Drive Shack Inc. (Form: 10-K, Received: 03/15/2019 12:53:30)

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K



x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
	THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018



o	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
	THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________________________________ to ________________________________

Commission File Number: 001-31458

Drive Shack Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Maryland		81-0559116
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
or organization)



111 W. 19th Street, New York, NY		10011
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (516) 268-7460

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class :		Name of exchange on which registered :
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share		New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
9.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred
Stock, $0.01 par value per share		New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
8.05% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred
Stock, $0.01 par value per share		New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
8.375% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred
Stock, $0.01 par value per share		New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

o Yes x No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

o Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large Accelerated Filer o	Accelerated Filer x	Non-accelerated Filer o	Smaller Reporting Company o
Emerging Growth Company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. £

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

o Yes x No

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 29, 2018 (computed based on the closing price on the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter as reported on the NYSE) was: $457.3 million.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock was 67,027,104 as of March 1, 2019 .

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for the registrant's 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed within 120 days of fiscal year-end, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements relate to, among other things, our operating performance, the performance of our investments, the stability of our earnings, and our financing needs. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “potential,” “intend,” “expect,” “endeavor,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “overestimate,” “underestimate,” “believe,” “could,” “project,” “forecast,” “predict,” “continue” or other similar words or expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions, discuss future expectations, describe future plans and strategies, contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition or state other forward-looking information. Our ability to predict results or the actual outcome of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results in future periods to differ materially from forecasted results. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects include, but are not limited to:



	•	the ability to retain and attract members and guests to our properties;
	•	changes in global, national and local economic conditions, including, but not limited to, changes in consumer spending patterns, a prolonged economic slowdown and a downturn in the real estate market;
	•	effects of unusual weather patterns and extreme weather events, geographical concentrations with respect to our operations and seasonality of our business;
	•	competition within the industries in which we operate or may pursue additional investments, including competition for sites for our Entertainment Golf venues;
	•	material increases in our expenses, including but not limited to unanticipated labor issues, rent or costs with respect to our workforce, and costs of goods, utilities and supplies;
	•	our inability to sell or exit certain properties, and unforeseen changes to our ability to develop, redevelop or renovate certain properties;
	•	our ability to further invest in our business and implement our strategies;
	•	difficulty monetizing our real estate debt investments;
	•	liabilities with respect to inadequate insurance coverage, accidents or injuries on our properties, adverse litigation judgments or settlements, or membership deposits;
	•	changes to and failure to comply with relevant regulations and legislation, including in order to maintain certain licenses and permits, and environmental regulations in connection with our operations;
	•	inability to execute on our growth and development strategy by successfully developing, opening and operating new venues;
	•	impacts of failures of our information technology and cybersecurity systems;
	•	the impact of any current or further legal proceedings and regulatory investigations and inquiries;
	•	the impact of any material transactions with FIG LLC (the former “Manager”) or one of its affiliates, including the termination of our management agreement and the transition services agreement and the impact of any actual, potential or predicted conflicts of interest; and
	•	other risks detailed from time to time below, particularly under the heading “Risk Factors,” and in our other reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as the SEC.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. The factors noted above could cause our actual results to differ significantly from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of these forward-looking statements, which reflect our management’s views only as of the date of this report. We are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results.

DRIVE SHACK INC.

FORM 10-K

INDEX



		Page
	PART I

Item 1.	Business	1

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	6

Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	21

Item 2.	Properties	21

Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	23

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	23

	PART II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	24

Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	27

Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28

	General	28

	Market Considerations	28

	Application of Critical Accounting Policies	29

	Results of Operations	31

	Liquidity and Capital Resources	36

	Contractual Obligations	40

Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	42

Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	43

	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	44

	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting	45

	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	46

	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	47

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	48

	Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	49

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	50

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	52

	Note 1 Organization	52

	Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	52

	Note 3 Revenues	62

	Note 4 Segment Reporting	64

	Note 5 Property and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation	68

	Note 6 Intangibles, Net of Accumulated Amortization	69

	Note 7 Debt Obligations	70




	Note 8 Real Estate Securities	72

	Note 9 Derivatives	73

	Note 10 Fair Value of Financial Instruments	73

	Note 11 Equity and Earnings Per Share	76

	Note 12 Transactions with Affiliates and Affiliated Entities	80

	Note 13 Commitments and Contingencies	81

	Note 14 Income Taxes	83

	Note 15 Impairment	85

	Note 16 Subsequent Events	86

	Note 17 Summary Quarterly Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)	86

Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	87

Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	87

	Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting	87

Item 9B.	Other Information	87

	PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	89

Item 11.	Executive Compensation	89

Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	89

Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	89

Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	89

	PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits; Financial Statement Schedules	90

Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	93

	Signatures	94

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

Drive Shack Inc., which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, together with its subsidiaries, as Drive Shack Inc. the Company, we and us, is a leading owner and operator of golf-related leisure and entertainment businesses. The Company conducts its business through three segments: Entertainment Golf venues, Traditional Golf properties and corporate. The Company was formed in 2002 and its common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol as DS.


•	Entertainment Golf \| Drive Shack

Drive Shack is an entertainment company that combines golf, competition, dining and fun. Drive Shack plans to open a chain of next-generation dining and entertainment golf venues across the United States and internationally, with each venue featuring multiple stories of hitting suites where friends, family, co-workers or complete strangers may compete in technologically-enhanced golf games. Consumers who are seeking a good time, but not looking to participate in the game, are able to spectate, watch television and engage in other leisure activities from one of Drive Shack’s restaurant or lounge areas. Drive Shack opened its inaugural venue in Orlando, Florida on April 7, 2018.


•	Traditional Golf \| American Golf

American Golf is one of the largest owners and operators of golf properties in the United States. As of December 31, 2018 , we owned, leased or managed 66 properties across 11 states. American Golf and its dedicated employees are focused on delivering lasting experiences for our customers, including our more than 45,000 members, who played over 3.7 million rounds at our properties during 2018 .

American Golf was acquired by the Company in December 2013, when the Company restructured an existing mezzanine debt investment related to NGP Realty Sub, L.P. and American Golf Corporation, which we refer to together, as American Golf. As part of the restructuring, the Company acquired the equity of American Golf’s indirect parent, AGC Mezzanine Pledge LLC.

Our operations are organized into three principal categories: (1) Public Properties, (2) Private Properties and (3) Managed Properties.

Public Properties . Our 41 leased or owned public properties generate revenues principally through daily green fees, golf cart rentals and food, beverage and merchandise sales. Amenities at these properties generally include practice facilities and pro shops with food and beverage facilities. In some cases, our public properties have small clubhouses with banquet facilities. In addition, The Players Club is a monthly membership program offered at most of our public properties, with membership benefits ranging from daily range access to ability to participate in golf clinics, in return for a monthly membership fee.

Private Properties . Our eight leased or owned private properties are open to members only and generate revenues principally through initiation fees, membership dues, food, beverage and merchandise sales, and guest fees. Amenities at these courses typically include practice facilities, full service clubhouses with a pro shop, locker room facilities and multiple food and beverage outlets, including grills, restaurants and banquet facilities.

Managed Properties . Our 17 managed properties are properties that American Golf manages pursuant to a management agreement with the owner of each property. American Golf utilizes its decades of experience to provide sophisticated, full-scale golf course operations expertise to municipal and private owners. We recognize revenue from each of these properties in an amount equal to its management fee. In accordance with the new revenue standard (see Note 3 in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information), certain operating costs incurred by us at the managed properties and the reimbursements of those operating costs by the owner of the managed property are now recognized in operating expenses and revenue from golf operations, respectively. The reimbursements are equal to the reimbursed operating costs and therefore this change will have no net impact to the Company’s operating income (loss).

For a further discussion of our reportable segments in addition to financial results, see Note 4 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” See Note 12 in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information about transactions with affiliates and affiliated entities.

Developments in 2018

Entertainment Golf - Opened Inaugural Venue, Announced Additional Venues

In April 2018, the Company opened its first entertainment golf venue, a three-story, innovative driving range and entertainment and dining venue in Orlando, Florida.

The Company continued development of three additional venues in Richmond, Virginia; Raleigh, North Carolina and West Palm Beach, Florida with planned openings in 2019.

The Company announced plans to develop two additional venues in New York, New York and New Orleans, Louisiana.

Traditional Golf - Property Updates

In September 2017, Hurricane Irma caused significant damage to a Traditional Golf property in Florida, including damage to trees, bunkers and other landscaping. The three golf courses at this property were closed immediately and reopened prior to December 31, 2017. The property is insured for property damage and business interruption losses related to such events, subject to deductibles and policy limits. The Company has incurred $5.5 million in property repair costs related to Hurricane Irma of which $1.3 million was incurred in 2018. The Company was reimbursed $2.0 million and $3.0 million by the insurer in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

During 2018, the Company exited three leased properties and one managed property and converted one leased property to a managed property. See Note 5 in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.

In July 2018, the Company sold a private golf property in Georgia for a sale price of $3.5 million resulting in net proceeds of $3.2 million after adjusting for liabilities assumed by the buyer, primarily related to prepaid dues. In December 2018, the Company sold an additional 12 golf properties for net proceeds of $73.5 million . The sale included: one public and seven private golf properties in California, public golf properties in Georgia and Tennessee, and private golf properties in Oregon and Idaho. The proceeds from the sale plus cash on hand were used to prepay a $102.0 million term loan secured by mortgages on the Company's golf properties. The Company entered into management agreements with the buyers of six of the private golf properties in California and the private golf properties in Oregon and Idaho to continue to manage the properties following the sales.

Corporate - Additions to the Management Team

In November 2018, the Company added new members to the management team. Kenneth A. May and David M. Hammarley joined the Company as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively. Mr. May is a proven innovator and operator in the entertainment golf business, and Mr. Hammarley has diverse financial leadership experience in the hospitality industry.

Policies with Respect to Certain Other Activities

Subject to the approval of our board of directors, we have the authority to offer our common stock or other equity or debt securities to raise cash financing, in exchange for property and to repurchase or otherwise reacquire our shares or any other securities and may engage in such activities in the future. We also may make loans to, or provide guarantees of certain obligations of, our subsidiaries. We may engage in the purchase and sale of investments. Our officers and directors may change any of these policies and any investment guidelines without a vote of our stockholders. Our board of directors has the authority, without stockholder approval (subject in certain cases to NYSE shareholder approval requirements), to issue additional common stock or preferred stock in any manner and on such terms and for such consideration it deems appropriate, including in exchange for cash or property.

Competition

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and compete primarily on the basis of reputation, location and the perceived value of our properties and facilities. Our ability to compete with other golf and dining and entertainment facilities directly affects our ability to succeed.

In addition, we are subject to significant competition in seeking investments to enhance our business. We compete with other companies, including real estate, golf, leisure and dining and entertainment companies and private equity firms. Some of our competitors have greater resources than we possess, or have superior access to capital or various types of financing than are available to us, and we may not be able to compete successfully for investments to enhance our business or provide attractive investments returns relative to our competitors. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to identify opportunities or complete transactions on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that we will actually realize any targeted benefits from acquisitions, investments or alliances intended to enhance our business.

We also compete for discretionary leisure and entertainment spending with other types of recreational and entertainment facilities, including entertainment retail and restaurants. Some of these establishments exist in multiple locations, and we may also face competition in the future from new or expanded entertainment retail concepts that are similar to ours.

For more information about the competition we face generally and in our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses specifically, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Competition in the industry in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.”

Seasonality

Traditional Golf is subject to seasonal fluctuations caused by significant reductions in golf activities as well as revenue in the first and fourth quarters of each year, due to shorter days and colder temperatures. Consequently, a significantly larger portion of our revenue from our Traditional Golf operations is earned in the second and third quarters of our fiscal year. In addition, severe weather patterns can also negatively impact our results of operations.

Government Regulation of Our Business

Our properties and operations are subject to a number of environmental laws. As a result, we may be required to incur costs to comply with the requirements of these laws, such as those relating to water resources, discharges to air, water and land, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and the cleanup of properties affected by regulated materials. Under these and other environmental requirements, we may be required to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases from currently owned, formerly owned or operated facilities.

Environmental laws typically impose cleanup responsibility and liability on a property owner without regard to whether the property owner knew of or caused the presence of the contaminants. We may use certain substances and generate certain wastes that may be deemed hazardous or toxic under such laws, and from time to time have incurred, and in the future may incur, costs related to cleaning up contamination resulting from historic uses by us or by previous owners of certain of our current or former properties or our treatment, storage or disposal of wastes at facilities owned by others. Our facilities are also subject to risks associated with

mold, asbestos and other indoor building contaminants. The costs of investigation, remediation or removal of regulated materials may be substantial, and the presence of those substances, or the failure to remediate a property properly, may impair our ability to use, transfer or obtain financing for our property. We may be required to incur costs to remediate potential environmental hazards, mitigate environmental risks in the future, or comply with other environmental laws and regulations.

In addition, in order to build, improve, upgrade or expand some of our facilities, we may be subject to environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act and, for projects in California, the California Environmental Quality Act. Both acts require that a specified government agency study any proposal for potential environmental impacts and include in its analysis various alternatives. Any improvement proposal may not be approved or may be approved with modifications that substantially increase the cost or decrease the desirability of implementing the project.

We are also subject to regulation by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration and similar health and safety laws in other jurisdictions. These regulations impact a number of aspects of operations, including golf course maintenance and food handling and preparation.

The ownership and operation of our facilities subjects us to federal, state and local laws regulating zoning, land development, land use, building design and construction, and other real estate-related laws and regulations.

Our facilities and operations are subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as the ADA. The ADA generally requires that we remove architectural barriers when readily achievable so that our facilities are made accessible to people with disabilities. In addition, the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, included additional compliance requirements for golf facilities and recreational areas. Noncompliance could result in imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. Federal legislation or regulations may further amend the ADA to impose more stringent requirements with which we would have to comply.

We are also subject to various local, state and federal laws, regulations and administrative practices affecting our business. For instance, we must comply with provisions regulating equal employment, wage and hour practices and licensing requirements and regulations for the sale of food and alcoholic beverages.

Taxation

On February 23, 2017, the Company revoked its election to be treated as a real estate investment trust, or a REIT, effective January 1, 2017. The Company operated in a manner intended to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes through December 31, 2016. Since January 1, 2017, we have generally been subject to federal and state income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and distributions to stockholders declared on or after January 1, 2017 are not deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial, including due to certain deferred cancellation of indebtedness income. Although we have net operating loss carryforwards that may be available to reduce our taxable income for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes and thereby reduce such tax liability, a portion of such carryforwards may be limited in its use due to certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as the Code. Therefore, no assurances can be given that those losses will remain usable or will not become subject to limitations (including the "ownership change" provisions under Section 382 of the Code). In particular, if the Company has undergone or were to undergo an “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Code, the Company could incur materially greater tax liability than if the Company had not undergone such an ownership change. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Tax Status and the 1940 Act.”

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as the Tax Act was signed into law. The Tax Act significantly revises the U.S. corporate income tax regime by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates and eliminating the alternative minimum tax, or the AMT for corporate taxpayers. The Company accounted for the effects of the Tax Act for the year ended December 31, 2017 which relates to the re-measure of deferred tax assets and liabilities due to the reduction in the corporate income tax rate and has booked a non-recurring income tax receivable in the amount of $ 0.6 million due to refundable AMT credits. See Note 14 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.

Employees

Entertainment Golf

As of December 31, 2018 , there were approximately 175 employees at our entertainment golf venues, consisting primarily of hourly employees. Our employees are not unionized. We believe we have a good working relationship with our employees, and our business has not experienced interruptions as a result of labor disputes.

Traditional Golf

As of December 31, 2018 , there were approximately 3,700 employees at our golf facilities, consisting primarily of hourly employees. Other than a small group of golf course maintenance staff at one of our clubs, our employees are not unionized. We believe we have a good working relationship with our employees, and our business has not experienced interruptions as a result of labor disputes.

Corporate

As of December 31, 2018 , there were 48 employees at our corporate headquarters in New York. Our employees are not unionized. We believe we have a good working relationship with our employees, and our business has not experienced interruptions as a result of labor disputes.

Corporate Governance and Internet Address

We emphasize the importance of professional business conduct and ethics through our corporate governance initiatives. Our board of directors consists of a majority of independent directors under the NYSE listing standards. The Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees of our board of directors are composed exclusively of independent directors. We have adopted corporate governance guidelines and a code of business conduct and ethics, which delineate our standards for our directors, officers and employees.

Where Readers Can Find Additional Information

The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as the Exchange Act, with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public from the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov.

Our internet site for our stockholders and other interested parties is http://ir.driveshack.com. We make available free of charge through our internet site our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Also posted on our website in the ‘‘Investor Relations—Corporate Governance” section are charters for the Company’s Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, as well as our Corporate Governance Guidelines and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing our directors, officers and employees. Information on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Certain factors may have a material risk on our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties below, in addition to other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additional risks that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Changes in consumer financial condition, leisure tastes and preferences, spending patterns, particularly discretionary expenditures for leisure and recreation, are subject to factors beyond our control that may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Consumer spending patterns, particularly discretionary expenditures for leisure and recreation, are subject to factors beyond our control that may impact our business, and a curtailing of discretionary spending could reduce our revenues and results of operations and adversely affect our financial position. These factors include:


•	economic recessions or downturns;


•	increased unemployment;


•	low consumer confidence and outlook;


•	depressed housing markets;


•	decreased corporate spending, including on events or tournaments;


•	natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, wildfires, blizzards, droughts and floods;


•	outbreaks of epidemic, pandemic or contagious diseases;


•	war, terrorist activities or threats and heightened travel security measures instituted in response to these events; and


•	the financial condition of the airline, automotive and other transportation-related industries and its impact on travel.

These factors and other global, national and regional conditions can adversely affect, and from time to time have adversely affected, individual properties, particular regions or our business as a whole. Any one or more of these factors could negatively affect the sales volume and profitability of our memberships, services, food and beverages at our Entertainment Golf venues and Traditional Golf properties, and rounds played at our Traditional Golf properties.

In addition, during such periods of adverse economic conditions, we may experience increased rates of resignations of existing members, a decrease in the rate of new member enrollment, a decrease in golf rounds played or reduced spending on our Entertainment and Traditional Golf properties, any of which may result in, among other things, financial losses and decreased revenues.

Our expansion into new markets may present increased risks due to our unfamiliarity with the area.

We expect that a number of our Entertainment Golf venues will be located in areas where we have little or no meaningful operating experience. Those markets may have different competitive conditions, local regulatory requirements, consumer tastes and discretionary spending patterns than our existing markets, which may cause our new venues to be less successful than we expect. In addition, we intend to establish Entertainment Golf venues outside of the United States. In addition to the risks posed by new markets generally, the operating conditions in overseas markets may vary significantly from those we have experienced in the past, including in relation to consumer preferences, regulatory environment, currency risk, the presence and cooperation of suitable local partners and availability of vendors or commercial and physical infrastructure, among others. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in integrating these new Entertainment Golf venues into our operations, achieving market acceptance, operating these properties profitably, and maintaining compliance with the rapidly changing business and regulatory requirements of new markets. If we are unable to do so, we could suffer a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our growth strategy depends on our ability to fund, develop and open new entertainment venues and operate them profitably.

A key element of our growth strategy is to develop and open Entertainment Golf venues, and we have indicated that we expect to open three to six new sites in 2020 and 2021. We opened our first venue in April 2018, and we have identified a number of locations for potential future Entertainment Golf venues: including in Raleigh, North Carolina; West Palm Beach, Florida and Richmond, Virginia, each of which we expect to open in 2019. In addition, we have announced our intentions to open between 3 and 6 new Entertainment Golf venues in 2020 and between 5 and 10 new Entertainment Golf in 2021 and in future years. Our ability to fund, develop and open these venues on a timely and cost-effective basis, or at all, is dependent on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including but not limited to our ability to:


•	find quality locations;


•	reach acceptable agreements regarding the lease or purchase of locations, and comply with our commitments under our lease agreements during the development and construction phases;


•	comply with applicable zoning, licensing, land use and environmental regulations;


•	raise or have available an adequate amount of cash or currently available financing for construction and opening costs;


•	adequately complete construction for operations;


•	timely hire, train and retain the skilled management and other employees necessary to meet staffing needs;


•	obtain, for acceptable cost, required permits and approvals, including liquor licenses; and


•	efficiently manage the amount of time and money used to build and open each new venue.

If we succeed in opening Entertainment Golf venues on a timely and cost-effective basis, we may nonetheless be unable to attract enough customers to these new venues because potential customers may be unfamiliar with our venue or concept, our entertainment and menu options might not appeal to them and we may face competition from other food and leisure venues. New venues may operate at a loss, which could have a significant adverse effect on our overall operating results. We may also need to adjust our liquidity requirements to implement our strategies. Opening new Entertainment Golf venues in an existing market of our competitors, or our competitors opening in our markets, could reduce the revenue at our venues in that market.

The success of our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to procure or develop and protect our intellectual property rights adequately and is subject to competition in the entertainment and leisure industries, including from more established entrants with a longer operating history.

Our growth strategy depends on our ability to procure or develop and protect technologies to be used at our Entertainment Golf venues, and we may not be able to adequately procure or develop these technologies or protect the intellectual property rights in these technologies. Further, our competitors may adapt technologies or business models more quickly or effectively than we do, creating products that are technologically superior to ours or more appealing to consumers. As a result, we may lose an important advantage in the markets in which we open our Entertainment Golf venues. In addition, if third parties misappropriate or infringe, or otherwise inhibit access to, our intellectual property, our brand may fail to achieve and maintain market recognition and our growth strategy may be harmed. To protect the right to use our technologies and intellectual property, we may become involved in litigation, which could result in substantial expenses, divert the attention of management and adversely affect our revenue, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the successful execution of our growth strategy depends on our ability to compete effectively with others within the entertainment golf space, including more established entrants in the market with a longer operating history, and other forms of entertainment and leisure activities. It is difficult to predict and prepare for rapid changes in consumer demand that could materially alter public preferences for different forms of entertainment and leisure activities. Failure to adequately identify and adapt to these competitive pressures could negatively impact our business.

Competition in the industry in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and compete primarily on the basis of reputation, featured facilities, location, quality and breadth of product offerings and price. As a result, competition for market share in the industry in which we compete is significant.

The Entertainment Golf market is highly competitive and includes competition on a local and regional level with restaurants, dining and social clubs and other entertainment attractions including movie theatres, sporting events, bowling alleys, sports activity centers, arcades and entertainment centers, nightclubs and theme parks. Many of the entities operating these businesses are larger and better capitalized, have a greater number of stores, have been in business longer and are better established with stronger name recognition in the markets where our Entertainment Golf venues are located or are planned to be located. As a result, they may be able to invest greater resources than we can in attracting customers and succeed in attracting customers who would otherwise come

to our venues. The legalization of casino and sports gambling in geographic areas near any current or future venues would create the possibility for entertainment alternatives, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We also face competition from increasingly sophisticated home-based forms of entertainment, such as internet and video gaming and home movie streaming and delivery.

The number and variety of competitors in our business varies based on the location and setting of each facility, with some situated in intensely competitive upscale urban areas characterized by frequent innovations in the products and services offered by competing restaurants, dining and social clubs and other entertainment attractions. In addition, in most regions, these businesses are in constant flux as new restaurants and other social and meeting venues open or expand their amenities. As a result of these characteristics, the supply in a given region often exceeds the demand for such facilities, and any increase in the number or quality of restaurants and other social and meeting venues, or the products and services they provide, in such region could significantly impact the ability of our properties to attract and retain members, which could harm our business and results of operations.

Our Traditional Golf properties compete on a local and regional level with other country clubs and golf properties. The level of competition in the Traditional Golf business varies from region to region and is subject to change as existing facilities are renovated or new facilities are developed. An increase in the number or quality of similar clubs and other facilities in a particular region could significantly increase competition, which could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, member-owned and individual privately-owned clubs may be able to create a perception of exclusivity that we have difficulty replicating given the diversity of our portfolio and the scope of our holdings.

Unusual weather patterns and extreme weather events, as well as forecasts of bad or mixed weather conditions or periodic and quasi-periodic weather patterns, could adversely affect the value of our golf courses or negatively impact our business and results of operations in our Entertainment and Traditional Golf segments.

Our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses are subject to unusual weather patterns and extreme weather events, such as heavy rains, prolonged snow accumulations, high winds, extended heat waves and drought, which could negatively affect the income generated by our properties. Because our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses are primarily outdoors, attendance at our facilities could be adversely affected by forecasts of bad weather conditions since individuals may instead choose to participate in indoor activities.

The maintenance of satisfactory turf grass conditions on our Traditional Golf properties requires significant amounts of water. Our ability to irrigate a golf course could be adversely affected by a drought or other cause of water shortage, such as government imposed restrictions on water usage. Additionally, we may be subject to significant increases in the cost of water. We have a concentration of Traditional Golf properties in states (such as California, Georgia, New York and Texas) that experience periods of unusually hot, cold, dry or rainy weather. Unfavorable weather patterns in such states, or any other circumstance or event that causes a prolonged disruption in the operations of our properties in such states (including, without limitation, economic and demographic changes in these areas), could have an adverse impact on our Traditional Golf segment which is vulnerable to all these factors.

Our results of operations are subject to fluctuations due to the timing of new Entertainment Golf venue openings.

The timing of new Entertainment Golf venue openings may result in significant fluctuations in our quarterly performance. During the pre-opening phase, and the first three to six months of operations, we believe that labor and operating costs for a specific venue could be materially greater than such costs once the venue has reached a mature state, both in aggregate dollars and as a percentage of revenues. Additionally, a portion of a current fiscal year new venue capital expenditures is related to venues that are not expected to open until the following fiscal year. Due to these substantial up-front financial requirements to open new venues, the investment risk related to any single venue may be much greater than that associated with other types of entertainment businesses.

Food safety incidents at our properties or in our industry or supply chain may adversely affect customer perception of our brands or industry and result in declines in sales and profits.

We cannot guarantee that our supply chain and food safety controls and training will be fully effective in preventing all food safety issues at our properties and venues, including any occurrences of foodborne illnesses such as salmonella, E. coli, Norovirus, or hepatitis A. Some foodborne illness incidents could be caused by third-party vendors and distributors outside of our control. New illnesses resistant to our current precautions may develop in the future, or diseases with long incubation periods could arise, that could give rise to claims or allegations on a retroactive basis. One or more instances of foodborne illness in any of our properties or related to food products we sell could negatively affect our sales nationwide if highly publicized on national media outlets or through social media. This risk exists even if it were later determined that the illness was wrongly attributed to us or one of our

properties. Further, any instances of food contamination, whether or not at our facilities, could subject us or our suppliers to a food recall, including pursuant to regulations of the United States Food and Drug Administration’s under the Food Safety Modernization Act.

Our large workforce subjects us to risks associated with increases in the cost of labor as a result of increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover rates and required wage increases and health benefit coverage, lawsuits or labor union activity.

Labor is one of our primary property-level operating expenses. We may face labor shortages or increased labor costs because of increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover rates, or increases in the federal or state minimum wage or other employee benefit costs. For example, if the federal minimum wage were increased significantly, we would have to assess the financial impact on our operations as we have a large population of hourly employees. If labor-related expenses increase, our operating expense could increase and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

We are subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act and various federal and state laws governing such matters as minimum wage requirements, gratuity policies, overtime compensation and other working conditions, citizenship requirements, discrimination and family and medical leave. In recent years, a number of companies have been subject to lawsuits, including class action lawsuits, alleging violations of federal and state law regarding workplace and employment matters, overtime wage policies, discrimination and similar matters. A number of these lawsuits have resulted in the payment of substantial damages by the defendants. Similar lawsuits may be threatened or instituted against us from time to time, and we may incur substantial damages and expenses resulting from lawsuits of this type, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may not be able to attract and retain key management and other key employees.

Our employees, particularly our key management, are vital to our success and difficult to replace. We may be unable to retain them or to attract other highly qualified employees, particularly if we do not offer employment terms competitive with the rest of the market. Failure to attract and retain highly qualified employees, or failure to develop and implement a viable succession plan, could result in inadequate depth of institutional knowledge or skill sets, adversely affecting our business. In addition, we must continue to attract, retain and motivate a sufficient number of qualified management and operating personnel to maintain consistency in our service, hospitality, quality and atmosphere of our Entertainment Golf venues. Qualified management and operating personnel are typically in high demand, and if we are unable to attract and retain a satisfactory number of qualified management and operating personnel, labor shortages could delay the planned openings of new Entertainment Golf venues or adversely impact our existing business.

Our operations are susceptible to changes in the availability and the cost of food, goods, rent, water, utilities, repairs, maintenance and taxes, which could reduce our operating margins and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In our Traditional Golf segment, our most significant operating costs, other than labor, are our cost of goods, water, utilities, rent and property taxes. Many, and in some cases all, of the factors affecting these costs are beyond our control. Increases in operating costs due to inflation, commodity prices and other factors may not be directly offset by increased revenue. Our cost of goods such as food and beverage costs account for a significant portion of our total property-level operating expense in our Entertainment and Traditional Golf segments. If our cost of goods increased significantly and we are not able to pass along those increased costs to our members in the form of higher prices or otherwise, our operating margins would decrease, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, rent accounts for a significant portion of our property-level operating expense. Significant increases in our rent costs would increase our operating expense and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted. The prices of utilities are volatile, and shortages sometimes occur. In particular, in the case of our Traditional Golf business, municipalities are increasingly placing restrictions on the use of water for golf course irrigation and increasing the cost of water. Significant increases in the cost of our utilities, or any shortages, could interrupt or curtail our operations and lower our operating margins, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Each of our properties is subject to real and personal property taxes. The real and personal property taxes on our properties may increase or decrease as tax rates change and as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. If real and personal property taxes increase, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

We could be required to make material cash outlays in future periods if the number of initiation deposit refund requests we receive materially increases or if we are required to surrender unclaimed initiation deposits to state authorities under applicable escheatment laws.

We may be required to make significant cash outlays in connection with initiation fee deposits at our Traditional Golf properties. Members of our private properties are generally required to pay an initiation fee deposit upon their acceptance as a member and, in most cases, such deposits are fully refundable after a fixed number of years (typically 30 years) and upon the occurrence of other contract-specific conditions, whether or not the applicable golf property has undergone a transfer of ownership since the time of the deposit. While we will make a refund to any member whose initiation fee deposit is eligible to be refunded, we may be subject to various states’ escheatment laws with respect to initiation fee deposits that have not been refunded to members. All states have escheatment laws and generally require companies to remit to the state cash in an amount equal to unclaimed and abandoned property after a specified period of dormancy, which is typically 3 to 5 years. Moreover, most of the states in which we conduct business hire independent agents to conduct unclaimed and abandoned property audits. We currently do not remit to states any amounts relating to initiation fee deposits that are eligible to be refunded to members based upon our interpretation of the applicability of such laws to initiation fee deposits. The analysis of the potential application of escheatment laws to our initiation fee deposits is complex, involving an analysis of constitutional and statutory provisions and contractual and factual issues. While we do not believe that initiation fee deposits must be escheated, we may be forced to remit such amounts if we are challenged and fail to prevail in our position.

We have concentrated our investments in golf-related real estate and facilities, which are subject to numerous risks, including the risk that the values of our investments may decline if there is a prolonged downturn in real estate values.

Our operations at our Entertainment Golf venues and Traditional Golf properties encompass and will continue to encompass, a large amount of real estate holdings, in the form of fee simple ownership and leasehold interests. Accordingly, we are subject to the risks associated with holding real estate investments. In addition, a prolonged decline in the popularity of golf could adversely affect the value of our real estate holdings in our Traditional Golf business and could make it difficult to sell facilities or businesses in our Traditional Golf segment.

Our real estate holdings (including our long-term leaseholds) are subject to risks typically associated with investments in real estate. The investment returns available from equity investments in real estate depend in large part on the amount of income earned, expenses incurred and capital appreciation generated by the related properties. In addition, a variety of other factors affect income from properties and real estate values, including governmental regulations, real estate, insurance, zoning, tax and eminent domain laws, interest rate levels and the availability of financing. For example, new or existing real estate zoning or tax laws can make it more expensive and time-consuming to expand, modify or renovate older properties. Under eminent domain laws, governments can take real property. Sometimes this taking is for less compensation than the owner believes the property is worth. Any of these factors could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may not be able to retain members at our public and private Traditional Golf properties, and attract golf rounds played, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain members and other customers at our public and private Traditional Golf properties, attract golf rounds played and maintain or increase revenues generated from our Traditional Golf properties. Changes in consumer financial condition, leisure tastes and preferences, particularly those affecting the popularity of golf, and other social and demographic trends could adversely affect our business. Significant periods where attrition rates exceed enrollment rates or where facilities usage is below historical levels at our Traditional Golf properties would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A portion of our member base may not regularly use our facilities and may be more likely to cancel their membership. Factors that could lead to a decrease in membership include a decline in our ability to deliver quality service at our current membership prices, a decrease in public interest in the sport of golf, and direct and indirect competition in our industry. If we cannot attract new members and other customers, retain our existing members and other customers, or maintain golf rounds played at our Traditional Golf properties, our financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

We have significant operations concentrated in certain geographic areas, and any disruption in the operations of our properties in any of these areas could harm our results of operations.

As of December 31, 2018 , we operated multiple Traditional Golf properties in several metropolitan areas, including 29 in the greater Los Angeles, California region. As a result, any prolonged disruption in the operations of our properties in any of these markets, whether due to technical difficulties, power failures or destruction or damage to the properties as a result of a natural disaster, such as hurricanes or earthquakes, fire or any other reason, could harm our results of operations or may result in property

closures. In addition, some of the metropolitan areas where we operate properties could be disproportionately affected by regional economic conditions, such as declining home prices and rising unemployment. Concentration in these markets increases our exposure to adverse developments related to competition, as well as economic and demographic changes in these areas.

Seasonality may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Seasonality can affect our results of operations in the Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses. Usage of Traditional Golf properties tends to decline significantly during the first and fourth quarters, when colder temperatures and shorter days reduce the demand for outdoor activities. As a result, we expect the Traditional Golf business to generate a disproportionate share of its annual revenue in the second and third quarters of each year. Accordingly, our Traditional Golf business is especially vulnerable to events that may negatively impact its operations during the second and third quarters, when guest and member usage is highest. In addition, although we have not experienced a full year of operations in the Entertainment Golf business, we expect that our results could be significantly impacted on a season-to-season basis. For this reason, a quarter-to-quarter comparison may not be a good indicator of our current and/or future performance.

If the owner for any of our managed Traditional Golf properties defaults on its obligation to pay us our management fee under the management contract, we may not obtain the full amount, or any, of the revenue associated with that contract.

Our 17 managed Traditional Golf properties are properties that American Golf manages pursuant to a management agreement with the owner of each property. If any property owner defaults on its obligation to pay us the management fee that we are entitled to receive under the management for the property, we are at risk of losing some or all of the revenue associated with that management agreement. In addition, we may decide to enforce our right to damages for breach of contract and related claims, which may cause us to incur significant legal fees and expenses. Any damages we ultimately collect may be less than the projected future value of the fees and other amounts we would have otherwise collected under the management agreement, which may result in, among other things, financial losses and decreased revenues.

The illiquidity of real estate may make it difficult for us to dispose of one or more of our properties or negatively affect our ability to profitably sell such properties and access liquidity.

We are engaged in the sale of the real estate that we own constituting a portion of our Traditional Golf properties, and we may from time to time decide to dispose of one or more of our other real estate assets. Because real estate holdings are relatively illiquid, we may not be able to dispose of one or more real estate assets on a timely basis. In some circumstances, sales may result in investment losses which could adversely affect our financial condition. The illiquidity of our real estate assets could mean that we continue to operate a facility that management has identified for disposition. Failure to dispose of a real estate asset in a timely fashion, or at all, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and impede our ability to fund our growth plans and access liquidity to be deployed in the operation of our business.

Timing, budgeting and other risks could delay our efforts to develop, redevelop or renovate the properties that we own, or make these activities more expensive, which could reduce our profits, impair our ability to compete effectively, and negatively impact liquidity.

We must regularly expend capital to construct, open, maintain and renovate the Entertainment and Traditional Golf properties that we own in order to remain competitive, pursue our business strategies, maintain and build the value and brand standards of our properties and comply with applicable laws and regulations. We must also periodically upgrade or replace the furniture, fixtures and equipment necessary to operate our business. These efforts are subject to a number of risks, including:


•	construction delays or cost overruns (including labor and materials) that may increase project costs;


•	obtaining zoning, occupancy and other required permits or authorizations;


•	governmental restrictions on the size or kind of development;


•	force majeure events, including earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes or floods;


•	design defects that could increase costs; and


•	environmental concerns which may create delays or increase costs.

Our insurance policies may not provide adequate levels of coverage against all claims and we may incur losses that are not covered by our insurance.

There are certain types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, terrorism or acts of war, that may be uninsurable or not economically insurable. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental

considerations, and other factors, including terrorism or acts of war, also might make the insurance proceeds insufficient to repair or replace a property, if it is damaged or destroyed. Under such circumstances, the insurance proceeds received might not be adequate to restore our economic position with respect to the affected real property. For example, we may suffer losses from acts of terrorism that are not covered by insurance.

Accidents or injuries at our properties or in connection with our operations may subject us to liability, and accidents or injuries could negatively impact our reputation and attendance, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There are inherent risks of accidents or injuries at our properties or in connection with our operations, including injuries from premises liabilities such as slips, trips and falls. If accidents or injuries occur at any of our properties, we may be held liable for costs related to such incidents. We maintain insurance of the type and in the amounts that we believe are commercially reasonable and that are available to businesses in our industry, but there can be no assurance that our liability insurance will be adequate or available at all times and in all circumstances. There can also be no assurance that the liability insurance we have carried in the past was adequate or available to cover any liability related to previous incidents. The expansion of social media over recent years to report such incidents could increase the impact of the resulting negative publicity on our business. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed to the extent claims and associated expenses resulting from accidents or injuries exceed our insurance recoveries.

The failure to comply with regulations applicable to our properties or the failure to retain licenses or permits relating to our properties may harm our business and results of operations.

Our business is subject to extensive federal, state and local government regulation in the various jurisdictions in which our properties are located, including regulations relating to alcoholic beverage control, public health and safety, environmental hazards and food safety. Alcoholic beverage control regulations require each of our properties to obtain licenses and permits to sell alcoholic beverages on the premises. Typically, licenses must be renewed annually and may be revoked or suspended for cause at any time. In some states, the loss of a license for cause with respect to one location may lead to the loss of licenses at all locations in that state and could make it more difficult to obtain additional licenses in that state. Alcoholic beverage control regulations relate to numerous aspects of the daily operations of each venue, including minimum age of patrons and employees, hours of operation, advertising, wholesale purchasing, inventory control and handling and storage and dispensing of alcoholic beverages.

The failure of a property to obtain or retain its licenses and permits would adversely affect that property’s operations and profitability, as well as our ability to obtain such a license or permit in other locations. We may also be subject to dram shop statutes in certain states, which generally provide a person injured by an intoxicated person the right to recover damages from an establishment that wrongfully served alcoholic beverages to the intoxicated person. Even though we are covered by general liability insurance, a settlement or judgment against us under a dram shop lawsuit in excess of liability coverage could have a material adverse effect on our operations. In addition, any of our locations located near airports must comply with land-use zoning ordinances related to the height of objects around airports, which are promulgated at the federal level based on advice and guidance published by the Federal Aviation Administration.

We are also subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”) which, among other things, may require certain renovations to our facilities to comply with access and use requirements. A determination that we are not in compliance with the ADA or any other similar law or regulation could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. While we believe we are operating in substantial compliance, and will continue to remove architectural barriers in our facilities when readily achievable, in accordance with current applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our expenses for compliance with these laws and regulations will not increase significantly and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also subject to numerous other federal, state and local governmental regulations related to building and zoning requirements and the use and operation of clubs, including changes to building codes and fire and life safety codes, which can affect our ability to obtain and maintain licenses relating to our business and properties. If we were required to make substantial modifications at our properties to comply with these regulations or if we fail to comply with these regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

Environmental compliance costs and liabilities related to real estate that we own, or in which we have interests, may adversely affect our results of operations.

Our operating costs may be affected by the cost of complying with existing or future environmental laws, ordinances and regulations with respect to the properties (or loans secured by such properties) or by environmental problems that materially impair the value

of such properties. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under, or in such property. Such laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. In addition, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances, or the failure to remediate properly, may adversely affect the owner’s ability to borrow using such real property as collateral. Certain environmental laws and common law principles could be used to impose liability for releases of hazardous materials, including asbestos-containing materials, into the environment, and third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with exposure to released asbestos-containing materials or other hazardous materials. Environmental laws may also impose restrictions on the manner in which a property may be used or transferred or in which businesses it may be operated, and these restrictions may require expenditures. In connection with the direct or indirect ownership and operation of properties, we may be potentially liable for any such costs. The cost of defending against claims of liability or remediating contaminated property and the cost of complying with environmental laws could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our procurement of certain materials for developing, redeveloping or renovating our venues is dependent upon a few suppliers.

Our ability to continue to procure certain materials is important to our business strategy for developing, redeveloping or renovating our venues. The number of suppliers from which we can purchase our materials is limited. In addition, the materials necessary to construct Entertainment Golf venues are subject to price fluctuation. To the extent that the number of suppliers declines, or the price of materials necessary to construct our Entertainment Golf venues increases, we could be subject to the risk increased capital expenditure costs, of distribution delays, pricing pressure, lack of innovation and other associated risks which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in laws, regulations and other requirements could adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We are also subject to federal, state and local environmental laws, regulations and other requirements. More stringent and varied requirements of local and state governmental bodies with respect to zoning, land use and environmental factors could delay or prevent development of new venues in particular locations. Environmental laws and regulations also govern, among other things, discharges of pollutants into the air and water as well as the presence, handling, release and disposal of and exposure to hazardous substances. These laws provide for significant fines and penalties for noncompliance. Third parties may also make personal injury, property damage or other claims against us associated with actual or alleged release of, or exposure to, hazardous substances at our properties. We could also be strictly liable, without regard to fault, for certain environmental conditions at properties we formerly owned or operated as well as our current properties. The failure to receive or retain a liquor license, or any other required permit or license, in a particular location, or to continue to qualify for, or renew licenses, could have a material adverse effect on operations and our ability to obtain such a license or permit in other locations. In addition, changes in federal law relating to the height of objects around airports may interfere with the planned design, construction and operation of any of our Entertainment Golf venues located near airports.

Lawsuits, investigations and indemnification claims could result in significant liabilities and reputational harm, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

From time to time, we are and may become involved in lawsuits, inquiries or investigations or receive claims for indemnification. Our efforts to resolve any such lawsuits, inquiries, investigations or claims could be very expensive and highly damaging to our reputation, even if the underlying claims are without merit. We could potentially be found liable for significant damages or indemnification obligations. Such developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our risk of litigation includes, but is not limited to, lawsuits that could be brought by users of our properties and property-level employees. For instance, we are subject to federal and state laws governing minimum wage requirements, overtime compensation, discrimination and family and medical leave. Any lawsuit alleging a violation of any such laws could result in a settlement or other resolution that requires us to make a substantial payment, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, accidents or injuries in connection with our properties could subject us to liability and reputational harm.

A failure in our systems or infrastructure which maintain our internal and customer data, or those of our third-party service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could result in faulty business decisions or harm to our reputation or subject us to costs, fines or lawsuits.

Certain information relating to our members and guests, including personally identifiable information and credit card numbers, is collected and maintained by us, or by third-parties that do business with us or facilitate our business activities. This information is maintained for a period of time for various business purposes, including maintaining records of member and guest preferences to enhance our customer service and for billing, marketing and promotional purposes. We also maintain personally identifiable information about our employees. The integrity and protection of our customer, employee and company data is critical to our business. Our members and guests and our employees expect that we will adequately protect their personal information, and the regulations applicable to security and privacy are increasingly demanding. Privacy regulation is an evolving area and compliance with applicable privacy regulations may increase our operating costs or adversely impact our ability to service our members and guests and market our properties and services.

To date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks, computer viruses or other systems or infrastructure failures. While we have cyber security procedures in place, given the evolving nature of these threats, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer material losses in the future due to cyber-attacks or other systems or infrastructure failures. The theft, loss, misappropriation, fraudulent or unlawful use of customer, employee or company data, including in connection with one or more cyber-attacks on us or one of our third-party providers, could harm our reputation, result in loss of members or business disruption or result in remedial and other costs, fines or lawsuits. In addition, non-compliance with applicable privacy regulations by us (or in some circumstances non-compliance by third-parties engaged by us) could result in fines or restrictions on our use or transfer of data. Any of these matters could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm our business.

We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of our business processes, including financial transactions and maintenance of records, which in the case of our business, may include personal identifying information. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmitting and storing this confidential information, such as individually identifiable information relating to financial accounts. Although we have taken steps to protect the security of the data maintained in our information systems, it is possible that our security measures will not be able to prevent the systems’ improper functioning, or the improper disclosure of personally identifiable information such as in the event of cyber attacks. Security breaches, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Any failure to maintain proper function, security and availability of our information systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If our incident response and disaster recovery plans do not resolve these issues in an efficient manner, remediation of these problems could result in significant, unexpected capital expenditures.

Our investments may be subject to significant impairment charges, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We are required to periodically evaluate our investments for impairment indicators. The value of an investment is impaired when our analysis indicates that, with respect to a loan, it is probable that we will not be able to collect the full amount we intended to collect from the loan or, with respect to a security or property, it is probable that the value of the security or property is other than temporarily impaired. The judgment regarding the existence of impairment indicators is based on a variety of factors depending upon the nature of the investment and the manner in which the income related to such investment was calculated for purposes of our financial statements. If we determine that an impairment has occurred, we are required to make an adjustment to the net carrying value of the investment and the amount of accrued interest recognized as income from such investment, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We have assumed the role of manager of CDOs previously managed by a third party. Each such engagement exposes us to a number of potential risks.

In February 2011, one of our subsidiaries became the collateral manager of certain CDOs previously managed by C-BASS Investment Management LLC (“C-BASS”).

Being engaged as the collateral manager of CDOs entails a number of risks that could harm our reputation, results of operations

and financial condition. For example, we purchased the management rights with respect to the C-BASS CDOs pursuant to a bankruptcy proceeding. As a result, we were not able to conduct extensive due diligence on the CDO assets even though many classes of securities issued by the CDOs were rated as “distressed” by the rating agencies as of the most recent rating date prior to our becoming the collateral manager of the CDOs. We may willingly or unknowingly assume actual or contingent liabilities for significant expenses, we may become subject to new laws and regulations with which we are not familiar, and we may become subject to increased risk of litigation, regulatory investigation or negative publicity. For example, we determined that it would be prudent to register the subsidiary that became the collateral manager of the C-BASS CDOs as a registered investment adviser, which has increased our regulatory compliance costs. In addition to defending against litigation and complying with regulatory requirements, being engaged as collateral manager may require us to invest other resources for various other reasons, which could detract from our ability to capitalize on future opportunities. Moreover, being engaged as collateral manager may require us to integrate complex technological, accounting and management systems, which may be difficult, expensive and time-consuming and which we may not be successful in integrating into our current systems. In addition to the risk that we face if we are successful in becoming the manager of additional CDOs, we may attempt but fail to become the collateral manager of CDOs in the future, which could harm our reputation and subject us to costly litigation. Finally, if we include the financial performance of the C-BASS CDOs or other CDOs for which we become the collateral manager in our public filings, we are subject to the risk that, particularly during the period immediately after we become the collateral manager, this information may prove to be inaccurate or incomplete. The occurrence of any of these negative integration events could negatively impact our reputation with both regulators and investors, which could, in turn, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and impair our relationships with the investment community. The occurrence of any of these problems could negatively affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

Our investments in real estate related preferred equity and other direct and indirect interests in pools of real estate properties or other loans may be subject to additional risks relating to the structure and terms of these transactions, which may result in losses to us.

We have investments in real estate related and other loans and other direct and indirect interests in pools of real estate properties or loans, including an approximately 22% economic interest in a limited liability company which owns preferred equity secured by a commercial real estate project. These types of investments involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior lending secured by business assets or income producing real property because the investment may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by a senior lender. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment.

Many of our investments are illiquid, and this lack of liquidity could significantly impede our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions, these illiquid investments may be difficult to sell to generate cash to meet our needs and we may not realize the value at which such investments are carried if we are required to dispose of them.

The real estate properties that we own and operate and our other direct and indirect investments in real estate, loans and securities are generally illiquid. In addition, the real estate securities that we purchase in connection with privately negotiated transactions are not registered under the relevant securities laws, resulting in a prohibition against their transfer, sale, pledge or other disposition except in a transaction that is exempt from the registration requirements of, or is otherwise in accordance with, those laws. In addition, there are no established trading markets for a majority of our investments. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be limited.

Our real estate securities have historically been valued based primarily on third-party quotations, which are subject to significant variability based on the liquidity and price transparency created by market trading activity. In the past, dislocation in the trading markets has reduced the trading for many real estate securities, resulting in less transparent prices for those securities. During such times, it is more difficult for us to sell many of our assets because, if we were to sell such assets, we would likely not have access to readily ascertainable market prices when establishing valuations of them. Although we seek to adjust our cash and short-term investment positions to minimize the likelihood that we would need to sell illiquid investments, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our illiquid investments quickly, we may realize significantly less than the amount at which we have previously valued these investments.

Changes in accounting rules could occur at any time and could impact us in significantly negative ways that we are unable to predict or protect against.

As has been widely publicized, the SEC, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and other regulatory bodies that establish the accounting rules applicable to us have recently proposed or enacted a wide array of changes to accounting rules. Moreover, in the future these regulators may propose additional changes that we do not currently anticipate. Changes to accounting rules that apply to us could significantly impact our business or our reported financial performance in negative ways that we cannot predict or

protect against. We cannot predict whether any changes to current accounting rules will occur or what impact any codified changes will have on our business, results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.

As a public company, we are required to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Internal control over financial reporting is complex and may be revised over time to adapt to changes in our business, or changes in applicable accounting rules. In connection with new investments, we may be required to consolidate additional entities, and, therefore, to document and test effective internal controls over the financial reporting of these entities in accordance with Section 404, which we may not be able to do. Even if we are able to do so, there could be significant costs and delays, particularly if these entities were not subject to Section 404 prior to being acquired by us. Under certain circumstances, the SEC permits newly acquired businesses to be excluded for a limited period of time from management’s annual assessment of the effectiveness of internal control. Our management identified a material weakness in our internal controls with respect to our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2011. Although this was remediated, we cannot assure you that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in the future or that a material weakness will not be discovered with respect to a prior period for which we believe that internal controls were effective. If we are not able to maintain or document effective internal control over financial reporting, our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the required dates. Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis, or may cause us to restate previously issued financial information, and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions or investigations by the SEC, or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements is also likely to suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm reports a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect us by, for example, leading to a decline in our share price and impairing our ability to raise capital.

Our agreements with New Residential and New Senior may not reflect terms that would have resulted from negotiations among unaffiliated third parties, and we have agreed to indemnify New Residential and New Senior for certain liabilities in connection with their respective spin-offs.

We completed the spin-off of New Residential Investment Corp. which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as New Residential, in May 2013. The terms of the agreements related to the spin-off of New Residential, including a separation and distribution agreement dated April 26, 2013 (the “NRZ Separation and Distribution Agreement”) between us and New Residential and a management agreement between our Manager and New Residential, were not negotiated among unaffiliated third parties. Such terms were proposed by our officers and other employees of our Manager and approved by our board of directors. As a result, these terms may be less favorable to us than the terms that would have resulted from negotiations among unaffiliated third parties.

In the NRZ Separation and Distribution Agreement, we have agreed to indemnify New Residential and its affiliates and representatives against losses arising from: (a) any liability related to our junior subordinated notes due 2035; (b) any other liability that has not been defined as a liability of New Residential; (c) any failure by us and our subsidiaries (other than New Residential and its subsidiaries), which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K collectively as the Newcastle Group, to pay, perform or otherwise promptly discharge any liability listed under (a) and (b) above in accordance with their respective terms, whether prior to, at or after the time of effectiveness of the NRZ Separation and Distribution Agreement; (d) any breach by any member of the Newcastle Group of any provision of the NRZ Separation and Distribution Agreement and any agreements ancillary thereto (if any), subject to any limitations of liability provisions and other provisions applicable to any such breach set forth therein; and (e) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, with respect to all information contained in the information statement or the registration statement of which the information statement is a part that relates solely to any assets owned, directly or indirectly by us, other than New Residential’s initial portfolio of assets. Any indemnification payments that we may be required to make could have a significantly negative effect on our liquidity and results of operations.

We completed the spin-off of New Senior Investment Group Inc., which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as New Senior, in November 2014. The terms of the separation and distribution agreement dated October 16, 2014 between us and New Senior are substantially similar to the terms of the NRZ Separation and Distribution Agreement and therefore subjects us to similar risks.

Risks Related to Our Stock

We may be unable—or elect not—to pay dividends on our common or preferred stock in the future, which would negatively impact our business in a number of ways and decrease the price of our common and preferred stock.

As a result of the revocation of our REIT election, effective January 1, 2017, we are no longer required by the REIT rules to make distributions of substantially all of our net taxable income. Our board of directors elected not to pay common stock dividends for 2017 and 2018 to retain capital for growth. All future dividend distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, our earnings, investment strategy, financial condition and liquidity, and such other factors as the board of directors deems relevant. No assurance can be given that we will pay any dividends on our common stock in the future.

We do not currently have unpaid accrued dividends on our preferred stock. However, to the extent we do, we cannot pay any dividends on our common stock, pay any consideration to repurchase or otherwise acquire shares of our common stock or redeem any shares of any series of our preferred stock without redeeming all of our outstanding preferred shares in accordance with the governing documentation. Consequently, the failure to pay dividends on our preferred stock restricts the actions that we may take with respect to our common stock and preferred stock. Moreover, if we do not pay dividends on any series of preferred stock for six or more periods, then holders of each affected series obtain the right to call a special meeting and elect two members to our board of directors. We cannot predict whether the holders of our preferred stock would take such action or, if taken, how long the process would take or what impact the two new directors on our board of directors would have on our company (other than increasing our director compensation costs). However, the election of additional directors would affect the composition of our board of directors and, thus, could affect the management of our business.

Maryland takeover statutes may prevent a change of our control, which could depress our stock price.

Under Maryland law, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include certain mergers, consolidations, share exchanges, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities or a liquidation or dissolution. An interested stockholder is defined as:


•	any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation’s outstanding shares; or


•	an affiliate or associate of a corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation.

A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he or she otherwise would have become an interested stockholder.

After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:


•	80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation voting together as a single group; and


•	two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder voting together as a single voting group.

The business combination statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer, including potential acquisitions that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Our staggered board and other provisions of our charter and bylaws may prevent a change in our control.

Our board of directors is divided into three classes of directors. Directors of each class are chosen for three-year terms upon the expiration of their current terms, and each year one class of directors is elected by the stockholders. The staggered terms of our directors may reduce the possibility of a tender offer or an attempt at a change in control, even though a tender offer or change in control might be in the best interest of our stockholders. In addition, our charter and bylaws also contain other provisions that may delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and may set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our board of directors may establish a series of preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Risks Related to Our Tax Status and the 1940 Act

In January 2013, we experienced an “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Code, which limits our ability to utilize our net operating loss and net capital loss carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce our future taxable income, potentially increases the net taxable income on which we must pay corporate-level taxes, and potentially adversely affects our liquidity, and we could experience another ownership change in the future or forgo otherwise attractive opportunities in order to avoid experiencing another ownership change.

As a result of our January 2013 “ownership change,” our future ability to utilize our net operating loss and net capital loss carryforwards to reduce our taxable income may be limited by certain provisions of the Code.

Specifically, the Code limits the ability of a company that undergoes an “ownership change” to utilize its net operating loss and net capital loss carryforwards and certain built-in losses to offset taxable income earned in years after the ownership change. An ownership change occurs if, during a three-year testing period, more than 50% of the stock of a company is acquired by one or more persons (or certain groups of persons) who own, directly or constructively, 5% or more of the stock of such company. An ownership change can occur as a result of a public offering of stock, as well as through secondary market purchases of our stock and certain types of reorganization transactions. Generally, when an ownership change occurs, the annual limitation on the use of net operating loss and net capital loss carryforwards and certain built-in losses is equal to the product of the applicable long-term tax exempt rate and the value of the company’s stock immediately before the ownership change. We have substantial net operating and net capital loss carry forwards which we have used, and will continue to use, to offset our taxable income. In January 2013, an “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Code occurred. Therefore, the provisions of Section 382 of the Code impose an annual limit on the amount of net operating loss and net capital loss carryforwards and built in losses that we can use to offset future taxable income.

The ownership change we experienced in January 2013 (and any subsequent ownership changes) could materially increase our income tax liability. As described above, the ownership change we experienced in January 2013 resulted in a limitation on our use of net operating losses and net capital loss carryforwards. These limitations could result in us incurring materially greater tax liability than if we had not undergone such an ownership change.

In addition, if we were to undergo an ownership change again in the future, our net operating losses and net capital loss carryforwards could become subject to additional limitations, which could result in us incurring materially greater tax liability than if we had not undergone such an ownership change. The determination of whether an ownership change has occurred or will occur is complicated and depends on changes in percentage stock ownership among stockholders. We adopted the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan described below in order to discourage an ownership change. However, there can be no assurance that the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan will prevent an ownership change. In addition, to the extent not prohibited by our charter, we may decide in the future that it is necessary or in our interest to take certain actions that could result in an ownership change. Therefore, no assurance can be provided as to whether an ownership change has occurred or will occur in the future.

Moreover, the potential negative consequences of the limitations that would result from an ownership change may discourage us from, among other things, redeeming our stock or issuing additional common stock to raise capital or to acquire businesses or assets. Accordingly, our desire to preserve our net operating losses and net capital loss carryforwards may cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities.

Our Tax Benefits Preservation Plan could inhibit a change in our control that may otherwise be favorable to our stockholders.

In November 2018, our board of directors adopted a Tax Benefits Preservation Plan in an effort to protect against a possible limitation on our ability to use our net operating losses and net capital loss carryforwards by discouraging investors from acquiring ownership of our common stock in a manner that could trigger an “ownership change” for purposes of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. Under the terms of the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan, in general, if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 4.9% or more of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock without prior approval of our board of directors or without meeting certain exceptions (an “Acquiring Person”), the rights would become exercisable and our stockholders (other than the Acquiring Person) will have the right to purchase securities from us at a discount to such securities’ fair market value, thus causing substantial dilution to the Acquiring Person. As a result, the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan may have the effect of inhibiting or impeding a change in control not approved by our board of directors and, notwithstanding its purpose, could adversely affect our stockholders’ ability to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price for our common stock in connection with such a transaction. In addition, because our board of directors may consent to certain transactions, the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan gives our board of directors significant discretion over whether a potential acquirer’s efforts to acquire a large interest in us will be successful. There can be no assurance that the Tax Benefits Preservation Plan will prevent an “ownership change” within the meaning of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, in which case we may lose all or most of the anticipated tax benefits associated with our prior losses.

We no longer qualify for taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes effective as of January 1, 2017, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge our previous REIT status.

Although we elected for U.S. federal income tax purposes to be treated as a REIT for the 2016 taxable year and in prior taxable years, we revoked our REIT election for the tax year beginning January 1, 2017 and intend to be treated as a regular “C corporation” for that year and any year in the foreseeable future, and, as a result, we will be unable to claim the United States federal income tax benefits associated with REIT status. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge our qualification as a REIT for years in which we intended to qualify as a REIT. Although we believe we did qualify as a REIT in each such year, if the IRS were to successfully challenge our previous REIT status, we would suffer adverse tax consequences, such as those described below.

For the 2017 and 2018 taxable years and future years (and for any prior year if we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in such year), we are generally subject to federal income tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and distributions to stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial. Our decision to revoke our REIT election could also have other effects on any given stockholder, depending on its particular circumstances. For example, certain foreign investors that own large positions in our stock may be subject to less favorable rules under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 following the revocation of our REIT election. Stockholders are urged consult their tax advisors regarding the effects to them of the revocation of our REIT elections in light of their particular circumstances.

Qualifying as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Code, and our failure to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year through 2016 would result in higher taxes and reduced cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

As described above, we operated through December 31, 2016 in a manner intended to qualify us as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification for such taxable years. Our qualification as a REIT depended on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements. Although we believe we satisfied those requirements, no assurance can be given in that regard.

Our failure to qualify as a REIT for a taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2015, would potentially give rise to a claim for damages from New Residential or New Senior.

In connection with the spin-off of New Residential, which was completed in May 2013, and the spin-off of New Senior which was completed in November 2014, we represented in the Separation Agreements that we had no knowledge of any fact or circumstance that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. We also covenanted in the Separation Agreements to generally use our reasonable best efforts to maintain our REIT status for each of our taxable years ending on or before December 31, 2014 (in the case of New Residential) and December 31, 2015 (in the case of New Senior). If, notwithstanding our belief that we qualified as a REIT for such taxable years, we breached this representation or covenant, New Residential or New Senior, or both, could be able to seek damages from us, which could have a significantly negative effect on our liquidity and results of operations.

If New Residential failed to qualify as a REIT for 2013, or if New Senior failed to qualify as a REIT for 2014, it would significantly affect our ability to maintain our REIT status through December 31, 2016.

For federal income tax purposes, we recorded approximately $600 million of gain as a result of the spin-off of New Residential in May 2013 and $450 million of gain as a result of the spin-off of New Senior in November 2014. If New Residential qualified for taxation as a REIT for 2013, and if New Senior so qualified for 2014, that gain is qualifying income for purposes of our REIT income tests in such years. If, however, New Residential failed to qualify as a REIT for 2013, or if New Senior failed to so qualify in 2014, that gain would be non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Although New Residential and New Senior covenanted in their respective separation and distribution agreements to use reasonable best efforts to qualify as a REIT in 2013 and 2014, respectively, no assurance can be given that they so qualified. If New Residential or New Senior failed to qualify in such years, it could cause us to fail our REIT income tests for such years, which could cause us to lose our REIT status prior to the revocation of our REIT election for 2017, and thereby materially negatively impact our business, financial condition and potentially impair our ability to continue operating in the future.

Tax matters, including changes in tax rates, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes could impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Tax rates in the United States, state and local jurisdictions have been and may be subject to significant change. The future effective tax rate of the Company could be effected by changes in mix of earnings in different jurisdictions with differing statutory tax rates, changes in valuation of deferred tax asset and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation, which includes recently enacted U.S. tax reform.

We are also subject to regular reviews, examinations and audits by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxing authorities. Although we believe the positions we have taken are reasonable, if a taxing authority disagrees with the positions we have taken, we could face additional tax liability, including interest and penalties. There can be no assurance that payment of such additional amounts upon final adjudication of any disputes will not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.

Rapid changes in the values of assets that we hold may make it more difficult for us to maintain our exclusion from the 1940 Act.

If the market value or income potential of qualifying assets for purposes of our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act declines as a result of increased interest rates, changes in prepayment rates or other factors, or the market value or income potential from non-qualifying assets increases, we may need to increase our investments in qualifying assets and/or liquidate our non-qualifying assets to maintain our exclusion from registration under the 1940 Act. If the change in market values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of any non-qualifying assets we may own. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent the intent to maintain our exclusion from registration under the 1940 Act.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

We have no unresolved staff comments received more than 180 days prior to December 31, 2018 .

Item 2. Properties.

Drive Shack Inc. leases principal executive and administrative offices located at 111 W. 19th Street, New York, NY 10011.

Entertainment Golf leases property for our Drive Shack Orlando location at 7285 Corner Drive, Orlando, FL 32827.

Our Traditional Golf executive office is located at 909 North Pacific Coast Hwy., Suite 650, El Segundo, CA 90245.

As of December 31, 2018 , we own, lease or manage 66 golf properties located in 11 states, as shown in the following table by location, category and number of golf holes.

Owned Properties



Property Name	City	State	Category	Golf Holes
Bear Creek	Woodinville	WA	Private	18
Beaver Brook	Annandale	NJ	Public	18
Bradshaw Farm	Woodstock	GA	Public	27
Casta Del Sol	Mission Viejo	CA	Public	18
Gettysvue	Knoxville	TN	Private	18
Lomas Santa Fe (Executive)	Solana Beach	CA	Public	18
Marbella	SJ Capistrano	CA	Private	18
Rancho San Joaquin	Irvine	CA	Public	18
Rancocas	Willingboro	NJ	Public	18
Summitpointe	Milpitas	CA	Public	18
Tanoan	Albuquerque	NM	Private	27
Trophy Club of Atlanta	Alpharetta	GA	Public	18
Vista Valencia	Valencia	CA	Public	27

Leased Properties



Property Name	City	State	Category	Golf Holes
Buffalo Creek	Heath	TX	Public	18
Chester Washington	Los Angeles	CA	Public	18
Clearview	Bayside Queens	NY	Public	18
Coyote Hills	Fullerton	CA	Public	18
Diamond Bar	Diamond Bar	CA	Public	18
Dyker Beach	Brooklyn	NY	Public	18
El Dorado	Long Beach	CA	Public	18
Heartwell	Long Beach	CA	Public	18
Knollwood	Granada Hills	CA	Public	18
La Mirada	La Mirada	CA	Public	18
La Tourette	Staten Island	NY	Public	18
Lake Forest	Lake Forest	CA	Public	9
Lake Tahoe	S. Lake Tahoe	CA	Public	18
Lakewood	Lakewood	CA	Public	18
Lely	Naples	FL	Private	54
Los Coyotes	Buena Park	CA	Private	27
Los Verdes	Rancho PV	CA	Public	18
Mission Trails	San Diego	CA	Public	18
Monarch Bay	San Leandro	CA	Public	27
Mountain Meadows	Pomona	CA	Public	18
MountainGate	Los Angeles	CA	Private	27
National City	National City	CA	Public	9
Pelham Split Rock	Bronx	NY	Public	36
Recreation Park 18	Long Beach	CA	Public	18
Recreation Park 9	Long Beach	CA	Public	9
San Dimas	San Dimas	CA	Public	18
Saticoy	Ventura	CA	Public	9
Scholl Canyon	Glendale	CA	Public	18
Sea Cliff	Huntington Bch	CA	Private	18
Skylinks	Long Beach	CA	Public	18
South Shore	Staten Island	NY	Public	18
Tecolote Canyon	San Diego	CA	Public	18
Tilden Park	Berkeley	CA	Public	18
Vineyard at Escondido	Escondido	CA	Public	18
Waterview	Rowlett	TX	Public	18
Whittier Narrows	Rosemead	CA	Public	27

Managed Properties



Property Name	City	State	Category	Golf Holes
Fullerton	Fullerton	CA	Public	18
Brookside	Pasadena	CA	Public	36
Canyon Oaks	Chico	CA	Private	18
El Camino	Oceanside	CA	Private	18
Monterey	Palm Desert	CA	Private	27
Palm Valley	Palm Desert	CA	Private	36
Sunset Hills	Thousand Oaks	CA	Private	18
Wood Ranch	Simi Valley	CA	Private	18
Oregon Golf Club	West Linn	OR	Private	18
Plantation	Boise	ID	Private	18
John A White	Atlanta	GA	Public	9
Lomas Santa Fe	Solana Beach	CA	Private	18
Paradise Knolls	Riverside	CA	Public	18
Santa Clara	Santa Clara	CA	Public	18
Tustin Ranch	Tustin	CA	Public	18
Westchester	Los Angeles	CA	Public	18
Yorba Linda	Yorba Linda	CA	Private	18

We maintain our properties in good condition and believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet the present needs of our business. We do not believe any individual property is material to our financial condition or results of operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We exited a leased property and accrued related lease exit costs of approximately $0.8 million in December 2016. The Company subsequently entered into a legal dispute related to this golf property and settled the dispute in July 2018. (See Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 13 Commitments and Contingencies").

We are and may become involved in legal proceedings, including but not limited to regulatory investigations and inquiries, in the ordinary course of our business. Although we are unable to predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any litigation, regulatory investigation or inquiry, in the opinion of management, we do not expect our current or threatened legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations. Given the inherent unpredictability of these types of proceedings, however, it is possible that future adverse outcomes could have a material effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The following graph compares the cumulative total return for the Company’s common stock (stock price change plus reinvested dividends) with the comparable return of four indices: NAREIT All REIT, Russell 2000, NAREIT Mortgage REIT and S&P 500. The graph assumes an investment of $100 in the Company’s common stock and in each of the indices on December 31, 2013, and that all dividends were reinvested. The past performance of the Company’s common stock is not an indication of future performance. The Company’s historical stock price has been adjusted to take into consideration the impact of the spin-off of New Media Investment Group Inc., which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as New Media, in February 2014 and New Senior in November 2014. The Company’s share price has also been adjusted to take into consideration the impact of the 1-for-3 reverse stock split in August 2014 and the 1-for-2 reverse stock split in October 2014.

We have one class of common stock, which has been listed and is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “DS” since our initial public offering in October 2002.

Our board of directors elected not to pay common stock dividends for 2017 and 2018 to retain capital for growth. All future dividend distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, our earnings,

investment strategy, financial condition and liquidity, and such other factors as the board of directors deems relevant. We may declare quarterly distributions on our preferred stock at the discretion of our board of directors. The Company declared and paid preferred dividends in the amount of $5.6 million for both 2017 and 2018.

On March 1, 2019 , the closing sale price for our common stock, as reported on the NYSE, was $4.47. As of March 1, 2019 , there were approximately 20 record holders of our common stock. This number does not reflect the beneficial owners of shares held in nominee name by record holders on their behalf.

Nonqualified Option and Incentive Award Plans

See Note 11 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further information.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes certain information about securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018 :



Plan Category	(a) Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		(b) Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights			(c) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders:
Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan	862,601		$	1.00		—
2012 Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan	2,893,078		2.45			25,820	(D)
2014 Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan	765,416		4.01			—	(E)
2015 Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Option and Incentive Award Plan	333		3.78			—	(F)
Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan	184,787	(A)	5.44		(C)	1,146,422	(G)
Total Approved	4,706,215	(B)	$	2.52	(C)	1,172,242



Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders:
November 2013 Manager Option Award	489,148	$	3.57	—
2018 Employment Inducement Award	3,296,209	5.44		—
Total Not Approved	3,785,357	$	5.20	—

See notes to table below.


(A)	Includes (i) 130,146 options granted to our officers and (ii) 54,641 RSUs granted to our directors, other than Mr. Wesley R. Edens, representing the aggregate annual automatic stock awards to each such director for the periods subsequent to the adoption of the 2018 Plan.


(B)	Includes options relating to (i) 2,216,105 shares held by an affiliate of the former Manager; (ii) 2,304,990 shares granted to the former Manager and assigned to certain of Fortress’s former employees, (iii) 333 options and 54,641 RSUs granted to our directors, other than Mr. Edens, and (iv) 130,146 options granted to our officers.


(C)	Represents the weighted average exercise price of the 130,146 options reported in column (a), does not include the 54,641 RSUs.

(D)

The maximum available for issuance is 3,333,333 shares in the aggregate over the term of the 2012 Plan and no award shall be granted on or after May 7, 2022 (but awards granted may extend beyond this date). The number of securities remaining available for future issuance is net of (i) an aggregate of 13,312 shares of our common stock awards to our directors, other than Mr. Edens, representing the aggregate annual automatic stock

awards to each such director for the periods subsequent to the adoption of the 2012 Plan and prior to the adoption of the 2014 Plan and (ii) an aggregate of 3,294,201 options which have been previously granted under the plan.


(E)	The maximum available for issuance was 166,666 shares in the aggregate over the term of the 2014 Plan and no award (other than a tandem award) may be granted after April 8, 2015 (but awards granted may extend beyond that date).


(F)	The maximum available for issuance was 300,000 shares in the aggregate over the term of the 2015 Plan and no award (other than a tandem award) may be granted after April 16, 2016 (but awards granted may extend beyond that date).

(G)

The maximum available for issuance is 1,339,542 in the aggregate from May 25, 2018 - May 24, 2019, out of a total of 6,697,710 in the aggregate over the entire five-year term of the 2018 Plan. The number of securities remaining available for issuance during this period is net of (i) an aggregate of 130,146 options granted to our officers, (ii) 8,333 shares granted to a certain director under the Director Stock Program and (iii) 54,641 RSUs granted to our directors, other than Mr. Edens, representing the aggregate annual automatic stock awards to each such director for the periods subsequent to the adoption of the 2018 Plan.

Material Features of the Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders

November 2013 Manager Option Award

In November 2013, options to acquire a total of 489,148 shares of the Company’s common stock were granted to an affiliate of the former Manager as compensation to the former Manager for its successful efforts in raising capital for the Company. The options have a per-share exercise price of $3.57. The options were fully vested on the date of grant and became exercisable over

a 30-month period in equal monthly installments beginning on the first of each month following the month in which the options

were granted.

2018 Employment Inducement Award

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, or the CEO, received a grant of options to acquire a total of 3,296,209 shares of the Company’s common stock, effective as of November 12, 2018, that were not granted under an equity compensation plan approved by security holders. The options have a per-share exercise price of $5.44. The options are generally subject to vesting in equal annual installments over a three-year period based on the CEO's continued employment with the Company, subject to accelerated vesting of the options that would vest on the next vesting date upon a termination of the CEO's employment by the Company without “cause,” by the CEO for “good reason” or as a result of his death or “disability” (each as defined in the CEO's employment agreement).

Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

The following table presents our selected consolidated financial information as of and for the years ended 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 and 2014 and other data. The Consolidated Statements of Operations data for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 and the Consolidated Balance Sheets data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 have been derived from our audited historical Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere herein. The Consolidated Statements of Operations data for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the Consolidated Balance Sheets data as of December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 have been derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements not included elsewhere herein.

The information below should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Selected Consolidated Financial Information
(in thousands, except per share data) (A)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Operating Data
Total revenues	$	314,369		$	292,594		$	298,880		$	295,856		$	291,537
Total operating costs	340,803			337,505			338,054			318,097			276,220
Operating (loss) income	(26,434		)	(44,911		)	(39,174		)	(22,241		)	15,317
Other income (expenses)	(11,965		)	3,675			116,699			43,494			52,474
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income tax	(38,399		)	(41,236		)	77,525			21,253			67,791
Income tax expense	284			965			189			345			208
(Loss) income from continuing operations	(38,683		)	(42,201		)	77,336			20,908			67,583
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax	—			—			—			646			(35,189		)
Net (loss) income	(38,683		)	(42,201		)	77,336			21,554			32,394
Preferred dividends	(5,580		)	(5,580		)	(5,580		)	(5,580		)	(5,580		)
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	—			—			(257		)	293			852
(Loss) Income Applicable to Common Stockholders	$	(44,263	)	$	(47,781	)	$	71,499		$	16,267		$	27,666

(Loss) Income Applicable to Common Stock, per share
Basic	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.07		$	0.24		$	0.45
Diluted	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.04		$	0.24		$	0.44
(Loss) Income from Continuing Operations per share of Common Stock, after preferred dividends and noncontrolling interest
Basic	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.07		$	0.23		$	1.02
Diluted	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.04		$	0.23		$	1.00
Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations per share of Common Stock
Basic	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	0.01		$	(0.57	)
Diluted	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	0.01		$	(0.57	)
Weighted Average Number of Shares of Common Stock Outstanding
Basic	66,993,543			66,903,457			66,709,925			66,479,321			61,500,913
Diluted	66,993,543			66,903,457			68,788,440			68,647,915			63,131,227
Dividends declared per share of common stock	$	—		$	—		$	0.48		$	0.48		$	1.92



	As of December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015			2014
Balance Sheet Data
Cash and cash equivalents	$	79,235	$	167,692	$	140,140	$	45,651		$	73,727
Property and equipment, net	132,605		241,258		217,611		227,907			239,283
Assets of discontinued operations	—		—		—		—			6,803
Total assets	401,947		536,648		1,171,958		1,467,982			1,761,906
Total debt	67,178		167,965		767,465		970,842			1,314,840
Liabilities of discontinued operations	—		—		—		—			447
Total liabilities	267,280		365,597		953,891		1,257,860			1,503,578
Common stockholders’ equity	73,084		109,468		156,484		148,796			196,709
Preferred stock	61,583		61,583		61,583		61,583			61,583
Noncontrolling interest	—		—		—		(257		)	36

Supplemental Balance Sheet Data
Common shares outstanding	67,027,104		66,977,104		66,824,304		66,654,598			66,424,508
Book value per share of common stock	$	1.09	$	1.63	$	2.34	$	2.23		$	2.96


(A)	Selected consolidated financial information includes the impact of the spin-offs of New Media and New Senior and the sale of the commercial real estate properties in Beavercreek, OH. For all periods presented, the assets, liabilities and results of operations are presented separately in discontinued operations.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” and Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

General

The Company is a leading owner and operator of golf-related leisure and dining and entertainment businesses. Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “DS.” Through January 1, 2018, we were externally managed and advised by an affiliate of Fortress Investment Group LLC, or Fortress (the former “Manager”). On December 21, 2017, we entered into definitive agreements with the Manager to internalize our management (the “Internalization”), effective January 1, 2018.

For further information relating to our business, see “Item 1. Business.”

We report our business through the following segments: (i) Entertainment Golf, (ii) Traditional Golf and (iii) corporate.

Market Considerations

Our ability to execute our business strategy, particularly the development of our Entertainment Golf business, depends to a degree on our ability to monetize our remaining investments, optimize our Traditional Golf business, including sales of certain owned properties, and obtain additional capital. We have substantially monetized the remaining loans and securities. We last raised capital through the equity markets in 2014, and rising interest rates or stock market volatility could impair our ability to raise equity capital on attractive terms.

Our ability to generate income is dependent on, among other factors, our ability to raise capital and finance properties on favorable terms, deploy capital on a timely basis at attractive returns, and exit properties at favorable yields. Market conditions outside of our control, such as interest rates, inflation, consumer discretionary spending and stock market volatility affect these objectives in a variety of ways.

Entertainment Golf Business

We opened our inaugural venue in Orlando, Florida on April 7, 2018 and are in the construction and development phase for six additional sites, as well as in the process of exploring sites for additional Entertainment Golf venues. There is competition within the bid process, and land development and construction are subject to obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals. Delays in these processes could impact our business. In addition, similar to our Traditional Golf business, trends in consumer spending, as well as climate and weather patterns, could have an impact on the markets in which we currently or will in the future operate.

Traditional Golf Business

With respect to our Traditional Golf business, trends in consumer discretionary spending, as well as climate and weather patterns, have a significant impact on the markets in which we operate. Traditional Golf is subject to seasonal fluctuations caused by significant reductions in golf activities due to shorter days and colder temperatures in the first and fourth quarters of each year. Consequently, a significantly larger portion of our revenue from our Traditional Golf operations is earned in the second and third quarters of our fiscal year. In addition, severe weather patterns can also negatively impact our results of operations.

While consumer spending in the Traditional Golf industry has not grown in recent years, we believe improving economic conditions and improvements in local housing markets have helped and will continue to help drive membership growth and increase the number of golf rounds played. In addition, we believe growth in related industries, including leisure, fitness and entertainment, may positively impact our Traditional Golf business.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that could affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. Our estimates are based on information available to management at the time of preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the result of historical analysis, our understanding and experience of the Company’s operations, our knowledge of the industry and market-participant data available to us.

Actual results have historically been in line with management’s estimates and judgments used in applying each of the accounting policies described below and management periodically re-evaluates accounting estimates and assumptions. Actual results could differ from these estimates and materially impact our Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the Company does not expect our assessments and assumptions below to materially change in the future.

A summary of our significant accounting policies is presented in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, which appear in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The following is a summary of our accounting policies that are most affected by judgments, estimates and assumptions.

Impairment of Property and Equipment and Intangible Assets

Real estate and long-lived assets are tested for potential impairment when changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets, or other appropriate grouping of assets, may not be fully recoverable. Indicators of impairment include material adverse changes in the projected revenues and expenses, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results, and significant negative industry or economic trends. An impairment is determined to have occurred if the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated is less than the carrying value of an asset. The impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value. Significant judgment is required both in determining impairment and in estimating the fair value. We may use assumptions and estimates derived from a review of our operating results, business projections, expected growth rates, discount rates, and tax rates. We also make certain assumptions about future economic conditions, interest rates, and other market data. Many of the factors used in these assumptions and estimates are outside the control of management, and can change in future periods.

We assess the potential impairment of our intangible assets with definite lives, when changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets, or other appropriate grouping of assets, may not be fully recoverable. The assessment of recoverability is based on comparing management’s estimates of the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows generated by the underlying asset, or other appropriate grouping of assets, to its carrying value to determine whether an impairment existed at its lowest level of identifiable cash flows. Factors leading to impairment include significant under-performance relative to historical or projected results, significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business and significant negative industry or economic trends.

Membership Deposit Liabilities

In our Traditional Golf business, private country club members generally pay an advance initiation fee deposit upon their acceptance as a member to the their country club. Initiation fee deposits are refundable 30 years after the date of acceptance as a member. The difference between the initiation fee deposit paid by the member and the present value of the refund obligation is deferred and recognized into revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the expected life of an active

membership, which is estimated to be seven years. The determination of the estimated average expected life of an active membership is based on company-specific historical data and involves judgment and estimation. The present value of the refund obligation is recorded as a membership deposit liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and accretes over a 30-year nonrefundable term using the effective interest method. This accretion is recorded as interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Valuation of Securities

Fair value of securities is based on an internal model and involves significant judgement. The inputs to our model includes discount rates, prepayment speeds, default rates and severity assumptions.

See Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding the fair value of our investments, and respective estimation methodologies, as of December 31, 2018 .

Impairment of Securities and Other Investments

Temporary declines in value generally result from changes in market factors, such as market interest rates and credit spreads, or from certain macroeconomic events, including market disruptions and supply changes, which do not directly impact our ability to collect amounts contractually due. We continually evaluate the credit status of each of our securities and the collateral supporting our securities. This evaluation includes a review of the credit of the issuer of the security (if applicable), the credit rating of the security, the key terms of the security (including credit support), debt service coverage and loan to value ratios, the performance of the pool of underlying loans and the estimated value of the collateral supporting such loans, including the effect of local, industry and broader economic trends and factors. These factors include loan default expectations and loss severities, which are analyzed in connection with a particular security’s credit support, as well as prepayment rates. These factors are also analyzed in relation to the amount of the unrealized loss and the period elapsed since it was incurred. The result of this evaluation is considered when determining management’s estimate of cash flows, particularly with respect to developing the necessary inputs and assumptions. Each security is impacted by different factors and in different ways; generally the more negative factors which are identified with respect to a given security, the more likely we are to determine that we do not expect to receive all contractual payments when due with respect to that security. Significant judgment is required in this analysis.

We evaluate our other investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount might not be recoverable. The evaluation of recoverability is based on management’s assessment of the financial condition and near term prospects of the commercial real estate project, the length of time and the extent to which the market value of the investment has been less than cost, availability and cost of financing, demand for space, competition for tenants, changes in market rental rates, and operating costs. As these factors are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter management’s assumptions, the values estimated by management in its recoverability analyses may not be realized, and actual losses or impairment may be realized in the future.

Stock-based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation for options in accordance with the fair value recognition provisions, under which we use the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions. These assumptions include expected volatility, expected dividend yield of our stock, expected term of the awards and the risk-free interest rate.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information about recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

The following tables summarize the changes in our consolidated results of operations from year-to-year (dollars in thousands):



Comparison of Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

	Year Ended December 31,						Increase (Decrease)
	2018			2017			Amount			%
Revenues
Golf operations	$	244,646		$	221,737		$	22,909		10.3	%
Sales of food and beverages	69,723			70,857			(1,134		)	(1.6	)%
Total revenues	314,369			292,594			21,775			7.4	%

Operating costs
Operating expenses	251,794			232,796			18,998			8.2	%
Cost of sales - food and beverages	20,153			20,959			(806		)	(3.8	)%
General and administrative expense	38,560			31,413			7,147			22.8	%
Management fee and termination payment to affiliate	—			21,410			(21,410		)	(100.0	)%
Depreciation and amortization	19,704			24,304			(4,600		)	(18.9	)%
Pre-opening costs	2,483			320			2,163			N.M.
Impairment	8,240			60			8,180			N.M.
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	(131		)	6,243			(6,374		)	(102.1	)%
Total operating costs	340,803			337,505			3,298			1.0	%
Operating loss	(26,434		)	(44,911		)	(18,477		)	(41.1	)%

Other income (expenses)
Interest and investment income	1,794			23,162			(21,368		)	(92.3	)%
Interest expense, net	(16,639		)	(19,581		)	(2,942		)	(15.0	)%
Other income, net	2,880			94			2,786			N.M
Total other income (loss)	(11,965		)	3,675			(15,640		)	(425.6	)%

Loss before income tax	$	(38,399	)	$	(41,236	)	$	2,837		(6.9	)%

N.M. – Not meaningful

Revenues from Golf Operations

Revenues from golf operations increased by $22.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to increases of: (i) $22.1 million due to management contract reimbursements reported on a gross basis under the new revenue standard adopted prospectively on January 1, 2018, (ii) $6.6 million of improvements in the Traditional Golf business for properties in operation at both December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 including growth in members and in rounds played, and (iii) $2.2 million related to our Entertainment Golf venue opened in Orlando, Florida in 2018, partially offset by a decrease of $7.9 million as a result of fewer Traditional Golf properties owned or operated in 2018.

Sales of Food and Beverages

Sales of food and beverages decreased by $1.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to a decrease of $4.1 million as a result of fewer Traditional Golf properties owned or operated in 2018, partially offset by an increase of $2.7 million related to our Entertainment Golf venue opened in Orlando, Florida in 2018 and a $0.3 million increase in the Traditional Golf business for properties in operation at both December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased by $19.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to increases of: (i) $22.1 million in management contract expenses reported under the new revenue standard adopted on January 1, 2018, (ii) $5.4 million related to our Entertainment Golf venue opened in Orlando, Florida in 2018, partially offset by (iii) a decrease of $8.5 million due to fewer Traditional Golf properties owned or operated in 2018.

Cost of Sales - Food and Beverages

Cost of sales - food and beverages decreased by $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to a $1.4 million decrease in the Traditional Golf business for properties no longer owned or operated as of December 31, 2018, partially offset by $0.6 million of food and beverage costs incurred at our Entertainment Golf venue opened in Orlando, Florida in 2018.

General and Administrative Expense (including Acquisition and Transaction Expense)

General and administrative expense increased by $7.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to payroll-related expenses in our Entertainment Golf and corporate segments as a result of the Internalization effective January 1, 2018.

Management Fee and Termination Payment to Affiliate

Management fee and termination payment to affiliate decreased by $21.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 due to the Internalization effective January 1, 2018.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization decreased by $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to discontinuation of depreciation on the Traditional Golf real estate assets classified as held-for-sale in March 2018, partially offset by depreciation on assets placed into service at our Entertainment Golf venue in Orlando, Florida.

Pre-Opening Costs

Pre-opening costs were $2.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 . Pre-opening costs in 2018 were primarily due to: (i) payroll-related expenses incurred in connection with the opening of our Entertainment Golf venue in Orlando, Florida in April 2018 and (ii) pre-opening rent expense for three additional Entertainment Golf venues under construction as of December 31. 2018.

Impairment

Impairment increased by $8.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to a loss during the year ended December 31, 2017 . Impairment in 2018 consisted primarily of $7.0 million due to impairment on five Traditional Golf properties that were held-for-sale in March 2018 and on three under-performing Traditional Golf properties.

Realized and Unrealized (Gain) Loss on Investments

Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments increased by $6.4 million to a gain during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 . During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we recorded a net realized gain on the mark-to-market value of derivatives. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , we recorded a net realized loss of $0.4 million on the sale of agency RMBS, an unrealized loss of $0.6 million on the mark-to-market of agency RMBS, a realized loss of $4.7 million on the sale of derivatives and an unrealized loss of $0.7 million on the mark-to-market on the value of derivatives.

Interest and Investment Income

Interest and investment income decreased by $21.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to decreases of: (i) $8.0 million in interest income earned from agency RMBS which were sold in August 2017, (ii) $5.5 million on the accretion of discount recognized on a resorts-related loan, (iii) $8.5 million of paid-in-kind interest earned on a resorts-related loan due to the full repayment in August 2017, partially offset by (iii) $0.6 million in interest earned on overnight cash deposits.

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net decreased by $2.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to a decrease in interest expense related to repurchase agreements on agency RMBS which were repaid in August 2017.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net increased by $2.8 million from $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to: (i) a $9.0 million increase primarily due to gain on sales of long-lived assets and intangibles partially offset by (ii) $0.8 million in higher losses on Traditional Golf lease modifications and terminations, (iii) $1.2 million in higher losses on debt extinguishment and (iii) $4.3 million of higher losses primarily due to the settlement of a legal dispute and related discharge of liabilities assumed by the counterparty to the settlement.



Comparison of Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

	Year Ended December 31,						Increase (Decrease)
	2017			2016			Amount			%
Revenues
Golf operations	$	221,737		$	226,255		$	(4,518	)	(2.0	)%
Sales of food and beverages	70,857			72,625			(1,768		)	(2.4	)%
Total revenues	292,594			298,880			(6,286		)	(2.1	)%

Operating costs
Operating expenses	232,796			239,021			(6,225		)	(2.6	)%
Cost of sales - food and beverages	20,959			21,593			(634		)	(2.9	)%
General and administrative expense	31,413			29,174			2,239			7.7	%
Management fee and termination payment to affiliate	21,410			10,704			10,706			100.0	%
Depreciation and amortization	24,304			26,496			(2,192		)	(8.3	)%
Pre-opening costs	320			—			320			N.M.
Impairment	60			10,381			(10,321		)	(99.4	)%
Realized and unrealized loss on investments	6,243			685			5,558			N.M
Total operating costs	337,505			338,054			(549		)	(0.2	)%
Operating loss	(44,911		)	(39,174		)	5,737			14.6	%

Other income (expenses)
Interest and investment income	23,162			91,291			(68,129		)	(74.6	)%
Interest expense, net	(19,581		)	(52,868		)	(33,287		)	(63.0	)%
Gain on deconsolidation	—			82,130			(82,130		)	N.M.
Other income (loss), net	94			(3,854		)	(3,948		)	(102.4	)%
Total other income	3,675			116,699			(113,024		)	(96.9	)%

(Loss) income before income tax	$	(41,236	)	$	77,525		$	(118,761	)	(153.2	)%

N.M. – Not meaningful

Revenues from Golf Operations

Revenues from golf operations decreased by $4.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to: (i) a $7.5 million decrease from properties that were exited in 2016 and (ii) a $3.3 million decrease in green fee and cart rental revenue primarily as a result of unfavorable weather conditions, especially in California, partially offset by (iii) a $4.0 million increase due to additional initiation fees from new member sales and higher membership dues rates and (iv) a $2.3 million increase in net driving range revenues at public golf properties as a result of the continued member growth of The Players Club program.

Sales of Food and Beverages

Sales of food and beverages decreased by $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to a decrease from properties that were exited in 2016.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses decreased by $6.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to: (i) a $9.0 million decrease from properties that were exited in 2016, partially offset by (ii) a $2.2 million increase in course cleanup, repairs and maintenance primarily due to hurricane-related damage and (iii) a $0.4 million increase in legal costs.

Cost of Sales - Food and Beverages

Cost of sales - food and beverages decreased by $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to a decrease from properties that were exited in 2016.

General and Administrative Expense (including Acquisition and Transaction Expense)

General and administrative expense increased by $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to an increase of $5.7 million related to the development of the Entertainment Golf business, offset by decreases of $2.2 million in corporate professional fees and $0.7 million in Traditional Golf transaction expenses.

Management Fee and Termination Payment to Affiliate

Management fee and termination payment to affiliate increased $10.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the payment in connection with the termination of the Management Agreement.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to certain assets being fully depreciated in 2016 from scheduled lease expirations partially offset by an increase in depreciation from additional capital leases.

Impairment

The impairment of $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 is due to valuation allowance recorded on a residential mortgage loan. The impairment of $10.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 is primarily due to: (i) a $3.9 million valuation allowance on a corporate loan, (ii) a $0.2 million valuation allowance on two residential mortgage loans, (iii) a $0.1 million other-than-temporary impairment charge on a CMBS security, (iv) a $3.6 million impairment on one golf property when we reclassified the property to held-for-sale and (v) a $2.6 million impairment charge related to two golf properties.

Realized and Unrealized (Gain) Loss on Investments

The realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments increased by $5.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 . During the year ended December 31, 2017 , we recorded: (i) a net realized loss of $0.4 million on the sale of Agency RMBS, (ii) an unrealized loss of $0.6 million on the mark-to-market value of Agency RMBS, (iii) a realized loss of $4.6 million on the settlement of derivatives and (iv) an unrealized loss of $0.6 million on the mark-to-market value of derivatives. During the year ended December 31, 2016 , we recorded: (i) an $8.3 million loss on the sale of Agency RMBS, (ii) a $10.7 million gain on the sale of CDO bonds, (iii) a $0.5 million gain on non-Agency RMBS, (iv) an $18.3 million gain associated with the settlement of derivatives, (v) a $1.2 million unrealized gain associated with derivatives and (vi) a $23.1 million unrealized loss on Agency RMBS due to a change to an intent to sell.

Interest and Investment Income

Interest and investment income decreased by $68.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to: (i) a $33.2 million decrease related to our subprime mortgage loan call option, which was sold in the fourth quarter of 2016, (ii) a $20.5 million decrease of PIK interest earned on a resorts-related loan as a result of a pay down in the third quarter of 2016 and final pay down in the third quarter of 2017, (iii) a $5.0 million decrease on the accretion of discount recognized on a resorts-related loan and (iv) a $10.2 million decrease in real estate securities and loans, offset by an increase of $0.8 million in corporate bank interest.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net decreased by $33.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to: (i) a $33.2 million decrease related to our subprime mortgage loan call option which was sold in the fourth quarter of 2016, (ii) a $1.7 million decrease due to lower average balance of repurchase agreements on agency RMBS, (iii) a $0.6

million decrease as a result of a lower weighted average coupon on the junior subordinated notes payable, offset by (iv) an increase of $2.2 million on the financings related to the Traditional Golf business.

Gain on Deconsolidation

The gain on deconsolidation of $82.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 is related to the deconsolidation of CDO VI. There were no deconsolidations during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Other Income (Loss), Net

Other income (loss), net increased by $3.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 due in part to: (i) a $2.9 million writedown on our equity method investment during the year ended December 31, 2016; (ii) a decrease of $0.9 million in disposal related expenses in the Traditional Golf business during the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 and (iii) a $0.5 million decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt due to fewer write-offs of Traditional Golf liabilities; partially offset by decreases in collateral management fee income and decreases from the disposal of legacy assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings and fund capital for our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses and other general business needs.

Our primary sources of funds for liquidity consist of cash on hand, sales or repayments of assets (including sales of our owned golf properties), and potential issuance of new debt or equity securities, when feasible. We have the ability to publicly or privately issue common stock, preferred stock, depository shares, debt securities and warrants, subject to market and other conditions.

Sources of Liquidity and Uses of Capital

As of the date of this filing, we believe we have sufficient assets, which include unrestricted cash, to satisfy all of our short-term recourse liabilities. Our junior subordinated notes payable are long-term obligations. With respect to the next 12 months, we expect that our cash on hand combined with our other primary sources of funds for liquidity will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated liquidity needs with respect to our current portfolio, including related financings, capital expenditures for our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses, working capital needs and operating expenses. However, we may have additional cash requirements with respect to executing our strategic objectives for our Entertainment Golf business and incremental investments related to our Traditional Golf business. In addition to our available cash, we may elect to meet the cash requirements of these incremental investments through proceeds from the monetization of our assets or from additional borrowings, equity offerings or other means. While it is inherently more difficult to forecast beyond the next 12 months, we currently expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, specifically the repayment of our debt obligations and capital expenditures, through our cash on hand and, if needed, additional borrowings, proceeds from equity offerings and the sale or refinancing of our assets. We continually monitor market conditions for financing opportunities, and at any given time, we may enter into or pursue one or more of the transactions described above.

These short-term and long-term expectations are forward-looking and subject to a number of uncertainties and assumptions, which are described below under “–Factors That Could Impact Our Liquidity, Capital Resources and Capital Obligations” as well as Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” If our assumptions about our liquidity prove to be incorrect, we could be subject to a shortfall in liquidity in the future, and this shortfall may occur rapidly and with little or no notice, which would limit our ability to address the shortfall on a timely basis.

Cash flows provided by operations constitute a critical component of our liquidity. Essentially, our cash flows provided by operations is equal to (i) net cash flows received from our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses, plus (ii) the net cash flows from our security investments, including principal and sales proceeds, less (iii) Entertainment Golf and Traditional Golf operating expenses, management fees, professional fees, insurance and other expenses, less (iv) employee wage and benefit expenses, less (v) interest on the junior subordinated notes payable and less (vi) preferred dividends.

Our cash flows provided by operations differs from our net income (loss) due to these primary factors: (i) accretion of discount on our real estate securities and loans (including the accrual of interest payable at maturity) and deferred financing costs, (ii) amortization of favorable and unfavorable leasehold intangibles‎ from the acquisition of the Traditional Golf business in December 2013, (iii) accretion of the golf membership deposit liabilities in interest expense, (iv) recognition of deferred revenue from initiation fee deposits, (v) amortization of prepaid golf membership dues, (vi) gains and losses from sales of assets, (vii) other-than-temporary impairment on our investments, as well as impairments of Traditional Golf properties, (viii) unrealized gains or losses on our investments, (ix) non-cash gains or losses associated with our early extinguishment of debt, (x) non-cash gains on deconsolidation, and (xi) depreciation and amortization on our assets.

The sources of our distributions are net cash provided by operating activities, net cash provided by investing activities and cash equivalents as they represent the return on our real estate debt investments and golf-related real estate and operations. The Company has paid preferred dividends of $5.6 million in fiscal year 2018 and our board of directors elected not to declare common stock dividends for fiscal year 2018 to retain capital for growth. For the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company reported net cash used in operating activities of $7.2 million , net cash provided by investing activities of $25.9 million , net cash used in financing activities of $109.6 million and cash and cash equivalents of $79.2 million as of December 31, 2018 . As a result of our revocation of REIT election, effective January 1, 2017, we are no longer subject to the distribution requirements applicable to REITs. The timing and amount of distributions are in the sole discretion of our board of directors, which considers our earnings, financial performance and condition, debt service obligations and applicable debt covenants, tax considerations, as well as capital expenditure requirements, business prospects and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time.

Update on Liquidity, Capital Resources and Capital Obligations

Cash – As of December 31, 2018 , we had $79.2 million of available cash, including $16.9 million of working capital for the Traditional Golf business. On November 7, 2018, we declared a quarterly preferred dividend of $1.4 million which was paid on January 31, 2019.

Short-term liquidity requirements - As of December 31, 2018 , we expect our short-term liquidity requirements to include a total of approximately $75.0 to $85.0 million for both our Drive Shack venues and Traditional Golf properties.

Our liquidity, available capital resources and capital obligations could change rapidly due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Set forth below is a discussion of some of the factors that could impact our liquidity, available capital resources and capital obligations.

Factors That Could Impact Our Liquidity, Capital Resources and Capital Obligations

We refer readers to our discussions in other sections of this report for the following information:


•	For a further discussion of recent trends and events affecting our liquidity, see “– Market Considerations” above;


•	As described above, under “– Sources of Liquidity and Uses of Capital,” we may be subject to capital obligations associated with our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses;


•	Our debt obligations are also subject to refinancing risk upon the maturity of the related debt. See “– Debt Obligations” below; and


•	For a further discussion of a number of risks that could affect our liquidity, access to capital resources and our capital obligations, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” above.

In addition to the information referenced above, the following factors could affect our liquidity, access to capital resources and our capital obligations related to our Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses. As such, if their outcomes do not fall within our expectations, changes in these factors could negatively affect our liquidity.

•

Access to Financing from Counterparties – Decisions by investors, counterparties and lenders to enter into transactions with us will depend upon a number of factors, such as our historical and projected financial performance, compliance with the terms of our current credit and derivative arrangements, industry and market trends, the availability of capital and our investors’, counterparties’ and lenders’ policies and rates applicable thereto, and the relative attractiveness of alternative investment or lending opportunities.


•	Impact of Expected Repayment or Forecasted Sale on Cash Flows – The timing of and proceeds from the sale of certain assets may be different than expected or may not occur as expected. Proceeds from sales of assets in the current illiquid market environment are unpredictable and may vary materially from their estimated fair value and their carrying value.


•	Impact of Unexpected Costs, Cost Increases and Delayed Opening of our Entertainment Golf Venues on Cash Flows – There may be unforeseen or higher than expected construction and development costs and the opening of new venues may be later than expected. These additional expenses and timing of opening may vary materially from our estimates.

•

Performance of the Entertainment and Traditional Golf businesses - Current and future liquidity is greatly dependent upon our operating results, which are driven largely by overall economic conditions and can fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter as a result of seasonal factors and discretionary consumer spending. We expect that economic and environmental conditions and changes in regulatory legislation will continue to exert pressure on both supplier pricing and consumer spending related to entertainment and dining alternatives. Although there is no assurance that our cost of products will remain stable or that federal, state or local minimum wage rates will not increase beyond amounts currently legislated, the effects of any supplier price increases or wage rate increases are expected to be partially offset by selected price increases where competitively appropriate.

Debt Obligations

See Note 7 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further information related to our debt obligations and contractual maturities as of December 31, 2018 .

Subordinated Notes Payable

The following table presents certain information regarding the junior subordinated notes (dollars in thousands).



Outstanding face amount		$51,004
Weighted average coupon	LIBOR + 2.25%
Maturity	April 2035
Collateral	General credit of Drive Shack Inc.

Traditional Golf Credit Facilities

See Note 7 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information about our Traditional Golf credit facilities.

Equity

Common Stock

See Note 11 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information on shares of our common stock issued since 2016.

Common Dividends Paid



Declared for the Period Ended	Paid	Amount Per Share
March 31, 2016	April 2016	$0.12
June 30, 2016	July 2016	$0.12
September 30, 2016	October 2016	$0.12
December 31, 2016	January 2017	$0.12

Our board of directors elected not to declare common stock dividends for 2017 and 2018 to retain capital for growth. See Note 11 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for detailed information on our options, restricted stock units or RSUs outstanding and option plans.

Preferred Stock

To the extent we have unpaid accrued dividends on our preferred stock, we cannot pay any dividends on our common shares, pay any consideration to repurchase or otherwise acquire stock of our common stock or redeem any stock of any series of our preferred stock without redeeming all of our outstanding preferred stock in accordance with the governing documentation. Moreover, if we do not pay dividends on any series of preferred stock for six or more periods, then holders of each affected series obtain the right to call a special meeting and elect two members to our board of directors. Consequently, if we do not make a dividend payment on our preferred stock for six or more quarterly periods, it could restrict the actions that we may take with respect to our common stock and preferred stock and could affect the composition of our board of directors and, thus, the management of our business. No assurance can be given that we will pay any dividends on any series of our preferred stock in the future.

All accrued dividends on our preferred stock have been paid through January 31, 2019.

See Note 11 in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information on our preferred stock.

Noncontrolling Interest

Noncontrolling interest represents the equity interest in certain consolidated subsidiaries not owned by us. Noncontrolling interest is reported as a component of equity. In addition, changes in the Company’s ownership interest while we retain its controlling interest are accounted for as equity transactions, and, upon a gain or loss of control, retained ownership interests are remeasured at fair value, with any gain or loss recognized in earnings. Our noncontrolling interest associated with a Traditional Golf property has a carrying value of zero.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Our accumulated other comprehensive income changes as our real estate security is marked to market each quarter. Net unrealized gains on our real estate security increased during the year ended December 31, 2018 in accumulated other comprehensive income primarily due to higher variable interest rates and an increase in the prepayment speed assumption.

See “– Market Considerations” above for a further discussion of recent trends and events affecting our unrealized gains and losses as well as our liquidity.

Cash Flow

Operating Activities

Net cash flow (used in) provided by operating activities changed from $(12.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $(7.2) million for the year ended December 31, 2018 . It changed from $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $(12.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2017 . These changes resulted primarily from the factors described below:

2018 compared to 2017


•	Operating cash flows increased by:


◦	$18.7 million due to lower management fees paid during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 , as a result of the Internalization;


◦	$4.1 million due to lower general and professional fees paid during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 ;


◦	$1.7 million due to lower income taxes paid during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 ; and


◦	$0.6 million due to higher interest earned on overnight cash deposits.


•	Operating cash flows decreased by:


◦	$5.0 million in lower operating cash flows from Traditional Golf, primarily related to the legal dispute settled in July 2018;


◦	$7.5 million of payroll costs primarily due to the Internalization and increased employee hiring associated with the Entertainment Golf business;


◦	$0.1 million due to cash flows from operations from the first Entertainment Golf venue in Orlando; and


◦	$7.9 million in lower net interest proceeds primarily due to the sale of agency RMBS in August 2017.

2017 compared to 2016


•	Operating cash flows increased by:


◦	$8.6 million in our Traditional Golf business primarily as a result of higher participation in The Players Club program at public golf properties and improving margins on golf operations;


◦	$1.0 million due to savings in interest paid as a result of lower average coupon rates associated with our junior subordinated notes payable for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 ; and


◦	$4.1 million due to savings in corporate professional fees.


•	Operating cash flows decreased by:


◦	$8.5 million of higher costs associated with the development of the Entertainment Golf business;


◦	$7.3 million of lower interest and other fees collected due to the sale of real estate securities;


◦	$1.7 million in estimated federal tax payments for fiscal year 2017 as the Company revoked its election to be treated as a REIT effective January 1, 2017; and


◦	$10.7 million of higher payments primarily due to the termination of the Management Agreement.

Investing Activities

Investing activities provided $25.9 million , provided $656.6 million , and used $150.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Uses of cash flows from investing activities consisted primarily of the investments made in Entertainment Golf venues, Traditional Golf properties, real estate securities and payments for settlement of derivatives. Proceeds

from cash flows from investing activities consisted primarily of sale of investments, repayments from loans and securities, settlement of derivatives and sales of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

Financing activities used $109.6 million , used $617.0 million , and provided $237.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Proceeds from cash flow from financing consisted primarily of borrowings under debt obligations, the return of margin deposits under repurchase agreements and derivatives, and deposits received on golf memberships. Uses of cash flow from financing activities included the repayment of debt obligations, deposits made on margin calls related to our repurchase agreements and derivatives, and the payment of financing costs, the payment of common and preferred dividends.

See the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a reconciliation of our cash position for the periods described herein.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2018 , we had the following material off-balance sheet arrangements. We believe that these off-balance sheet structures presented the most efficient and least expensive form of financing for these assets at the time they were entered, and represented the most common market-accepted method for financing such assets.


•	In April 2006, we securitized Subprime Portfolio I. The loans were sold to a securitization trust, of which 80% were treated as a sale, which is an off-balance sheet financing.


•	In July 2007, we securitized Subprime Portfolio II. The loans were sold to a securitization trust, of which 90% were treated as a sale, which is an off-balance sheet financing.

We have no obligation to repurchase any loans from either of our subprime securitizations. Therefore, it is expected that our exposure to loss is limited to the carrying amount of our retained interests in the securitization entities, in the amount of $3.0 million as of December 31, 2018. A subsidiary of ours gave limited representations and warranties with respect to the second securitization; however, it has no assets and does not have recourse to the general credit of the Company.

Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2018 , we had the following material contractual obligations (payments in thousands):



Contract	Terms
Capital Leases - Equipment	Described under Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements which appears under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Junior Subordinated Notes Payable	Described under Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements which appears under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Operating Leases, Traditional Golf	Described under Notes 2 and 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements which appears under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Membership Deposit Liabilities	Described under Notes 2 and 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements which appears under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Operating Leases, Entertainment Golf	Described under Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements which appears under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Credit Facilities, Traditional Golf	Described under Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements which appears under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”



	Fixed and Determinable Payments Due by Period
Contract	2019		2020-2021		2022-2023		Thereafter		Total

Capital leases - Equipment ^(A)	6,401		8,707		2,532		6		17,646
Junior subordinated notes payable ^(A)	2,433		4,866		4,866		78,579		90,744
Operating lease obligations - Traditional Golf ^(B)	29,379		51,524		41,652		127,298		249,853
Membership deposit liabilities ^(C)	8,873		6,039		8,329		222,876		246,117
Operating lease obligations - Entertainment Golf ^(D)	576		3,194		4,935		44,350		53,055
Credit facilities, Traditional Golf ^(A)	5		9		9		294		317
Total	$	47,667	$	74,339	$	62,323	$	473,403	$	657,732


(A)	Includes interest based on rates existing at December 31, 2018 and assumes no prepayments. Obligations that are repayable prior to maturity at our option are reflected at their contractual maturity dates.

(B)

Includes leases of golf courses and related facilities, carts and equipment. Excludes escalation charges which per our lease agreements are not fixed and determinable payments. Also excludes four month-to-month property leases which are cancellable by the parties with 30 days written notice and various month-to-month operating leases for carts and equipment. The aggregate monthly expense of these leases was $0.4 million.


(C)	Amounts represent gross initiation fee deposits refundable 30 years after the date of acceptance of a member.


(D)	Includes primarily ground leases for Entertainment Golf venue development.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in interest rates, credit spreads, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. We substantially exited our real estate related debt positions, which significantly reduced our market risk exposure related to interest rate risk, credit spread risk and credit risk. We are also exposed to inflationary factors in our business.

Commodity Price Risk

We are exposed to market price fluctuation in food and beverage product prices and these fluctuations can materially impact our costs. There is no assurance that supply and demand factors such as disease or inclement weather will not cause the prices of the commodities used in our operations to fluctuate. Significant increases in the price of commodities could have a material impact on our operating results to the extent that such increases cannot be offset by menu price increases or other operating efficiencies.

Inflation

The primary inflationary factors affecting our operations include materials and labor costs. We have a substantial number of hourly employees who are paid wage rates at or based on the applicable federal, state or city minimum wage and increases in the minimum wage will increase our labor costs. In general, we have been able to partially offset cost increases resulting from inflation by increasing prices, improving productivity, or other operating changes. We may or may not be able to offset cost increases in the future. In addition, our leases require us to pay taxes, maintenance, repairs and utilities and these costs are subject to inflationary increases. In some cases, some of our lease commitments are tied to consumer price index (“CPI”) increases. Furthermore, our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and our distributions are determined by our board of directors primarily based on our capital needs, and, in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair market value without considering inflation.

Trends

See Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Market Considerations” for a further discussion of recent trends and events affecting our liquidity, unrealized gains and losses.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Index to Financial Statements:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 .

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 .

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 .

Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 .

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 .

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

All schedules have been omitted because either the required information is included in our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto or it is not applicable.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 15, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2000.

New York, New York

March 15, 2019

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2018 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated March 15, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

New York, New York

March 15, 2019

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

( dollars in thousands, except share data)



	December 31,
	2018			2017
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	79,235		$	167,692
Restricted cash	3,326			5,178
Accounts receivable, net	7,518			8,780
Real estate assets, held-for-sale, net	75,862			2,000
Real estate securities, available-for-sale	2,953			2,294
Other current assets	20,505			21,568
Total Current Assets	189,399			207,512
Restricted cash, noncurrent	258			818
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation	132,605			241,258
Intangibles, net of accumulated amortization	48,388			57,276
Other investments	22,613			21,135
Other assets	8,684			8,649
Total Assets	$	401,947		$	536,648

Liabilities and Equity
Current Liabilities
Obligations under capital leases	$	5,489		$	4,652
Membership deposit liabilities	8,861			8,733
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	45,284			36,797
Deferred revenue	18,793			31,207
Real estate liabilities, held-for-sale	2,947			—
Other current liabilities	22,285			22,596
Total Current Liabilities	103,659			103,985
Credit facilities and obligations under capital leases	10,489			112,105
Junior subordinated notes payable	51,200			51,208
Membership deposit liabilities, noncurrent	90,684			86,523
Deferred revenue, noncurrent	6,016			6,930
Other liabilities	5,232			4,846
Total Liabilities	$	267,280		$	365,597

Commitments and contingencies

Equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 1,347,321 shares of 9.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 496,000 shares of 8.05% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, and 620,000 shares of 8.375% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	$	61,583		$	61,583
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 67,027,104 and 66,977,104 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively	670			670
Additional paid-in capital	3,175,843			3,173,281
Accumulated deficit	(3,105,307		)	(3,065,853		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,878			1,370
Total Equity	$	134,667		$	171,051

Total Liabilities and Equity	$	401,947		$	536,648

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in thousands, except share data)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Revenues
Golf operations	$	244,646		$	221,737		$	226,255
Sales of food and beverages	69,723			70,857			72,625
Total revenues	314,369			292,594			298,880

Operating costs
Operating expenses	251,794			232,796			239,021
Cost of sales - food and beverages	20,153			20,959			21,593
General and administrative expense	38,560			31,413			29,174
Management fee and termination payment to affiliate	—			21,410			10,704
Depreciation and amortization	19,704			24,304			26,496
Pre-opening costs	2,483			320			—
Impairment	8,240			60			10,381
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	(131		)	6,243			685
Total operating costs	340,803			337,505			338,054
Operating loss	(26,434		)	(44,911		)	(39,174		)

Other income (expenses)
Interest and investment income	1,794			23,162			91,291
Interest expense, net	(16,639		)	(19,581		)	(52,868		)
Gain on deconsolidation	—			—			82,130
Other income (loss), net	2,880			94			(3,854		)
Total other income (loss)	(11,965		)	3,675			116,699
(Loss) Income before income tax	(38,399		)	(41,236		)	77,525
Income tax expense	284			965			189
Net (Loss) Income	(38,683		)	(42,201		)	77,336
Preferred dividends	(5,580		)	(5,580		)	(5,580		)
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest	—			—			(257		)
(Loss) Income Applicable To Common Stockholders	$	(44,263	)	$	(47,781	)	$	71,499

(Loss) Income Applicable to Common Stock, per share
Basic	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.07
Diluted	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.04

Weighted Average Number of Shares of Common Stock Outstanding
Basic	66,993,543			66,903,457			66,709,925
Diluted	66,993,543			66,903,457			68,788,440

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in thousands)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Net (loss) income	$	(38,683	)	$	(42,201	)	$	77,336
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities	508			2,547			(31,658		)
Reclassification of net realized (gain) loss on securities into earnings	—			(2,345		)	20,231
Reclassification of net realized gain on deconsolidation of CDO VI	—			—			(20,682		)
Reclassification of net realized gain on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges into earnings	—			—			(20		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	508			202			(32,129		)
Total comprehensive (loss) income	$	(38,175	)	$	(41,999	)	$	45,207
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Drive Shack Inc. stockholders' equity	$	(38,175	)	$	(41,999	)	$	44,950
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	$	—		$	—		$	257

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in thousands, except share data)



	Drive Shack Inc. Stockholders
												Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss)			Total Drive Shack Inc. Stockholders' Equity
							Additional Paid in Capital														Total Equity (Deficit)
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock					Accumulated Deficit									Noncontrolling Interest
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount				Accumulated Deficit									Noncontrolling Interest
Equity (deficit) - December 31, 2015	2,463,321	$	61,583	66,654,598	$	667	$	3,172,370	$	(3,057,538	)	$	33,297		$	210,379		$	(257	)	210,122
Dividends declared	—	—		—	—		—		(37,613		)	—			(37,613		)	—			(37,613		)
Issuance of common stock	—	—		169,706	1		350		—			—			351			—			351
Comprehensive income (loss)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		77,079			—			77,079			257			77,336
Deconsolidation of net unrealized gain on securities	—	—		—	—		—		—			(20,682		)	(20,682		)				(20,682		)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		—			(11,447		)	(11,447		)	—			(11,447		)
Total comprehensive income															44,950			257			45,207
Equity (deficit) - December 31, 2016	2,463,321	$	61,583	66,824,304	$	668	$	3,172,720	$	(3,018,072	)	$	1,168		$	218,067		$	—		$	218,067
Dividends declared	—	—		—	—		—		(5,580		)	—			(5,580		)	—			(5,580		)
Issuance of common stock	—	—		152,800	2		561		—			—			563			—			563
Comprehensive income (loss)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(42,201		)	—			(42,201		)	—			(42,201		)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		—			202			202			—			202
Total comprehensive loss															(41,999		)	—			(41,999		)
Equity (deficit) - December 31, 2017	2,463,321	$	61,583	66,977,104	$	670	$	3,173,281	$	(3,065,853	)	$	1,370		$	171,051		$	—		$	171,051
Dividends declared	—	—		—	—		—		(5,580		)	—			(5,580		)	—			(5,580		)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		2,252		—			—			2,252			—			2,252
Purchase of common stock (directors)	—	—		50,000	—		310		—			—			310			—			310
Adoption of ASC 606 (Note 3)	—	—		—	—		—		4,809			—			4,809			—			4,809
Comprehensive income (loss)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(38,683		)	—			(38,683		)	—			(38,683		)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		—			508			508			—			508
Total comprehensive income (loss)															(38,175		)	—			(38,175		)
Equity (deficit) - December 31, 2018	2,463,321	$	61,583	67,027,104	$	670	$	3,175,843	$	(3,105,307	)	$	1,878		$	134,667		$	—		$	134,667

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in thousands)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net (loss) income	$	(38,683	)	$	(42,201	)	$	77,336
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	19,704			24,304			26,496
Amortization of discount and premium	1,159			(3,457		)	(6,445		)
Other amortization	10,965			10,564			10,254
Net interest income on investments accrued to principal balance	—			(8,458		)	(28,886		)
Amortization of revenue on golf membership deposit liabilities	(1,549		)	(1,264		)	(884		)
Amortization of prepaid golf member dues	(26,545		)	(28,919		)	(28,902		)
Stock based compensation	2,304			563			351
Impairment	8,240			60			10,381
Equity in (earnings) loss from equity method investment, net of distributions	(1,471		)	(1,536		)	1,338
Gain on deconsolidation	—			—			(82,196		)
Other (gains) losses, net	(9,651		)	5,429			(20,629		)
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	(131		)	1,128			21,906
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	1,542			294			780
Change in:
Accounts receivable, net, other current assets and other assets - noncurrent	3,075			(2,159		)	595
Accounts payable and accrued expenses, deferred revenue, other current liabilities and other liabilities - noncurrent	23,839			33,277			27,868
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(7,202		)	(12,375		)	9,363
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Principal repayments from investments	—			100,020			152,769
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	78,888			—			—
Purchase of real estate securities	—			—			(3,086,654		)
Proceeds from sale of securities and loans	—			595,850			2,777,808
Net (payments for) proceeds from settlement of TBAs	—			(4,669		)	18,318
Acquisition and additions of property and equipment and intangibles	(62,352		)	(34,292		)	(12,571		)
Deposits paid on property and equipment				—			—
Deposits received on real estate held-for-sale	9,400			—			—
Contributions to equity method investment	(7		)	(343		)	—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	25,929			656,566			(150,330		)

Continued on next page.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in thousands)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Borrowings under debt obligations	—			1,651			3,068,280
Repayments of debt obligations	(107,790		)	(606,568		)	(2,790,931		)
Margin deposits under repurchase agreements and derivatives	—			(89,692		)	(135,758		)
Return of margin deposits under repurchase agreements and derivatives	—			87,785			133,991
Golf membership deposits received	3,143			3,431			3,865
Issuance of common stock	258			—			—
Common stock dividends paid	—			(8,019		)	(32,011		)
Preferred stock dividends paid	(5,580		)	(5,580		)	(5,580		)
Payment of deferred financing costs	—			(22		)	(4,248		)
Proceeds from settlement of derivative instruments	417			—			—
Other financing activities	(44		)	(33		)	(217		)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(109,596		)	(617,047		)	237,391
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash, noncurrent	(90,869		)	27,144			96,424
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash, noncurrent, Beginning of Period	173,688			146,544			50,120
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash, noncurrent, End of Period	$	82,819		$	173,688		$	146,544


Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Cash paid during the period for interest expense	$	10,607		$	12,414		$	12,316
Cash paid during the period for income taxes	$	225		$	1,700		$	386
Supplemental Schedule of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Common stock dividends declared but not paid	$	—		$	—		$	8,019
Preferred stock dividends declared but not paid	$	930		$	930		$	930
Financing costs accrued but not paid	$	—		$	—		$	22
Additions to capital lease assets and liabilities	$	4,442		$	4,265		$	8,240
Changes in property and equipment not yet paid for	$	3,174		$	8,557		$	—
Option exercise	$	—		$	—		$	410
Property and equipment sold but not settled	$	—		$	800		$	—

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

1. ORGANIZATION

Drive Shack Inc., which is referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, together as Drive Shack Inc. or the Company, is a leading owner and operator of golf-related leisure and dining and entertainment businesses. The Company, a Maryland corporation, was formed in 2002, and its common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “DS.”

The Company conducts its business through the following segments: (i) Entertainment Golf venues, (ii) Traditional Golf properties and (iii) corporate. For a further discussion of the reportable segments, see Note 4.

The Company's Entertainment Golf business opened its first venue in Orlando, Florida on April 7, 2018. The Company expects to open a chain of next-generation Entertainment Golf venues across the United States and internationally which combine golf, competition, dining and fun. The Company's Traditional Golf business is one of the largest owners and operators of golf properties in the United States. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company owned, leased or managed 66 properties across 11 states. The corporate segment consists primarily of investments in loans and securities.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

GENERAL

Basis of Accounting — The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The Company consolidates those entities in which it has an investment of 50% or more and has control over significant operating, financial and investing decisions of the entity.

For entities over which the Company exercises significant influence, but which do not meet the requirements for consolidation, the Company uses the equity method of accounting whereby it records its share of the underlying income of such entities.

Noncontrolling interest represents the equity interest in certain consolidated subsidiaries not owned by the Company. This is related to our Traditional Golf business, a portion of which the Company does not own. In October 2016, the Company exited certain golf properties in which the Company had a noncontrolling interest. The noncontrolling interest associated with the remaining golf property has a carrying value of zero . See Note 11 for additional information.

Prior Period Reclassifications — Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company internalized management (as discussed in Note 12) and records corporate overhead, including corporate payroll and related expenses, in "General and administrative expense" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Prior to January 1, 2018, the Company reported corporate overhead, including corporate payroll and related expenses, related to the Traditional Golf business in "Operating expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company reclassified $14.8 million and $15.3 million from "Operating expenses" to "General and administrative expense" for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments effective January 1, 2018, which requires retrospective adjustment to all periods. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 , the adjustment resulted in an increase of $0.8 million and $0.7 million in “Other financing activities”, respectively, and a decrease of $0.8 million and $0.7 million , respectively, in “Change in Accounts payable and accrued expenses, deferred revenue, other current liabilities and other liabilities - noncurrent.”

The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash effective January 1, 2018, which requires retrospective adjustment to all periods. The addition of the reconciliation of restricted cash for the years ended December 31, 2016 included an increase of $4.3 million in "Margin deposits under repurchase agreements and derivatives", an increase of $2.3 million in “Principal repayments from investments”, a decrease of $2.7 million in “Repayment of debt obligations”, a decrease of $0.1 million in "Gain on deconsolidation" and a decrease of $0.1 million in "Other (gains) losses, net." There were no adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the addition of the reconciliation of restricted cash.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Risks and Uncertainties — We plan to develop and construct our Entertainment Golf business through long term land leases, land acquisition and redevelopment of existing golf courses and other similar customary real estate agreements. Developing new entertainment golf venues requires a significant amount of time and resources and poses a number of risks. Construction of new venues may result in cost overruns, delays or unanticipated expenses related to zoning or tax laws. We face competition for potential venue locations. Desirable venues may be unavailable or expensive, and the markets in which new venues are located may deteriorate over time. Additionally, the market potential of venues cannot be precisely determined, and our venues may face competition in new markets from unexpected sources. Constructed venues may not perform up to our expectations. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors - Risk Related to Our Business.”

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Comprehensive Income — Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, excluding those resulting from investments by and distributions to owners. For the Company's purposes, comprehensive income represents primarily net income, as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, adjusted for unrealized gains or losses on securities available-for-sale.

The following table summarizes the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income:



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Net unrealized gain on securities	$	1,878	$	1,370
Accumulated other comprehensive income	$	1,878	$	1,370

REVENUE RECOGNITION

Golf Operations

Entertainment Golf — Revenue from bay play, events, and other operating activities (consisting primarily of instruction and merchandise sales) is generally recognized at a point in time which is at the time of sale, when services are rendered and collection is reasonably assured.

Revenue from general memberships is recognized at the time of sale. Dues from other membership programs are included in deferred revenue and recognized as revenue ratably over the appropriate period, which is generally twelve months or less.

Traditional Golf — Revenue from green fees, cart rentals, merchandise sales and other operating activities (consisting primarily of range income, banquets and club amenities) is generally recognized at a point in time which is at the time of sale, when services are rendered and collection is reasonably assured.

Revenue from membership dues for private club members and The Players Club members is recognized in the month earned. Membership dues received in advance are included in deferred revenue and recognized as revenue ratably over the appropriate period, which is generally twelve months or less for private club members and the following month for The Players Club members. The membership dues are generally structured to cover the club operating costs and membership services.

Private country club members generally pay an advance initiation fee deposit upon their acceptance as a member to the respective country club. Initiation fee deposits are refundable 30 years after the date of acceptance as a member. The difference between the initiation fee deposit paid by the member and the present value of the refund obligation is deferred and recognized into revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the expected life of an active membership, which is estimated to be seven years . The determination of the estimated average expected life of an active membership is a significant judgment based on company-specific historical membership addition and attrition data. The present value of the refund obligation is recorded as a membership deposit liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and accretes over a 30 -year nonrefundable term using the effective interest method. This accretion is recorded as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Revenue from the reimbursement of certain operating costs incurred at the Company’s managed Traditional Golf properties is recognized at the time the associated operating costs are incurred as collection is reasonably assured per the terms of the management contracts and the repayment histories of the property owners.

Sales of Food and Beverages — Revenue from food and beverage sales are recorded at the time of sale, net of discounts.

Real Estate Securities — The Company invested in securities, including real estate related asset backed securities. Income on these securities is recognized using a level yield methodology based upon a number of cash flow assumptions that are subject to uncertainties and contingencies. Upon settlement of the sale of securities, the excess (or deficiency) of net proceeds over the net carrying value of such security was recognized as a gain (or loss) in the period of settlement.

Impairment of Securities — The Company continually evaluates securities for impairment. Securities are considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired, for financial reporting purposes, whenever there has been a probable adverse change in the timing or amounts of expected cash flows. The evaluation of a security’s estimated cash flows includes the following, as applicable: (i) review of the credit of the issuer or the borrower, (ii) review of the credit rating of the security, (iii) review of the key terms of the security (iv) analysis of the effect of local, industry and broader economic factors, and (v) analysis of historical and anticipated trends in defaults and loss severities for similar securities. The Company must record a write-down if it has the intent to sell a given security in an unrealized loss position, or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell such a security. Upon determination of impairment, the Company records a direct write-down for securities based on the estimated fair value of the security or underlying collateral using a discounted cash flow analysis or based on an observable market value. Actual losses may differ from the Company’s estimates.

Realized and Unrealized (Gain) Loss on Investments and Other Income (Loss), Net — These items are comprised of the following:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
(Gain) on settlement of real estate securities	$	—		$	(2,345	)	$	(19,129	)
Loss on settlement of real estate securities	—			2,803			16,178
Realized (gain) loss on settlement of non-hedge derivatives, net	(227		)	4,669			(18,318		)
(Gain) loss on settlement of loans held-for-sale	—			(12		)	48
Unrealized loss on securities, intent-to-sell	—			558			23,128
Unrealized loss (gain) on non-hedge derivative instruments	96			570			(1,222		)
Realized and unrealized loss (gain) on investments	$	(131	)	$	6,243		$	685

(Loss) on lease modifications and terminations	$	(939	)	$	(161	)	$	(62	)
(Loss) on extinguishment of debt, net	(1,542		)	(294		)	(780		)
Collateral management fee income, net	575			387			592
Equity in earnings (losses) of equity method investments	1,471			1,536			(1,338		)
Gain (loss) on disposal of long-lived assets and intangibles	8,704			(295		)	(22		)
Other (loss) (A)	(5,389		)	(1,079		)	(2,244		)
Other income (loss), net	$	2,880		$	94		$	(3,854	)


(A)	During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company recorded a net loss of approximately $4.9 million related to the settlement of a legal dispute and a related discharge of liabilities assumed by the counterparty to the settlement. See Note 13 for additional information.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Reclassification From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Into Net Income — The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into net income. There were no reclassifications from AOCI into net income during the year ended December 31, 2018 .



		Year Ended December 31,
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or AOCI Components	Income Statement Location	2017			2016
Net realized (gain) loss on securities
Impairment	Impairment	$	—		$	54
(Gain) on settlement of real estate securities	Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	(2,345		)	(19,129		)
Loss on settlement of real estate securities	Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	—			16,178
Realized (gain) on deconsolidation of CDO VI	Gain on deconsolidation	—			(20,682		)
Unrealized loss on real estate securities, intent-to-sell, reclassified from AOCI into income	Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	—			23,128
		$	(2,345	)	$	(451	)

Net realized (gain) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Amortization of deferred hedge (gain)	Interest expense, net	—			(20		)
		$	—		$	(20	)

Total reclassifications		$	(2,345	)	$	(471	)

EXPENSE RECOGNITION

Operating Expenses — Operating expenses consist primarily of payroll (Entertainment Golf venue level and Traditional Golf property level), utilities, repairs and maintenance, supplies, marketing and operating lease rent expense.

Entertainment Golf

Operating expenses for Entertainment Golf also include information technology-related support and maintenance.

Traditional Golf

Operating expenses for Traditional Golf also include equipment and cart leases, seed, soil and fertilizer, and certain operating costs incurred at managed Traditional Golf properties. Many of the Traditional Golf properties and related facilities are leased under long-term operating leases. In addition to minimum payments, certain leases require payment of the excess of various percentages of gross revenue or net operating income over the minimum rental payments. The leases generally require the payment of taxes assessed against the leased property and the cost of insurance and maintenance. The majority of lease terms initially range from 10 to 20 years, and typically, the leases contain renewal options. Certain leases include scheduled increases or decreases in minimum rental payments at various times during the term of the lease. These scheduled rent increases or decreases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Increases result in an accrual, which is included in other current liabilities and other liabilities, and decreases result in a receivable, which is included in other current assets and other assets, for the amount by which the cumulative straight-line rent differs from the contractual cash rent.

General and Administrative Expense — General and administrative expense consists of costs associated with corporate and administrative functions that support development and operations.

Pre-Opening Costs — Pre-opening costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of marketing expenses, rent, employee payroll, travel and related expenses, training costs, food, beverage and other restaurant operating expenses incurred prior to opening an Entertainment Golf venue.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Deferred Costs — Deferred costs consist primarily of costs incurred in obtaining financing which are amortized into interest expense over the term of such financing using either the straight-line basis or the interest method. Deferred financing costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability.

Interest Expense, Net — The Company financed Traditional Golf and Corporate using both fixed and floating rate debt, including mortgage loans and other financing vehicles. Certain of this debt has been issued at a discount. Discounts are accreted into interest expense on the effective yield or interest method, based upon a comparison of actual and expected cash flows, through the expected maturity date of the financing. See Note 10 for additional information.

Derivatives and Hedging Activities — All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and measured

at fair value. The Company reports the fair value of derivative instruments gross of cash paid or received pursuant to credit support agreements and fair value is reflected on a net counterparty basis when the Company believes a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement.

Changes in fair value are recorded in net income. Derivative transactions are entered into by the Company solely for risk management purposes in the ordinary course of business. Subsequent to the prepayment of the Traditional Golf term loan in December 2018, the Company unwound the interest rate cap. At December 31, 2018 , the Company had no derivatives or hedging activities.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense — The Company maintains an equity incentive plan under which non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, and restricted stock units or RSUs are granted to employees and non-employee directors. Stock-based compensation expense for stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis through the vesting date of the option. RSUs are expensed based on the fair value on the date of grant and amortized on a straight-line basis through the vesting date. The fair value of RSUs is estimated using the stock price on the date of grant. All stock-based compensation expense is recorded as general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. See Note 11 for additional information.

Management Fee and Termination Payment to Affiliate — These represent amounts due or paid to the former Manager pursuant to the Management Agreement or the termination of the existing Management Agreement. For further information, see Note 12.

BALANCE SHEET MEASUREMENT

Property and Equipment, Net — Real estate and related improvements are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Costs that both materially add value to an asset and extend the useful life of an asset by more than a year are capitalized.

The Company capitalizes to construction in progress, certain costs related to properties under construction. Capitalization begins when the activities related to development have begun and ceases when activities are substantially complete and the asset is available for use. Capitalized costs include development, construction-related costs and interest expense.

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method based on the lesser of the following estimated useful lives or the lease term:



Buildings and improvements	10-30 years
Capital leases - equipment	3-7 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	2-7 years

Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale, which meet certain criteria, are reclassified to real estate held-for-sale and measured at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less costs of sale. The Company suspends depreciation and amortization for assets held-for-sale. Subsequent changes to the estimated fair value less costs to sell could impact the measurement of assets held-for-sale. Decreases are recognized as an impairment loss and recorded in "Impairment" on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. To the extent the fair value increases, any previously reported impairment is reversed. Real estate held-for-sale is recorded in “Real estate assets, held-for-sale, net” and “Real estate liabilities, held-for-sale” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Entertainment Golf

Entertainment Golf includes land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment and leasehold improvements including building and land improvements.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Traditional Golf

With respect to Traditional Golf course improvements (included in buildings and improvements), costs associated with construction, significant replacements, permanent landscaping, sand traps, fairways, tee boxes or greens are capitalized. All other asset-related costs that do not meet these criteria, such as minor repairs and routine maintenance, are expensed as incurred.

The Company leases certain golf carts and other equipment that are classified as capital leases. The value of capital leases is recorded as an asset on the balance sheet, along with a liability related to the present value of associated payments. Depreciation of capital lease assets is calculated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or the expected lease terms. The cost of equipment under capital leases is recorded in "Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Payments under the leases are treated as reductions of the obligations under capital leases, with a portion being recorded as interest expense under the effective interest method.

Intangibles, Net — Intangible assets and liabilities consist primarily of leasehold advantages (disadvantages), management contracts, membership base and internally-developed software. A leasehold advantage (disadvantage) exists to the Company when it pays a contracted rent that is below (above) market rents at the date of an acquisition transaction. The value of a leasehold advantage (disadvantage) is calculated based on the differential between market and contracted rent, which is tax effected and discounted to present value based on an after-tax discount rate corresponding to each property, and is amortized over the term of the underlying lease agreement. The management contract intangible represents the Company’s golf course management contracts for both leased and managed properties. The management contract intangible for leased and managed properties is valued using the discounted cash flow method under the income approach and is amortized over the term of the underlying lease or management agreements, respectively. The membership base intangible represents the Company’s relationship with its private country club members. The membership base intangible is valued using the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach, and is amortized over the expected life of an active membership. The internally-developed software intangible represents proprietary software developed for the Company’s exclusive use. For Entertainment Golf, the internally-developed software intangible is composed of costs incurred to develop the software. The internally-developed software intangible is amortized over the expected useful life of the software.

Amortization of leasehold intangible assets and liabilities is included within operating expenses and amortization of all other intangible assets is included within depreciation and amortization in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Amortization of all intangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method based on the following estimated useful lives:



Trade name	30 years
Leasehold intangibles	2 - 26 years
Management contracts	2 - 26 years
Internally-developed software	3 - 5 years
Membership base	7 years
Liquor licenses	Nonamortizable

Impairment of Real Estate and Finite-lived Intangible Assets — The Company periodically reviews the carrying amounts of its long-lived assets, including real estate held-for-use and held-for-sale, as well as finite-lived intangible assets, to determine whether current events or circumstances indicate that such carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The assessment of recoverability is based on management’s estimates by comparing the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows generated by the underlying asset, or other appropriate grouping of assets, to its carrying value to determine whether an impairment existed at its lowest level of identifiable cash flows. If the carrying amount of the asset is greater than the expected undiscounted cash flows to be generated by such asset, an impairment is recognized to the extent the carrying value of such asset exceeds its fair value. The Company generally measures fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows using an appropriate discount rate. Assets to be disposed of are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Membership Deposit Liabilities — Private country club members in our Traditional Golf business generally pay an advance initiation fee deposit upon their acceptance as a member to the respective country club. Initiation fee deposits are refundable 30 years after the date of acceptance as a member. The difference between the initiation fee deposit paid by the member and the present value of the refund obligation is deferred and recognized into Golf operations revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis over the expected life of an active membership, which is estimated to be seven years. The present value of the refund obligation is recorded as a membership deposit liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and accretes over a 30 -year nonrefundable term using the effective interest method. This accretion is recorded as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Investment in Real Estate Securities — The Company has classified its investments in securities as available-for-sale. Securities available-for-sale are carried at market value with the net unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income, to the extent impairment losses are considered temporary. At disposition, the net realized gain or loss is determined on the basis of the cost of the specific investments and is included in earnings. Unrealized losses on securities are charged to earnings if there is an intent to sell or if they reflect a decline in value that is other-than-temporary, as described above.

Other Investment — The Company owns an approximately 22% economic interest in a limited liability company which owns preferred equity secured by a commercial real estate project. The Company accounts for this investment as an equity method investment. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the carrying value of this investment was $22.6 million and $21.1 million , respectively. The Company evaluates its equity method investment for other than temporary impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment might not be recoverable. The evaluation of recoverability is based on management’s assessment of the financial condition and near term prospects of the commercial real estate project, the length of time and the extent to which the market value of the investment has been less than cost, availability and cost of financing, demand for space, competition for tenants, changes in market rental rates, and operating costs. As these factors are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter management’s assumptions, the values estimated by management in its recoverability analyses may not be realized, and actual losses or impairment may be realized in the future. Based on changes in estimates of project costs and timeline, the Company recorded an other than temporary impairment of $2.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 . There was no other than temporary impairment recorded during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . The other than temporary impairment is recorded in the equity in earnings (loss) in equity method investments, net line item which is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in “Other (loss) income, net.” As the fair value inputs utilized are unobservable, the Company determined that the significant inputs used to value this real estate investment falls within Level 3 for fair value reporting.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash — The Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with maturities of 90 days or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Substantially all amounts on deposit with major financial institutions exceed insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in the accounts and believe that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk because the accounts are at major financial institutions. Restricted cash consisted of:



	December 31,
	2018		2017
CDO trustee accounts	$	127	$	170
Restricted cash for construction-in-progress	2,008		2,282
Restricted cash - Traditional Golf	1,266		3,362
Restricted cash - Entertainment Golf	183		182
Restricted cash, current and noncurrent	$	3,584	$	5,996

Accounts Receivable, Net — Accounts receivable are stated at amounts due from customers, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $1.0 million and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon several factors including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical payment trends and current economic factors. Collateral is generally not required. The allowance for doubtful accounts increased by $0.2 million and decreased by $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Other Current Assets

The following table summarizes the Company's other current assets:



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Loans, held-for-sale, net (A)	$	—	$	147
Prepaid expenses	2,651		3,081
Deposits	2,494		3,469
Inventory	2,855		4,722
Miscellaneous current assets, net	12,505		10,149
Other current assets	$	20,505	$	21,568


(A)	During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company recorded an impairment of $0.2 million on a corporate loan.

Other Assets

The following table summarizes the Company's other assets:



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Prepaid expenses	$	277	$	6
Deposits	2,140		2,213
Derivative assets	—		286
Miscellaneous assets, net	6,267		6,144
Other assets	$	8,684	$	8,649

Prepaid Expenses – Prepaid expenses consists primarily of prepaid insurance and prepaid rent and are expensed over the usage period of the goods or services.

Deposits – Deposits consist primarily of property lease security deposits and deposits with vendors for property and equipment.

Inventory – Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined on the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Inventories consist primarily of food, beverages and merchandise for sale.

Derivative Assets – All derivative assets on the balance sheet are measured at fair value. We have no derivative assets as of December 31, 2018.

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses — Accounts payable reflect expenses related to goods and services received that have not yet been paid and accrued expenses reflect expenses related to goods and services received for which invoices have not yet been received.

Deferred Revenue — Payments received in advance of the performance of services are recorded as deferred revenue until the services are performed.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Other Current Liabilities

The following table summarizes the Company's other current liabilities:



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Security deposits payable	$	14,188	$	6,602
Accrued rent	2,885		2,160
Due to affiliates	—		1,786
Dividends payable	930		930
Miscellaneous current liabilities	4,282		11,118
Other current liabilities	$	22,285	$	22,596

Other Liabilities

The following table summarizes the Company's other liabilities:



	December 31,
	2018		2017
Security deposits payable	$	91	$	66
Unfavorable leasehold interests	2,759		3,374
Accrued rent	1,617		1,057
Miscellaneous liabilities	765		349
Other liabilities	$	5,232	$	4,846

Security Deposits Payable – Security deposits payable relate to deposits received for events and other activities at traditional golf properties.

Unfavorable Leasehold Interests – Unfavorable leasehold interests relates to leases acquired as part of Traditional Golf where the terms of the leasehold contracts are less favorable than the estimated market terms of the leases at the acquisition date.

Accrued Rent – Traditional golf properties pay rent on certain leased properties in arrears and scheduled rent increases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, resulting in an accrual.

Due to Affiliates – Represents amounts due to the former Manager pursuant to the Management Agreement but not paid.

Dividends Payable – Represents dividends declared but not paid.

Stock Options — The fair value of the options issued as compensation to the former Manager for its successful efforts in raising capital for the Company was recorded as an increase in equity with an offsetting reduction of capital proceeds received. Stock options granted to the Company’s employees and non-employee directors were recorded as an increase in equity and accounted for using the fair value method. See Note 11 for additional information.

Restricted Stock Units or RSUs — The fair value of the RSUs issued to the Company's directors as part of annual compensation were recorded as an increase in equity. The fair value of the RSUs is based on the Company's stock price on the grant date. See Note 11 for additional information.

Preferred Stock — The Company’s accounting policy for its preferred stock is described in Note 11.

Income Taxes – The Company accounts for income taxes pursuant to the asset and liability method which requires the recognition of deferred income tax assets and liabilities related to the expected future tax consequences arising from temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable to the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recognized if the Company determines it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be recognized.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

The Company recognizes tax benefits for uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions are included as a component of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14 for additional information.

Amortization of Discount and Premium and Other Amortization — As reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, these items are comprised of the following:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Accretion of net discount on securities, loans and other investments	$	(151	)	$	(4,698	)	$	(7,926	)
Amortization of net discount on debt obligations and deferred financing costs	1,310			1,241			1,501
Amortization of net deferred hedge gains – debt	—			—			(20		)
Amortization of discount and premium	$	1,159		$	(3,457	)	$	(6,445	)

Amortization of leasehold intangibles	$	4,093		$	4,111		$	4,451
Accretion of membership deposit liability	6,872			6,453			5,803
Other amortization	$	10,965		$	10,564		$	10,254

Recent Accounting Pronouncements — In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) . The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. See Note 3 for additional information.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities . The standard addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842) . The standard requires lessees to recognize most leases on the balance sheet and addresses certain aspects of lessor accounting. The effective date of the standard will be for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. Entities are required to use a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements, with an option to use certain relief. The Company currently has operating leases, including ground leases, for certain of its properties and leased equipment which are not recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10 Codification Improvements to Topic 842 Leases, which provides 16 narrow scope amendments to ASC 842, including the rate implicit in the lease, impairment of the net investment in the lease, lessee reassessment of lease classification among other things. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11 Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which allows entities to not apply the new lease standard in the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in the year of adoption. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-20 Leases (Topic 842), Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors, which includes the requirement that a lessor (i) exclude lessor costs paid directly by a lessee to third parties on the lessor’s behalf from variable payments and (ii) include lessor costs that are paid by the lessor and reimbursed by the lessee in the measurement of variable lease revenue and the associated expense. The Company anticipates a significant increase to its non-current assets and non-current liabilities in order to record a right-of-use asset and a related lease liability, specifically as it relates to existing operating leases. There are also certain considerations related to internal control over financial reporting that are associated with implementing the new guidance under Topic 842. The Company is currently evaluating its control framework for lease accounting and identifying any changes that may need to be made in response to the new guidance. The Company has selected an information system application to centralize the tracking of and accounting for the Company’s leases and is currently in the process of implementing that application. The Company will adopt the requirements of the new standard on January 1, 2019. The Company is working to quantify the impact, but is currently unable to estimate the impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The standard changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances rather than reduce the carrying amount under the other-than-temporary impairment model. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19 Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses which clarifies that operating lease receivables accounted for under ASC 842 are not in the scope of this guidance. The effective date of the standard will be for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Entities will apply the standard's provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The standard provides specific guidance over eight identified cash flow issues in order to reduce diversity in practice over the presentation and classification of certain types of cash receipts and cash payments. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash. The standard requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows and provide a reconciliation to the related line items in the balance sheet. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 and has included changes in restricted cash in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for all periods presented.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01 Business Combinations (Topic 805), Clarifying the Definition of a Business . The standard clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets of businesses. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15 Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract . The standard requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement (i.e., a hosting arrangement) that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred. That guidance requires certain costs incurred during the application development stage to be capitalized and other costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages to be expensed as they are incurred. Capitalized implementation costs related to a hosting arrangement that is a service contract will be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the module or component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use. The effective date of the standard will be for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period. Entities can either apply the guidance prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

3. REVENUES

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new accounting standard ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all the related amendments (“new revenue standard”) for all contracts using the modified retrospective method. The Company recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as a decrease to the 2018 opening balance of accumulated deficit of $4.8 million . The adjustment was due to the recognition of breakage on gift cards and gift certificates offered at the Company's Traditional Golf properties that were not expected to be redeemed based on historical redemption rates. The recognition of breakage on gift cards and gift certificates on an ongoing basis is expected to have an immaterial impact to the Company’s net income (loss). Also in accordance with the new revenue standard, certain operating costs incurred at the Company’s managed Traditional Golf properties and the reimbursements of those operating costs will now be recognized in Operating expenses and Golf operations, respectively. The reimbursements do not include a profit margin and therefore this change will have no net impact to the Company’s operating income (loss).

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

The majority of the Company’s revenue continues to be recognized at a point in time which is at the time of sale to customers at the Company’s Entertainment Golf venues and Traditional Golf properties, including green fees, cart rentals, bay play, events and sales of food, beverages and merchandise.

Per the modified retrospective method, comparative information has not been restated to conform to these changes and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. In accordance with the new revenue standard requirements, the disclosure of the impact of adoption on the Consolidated Statements of Operations was as follows:

Consolidated Balance Sheet



	December 31, 2018
	As reported			Balances under prior accounting			Effect of Change (A)
Liabilities
Other current liabilities	$	22,285		$	27,094		$	(4,809	)
Equity
Accumulated Deficit	$	(3,105,307	)	$	(3,110,116	)	$	4,809


(A)	Represents the cumulative effect adjustment to the 2018 opening balance.

Consolidated Statement of Operations



	Year Ended December 31, 2018
	As reported		Balances under prior accounting		Effect of Change
Revenues
Golf operations	$	244,646	$	222,581	$	22,065
Operating Costs
Operating expenses	$	251,794	$	229,729	$	22,065

The Company’s revenue is all generated within the Entertainment and Traditional Golf segments. The following table disaggregates revenue by category: Entertainment golf venues, public and private golf properties (owned and leased) and managed golf properties.



	Year Ended December 31, 2018
	Entertainment golf venues		Public golf properties		Private golf properties		Managed golf properties		Total
Golf operations	2,191		116,009		101,669		24,777		244,646
Sales of food and beverages	2,713		39,280		27,730		—		69,723
Total revenues	$	4,904	$	155,289	$	129,399	$	24,777	$	314,369

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

4. SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company currently has three reportable segments: (i) Entertainment Golf venues, (ii) Traditional Golf properties, and (iii) corporate. The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for each segment is our Chief Executive Officer, who reviews discrete financial information for each reportable segment to manage the Company, including resource allocation and performance assessment.

The Company opened its inaugural Entertainment Golf venue in Orlando, Florida on April 7, 2018 and expects to continue opening a chain of next-generation Entertainment Golf venues across the United States and internationally which combine golf, competition, dining and fun.

Additionally, the Company’s Traditional Golf business is one of the largest owners and operators of golf properties in the United States. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company owned, leased or managed 66 properties across 11 states.

The corporate segment consists primarily of investments in loans and securities, interest income on short-term investments, general and administrative expenses as a public company, interest expense on the junior subordinated notes payable (Note 7), management fees pursuant to the Management Agreement prior to the Internalization effective January 1, 2018 (Note 12) and income tax expense (Note 14).

Beginning as of the Company’s second fiscal quarter in 2018, the Company changed its reportable segments to reflect the manner in which our CODM manages our businesses, including resource allocation and performance assessment. As a result, the former Debt Investments segment was combined with the corporate segment, to reflect the ongoing reduction in size of the Debt Investments segment.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Summary financial data on the Company’s segments is given below, together with reconciliation to the same data for the Company as a whole:



	Entertainment Golf			Traditional Golf			Corporate			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Revenues
Golf operations	$	2,191		$	242,455		$	—		$	244,646
Sales of food and beverages	2,713			67,010			—			69,723
Total revenues	4,904			309,465			—			314,369
Operating costs										—
Operating expenses (A)	5,398			246,396			—			251,794
Cost of sales - food and beverages	640			19,513			—			20,153
General and administrative expense	6,382			16,702			11,271			34,355
General and administrative expense - acquisition and transaction expenses (B)	2,679			1,024			502			4,205
Depreciation and amortization	1,886			17,814			4			19,704
Pre-opening costs (C)	2,483			—			—			2,483
Impairment	—			8,093			147			8,240
Realized and unrealized loss on investments	—			(131		)	—			(131		)
Total operating costs	19,468			309,411			11,924			340,803
Operating income (loss)	(14,564		)	54			(11,924		)	(26,434		)
Other income (expenses)										—
Interest and investment income	281			194			1,319			1,794
Interest expense (D)	—			(16,046		)	(2,274		)	(18,320		)
Capitalized interest (D)	—			1,121			560			1,681
Other income, net	—			846			2,034			2,880
Total other income (expenses)	281			(13,885		)	1,639			(11,965		)
Income tax expense (E)	—			—			284			284
Net loss	(14,283		)	(13,831		)	(10,569		)	(38,683		)
Preferred dividends	—			—			(5,580		)	(5,580		)
Loss applicable to common stockholders	$	(14,283	)	$	(13,831	)	$	(16,149	)	$	(44,263	)



	Entertainment Golf		Traditional Golf		Corporate (F)			Total
December 31, 2018
Total assets	117,416		225,904		58,627			401,947
Total liabilities	13,561		196,836		56,883			267,280
Preferred stock	—		—		61,583			61,583
Equity (loss) attributable to common stockholders	$	103,855	$	29,068	$	(59,839	)	$	73,084

Additions to property and equipment (including capital leases) during the year ended December 31, 2018	$	55,924	$	14,042	$	—		$	69,966

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Summary segment financial data (continued).



	Entertainment Golf			Traditional Golf			Corporate (G)			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Revenues
Golf operations	$	—		$	221,737		$	—		$	221,737
Sales of food and beverages	—			70,857			—			70,857
Total revenues	—			292,594			—			292,594
Operating costs
Operating expenses (A)	—			232,796			—			232,796
Cost of sales - food and beverages	—			20,959			—			20,959
General and administrative expense	147			16,073			6,456			22,676
General and administrative expense - acquisition and transaction expenses (B)	7,139			677			921			8,737
Management fee and termination payment to affiliate	—			—			21,410			21,410
Depreciation and amortization	44			24,260			—			24,304
Pre-opening costs (C)	320			—			—			320
Impairment	—			—			60			60
Realized and unrealized loss on investments	—			199			6,044			6,243
Total operating costs	7,650			294,964			34,891			337,505
Operating loss	(7,650		)	(2,370		)	(34,891		)	(44,911		)
Other income (expenses)
Interest and investment income	—			159			23,003			23,162
Interest expense (D)	—			(15,523		)	(4,304		)	(19,827		)
Capitalized interest (D)	—			246			—			246
Other (loss) income, net	—			(1,762		)	1,856			94
Total other income (expenses)	—			(16,880		)	20,555			3,675
Income tax expense (E)	—			—			965			965
Net loss	(7,650		)	(19,250		)	(15,301		)	(42,201		)
Preferred dividends	—			—			(5,580		)	(5,580		)
Loss applicable to common stockholders	$	(7,650	)	$	(19,250	)	$	(20,881	)	$	(47,781	)



	Entertainment Golf		Traditional Golf		Corporate (F)(G)		Total
December 31, 2017
Total assets	41,046		334,925		160,677		536,648
Total liabilities	9,328		300,176		56,093		365,597
Preferred stock	—		—		61,583		61,583
Equity attributable to common stockholders	$	31,718	$	34,749	$	43,001	$	109,468

Additions to property and equipment (including capital leases) during the year ended December 31, 2017	$	27,295	$	16,284	$	67	$	43,646

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Summary segment financial data (continued).




	Entertainment Golf			Traditional Golf			Corporate (G)			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Revenues
Golf operations	$	—		$	226,255		$	—		$	226,255
Sales of food and beverages	—			72,625			—			72,625
Total revenues	—			298,880			—			298,880
Operating costs
Operating expenses (A)	—			239,021			—			239,021
Cost of sales - food and beverages	—			21,593			—			21,593
General and administrative expense	12			16,556			8,252			24,820
General and administrative expense - acquisition and transaction expenses (B)	1,555			1,594			1,205			4,354
Management fee and termination payment to affiliate	—			—			10,704			10,704
Depreciation and amortization	—			26,496			—			26,496
Impairment	—			6,232			4,149			10,381
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	—			(294		)	979			685
Total operating costs	1,567			311,198			25,289			338,054
Operating loss	(1,567		)	(12,318		)	(25,289		)	(39,174		)
Other income (expenses)
Interest and investment income	—			134			91,157			91,291
Interest expense (D)	—			(12,470		)	(40,398		)	(52,868		)
Gain on deconsolidation	—			—			82,130			82,130
Other loss, net	—			(3,159		)	(695		)	(3,854		)
Total other income (expenses)	—			(15,495		)	132,194			116,699
Income tax expense	1			188			—			189
Net (loss) income	(1,568		)	(28,001		)	106,905			77,336
Preferred dividends	—			—			(5,580		)	(5,580		)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	—			(257		)	—			(257		)
(Loss) income applicable to common stockholders	$	(1,568	)	$	(28,258	)	$	101,325		$	71,499

Additions to property and equipment (including capital leases) during the year ended December 31, 2016	$	659		$	11,912		$	—		$	12,571

(A)

Operating expenses includes rental expenses recorded under operating leases for carts and equipment in the amount of $1.9 million , $3.0 million and $3.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Operating expenses also includes amortization of favorable and unfavorable lease intangibles in the amount of $4.1 million , $4.1 million and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively.


(B)	Acquisition and transaction expense includes costs related to completed and potential acquisitions and transactions which may include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other professional or consulting fees.


(C)	Pre-opening costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of site-related marketing expenses, pre-opening rent, employee payroll, travel and related expenses, training costs, food, beverage and other restaurant operating expenses incurred prior to opening an Entertainment Golf venue.


(D)	Interest expense includes the accretion of membership deposit liabilities in the amount of $6.9 million , $6.5 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Interest expense and capitalized interest total to interest expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.


(E)	Effective January 1, 2017, the Company revoked its election to be treated as a REIT. As a result, the Company is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax and the provision for income taxes is recorded in the corporate segment.


(F)	Total assets in the corporate segment includes an equity method investment in the amount of $22.6 million and $21.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, recorded in other investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 2 for additional information.


(G)	The Debt Investments segment and corporate segment as reported previously are combined to conform to the current period's presentation.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET OF ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION

The following table summarizes the Company's property and equipment:



	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Depreciation			Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Depreciation			Net Carrying Value
Land	$	6,747	$	—		$	6,747	$	88,251	$	—		$	88,251
Buildings and improvements	78,833		(30,540		)	48,293		154,769		(52,636		)	102,133
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	26,726		(16,729		)	9,997		33,109		(23,451		)	9,658
Capital leases - equipment	28,745		(12,843		)	15,902		24,949		(8,649		)	16,300
Construction in progress	51,666		—			51,666		24,916		—			24,916
Total Property and Equipment	$	192,717	$	(60,112	)	$	132,605	$	325,994	$	(84,736	)	$	241,258

Depreciation is calculated on a straight line basis using the estimated useful lives detailed in Note 2. Depreciation expense, which included amortization of assets recorded under capital leases, was $16.0 million , $21.0 million and $23.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

Below is a summary of the activity related to leased and managed Traditional Golf properties.



Date	Location	Leased or Managed Property	Description
May 2017	California	Managed	agreement expired
December 2017	Oklahoma	Leased	agreement expired
February 2018	Oklahoma	Leased	agreement terminated
June 2018	California	Leased	agreement terminated, 10 year management agreement executed
September 2018	Texas	Leased	agreement terminated
November 2018	California	Leased	agreement expired
December 2018	Michigan	Managed	agreement terminated, course closing

In December 2017, the Company closed on the sale of a golf property in Oregon for $ 1.1 million . We recognized a loss of $ 0.5 million on the sale which is included in other income (loss), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In December 2017, the Company closed on the purchase of land in Raleigh, North Carolina for $5.0 million for the construction of an Entertainment Golf venue.

On March 7, 2018, the Company announced it was actively pursuing the sale of 26 owned Traditional Golf properties in order to generate capital for reinvestment in the Entertainment Golf business. The assets and associated liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Real estate assets, held-for-sale, net” and “Real estate liabilities, held-for-sale,” respectively. See Note 15 for additional information.

The real estate assets, held-for-sale, net are reported at a carrying value of $75.9 million and include $42.5 million of land, $31.8 million of buildings and improvements, $2.1 million of furniture, fixtures and equipment, and $1.0 million of other related assets, partially offset by $1.5 million of accumulated impairment. The real estate liabilities, held-for-sale are reported at a carrying value of $2.9 million and include golf course liabilities to be assumed, primarily prepaid membership dues.

In July 2018, the Company sold one private golf property in Georgia for a sale price of $3.5 million resulting in net proceeds of $3.2 million after adjusting for liabilities assumed by the buyer, primarily related to prepaid dues. This resulted in a net loss on sale of $0.1 million based on the carrying value of net assets.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

In October 2018, we reclassified a golf property in New Mexico from held-for sale to held-and-used and recorded catch-up depreciation expense.

In December 2018, the Company completed sales on an additional twelve golf properties for a sale price of $86.2 million resulting in net proceeds of $73.5 million , inclusive of transaction costs of $1.2 million . The difference between the sales price and the net proceeds was primarily due to prepaid membership dues that we are obligated to remit to the buyer. The Company received proceeds of $75.7 million as of December 31, 2018 and has recorded $2.2 million of net payables related to the sales, which is expected to be settled in the first quarter of 2019. The golf properties had a total carrying value of $62.7 million and resulted in a gain of $10.8 million . The gain is recorded in other income, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The proceeds from the sale plus cash on hand were used to prepay the Traditional Golf term loan, see Note 7 for additional information. The Company entered into management agreements on eight of these golf properties.

6. INTANGIBLES, NET OF ACCUMULATED AMORTIZATION

The following table summarizes the Company's intangible assets:



	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value
Trade name	$	700	$	(117	)	$	583	$	700	$	(93	)	$	607
Leasehold intangibles (A)	46,581		(20,270		)	26,311		48,107		(16,716		)	31,391
Management contracts	32,932		(15,174		)	17,758		35,111		(13,468		)	21,643
Internally-developed software	2,314		(967		)	1,347		800		(640		)	160
Membership base	5,236		(3,740		)	1,496		5,236		(2,992		)	2,244
Nonamortizable liquor licenses	893		—			893		1,231		—			1,231
Total intangibles	$	88,656	$	(40,268	)	$	48,388	$	91,185	$	(33,909	)	$	57,276


(A)	The amortization expense for leasehold intangibles is reported in operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 was $8.0 million , $8.2 million and $8.9 million , respectively.

The unamortized balance of intangible assets at December 31, 2018 is expected to be amortized as follows:



2019	$	7,412
2020	6,869
2021	4,929
2022	3,743
2023	3,573
Thereafter	20,969
Total amortizable intangible assets	47,495
Nonamortizable liquor licenses	893
Total intangible assets	$	48,388

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

7. DEBT OBLIGATIONS

The following table presents certain information regarding the Company's debt obligations:



	December 31, 2018												December 31, 2017

Debt Obligation/Collateral	Month Issued	Outstanding Face Amount		Carrying Value		Final Stated Maturity	Weighted Average Coupon (A)	Weighted Average Funding Cost (B)		Weighted Average Life (Years)	Face Amount of Floating Rate Debt		Outstanding Face Amount		Carrying Value
Credit Facilities and Capital Leases
Traditional Golf term loan (C)	Jun 2016	—		—		—%	—%	—	%	0	—		102,000		99,931
Vineyard II	Dec 1993	200		200		Dec 2043	2.36%	2.36	%	25.0	200		200		200
Capital Leases (Equipment)	June 2014 - Dec 2018	15,778		15,778		May 2019 - June 2024	3.00% to 16.16%	6.75	%	3.1	—		16,626		16,626
		15,978		15,978				6.69	%	3.4	200		118,826		116,757
Less current portion of obligations under capital leases		5,489		5,489									4,652		4,652
Credit facilities and obligations under capital leases - noncurrent		10,489		10,489									114,174		112,105

Corporate
Junior subordinated notes payable (D)	Mar 2006	51,004		51,200		Apr 2035	LIBOR + 2.25%	4.73	%	16.3	51,004		51,004		51,208
Total debt obligations		$	66,982	$	67,178			5.20	%	13.2	$	51,204	$	169,830	$	167,965

See notes on next page.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)


(A)	Weighted average, including floating and fixed rate classes.


(B)	Including the effect of deferred financing cost.


(C)	The Traditional Golf term loan was collateralized by 22 Traditional Golf properties. The carrying amount of the Traditional Golf term loan was reported net of deferred financing costs of $2.1 million as of December 31, 2017 . The loan was prepaid in December 2018. See below for additional information.


(D)	Interest rate based on 3-month LIBOR plus 2.25% .

Credit Facilities

In June 2016, the Company obtained third-party financing on 22 traditional golf properties for a total of $102.0 million at a floating rate of the greater of: (i) 30-day LIBOR + 4.70% or (ii) 6.50% . At the time of closing, the Company purchased a co-terminus LIBOR interest rate cap of 1.80% . The financing was for a term of three years with the option for two one -year extensions. In December 2018, the Company prepaid the financing subsequent to the sale of Traditional Golf properties as described in Note 5. The Company incurred prepayment penalties of $0.7 million and write-off of deferred financing costs of $0.8 million related to the loan prepayment. In December 2018, the Company also unwound the interest rate cap associated with the financing.

Traditional Golf is obligated under a $0.2 million loan with the City of Escondido, California (“Vineyard II”). The principal amount of the loan is payable in five equal installments upon reaching the "Achievement Date”, which is the date on which the previous 36 -month period equals or exceeds 240,000 rounds of golf played on the property. As of December 31, 2018 , 240,000 rounds of golf have not been achieved within an applicable 36 -month period. The interest rate is adjusted annually and is equal to 1% plus a short-term investment return, as defined in the loan agreement. As of December 31, 2018 , the interest rate is 2.36% .

Capital Leases - Equipment

The Company leases certain golf carts and other equipment under capital lease agreements. The agreements typically provide for minimum rentals plus executory costs. Lease terms range from 24 - 66 months. Certain leases include bargain purchase options at lease expiration.

The future minimum lease payments required under the capital leases and the present value of the net minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:



2019	$	6,401
2020	5,126
2021	3,581
2022	1,831
2023	701
Thereafter	6
Total minimum lease payments	17,646
Less: imputed interest	1,868
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	15,778

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Maturity Table

The Company’s debt obligations have contractual maturities as follows:



	Nonrecourse		Recourse		Total
2019	$	5,505	$	—	$	5,505
2020	4,569		—		4,569
2021	3,294		—		3,294
2022	1,724		—		1,724
2023	681		—		681
Thereafter	205		51,004		51,209
Total	$	15,978	$	51,004	$	66,982

8. REAL ESTATE SECURITIES

The following is a summary of the Company’s real estate securities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 , all of which are classified as available-for-sale and are, therefore, reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive income, except for securities that are other-than-temporarily impaired.



			Amortized Cost Basis							Gross Unrealized							Weighted Average
Asset Type	Outstanding Face Amount		Before Impairment		Other-Than- Temporary- Impairment			After Impairment		Gains		Losses		Carrying Value (A)		Number of Securities	Rating (B)	Coupon		Yield		Life (Years) (C)	Principal Subordination (D)
December 31, 2018
ABS - Non-Agency RMBS	$	4,000	$	2,596	$	(1,521	)	$	1,075	$	1,878	$	—	$	2,953	1	CCC	2.90	%	26.65	%	4.9	38.0	%
Total Securities, Available-for-Sale (E)	$	4,000	$	2,596	$	(1,521	)	$	1,075	$	1,878	$	—	$	2,953	1	CCC	2.90	%	26.65	%	4.9

December 31, 2017
ABS - Non-Agency RMBS	4,000		2,445		(1,521		)	924		1,370		—		2,294		1	CCC	1.94	%	22.69	%	7.5	33.0	%
Total Securities, Available-for-Sale (E)	$	4,000	$	2,445	$	(1,521	)	$	924	$	1,370	$	—	$	2,294	1


(A)	See Note 10 regarding the estimation of fair value, which is equal to carrying value for all securities.


(B)	Represents the weighted average of the ratings of all securities in each asset type, expressed as an S&P equivalent rating. For each security rated by multiple rating agencies, the lowest rating is used. Ratings provided were determined by third party rating agencies, represent the most recent credit ratings available as of the reporting date and may not be current.


(C)	The weighted average life is based on the timing of expected cash flows on the assets.


(D)	Percentage of the outstanding face amount of securities and residual interests that is subordinate to the Company’s investments.


(E)	As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the total outstanding face amount of floating rate securities were $4.0 million for both years. The collateral securing the ABS - Non-Agency RMBS is located in various geographic regions in the U.S. The Company does not have significant investments in any one geographic region.

Unrealized losses that are considered other-than-temporary are recognized currently in earnings. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 , the Company recorded other-than-temporary impairment charges (“OTTI”) of $0.6 million and $23.1 million , respectively. The Company recorded no OTTI during the year ended December 31, 2018 . Based on management’s analysis of the securities, the performance of the underlying loans and changes in market factors, the Company noted adverse changes in the expected cash flows on certain of these securities and concluded that they were other-than-temporarily impaired. The Company had no securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2018 . The Company had no activity related to credit losses on securities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

9. DERIVATIVES

The Company has no derivative assets as of December 31, 2018 as the remaining derivative instrument, an interest rate cap, was unwound upon the prepayment of the Traditional Golf term loan (see Note 7). This interest rate cap had a fair value of $0.3 million as of December 31, 2017 which was recorded within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company had no derivative liabilities as of both December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

The following table summarizes (gains) losses recorded in relation to derivatives:



	Income Statement Location	Year Ended December 31,
Cash flow hedges		2018			2017		2016
Deferred hedge gain reclassified from AOCI into earnings	Interest expense, net	—			—		(20		)

Non-hedge derivatives
Unrealized loss (gain) on interest rate derivatives	Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	$	96		$	199	$	(294	)
Unrealized loss (gain) recognized related to TBAs	Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	—			371		(928		)
Realized (gain) loss on settlement of non-hedge derivatives, net	Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on investments	(227		)	4,669		(18,318		)

10. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table summarizes the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2018 and 2017 :



	December 31, 2018					December 31, 2017
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Method (A)	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
Assets
Real estate securities, available-for-sale	$	2,953	$	2,953	Pricing models - Level 3	$	2,294	$	2,294
Loans, held-for-sale, net (B)	—		—		Pricing models - Level 3	147		147
Cash and cash equivalents	79,235		79,235			167,692		167,692
Restricted cash - current and noncurrent	3,584		3,584			5,996		5,996
Non-hedge interest rate cap	—		—		Counterparty quotations - Level 2	286		286

Liabilities
Credit facilities - Traditional Golf term loan	—		—		Pricing models _ Level 3	99,931		103,199
Junior subordinated notes payable	51,200		28,396		Pricing models - Level 3	51,208		27,531


(A)	Pricing models are used for (i) real estate securities and loans that are not traded in an active market, and, therefore, have little or no price transparency, and for which significant unobservable inputs must be used in estimating fair value, or (ii) debt obligations which are private and untraded.


(B)	Loans held-for-sale, net are recorded in other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Fair Value Measurements

Valuation Hierarchy

The fair value of financial instruments is categorized based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique and categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The Company follows this hierarchy for its financial instruments measured at fair value.

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.

Level 2 - Valuations based principally on observable market parameters, including:

• quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets,


•	inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, implied volatilities and credit spreads), and

• market corroborated inputs (derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data).

Level 3 - Valuations determined using unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, and that are significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The Company’s real estate securities and loans, and debt obligations are currently not traded in active markets and therefore have little or no price transparency. As a result, the Company has estimated the fair value of these illiquid instruments based on internal pricing models subject to the Company's controls described below.

The Company has various processes and controls in place to ensure that fair value measurements are reasonably estimated. With respect to broker and pricing service quotations, and in order to ensure these quotes represent a reasonable estimate of fair value, the Company’s quarterly procedures include a comparison of such quotations to quotations from different sources, outputs generated from its internal pricing models and transactions completed, as well as on its knowledge and experience of these markets. With respect to fair value estimates generated based on the Company’s internal pricing models, the Company’s management validates the inputs and outputs of the internal pricing models by comparing them to available independent third-party market parameters and models, where available, for reasonableness. The Company believes its valuation methods and the assumptions used are appropriate and consistent with other market participants.

Fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 are sensitive to changes in the assumptions or methodology used to determine fair value and such changes could result in a significant increase or decrease in the fair value. For the Company’s investments in real estate securities and loans categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the significant unobservable inputs include the discount rates, assumptions relating to prepayments, default rates and loss severities.

Significant Unobservable Inputs

The following table provides quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used by the Company for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 .



					Weighted Average Significant Input
Asset Type	Amortized Cost Basis		Fair Value		Discount Rate		Prepayment Speed		Cumulative Default Rate		Loss Severity
ABS - Non-Agency RMBS	$	1,075	$	2,953	10.0	%	8.0	%	2.9	%	43.3	%
Total	$	1,075	$	2,953

All of the inputs used have some degree of market observability, based on the Company’s knowledge of the market, relationships with market participants, and use of common market data sources. Collateral prepayment, default and loss severity projections are in the form of “curves” or “vectors” that vary for each monthly collateral cash flow projection. Methods used to develop these projections vary by asset class but conform to industry conventions. The Company uses assumptions that generate its best estimate of future cash flows of each respective security.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Real estate securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs changed as follows:



	ABS - Non-Agency RMBS

Balance at December 31, 2016	$	1,950
Total gains (losses) (A)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	202
Amortization included in interest income	196
Purchases, sales and repayments (A)
Proceeds from repayments	(54		)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	2,294
Total gains (losses) (A)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	508
Amortization included in interest income	246
Purchases, sales and repayments (A)
Proceeds	(95		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	2,953


(A)	None of the gains (losses) recorded in earnings during the periods is attributable to the change in unrealized gains (losses) relating to Level 3 assets still held at the reporting dates. There were no purchases or sales during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

Liabilities for Which Fair Value is Only Disclosed

The following table summarizes the level of the fair value hierarchy, valuation techniques and inputs used for estimating each class of liabilities not measured at fair value in the statement of financial position but for which fair value is disclosed:



Type of Liabilities
Not Measured At Fair
Value for Which
Fair Value Is Disclosed	Fair Value Hierarchy	Valuation Techniques and Significant Inputs

Credit facilities	Level 3	Valuation technique is based on discounted cash flows. Significant inputs include:
		•	Amount and timing of expected future cash flows
		•	Interest rates
		•	Market yields

Junior subordinated notes payable	Level 3	Valuation technique is based on discounted cash flows. Significant inputs include:
		•	Amount and timing of expected future cash flows
		•	Interest rates
		•	Market yields and the credit spread of the Company

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

11. EQUITY AND EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings per Share

The Company is required to present both basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”). The following table shows the amounts used in computing basic and diluted EPS:



	For Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share:
(Loss) income from continuing operations after preferred dividends and noncontrolling interest	$	(44,263	)	$	(47,781	)	$	71,499
(Loss) Income Applicable to Common Stockholders	$	(44,263	)	$	(47,781	)	$	71,499

Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted average shares	66,993,543			66,903,457			66,709,925
Effect of dilutive securities
Options	—			—			2,078,515
RSUs	—			—			—
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - adjusted weighted average shares	66,993,543			66,903,457			68,788,440

Basic earnings per share:
(Loss) income from continuing operations per share of common stock, after preferred dividends and noncontrolling interest	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.07
(Loss) Income Applicable to Common Stock, per share	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.07

Diluted earnings per share:
(Loss) income from continuing operations per share of common stock, after preferred dividends and noncontrolling interest	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.04
(Loss) Income Applicable to Common Stock, per share	$	(0.66	)	$	(0.71	)	$	1.04

Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the additional dilutive effect of dilutive securities during each period. The Company’s dilutive securities are its options and RSUs. During 2018 and 2017 , based on the treasury stock method, the Company had 2,718,704 and 1,749,596 , potentially dilutive securities, respectively, which were excluded due to the Company's loss position. During 2016 , based on the treasury stock method, the Company had 2,078,515 dilutive securities resulting from its outstanding options. During 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , the Company had: 88,023 ; 201,430 ; and 309,024 antidilutive options, respectively. Net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders is equal to net income (loss) less preferred dividends.

Common Stock Issuances

In May 2016 and July 2016, the Company issued a total of 57,740 and 21,798 shares, respectively, of its common stock to its independent directors as a component of their annual compensation.

In January 2017, May 2017, October 2017 and December 2017, the Company issued a total of 18,074 ; 90,366 ; 30,822 and 13,538 shares, respectively, of its common stock to its independent directors as a component of their annual compensation.

In September 2018, the Company issued a total of 50,000 shares of its common stock to an independent director as part of the Director Stock Program described below.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Option Plans

On April 11, 2018, our board of directors adopted the Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") which was approved by our shareholders. The 2018 Plan provides for the issuance of equity-based awards in various forms to eligible participants. The 2018 Plan allows for 6,697,710 shares of common stock to be available for grants of equity awards, subject to an annual limitation of 1,339,542 (with any shares not issued or granted in a specific year being added to such number in the subsequent year). As of December 31, 2018, the 2018 Plan has 1,146,422 shares available for grant through May 2019.

All outstanding options granted under prior option plans will continue to be subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the agreements evidencing such options and the terms of respective option plan. Upon exercise, all options will be settled in an amount of cash equal to the excess of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of exercise over the strike price per share, unless advance approval is made to settle the option in shares of common stock.

As detailed in the 2018 Plan, the board of directors may permit a first time non-employee director to make a one-time election to participate in a stock purchase and matching grant program (the "Director Stock Program") which provides that if the non-employee director purchases shares of the Company's common stock at fair value within 30 days following the date the individual becomes a non-employee director, then the Company will issue a matching grant of fully vested shares of common stock equal to 20% of the aggregate fair value of the purchased shares. In September 2018, a non-employee director purchased 41,667 shares and the Company issued 8,333 shares representing the matching grant.

Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

The following is a summary of the changes in the Company's outstanding options for the year ended December 31, 2018 .



	Number of Options	Weighted Average Strike Price		Weighted Average Life Remaining (in years)
Balance at December 31, 2017	5,010,576	$	2.55
Granted	3,426,355	5.44
Balance at December 31, 2018 (A)	8,436,931	$	3.72	7.72 years

Exercisable at December 31, 2018	2,705,586	$	2.64	4.64 years

The Company's outstanding options were summarized as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018	2017
Held by the former Manager	2,705,253	3,857,748
Issued to the former Manager and subsequently transferred to certain Manager’s employees (B)	2,304,990	1,152,495
Issued to the independent directors	333	333
Issued to Drive Shack employees (C)	3,426,355	—
Total (A)	8,436,931	5,010,576


(A)	The total at December 31, 2018 excludes 54,641 RSUs granted to certain non-employee directors as part of the annual compensation.

(B)

The Company and the former Manager agreed that options held by certain employees formerly employed by the Manager will not terminate or be forfeited as a result of the Termination and Cooperation Agreement, and the vesting of such options will relate to the relevant holder’s employment with the Company and its affiliates following January 1, 2018. In both February 2017 and April 2018, the former Manager issued 1,152,495 options to certain employees formerly employed by the Manager as part of their compensation. The options fully vest and are exercisable one year prior to the option expiration date, beginning March 2020 through January 2024.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)


(C)	On November 12, 2018, the Company issued options to certain employees as provided in their employment agreements. The options fully vest and are exercisable as follows: 3,351,355 options vest in equal annual installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date; and 75,000 options fully vest on the third anniversary of the grant date.

The valuation of the employee options has been determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model uses assumptions of expected volatility, expected dividend yield of the Company’s stock, expected term of the awards and the risk-free interest rate. The fair value of the options was determined using the following assumptions:



Option Valuation Date	January 1, 2018			April 10, 2018			November 12, 2018
Expected Volatility	39.73		%	35.66		%	35.4 - 35.8%
Expected Dividend Yield	0.00		%	0.00		%	0.00		%
Expected Remaining Term	3.0 - 6.6 years			2.7 - 6.3 years			6.0 - 6.5 years
Risk-Free Rate	2.16 - 2.29%			2.68 - 2.82%			3.09 - 3.11%
Fair Value at Valuation Date	$	4,272		$	3,558		$	7,478

Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis through the vesting date of the options. Stock-based compensation expense related to the employee options was $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 and was recorded in general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested options was $13.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and will be expensed over a weighted average of 2.3 years .

The following table summarizes the Company’s outstanding options at December 31, 2018 . Note that the last sales price on the New York Stock Exchange for the Company’s common stock in the year ended December 31, 2018 was $3.92 per share.



Recipient	Date of Grant/Exercise	Number of Options		Options Exercisable at December 31, 2018	Weighted Average Strike Price		Fair Value At Grant Date (millions) (A)		Intrinsic Value at December 31, 2018 (millions)
Directors	Various	3,666		333	$	—	Not Material		—
Manager ^(B)	2002 - 2008	587,277		—	$	0.00	$	6.4	—
Manager ^(B)	Mar-11	311,853		82,141	$	1.00	$	7.0	$	0.6
Manager ^(B)	Sep-11	524,212		166,582	$	1.00	$	5.6	$	1.1
Manager ^(B)	Apr-12	348,352		140,112	$	1.00	$	5.6	$	0.8
Manager ^(B)	May-12	396,316		158,345	$	1.00	$	7.6	$	0.9
Manager ^(B)	Jul-12	437,991		178,478	$	1.00	$	8.3	$	1.0
Manager ^(B)	Jan-13	958,331		489,196	$	2.32	$	18.0	$	1.4
Manager ^(B)	Feb-13	383,331		195,679	$	2.95	$	8.4	$	0.3
Manager ^(B)	Jun-13	670,829		342,438	$	3.23	$	3.8	$	0.4
Manager ^(B)	Nov-13	965,847		493,032	$	3.57	$	6.0	$	0.3
Manager ^(B)	Aug-14	765,416		459,250	$	4.01	$	1.7	$	—
Employees	Nov-18	3,426,355		—	$	5.44	$	7.5	$	—
Exercised ^(C)	Prior to 2008	(173,853	)	N/A	$	14.09	N/A		N/A
Exercised ^(D)	Oct-12	(15,972	)	N/A	$	1.48	N/A		N/A
Exercised ^(E)	Sep-13	(51,306	)	N/A	$	1.67	N/A		N/A
Exercised ^(F)	2014	(216,186	)	N/A	$	1.46	N/A		N/A
Exercised ^(G)	2015	(202,446	)	N/A	1.00		N/A		N/A
Exercised ^(H)	2016	(266,657	)	N/A	3.01		N/A		N/A
Expired unexercised	2002-2008	(416,425	)	N/A	N/A		N/A		N/A
Outstanding		8,436,931		2,705,586

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

(A)

The fair value of the options was estimated using an option valuation model. Since the option plans have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and since the assumptions used in such model, particularly the volatility assumption, are subject to significant judgment and variability, the actual value of the options could vary materially from management’s estimate. The volatility assumption for these options was estimated based primarily on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock and management’s expectations regarding future volatility. The expected life assumption for options issued prior to 2011 was estimated based on the simplified term method. This simplified method was used because the Company did not have sufficient historical data to conclude on the appropriate expected life of its options and because historical data to date was consistent with the simplified term method. The expected life assumption for options issued in 2011 and thereafter was estimated based primarily on the historical expected life of applicable previously issued options.


(B)	The former Manager assigned certain of its options to Fortress’s employees as follows:



Date of Grant	Strike Prices	Total Unexercised Inception to Date
Mar-11	$1.00	124,740
Sep-11	$1.00	209,686
Apr-12	$1.00	139,340
May-12	$1.00	158,526
Jul-12	$1.00	175,196
Jan-13	$2.32	383,332
Feb-13	$2.95	153,332
Jun-13	$3.23	268,332
Nov-13	$3.57	386,340
Aug-14	$4.01	306,166
	Total	2,304,990


(C)	111,770 of the total options exercised were by the former Manager. 61,417 of the total options exercised were by employees of Fortress subsequent to their assignment. 666 of the total options exercised were by directors.


(D)	Exercised by employees of Fortress subsequent to their assignment. The options exercised had an intrinsic value of $0.2 million .


(E)	Exercised by employees of Fortress subsequent to their assignment. The options exercised had an intrinsic value of $0.9 million .


(F)	215,853 options were exercised by employees of Fortress subsequent to their assignment with an intrinsic value of $4.1 million . 333 options were exercised by directors with a minimal intrinsic value.


(G)	Exercised by employees of Fortress subsequent to their assignment. The options exercised had an intrinsic value of $0.8 million .


(H)	Exercised by employees of Fortress subsequent to their assignment. The options exercised had an intrinsic value of $0.4 million . As a result of his resignation, the Company's former CEO forfeited 16,748 options and were transferred back to the former Manager.

The Company's non-employee directors were granted 54,641 RSUs during 2018 with a weighted average grant date fair value of $5.02 , as part of the annual compensation.

The RSUs are subject to a one year vesting period. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis through the vesting date of the RSUs. Stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs was $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 , and was recorded in general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested RSUs was $0.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and will be recognized over a weighted average of 0.7 years .

Tax Benefits Preservation Plan

On December 5, 2018, our board of directors adopted a Tax Benefits Preservation Plan (the “2018 Tax Plan”) with American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC as rights agent, and the disinterested members of the board of directors declared a dividend distribution of one right for each outstanding share of common stock to stockholders of record at the close of business on December 15, 2018. Each right is governed by the terms of the 2018 Tax Plan and entitles the registered holder to purchase from us a unit consisting of one one-thousandth of a share of Series E Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share at a purchase price of $28.00 per unit, subject to adjustment. The Plan is intended to help protect our ability to use our tax net operating losses and certain other tax assets by deterring an “ownership change” as defined under the Code.

In connection with the adoption of the Tax Benefit Preservation Plan in 2016, our board of directors approved the Articles Supplementary of Series E Junior Participating Preferred Stock, which was filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland on December 8, 2016.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Preferred Stock

In March 2003, the Company issued 2.5 million shares ( $62.5 million face amount) of its 9.75% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred”). In October 2005, the Company issued 1.6 million shares ( $40.0 million face amount) of its 8.05% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred”). In March 2007, the Company issued 2.0 million shares ( $50.0 million face amount) of its 8.375% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series D Preferred”). The Series B Preferred, Series C Preferred and Series D Preferred are non-voting, have a $25 per share liquidation preference, no maturity date and no mandatory redemption. The Company has the option to redeem the Series B Preferred, the Series C Preferred and the Series D Preferred, at their liquidation preference. If the Series C Preferred or Series D Preferred cease to be listed on the NYSE or the AMEX, or quoted on the NASDAQ, and the Company is not subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Company has the option to redeem the Series C Preferred or Series D Preferred, as applicable, at their liquidation preference and, during such time any shares of Series C Preferred or Series D Preferred are outstanding, the dividend will increase to 9.05% or 9.375% per annum, respectively.

In connection with the issuance of the Series B Preferred, Series C Preferred and Series D Preferred, the Company incurred approximately $2.4 million , $1.5 million , and $1.8 million of costs, respectively, which were netted against the proceeds of such offerings. If any series of preferred stock were redeemed, the related costs would be recorded as an adjustment to income available for common stockholders at that time.

In March 2010, the Company settled its offer to exchange (the “Exchange Offer”) shares of its common stock and cash for shares of its preferred stock. After settlement of the Exchange Offer, 1,347,321 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, 496,000 shares of Series C Preferred Stock and 620,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock remain outstanding for trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

As of January 31, 2019, Drive Shack Inc. had paid all current and accrued dividends on its preferred stock.

Noncontrolling Interest

The Company’s noncontrolling interest in 2017 and 2018 is related to our Traditional Golf business, a portion of which the Company does not own. In October 2016, the Company exited certain golf properties in which the Company had a noncontrolling interest. The noncontrolling interest associated with the remaining golf property has a carrying value of zero .

12. TRANSACTIONS WITH AFFILIATES AND AFFILIATED ENTITIES

Agreements with the Former Manager

On December 21, 2017, the Company entered into definitive agreements with the Manager to internalize the Company’s management (the “Internalization”). In connection with the termination of the existing Management Agreement, the Company made a payment of $ 10.7 million to the Manager in December 2017. The Internalization became effective on January 1, 2018.

On December 21, 2017, the Company entered into a Transition Services Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2018, with the former Manager. In order to facilitate the transition of the Company’s management of its operations and provide the Company sufficient time to develop such services in-house or to hire other third-party service providers for such services, under the Transition Services Agreement, the former Manager continues to provide to the Company certain services (“Transition Services”). The Transition Services primarily include information technology, legal, regulatory compliance, tax and accounting services. The Transition Services are provided for a fee intended to be equal to the former Manager’s cost of providing the Transition Services, including the allocated cost of, among other things, overhead, employee wages and compensation and out-of-pocket expenses, and will be invoiced on a monthly basis. The Company incurred $0.4 million in costs for Transition Services during the year ended December 31, 2018 , and these costs are reported in general and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)



	Amounts incurred under the Management Agreement
	2017		2016
Management fee	$	10,210	$	10,204
Expense reimbursement to the former Manager	500		500
Termination payment	10,700		—
Incentive compensation	—		—
Total Management fee and termination payment to affiliate	$	21,410	$	10,704

At December 31, 2018 , Fortress, through its affiliates, and principals of Fortress, owned 7.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock and Fortress, through its affiliates, had options relating to an additional 2.7 million shares of the Company’s common stock (Note 11).

At December 31, 2017 , due to affiliates was comprised of $1.8 million of management fees and expense reimbursements payable to the former Manager.

Other Affiliated Entities

A member of the Board of Directors owned or leased aircraft that the Company chartered from a third-party aircraft operator for business purposes in the course of operations. The Company paid the aircraft operator market rates for the charters. These amounts totaled less than $0.1 million for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 .

The Company leases corporate office space from an affiliate of a member of the Board of Directors. The Company incurred $1.1 million in rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 , which represents market rates for the office space.

13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation — The Company exited a leased property and accrued related lease exit costs of approximately $0.8 million in December 2016. The Company subsequently entered into a legal dispute related to this golf property. In June 2018, the Company accrued an additional $6.6 million for a total of $7.4 million to settle this legal dispute, which was recorded as accounts payable and accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. In July 2018, the Company settled the dispute for $7.4 million , with $5.2 million payable immediately and $2.2 million payable in six quarterly installments. The Company paid a total of $0.7 million of the quarterly installments as of December 31, 2018 , and the final payment is due in December 2019.

The Company is and may become, from time to time, involved in legal actions in the ordinary course of business, including governmental and administrative investigations, inquiries and proceedings concerning employment, labor, environmental and other claims. Although management is unable to predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any legal action, management believes the ultimate liability arising from such actions, individually and in the aggregate, which existed at December 31, 2018 , will not materially affect the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flow. Given the inherent unpredictability of these types of proceedings, however, it is possible that future adverse outcomes could have a material effect on our financial results.

Environmental Costs — As a commercial real estate owner, the Company is subject to potential environmental costs. At December 31, 2018 , management of the Company is not aware of any environmental concerns that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Operating lease obligations, Entertainment and Traditional Golf – Entertainment Golf enters into ground leases for construction of new venues. Traditional Golf leases many of its golf courses and related facilities under long-term operating leases, including triple net leases. In addition to minimum payments, certain leases require the payment of the excess of various percentages of gross revenue or net operating income over the minimum rental payments. The triple net leases require the payment of taxes assessed against the leased property and the cost of insurance and maintenance. The majority of the lease terms range from 10 to 20 years and, typically, the leases contain renewal options. Certain leases include minimum scheduled increases in rental payments at various times during the term of the lease. These scheduled rent increases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, resulting in an accrual, which is included in other current liabilities and other liabilities, for the amount by which the cumulative straight-line rent exceeds the contractual cash rent.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

The Company is required to maintain bonds under certain third-party agreements, as requested by certain utility providers, and under the rules and regulations of licensing authorities and other governmental agencies. The Company had bonds outstanding of approximately $2.0 million as of both December 31, 2018 and 2017 .

Traditional Golf leases certain golf carts and equipment under operating leases that range from one to three years. Rental expenses recorded under operating leases for carts and equipment were $1.9 million , $3.0 million and $3.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

Traditional Golf has four month-to-month property leases which are cancellable by the parties with 30 days written notice. Traditional Golf also has various month-to-month operating leases for carts and equipment. The aggregate monthly expense of these leases was $0.4 million .

The future minimum rental commitments under non-cancellable leases, net of subleases, as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:



For the years ending December 31:	Traditional Golf		Entertainment Golf		Total
2019	$	29,379	$	576	$	29,955
2020	28,446		1,235		29,681
2021	23,078		1,959		25,037
2022	20,945		2,414		23,359
2023	20,707		2,521		23,228
Thereafter	127,298		44,350		171,648
Total Minimum lease payments	$	249,853	$	53,055	$	302,908

Contingencies - In September 2017, Hurricane Irma caused significant damage to a Traditional Golf property in Florida, including damage to trees, bunkers and other landscaping. The three golf courses at this property were closed immediately and reopened prior to December 31, 2017. The property is insured for property damage and business interruption losses related to such events, subject to deductibles and policy limits. The Company has incurred $ 5.5 million in property repair costs related to Hurricane Irma, of which $1.3 million was incurred in 2018. The Company was reimbursed $2.0 million and $3.0 million by the insurer in 2017 and 2018 , respectively. Property damage costs and insurance reimbursement are recorded in operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Membership Deposit Liability – In the Traditional Golf business, private country club members generally pay an advance initiation fee deposit upon their acceptance as a member to the respective country club. Initiation fee deposits are refundable 30 years after the date of acceptance as a member. As of December 31, 2018 , the total face amount of initiation fee deposits was approximately $244.6 million .

Restricted Cash – Approximately $3.3 million of restricted cash at December 31, 2018 is used as credit enhancement for Traditional Golf’s obligations related to the performance of lease and loan agreements and certain insurance claims.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

14. INCOME TAXES

The provision for income taxes consists of the following:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Current:
Federal	$	211	$	710	$	28
State and Local	73		255		64
Total Current Provision	$	284	$	965	$	92

Deferred
Federal	$	—	$	—	$	83
State and Local	—		—		14
Total Deferred Provision	$	—	$	—	$	97

Total Provision for Income Taxes	$	284	$	965	$	189

On February 23, 2017, the Company revoked its election to be treated as a REIT effective January 1, 2017, and as a result, is subject to U.S federal and state corporate income tax. The Company operated in a manner intended to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes through the tax year ending December 31, 2016.

As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has a net operating loss carryforward of approximately $331.3 million that is available to offset future U.S. federal taxable income, if and when it arises. The net operating loss carryforward will begin to expire in 2029. A portion of the net operating loss carryforward may be limited in its use due to certain provisions of the Code, including, but not limited to Section 382, which imposes an annual limit on the amount of net operating loss and net capital loss carryforwards that the Company can use to offset future taxable income. The Company experienced an “ownership change” for purposes of Section 382 of the Code in January 2013.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has a capital loss carryforward of approximately $27.2 million . The capital loss carryforward will begin to expire in 2022.

The Company and its subsidiaries file U.S. federal and state income tax returns in various jurisdictions. Generally, the Company is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2015. One of the Company’s subsidiaries is currently under IRS examination for the 2014 tax year. At this time, the Company cannot estimate when the examination will conclude or the impact such examination will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements, if any.

The Company has assessed its tax positions for all open years. As of December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $0.7 million of unrecognized tax benefits which, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company does not believe that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change within the next twelve months.

A reconciliation of the unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:



Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	—
Increase due to tax positions of prior years	568
Increase due to tax positions of current year	153
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	721

Generally, the Company’s effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate as a result of state and local taxes and changes in the valuation allowance.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

The difference between the Company's reported provision for income taxes and the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% is as follows:



	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Provision at the statutory rate	21.00	%	35.00	%	35.00	%
Non-taxable REIT income	—	%	—	%	(51.97	)%
Permanent items	(1.12	)%	(0.36	)%	0.23	%
State and local taxes	(0.15	)%	(0.42	)%	0.07	%
Valuation allowance	(19.97	)%	64.46	%	15.56	%
Effects of change in tax rate	—	%	(101.31	)%	—	%
Unrecognized tax benefits	(1.84	)%	—	%	—	%
Tax credits	1.36	%	—	%	—	%
Other	—	%	0.31	%	1.35	%
Total provision (benefit)	(0.72	)%	(2.32	)%	0.24	%

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented below:



	December 31,
	2018			2017
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for loan losses	$	292		$	242
Depreciation and amortization	8,964			26,038
Accrued expenses	2,701			1,936
Interest	3,445			4,538
Net operating losses	89,903			100,297
Capital losses	7,352			6,070
Deferred revenue	1,960			2,295
Other	5,306			2,225
Total deferred tax assets	119,923			143,641
Less valuation allowance	(104,705		)	(106,466		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	15,218		$	37,175
Deferred tax liabilities:
Leaseholds	7,025			8,568
Cancellation of debt	—			23,385
Membership deposit liabilities	8,193			5,222
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	15,218		$	37,175
Net deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences become deductible.

As of December 31, 2018 , the Company recorded a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets as management does not believe that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

The following table summarizes the change in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance:



Valuation allowance at December 31, 2017	$	106,466
Decrease due to current year operations	(1,761		)
Valuation allowance at December 31, 2018	$	104,705

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law. The Tax Act significantly revises the U.S. corporate income tax regime by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates and eliminating the alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) for corporate taxpayers. The Company has accounted for the effects of the Tax Act for the year ended December 31, 2017 which relates to the re-measure of deferred tax assets and liabilities due to the reduction in the corporate income tax rate and has booked a non-recurring income tax receivable in the amount of $0.6 million due to refundable AMT credits. Due to the full valuation allowance, the re-measure of deferred tax assets and liabilities had no impact on the income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2017 .

15. IMPAIRMENT

The following table summarizes the amounts the Company recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Traditional golf properties	$	8,093	$	—	$	6,232
Debt and equity securities	—		—		110
Valuation allowance on loans	147		60		4,039
Total impairment	$	8,240	$	60	$	10,381

Held for Use Impairment: The Company reviews long-lived assets quarterly to determine whether triggering events have occurred that require a test to determine if the carrying amounts of the assets are recoverable. As of December 31, 2016, the Company evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of its Traditional Golf properties in Oregon and California based on estimates of undiscounted future cash flows. Based on the analysis, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $2.7 million at December 31, 2016 reducing the aggregate carrying values of these properties from $4.1 million to their estimated fair values of $1.4 million . The Company determined these impairments based on determination of fair value using internal cash flow models and sales data gathered from market participants. In December 2018, the Company recorded impairments of long-lived assets totaling $0.9 million on three golf properties within the Traditional Golf segment. As the fair value inputs utilized are unobservable, the Company determined that the significant inputs used to value these properties falls within Level 3 for fair value reporting.

Held-for-Sale Impairment: On December 2, 2016, the Company entered into a letter of intent to sell a golf property located in New Jersey. As of December 31, 2016, the Company classified the property as held-for-sale in accordance with applicable accounting standards for long lived assets. The carrying value of the property exceeded the fair value less anticipated costs to sell. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment loss totaling approximately $3.6 million as of December 31, 2016. The fair value measurement was based on the pricing in the letter of intent as well as internal cash flow models and determined that the significant inputs used to value this property falls within Level 3 for fair value reporting.

Upon reclassification in March 2018 (see Note 5), the Company assessed the real estate assets, held-for-sale and determined that the carrying value of one property exceeded the fair value less anticipated costs to sell. In March 2018, the Company recognized an impairment loss totaling approximately $1.3 million . The fair value measurement was based on the pricing in a letter of intent and internal valuation models. The significant inputs used to value this property falls within Level 3 for fair value reporting.

In 2018, the Company reassessed the real estate assets, held-for-sale, net on a quarterly basis and determined that the carrying value of four golf properties exceeded the fair value less anticipated costs to sell. As a result, the Company recognized impairment loss and recorded accumulated impairment totaling approximately $5.7 million . The fair value measurements were based on executed purchase agreements or letters of intent that the Company intended to pursue. The significant inputs used to value these property falls within Level 3 for fair value reporting.

DRIVE SHACK INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(dollars in tables in thousands, except per share data)

16. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

These financial statements include a discussion of material events which have occurred subsequent to December 31, 2018 through the issuance of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

On March 13, 2019, the Company declared dividends of $0.609375 , $0.503125 , and $0.523438 per share on the 9.750% Series B, 8.050% Series C and 8.375% Series D preferred stock, respectively, for the period beginning February 1, 2019 and ending April 30, 2019. Dividends totaling $1.4 million will be paid on April 30, 2019 to shareholders of record on April 1, 2019.

In January 2019, the Company consummated on the sale of a private golf property in California and a public golf property in Georgia for a sale price of $24.8 million .

In 2019, a former employee filed a class action complaint against the Company alleging that our Traditional Golf properties in the State of New York did not comply with state wage and hour laws. The Company has not accrued additional losses in connection with this legal dispute because management does not believe there is a probable and reasonably estimable loss at this time. However, the ultimate outcome of the proceedings may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.

17. SUMMARY QUARTERLY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)



2018	Quarter Ended												Year Ended
	March 31 (A)(B)			June 30 (A)(B)			September 30 (A)(B)			December 31 (B)			December 31 (B)
Total revenues	$	66,660		$	91,004		$	87,419		$	69,286		$	314,369
Total operating costs	78,946			87,976			94,619			79,262			340,803
Operating loss (income)	(12,286		)	3,028			(7,200		)	(9,976		)	(26,434		)
Total other income (expenses)	(4,009		)	(7,831		)	(6,875		)	6,750			(11,965		)
Income tax expense	—			—			—			284			284
Net loss	(16,295		)	(4,803		)	(14,075		)	(3,510		)	(38,683		)
Preferred dividends	(1,395		)	(1,395		)	(1,395		)	(1,395		)	(5,580		)
Loss applicable to common stockholders	$	(17,690	)	$	(6,198	)	$	(15,470	)	$	(4,905	)	$	(44,263	)
Loss applicable to common stock, per share
Basic	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.66	)
Diluted	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.66	)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding
Basic	66,977,104			66,977,104			66,992,322			67,027,104			66,993,543
Diluted	66,977,104			66,977,104			66,992,322			67,027,104			66,993,543

2017	Quarter Ended												Year Ended
	March 31 (A)(B)			June 30 (A)(B)			September 30 (A)(B)			December 31 (B)			December 31
Total revenues	$	59,141		$	81,360		$	81,691		$	70,402		$	292,594
Total operating costs	73,887			87,113			86,012			90,493			337,505
Operating loss	(14,746		)	(5,753		)	(4,321		)	(20,091		)	(44,911		)
Total other income (expenses)	2,331			1,557			3,850			(4,063		)	3,675
Income tax expense (benefit)	539			510			(2		)	(82		)	965
Net loss	(12,954		)	(4,706		)	(469		)	(24,072		)	(42,201		)
Preferred dividends	(1,395		)	(1,395		)	(1,395		)	(1,395		)	(5,580		)
Loss applicable to common stockholders	$	(14,349	)	$	(6,101	)	$	(1,864	)	$	(25,467	)	$	(47,781	)
Loss applicable to common stock, per share
Basic	$	(0.21	)	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.38	)	$	(0.71	)
Diluted	$	(0.21	)	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.38	)	$	(0.71	)
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding
Basic	66,841,977			66,874,155			66,932,744			66,963,297			66,903,457
Diluted	66,841,977			66,874,155			66,932,744			66,963,297			66,903,457


(A)	The Loss Applicable to Common Stockholders shown agrees with the Company’s quarterly report(s) on Form 10-Q as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.


(B)	The options and RSUs outstanding are excluded from the diluted share calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported accurately and completely. Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the Company's last fiscal quarter October 2018 to December 2018 , that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and includes those policies and procedures that :


▪	pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;


▪	provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and


▪	provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 . In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) .

Based on our assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018 , the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting was effective.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included herein.

Item 9B. Other Information.

On March 13, 2019, the Board approved an amendment (the " Amendment ") to the letter agreement, dated as of December 21, 2017, by and between the Company and Sarah L. Watterson, the Company's former Chief Executive Officer and President and current member of the Board. Pursuant to the Amendment, Ms. Watterson will remain employed by the Company, reporting to the Company's Chief Executive Officer and President, with duties that are expected to include providing strategic guidance to

the Company’s executive team, investor relations function and business development team. Ms. Watterson will receive a cash payment in the amount of $1,000,000 prior to April 14, 2019, which shall encompass her annual bonus in respect of services provided during the 2018 calendar year and a retention payment in respect of services provided pursuant to the Amendment through December 31, 2019. Ms. Watterson will not be eligible for additional compensation in respect of her employment in 2019 or any future year unless otherwise determined by the Company in its sole discretion.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Incorporated by reference to the information under the captions “Proposal No. 1 Election of Directors,” “Our Executive Officers” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive proxy statement relating to the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC (our “Definitive Proxy Statement”).

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Incorporated by reference to the information under the caption “Executive and Manager Compensation” in our Definitive Proxy Statement.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Incorporated by reference to the information under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” in our Definitive Proxy Statement. See also information provided under “Nonqualified Option and Incentive Award Plans” in Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” of this report.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, Director Independence.

Incorporated by reference to the information under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Proposal No. 1 Election of Directors-Determination of Director Independence” in our Definitive Proxy Statement.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Incorporated by reference to the information under the caption “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” in our Definitive Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits; Financial Statement Schedules.



(a)	and (c) Financial statements and schedules:
	See “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

(b)	Exhibits filed with this Form 10-K:

	2.1 †	Separation and Distribution Agreement dated April 26, 2013, between New Residential Investment Corp. and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 2.1, filed on May 3, 2013).

	2.2 †	Separation and Distribution Agreement dated October 16, 2014, between New Senior Investment Group Inc. and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 2.2, filed on November 5, 2014).

	3.1	Articles of Restatement (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.2, filed on December 8, 2016).

	3.2	Articles Supplementary relating to the Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.3, filed on May 13, 2003).

	3.3	Articles Supplementary relating to the Series C Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.3, filed on October 25, 2005).

	3.4	Articles Supplementary relating to the Series D Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Report on Form 8-A, Exhibit 3.1, filed on March 14, 2007).

	3.5	Articles Supplementary of Series E Junior Participating Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, Exhibit 3.5, filed on March 2, 2017).

	3.6	Amended and Restated By-laws (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.4, filed on December 8, 2016).

	4.1	Junior Subordinated Indenture between Newcastle Investment Corp. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association, dated April 30, 2009 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.1, filed on May 4, 2009).

	4.2	Pledge and Security Agreement between Newcastle Investment Corp. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, dated April 30, 2009 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.2, filed on May 4, 2009).

	4.3	Pledge, Security Agreement and Account Control Agreement among Newcastle Investment Corp., NIC TP LLC, as pledgor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, National Association, as bank and trustee, dated April 30, 2009 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.3, filed on May 4, 2009).

	4.4	Tax Benefits Preservation Plan, dated as of December 7, 2016, between Newcastle Investment Corp. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.1, filed on December 8, 2016).

	4.5	Tax Benefits Preservation Plan, dated as of December 6, 2017, between Drive Shack Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.1, filed on December 6, 2017).

	4.6	Tax Benefits Preservation Plan, dated as of December 5, 2018, between Drive Shack Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.1, filed on December 6, 2018).

	10.1	Termination and Cooperation Agreement, dated December 21, 2017, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and FIG LLC (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1, filed on December 21, 2017).



	10.2	Transition Services Agreement, dated December 21, 2017, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and FIG LLC (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.2, filed on December 21, 2017).

	10.3*	Letter Agreement, dated December 21, 2017, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and Sarah L. Watterson (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.3, filed on December 21, 2017).

	10.4*	Letter Agreement, dated December 21, 2017, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and Lawrence A. Goodfield, Jr. (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.4, filed on December 21, 2017).

	10.5*	Letter Agreement, dated December 21, 2017, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and Sara A. Yakin (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.5, filed on December 21, 2017).

	10.6 *	Letter Agreement, dated November 7, 2018, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and Kenneth A. May.

	10.7 *	Letter Agreement, dated November 7, 2018, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and David M. Hammarley.

	10.8*	2012 Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan, adopted as of May 7, 2012 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.3, filed on February 28, 2013).

	10.9*	Amended and Restated 2014 Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan, adopted as of November 3, 2014 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.5, filed on March 2, 2015).

	10.10*	2015 Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Option and Incentive Award Plan, adopted as of April 16, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2015 annual meeting of stockholders filed on April 17, 2015).

	10.11*	2016 Newcastle Investment Corp. Nonqualified Option and Incentive Award Plan, adopted as of April 7, 2016 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1 filed on May 19, 2016).

	10.12*	2017 Drive Shack Inc. Nonqualified Option and Incentive Award Plan, adopted as of April 11, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, filed on April 13, 2017).

	10.13*	Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2018 annual meeting of stockholders filed on April 13, 2018).

	10.14	Exchange Agreement between Newcastle Investment Corp. and Taberna Preferred Funding IV, Ltd., Taberna Preferred Funding V, Ltd., Taberna Preferred Funding VI, Ltd. And Taberna Preferred Funding VII, Ltd., dated April 30, 2009 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1, filed on May 4, 2009).

	10.15	Exchange Agreement, dated as of January 29, 2010, by and among Newcastle Investment Corp., Taberna Capital Management, LLC, Taberna Preferred Funding IV, Ltd., Taberna Preferred Funding V, Ltd., Taberna Preferred Funding VI, Ltd. And Taberna Preferred Funding VII, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1, filed on February 1, 2010).

	10.16	Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 10.19, filed on August 8, 2014).

	10.17*	Form of Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 10.15, filed on November 9, 2018).

	10.18 *	Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement dated November 12, 2018, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and Kenneth A. May.

	10.19 *	Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement dated November 12, 2018, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and Kenneth A. May.



	10.20 *	Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement dated November 12, 2018, by and between Drive Shack Inc. and David M. Hammarley.

	21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant.

	23.1	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm.

	31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

	31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

	32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

	32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

	101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.

	101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

	101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

	101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

	101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

	101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

† Schedules and exhibits may have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K.

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING EXHIBITS

In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, please remember they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and:


•	should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate;


•	have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement;


•	may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to you or other investors; and


•	were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments.

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about the Company may be found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Company’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. See Item 1.“Business – Corporate Governance and Internet Address; Where Readers Can Find Additional Information.”

The Company acknowledges that, notwithstanding the inclusion of the foregoing cautionary statements, it is responsible for considering whether additional specific disclosures of material information regarding material contractual provisions are required to make the statements in this report not misleading.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized:



	DRIVE SHACK INC.

	By:	/s/ Wesley R. Edens
	Wesley R. Edens
	Chairman of the Board

	March 15, 2019

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.



By:	/s/ Wesley R. Edens	By:	/s/ Clifford Press
Wesley R. Edens			Clifford Press
Chairman of the Board			Director

March 15, 2019			March 15, 2019

By:	/s/ Kenneth A. May	By:	/s/ Sarah L. Watterson
Kenneth A. May			Sarah L. Watterson
Chief Executive Officer, President and Director			Director

March 15, 2019			March 15, 2019

By:	/s/ David M. Hammarley
David M. Hammarley
Chief Financial Officer

March 15, 2019

By:	/s/ Lawrence A. Goodfield, Jr.
Lawrence A. Goodfield, Jr.
Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer

March 15, 2019

By:	/s/ William J. Clifford
William J. Clifford
Director

March 15, 2019

By:	/s/ Kevin J. Finnerty
Kevin J. Finnerty
Director

March 15, 2019

By:	/s/ Stuart A. McFarland
Stuart A. McFarland
Director

March 15, 2019

EXHIBIT 10.6

November 7, 2018

Kenneth A. May

Dear Ken:

It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an offer to join Drive Shack Inc. (the “ Company ”) as Chief Executive Officer and President, reporting to the Board of Directors of the Company (the “ Board ”). This letter is referred to herein as the “ Letter Agreement .”


Start Date :	November 12, 2018 (the “ Start Date ”). In order for your employment with the Company to commence, you must be approved by the Board and pass the Company’s background check.


Work Location :	Your principal work location will be New York, NY or such other place as agreed between you and the Company, in addition to travel as required in connection with the performance of your duties.

Duties and

Responsibilities :

During your employment with the Company, you will be a full-time employee of the Company, will dedicate all of your working time to the Company and will have no other employment and no other business ventures which are undisclosed to the Company or which conflict with your duties under this Letter Agreement; provided that you may (i) engage in private investment activities on behalf of yourself and your immediate family in accordance with applicable Company policies, and (ii) subject to prior discussion with the Board, serve on the board of directors (or similar position) or committees thereof of a charitable, educational, professional, community, industry, non-profit or civic organization, in each case so long as the activities described in clauses (i) and (ii) do not, individually or in the aggregate, conflict with your duties to the Company under this Letter Agreement or interfere with your duties or responsibilities as an officer of the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company agrees that (i) you may continue to serve on the Board of Directors of Urban Air Adventure Parks, and (ii) your current equity holdings in Top Golf are not a violation of this Agreement.

Compensation :

Your base salary will be paid at the rate of $500,000 per annum on a salary basis to compensate you for all hours you work, regardless of whether more or less than 40 in a regularly scheduled workweek. You will be paid twice a month with a pay date of the 15th and last day of each month. On each pay date, you will be paid for the hours you worked during the prior pay period. Based on your anticipated start date, you will receive your first pay on November 15, 2018. The Company reserves the right to modify its payroll practices and payroll schedule at its sole discretion, consistent with applicable law. The Company will review your base salary on an annual basis.

(initial here) _______

As additional compensation, you will be eligible to participate in a bonus incentive plan commencing on January 1, 2019 with an annual target amount equal to $500,000. Such bonus amount, if any, will be determined based on performance targets and metrics to be established by the Company in consultation with you. Any such annual bonus payment will be paid at the same time as annual bonus payments are made to other senior executives generally, and in no event shall such bonus be paid earlier than January 1 or later than April 15 of the year following the year to which the bonus relates. Except as otherwise set forth in this Letter Agreement, in order to be eligible for any annual bonus under this paragraph, you must be an active employee of the Company as of the last day of the calendar year to which such annual bonus relates.

Upon your Start Date, you will be awarded incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options (the “ Options ”). The incentive stock options will be granted pursuant to the Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “ Equity Plan ”) and the nonqualified stock options will be granted as an “Employment Inducment Award“ pursuant to Section 303A.08 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the Equity Plan. The exercise price of the Options will be the closing trading price of the Company’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the Start Date. The Options will provide you with the option to purchase a total of 5% of the outstanding stock of the Company and will vest in equal annual installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the Start Date, subject to the terms of the definitive grant agreements that will govern your grants (the “ Option Award Agreements ”). You acknowledge and agree that the Options will be subject to the terms and conditions (including, without limitation, with respect to vesting, forfeiture, and exercise) set forth in the Equity Plan and the Option Award Agreements, which will supersede the description in this paragraph for all purposes provided that the terms of the Option Award Agreements shall not be inconsistent with any term set forth in this Letter Agreement.

Travel and

Housing :

For the first six (6) months following the Start Date, the Company will provide you with (i) access to a Company-paid furnished apartment in Manhattan that is reasonably acceptable to the Company; and (ii) two (2) round-trip business class airline tickets each month between Memphis and a New York City metropolitan area airport. The benefits described in this section will be provided on an after-tax basis.

Relocation Costs:

The Company will pay the costs associated with the relocation of your homestead to the location of the Company’s headquarters (the “ Relocation Costs ”), the timing and location of which will be determined through consultation between you and the Company. The Relocation Costs will include reasonable moving and related expenses to move your household goods and the amount of any early termination fee that you incur with respect to the termination of your existing lease in Memphis, Tennessee.

Work


Authorization:	Employment with the Company is contingent upon your provision of documentation establishing your identity and unrestricted authorization to work in the United States

(initial here) _____

within the time period specified by law. If you are unsure whether you have unrestricted authorization, please contact Ellen Barrera at 212-497-2955.

Representations;

Indemnity :

The Company agrees to defend, indemnify and hold you harmless from and against (A) any and all claims, suits or other actions made by your previous employer from which you terminated employment as of September 29, 2017 (the “ Previous Employer ”) arising out of or as a result of your acceptance of the terms of this Letter Agreement and/or the performance of your duties hereunder (“ Claims ”) and (B) the amount of any judgments, damages, reasonable attorney’s fees and other reasonable out of pocket costs and expenses that you incur in connection with any such Claims. In connection with, and as a condition to the Company’s obligation to defend, indemnify and hold you harmless from any Claims, you represent, acknowledge and agree that (i) the non-competition, non-solicitation and similar covenants to which you were subject in respect of the Previous Employer have expired and you are free to accept employment with the Company and to perform your obligations under this Letter Agreement, (ii) you have not physically taken or otherwise misappropriated any confidential or proprietary information belonging to the Previous Employer, (iii) the Company has informed you that you are not to use or cause the use of any confidential or proprietary information of the Previous Employer in any manner whatsoever in connection with your employment by the Company and you agree that you will not use such information, and (iv) except for the lawsuit in Arkansas that you previously disclosed to the Company, you are not currently a party to any pending or threatened litigation with any former employer or business associate. You acknowledge that the Company is relying on your representations in this section in agreeing to defend, indemnify and hold you harmless from any Claims and that if any such representation is not true then the Company’s obligations to so defend, indemnify and hold you harmless shall be null and void. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company acknowledges and agrees that you are not representing that you do not possess confidential or proprietary information of your Previous Employer in your mind.

Policies and


Procedures:	You agree to comply fully with all the Company policies and procedures applicable to employees, as amended and implemented from time to time, including, without limitation, tax, regulatory and compliance procedures.

Employment

Term:

Subject in each case to the provisions of this Letter Agreement relating to the respective rights and obligations of the parties upon termination of your employment, nothing in this Letter Agreement interferes with or limits in any way the Company’s or your right to terminate your employment at any time, for any reason or no reason, and nothing in this Letter Agreement confers on you any right or obligation to continue in the Company’s employ. Your employment with the Company under this Letter Agreement may be terminated as follows:

Death . Your employment with the Company under this Letter Agreement shall terminate immediately in the event of your death.

(initial here) _____

Disability . Your employment with the Company under this Letter Agreement shall terminate immediately in the event you become disabled. “ Disability ” means that you are either (i) unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months, or (ii) receiving income replacement benefits for a period of not less than three (3) months under an accident and health plan covering employees of the Company by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months.

Cause . The Company shall be entitled to terminate your employment under this Letter Agreement immediately for Cause. For purposes of this Letter Agreement, “ Cause ” shall be defined as (i) your misconduct or gross negligence in the performance of your duties to the Company; (ii) your failure to perform your duties to the Company or to follow the lawful directives of the Board; (iii) your commission of, indictment for, conviction of, or pleading of guilty or nolo contendere to, a felony, or any crime involving moral turpitude; (iv) your failure to cooperate in any formal audit or investigation of the business or financial practices of the Company or any of its direct or indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the “ Company Group ”); (v) your performance of any act of theft, embezzlement, fraud, malfeasance, dishonesty or misappropriation of the property of any member of the Company Group; or (vi) your breach of this Letter Agreement or any other agreement with a member of the Company Group, or a violation of the code of conduct or other written policy of any such entity. In the event the Company believes Cause exists under subsections (i), (ii) or (vi) of this sentence, the Company shall give you written notice of the acts or omissions constituting Cause (“ Cause Notice ”), and no termination of this Letter Agreement shall be effective unless and until you fail to cure such acts or omissions within fourteen (14) days after your receipt of the Cause Notice.

Without Cause . The Company shall be entitled to terminate your employment under this Letter Agreement for any reason other than death, Disability or Cause at any time by providing thirty (30) days’ advance written notice to you that the Company is terminating this Agreement without Cause. In the event the Company terminates you without Cause, your date of termination will be thirty (30) days after you receive notice of such termination, although the Company may, in its sole discretion, direct you to cease performing your duties, refrain from entering the Company’s offices and restrict your access to the Company systems, trade secrets and confidential information, during the 30-day notice period.

Resignation without Good Reason . You shall be entitled to voluntarily terminate your employment under this Letter Agreement for any reason other than Good Reason by providing at least ninety (90) days’ advance written notice of such termination to the Company. In the event you resign your employment without Good Reason, the Company may, in its sole discretion, (i) direct you to cease performing your duties, refrain from entering the Company’s offices and restrict your access to the Company systems, trade secrets and confidential information, in each case during all or part of the 90-day notice period or (ii) immediately terminate your employment at any time

(initial here) _____

during such 90-day notice period (which such termination shall be deemed to be a voluntary termination by you without Good Reason).

Resignation for Good Reason . You shall be entitled to terminate your employment with the Company for Good Reason. For purposes of this Letter Agreement, “ Good Reason ” shall be defined, in each case without your consent, as follows: (i) any reduction in your base salary or annual bonus target amount; (ii) a material diminution in your title, status, duties, responsibilities or authority; or (iii) a material breach by the Company of this Letter Agreement; provided, that, in no event shall any such action constitute Good Reason unless (x) you provide written notice to the Company of such action within thirty (30) days after it occurs, (y) the Company fails to materially cure such action within fifteen (15) business days after you provide such notice, and (z) you terminate employment within ten (10) business days after the end of such cure period.

Upon termination of your employment with the Company under this Letter Agreement for any reason, you will receive (i) any base salary that is accrued but unpaid as of your date of termination; (ii) payment of any annual bonus that relates to a calendar year that was completed prior to your date of termination but not paid as of the date of termination; (iii) reimbursement for expenses you incurred prior to the date of termination in accordance with the terms of this Letter Agreement; and (iv) vested benefits, if any, to which you may be entitled under the Company’s employee benefit plans, the Stock Option Award Agreements or other agreements as of the date of termination.

In addition, if (i) the Company terminates your employment without Cause (other than as a result of your death or Disability) or you terminate your employment for Good Reason and (ii) you execute a separation agreement and general release of claims in a form generally accepted for executives (the “ Release ”) and the Release becomes irrevocable within sixty (60) days after the date of termination (provided that the Company shall provide the Release to you with sufficient time for the Release to become irrevocable within such sixty (60) day period), then you will receive (A) an amount in cash equal to the sum of your annual base salary, payable in equal installments in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices during the one year period following the date of termination (“ Severance Pay ”); provided that the first such payment shall be made on the sixtieth (60 ^th ) day following your date of termination and shall include all amounts that would have been paid to you if such payments had commenced as of the date of termination, (B) a pro-rated annual cash bonus payment for the year of termination, in an amount equal to the product of (x) the annual cash bonus that would have been paid to you in respect of the year of such termination (as determined in accordance with this Letter Agreement) and (y) a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of days you were employed during the calendar year in which the termination occurs and the denominator of which is 365, payable at the same time as annual bonuses are paid to employees generally, (C) continued participation in the Company’s benefit plans at active employee rates for twelve (12) months following the date of termination (the “ COBRA Continuation Benefit ”) and (D) any rights provided to you under any Option Award Agreements or other agreements with the Company under such circumstances.

(initial here) _____

Change in:

Control:

A Change in Control shall have the meaning set forth in the Equity Plan. In addition to any benefits you are entitled to under the Equity Plan or other Company plans or agreements, if (A) your employment is terminated by the Company without Cause (other than by reason of death or Disability) or if you resign from the Company for Good Reason, in each case within twelve (12) months following a Change in Control and (B) you execute the Release and the Release becomes irrevocable within sixty (60) days after the date of termination (provided that the Company shall provide the Release with sufficient time to you for the Release to become irrevocable within such sixty (60) day period), then in lieu of any payments or benefits that would otherwise be provided to you under this Letter Agreement upon such termination, (i) your Severance Pay shall be increased to two (2) times your annual base salary, payable in equal installments in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices during the two year period following the date of termination; provided that the first such payment shall be made on the sixtieth (60 ^th ) day following your date of termination and shall include all amounts that would have been paid to you if such payments had commenced as of the date of termination, (ii) you shall receive an amount equal to two (2) times your annual bonus target, payable in a single lump sum at the same time as annual bonuses are paid to employees generally in the year following the year of termination, (iii) your COBRA Continuation Benefit shall continue for a period of eighteen (18) months and (iv) any rights provided to you under any Option Award Agreements or other agreements with the Company under such circumstances.

Benefits :

You (and your spouse, registered domestic partner and/or eligible dependents, if any) shall be entitled to participate in the same manner as other similarly situated employees of the Company in any employee benefit plan that the Company has adopted or may adopt, maintain or contribute to for the benefit of such employees generally, subject to satisfying the applicable eligibility requirements. Your participation will be subject to the terms of the applicable plan documents and generally applicable Company policies. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may, consistent with applicable law, prospectively modify or terminate any employee benefit plan at any time.


Paid Time Off:	You are eligible for Paid Time Off pursuant to the Company’s Paid Time Off (PTO) Policy, subject to a minimum of four (4) weeks of PTO per calendar year (pro-rated for any partial calendar year). Please refer to the PTO Policy for more details. Requests for approval of timing of PTO shall be submitted in accordance with Company policy.

Business


Expenses :	Consistent with its policies as established from time to time, the Company will reimburse you for all business expenses reasonably incurred by you in connection with the performance of your duties upon you providing the Company with such support for reimbursement as is required by those policies.

Protective

Covenants:

(initial here) _____

individual, partner, firm, corporation, or other entity that competes with (any such action, individually, and in the aggregate, to “compete with”), the Company anywhere in the United States of America, including, but not limited to, any such business, individual, partner, firm, corporation, or other entity engaged in the business of operating amusement or “eatertainment” venues.

Notwithstanding anything else herein, the mere “beneficial ownership” by you, either individually or as a member of a “group” (as such terms are used in Rule 13(d) issued under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time) of not more than five percent (5%) of the voting stock of any public company shall not be deemed a violation of this Letter Agreement.

Notwithstanding anything else herein, the Company acknowledges and agrees that the following will not constitute a violation of this section or this Letter Agreement: (i) your continued service on the Board of Directors of Urban Air Adventure Parks, and/or (ii) your current equity holdings in Top Golf.

You further agree that you shall not, directly or indirectly, for your benefit or for the benefit of any other person (including, without limitation, an individual or entity), or knowingly assist any other person to during your employment with the Company and for twelve (12) months thereafter, in any manner:

(a) hire or Solicit (as hereinafter defined) the employment or services of any person who provided services to the Company or any member of the Company Group, as an employee, independent contractor or consultant at the time of termination of your employment with the Company, or within six (6) months prior thereto;

(b) Solicit any person who is an employee of the Company or any member of the Company Group to apply for or accept employment with any enterprise;

(c) accept employment or work, in any capacity (including as an employee, consultant or independent contractor), with any firm, corporation, partnership or other entity that is, directly or indirectly, owned or controlled by any Former Employee of the Company involving the provision of services that are substantially similar to the services that you provided to the Company at any time during the twelve months prior to your termination of employment with the Company;

(d) Solicit or otherwise attempt to establish any business relationship (in connection with any business in competition with the Company) with any limited partner, investor, person, firm, corporation or other entity that is, at the time of your termination of employment, or was a Client, Investor or Business Partner of the Company or any member of the Company Group; or

(e) Interfere with or damage (or attempt to interfere with or damage) any relationship between the Company and any member of the Company Group and the respective Clients, Investors, Business Partners, or employees of the foregoing entities.

(initial here) _____

For purposes of this Letter Agreement, the term “ Solicit ” means (a) active solicitation of any Client, Investor, or Business Partner or Company employee; (b) the provision of non-public information regarding any Client, Investor, or Business Partner or Company employee to any third party where such information could be useful to such third party in attempting to obtain business from such Client, Investor, or Business Partner or attempting to hire any such Company employee; (c) participation in any meetings, discussions, or other communications with any third party regarding any Client, Investor, or Business Partner or Company employee where the purpose or effect of such meeting, discussion or communication is to obtain business from such Client, Investor, or Business Partner or employ such Company employee; or (d) any other passive use of non-public information about any Client, Investor, or Business Partner, or Company employee which has the purpose or effect of assisting a third party to obtain business from Clients, Investors, or Business Partners, assisting a third party to hire any Company employee or causing harm to the business of the Company.

For purposes of this Letter Agreement, the term “ Client ,” “ Investor ,” or “ Business Partner ” shall mean (A) anyone who is or has been a Client, Investor, or Business Partner of any member of the Company Group during your employment; and (B) any prospective Client, Investor, or Business Partner to whom any member of the Company Group made a new business presentation (or similar offering of services) at any time during the one (1) year period immediately preceding, or two (2) month period immediately following, your employment termination (but only if initial discussions between any member of the Company Group and such prospective Client, Investor, or Business Partner relating to the rendering of services occurred prior to the termination date). Notwithstanding the preceding paragraph, the Protective Covenants shall not apply to Clients who are currently your clients at your current employer.

For purposes of this Letter Agreement, the term “Former Employee” shall mean anyone who was an employee of or exclusive consultant to any member of the Company Group as of, or at any time during the one-year period immediately preceding, the termination of your employment.

Any works of authorship, databases, discoveries, developments, improvements, computer programs, or other intellectual property, etc. (“ Works ”) that you make or conceive, or have made or conceived, solely or jointly, during the period of your employment with the Company, whether or not patentable or registerable under copyright, trademark or similar statutes, which either (i) are related to or useful in the current or anticipated business or activities of any member of the Company Group; (ii) fall within your responsibilities as employed by the Company; or (iii) are otherwise developed by you through the use of the confidential information, equipment, software, or other facilities or resources of any member of the Company Group or at times during which you are or have been an employee constitute “work for hire” under the United States Copyright Act, as amended. If for any reason any portion of the Works shall be deemed not to be a “work for hire,” then you hereby assign to the Company all rights, title and interest therein and shall cooperate to establish the Company’s ownership rights, including the execution of all documents necessary to establish the Company’s exclusive ownership rights.

(initial here) _____

As a condition of employment, you will be required to sign a Confidentiality and Proprietary Rights Agreement, in a form acceptable to the Company, and that agreement shall remain in full force and effect after it is executed and following termination of your employment for any reason with the Company or any of its affiliates. The obligations set forth in such agreement shall be considered “Protective Covenants” for purposes of this Letter Agreement and are incorporated herein by reference.


Attorney’s Fees:	The Company will reimburse you for any attorney’s fees you incurred in negotiating this Letter Agreement and the Option Award Agreements, up to a maximum of $10,000 in the aggregate.

Arbitration:

The Company and you agree that any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Letter Agreement, the employment relationship between you and the Company, or the termination thereof, including the arbitrability of any controversy or claim, which cannot be promptly settled by mutual agreement will be finally resolved by binding arbitration before a single arbitrator located in New York, New York or in whatever city the Company is headquartered in accordance with the applicable arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association. Either party may request that the arbitration proceeding be stenographically recorded by a Certified Court Reporter. The arbitrator shall issue a written decision with respect to all claims or controversies submitted under this section within thirty (30) days after the completion of the arbitration hearing. The parties are entitled to be represented by legal counsel at any arbitration hearing, and each party shall be responsible for his or its own attorney’s fees. The costs of the arbitrator shall be paid by the Company; provided, that, the parties agree that the arbitrator shall have the authority to tax the costs, including the attorney’s fees and arbitration proceeding against the non-prevailing party.


Miscellaneous :	This Letter Agreement shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without regard to any choice-of-law rules thereof which might apply the laws of any other jurisdiction.

This Letter Agreement, together with the documents referred to herein, constitutes and expresses the whole agreement of the parties hereto with reference to any of the matters or things herein provided for or herein before discussed or mentioned with reference to your employment, and it cancels and replaces any and all prior understandings and agreements between you and the Company.

This Letter Agreement, and all of the terms and conditions hereof, shall bind the Company and its successors and assigns. Neither this Letter Agreement, nor any of the Company’s rights or obligations hereunder, may be assigned or otherwise subject to hypothecation by you, and any such attempted assignment or hypothecation shall be null and void. The Company may assign its rights and obligations hereunder, in whole or in part, to any of its subsidiaries, affiliates or parent corporations, or to any other successor or assign in connection with the sale of all or substantially all of its assets or stock or in connection with any merger, acquisition and/or reorganization, provided the assignee assumes the obligations of the Company hereunder.

(initial here) _____

No modification, amendment or variation hereof will be of effect or binding upon the parties hereto unless agreed to in writing by each of them and thereafter such modification, amendment or variation will have the same effect as if it had originally formed part of this Letter Agreement.

The Company may withhold from any amounts payable under this Letter Agreement all federal, state, city or other taxes as the Company is required to withhold pursuant to any applicable law, regulation or ruling. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Letter Agreement, the Company shall not be obligated to guarantee any particular tax result with respect to any payment provided to you hereunder, and the Executive shall be responsible for any taxes imposed on you with respect to any such payment.

This Letter Agreement may be executed on separate counterparts, any one (1) of which need not contain signatures of more than one (1) party, but all of which taken together will constitute one and the same agreement.

The parties acknowledge that this Letter Agreement is the result of arm’s-length negotiations between sophisticated parties, each afforded representation by legal counsel. Each and every provision of this Letter Agreement shall be construed as though both parties participated equally in the drafting of the same, and any rule of construction that a document shall be construed against the drafting party shall not be applicable to this Letter Agreement.

The headings of this Letter Agreement are for convenience and reference only and in no way define, describe, extend or limit the scope or intent of this Letter Agreement or the intent of any provision hereof.

The intent of the parties is that payments and benefits under this Letter Agreement comply with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“ Section 409A ”), to the extent subject thereto, and accordingly, to the maximum extent permitted, this Letter Agreement shall be interpreted and administered to be in compliance therewith. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, you shall not be considered to have terminated employment with the Company for purposes of any payments under this Letter Agreement which are subject to Section 409A until you would be considered to have incurred a “separation from service” from the Company within the meaning of Section 409A. Each amount to be paid or benefit to be provided under this Letter Agreement shall be construed as a separate identified payment for purposes of Section 409A. Without limiting the foregoing and notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, to the extent required in order to avoid accelerated taxation and/or tax penalties under Section 409A, amounts that would otherwise be payable and benefits that would otherwise be provided pursuant to this Letter Agreement or any other arrangement between you and the Company during the six-month period immediately following your separation from service shall instead be paid on the first business day after the date that is six (6) months following your separation from service (or, if earlier, your date of death). To the extent required to avoid an accelerated or additional tax under Section 409A, amounts reimbursable to you under this Letter Agreement shall be paid to you on or before the last day of the year following the year in which the expense was incurred, the amount of expenses

(initial here) _____

eligible for reimbursement (and in kind benefits provided to you) during one year may not affect amounts reimbursable or provided in any subsequent year and your right to reimbursement cannot be liquidated or exchanged for any other benefit or payment. The Company makes no representation that any or all of the payments described in this Letter Agreement will be exempt from or comply with Section 409A and makes no undertaking to preclude Section 409A from applying to any such payment.

If you agree with the terms of this Letter Agreement and accept this offer of employment, please sign and date this Letter Agreement in the space provided below and return a copy to Ellen Barrera ( ebarrera@driveshack.com ), to indicate your acceptance. We look forward to you joining the Company.

Sincerely,

DRIVE SHACK INC.

By: _____________________

By signing below, I affirm my understanding of, and agreement to, the terms and conditions set forth above, and hereby accept this offer of employment.

Legal Name (Printed):________________________Signature:___________________________

Date: / /

(initial here) _____

EXHIBIT 10.7

November 7, 2018

David M. Hammarley

Dear David:

It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an offer to join Drive Shack Inc. (the “ Company ”) as Chief Financial Officer, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. This letter is referred to herein as the “ Letter Agreement .”


Start Date :	November 12, 2018 (the “ Start Date ”). In order for your employment with the Company to commence, you must be approved by the Board of Directors of the Company and pass the Company’s background check.


Work Location :	Your principal work location will be New York, NY or such other place as agreed between you and the Company, in addition to travel as required in connection with the performance of your duties.

Duties and

Responsibilities :

You will devote all of your working time to the Company and will have no other employment and no other business ventures which conflict with your duties under this Letter Agreement; provided that you may (i) engage in private investment activities on behalf of yourself and your immediate family in accordance with applicable Company policies, and (ii) subject to prior approval of the Board, serve on the board of directors (or similar position) or committees thereof of a charitable, educational, professional, community, industry, non-profit or civic organization, in each case so long as the activities described in clauses (i) and (ii) do not, individually or in the aggregate, conflict with your duties to the Company under this Letter Agreement or interfere with your duties or responsibilities as an officer of the Company.

Compensation :

Your base salary will be paid at the rate of $300,000 per annum on a salary basis to compensate you for all hours you work, regardless of whether more or less than 40 in a regularly scheduled workweek. You will be paid twice a month with a pay date of the 15th and last day of each month. On each pay date, you will be paid for the hours you worked during the prior pay period. Based on your anticipated start date, you will receive your first pay on November 15, 2018. The Company reserves the right to modify its payroll practices and payroll schedule at its sole discretion, consistent with applicable law.

As additional compensation, you will be eligible to participate in a bonus incentive plan commencing on January 1, 2019, with an annual target amount equal to $375,000. Such bonus amount, if any, will be determined based on performance metrics to be established by the Company. Any such annual bonus payment will be paid at the same

(initial here) ________

time as annual bonus payments are made to other senior executives generally, and in no event shall such bonus be paid earlier than January 1 or later than April 15 of the year following the year to which the bonus relates. Except as otherwise set forth in this Letter Agreement, in order to be eligible for any bonus while employed at the Company, you must be an active employee at, and not have given or received notice of termination prior to, the time of the bonus payment.

Upon or as soon as practicable after your Start Date, you will be granted a nonqualified stock option to acquire 75,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “ Options ”) pursuant to the Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “ Plan ”). You acknowledge and agree that the Options will be subject to the terms and conditions (including, without limitation, with respect to vesting, forfeiture, and exercise) set forth in the Plan and to be set forth in the definitive grant agreement that will govern your grant (the “ Option Award Agreement ”). You will be eligible to receive additional discretionary grants of equity awards on an annual basis beginning in 2019 based on your performance and subject to such terms and conditions (including, without limitation, with respect to vesting, forfeiture, and exercise) as may be determined by the Company in its sole discretion.

Work


Authorization:	Employment with the Company is contingent upon your provision of documentation establishing your identity and unrestricted authorization to work in the United States within the time period specified by law. If you are unsure whether you have unrestricted authorization, please contact Ellen Barrera at 212-497-2955.

Representations:

You represent that on the Start Date, you will be free to accept employment hereunder without any contractual restrictions, express or implied, with respect to any of your prior employers. You represent that you have not taken or otherwise misappropriated and you do not have in your possession or control any confidential and proprietary information belonging to any of your prior employers or connected with or derived from your services to prior employers. You represent that you have returned to all prior employers any and all such confidential and proprietary information. You further acknowledge that the Company has informed you that you are not to use or cause the use of such confidential or proprietary information in any manner whatsoever in connection with your employment by the Company and you agree that you will not use such information. You represent that you are not currently a party to any pending or threatened litigation with any former employer or business associate. You shall indemnify and hold harmless the Company from any and all claims arising from any breach of the representations and warranties in this “Representations” section.

You represent that you understand that this Letter Agreement sets forth the terms and conditions of your employment relationship with the Company and as such, you have no express or implied right to be treated the same as or more favorably than any other employee of the Company or any of its affiliates with respect to any matter set forth herein based on the terms or conditions of such person's employment relationship with the Company or any of its affiliates

Policies and

(initial here) ______


Procedures:	You agree to comply fully with all the Company policies and procedures applicable to employees, as amended and implemented from time to time, including, without limitation, tax, regulatory and compliance procedures.

Employment

Term:

Death . Your employment with the Company under this Letter Agreement shall terminate immediately in the event of your death.

Disability . Your employment with the Company under this Letter Agreement shall terminate immediately in the event you incur a Disability. “ Disability ” means that you are either (i) unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months, or (ii) receiving income replacement benefits for a period of not less than three (3) months under an accident and health plan covering employees of the Company by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months.

Cause . The Company shall be entitled to immediately terminate your employment under this Letter Agreement immediately for Cause. For purposes of this Letter Agreement, “ Cause ” shall be defined as (i) your misconduct or gross negligence in the performance of your duties to the Company; (ii) your failure to perform your duties to the Company or to follow the lawful directives of the Board; (iii) your commission of, indictment for, conviction of, or pleading of guilty or nolo contendere to, a felony, or any crime involving moral turpitude; (iv) your failure to cooperate in any audit or investigation of the business or financial practices of the Company or any of its direct or indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the “ Company Group ”); (v) your performance of any act of theft, embezzlement, fraud, malfeasance, dishonesty or misappropriation of the property of any member of the Company Group; or (vi) your breach of this Letter Agreement or any other agreement with a member of the Company Group, or a violation of the code of conduct or other written policy of any such entity.

Without Cause . The Company shall be entitled to immediately terminate your employment under this Letter Agreement for any reason other than death, Disability or Cause at any time.

Voluntary Resignation . You shall be entitled to voluntarily terminate your employment under this Letter Agreement for any reason by providing at least ninety (90) days’ advance written notice of such termination to the Company. In the event you resign your employment, the Company may, in its sole discretion, (i) direct you to cease

(initial here) ______

performing your duties, refrain from entering the Company’s offices and restrict your access to the Company systems, trade secrets and confidential information, in each case during all or part of the 90-day notice period or (ii) immediately terminate your employment at any time during the Notice Period (which such termination shall be deemed to be a voluntary termination by you).

Upon termination of your employment with the Company under this Letter Agreement for any reason, you will receive (i) any base salary that is accrued but unpaid as of your date of termination, (ii) reimbursement for expenses you incurred prior to the date of termination in accordance with the terms of this Letter Agreement; and (iii) vested benefits, if any, to which you may be entitled under the Company’s employee benefit plans, the Option Award Agreement or other agreements as of the date of termination.

In addition, if (i) the Company terminates your employment without Cause (other than as a result of your death or Disability) and (ii) you execute a separation agreement and general release of claims in a form generally accepted for executives (the “ Release ”) and the Release becomes irrevocable within sixty (60) days after the date of termination, then you will receive (A) an amount in cash equal to the sum of your annual base salary, payable in equal installments in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices during the one year period following the date of termination; provided that the first such payment shall be made on the sixtieth (60 ^th ) day following your date of termination and shall include all amounts that would have been paid to you if such payments had commenced as of the date of termination, (B) a pro-rated annual cash bonus payment for the year of termination, in an amount equal to the product of (x) the annual cash bonus that would have been paid to you in respect of the year of such termination (as determined in accordance with this Letter Agreement) and (y) a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of days you were employed during the calendar year in which the termination occurs and the denominator of which is 365, payable at the same time as annual bonuses are paid to employees generally and (C) continued participation in the Company’s benefit plans at active employee rates for one year following the date of termination.

Benefits :


Paid Time Off:	You may be eligible for Paid Time Off pursuant to the Company’s Paid Time Off (PTO) Policy. Please refer to the PTO Policy for more details. Requests for approval of timing of PTO shall be submitted in accordance with Company policy. The amount of PTO days provided per year may be modified, consistent with applicable law, in the discretion of the Company.

Business

(initial here) ______


Expenses :	Consistent with its policies as established from time to time, the Company will reimburse you for all business expenses reasonably incurred by you in connection with the performance of your duties upon you providing the Company with such support for reimbursement as is required by those policies.

Protective

Covenants:

You shall not, directly or indirectly, without prior written consent of the Company, at any time during your employment hereunder or for twelve (12) months following the termination of your employment for any reason, be involved or connected in any manner (including, but not limited to, provide consultative services to, own, manage, operate, join, control, participate in, be engaged in, and/or employed by) any business, individual, partner, firm, corporation, or other entity that competes with (any such action, individually, and in the aggregate, to “ compete with ”), the Company anywhere in the United States of America, including, but not limited to, any such business, individual, partner, firm, corporation, or other entity engaged in the business of operating amusement or “eatertainment” venues


(a)	hire or Solicit (as hereinafter defined) the employment or services of any person who provided services to the Company or any member of the Company Group, as an employee, independent contractor or consultant at the time of termination of your employment with the Company, or within six (6) months prior thereto;


(b)	Solicit any person who is an employee of the Company or any member of the Company Group to apply for or accept employment with any enterprise;

(c)

accept employment or work, in any capacity (including as an employee, consultant or independent contractor), with any firm, corporation, partnership or other entity that is, directly or indirectly, owned or controlled by any Former Employee of the Company involving the provision of services that are substantially similar to the services that you provided to the Company at any time during the twelve months prior to your termination of employment with the Company;


(d)	Solicit or otherwise attempt to establish any business relationship (in connection with any business in competition with the Company) with any limited partner, investor, person, firm, corporation or other entity that is, at the time of your termination of employment, or was a Client, Investor or Business Partner of the Company or any member of the Company Group; or

(initial here) ______


(e)	Interfere with or damage (or attempt to interfere with or damage) any relationship between the Company and any member of the Company Group and the respective Clients, Investors, Business Partners, or employees of the foregoing entities.

For purposes of this Letter Agreement, the term “ Former Employee ” shall mean anyone who was an employee of or exclusive consultant to any member of the Company Group as of, or at any time during the one-year period immediately preceding, the termination of your employment.

Any works of authorship, databases, discoveries, developments, improvements, computer programs , or other intellectual property, etc. (“ Works ”) that you make or conceive, or have made or conceived, solely or jointly, during the period of your employment with the Company, whether or not patentable or registerable under copyright, trademark or similar statutes, which either (i) are related to or useful in the current or anticipated business or activities of any member of the Company Group; (ii) fall within your responsibilities as employed by the Company; or (iii) are otherwise developed by you through the use of the confidential information, equipment, software, or other facilities or resources of any member of the Company Group or at times during which you are or have been an employee constitute “work for hire” under the United States Copyright Act, as amended. If for any reason any portion of the Works shall be deemed not to be a “work for hire,” then you hereby assign to the

(initial here) ______

Company all rights, title and interest therein and shall cooperate to establish the Company’s ownership rights, including the execution of all documents necessary to establish the Company’s exclusive ownership rights.

Arbitration:

The Company and you agree that any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Letter Agreement, the employment relationship between you and the Company, or the termination thereof, including the arbitrability of any controversy or claim, which cannot be promptly settled by mutual agreement will be finally resolved by binding arbitration before a single arbitrator located in New York, New York in accordance with the applicable arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association. Either party may request that the arbitration proceeding be stenographically recorded by a Certified Court Reporter. The arbitrator shall issue a written decision with respect to all claims or controversies submitted under this section within thirty (30) days after the completion of the arbitration hearing. The parties are entitled to be represented by legal counsel at any arbitration hearing, and each party shall be responsible for his or its own attorney’s fees. The costs of the arbitrator shall be paid by the Company; provided, that, the parties agree that the arbitrator shall have the authority to tax the costs, including the attorney’s fees and arbitration proceeding against the non-prevailing party.


Miscellaneous :	This Letter Agreement shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without regard to any choice-of-law rules thereof which might apply the laws of any other jurisdiction.

(initial here) ______

may not affect amounts reimbursable or provided in any subsequent year. The Company makes no representation that any or all of the payments described in this Letter Agreement will be exempt from or comply with Section 409A and makes no undertaking to preclude Section 409A from applying to any such payment.

Sincerely,

DRIVE SHACK INC.

By: _____________________

By signing below, I affirm my understanding of, and agreement to, the terms and conditions set forth above, and hereby accept this offer of employment.

Legal Name (Printed):________________________Signature:___________________________

Date: / /

(initial here) ______

EXHIBIT 10.18

DRIVE SHACK INC.

EXECUTIVE NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AWARD AGREEMENT

WHEREAS, the Option being granted under this Award Agreement is intended to qualify as an “employment inducement award” (as described in Section 303A.08 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual) and is therefore not being granted under the Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as may be amended from time to time, the “ Plan ”), but the provisions of the Plan shall apply to the Option granted under this Award Agreement as if it were granted under the Plan; and

WHEREAS, any capitalized term that is used but not defined in this Award Agreement shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in the Plan.

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants hereinafter set forth, the parties agree as follows:

1. Grant of Stock Option . The Company hereby grants to the Executive an option to purchase 3,296,209 shares of Common Stock at an Exercise Price of $5.44 per share (the “ Option ”).

2. Vesting .

(a) The shares of Common Stock subject to the Option shall vest in equal annual installments on each of the first three (3) anniversaries of the Date of Grant (each, a “ Vesting Date ”); provided that the Executive remains in continuous employment with the Company or an Affiliate thereof through, and has not given or received a notice of termination of such employment as of, the applicable Vesting Date.

(b) Except as set forth in Section 2(c) below, if the Executive’s employment is terminated for any reason prior to the final Vesting Date, (i) this Award Agreement shall terminate and all rights of the Executive with respect to Options that have not vested shall immediately terminate, (ii) any such unvested Options shall be forfeited without payment of any consideration, and (iii) neither the Executive nor any of the Executive’s successors, heirs, assigns, or personal representatives shall thereafter have any further rights or interests in such unvested Options.

(c) If the Executive’s employment is terminated prior to the final Vesting Date either (i) by the Company without Cause, (ii) by the Executive for Good Reason or (iii) as a result of the Executive’s death or Disability (each, a “ Qualifying Termination ”), the portion of the Option that would have vested on the next Vesting Date had the Executive remained in employment with the Company shall immediately vest.

3. Timing of Exercise . Following the vesting of the Option as set forth in Section 2 hereof, the Executive may exercise all or any portion of such vested Option at any time prior to the earliest to occur of:

(a) The 10 ^th anniversary of the Date of Grant;

(b) The 1 ^st anniversary of the date of a Qualifying Termination;

(c) 90 days following the Executive’s termination of employment with the Company and its Affiliates as a result of a voluntary termination by Executive other than for Good Reason; and

(d) The close of business on the last business day immediately prior to the date of the Executive’s (A) termination of employment by the Company for Cause or (B) breach of any restrictive covenants set forth in any agreement or other arrangement between the Executive and the Company or any of its Affiliates.

4. Method of Exercise . The Executive may exercise all or any portion of the Option by giving written notice of exercise to the Company specifying the number of shares of Common Stock to be exercised. Unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, the payment of the aggregate exercise price of the shares of Common Stock being exercised shall be satisfied through a cashless exercise procedure pursuant to which the Company will withhold a number of shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable upon exercise of the Option with a Fair Market Value equal to the aggregate exercise price.

5. Rights as Stockholder . The Executive shall have no rights of a stockholder with respect to the shares of Common Stock subject to the Option (including the right to vote and the right to receive distributions or dividends) unless and until shares of Common Stock are issued in respect thereof in accordance with Section 4 hereof.

6. Award Agreement Subject to Plan . Notwithstanding that the Option being granted under this Award Agreement is intended to qualify as an “employment inducement award” (as described in Section 303A.08 of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual) and is therefore not being granted under the Plan, this Award Agreement is made pursuant to all of the provisions of the Plan as if the Option was granted under the Plan, which is incorporated herein by this reference, and is intended, and shall be interpreted in a manner, to comply therewith. In the event of any conflict between the provisions of this Award Agreement and the provisions of the Plan, the provisions of the Plan shall govern.

7. No Rights to Continuation of Employment . Nothing in the Plan or this Award Agreement shall confer upon the Executive any right to continue in the employ of the Company or any Affiliate thereof or shall interfere with or restrict the right of the Company or its Affiliates to terminate the Executive’s employment any time for any reason whatsoever, with or without cause.

8. Tax Withholding . The Company shall be entitled to require a cash payment by or on behalf of the Executive and/or to deduct from the shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable hereunder or other compensation payable to the Executive the amount of any federal, state or local withholding taxes in respect of the Option, its exercise or any payment or transfer under or with respect to the Option, in each case in accordance with the terms of the Plan.

9. Governing Law . This Award Agreement shall be governed by, interpreted under, and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws, and not the laws pertaining to conflicts or choices of laws, of the State of Maryland applicable to agreements made and to be performed wholly within the State of Maryland.

10. Award Agreement Binding on Successors . The terms of this Award Agreement shall be binding upon the Executive and upon the Executive’s heirs, executors, administrators, personal representatives, transferees, assignees and successors in interest, and upon the Company and its successors and assignees, in each case in accordance with the terms of the Plan.

11. No Assignment . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Award Agreement, neither this Award Agreement nor any rights granted herein shall be assignable by the Executive.

12. Necessary Acts . The Executive hereby agrees to perform all acts, and to execute and deliver any documents that may be reasonably necessary to carry out the provisions of this Award Agreement, including but not limited to all acts and documents related to compliance with federal and/or state securities and/or tax laws.

13. Severability . Should any provision of this Award Agreement be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable, or enforceable only if modified, such holding shall not affect the validity of the remainder of this Award Agreement, the balance of which shall continue to be binding upon the parties hereto with any such modification (if any) to become a part hereof and treated as though contained in this original Award Agreement. Moreover, if one or more of the provisions contained in this Award Agreement shall for any reason be held to be excessively broad as to scope, activity, subject or otherwise so as to be unenforceable, in lieu of severing such unenforceable provision, such provision or provisions shall be construed by the appropriate judicial body by limiting or reducing it or them, so as to be enforceable to the maximum extent compatible with the applicable law as it shall then appear, and such determination by such judicial body shall not affect the enforceability of such provisions or provisions in any other jurisdiction.

14. Entire Agreement . This Award Agreement and the Plan contain the entire agreement and understanding among the parties as to the subject matter hereof, and supersede any other agreements or representations, oral or otherwise, express or implied, with respect to the subject matter hereof.

15. Headings . Headings are used solely for the convenience of the parties and shall not be deemed to be a limitation upon or descriptive of the contents of any such Section.

16. Counterparts; Electronic Signature . This Award Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall be deemed to be one and the same instrument. The Executive’s electronic signature of this Award Agreement shall have the same validity and effect as a signature affixed by the Executive’s hand.

17. Amendment . No amendment or modification hereof shall be valid unless it shall be in writing and signed by all parties hereto.

18. Set-Off . The Executive hereby acknowledges and agrees, without limiting the rights of the Company or any Affiliate thereof otherwise available at law or in equity, that, to the extent permitted by law, any amount due to the Executive under this Award Agreement may be reduced by, and set-off against, any or all amounts or other consideration payable by the Executive to the Company or any of its Affiliates under any other agreement or arrangement between the Executive and the Company or any of its Affiliates; provided that any such set-off does not result in a penalty under Section 409A of the Code.

[Signature Page Follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Award Agreement as of the date set forth above.

DRIVE SHACK INC.

Print Name:

Title:

KENNETH A. MAY

Signature

Print Name:

[Signature Page to Executive Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement]

EXHIBIT 10.19

DRIVE SHACK INC.
2018 OMNIBUS INCENTIVE PLAN

EXECUTIVE INCENTIVE STOCK OPTION AWARD AGREEMENT

This Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement (this “ Award Agreement ”), dated as of November 12, 2018 (the “ Date of Grant ”), is made by and between Drive Shack Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “ Company ”), and Kenneth A. May (the “ Executive ”). Any capitalized term that is used but not defined in this Award Agreement shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in the Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as may be amended from time to time, the “ Plan ”).

1. Grant of Stock Option; Incentive Stock Option . The Company hereby grants to the Executive an option to purchase 55,146 shares of Common Stock at an Exercise Price of $5.44 per share (the “ Option ”), subject to all of the terms and conditions of this Award Agreement and the Plan. This Option is designated as an incentive stock option (“ISO”) within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code.

2. Vesting .

(a) The 10 ^th anniversary of the Date of Grant;

(b) 90 days following the Executive’s termination of employment with the Company and its Affiliates for any reason other than Cause, death or Permanent Disability;

For purposes of this Agreement, “Permanent Disability” shall mean permanent and total disability as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code.

4. Method of Exercise . The Executive may exercise all or any portion of the Option by giving written notice of exercise to the Company specifying the number of shares of Common Stock to be exercised. Unless otherwise determined by the Administrator, the payment of the aggregate exercise price of the shares of Common Stock being exercised shall be satisfied through a cashless exercise procedure pursuant to which the Company will withhold a number of shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable upon exercise of the Option with a Fair Market Value equal to the aggregate exercise price.

6. Award Agreement Subject to Plan . This Award Agreement is made pursuant to all of the provisions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by this reference, and is intended, and shall be interpreted in a manner, to comply therewith. In the event of any conflict between the provisions of this Award Agreement and the provisions of the Plan, the provisions of the Plan shall govern.

11. No Assignment . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Award Agreement, neither this Award Agreement nor any rights granted herein shall be assignable by the Executive.

15. Headings . Headings are used solely for the convenience of the parties and shall not be deemed to be a limitation upon or descriptive of the contents of any such Section.

17. Amendment . No amendment or modification hereof shall be valid unless it shall be in writing and signed by all parties hereto.

(a) [Signature Page Follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Award Agreement as of the date set forth above.

DRIVE SHACK INC.

Print Name:

Title:

KENNETH A. MAY

Signature

Print Name:

[Signature Page to Executive Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement]

EXHIBIT 10.20

DRIVE SHACK INC.
2018 OMNIBUS INCENTIVE PLAN

EXECUTIVE NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AWARD AGREEMENT

This Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (this “ Award Agreement ”), dated as of November 12, 2018 (the “ Date of Grant ”), is made by and between Drive Shack Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “ Company ”), and David M. Hammarley (the “ Executive ”). Any capitalized term that is used but not defined in this Award Agreement shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in the Drive Shack Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as may be amended from time to time, the “ Plan ”).

1. Grant of Stock Option . The Company hereby grants to the Executive an option to purchase 75,000 shares of Common Stock at an Exercise Price of $5.44 per share (the “ Option ”), subject to all of the terms and conditions of this Award Agreement and the Plan.

2. Vesting .

(a) The shares of Common Stock subject to the Option shall vest on the third anniversary of the Date of Grant (the “ Vesting Date ”); provided that the Executive remains in continuous employment with the Company or an Affiliate thereof through, and has not given or received a notice of termination of such employment as of, the Vesting Date.

(b) Except as set forth in Section 2(c) below, if the Executive’s employment is terminated for any reason prior to the Vesting Date, (i) this Award Agreement shall terminate and all rights of the Executive with respect to Options that have not vested shall immediately terminate, (ii) any such unvested Options shall be forfeited without payment of any consideration, and (iii) neither the Executive nor any of the Executive’s successors, heirs, assigns, or personal representatives shall thereafter have any further rights or interests in such unvested Options.

(c) If the Executive’s employment is terminated on or after the second anniversary of the Date of Grant and prior to the Vesting Date by the Company without Cause or because of the Executive’s death or Disability (each, a “ Qualifying Termination ”), the Option shall immediately vest.

3. Timing of Exercise . Following the vesting of the Option as set forth in Section 2 hereof, the Executive may exercise all or any portion of such Option at any time prior to the earliest to occur of:

(a) The 10 ^th anniversary of the Date of Grant;

(b) The 1 ^st anniversary of the date of a Qualifying Termination;

(c) 90 days following the Executive’s termination of employment with the Company and its Affiliates as a result of a voluntary termination by Executive; and

4. Method of Exercise . The Executive may exercise all or any portion of the Option by giving written notice of exercise to the Company specifying the number of shares of Common Stock to be purchased, accompanied by payment in full of the aggregate exercise price of the shares of Common Stock so purchased in cash or its equivalent. As determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion, payment of the aggregate exercise price of such shares of Common Stock may also be made (i) by means of consideration received under any cashless exercise procedure approved by the Administrator (including the withholding of shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable upon exercise), (ii) in the form of unrestricted shares of Common Stock already owned by the Executive which have a Fair Market Value on the date of surrender equal to the aggregate exercise price of the shares of Common Stock with respect to which the Option is being exercised, (iii) any other form of consideration approved by the Administrator and (iv) any combination of the foregoing.

11. No Assignment . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Award Agreement, neither this Award Agreement nor any rights granted herein shall be assignable by the Executive.

15. Headings . Headings are used solely for the convenience of the parties and shall not be deemed to be a limitation upon or descriptive of the contents of any such Section.

17. Amendment . No amendment or modification hereof shall be valid unless it shall be in writing and signed by all parties hereto.

18. Set-Off . The Executive hereby acknowledges and agrees, without limiting the rights of the Company or any Affiliate thereof otherwise available at law or in equity, that, to

the extent permitted by law, any amount due to the Executive under this Award Agreement may be reduced by, and set-off against, any or all amounts or other consideration payable by the Executive to the Company or any of its Affiliates under any other agreement or arrangement between the Executive and the Company or any of its Affiliates; provided that any such set-off does not result in a penalty under Section 409A of the Code.

(a) [Signature Page Follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Award Agreement as of the date set forth above.

DRIVE SHACK INC.

Print Name:

Title:

DAVID M. HAMMARLEY

Signature

Print Name:

[Signature Page to Executive Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement]

EXHIBIT 21.1

DRIVE SHACK INC. SUBSIDIARIES



	Subsidiary	Jurisdiction of Incorporation/Organization
1	IMPAC Commercial Assets Corporation	California
2	IMPAC Commercial Capital Corporation	California
3	IMPAC Commercial Holdings, Inc.	Maryland
4	NCT Holdings LLC	Delaware
5	Newcastle CDO VIII 1, Limited	Cayman Islands
6	Newcastle CDO VIII 2, Limited	Cayman Islands
7	Newcastle CDO VIII Holdings LLC	Delaware
8	Newcastle CDO VIII LLC	Delaware
9	Newcastle CDO IX 1, Limited	Cayman Islands
10	Newcastle CDO IX Holdings LLC	Delaware
11	Newcastle CDO IX LLC	Delaware
12	Newcastle Mortgage Securities Trust 2006-1	Delaware
13	Newcastle Mortgage Securities Trust 2007-1	Delaware
14	NIC CRA LLC	Delaware
15	NIC OTC LLC	Delaware
16	NIC SF LLC	Delaware
17	NIC Management LLC	Delaware
18	Xanadu Asset Holdings LLC	Delaware
19	NCT 2013-VI Funding Investors LLC	Delaware
20	American Golf Group Holdings LLC	Delaware
21	Tower A LLC	Delaware
22	Tower C LLC	Delaware
23	Vineyards Holdings LLC	Delaware
24	American Golf Partners LLC	Delaware
25	NGP Realty Sub GP, LLC	Delaware
26	NGP Realty Sub, L.P.	Delaware
27	AGC Mezzanine Pledge LLC	Delaware
28	New AGC LLC	Delaware
29	American Golf Corporation	California
30	American Golf of Atlanta	Georgia
31	CW Golf Partners LP	California
32	Golf Enterprises Inc.	Kansas
33	Persimmon Golf Club LLC	Delaware
34	Drive Shack Holdings LLC	Delaware
35	NIC Taberna LLC	Delaware
36	AG Los Coyotes LLC	California
37	AGC Field Operations LLC	Delaware
38	AGC Realty LLC	Delaware
39	Myeshan Inc.	Ohio
40	AGC Management LLC	Delaware
41	Drive Shack Orlando LLC	Delaware



	Subsidiary	Jurisdiction of Incorporation/Organization
42	Drive Shack Richmond LLC	Delaware
43	American Golf of Glendale Inc.	California
44	Drive Shack Raleigh LLC	Delaware
45	Drive Shack Palm Beach LLC	Delaware
46	Drive Shack Phoenix LLC	Delaware
47	Drive Shack Randall's Island LLC	Delaware
48	Drive Shack Marietta LLC	Delaware
49	Drive Shack New Orleans LLC	Delaware

EXHIBIT 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333- 222312) of Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries, of our reports dated March 15, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Drive Shack Inc. and Subsidiaries included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2018.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

New York, New York

March 15, 2019

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER



I, Kenneth A. May, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Drive Shack Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d – 15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d – 15(f)) for the registrant and have:

	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



March 15, 2019	/s/ Kenneth A. May
(Date)	Kenneth A. May
	Chief Executive Officer and President

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER



I, David M. Hammarley, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Drive Shack Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d–15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d – 15(f)) for the registrant and have:

	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.



March 15, 2019	/s/ David M. Hammarley
(Date)	David M. Hammarley
	Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CEO PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Drive Shack Inc. (the “Company”) for the annual period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Kenneth A. May, as Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge:


(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and


(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.



/s/ Kenneth A. May
Kenneth A. May
Chief Executive Officer and President
March 15, 2019

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF CFO PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Drive Shack Inc. (the “Company”) for the annual period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), David M. Hammarley, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge:


(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and


(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.



/s/ David M. Hammarley
David M. Hammarley
Chief Financial Officer
March 15, 2019