a market value approach. The estimated fair value of a reporting unit is determined based on assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates and market values.
The Company monitors for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining fair value, including long-term growth rates, profitability, discount rates, volatility in the Company's market capitalization, general industry, and market and macro-economic conditions.
The Company completed its annual assessment on October 1, 2020, and there was no impairment of goodwill at the assessment date. The goodwill balance was $418.3 million as of December 31, 2020.
We identified goodwill for the Company as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit, specifically related to the selection of the discount rate and forecasts of future revenue. Performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management's estimates and assumptions related to selection of the
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discount rate and forecasts of future revenue required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the forecasts of future revenue and the selection of the discount rate for the Company's goodwill impairment included the following, among others:
•We tested the effectiveness of controls over management's goodwill impairment evaluations, including those over the forecasts of future revenue and management's selection of the discount rate.
•We evaluated management's ability to accurately forecast revenue by comparing the actual results to management's historical projections from 2019.
•We evaluated the reasonableness of management's forecasted revenue by comparing the forecasts to:
◦Historical revenue growth.
◦Historical industry revenue growth rates and revenue growth rates of peer group companies.
◦Economic forecasts considering the impact of macro-economic conditions.
◦Internal communications to management and the Board of Directors.
◦Forecasted information included in analyst and industry reports for the Company and certain of its peer group.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the (1) valuation methodology and (2) discount rates by:
◦Testing the source information underlying the determination of the discount rate and the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.
◦Developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rates selected by management.
•We evaluated the impact of changes in management's revenue forecasts from the October 1, 2020 annual measurement date to December 31, 2020.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
McLean, Virginia
March 9, 2021
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.


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COMSCORE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
As of December 31,
  2020 2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 31,126  $ 46,590 
Restricted cash 19,615  20,183 
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $2,757 and $1,919, respectively ($4,045 and $2,698 of accounts receivable attributable to related parties, respectively)
69,379  71,853 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets ($1,496 and $1,180 attributable to related parties, respectively)
16,910  15,357 
Total current assets 137,030  153,983 
Property and equipment, net 30,973  31,693 
Operating right-of-use assets 28,959  36,689 
Goodwill 418,327  416,418 
Intangible assets, net 52,340  79,559 
Deferred tax assets 2,741  2,374 
Other non-current assets 7,600  2,979 
Total assets $ 677,970  $ 723,695 
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable ($2,817 and $2,510 attributable to related parties, respectively)
$ 36,640  $ 44,804 
Accrued expenses ($835 and $6,902 attributable to related parties, respectively)
48,380  55,507 
Contract liabilities ($3,538 and $1,519 attributable to related parties, respectively)
58,529  58,158 
Customer advances 12,477  9,886 
Current portion of secured term note 12,644  — 
Current operating lease liabilities 7,024  6,764 
Warrants liability 2,831  7,725 
Other current liabilities 5,750  7,393 
Total current liabilities 184,275  190,237 
Senior secured convertible notes (related party) 192,895  184,075 
Financing derivatives (related party) 11,300  21,587 
Non-current operating lease liabilities 36,127  42,497 
Non-current contract liabilities 4,156  291 
Deferred tax liabilities 627  287 
Non-current portion of secured term note —  12,463 
Other non-current liabilities ($6,120 and $— attributable to related parties, respectively)
19,600  13,284 
Total liabilities 448,980  464,721 
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; 5,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2020 and 2019; no shares issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2020 or 2019
—  — 
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 150,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2020 and 2019; 79,703,342 shares issued and 72,938,546 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020, and 76,829,926 shares issued and 70,065,130 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2019
73  70 
Additional paid-in capital 1,621,986  1,609,358 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (7,030) (12,333)
Accumulated deficit (1,156,055) (1,108,137)
Treasury stock, at cost, and 6,764,796 shares as of December 31, 2020 and 2019
(229,984) (229,984)
Total stockholders' equity 228,990  258,974 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 677,970  $ 723,695 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSCORE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
  Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Revenues (2)
$ 356,036  $ 388,645  $ 419,482 
Cost of revenues (1) (2) (3)
180,712  199,622  200,220 
Selling and marketing (1) (3)
70,220  89,145  108,395 
Research and development (1) (3)
38,706  61,802  76,979 
General and administrative (1) (2) (3)
55,783  66,419  84,535 
Amortization of intangible assets 27,219  30,076  32,864 
Impairment of right-of-use and long-lived assets 4,671  —  — 
Impairment of goodwill —  224,272  — 
Impairment of intangible asset —  17,308  — 
Investigation and audit related —  4,305  38,338 
Restructuring (3)
—  3,263  11,837 
Settlement of litigation, net —  2,900  5,250 
Total expenses from operations 377,311  699,112  558,418 
Loss from operations (21,275) (310,467) (138,936)
Interest expense, net (2)
(35,805) (31,526) (16,465)
Other income (expense), net 14,554  1,654  (1,464)
(Loss) gain from foreign currency transactions (4,490) 336  1,303 
Loss before income taxes (47,016) (340,003) (155,562)
Income tax (provision) benefit (902) 1,007  (3,706)
Net loss $ (47,918) $ (338,996) $ (159,268)
Net loss per common share:
Basic and diluted $ (0.67) $ (5.33) $ (2.76)
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculation - Common Stock:
Basic and diluted 71,181,496  63,590,882  57,700,603 
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss $ (47,918) $ (338,996) $ (159,268)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment 5,303  (1,712) (4,397)
Total comprehensive loss $ (42,615) $ (340,708) $ (163,665)
(1) Excludes amortization of intangible assets, which is presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
(2) Transactions with related parties are included in the line items above as follows (refer to Footnote 13, Related Party Transactions, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information):
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Revenues $ 13,314  $ 17,464  $ 12,662 
Cost of revenues 10,094  10,490  11,239 
General and administrative 316  776  650 
Interest expense, net (24,480) (23,494) (16,023)
(3) Stock-based compensation expense is included in the line items above as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Cost of revenues $ 1,288  $ 1,852  $ 6,349 
Selling and marketing 2,226  3,615  9,452 
Research and development 886  1,981  6,580 
General and administrative 5,673  9,247  14,770 
Restructuring —  (137) 468 
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 10,073  $ 16,558  $ 37,619 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSCORE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (In thousands, except share data)
Common Stock Additional
Paid-In
Capital 		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss 		Accumulated
Deficit 		Treasury stock, at cost Total
Stockholders'
Equity
Shares Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2017 57,289,047  $ 60  $ 1,407,717  $ (6,224) $ (609,091) $ (135,970) $ 656,492 
Adoption of ASC 606 —  —  —  —  (736) —  (736)
Net loss —  —  —  —  (159,268) —  (159,268)
Foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  —  (4,397) —  —  (4,397)
Subscription Receivable —  —  10,254  —  —  —  10,254 
Common Stock warrants issued —  —  5,545  —  —  —  5,545 
Exercise of Common Stock options, net 222,229  —  2,855  —  —  —  2,855 
Shares issued in connection with settlement of litigation 4,024,115  4  90,764  —  —  —  90,768 
Repurchase of Common Stock in exchange for senior secured convertible notes (4,000,000) (7) —  —  —  (94,014) (94,021)
Restricted stock units vested 2,077,253  2  15,816  —  —  —  15,818 
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards (222,814) —  (5,263) —  —  —  (5,263)
Stock-based compensation —  —  33,520  —  —  —  33,520 
Balance as of December 31, 2018 59,389,830  $ 59  $ 1,561,208  $ (10,621) $ (769,095) $ (229,984) $ 551,567 
Adoption of ASC 842 —  —  —  —  (46) —  (46)
Net loss —  —  —  —  (338,996) —  (338,996)
Foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  —  (1,712) —  —  (1,712)
Issuance of Common Stock - CVI 2,728,513  3  8,159  —  —  —  8,162 
Common Stock warrants exercised - Starboard 323,448  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Common Stock warrants exercised - CVI 2,728,513  3  5,482  —  —  —  5,485 
Exercise of Common Stock options, net 68,259  —  1,191  —  —  —  1,191 
Interest paid in Common Stock 4,057,129  4  17,370  —  —  —  17,374 
Restricted stock units vested 854,998  1  4,610  —  —  —  4,611 
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards (85,560) —  (1,267) —  —  —  (1,267)
Stock-based compensation —  —  12,605  —  —  —  12,605 
Balance as of December 31, 2019 70,065,130  $ 70  $ 1,609,358  $ (12,333) $ (1,108,137) $ (229,984) $ 258,974 
Net loss —  —  —  —  (47,918) —  (47,918)
Foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  —  5,303  —  —  5,303 
Exercise of Common Stock options, net 75,000  —  143  —  —  —  143 
Interest paid in Common Stock 1,474,201  2  3,058  —  —  —  3,060 
Restricted stock units vested 1,363,152  1  3,064  —  —  —  3,065 
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards (38,937) —  (117) —  —  —  (117)
Stock-based compensation —  —  6,480  —  —  —  6,480 
Balance as of December 31, 2020 72,938,546  $ 73  $ 1,621,986  $ (7,030) $ (1,156,055) $ (229,984) $ 228,990 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSCORE, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
  Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Operating activities:
Net loss $ (47,918) $ (338,996) $ (159,268)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Amortization of intangible assets 27,219  30,076  32,864 
Depreciation 14,064  12,778  17,259 
Stock-based compensation expense 10,073  16,558  37,619 
Non-cash interest expense on senior secured convertible notes (related party) 9,180  17,374  — 
Accretion of debt discount 7,571  6,242  4,812 
Non-cash operating lease expense 5,555  5,369  — 
Impairment of right-of-use and long-lived assets 4,671  —  — 
Provision for bad debts 1,693  727  966 
Amortization expense of finance leases 1,652  2,413  — 
Amortization of deferred financing costs 1,560  1,078  955 
Change in fair value of interest make-whole derivative 871  —  — 
Deferred tax provision (benefit) 10  (3,727) 2,019 
Change in fair value of financing derivatives (10,287) (5,100) 14,226 
Change in fair value of warrant liability (4,894) 2,411  — 
Impairment of goodwill —  224,272  — 
Impairment of intangible asset —  17,308  — 
Change in fair value of investment in equity securities —  2,324  (1,443)
Other 37  (2) 568 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable 2,024  2,738  4,707 
Prepaid expenses and other assets (6,283) 2,198  (2,891)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (17,095) 10,438  (4,955)
Contract liability and customer advances 7,341  (3,477) (30,013)
Current operating lease liability (6,327) (7,638) — 
Insurance recoverable on litigation settlements —  —  10,000 
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 717  (4,636) (72,575)
Investing activities:
Capitalized internal-use software costs (15,078) (11,500) (9,608)
Purchases of property and equipment (477) (2,736) (4,206)
Proceeds from sale of investment in equity securities —  3,776  — 
Net cash used in investing activities (15,555) (10,460) (13,814)
Financing activities:
Principal payments on finance leases (1,754) (2,535) — 
Principal payments on capital lease and software license arrangements (367) (2,070) (9,006)
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards (117) (1,267) (5,263)
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options 142  1,191  2,855 
Proceeds from private placement, net of issuance costs paid —  19,752  — 
Proceeds from secured term note —  13,000  — 
Secured term note issuance costs —  (350) — 
Proceeds from sale-leaseback financing transaction —  4,252  — 
Proceeds from borrowings on senior secured convertible notes (related party) —  —  100,000 
Senior secured convertible notes issuance costs —  —  (5,146)
Financing proceeds received on subscription receivable (related party) —  —  9,679 
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (2,096) 31,973  93,119 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 902  (302) (1,657)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (16,032) 16,575  5,073 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 66,773  50,198  45,125 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 50,741  $ 66,773  $ 50,198 
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As of December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Cash and cash equivalents $ 31,126  $ 46,590  $ 44,096 
Restricted cash 19,615  20,183  6,102 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 50,741  $ 66,773  $ 50,198 
Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019 2018
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid ($21,420, $3,046 and $7,484 of interest paid in 2020, 2019, and 2018 attributable to related party, respectively)
$ 23,792  $ 4,081  $ 8,136 
Income taxes paid, net of refunds 1,182  1,191  1,260 
Supplemental non-cash activities:
Settlement of restricted stock unit liability $ 3,065  $ 4,611  $ 15,818 
Assets acquired through finance leases and software obligations 1,109  4,277  1,737 
Change in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to capital expenditures 395  456  1,149 
Leasehold improvements acquired through lease incentives 394  2,050  — 
Fair value of warrants issued in private placement —  10,798  — 
Repurchase of Common Stock in exchange for senior secured convertible notes —  —  94,021 
Shares issued in connection with settlement of litigation —  —  90,768 
Insurance recovery on litigation settlement —  —  27,232 
Fair value of financing derivatives issued with senior secured convertible notes —  —  17,574 
Common Stock warrants issued with senior secured convertible notes —  —  5,733 
Notes Option derivative liability settlement —  —  5,700 
Modification of debt in consideration for the reduction of the senior secured convertible note minimum cash balance requirement —  —  4,000 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSCORE, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.Organization
comScore, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, "Comscore" or the "Company"), headquartered in Reston, Virginia, is a global information and analytics company that measures audiences, consumer behavior and advertising across media platforms.
Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenues and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"). The Company's CODM is its Chief Executive Officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has one operating segment. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company's CODM reviews consolidated results of operations to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance and does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line.
Uses and Sources of Liquidity and Management's Plans
The Company's primary need for liquidity is to fund working capital requirements and capital expenditures of its business. Since 2017, the Company has implemented certain organizational restructuring plans to reduce staffing levels, exit certain geographic regions, and rationalize its leased properties, to enable the Company to decrease its global costs, more effectively align resources to business priorities, and maintain compliance with its financial covenants, as described in Footnote 4, Debt.
The Company has secured the following long-term financing in order to increase its available working capital and fund ongoing operations:
•During 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP (collectively, "Starboard"), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to Starboard a total of $204.0 million in senior secured convertible notes (the "Notes") as well as warrants to purchase shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Common Stock") in exchange for $100.0 million in cash and 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock. For additional information, refer to Footnote 4, Debt.
•On June 26, 2019, the Company issued 2,728,513 shares of Common Stock and four series of warrants in a private placement to CVI Investments, Inc. ("CVI") in exchange for gross cash proceeds of $20.0 million. On October 14, 2019, the Company issued 2,728,513 shares of Common Stock to CVI upon exercise by CVI of the Series C warrant. For additional information, refer to Footnote 5, Stockholders' Equity.
•On December 31, 2019, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, Rentrak B.V., entered into an agreement with several third parties (collectively the "Noteholder") for a secured promissory note (the "Secured Term Note") in exchange for gross proceeds of $13.0 million. The Secured Term Note matures on December 31, 2021, is cash collateralized, and has an annual interest rate of 9.75% that is payable monthly in arrears. For additional information, refer to Footnote 4, Debt.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with its covenants under the Notes and the Secured Term Note.
On January 7, 2021, the Company entered into separate Securities Purchase Agreements with each of Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC ("Charter"), Qurate Retail, Inc. ("Qurate") and Pine Investor, LLC ("Pine"), pursuant to which, at the closing of the transactions contemplated thereby (the "Transactions"), the Company will issue and sell (a) to Charter, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million, (b) to Qurate, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million and (c) to Pine, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million. The proceeds of the Transactions will be used to repay the Notes issued to Starboard. Additionally, in connection with the closing, the Company expects to repay the Secured Term Note and certain transaction-related expenses with cash from its balance sheet.
The Transactions and related matters were approved by the Company's stockholders on March 9, 2021 and are expected to be completed on or around March 10, 2021. Repayment of the Notes and the Secured Term Note will result in the termination of the affirmative and negative covenants set forth in these instruments, including the Notes covenant requiring maintenance of certain minimum cash balances (currently $40.0 million), and is expected to improve the Company's financial position and liquidity. As a result, the Company believes the approved Transactions will provide it with adequate sources of funding to satisfy its estimated liquidity needs for at least one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. However, the Company cannot predict with certainty the outcome of its actions to generate liquidity or whether such actions would generate the expected liquidity as currently planned.
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2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned domestic and foreign subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.
Reclassification
Certain amounts in the prior year financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Specifically, current accrued litigation settlements have been aggregated within other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, non-current contract liabilities are now separately reported from other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Use of Estimates and Judgments in the Preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments are inherent in the analysis and the measurement of: management's standalone selling price ("SSP"), principal versus agent revenue recognition, determination of performance obligations, determination of transaction price, including the determination of variable consideration and allocation of transaction price to performance obligations, deferred tax assets and liabilities, including the identification and quantification of income tax liabilities due to uncertain tax positions, the valuation and recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets, the determination of appropriate discount rates for lease accounting, the probability of exercising either lease renewal or termination clauses, the assessment of potential loss from contingencies, the fair value determination of financing-related liabilities and warrants, the allowance for doubtful accounts, and the valuation of options, performance-based and market-based stock awards. Management bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in those estimates. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company evaluates the fair value of certain assets and liabilities using the fair value hierarchy. Fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the Company applies the three-tier GAAP value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
Level 1 - observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2 - inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly;
Level 3 - unobservable inputs of which there is little or no market data, which require the Company to develop its own assumptions.
Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measure. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurements requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.
For assets that are measured using quoted prices in active markets, the total fair value is the published market price per unit multiplied by the number of units held, without consideration of transaction costs. Assets and liabilities that are measured using significant other observable inputs are primarily valued by reference to quoted prices of similar assets or liabilities in active markets, adjusted for any terms specific to that asset or liability.
Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include property and equipment, operating right-of-use assets, intangible assets and goodwill. The Company recognizes these items at fair value when they are considered to be impaired or upon initial recognition. The fair value of these assets and liabilities are determined with valuation techniques using the best information available and may include quoted market prices, market comparables and discounted cash flow models.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Due to their short-term nature, the carrying amounts reported in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements approximate the fair value for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash including certificates of deposit, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, the current portion of contract liability and customer advances. The carrying values of finance lease obligations approximate their fair value as the interest rates for the lease term approximate market rates (Level 2).
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The fair values of the Company's financing derivatives are estimated using forward projections and are discounted back at rates commensurate with the remaining term of the related derivatives. The fair value of the interest reset liability is determined based on an estimate for the Company's credit rating, the premium attributable to the payment-in-kind feature of the Notes, and premium estimates for company-specific risk factors (together, the credit adjusted discount rate), the Company's Common Stock price at measurement date, the observable volatility of the Common Stock and risk-free rate. The fair value of the change in control redemption derivative liabilities is determined based on the probability of change of control, credit adjusted discount rate, and risk-free rate. The fair value of the Notes is determined using the credit adjusted discount rate, the Company's Common Stock price at the valuation date, risk-free rate and volatility commensurate with the remaining term of the Notes. The fair value of the Company's Secured Term Note is determined using future cash flows that are discounted back at a risk-free rate commensurate with the expected remaining term of the debt. The fair value of the Company's interest make-whole derivative is estimated using forward projections of estimated cash payments at the closing date discounted back to the valuation date at rates commensurate with the estimated remaining term of the related derivative.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase and qualifying money-market funds as cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions domestically and internationally. The combined account balances held on deposit at each institution typically exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance coverage and, as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts on deposit in excess of FDIC insurance coverage. The Company monitors this credit risk and makes adjustments to the concentrations as necessary.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash represents the Company's cash collateral requirements under the Secured Term Note, outstanding letters of credit, and corporate credit card obligations. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had $19.6 million and $20.2 million of restricted cash, respectively, of which $0.5 million and $1.0 million was held in certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, certificates of deposit in the amount of $0.1 million will mature within one year.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The Company generally grants uncollateralized credit terms to its customers and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to reserve for uncollectible receivables. Allowances are based on management's judgment, which considers historical collection experience adjusted for current conditions or expected future conditions based on reasonable and supportable forecasts, a specific review of all significant outstanding receivables, an assessment of company-specific credit conditions and general economic conditions. For 2020, management considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including customer payment delays and requests from customers to revise contractual payment terms, in determining the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts which resulted in an increase of the allowance.
The following is a summary of the allowance for doubtful accounts:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Beginning Balance $ (1,919) $ (1,597)
Bad debt expense (1,693) (727)
Recoveries (300) (481)
Write-offs 1,155  886 
Ending Balance $ (2,757) $ (1,919)
Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment is recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation, and is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from 3 to 5 years. Assets under finance leases are recorded at their net present value at the commencement of the lease. Assets under finance leases and leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the related lease terms or their useful lives. Replacements and major improvements are capitalized; maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.
Capitalized Software
Capitalized software, which is included in property and equipment, net, consists of costs to purchase and develop internal-use software, which the Company uses to provide services to its clients. The costs to purchase and develop internal-use software are capitalized from the time that the preliminary project stage is completed, and it is considered probable that the software will be used to perform the function intended, until the time the software is placed in service for its intended use. Any costs incurred during subsequent efforts to upgrade and enhance the functionality of the software are also capitalized. Once this software is ready for use in
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the Company's products, these costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software, which is typically assessed to be 3 to 5 years. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 the Company capitalized $15.0 million, $11.9 million, and $9.6 million in internal-use software costs, respectively. The Company depreciated $9.1 million, $4.8 million and $1.3 million in capitalized internal-use software costs during the years ended December 31, 2020 2019, and 2018 respectively.
Certain costs incurred for implementation, setup, and other upfront activities in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are capitalized within other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Once the implementation has been completed, the capitalized amounts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining noncancelable term of the hosting arrangement, including options to extend the hosting arrangement when it is reasonably certain the options will be exercised. The Company capitalized $3.2 million and $1.0 million of implementation costs during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Amortization of these costs has not commenced as the implementation activities are not complete.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed when a business is acquired. The valuation of intangible assets and goodwill involves the use of management's estimates and assumptions and can have a significant impact on future operating results. The Company initially records its intangible assets at fair value. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives while goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill recorded by the reporting unit.
The Company has a single reporting unit. Accordingly, the impairment assessment for goodwill is performed at the enterprise level. Goodwill is reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. The Company initially assesses qualitative factors to determine if it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment review. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment if, based on an assessment of the qualitative factors, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, or the Company decides to bypass the qualitative assessment. The carrying value of the reporting unit is reviewed utilizing a combination of the discounted cash flow model and a market value approach. The estimated fair value of a reporting unit is determined based on assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates and market values. Additionally, the Company considers income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss.
The Company monitors for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining fair value, including long-term growth projections, profitability, discount rates, volatility in the Company's market capitalization, general industry, and market and macro-economic conditions. It is possible that future changes in such circumstances, or in the variables associated with the judgments, assumptions and estimates used in assessing the fair value of the reporting unit, would require the Company to record a non-cash impairment charge.
The Company completed its annual assessment on October 1, 2020, and there was no impairment of goodwill at the assessment date.
The Company performed an interim analysis as of June 30, 2019 and determined that goodwill was then impaired. Refer to Footnote 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further information. The Company completed its annual assessment on October 1, 2019, and there was no additional impairment of goodwill at the assessment date.
No goodwill impairment charges were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018.
Intangible assets with finite lives are generally amortized using the straight-line method over the following useful lives:
Useful Lives (Years)
Acquired methodologies and technology
2 to 7
Acquired software 3
Customer relationships
3 to 7
Intellectual property
2 to 13
Panel
1 to 7
Trade Names
2 to 6
Other
6 to 8
Impairment of Right-of-use and Long-Lived Assets
The Company's long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets. The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. If an indication of impairment is present, the Company compares the estimated undiscounted future cash flows to be generated by the asset group to its carrying amount. Recoverability measurement and estimation of undiscounted cash flows are
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grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset group, the Company records an impairment loss equal to the excess of the asset group's carrying amount over its fair value. The fair value is determined based on valuation techniques such as a comparison to fair values of similar assets or using a discounted cash flow analysis.
Although the Company believes that the carrying values of its long-lived assets are appropriately stated, changes in strategy or market conditions, significant technological developments or significant changes in legal or regulatory factors could significantly impact these judgments and require adjustments to recorded asset balances. The Company performed an interim analysis as of June 30, 2019, as events or changes in circumstances indicated the carrying value of certain assets may not be recoverable, and determined that the Company's strategic alliance (the "strategic alliance") with WPP plc and its affiliates ("WPP") was impaired. Refer to Footnote 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further information.
The Company applies the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, to determine whether right-of-use ("ROU") assets and related long-lived assets may be impaired. The Company evaluates its ROU and long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. For facility lease ROU and related long-lived assets, the Company compares the estimated undiscounted cash flows generated by a sublease to the current carrying value of the ROU and related long-lived assets. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the ROU and related long-lived assets, the Company records an impairment loss equal to the excess of the ROU and long-lived assets' carrying value over their fair value consistent with other long-lived assets.
The Company performed an interim analysis as of March 31, 2020, as changes in market conditions indicated the carrying value of certain facility lease ROU and other long-lived assets may not be recoverable, and determined that certain ROU assets, and related leasehold improvements, were impaired.
The Company recorded a $4.7 million non-cash impairment charge related to its ROU assets, and related leasehold improvements, with corresponding reductions of $2.8 million and $1.9 million to the operating right-of-use assets and property and equipment, net line items, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The impairment charge was driven by changes in the Company's projected undiscounted cash flows for certain properties, primarily as a result of changes in the real estate market related to the COVID-19 pandemic, that led to an increase in the estimated marketing time, and a reduction of expected receipts, for properties on the market for sublease. The fair value of these ROU assets, and related leasehold improvements, was estimated using an income approach and a discount rate of 12%.
Although the Company believes that the carrying values of its long-lived assets are appropriately stated as of December 31, 2020, future changes in strategy or market conditions, significant technological developments or significant changes in legal or regulatory factors could significantly impact these judgments and require adjustments to recorded asset balances.
Accounting for Warrants
In 2019, the Company issued warrants to CVI in connection with the private placement described in Footnote 1, Organization. The warrants were determined to be freestanding financial instruments that qualify for liability treatment as a result of a net cash settlement feature associated with a cap on the issuance of shares under certain circumstances. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are immediately recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
The fair value of the warrants is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation analysis within an option pricing model. The fair value estimate is determined using an estimate for the Company's cost of debt, probability of change of control, dividend yield, risk-free rate, remaining term of the warrants and volatility. The fair values of the warrants are estimated using forward projections of stock issuances with relative certainty and estimated payments at each exercise date discounted back to the valuation date with the remaining term of the related warrants. The primary sensitivity in the valuation of each warrant liability is driven by the Common Stock price at the measurement date and the observable volatility of the Common Stock.
Equity Securities
The Company sold its remaining investment in equity securities during 2019 for gross cash proceeds of $3.8 million. Changes in the investment's fair value were reported in other income (expense), net as they occurred; therefore, the sale of this investment did not result in a gain or loss in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Leases
The Company adopted ASC 842, Leases, with an initial application date of January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective method with optional transaction relief, under which the Company did not restate prior comparative periods and instead recorded an adjustment to stockholders' equity as of the date of initial implementation for the cumulative impact of adoption. The adoption of ASC 842 did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
The Company's lease portfolio is comprised of two major classes. Real estate leases, which are the majority of the Company's leased assets, are accounted for as operating leases. Computer equipment leases are generally accounted for as finance leases.
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The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception by evaluating whether the arrangement conveys the right to use an identified asset and whether the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from and has the ability to direct the use of the asset. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Operating ROU assets also include the impact of any lease incentives.
For any leases in which an asset is not specifically identified, the Company performs a discrete analysis to identify whether there is an implicitly identified asset based on the contractual or other known requirements, such as the presence of substantive substitution rights on the part of the supplier or the right of the Company to sublease the asset. As part of this analysis, the Company also determines whether there are any restrictions on the use of the asset placed on the Company that are not considered protective rights on the part of the supplier and thus would allow the Company to assume which specific assets have been identified.
The Company identifies separate lease and non-lease components within the contract. Non-lease components primarily include payments for common-area maintenance and management charges. The Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease payments and account for them together as a single lease component, which increases the amount of the Company's ROU assets and lease liabilities.
The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is the Company's incremental borrowing rate, because the interest rate implicit in the Company's leases is not readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, and in economic environments where the leased asset is located. The Company's current discount rates range from 10.6% to 15.0% depending on the term of the lease.
The Company's lease terms include periods under options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company considers contractual-based factors such as the nature and terms of the renewal or termination, asset-based factors such as physical location of the asset and entity-based factors such as the importance of the leased asset to the Company's operations to determine the lease term. The Company generally uses the base, non-cancelable, lease term when determining the ROU assets and lease liabilities.
Payments under the Company's lease arrangements are primarily fixed; however, certain lease agreements contain variable payments, which are expensed as incurred and not included in the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities. These amounts include payments affected by changes in the Consumer Price Index and payments for common-area maintenance, real estate taxes and utilities, which are based on usage or performance.
Operating leases are included in operating ROU assets, current operating lease liability, and non-current operating lease liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense for its operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Finance lease activity is included in property and equipment, net; current finance lease liabilities are aggregated into other current liabilities; and non-current finance lease obligations are aggregated in other non-current liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.
The execution of a sublease where remaining lease payments on the head lease exceed the anticipated sublease receipts reflects an indication of impairment which suggests the carrying value of the ROU asset may not be recoverable. The Company treats operating lease ROU assets as financing transactions, thereby excluding the operating lease liability and related lease payments from the head lease, for purposes of testing recoverability. The Company compares the estimated undiscounted cash flows generated by the sublease to the current carrying value of the ROU asset. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the ROU asset, the Company records an impairment loss equal to the excess of the ROU asset's carrying value over its fair value consistent with other long-lived assets.
Income from subleased properties is recognized on a straight-line basis and presented as a reduction of costs, allocated among operating expense line items, in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. In addition to sublease rent, variable non-lease costs such as common-area maintenance and utilities are charged to subtenants over the duration of the lease for their proportionate share of these costs. These variable non-lease income receipts are recognized in operating expenses as a reduction to costs incurred by the Company in relation to the head lease.
The Company determines the nature of a sale-leaseback transaction based on the determination of whether the transaction qualifies as a sale and whether there is a transfer in the control of assets. If the transaction does not qualify as a sale, the Company recognizes the transaction as a failed sale-leaseback transaction (financing arrangement). The Company records a financing obligation, and the assets that are included in the failed sale-leaseback transaction remain on the Consolidated Balance Sheets until the end of the lease term.
Foreign Currency
Generally, the functional currency of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. In those cases where the transaction is not denominated in the functional currency, the Company revalues the transaction to the functional currency and records the translation gain or loss in the Company's Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate as of the end of the year, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the year. The gain or loss resulting from the process of translating a foreign subsidiary's functional currency financial statements into U.S. Dollars ("USD") is reflected as foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment and reported as a component of accumulated other
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comprehensive loss. The translation adjustment for intercompany foreign currency loans that are permanent in nature are also recorded as accumulated other comprehensive loss. Translation adjustments on intercompany accounts that are short term in nature are recorded as gain (loss) from foreign currency transactions. For foreign entities where USD is the functional currency, re-measurement of gains and losses related to deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in income tax provision in the Company's Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Revenue Recognition
The Company applies the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all related applicable guidance. The Company recognizes revenue under the core principle to depict the transfer of control to its customers in an amount reflecting the consideration to which it expects to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, the Company applies the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.
The Company's contracts with customers may include multiple promised goods and services. Contracts with multiple performance obligations typically consist of a mix of subscriptions to the Company's online database, customized data services, and delivery of periodic custom reports based on information obtained from the database. In such cases, the Company identifies performance obligations by evaluating whether the promised goods and services are capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Promised goods and services that are not distinct at contract inception are combined as one performance obligation. Once the Company identifies the performance obligations, the Company will determine the transaction price based on contractually fixed amounts and an estimate of variable consideration. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on relative SSP. Judgment is exercised to determine the SSP of each distinct performance obligation. The Company will constrain estimates of variable consideration based on its expectation of recovery from the customer. Some sources of variable consideration such as refunds, penalties, or allowances will reduce transaction price. These sources of variable consideration are relatively infrequent and generally not significant. The Company recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Customers may obtain the control of promised goods or services over time or at a point in time. The Company recognizes revenue net of sales taxes remitted to government authorities. In general, transaction price is determined by estimating the fixed amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled for transfer of goods and services and all relevant sources and components of variable consideration. Variable consideration is estimated based on the most likely amount or expected value approach, depending on which method the Company expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled. Once the Company elects one of the methods to estimate variable consideration for a particular type of performance obligation, the Company will apply that method consistently.
Subscription-based revenues are typically recognized on a straight-line basis over the access period, which ranges from three to thirty-six months. Revenue for validated Campaign Essentials ("vCE") and Comscore Campaign Ratings ("CCR") is recognized over time, either on a time-elapsed basis, as the Company is providing services that the customer is continuously consuming and receiving benefit from, or on an output method, such as volume of impressions processed. Activation products vary in nature, and can be recognized over time, generally on an input method time-elapsed basis, as the Company provides continuous tracking of activity. Other activation products are delivered at a point in time, based on custom attributes agreed upon by customers and the Company.
The Company's customized data services are delivered in the form of custom recurring reports or ad hoc reports. Custom report performance obligations, in general, are transferred at a point in time once the product has been delivered to the customer.
Survey products vary in nature and can be recognized at a point in time, generally on an output method report delivery basis, once the final report has been delivered to the customer. Other survey products are recognized over time, generally on a time-elapsed basis, as the Company provides access to continuous reporting on survey results through a user interface. Survey services consist of survey design with subsequent data collection, analysis and reporting.
For performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, the Company evaluates a number of factors to determine whether control of goods and services has been transferred. The Company considers whether there is a present right to payment and whether the customer has accepted the asset. In many instances the Company has objective evidence of the acceptance criteria, while in other cases the acceptance provisions are substantive, and the customer must affirmatively signal acceptance. The preceding two factors are not the only factors that may be considered. Other considerations include, but are not limited to, whether risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred for a particular product.
For the majority of its products and services, the Company applies an adjusted market assessment approach for the determination of SSP for identified performance obligations. In general, the Company bundles multiple products and very few are sold on a standalone basis. The Company uses rate cards and pricing calculators that are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect the latest sales data and observable inputs by industry, channel, geography, customer size, and other relevant groupings. Certain products are sold on a standalone basis in a narrow band of prices. If a product is sold outside of the narrow band of prices, it will be assigned the midpoint of the narrow band for purposes of allocating transaction price on a relative SSP basis.
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Customers may have the right to cancel their contracts by providing a written notice of cancellation, although most subscription-based contracts are non-cancelable. If a customer cancels its contract, the customer is generally not entitled to a refund for prior services. In the event a portion of a contract is refundable, revenue recognition is delayed until the refund provision lapses. For multi-year contracts with annual price increases and no opt out clauses, the total consideration for each of the years included in the contract term will be combined and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.
The Company may enter into multiple contracts with a single counterparty at or near the same time. The Company will combine contracts and account for them as a single contract when one or more of the following criteria are met: (i) the contracts are negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective, (ii) consideration to be paid in one contract depends on the price or performance of the other contract, and (iii) goods or services promised are a single performance obligation.
For transactions that involve third parties, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the principal, in which case the Company recognizes revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is an agent, the Company recognizes revenue on a net basis. In certain countries, the Company may use third-party resellers to sell its products and services. In these transactions, the Company is generally the principal as the Company controls the products and services and is primarily responsible for providing them to the end user. The Company also has certain revenue share arrangements that involve the use of partner data in its sales to end users or the use of its data in partner sales to end users. In these arrangements, the Company assesses which party controls the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer, as well as other indicators such as the party primarily responsible for fulfillment, inventory risk, and discretion in establishing price. 
The Company enters into a limited number of monetary contracts with multichannel video programming distributors ("MVPDs") that involve both the purchase and sale of services with a single counterparty. The Company assesses each contract to determine if the revenue and expense should be presented gross or net. In some instances, the Company may provide free distinct goods or services as a form of non-cash consideration to the counterparty. The Company recognizes revenue for these contracts to the extent that SSP is established for distinct services provided. Any excess consideration above the established SSP of services is presented as an offset to cost of revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Contract Balances
Accounts receivable are billed and unbilled amounts related to the Company's rights to consideration as performance obligations are satisfied when the rights to payment become unconditional but for the passage of time.
Contract assets are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contract assets represent the Company's right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer either prior to the receipt of consideration or before payment is due.
Contract payments are generally due in advance for subscription-based services or prior to delivery of custom reports. If a contract exists under ASC 606, advance payments are recorded as a contract liability or a customer advance until the performance obligations are satisfied and revenue is earned.
Contract liabilities relate to amounts billed in advance, or advance consideration received from customers, for which transfer of control of the good or service occurs at a later point in time. Customer advances relate to amounts billed in advance, or advance considerations received from customers, for contracts with termination rights for which transfer of control of the good or service occurs at a later point in time. Contract liabilities and customer advances to be recognized in the succeeding twelve-month period are classified as current and the remaining amounts are classified as non-current liabilities within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations
The Company elected an optional exemption to not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have an original expected duration of one year or less, or where the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations for which variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation, or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with the series guidance.
Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract
The Company elected the practical expedient to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets is one year or less. These costs include commission programs to compensate employees for obtaining new contracts and are included in selling and marketing expense.
Certain costs to fulfill are capitalized in relation to long-term contracts wherein the transfer of goods and services will occur at a point in time. In addition, the Company capitalizes costs to fulfill for long-term contracts that are incurred during a setup period prior to transferring control of the good or service over time. These costs include dedicated employees, subcontractors, and other third-party costs. The Company will assess capitalized costs to fulfill at each reporting period for recoverability. These costs are included in cost of revenue and are recognized in the same manner as the corresponding performance obligation.
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Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues consists primarily of costs to produce the Company's products including viewing data from MVPDs, census-based, panel and other third-party data as well as costs to operate its network infrastructure including data center, data storage and compliance costs. Other costs include amortization of capitalized fulfillment costs, employee costs including stock-based compensation, depreciation related to assets used to maintain the network and produce products and allocated overhead, including rent and depreciation expenses generated by general purpose equipment and software.
Selling and Marketing
Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, commissions, stock-based compensation, benefits and bonuses for personnel associated with sales and marketing activities, as well as costs related to online and offline advertising, product management, seminars, promotional materials, public relations, other sales and marketing programs, and allocated overhead, including rent and other facilities related costs, and depreciation.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, stock-based compensation, benefits and related costs for executive management, finance, accounting, human capital, legal, information technology and other administrative functions, as well as professional fees and allocated overhead, including rent and other facilities related costs, depreciation and expenses incurred for other general corporate purposes.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, stock-based compensation, benefits and related costs for personnel associated with research and development activities, as well as allocated overhead, including rent and other facilities related costs, and depreciation.
Investigation and Audit Related
Investigation expenses are professional fees associated with legal and forensic accounting services rendered as a result of an internal Audit Committee investigation into matters related to the Company's revenue recognition practices, disclosures, internal controls, corporate culture and employment practices prior to 2017. Audit related expenses consist of professional fees associated with accounting related consulting services and external auditor fees associated with the audit of the Company's prior-year financial statements. Also included are litigation related expenses, which include legal fees associated with various lawsuits or investigations that were initiated either directly or indirectly as a result of the Audit Committee's investigation.
Other Income (Expense), Net
The following is a summary of other income (expense), net:
  Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Change in fair value of financing derivatives $ 10,287  $ 5,100  $ (14,226)
Change in fair value of warrants liability 4,894  (2,411) — 
Change in fair value of interest make-whole derivative (871) —  — 
Change in fair value of investment in equity securities —  (2,324) 1,443 
Transition services agreement income —  534  9,029 
Other 244  755  2,290 
Total other income (expense), net $ 14,554  $ 1,654  $ (1,464)
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash deposits with financial institutions that, from time to time, exceed applicable insurance limits. The Company reduces this risk by maintaining such deposits with high quality financial institutions that management believes are creditworthy. With respect to accounts receivable, credit risk is mitigated by the Company's ongoing credit evaluation of its customers' financial condition.
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Debt Issuance Costs
The Company reflects debt issuance costs in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the gross amount of debt, consistent with the presentation of a debt discount. Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense, net over the term of the underlying debt instrument, utilizing the effective interest method.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company has derivative financial instruments that are not hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. The fair value of stock options with only service conditions is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units ("RSUs") and restricted stock awards is based on the closing price of the Company's Common Stock on the date of grant. The Company amortizes the fair value of awards expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the period from the grant date to the end of the vesting period. The determination of the fair value of the Company's stock option awards is based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the Company's Common Stock price, risk-free rate, expected stock price volatility over the expected life of awards, dividend yield and actual and projected exercise behavior. Additionally, the Company has estimated forfeitures for stock-based awards at the dates of grant based on historical experience and adjusted for future expectation. The Company performs a review of the forfeiture rate assumption at least annually or as deemed necessary if there are changes that could potentially significantly impact the future rate of forfeiture of its stock-based awards. The forfeiture estimate is revised as necessary if actual forfeitures differ from these estimates.
The Company issues stock options with a vesting period based solely upon the passage of time (service vesting). In considering expected exercise behavior the Company applies the simplified method for plain-vanilla options due to the lack of significant historical exercise experience. For non-employee options that do not qualify as plain-vanilla the Company generally elects to apply the contractual term of the award.
The Company issues RSU awards with restrictions that lapse upon the passage of time (service vesting), achieving performance targets, fulfillment of market conditions or a combination thereof. For those RSU awards with only service vesting, the Company recognizes compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the service period. For awards with performance conditions only, or performance and service conditions, the Company starts recognizing compensation cost over the remaining service period when it is probable the performance conditions will be met. Stock awards that contain performance vesting conditions are excluded from diluted earnings per share ("EPS") computations until the contingency is met as of the end of that reporting period.
For awards with market conditions, the Company recognizes compensation cost over the remaining service period, with the effect of the market condition reflected in the calculation of the award's fair value at the grant date. The Company values awards with market conditions using certain valuation techniques, such as a Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The Company determines the requisite service period based on the longer of the explicit service period and the derived service period. Stock awards that contain market vesting conditions are included in the computations of diluted EPS reflecting the number of shares that would be issued based on the current market price at the end of the period being reported on, if their effect is dilutive.
Under the Company's annual incentive compensation plan, the Company may grant immediate or future vesting RSUs to certain employees. For these awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which generally precedes the grant date. The Company accrues stock-based compensation expense for these awards until the date of grant.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are provided for temporary differences in recognizing certain income, expense and credit items for financial reporting purposes and tax reporting purposes. Such deferred income taxes primarily relate to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to the future years in which deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be settled or realized. Excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies are recognized in the income tax provision in the period in which they occur.
The Company records a valuation allowance when it determines, based on available positive and negative evidence, that it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company determines the realizability of its deferred tax assets primarily based on the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and projections of future taxable income (exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards). In evaluating such projections, the Company considers its history of profitability, the competitive environment, and general economic conditions. In addition, the Company considers the time frame over which it would take to utilize the deferred tax assets prior to their expiration.
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For certain tax positions, the Company uses a more-likely-than-not threshold based on the technical merits of the tax position taken. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefits determined on a cumulative probability basis, which are more-likely-than-not to be realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. The Company's policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.
In December 2017, U.S. tax reform legislation known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA") was signed into law. The Company determined the effects of certain provisions, including but not limited to: a reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, a limitation of the deductibility of certain officers' compensation, a limitation on the current deductibility of net interest expense in excess of 30% of adjusted taxable income, a limitation of net operating losses generated after 2018 to 80% of taxable income, an incremental tax (base erosion anti-abuse or "BEAT") on excessive amounts paid to foreign related parties, and a minimum tax on certain foreign earnings in excess of 10% of the foreign subsidiaries tangible assets (global intangible low-taxed income or "GILTI"). As part of its GILTI review, the Company has determined that it will account for GILTI income as it is generated (i.e., treat it as a period expense). Given the Company's loss position in the U.S. and the valuation allowance recorded against its U.S. net deferred tax assets, these provisions have not had a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per common share excludes dilution for potential Common Stock issuances and is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the period. 250,000 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants ("penny warrants") were included in the number of outstanding shares used for the computation of basic net loss per share prior to the exercise of those warrants in April 2019. In periods with a reported net loss, the effect of anti-dilutive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, senior secured convertible notes and warrants are excluded and diluted loss per share is equal to basic loss per share.
The following is a summary of the Common Stock equivalents for the securities outstanding during the respective periods that have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive:
  Years Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2018
Stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, senior secured convertible notes and warrants 16,724,946  12,443,032  8,392,748 
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments.
Accounting Standards Recently Adopted
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which removes and modifies certain disclosure requirements under Topic 820. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of the update and to delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020, and the standard did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss model which requires consideration of forward-looking information to calculate credit loss estimates. These changes will result in an earlier recognition of credit losses. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company's financial assets held at amortized cost include certificates of deposit, accounts receivable and contract assets. The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2020, and the standard did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures based on historical collection trends, the financial condition of payment partners, and external market factors.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exemptions as well as a few other changes. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of the update and to delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is in the process of evaluating the guidance but does not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures.
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In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40), which simplifies accounting for convertible instruments, enhances disclosure requirements related to the terms and features of convertible instruments, and amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts settled in an entity's own equity. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but not earlier than periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company is in the process of evaluating the guidance but does not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements or related disclosures.
3. Revenue Recognition
The following table presents the Company's revenue disaggregated by solution group, geographical market and timing of transfer of products and services. The Company attributes revenue to geographical markets based on the location of the customer. The Company has one reportable segment in accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting; as such, the disaggregation of revenue below reconciles directly to its unique reportable segment.
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
By solution group:
Ratings and Planning (1)
$ 253,652  $ 271,623  $ 285,355 
Analytics and Optimization (1)
69,080  74,725  92,380 
Movies Reporting and Analytics 33,304  42,297  41,747 
Total $ 356,036  $ 388,645  $ 419,482 
By geographical market:
United States $ 310,717  $ 336,087  $ 359,379 
Europe 27,447  30,619  34,623 
Latin America 6,275  10,326  13,179 
Canada 7,046  7,046  7,882 
Other 4,551  4,567  4,419 
Total $ 356,036  $ 388,645  $ 419,482 
By timing of revenue recognition:
Products and services transferred at a point in time $ 77,398  $ 93,036  $ 113,583 
Products and services transferred over time 278,638  295,609  305,899 
Total $ 356,036  $ 388,645  $ 419,482 
(1) In the second quarter of 2020, the Company began classifying revenue from certain new and extended custom agreements for services that utilize its syndicated data set, previously classified under Analytics and Optimization, as Ratings and Planning. The impact was not material to either solution group.
Contract Balances
The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets, contract costs, contract liabilities and customer advances from contracts with customers:
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Accounts receivable, net $ 69,379  $ 71,853 
Current and non-current contract assets 4,037  1,035 
Current and non-current contract costs 430  799 
Current contract liabilities 58,529  58,158 
Current customer advances 12,477  9,886 
Non-current contract liabilities 4,156  291 
Current and non-current contract assets as of December 31, 2020 increased from the prior year due primarily to the Company providing payment deferrals, in exchange for contract extensions, on certain of its movies contracts because of theater closures as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-current contract liabilities as of December 31, 2020 increased from the prior year due primarily to a large upfront payment received on a new multi-year contract.
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Significant changes in the current contract liabilities balances are as follows:
Contract Liability (Current)
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Revenue recognized that was included in the opening contract liabilities balance $ (53,226) $ (58,918)
Cash received or amounts billed in advance and not recognized as revenue 50,836  53,881 
Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations
As of December 31, 2020, approximately $210 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) for non-cancelable contracts. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately 63% of these remaining performance obligations in 2021, and approximately 28% in 2022, with the remainder recognized thereafter.
Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, amortized and expensed contract costs were $1.4 million, $1.9 million and $2.3 million, respectively.
4.Debt
Issuance and Sale of Initial Notes
On January 16, 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with Starboard, pursuant to which, among other things, the Company issued and sold to Starboard $150.0 million of senior secured convertible notes (the "Initial Notes") in exchange for $85.0 million in cash and 2,600,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $65.0 million. Based upon the fair value of the Common Stock on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share, the difference of $1.4 million was recorded as an issuance discount to the Initial Notes. The Company also granted to Starboard an option (the "Notes Option") to acquire up to an additional $50.0 million in senior secured convertible notes (the "Option Notes" and together with the Initial Notes, the "Notes") and agreed to grant Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $0.01 per share, as adjusted pursuant to the terms of the warrants. The warrants were issued on October 12, 2018 and were exercised in full by Starboard on April 3, 2019 for 323,448 shares of Common Stock.
The conversion price for the Notes (the "Conversion Price") is equal to a 30% premium to the volume weighted average trading prices ("VWAP") of the Common Stock on each trading day during the 10 consecutive trading days commencing on January 16, 2018, subject to a Conversion Price floor of $28.00 per share. In accordance with the foregoing, the Conversion Price was set at $31.29 per share.
The Notes mature on January 16, 2022. As described in Footnote 1, Organization, and Footnote 16, Subsequent Events, on March 9, 2021, the Company's stockholders approved Transactions for which the proceeds will be used to repay the Notes prior to maturity.
Based upon the determination of the Conversion Price, interest on the Notes accrued at 6.0% per year through January 30, 2019. On January 30, 2019, the interest rate reset to 12.0% through January 30, 2020. On January 30, 2020, the interest rate reset and remained at 12.0% through February 1, 2021. On February 1, 2021, the interest rate was determined to remain at 12.0% through maturity based on the reset calculation. The interest rate reset feature of the Initial Notes was determined by management to be a derivative instrument that qualifies for liability treatment. The derivative instrument is initially measured at fair value and classified as a liability on the balance sheet, with subsequent changes in fair value being recorded in earnings. To determine the fair value of the interest rate reset feature, management utilized a "with-and-without" convertible bond model, modified to incorporate the interest rate reset feature, using the following key assumptions:
•Credit Adjusted Discount Rate: The Company estimated a market-based discount rate of 25.0%.
•Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the fair value of the Common Stock on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share.
•Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 41.3% as of the valuation date.
•Term: Based on the time period of the Notes maturity, 4 years.
•Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.2% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield.
Based upon the modified convertible bond model utilized by management, the fair value of the interest rate reset feature was determined to be $6.4 million as of January 16, 2018 and was recognized as an issuance discount for the Initial Notes at inception.
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Interest on the Initial Notes is payable on a quarterly basis in arrears beginning on April 1, 2018, at the option of the Company, in cash, or, subject to certain conditions, through the issuance by the Company of additional shares of Common Stock (the "PIK Interest Shares"). Any PIK Interest Shares so issued will be valued at the arithmetic average of the VWAP of the Common Stock on each trading day during the 10 consecutive trading days ending immediately preceding the applicable interest payment date. On each of January 2, 2020, April 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020, the Company paid quarterly accrued interest of $6.1 million in cash. On October 1, 2020, the Company paid quarterly accrued interest of $6.1 million through the issuance of 1,474,201 PIK Interest Shares and $3.1 million in cash. On January 25, 2021, the Company paid its quarterly accrued interest of $6.1 million through the issuance of 2,802,454 PIK Interest Shares. The interest paid on January 25, 2021 was classified within other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2020. For the remaining interest payment from January 1, 2021 through the closing of the Transactions, the Company intends to pay interest due through the issuance of PIK Interest Shares.
Management evaluated the Notes Option and determined that it met the definition of a derivative as it represented a written option. The Notes Option qualified for liability treatment and was initially measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value being recorded in earnings. To determine the fair value of the Notes Option, management utilized an option pricing model as the option represents a put option that gains value as the underlying asset (Common Stock) decreases in value. The following key assumptions were utilized in the Company's estimate of the fair value of the Notes Option derivative:
•Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the fair value of the Common Stock on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share.
•Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 38.4% as of the valuation date.
•Term: Based on the time period of the Notes Option, 6 months.
•Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 1.6% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the Notes Option.
Based upon the option pricing model utilized, management estimated the fair value of the Notes Option as of January 16, 2018 to be $2.1 million. The fair value was recognized as an issuance discount for the Initial Notes at inception.
The Initial Notes contain redemption provisions whereby, upon the occurrence of certain change of control transactions, a holder would have the right to require the Company to redeem all or any portion of such holder's outstanding Initial Notes for cash at a price determined in accordance with the terms of the Initial Notes (the "make-whole change of control redemption"). Management evaluated this make-whole change of control redemption feature and determined that it represented an embedded derivative that must be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the Initial Notes. The make-whole change of control derivative is treated as a liability, initially measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Management utilized a probability-adjusted binomial lattice model to determine the fair value of the make-whole change of control derivative, with the following key assumptions:
•Probability: The Company utilized a range between 0% and 10% to estimate the likelihood of occurrence.
•Term: Based on the time period of the feature, 4 years.
•Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.2% based on the U.S. Treasury bonds on the valuation date with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the change of control derivative.
Based on the binomial lattice model, the Company determined the fair value of the make-whole redemption provision as of January 16, 2018 to be $4.4 million. The fair value was recognized as an issuance discount of the Initial Notes at inception. See "Notes Modifications" below.
The Notes contain certain affirmative and restrictive covenants with which the Company must comply, including (i) covenants with respect to limitations on additional indebtedness, (ii) limitations on liens, (iii) limitations on certain payments, (iv) maintenance of certain minimum cash balances (currently $40.0 million), and (v) the timely filing of certain disclosures with the SEC. The Company is in compliance with its debt covenants as of December 31, 2020.
In connection with the issuance of the Initial Notes, the Company also agreed to issue to Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $0.01 per share, as adjusted pursuant to the terms of the warrants. The warrants were issued on October 12, 2018 and were exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. The Company valued the warrants using the Black-Scholes model, with the following key assumptions:
•Stock Price: The stock price was measured using fair value of the Common Stock on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share.
•Volatility: The Company determined volatility to be 39.6% based on the historical volatility of its Common Stock daily volume weighted average price with a look-back period commensurate with the term of the warrants.
•Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.4% based on U.S. Treasury bonds on the valuation date with a 5-year term.
•Dividend Yield: Assumed to be zero based on the historical payout history of the Company.
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Based on the Black-Scholes model, the Company determined that the fair value of the warrants as of January 16, 2018 was $6.1 million. The Company recorded the warrants at allocated proceeds of $5.7 million, less allocated issuance costs of $0.2 million, as additional paid-in capital.
The cash proceeds and Common Stock received by the Company in exchange for the Initial Notes were net of a $20.1 million issuance discount and $4.6 million in third party deferred financing costs.
On August 8, 2018, the Company and Starboard entered into an amendment to the outstanding Notes to reduce the requirement to maintain certain minimum cash balances. In connection with and as consideration for this modification, the Company issued to Starboard $2.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount of senior secured convertible notes, $1.5 million of which was classified as additional Initial Notes. The terms of the additional notes are identical to the terms of the Initial Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest began to accrue thereon, which is August 8, 2018. The amendment is treated as a modification to the debt agreements and the costs related to the issuance of the additional notes were combined with the existing unamortized discount of the Initial Notes on the modification date and will be amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the modified debt. In connection with the modification of the Notes, the Company recorded $0.2 million in additional derivative liabilities.
On November 13, 2018, the Company and Starboard entered into an agreement whereby the applicable period for the $20.0 million minimum cash balance required to be maintained by the Company was extended until the earlier of August 9, 2019 or the date the Company filed its Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019, subject to certain limitations. The agreement also modified the provisions of the Notes and the Registration Rights Agreement between the Company and Starboard by revising the grace periods during which the Company would not be obligated to keep applicable registration statements available for use by Starboard. In connection with, and as consideration for these amendments, the Company issued to Starboard $2.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount of senior secured convertible notes, the terms of which are identical to the terms of the Initial Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest began to accrue thereon, which is November 13, 2018. In connection with this modification, the Company recorded $0.2 million in additional derivative liabilities.
Additional modifications to the Initial Notes are described under "Notes Modifications" below.
Issuance and Sale of Option Notes
On May 17, 2018, the Notes Option was exercised by Starboard, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to Starboard $50.0 million of Option Notes in exchange for $15.0 million in cash and 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $35.0 million. Based upon the fair value of the Common Stock on the closing date of the Option Notes issuance, May 17, 2018, which was $21.75 per share, the difference of $4.6 million was recorded as an issuance discount to the Option Notes. The Option Notes have the same terms, including maturity, interest rate, convertibility, and security, as the Initial Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest began to accrue thereon, which was May 17, 2018. Upon the exercise of the Notes Option, the derivative liability recorded for the Notes Option at inception was settled. Management determined the fair value of the Notes Option immediately prior to settlement utilizing an option pricing model using the following key assumptions:
•Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the fair value of the Common Stock on the closing date of the Option Notes issuance, May 17, 2018, which was $21.75 per share.
•Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 26.3% as of the valuation date.
•Term: Based on the time period of the expected exercise of the Notes Option, 0.16 years.
•Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 1.8% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the Notes Option.
Based upon the option pricing model utilized, management estimated the fair value of the Notes Option as of May 17, 2018 to be $5.7 million. The loss related to the change in fair value of $1.6 million was recorded in other income (expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The fair value of the Notes Option was recognized as an issuance premium for the Option Notes at inception.
The interest rate reset feature of the Option Notes was determined by management to be a derivative instrument that qualifies for liability treatment. The derivative instrument is initially measured at fair value and classified as a liability on the balance sheet, with subsequent changes in fair value being recorded in earnings. To determine the fair value of the interest rate reset feature, management utilized a "with-and-without" convertible bond model, modified to incorporate the interest rate reset feature, using the following key assumptions:
•Credit Adjusted Discount Rate: The Company estimated a market-based discount rate of 24%.
•Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the fair value of the Common Stock on the closing date of the Option Notes issuance, May 17, 2018, which was $21.75 per share.
•Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 42.6% as of the valuation date.
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•Term: Based on the time period of the Option Notes maturity, 3.7 years.
•Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.8% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield.
Based upon the modified convertible bond model utilized by management, the fair value of the interest rate reset feature was determined to be $3.0 million as of May 17, 2018 and was recognized as an issuance discount for the Option Notes at inception.
The Option Notes contain redemption provisions whereby, upon the occurrence of certain change of control transactions, a holder would have the right to require the Company to redeem all or any portion of such holder's outstanding Option Notes for cash at a price determined in accordance with the terms of the Option Notes. Management evaluated the make-whole change of control redemption feature and determined that it represented an embedded derivative that must be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the Option Notes. The make-whole change of control derivative is treated as a liability, initially measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Management utilized a probability-adjusted binomial lattice model to determine the fair value of the make-whole change of control derivative, with the following key assumptions:
•Probability: The Company utilized a range between 0% and 10% to estimate the likelihood of occurrence.
•Term: Based on the time period of the feature, 3.7 years.
•Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.8% based on U.S. Treasury bonds on the valuation date with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the change of control derivative.
Based on the binomial lattice model, the Company determined the fair value of the make-whole redemption provision as of May 17, 2018 to be $1.2 million. The fair value was recognized as an issuance discount of the Option Notes at inception. See "Notes Modifications" below.
The cash proceeds and Common Stock received by the Company in exchange for the Option Notes were net of a $3.1 million issuance discount and $0.2 million in third-party deferred financing costs.
On August 8, 2018, the Company and Starboard entered into an amendment to the outstanding Notes to reduce the requirement to maintain certain minimum cash balances. In connection with the modification, the Company issued to Starboard $2.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount of senior secured convertible notes, $0.5 million of which was classified as additional Option Notes. The terms of the additional notes are identical to the terms of the Option Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest began to accrue thereon, which is August 8, 2018.
Additional modifications to the Option Notes are described under "Notes Modifications" below.
Notes Modifications
In accordance with the amendments described above, the minimum cash balance under the Notes covenant increased to $40.0 million upon filing of the Company's quarterly report on Form 10-Q on August 6, 2019.
On November 6, 2019, the Company and Starboard entered into an additional amendment to the Notes. The terms of the Notes were amended to provide the Company with an optional redemption right, whereby, in connection with a qualifying change of control pursuant to documentation entered into no later than August 5, 2020, the Company had the right to redeem the Notes in full in cash at a price equal to the sum of (i) the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Notes, as of the consummation of the qualifying change of control, (ii) accrued interest, (iii) any other amounts owed pursuant to the Notes, and (iv) a 20% premium on the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Notes (the "qualifying change of control redemption"). The amendment also provided for an adjustment to the minimum cash balance required to be maintained by the Company. Upon execution of documentation providing for a qualifying change of control, the $40.0 million minimum cash balance would be reduced, on a dollar for dollar basis, for each dollar of cash interest paid to the holders of the Notes, subject to a $20.0 million minimum, until consummation of the qualifying change in control or, upon termination of the change in control, the shorter of 90 days after such termination or the consummation of a financing that would enable the Company to maintain a minimum cash balance of $40.0 million. The amendment also modified the provisions of the Registration Rights Agreement between the Company and Starboard by revising the grace periods during which the Company would not be obligated to keep applicable registration statements available for use by Starboard.
Management evaluated the qualifying change of control redemption feature, described above, and determined that it represented an embedded derivative that must be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the Notes. The qualifying change of control derivative is treated as a liability, initially measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Management utilized a discounted cash flow model to determine the fair value of the qualifying change of control derivative, with the following key assumptions:
•Probability: The Company utilized a range between 0% and 5% to estimate the likelihood of occurrence.
•Term: Based on the time period of the feature, 0.7 years.
•Credit Adjusted Discount Rate: The Company estimated a market-based discount rate of 25.0%.
Based on the discounted cash flow model, the Company determined the fair value of the qualifying change of control redemption provision as of November 6, 2019 to be $1.2 million.
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In determining the amount to be recognized as an issuance discount of the Notes, the Company compared the fair value of the make-whole change of control redemption option of $2.2 million as of November 6, 2019 to the combined value of the make-whole and qualifying change of control redemption options immediately after the modification. The combined value of both redemption options after modification was $2.8 million. The difference in fair value of $0.6 million is combined with the existing unamortized discount of the Notes on the modification date and is amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the modified debt. The Company recorded an additional $0.6 million in derivative liabilities due to this modification. The qualifying change of control redemption derivative liability expired on August 5, 2020.
The balance of the Notes as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was as follows:
As of
December 31, 2020
(In thousands, except interest rates) Stated Interest Rate Effective Interest Rate Face Value Issuance Discount Deferred Financing Costs Net Carrying Value
Initial Notes, due January 16, 2022 12.0% 18.8% $ 153,500  $ (8,200) $ (1,523) $ 143,777 
Option Notes, due January 16, 2022 12.0% 14.9% 50,500  (1,298) (84) 49,118 
Total $ 204,000  $ (9,498) $ (1,607) $ 192,895 

As of
December 31, 2019
(In thousands, except interest rates) Stated Interest Rate Effective Interest Rate Face Value Issuance Discount Deferred Financing Costs Net Carrying Value
Initial Notes, due January 16, 2022 12.0% 18.8% $ 153,500  $ (14,703) $ (2,706) $ 136,091 
Option Notes, due January 16, 2022 12.0% 14.9% 50,500  (2,365) (151) 47,984 
Total $ 204,000  $ (17,068) $ (2,857) $ 184,075 
Due to the interest rate reset feature of the Notes, the potential future cash flows associated with the Notes were variable prior to the final interest rate reset on February 1, 2021. Accordingly, the accretion schedule of debt discount and the amortization schedule of deferred financing costs were updated annually to reflect periodic changes in the future cash flows using the effective interest rate on a prospective basis.
The Company amortized $1.2 million in deferred financing costs and accreted $7.6 million in issuance discount related to the total outstanding long-term debt during the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company amortized $1.1 million in deferred financing costs and accreted $6.2 million in issuance discount related to the total outstanding long-term debt during the year ended December 31, 2019.
The estimated fair value of the Notes, using Level 3 inputs based on interest rates available for debt with terms and maturities similar to the Company's outstanding debt, was $191.8 million as of December 31, 2020.
Potential Rights Offering
Under the January 16, 2018 agreements with Starboard, the Company has the right to conduct a rights offering (the "Rights Offering") for up to $150.0 million in senior secured convertible notes (the "Rights Offering Notes"). Subject to the terms of the Rights Offering, if undertaken, the Company would distribute to all of the Company's stockholders rights to acquire Rights Offering Notes. Stockholders who elect to participate in the Rights Offering could elect to have up to 30% of the Rights Offering Notes they acquire pursuant thereto delivered through the sale to or exchange with the Company of shares of Common Stock, with the per share value thereof equal to the closing price of the Common Stock on the last trading day immediately prior to the commencement of the Rights Offering. The Rights Offering Notes would be substantially similar to the Notes, except, among other things, with respect to: (i) the date from which interest thereon would begin to accrue and the maturity date thereof (which would be 4 years from the date of issuance of the Rights Offering Notes) and (ii) the conversion price thereof, which would be equal to 130% of the closing price of the Common Stock on the last trading day immediately prior to the commencement of the Rights Offering (subject to a conversion price floor of $28.00 per share). Starboard also agreed to enter into one or more backstop commitment agreements, pursuant to which Starboard would backstop up to $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Rights Offering Notes through the purchase of additional Notes, with such backstop obligation reduced by the amount of Option Notes purchased ($50.0 million). The Company is not obligated to undertake the Rights Offering, and the Company does not intend to do so.
Guarantee and Security of Notes
The Notes are guaranteed by certain of the Company's direct and indirect wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries (the "Guarantors") and are secured by a security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Guarantors, pursuant to a Guaranty, dated as
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of January 16, 2018, entered into by the Guarantors, and a Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2018, among the Company, the Guarantors and Starboard Value and Opportunity Master Fund Ltd. as collateral agent.
Registration of Underlying Shares
Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement with Starboard, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC allowing for the resale of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Notes, potential PIK Interest Shares, and warrants. In conjunction with this registration, WPP exercised its right to have its shares of Common Stock included in the registration statement. The registration statement on Form S-1 was declared effective as of October 16, 2018. For additional information, refer to Footnote 13, Related Party Transactions.
On May 28, 2019, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC allowing for the resale of additional shares of Common Stock underlying the Notes and potential PIK Interest Shares. The previously filed registration statement on Form S-1 was amended to convert into a registration statement on Form S-3, and the amendment was declared effective as of June 24, 2019.
Issuance of Secured Term Note
On December 31, 2019, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, Rentrak B.V., entered into an agreement with the Noteholder for the Secured Term Note for aggregate gross proceeds of $13.0 million. The Secured Term Note, which is cash collateralized, matures on December 31, 2021 and has an annual interest rate of 9.75%. Interest is payable in arrears on the last business day of each calendar month commencing on January 31, 2020. As described in Footnote 1, Organization, and Footnote 16, Subsequent Events, on March 9, 2021, the Company's stockholders approved the Transactions, and upon closing of the Transactions, the Company expects to repay the Secured Term Note prior to maturity.
The Secured Term Note contains certain affirmative and restrictive covenants with which Rentrak B.V. must comply, including (i) maintenance of a minimum cash collateral balance of $14.8 million, (ii) provision of certain financial statements, (iii) limitations on additional indebtedness and liens, (iv) limitations on repayment of debt, (v) limitations on repurchase of stock, and (vi) limitations on disposition of assets. Rentrak B.V. is in compliance with the Secured Term Note covenants as of December 31, 2020.
As of
December 31, 2020
(In thousands, except interest rates) Stated Interest Rate Effective Interest Rate Face Value Deferred Financing Costs Net Carrying Value
Secured Term Note 9.75% 12.8% $ 13,000  $ (356) $ 12,644 
As of
December 31, 2019
(In thousands, except interest rates) Stated Interest Rate Effective Interest Rate Face Value Deferred Financing Costs Net Carrying Value
Secured Term Note 9.75% 12.2% $ 13,000  $ (537) $ 12,463 
The Company amortized $0.3 million in deferred financing costs related to the Secured Term Note during the year ended December 31, 2020.
The estimated fair value of the Secured Term Note, using Level 2 inputs based on interest rates available for debt with terms and maturities similar to the Company's outstanding debt, was $13.4 million as of December 31, 2020.
The Secured Term Note contains a redemption provision whereby, upon the occurrence of certain fundamental transactions, a holder would have the right to require the Company to redeem the Secured Term Note for cash at a price equal to (i) the entire outstanding principal amount, (ii) any accrued and unpaid interest, and (iii) a premium equal to the remaining contractual interest cash flows (the "interest make-whole redemption"). Management evaluated this interest make-whole redemption feature and determined it represented an embedded derivative that must be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the Secured Term Note. The interest make-whole derivative is treated as a liability, initially measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. The estimated fair value of the interest make-whole derivative was determined to be negligible as of December 31, 2019.
The estimated fair value of the interest make-whole derivative as of December 31, 2020 was $0.9 million. Refer to Footnote 6, Fair Value Measurements, for further information.
Standby Letters of Credit
In 2018, the Company entered into a Security Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. to issue standby letters of credit. As of December 31, 2020, $3.3 million in letters of credit are outstanding and are cash collateralized under the Security Agreement.
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Failed Sale-Leaseback Transaction
In June 2019, the Company entered into a sale-leaseback arrangement with a vendor to provide $4.3 million in cash proceeds for previously acquired computer and other equipment. The arrangement is repayable over a 24-month term for total consideration of $4.8 million, with control of the equipment transferring to the vendor at the end of the leaseback term.
The Company concluded the leaseback would be classified as a financing lease. Therefore, the transaction was deemed a failed sale-leaseback and was accounted for as a financing arrangement. The assets continue to be depreciated over their useful lives, and payments are allocated between interest expense and repayment of the financing liability. The remaining financing obligation of $1.7 million is included within current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Remaining future minimum cash payments related to the financing obligations under the failed sale-leaseback transaction total $1.4 million as of December 31, 2020 and will be paid during the first half of 2021.
5.Stockholders' Equity
2019 Issuance and Sale of Common Stock and Warrants
On June 23, 2019, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with CVI, pursuant to which CVI agreed to purchase (i) 2,728,513 shares of Common Stock (the "Initial Shares"), at a price of $7.33 per share and (ii) Series A Warrants, Series B-1 Warrants, Series B-2 Warrants and Series C Warrants, for aggregate gross proceeds of $20.0 million (the "Private Placement"). The Private Placement closed on June 26, 2019 (the "Closing Date").
The Series B-1 Warrants were exercisable by the holders at any time prior to the six-month anniversary of the Closing Date, as adjusted pursuant to the terms of the Series B-1 Warrants. The Series B-1 Warrants provided the holders the right to purchase an aggregate of up to 2,347,418 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $8.52 and could have been exercised for cash only. The Series B-1 Warrants expired on January 29, 2020.
The Series B-2 Warrants were exercisable by the holders at any time prior to the 12-month anniversary of the Closing Date, as adjusted pursuant to the terms of the Series B-2 Warrants. The Series B-2 Warrants provided the holders the right to purchase an aggregate of up to 1,121,076 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $8.92 and could have been exercised for cash only. The Series B-2 Warrants expired on August 3, 2020.
The Series C Warrants were partially prepaid warrants (with a nominal remaining exercise price) that were not exercisable before September 21, 2019 and expire 90 days after the first anniversary of the Closing Date. CVI exercised the Series C Warrants on October 10, 2019. Because the VWAP of the Common Stock as of the date of exercise, discounted by 7.5%, was less than CVI's purchase price for the Initial Shares, the Company was required to issue to CVI a number of shares of Common Stock equal to (i) (x) CVI's purchase price for the Initial Shares divided by (y) 92.5% of the VWAP of the Common Stock leading up to September 21, 2019, subject to a floor of 50.0% of the price per Initial Share, less (ii) the number of Initial Shares issued to CVI on the Closing Date. As a result of this exercise, the Company issued 2,728,513 shares of Common Stock to CVI on October 14, 2019. In addition, the number of shares issuable under the Company's Series A Warrants was increased by 2,728,513.
The Series A Warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from the Closing Date and are currently exercisable into 5,457,026 shares of Common Stock, which is equal to the Initial Shares plus the number of shares issued pursuant to the exercise of the Series C Warrants (described above). The exercise price for the Series A Warrants is $12.00. The Series A Warrants may be exercised for cash or through a net settlement feature under certain circumstances.
The exercise price for the Series A Warrants is subject to anti-dilution adjustment in certain circumstances. Refer to Footnote 16, Subsequent Events, for further information. In addition, if and to the extent the exercise of any warrants would, together with the issuances of the Initial Shares and the shares issued pursuant to the exercise of any other warrants, result in the issuance of 20.0% or more of the outstanding Common Stock of the Company on the Closing Date (the "Exchange Cap"), the Company intends to, in lieu of issuing such shares, settle the obligation to issue such shares in cash.
In addition, CVI will not have the right to exercise any warrants that would result in CVI beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock after giving effect to such exercise. CVI has the right, in its discretion, to raise this threshold up to 9.99% with 60 days' notice to the Company.
Pursuant to the transactions described above, the Company agreed to provide CVI with registration rights relating to the Initial Shares and any shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants. On June 26, 2019, the Company filed a prospectus supplement to its effective registration statement on Form S-3 to permit the resale of such shares.
Management determined each warrant to be a freestanding financial instrument that qualifies for liability treatment as a result of the net cash settlement feature associated with the Exchange Cap provision. Each warrant is initially measured at fair value and classified as a current liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. To determine the fair value of each warrant, management utilized a Monte Carlo simulation analysis within an option pricing model using the following key assumptions as of the Closing Date:
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•Stock price: Measured using the fair value of the Common Stock on the Closing Date, which was $5.57 per share.
•Volatility: The Company determined volatility to be 50.0% based on (i) the historical volatility of the Common Stock daily volume weighted average price with a look-back period commensurate with the term of the warrants and (ii) options-based implied volatility.
•Term: Management determined the term based on the time period of each warrant's maturity, between six months and five years from the Closing Date.
•Change of control probability: The Company utilized a range between 0.0% and 10.0% to estimate the likelihood of occurrence.
•Risk-free rate: Management assumed the risk-free rate to be between 1.7% and 2.1%, based on the U.S. Treasury bonds on the valuation date with terms commensurate with the terms of each warrant.
•Cost of debt: Management assumed the cost of debt to be between 16.7% and 18.7% based on a synthetic credit rating analysis.
•Dividend yield: Management assumed the dividend yield to be zero based on the historical payout of the Company.
Certain estimates above represent Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. Based on the option pricing valuation model, the Company determined the fair value of the warrants as of the Closing Date to be the following:
(in thousands) Warrants Liability
Series A Warrants $ 3,862 
Series B-1 Warrants (1)
328 
Series B-2 Warrants (2)
376 
Series C Warrants (3)
6,232 
Total $ 10,798 
1) Series B-1 Warrants expired on January 29, 2020.
2) Series B-2 Warrants expired on August 3, 2020.
3) Series C Warrants were exercised on October 10, 2019.
The Company recorded $1.8 million in accrued transaction costs in 2019, of which approximately $0.8 million was allocated to the warrants liability and recorded in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The remaining transaction costs of $1.0 million were recorded in additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The estimated fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2020 was $2.8 million. Refer to Footnote 6, Fair Value Measurements, for further information.
2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan
The Company's stockholders approved the 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2018 Plan") at the Company's 2018 Annual Meeting and approved an amendment and restatement of the 2018 Plan at the Company's 2020 Annual Meeting. Under the 2018 Plan, as amended and restated, the Company may grant option rights, appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units up to 20,250,000 shares of Common Stock. The aggregate number of shares of Common Stock available will be reduced by: (i) one share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award of option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan and (ii) two shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award other than option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan. If any award granted under the 2018 Plan (in whole or in part) is canceled or forfeited, expires, is settled in cash, or is unearned, the shares of Common Stock subject to such award will, to the extent of such cancellation, forfeiture, expiration, cash settlement, or unearned amount, again be available at a rate of one share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards of option rights or appreciation rights and two shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards other than of option rights or appreciation rights. The Company registered the securities under the 2018 Plan with the SEC effective June 1, 2018. The maximum number of shares available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan as of December 31, 2020 (excluding outstanding awards) is 10,746,533.
Stock Options
The Company's Compensation Committee approved and awarded 50,000 and 925,000 options for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, under the 2018 Plan to employees and consultants. No options were approved and awarded for the year ended December 31, 2018. The fair value of options at date of grant was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model utilizing the following assumptions:
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Years Ended December 31,
2020 2019
Dividend yield 0.0% 0.0%
Expected volatility 57.0% 44.5% - 52.9%
Risk-free interest rate 1.0% 1.3% - 2.7%
Expected life of options (in years) 6.00 5.21 - 10.00
Dividend yield — The Company has never declared or paid a cash dividend on its Common Stock and has no plans to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Expected volatility — Volatility is a measure of the amount by which a financial variable such as a share price has fluctuated (historical volatility) or is expected to fluctuate (expected volatility) during a period. The Company considered the historical volatility of its stock price over a term similar to the expected life of the options in determining expected volatility.
Risk-free interest rate — The Company used rates on the grant date of zero-coupon government bonds with maturities over periods covering the term of the awards, converted to continuously compounded forward rates.
Expected life of the options — This is the period of time that the options granted are expected to remain outstanding. Options under the Company's plans generally have a contractual term of 10 years and generally must be exercised within 90 days following employee termination.
A summary of the options granted, exercised, forfeited and expired during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is presented below:
Number of
Shares 		Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2017 3,444,252  $ 30.65 
Options exercised (1)
(347,752) 15.45 
Options expired (2,050,587) 39.74 
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 1,045,913  $ 17.89 
Options granted 925,000  5.64 
Options exercised (68,259) 17.44 
Options forfeited (363,687) 15.15 
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2019 1,538,967  $ 11.27 
Options granted 50,000  3.67 
Options exercised (75,000) 1.89 
Options forfeited (60,000) 5.38 
Options expired (456,775) 15.92 
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2020 997,192  $ 9.82 
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2020 568,025  $ 16.10 
(1) Includes 125,523 options withheld to pay the exercise price for certain exercises during the year ended December 31, 2018.
The following table summarizes information about options outstanding, and exercisable, as of December 31, 2020:
  Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices Options Outstanding Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price 		Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (Years) 		Options
Exercisable 		Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price 		Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (Years)
$3.21 - $5.38
450,000  $ 3.74  8.92 133,333  $ 6.00  8.88
$10.35 - $19.31
494,360  13.79  3.25 381,860  18.46  1.73
$20.11 - $23.22
46,775  22.33  0.94 46,775  22.33  0.94
$40.80
6,057  40.80  3.62 6,057  40.80  3.62
997,192  $ 9.82  5.71 568,025  $ 16.10  3.37
The intrinsic value of exercised stock options is calculated based on the difference between the exercise price and the quoted market price of the Company's Common Stock as of the close of the exercise date. The aggregate intrinsic value for options exercised was $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. There was no intrinsic value for options exercisable or outstanding as of December 31, 2020. The aggregate intrinsic value for all options exercisable was $0.2 million and $0.7 million under the Company's stock plans as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value for all options outstanding was $0.9 million and $0.7 million under the Company's stock plans as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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As of December 31, 2020, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to outstanding, but not yet exercisable, options is $0.9 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 2.1 years.
Stock Awards
The Company's outstanding stock awards are comprised of RSUs, including time-based, performance-based and market-based RSUs.
During 2020, the Company's Compensation Committee approved and awarded 634,570 time-based RSUs (of which 610,590 RSUs related to the settlement of an accrued 2019 annual incentive plan liability and vested immediately).
During 2019, the Company's Compensation Committee approved and awarded 1,603,866 time-based RSUs (of which 206,108 RSUs related to the settlement of an accrued 2018 annual incentive plan liability) and 975,000 market-based RSUs, which were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation analysis, to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. Of the time-based RSUs, 581,491 vested immediately upon grant. The remaining time-based RSUs generally vest after one to three years contingent on continued service. Market-based awards generally vest over up to ten years based on the achievement of certain stock price hurdles.
During 2018, the Company's Compensation Committee approved and awarded 2,612,457 time-based RSUs, 191,800 performance-based RSUs and 68,151 market-based RSUs under the 2018 Plan to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. Of the time-based RSUs, 1,493,288 vested immediately upon grant, including 165,086 shares related to the compensation of the Company's former CEO as part of his retirement and transition services agreement. The remaining time-based RSUs generally vest after three to four years contingent on continued service, and performance-based RSUs generally vest after three years based on achievement of pre-established revenue and adjusted earnings before interest income, interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (Adjusted EBITDA) goals. Market-based awards generally vest after three years based on the attainment of certain stock price hurdles.
The estimated forfeiture rate as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was 10.0% for non-executive awards. Awards granted to senior executives have an estimated forfeiture rate of zero. Changes in the estimates and assumptions relating to forfeitures and subsequent grants may result in material changes to stock-based compensation expense in the future.
A summary of the stock awards granted, vested and forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is presented as follows. RSU awards with undelivered shares are classified as unvested until the date of delivery of the shares.
Unvested Stock Awards Restricted
Stock Units 		Weighted
Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2017 779,912  $ 37.22 
Granted 2,872,408  22.53 
Vested (2,077,253) 27.55 
Forfeited (108,932) 29.50 
Unvested as of December 31, 2018 1,466,135  $ 22.62 
Granted 2,578,866  7.56 
Vested (854,998) 23.96 
Forfeited (529,767) 18.47 
Unvested as of December 31, 2019 2,660,236  $ 8.42 
Granted 634,570  3.66 
Vested (1,363,152) 7.22 
Forfeited (106,417) 20.02 
Unvested as of December 31, 2020 1,825,237  $ 6.99 
The aggregate intrinsic value for all unvested RSUs outstanding was $4.5 million, $12.1 million, and $21.3 million as of December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
As of December 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was $5.5 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 4.4 years.
Preferred Stock
The Company has 5,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value preferred stock authorized; no shares have been issued or were outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. Refer to Footnote 16, Subsequent Events.
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6.Fair Value Measurements
The Company's financial instruments measured at fair value in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets on a recurring basis consist of the following:
As of As of
  December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
(In thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Assets:
Money market funds (1)
$ 11,928  $ —  $ —  $ 11,928  $ 24,327  $ —  $ —  $ 24,327 
Certificates of deposit (2)
—  —  —  —  —  1,009  —  1,009 
Total $ 11,928  $ —  $ —  $ 11,928  $ 24,327  $ 1,009  $ —  $ 25,336 
Liabilities:
Financing derivatives: no hedging designation (3)
Interest rate reset $ —  $ —  $ 11,300  $ 11,300  $ —  $ —  $ 18,800  $ 18,800 
Make-whole change of control —  —  —  —  —  —  1,600  1,600 
Qualifying change of control —  —  —  —  —  —  1,187  1,187 
Warrants issued: (4)
Series A —  —  2,831  2,831  —  —  7,508  7,508 
Series B-2 —  —  —  —  —  —  217  217 
Secured term note: (5)
Interest make-whole derivative —  —  871  871  —  —  —  — 
Total $ —  $ —  $ 15,002  $ 15,002  $ —  $ —  $ 29,312  $ 29,312 
(1) Level 1 cash equivalents are invested in money market funds that are intended to maintain a stable net asset value of $1.00 per share by investing in liquid, high quality U.S. Dollar-denominated money market instruments with maturities less than three months.
(2) The Company's certificates of deposit are recorded at their face value which approximates their fair value.
(3) The fair values of the financing derivatives are derived from techniques which utilize inputs, certain of which are significant and unobservable, that result in classification as Level 3 fair value measurements. The fair value of the make-whole change of control derivative was estimated as negligible as of December 31, 2020. The qualifying change of control derivative expired on August 5, 2020.
(4) The fair values of the warrant liabilities are derived from techniques which utilize inputs, certain of which are significant and unobservable, that result in classification as Level 3 fair value measurements. The fair value of the Series B-1 warrants was estimated as negligible as of December 31, 2019. The Series B-1 warrants expired without exercise on January 29, 2020. The Series B-2 Warrants expired without exercise on August 3, 2020.
(5) The fair values of embedded derivatives within the secured term note are derived from techniques which utilize inputs, certain of which are significant and unobservable, that result in classification as Level 3 fair value measurements. The interest make-whole derivative is classified within other current liabilities in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2020.
The Company did not have any transfers between fair value measurement levels during the periods presented. There were no changes to the Company's valuation methodologies during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019, respectively.
The following tables present the changes in the Company's recurring Level 3 fair value measurements for the financing derivatives, warrants liability and interest make-whole derivative for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
(In thousands) Financing Derivative Liabilities Warrants Liability Interest Make-whole Derivative Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2018 $ 26,100  $ —  $ — 
Issuances 587  10,798  — 
Settlement —  (5,484) — 
Total (gain) loss included in other income (expense), net (1)
(5,100) 2,411  — 
Balance as of December 31, 2019 21,587  7,725  — 
Total (gain) loss included in other income (expense), net (2)
(10,287) (4,894) 871 
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $ 11,300  $ 2,831  $ 871 
(1) Represents $4.5 million gain due to change in fair value of interest rate reset derivative liability and $0.6 million gain due to change in fair value of the make-whole change of control redemption derivative liability. Represents $3.6 million loss due to change in fair value of the Series A Warrants, and gains of $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $0.7 million due to change in fair value of the Series B-1 Warrants, Series B-2 Warrants and Series C Warrants, respectively. All gains and losses were recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
(2) Represents $7.5 million gain due to change in fair value of interest rate reset derivative liability, $1.6 million gain due to change in fair value of the make-whole change of control redemption derivative liability, and $1.2 million gain due to change in fair value of the qualifying change of control redemption derivative liability. Represents $4.7 million gain due to change in fair value of the Series A Warrants and $0.2 million gain due to change in fair value of the Series B-2 Warrants. All gains were recorded in other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
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The following table displays valuation techniques and the significant inputs, certain of which are unobservable, for the Company's Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Fair value measurements
Significant Valuation Technique Significant Valuation Inputs December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
Interest rate reset derivative liability Discounted cash flow Discount rate 20.0% 25.0%
Stock price $2.49 $4.94
Volatility 96.9% 74.1%
Term
1.04 years
2.04 years
Risk-free rate 0.1% 1.6%
Make-whole change of control redemption derivative liability (1)
Option pricing model Change of control probability —%
5.0% - 10.0%
Term —
2.04 years
Risk-free rate —% 1.6%
Qualifying change of control redemption derivative liability (2)
Discounted cash flow Change of control probability —% 5.0%
Term —
0.60 years
Discount rate —% 25.0%
Warrants liability (3)
Option pricing model Stock price $2.49 $4.94
Volatility 80.0% 65.0%
Term
3.49 years
0.59 - 4.49 years
Change of control probability —%
5.0% - 10.0%
Risk-free rate 0.2%
1.6% - 1.7%
Cost of debt —%
14.7% - 16.0%
Interest make-whole derivative liability Discounted cash flow Recapitalization probability 90.0% —%
Term
0.25 years
—
Risk-free rate 0.10% —%
(1) The probability of a make-whole change of control, and the resulting fair value determination, was estimated to be negligible as of December 31, 2020.
(2) The qualifying change of control redemption derivative liability expired on August 5, 2020.
(3) Warrants liability includes only Series A as of December 31, 2020. Warrants liability includes Series A and Series B-2 as of December 31, 2019.
The fair values of the Company's financing derivatives are estimated using forward projections and are discounted back at rates commensurate with the remaining term of the related derivative. The primary sensitivity in the interest rate reset derivative liability is driven by the discount rate used to determine the present value of the instrument, the Common Stock price at the measurement date and the observable volatility of the Common Stock. The primary sensitivity for the make-whole and qualifying change of control redemption derivative liabilities is driven by the probability of the change of control.
The fair values of the Company's warrants liability are estimated using forward projections of stock issuances with relative certainty and estimated cash payments at each exercise date discounted back to the valuation date at rates commensurate with the remaining term of the related warrants. The primary sensitivity in the valuation of each warrant liability is driven by the Common Stock price at the measurement date and the observable volatility of the Common Stock.
The fair value of the Company's interest make-whole derivative is estimated using forward projections of estimated cash payments at the closing date discounted back to the valuation date at rates commensurate with the estimated remaining term of the related derivative. The primary sensitivity in the interest make-whole derivative liability is driven by the probability, and closing date, of a fundamental transaction which includes, but is not limited to, a recapitalization of the Company.
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7.Property and Equipment
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Computer equipment $ 96,657  $ 103,604 
Capitalized internal-use software 36,489  21,534 
Leasehold improvements 15,643  18,453 
Computer software (including software license arrangements of $1,611 in 2020 and $936 in 2019)
9,306  8,956 
Finance leases 5,541  5,442 
Office equipment, furniture, and other 4,130  5,619 
Total property and equipment 167,766  163,608 
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (including software license arrangements of $1,428 in 2020 and $400 in 2019)
(136,793) (131,915)
Total property and equipment, net $ 30,973  $ 31,693 
During 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to certain facility leases and associated leasehold improvements. $1.9 million of this charge was recorded against the property and equipment, net line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, depreciation expense was $14.1 million, $12.8 million and $17.3 million respectively. In addition, amortization expense from finance leases was $1.7 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The composition of the Company's property and equipment, net between those in the United States and those in other locations as of the end of each year is as follows:
  As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
United States $ 30,041  $ 30,556 
Latin America 341  251 
Europe 333  841 
Other 258  45 
Total $ 30,973  $ 31,693 

8.Leases
The Company has operating leases for real estate and finance leases for computer equipment and automobiles. These leases have remaining lease terms of one year to seven years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. As of December 31, 2020, the weighted average remaining lease term for the Company's finance leases and operating leases was 1.70 years and 5.76 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the weighted average discount rate for the Company's finance leases and operating leases was 13.9% and 13.5%, respectively.
The components of lease cost were as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets $ 1,652  $ 2,413 
Interest on lease liabilities 501  518 
Total finance lease cost $ 2,153  $ 2,931 
Operating lease cost
Fixed lease cost $ 12,057  $ 12,556 
Short-term lease cost 824  830 
Variable lease cost 1,926  1,986 
Sublease income (2,579) (1,857)
Total operating lease cost $ 12,228  $ 13,515 
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Lease costs, net of sublease income, are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Amortization of right-of-use assets
Cost of revenues $ 1,212  $ 1,771 
Selling and marketing 176  258 
Research and development 175  253 
General and administrative 89  131 
Total amortization of right-of-use assets $ 1,652  $ 2,413 
Operating lease cost
Cost of revenues $ 3,532  $ 3,885 
Selling and marketing 4,009  4,192 
Research and development 2,609  2,595 
General and administrative 2,078  2,843 
Total operating lease cost $ 12,228  $ 13,515 
During 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to certain facility leases and associated leasehold improvements. $2.8 million of this charge was recorded against the operating right-of-use assets line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from finance leases $ 493  $ 471 
Operating cash flows from operating leases 11,170  15,546 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities $ 754  $ 4,049 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities 669  397 
Maturities of operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:
(In thousands) Operating Leases Finance Leases
2021 $ 12,175  $ 2,201 
2022 9,406  1,108 
2023 9,796  167 
2024 8,798  — 
2025 8,442  — 
Thereafter 14,283  — 
Total lease payments 62,900  3,476 
Less: imputed interest (19,749) (343)
Total lease liabilities 43,151  3,133 
Less: current lease liabilities (7,024) (1,922)
Total non-current lease liabilities $ 36,127  $ 1,211 
As of December 31, 2020, the Company subleases seven real estate properties. One sublease has a noncancelable term of less than one year. The remaining six subleases are noncancelable and have remaining lease terms of two years to seven years. None of these subleases contain any options to renew or terminate the sublease agreement. Future expected cash receipts from these subleases as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:
(In thousands) Sublease Receipts
2021 $ 2,416 
2022 2,430 
2023 1,522 
2024 1,080 
2025 808 
Thereafter 1,312 
Total expected sublease receipts $ 9,568 

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9.Goodwill and Intangible Assets
In 2019, the Company concluded it was more likely than not that the estimated fair value of its reporting unit was less than its carrying value. In its assessment, the Company considered the sustained decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization, changes in management, and lower revenue, among other factors. Accordingly, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test as of June 30, 2019, relying in part on the work of an independent valuation firm engaged by the Company to provide inputs as to the fair value of the reporting unit and to assist in the related calculations and analysis.
The fair value of the reporting unit was determined using a combination of the discounted cash flow model and market value approach. The Company's reporting unit failed the goodwill impairment test; and as a result, the Company recorded a $224.3 million impairment charge.
The change in the carrying value of goodwill is as follows:
(In thousands)

Balance as of December 31, 2018 $ 641,191 
Translation adjustments (501)
Impairment charge (224,272)
Balance as of December 31, 2019 $ 416,418 
Translation adjustments 1,909 
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $ 418,327 
Goodwill 642,599 
Accumulated impairment (224,272)
Total $ 418,327 
The Company also recorded a $17.3 million impairment charge related to its strategic alliance intangible asset during 2019. Changes in the Company's projected revenue in certain non-U.S. geographic markets due to the changing international competitive landscape as well as significant reductions in international staffing, resulted in a change in the Company's long-term view of the viability of the intangible asset. As such, the Company's assessment yielded that the benefit of the strategic alliance would not be realized. The fair value of the strategic alliance intangible asset was estimated using an income approach resulting in an impairment charge for the full carrying value of the long-lived asset of $17.3 million.
The carrying values of the Company's amortizable acquired intangible assets are as follows:
As of As of
  December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019
(In thousands) Gross
Carrying
Amount 		Accumulated
Amortization 		Net
Carrying
Amount 		Gross
Carrying
Amount 		Accumulated
Amortization 		Accumulated Impairment Net
Carrying
Amount
Acquired methodologies and technology $ 148,403  $ (106,771) $ 41,632  148,386  $ (86,771) $ —  $ 61,615 
Customer relationships 40,168  (31,170) 8,998  40,143  (25,864) —  14,279 
Intellectual property 14,379  (12,787) 1,592  14,372  (12,346) —  2,026 
Acquired software 9,287  (9,286) 1  9,287  (7,928) —  1,359 
Panel 3,139  (3,139) —  3,123  (3,123) —  — 
Trade names 773  (757) 16  768  (691) —  77 
Strategic alliance —  —  —  30,100  (12,792) (17,308) — 
Other 600  (499) 101  600  (397) —  203 
Total intangible assets $ 216,749  $ (164,409) $ 52,340  $ 246,779  $ (149,912) $ (17,308) $ 79,559 
Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $27.2 million, $30.1 million, and $32.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Of the Company's long-lived intangible assets, net, $52.3 million and $79.5 million were generated by or located in the United States as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The weighted-average remaining amortization period by major asset class as of December 31, 2020 is as follows:
  (In years)
Intellectual property 3.7
Customer relationships 1.5
Acquired methodologies and technology 1.4
Trade names 0.2
Acquired software 0.1
Other 0.3
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The estimated future amortization of intangible assets is as follows:
  (In thousands)
2021 $ 25,038 
2022 24,567 
2023 2,445 
2024 290 
Total $ 52,340 
10.Accrued Expenses
As of December 31,
 (In thousands) 2020 2019
Accrued data costs $ 19,375  $ 19,593 
Payroll and payroll-related 14,653  15,412 
Accrued interest on senior secured convertible notes —  6,120 
Professional fees 4,848  4,118 
Other 9,504  10,264 
Total accrued expenses $ 48,380  $ 55,507 
11.Commitments and Contingencies
Contingencies
The Company is involved in various legal proceedings from time to time. The Company establishes reserves for specific legal proceedings when management determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable, and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company has also identified certain other legal matters where an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and/or for which no estimate of possible losses can be made. In these cases, the Company does not establish a reserve until it can reasonably estimate the loss. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. The outcomes of legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to the Company's operating results and cash flows for a particular period.
Privacy Class Action Litigation
On September 11, 2017, the Company and a wholly-owned subsidiary, Full Circle Studies, Inc. ("Full Circle"), received demand letters on behalf of named plaintiffs and all others similarly situated alleging that the Company and Full Circle collected personal information from users under the age of 13 without verifiable parental consent in violation of Massachusetts law and the federal Children's Online Privacy Protection Act. The letters alleged that the Company and Full Circle collected such personal information by embedding advertising software development kits in applications created or developed by The Walt Disney Company. The letters sought monetary damages, attorneys' fees and damages under Massachusetts law. On June 4, 2018, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints with the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California adding the Company and Full Circle as defendants in a purported class action (captioned Rushing, et al v. The Walt Disney Company, et al., Case No. 3:17-cv-04419-JD) against Disney, Twitter and other defendants, alleging violations of California's constitutional right to privacy and intrusion upon seclusion law, New York's deceptive trade practices statute, and Massachusetts' deceptive trade practices and right to privacy statutes. The complaints alleged damages in excess of $5.0 million, with any award to be apportioned among the defendants. On February 26, 2020, the Company and Full Circle reached an agreement with the plaintiffs to settle the complaints in full, with no admission of liability, in return for injunctive relief and payment of the plaintiffs' attorneys fees, to be covered by the Company's insurance. The settlement received preliminary court approval on September 24, 2020; it remains subject to final court approval.
Securities Class Action Litigation
On April 10, 2019, Sergii Bratusov, a purported shareholder of the Company, filed a putative class action complaint against the Company. The case, captioned Bratusov v. comScore, Inc., et al., Case No. 19 Civ. 03210, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York and also named the Company's Chief Financial Officer, Gregory Fink, and the Company's former Chief Executive Officer, Bryan Wiener, as defendants. The complaint, which was amended on September 30, 2019, purported to bring claims on behalf of all persons and entities that acquired securities of the Company between February 28, 2019 and August 7, 2019 and alleged that the Company, Mr. Wiener, and Mr. Fink violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, by allegedly failing to disclose in public statements in February and March 2019 material information concerning a disagreement relating to the Company's business strategy. The complaint also alleged that Mr. Wiener and Mr. Fink, acting as control persons of the Company, violated Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act in connection with the Company's alleged failure to disclose material information. The complaint sought a determination of the propriety of the class, compensatory damages and the award of
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reasonable costs and expenses incurred in the action. On June 24, 2020, the Court granted the defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim. On July 24, 2020, the complaint was dismissed with prejudice.
Other Matters
In addition to the matters described above, the Company is, and may become, a party to a variety of legal proceedings from time to time that arise in the normal course of the Company's business. While the results of such legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that, based on current knowledge, the final outcome of any such current pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse effect on the Company because of defense costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
Indemnification
The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with each of the Company's directors and certain officers, and the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation requires it to indemnify each of its officers and directors, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Company. The Company has paid and may in the future pay legal counsel fees incurred by current and former directors and officers who are involved in legal proceedings that require indemnification.
Similarly, certain of the Company's commercial contracts require it to indemnify contract counterparties under specified circumstances, and the Company may incur legal counsel fees and other costs in connection with these obligations.

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12.Income Taxes
The components of loss before income tax (provision) benefit are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Domestic $ (44,010) $ (316,479) $ (140,298)
Foreign (3,006) (23,524) (15,264)
Total $ (47,016) $ (340,003) $ (155,562)
Income tax provision (benefit) is as follows:
  Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Current:
Federal $ —  $ —  $ — 
State 45  (42) (119)
Foreign 847  2,762  1,806 
Total $ 892  $ 2,720  $ 1,687 
Deferred:
Federal $ 101  $ (1,189) $ 898 
State 238  (3,992) 1,060 
Foreign (329) 1,454  61 
Total $ 10  $ (3,727) $ 2,019 
Income tax provision (benefit) $ 902  $ (1,007) $ 3,706 
A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. income tax rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:
  Years Ended December 31,
  2020 2019 2018
Statutory federal tax rate 21.0  % 21.0  % 21.0  %
State taxes (0.5) % 1.1  % (2.8) %
Other nondeductible items —  % (0.7) % (0.5) %
Nondeductible interest and derivatives (9.7) % (1.5) % (4.0) %
Foreign rate differences (1.8) % (1.8) % (2.2) %
Change in valuation allowance 5.9  % (5.3) % (5.4) %
Stock compensation (5.5) % (1.2) % (5.6) %
Executive compensation (0.1) % (0.1) % (0.3) %
Goodwill impairment —  % (10.7) % —  %
Subscription receivable —  % —  % (1.2) %
US tax impact of restructuring (14.4) % —  % —  %
Other adjustments 1.1  % (0.5) % (1.0) %
Uncertain tax positions 2.1  % —  % (0.4) %
Effective tax rate (1.9) % 0.3  % (2.4) %
Income Tax (Provision) Benefit
The Company recognized income tax expense of $0.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, which is primarily comprised of current tax expense of $0.8 million related to foreign taxes. Included in total tax expense are income tax adjustments of $8.9 million for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, and nondeductible interest expense on debt instruments and associated derivatives. Also included is an adjustment of $11.2 million for a permanent difference related to foreign earnings taxable in the U.S. as a result of a tax restructuring that occurred during the year. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes and book losses in foreign jurisdictions where the income tax rate is substantially lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.
The Company recognized an income tax benefit of $1.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2019, which is comprised of current tax expense of $2.7 million primarily related to foreign taxes and a deferred tax benefit of $3.7 million related to temporary differences between the tax treatment and GAAP accounting treatment for certain items. Included within the total tax benefit is income tax expense of $17.3 million related to the increase in valuation allowance recorded against the Company's deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of the Company's operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. Also included in the total tax benefit are income tax adjustments of $58.6 million related to the impairment of goodwill and $15.2 million for permanent differences in the book
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and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, nondeductible interest expense on debt instruments and associated derivatives, and other nondeductible expenses. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes and book losses in foreign jurisdictions where the income tax rate is substantially lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.
The Company recognized an income tax expense of $3.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, which is comprised of current tax expense of $1.7 million primarily related to foreign taxes and a deferred tax expense of $2.0 million related to temporary differences between the tax treatment and GAAP accounting treatment for certain items. Included within the total tax expense is an income tax expense of $19.0 million related to the increase in valuation allowance recorded against the Company's deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of the Company's operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. An income tax adjustment of $19.7 million has also been included for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, limitations on the deductibility of certain executive compensation, nondeductible interest expense on debt instruments and associated derivatives, and other nondeductible expenses. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes and book losses in foreign jurisdictions where the income tax rate is substantially lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.
The COVID-19 pandemic has a global reach, and many countries have introduced measures that provide relief to taxpayers in a variety of ways. The Company has evaluated these measures, including the CARES Act in the United States, and has concluded that these did not have a significant impact on its income tax (provision) benefit for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax reporting purposes. The components of net deferred income taxes are as follows:
  As of December 31,
 (In thousands)
2020 2019
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards $ 197,017  $ 212,253 
Lease liability 14,517  16,772 
Deferred revenues 14,483  5,095 
Deferred compensation 6,138  8,146 
Accrued salaries and benefits 3,499  2,406 
Tax credits 2,187  2,945 
Tax contingencies 1,132  1,127 
Allowance for doubtful accounts 776  453 
Capital loss carryforwards 263  266 
Goodwill —  2,462 
Litigation settlement —  225 
Other 2,550  2,409 
Gross deferred tax assets 242,562  254,559 
Valuation allowance (220,115) (219,607)
Net deferred tax assets $ 22,447  $ 34,952 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Lease asset $ (8,829) $ (11,219)
Property and equipment (5,716) (5,134)
Intangible assets (3,495) (15,202)
Subpart F income recapture (1,224) (1,224)
Goodwill (958) — 
Other (111) (86)
Total deferred tax liabilities (20,333) (32,865)
Net deferred tax asset $ 2,114  $ 2,087 
Tax Valuation Allowance
As of December 31, 2020, and 2019, the Company had a valuation allowance of $220.1 million and $219.6 million, respectively, against certain deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance relates to the deferred tax assets of the Company's U.S. entities, including federal and state tax attributes and timing differences, as well as the deferred tax assets of certain foreign subsidiaries. The increase in the valuation allowance during 2020 is primarily related to the pre-tax losses generated in the U.S. To the extent the Company determines that, based on the weight of available evidence, all or a portion of its valuation allowance is no longer necessary, the
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Company will recognize an income tax benefit in the period such determination is made for the reversal of the valuation allowance. If management determines that, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that all or a portion of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized, the Company may recognize income tax expense in the period such determination is made to increase the valuation allowance. It is possible that such reduction of or addition to the Company's valuation allowance may have a material impact on the Company's results from operations.
A summary of the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is as follows:
  As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Beginning Balance
$ 219,607  $ 200,366 
Additions 737  19,832 
Reductions (229) (591)
Ending Balance $ 220,115  $ 219,607 
Net Operating Loss and Credit Carryforwards
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes of $578.5 million and $1,360.7 million, respectively. These net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2023 for federal income tax purposes and 2021 for state income tax purposes. The federal and certain state net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 have an indefinite carryforward period. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had an aggregate net operating loss carryforward for tax purposes related to its foreign subsidiaries of $5.1 million, which will begin to expire in 2024.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had research and development credit carryforwards of $3.2 million which begin to expire in 2025.
Under the provisions of Internal Revenue Code Section 382, certain substantial changes in the Company's ownership may result in a limitation on the amount of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and taxes payable. A significant portion of the Company's net operating loss carryforwards are subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, and the Company anticipates that the Transactions will trigger further limitations. Additionally, despite the net operating loss carryforwards, the Company may have a future tax liability due to foreign tax or state tax requirements.
Foreign Undistributed Earnings
As of December 31, 2020, the Company has certain foreign subsidiaries with accumulated undistributed earnings. The TCJA allows for a dividend received deduction resulting in no material U.S. federal income tax upon repatriation of these earnings. The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest these earnings, as well as future earnings from its foreign subsidiaries, to fund its international operations and therefore has not accrued any foreign withholding taxes or state income taxes.
Uncertain Tax Positions
For uncertain tax positions, the Company uses a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold based on the technical merits of the tax position taken. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefits determined on a cumulative probability basis, which are more-likely-than-not to be realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. The Company has unrecognized tax benefits, which are tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions which have been or will be reflected in income tax filings that have not been recognized in the financial statements due to potential adjustments by taxing authorities in the applicable jurisdictions. The Company's liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits, which include interest and penalties, were $0.7 million and $1.6 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The remaining unrecognized tax benefits have reduced deferred tax balances. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the Company's effective tax rate are $2.0 million, $2.3 million and $2.5 million as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and include the federal tax benefit of state deductions. The Company anticipates a negligible amount of unrecognized tax benefits will reverse during the next year due to the expiration of statutes of limitation.
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Changes in the Company's unrecognized income tax benefits are as follows:
  As of December 31,
 (In thousands)
2020 2019 2018
Beginning balance $ 2,400  $ 2,560  $ 2,508 
Increase related to tax positions of prior years
47  14  167 
Increase related to tax positions of the current year 51  53  90 
Decrease related to tax positions of prior years (5) (84) (106)
Decrease due to lapse in statutes of limitations (415) (143) (99)
Ending balance $ 2,078  $ 2,400  $ 2,560 
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, accrued interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits were $0.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively. The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. For income tax returns filed by the Company, the Company is generally no longer subject to U.S. federal examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2017 or state and local tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2016. The Company is no longer subject to examination by tax authorities in the Netherlands for years prior to 2014. However, tax attribute carryforwards may still be adjusted upon examination by tax authorities.
13.Related Party Transactions
Transactions with WPP
As of December 31, 2020 (based on public filings), WPP owned 11,319,363 shares of the Company's outstanding Common Stock, representing 15.5% ownership in the Company. On July 19, 2018, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC for the purpose of registering the shares of Common Stock owned by WPP in order to fulfill the Company's contractual obligations under a stockholders' rights agreement entered into by the Company and WPP in 2015. Refer to Footnote 4, Debt for more information. The Company provides WPP, in the normal course of business, services amongst its different products and receives various services from WPP supporting the Company's data collection efforts.
In 2015, there were a series of business and asset acquisitions and sales and issuances of Common Stock between the Company and WPP (giving rise to the stockholders' rights agreement described above) as well as a Subscription Receivable agreement that the Company entered into with GroupM, a WPP subsidiary.
In 2016, as part of the Company's merger with Rentrak Corporation, the Company acquired contracts with WPP wholly-owned subsidiaries which were also included as a Subscription Receivable.
The Subscription Receivable was recorded as contra equity within additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity. As cash was received on the Subscription Receivable, additional paid-in capital was increased by the amount of cash received and the Company recognized imputed interest income. Upon fully utilizing the Subscription Receivable in September 2018, the Company began recognizing revenue as products and services were delivered under the respective agreements. Total revenue recognized under these agreements was $6.6 million, $8.3 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Company has a cancelable five-year agreement with Lightspeed, a WPP subsidiary, to collect browsing and demographic data for individual participating households. The agreement provides that the Company makes payments to Lightspeed of approximately $5.4 million per year through December 2025. The agreement is designed to be a comprehensive data collection effort across multiple in-home devices (e.g., television, streaming devices, computers, mobile phones, tablets, gaming devices and wearables) for which data is collected and sent to the Company for use in its products. Lightspeed is paid to manage the operational aspects of panel recruitment, compliance, inventory management, support and collection of panel demographic data.
The Company's results from transactions with WPP and its affiliates, as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, are detailed below:
Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Revenues $ 13,315  $ 15,858  $ 11,610 
Cost of revenues 10,094  10,455  11,077 
General and administrative 316  539  99 
Interest income —  —  343 
96

The Company has the following balances related to transactions with WPP and its affiliates, as reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Assets
Accounts receivable, net $ 4,045  $ 2,542 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,496  1,180 
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 2,817  $ 2,510 
Accrued expenses 835  716 
Contract liabilities 3,538  1,361 
Transactions with Starboard
On January 16, 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with Starboard, then a beneficial owner of more than five percent of the Company's outstanding Common Stock. Refer to Footnote 4, Debt, for further information regarding these agreements and the Company's issuance of senior secured convertible notes to Starboard in 2018. As a result of these agreements and the transactions contemplated thereby, Starboard ceased to be a beneficial owner of more than five percent of the Company's outstanding Common Stock on January 16, 2018.
On April 18, 2018, the Company amended a prior agreement with Starboard, dated as of September 28, 2017 (the "September Agreement"), pertaining to the membership and composition of the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board"). Pursuant to the amendment, the Company and Starboard agreed that, effective as of the Company's annual meeting of stockholders on May 30, 2018, the size of the Board would be fixed at eight members. The amendment further designated Starboard's "appointees" under the September Agreement. As of December 31, 2018, Starboard had no remaining right to designate any directors to the Board.
Included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, the Company recorded interest expense, inclusive of non-cash accretion of issuance discount and deferred financing costs, related to the senior secured convertible notes of $33.3 million, $30.8 million, and $16.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Company has the following balances related to transactions with Starboard, as reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
As of December 31,
(In thousands) 2020 2019
Accrued expenses $ —  $ 6,120 
Senior secured convertible notes 192,895  184,075 
Financing derivatives 11,300  21,587 
Other non-current liabilities 6,120  — 

14.Organizational Restructuring
In June and December 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized management to implement reductions in its workforce (less than 10%) and rationalize its portfolio of leased properties due to the reductions in headcount ("2018 Restructuring Plans"). This restructuring effort resulted in the termination of one operating lease, the extension of the lease related to the Company's headquarters, and the sublease of three offices. In connection with the 2018 Restructuring Plans, the Company incurred total exit-related costs of $8.1 million. $10.3 million was recorded in 2018, and $2.2 million was reversed in 2019 related to an employee who ultimately did not exit the Company. These plans were complete as of December 31, 2019.
In May 2019, the Company implemented an additional reduction in force plan ("May 2019 Restructuring Plan") in order to reduce costs and more effectively align resources with business priorities. Together with attrition, the May 2019 Restructuring Plan resulted in the termination of approximately 10% of the Company's workforce. In connection with the May 2019 Restructuring Plan, the Company incurred total exit-related costs of $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company does not expect to incur any future expenses related to this plan.
In August 2019, the Company implemented a further reduction in force plan ("August 2019 Restructuring Plan") in order to reduce costs and more effectively align resources with business priorities. The August 2019 Restructuring Plan resulted in the termination of approximately 8% of the Company's workforce. In connection with the August 2019 Restructuring Plan, the Company incurred total exit-related costs of $2.5 million.
97

The tables below summarize the balance of accrued restructuring expenses and the changes in the accrued amounts for each period presented.
2018 Restructuring Plans
(In thousands) Severance pay and benefits Short-term lease exit and other direct costs Long-term lease exit and other direct costs Total
Restructuring expense(1)
$ 7,145  $ 1,271  $ 1,847  $ 10,263 
Payments (2,652) (561) (37) (3,250)
Foreign exchange —  (2) —  (2)
Accrued Balance as of December 31, 2018 $ 4,493  $ 708  $ 1,810  $ 7,011 
Adoption of ASC 842(2)
—  (708) (1,810) (2,518)
Restructuring expense(3)
(2,195) —  —  (2,195)
Payments (2,298) —  —  (2,298)
Accrued Balance as of December 31, 2019 $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized a reduction of $0.7 million of liability related to the write-off of certain lease-related liabilities, offset by $0.5 million in stock-based compensation related to the termination of certain employees, $0.5 million in accelerated depreciation on assets located within subleased properties, and $0.1 million in other expenses.
(2) The Company adopted ASC 842, Leases, as of January 1, 2019. For additional details regarding the adoption, please refer to Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
(3) Restructuring expense decreased due to a reversal of planned executive compensation.
2019 Restructuring Plans
(In thousands) May 2019 Restructuring Plan August 2019 Restructuring Plan
Severance pay and benefits related restructuring expense $ 3,141  $ 2,454 
Payments (2,847) (1,756)
Accrued Balance as of December 31, 2019 294  698 
Payments (294) (698)
Accrued Balance as of December 31, 2020 $ —  $ — 
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15.Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
The following tables summarize quarterly financial data for 2020 and 2019. The Company's results of operations vary and may continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. The results of operations in any period should not necessarily be considered indicative of the results to be expected from any future period.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
  2020
First Second Third Fourth
Revenues $ 89,528  $ 88,566  $ 87,952  $ 89,990 
Cost of revenues (1)
45,798  44,949  46,466  43,499 
Gross profit 43,730  43,617  41,486  46,491 
Selling and marketing (1)
19,213  16,007  17,131  17,869 
Research and development (1)
10,136  9,765  9,501  9,304 
General and administrative (1)
15,543  13,741  12,136  14,363 
Amortization of intangible assets 6,918  6,846  6,750  6,705 
Impairment of right-of-use and long-lived assets 4,671  —  —  — 
Total expenses from operations 56,481  46,359  45,518  48,241 
Loss from operations (12,751) (2,742) (4,032) (1,750)
Interest expense, net (8,846) (8,856) (9,027) (9,076)
Other income, net 7,194  1,477  4,191  1,692 
Gain (loss) from foreign currency transactions 804  (944) (2,012) (2,338)
Loss before income taxes (13,599) (11,065) (10,880) (11,472)
Income tax benefit (provision) 415  664  (241) (1,740)
Net loss $ (13,184) $ (10,401) $ (11,121) (13,212)
Net loss per common share:
Basic and diluted $ (0.19) $ (0.15) $ (0.16) $ (0.18)
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculation - Common Stock:
Basic and diluted 70,127,939  70,554,326  71,222,122  72,814,261 
(1) Amortization of stock-based compensation expense is included in the line items above as follows:
First Second Third Fourth
Cost of revenues $ 209  $ 487  $ 503  $ 89 
Selling and marketing 609  720  625  272 
Research and development 56  375  386  69 
General and administrative 1,784  764  1,010  2,115 
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 2,658  $ 2,346  $ 2,524  $ 2,545 
99
  2019
First Second Third Fourth
Revenues $ 102,294  $ 96,888  $ 94,300  $ 95,163 
Cost of revenues (1)
53,407  51,994  47,390  46,831 
Gross profit 48,887  44,894  46,910  48,332 
Selling and marketing (1)
24,840  23,329  20,421  20,555 
Research and development (1)
18,216  16,883  14,064  12,639 
General and administrative (1)
19,545  16,932  14,064  15,878 
Amortization of intangible assets 8,105  8,076  6,970  6,925 
Investigation and audit related 842  2,354  980  129 
Impairment of goodwill —  224,272  —  — 
Impairment of intangible assets —  17,308  —  — 
Settlement of litigation, net —  5,000  (2,100) — 
Restructuring (70) 2,949  2,270  (1,886)
Total expenses from operations 71,478  317,103  56,669  54,240 
Loss from operations (22,591) (272,209) (9,759) (5,908)
Interest expense, net (6,759) (8,242) (8,175) (8,350)
Other income (expense), net 2,969  (3,081) 6,733  (4,967)
Gain (loss) from foreign currency transactions 38  (464) 1,194  (432)
Loss before income taxes (26,343) (283,996) (10,007) (19,657)
Income tax (provision) benefit (1,171) 4,463  (552) (1,733)
Net loss $ (27,514) $ (279,533) $ (10,559) $ (21,390)
Net loss per common share:
Basic and diluted $ (0.46) $ (4.61) $ (0.16) $ (0.31)
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculation - Common Stock:
Basic and diluted 59,958,203  60,697,608  64,157,167  69,644,437 
(1) Stock-based compensation expense is included in the line items above as follows:
First Second Third Fourth
Cost of revenues $ 848  $ 636  $ 396  $ (28)
Selling and marketing 1,316  1,087  756  456 
Research and development 726  668  469  118 
General and administrative 4,063  1,913  1,392  1,879 
Restructuring —  (266) 129  — 
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 6,953  $ 4,038  $ 3,142  $ 2,425 

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16.Subsequent Events
On January 7, 2021, the Company entered into separate Securities Purchase Agreements with each of Charter, Qurate and Pine, pursuant to which, at the closing of the Transactions contemplated thereby, the Company will issue and sell (a) to Charter, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million, (b) to Qurate, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million and (c) to Pine, 27,509,203 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in exchange for $68.0 million. The proceeds of the Transactions will be used to repay the Notes. Additionally, in connection with the closing, the Company expects to repay the Secured Term Note and certain transaction-related expenses with cash from its balance sheet. Refer to Footnote 4, Debt for additional information on the Notes and the Secured Term Note.
The Transactions and related matters were approved by the Company's stockholders on March 9, 2021 and are expected to be completed on or around March 10, 2021. Repayment of the Notes and the Secured Term Note will result in the termination of the affirmative and negative covenants set forth in these instruments, including the Notes covenant requiring maintenance of certain minimum cash balances (currently $40.0 million), and is expected to improve the Company's financial position and liquidity.
The exercise price of the Company's Series A Warrants described in Footnote 5, Stockholders' Equity, is subject to anti-dilution adjustment in certain circumstances, including upon certain issuances of capital stock. As a result of the Transactions described above, the Company expects to adjust the exercise price of the Series A Warrants to the closing price of the Transactions.
Upon closing of the Transactions, the Company expects to record a non-cash charge that will include extinguishment of debt and associated derivatives, issuance of 3.15 million conversion shares to affiliates of Starboard Value LP, and the anti-dilution adjustment to the Series A Warrants described above. The non-cash charge at closing is estimated to range between $15 million and $25 million based on recent trading prices of the Company's Common Stock, but could vary depending on the market price of the Common Stock on the closing date and other variables.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We carried out an evaluation required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2020. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that as of December 31, 2020, these disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. As a result of this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, and their report is included below. Deloitte & Touche LLP has also audited, and issued an unqualified opinion with respect to, our Consolidated Financial Statements for 2020, which opinion is included in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," of this 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Under Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d), management is required to evaluate, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, any changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during each fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Controls
The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business, but we cannot assure that such improvements will be sufficient to provide us with effective internal control over financial reporting in future periods.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of comScore, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of comScore, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, of the Company and our report dated March 9, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company's adoption of a new accounting standard.
Basis for Opinion
The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

McLean, Virginia
March 9, 2021



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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
On March 5, 2021, the Company's Compensation Committee and Board of Directors approved the following annual awards for the executive officers and former executive officer named below, based on achievement of goals relating to 2020 revenue and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as well as corporate culture objectives and other discretionary considerations. Ms. DiBattiste received a prorated award as set forth in her Separation and Release Agreement dated May 7, 2020. Awards will be paid in a cash lump sum, less applicable deductions and withholdings, on or before April 15, 2021.
Name Award
William Livek
          Chief Executive Officer and Executive Vice Chairman
$ 650,000 
Gregory Fink
          Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
$ 292,500 
Christopher Wilson
          Chief Commercial Officer
$ 450,000 
Carol DiBattiste
          Former Chief Legal and Compliance Officer
$ 127,913 
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PART III
 
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Certain information regarding our directors and executive officers required by Item 10 of Part III is set forth in Item 1 of Part I "Business - Executive Officers and Directors." Other information required by Item 10 of Part III, including information regarding any material changes to the process by which security holders may recommend nominees to the Board of Directors, is incorporated by reference to the information that will be included in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Information required by Item 10 of Part III regarding our Audit Committee is incorporated by reference to the information that will be set forth in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Information relating to our compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is incorporated by reference to the information that will be set forth in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions. We have posted the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our investor relations website under the heading "Corporate Governance" at www.comscore.com. To the extent permissible under Nasdaq rules, we intend to disclose any amendments to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as well as waivers of the provisions thereof, on our investor relations website under the heading "Corporate Governance" at www.comscore.com.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information required by Item 11 of Part III is incorporated by reference to the information that will be included in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information required by Item 12 of Part III is incorporated by reference to the information that will be included in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information required by Item 13 of Part III is incorporated by reference to the information that will be included in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Information required by Item 14 of Part III is incorporated by reference to the information that will be included in our Proxy Statement relating to our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
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PART IV
 
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1) Financial statements and reports of our independent registered public accounting firm. See (i) Index to Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8 and (ii) Item 9A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(2) All other schedules, for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC, are omitted, as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(3) Exhibits. The exhibits filed as part of this report are listed under "Exhibits" at subsection (b) of this Item 15.
(b) Exhibits


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EXHIBITS
Exhibit
No. 		  Exhibit
Document
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9+
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
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4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11*
10.12*
10.13*
10.14*
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10.15*
10.16*
10.17*
10.18*
10.19*
10.20*
10.21*
10.22*
10.23*
10.24
10.25*
10.26*
10.27
10.28*
10.29*
10.30*
10.31*
10.32*
10.33*
10.34*
10.35*
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10.36*
10.37
10.38
10.39
21.1+
23.1+
31.1+
31.2+
32.1+
32.2+
101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page iXBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
* * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
+ + Filed or furnished herewith

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ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
    None.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
COMSCORE, INC.
By: /s/ William P. Livek
William P. Livek
Chief Executive Officer and Executive Vice Chairman
(Principal Executive Officer)
By: /s/ Gregory A. Fink
Gregory A. Fink
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer and
Principal Accounting Officer)
March 9, 2021
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
 
Signature   Title Date
/s/ William P. Livek   Chief Executive Officer and Executive Vice Chairman March 9, 2021
William P. Livek (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Gregory A. Fink   Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer March 9, 2021
Gregory A. Fink (Principal Financial Officer and
Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Brent D. Rosenthal Non-Executive Chairman March 9, 2021
Brent D. Rosenthal
/s/ Irwin Gotlieb Director March 9, 2021
Irwin Gotlieb
/s/ Jacques Kerrest   Director March 9, 2021
Jacques Kerrest
/s/ Kathleen Love Director March 9, 2021
Kathleen Love
/s/ John K. Martin Jr.   Director March 9, 2021
John K. Martin Jr.

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SCOR-20201231_G2.JPG

        
Exhibit 4.9
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES

The following is a summary of the material terms of our securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2020. The summary is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this exhibit is a part. The following also summarizes certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the DGCL.

General

Our authorized capital stock consists of 150,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, all of which shares of preferred stock are undesignated.

Common Stock

Each holder of our common stock is entitled to one vote for each share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders, and there are no cumulative rights. Subject to any preferential rights of any outstanding preferred stock, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably the dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of funds legally available therefor. If there is a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, holders of our common stock would be entitled to share in our assets remaining after the payment of liabilities and any preferential rights of any outstanding preferred stock.

In all matters, other than the election of directors and except as otherwise required by law or the provisions of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, the affirmative vote of the majority of shares present or represented by proxy at a meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders. Directors are elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the election of directors.

Holders of our common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. The outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and non-assessable. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol SCOR. The transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC. Its address is 59 Maiden Lane, Plaza Level, New York, NY 10038, and its telephone number is (800) 937-5449.

Warrants

In June 2019, we issued warrants, including Series A Warrants, to CVI Investments, Inc. (“CVI”) in connection with a private placement that closed on June 26, 2019 (the “Closing Date”).
The Series A Warrants are exercisable for a period of five years from the Closing Date and are currently exercisable into 5,457,026 shares of common stock. The exercise price for the Series A Warrants is $12.00.
The exercise price for the Series A Warrants is subject to anti-dilution adjustment in certain circumstances. In addition, if and to the extent the exercise of any warrants would, together with the issuances of common stock to CVI on the Closing Date and the shares issued pursuant to the exercise of any other warrants, result in the issuance of 20.0% or more of our outstanding common stock on the Closing Date, then we intend to, in lieu of issuing such shares, settle the obligation to issue such shares in cash. CVI may not exercise such warrants to the extent (but only

        
Exhibit 4.9
to the extent) it or any of its affiliates would beneficially own a number of shares of our common stock which would exceed 4.99%. CVI has the right, in its discretion, to raise this threshold up to 9.99% with 60 days' notice to us.
Applicable Forum, Venue, and Jurisdiction

Our bylaws establish the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought by or on behalf of the company, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty by a director, officer or employee of the company to the company or its stockholders, any action asserting a claim under the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine unless otherwise agreed to by us.

However, the exclusive forum provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. To the extent any such claims may be based upon federal law claims, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for the federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

Effect of Certain Provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and the Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute

Delaware law and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could make the following transactions more difficult:

•acquisition of us by means of a tender offer;

•acquisition of us by means of a proxy contest or otherwise; or

•removal of our incumbent officers and directors

These provisions, summarized below, are expected to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to promote stability in our management. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our board of directors.

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide for the following:

•Undesignated Preferred Stock. The ability to authorize undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue one or more series of preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change control of the company. These and other provisions may have the effect of deferring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in control or management of us.

•Stockholder Meetings. Our charter documents provide that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by resolution adopted by the board of directors, the chairman of the board of directors or the chief executive officer.

•Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Nominations and Proposals. Our bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors.


        
Exhibit 4.9
•Board Classification. Our board of directors is divided into three classes. The directors in each class serve for a three-year term, one class being elected each year by our stockholders. This system of electing and removing directors may tend to discourage a third party from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, because it generally makes it more difficult for stockholders to replace a majority of the directors.

•Limits on Ability of Stockholders to Act by Written Consent. We have provided in our certificate of incorporation that our stockholders may not act by written consent. This limit on the ability of our stockholders to act by written consent may lengthen the amount of time required to take stockholder actions. As a result, a holder controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to amend our bylaws or remove directors without holding a meeting of our stockholders called in accordance with our bylaws.

•Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws. The amendment of the above provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws requires approval by holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors.

Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute

We are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:

•before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

•upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or

•on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.
In general, Section 203 defines business combination to include the following:
•any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;

•any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of either the assets or outstanding stock of the corporation involving the interested stockholder;

•subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;

•any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or

•the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits by or through the corporation.

        
Exhibit 4.9
In general, Section 203 defines interested stockholder as an entity or person who, together with affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or within three years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation.


Exhibit 21.1

SUBSIDIARY OF THE REGISTRANT
The following subsidiary of comScore, Inc. is considered a significant subsidiary as of December 31, 2020.
Name of Subsidiary                Jurisdiction of Incorporation.
Rentrak Corporation                Oregon, U.S.A.


Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement Nos. 333-144281, 333-155355, 333-159126, 333-166349, 333-172838, 333-179625, 333-186764, 333-194010, 333-202221, 333-209310, 333-225400, and 333-239931 on Form S-8, and Registration Statement Nos. 333-166350, 333-188243, 333-231778, and 333-226246 on Form S-3 of our reports dated March 9, 2021, relating to the financial statements of comScore, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) and the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
McLean, Virginia  
March 9, 2021






Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS
I, William P. Livek, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of comScore, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



/s/ William P. Livek
William P. Livek
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: March 9, 2021


Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATIONS
I, Gregory A. Fink, certify that:
1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of comScore, Inc.;
2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


/s/ Gregory A. Fink
Gregory A. Fink
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date: March 9, 2021


Exhibit 32.1
Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
In connection with the Annual Report of comScore, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, William P. Livek, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
A signed original of this written statement has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.

/s/ William P. Livek
William P. Livek
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: March 9, 2021


Exhibit 32.2
Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
In connection with the Annual Report of comScore, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Gregory A. Fink, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge:
(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
A signed original of this written statement has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.

/s/ Gregory A. Fink
Gregory A. Fink
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date: March 9, 2021