UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________
FORM 40-F
(Check One)
oRegistration statement pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
or
x
Annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 Commission file number: 001-35783
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Ontario1040Not Applicable
(Province or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number (if applicable))		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 3910
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5J 2T3
(416) 368-9932
(Address and Telephone Number of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)
Torys LLP
1114 Avenue of the Americas
23rd Floor
New York, New York 10036
Attention: Mile T. Kurta
(212) 880-6000
(Name, Address (Including Zip Code) and Telephone Number (Including Area Code) of Agent For Service in the United States)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
Title of Each ClassTrading SymbolName Of Exchange On Which Registered
Class A Common Shares, Without Par ValueAGIThe New York Stock Exchange
__________
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this Form:
x Annual Information Form
x Audited Annual Financial Statements
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 393,806,489 Class A Common Shares.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes x     No   o
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes x     No   o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Emerging growth company   o
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
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FORM 40-F
Principal Documents
The following documents, filed as Exhibits 99.1 through 99.3 hereto, are hereby incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 40-F (this “Form 40-F”):
(a) Annual Information Form, dated March 27, 2023 for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 99.1 hereto) (the “Annual Information Form”);
(b) Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 99.2 hereto); and
(c) Annual Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the Year Ended December 31, 2022, including Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Changes in Equity and Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and Related Notes, together with the auditors’ report thereon and the auditors’ report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, contained therein (filed as Exhibit 99.3 hereto).
Forward-looking statements
This Form 40-F and the exhibits attached hereto contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and applicable Canadian securities laws, concerning Alamos Gold Inc.’s (“Alamos” or the “registrant”) plans for its properties and other matters. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Form 40-F and the exhibits attached hereto, including, without limitation, statements regarding forecasted gold production, gold grades, recoveries, waste-to-ore ratios, total cash costs, potential mineralization and reserves, exploration results, and future plans and objectives of Alamos, are forward-looking statements that involve various risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to mining and processing of mined ore, achieving projected recovery rates, anticipated production rates and mine life, operating efficiencies, costs and expenditures, changes in mineral resources, and conversion of mineral resources to proven and probable reserves, and other information that is based on forecasts of future operational or financial results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable, and assumptions of management.

Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance (often, but not always, using words or phrases such as “expects” or “does not expect”, “is expected”, “anticipates” or “does not anticipate”, “plans”, “estimates” or “intends”, or stating that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved) are not statements of historical fact and may be “forward-looking statements”. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. In addition, we caution you that our forward-looking statements are subject to the ongoing and developing circumstances related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and future financial results.
There can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate and actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include risks related to the on-going business of Alamos, including risks related to international operations; the actual results of current exploration activities; conclusions of economic evaluations and changes in project parameters as plans continue to be refined as well as future prices of gold, as well as those risk factors described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Information Form, attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1. Although we have attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. We can provide no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

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ADDITIONAL DISCLOSURE
Certifications and Disclosure Regarding Controls and Procedures
(a)    Certifications. See Exhibits 99.4 through 99.7 to this Form 40-F.
(b)    Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
As of the end of Alamos’ fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, Alamos’ principal executive officer and principal financial officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of Alamos’ “disclosure controls and procedures” (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, Alamos’ principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of the end of that fiscal year, Alamos’ disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Alamos in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the registrant’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
It should be noted that, while Alamos’ principal executive officer and principal financial officer believe that Alamos’ disclosure controls and procedures provide a reasonable level of assurance that they are effective, they do not expect that Alamos’ disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
(c)    Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Management's annual report on internal control over financial reporting appears under the heading “Internal Control over Financial Reporting” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 (filed as Exhibit 99.2 hereto), and is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
(d)    Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm. KPMG LLP (“KPMG”), the independent registered public accounting firm that audited Alamos’ consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, has issued its opinion on the effectiveness of Alamos’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 (the “Attestation Report”). The Attestation Report is included in Exhibit 99.3 attached hereto, which is incorporated by reference into this Form 40-F.
(e)    Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Notices Pursuant to Regulation BTR
None.
Audit Committee Financial Experts
Alamos’ board of directors has determined that each of Claire Kennedy, Paul Murphy, David Fleck, and Kenneth Stowe, members of its audit committee, is an “audit committee financial expert” (as such term is defined in Form 40-F) and that each of Claire Kennedy, Paul Murphy, David Fleck, and Kenneth Stowe is “independent” (as defined in the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”).
Code of Ethics
Alamos has adopted a “code of ethics” (as that term is defined in Form 40-F), entitled Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Ethics”), that applies to all of its directors, officers, and employees.
The Code of Ethics is available for viewing on Alamos’ website at www.alamosgold.com under About – Corporate Policy Downloads and is available in print to any shareholder who requests it.  Requests for copies of the Code of Ethics should be made by contacting: Nils F. Engelstad, Senior Vice President, General Counsel of Alamos, Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 3910, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 2T3, telephone: (416) 368-9932. Alternatively, requests may be sent by e-mail to notice@alamosgold.com.
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The Code of Ethics, and all waivers of the Code of Ethics with respect to any director, officer, or employee of Alamos, will be posted promptly on Alamos’ website.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
KPMG is Alamos’ external auditor.  
The information set forth under the heading “External Auditor Service Fees (By Category)” of the Annual Information Form, attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1, is incorporated by reference herein.
The audit committee of Alamos’ board of directors has determined that the provision of these services is compatible with the maintenance of the independence of KPMG.
Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
The Audit Committee shall pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by the independent auditors and not engage the independent auditors to perform the specific non-audit services prohibited by law or regulation. None of the services provided by the Alamos’ independent auditors described above were approved pursuant to a waiver of pre-approval provisions under SEC rules (paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.
Identification of the Audit Committee
Alamos has a separately-designated standing audit committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act. The members of Alamos’ audit committee are: Claire Kennedy (Chair), Paul Murphy, David Fleck, and Kenneth Stowe.
DIFFERENCES IN UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN REPORTING PRACTICES
Alamos is permitted, under a multijurisdictional disclosure system adopted by the United States, to prepare documents incorporated by reference in this Form 40-F in accordance with Canadian disclosure requirements, which are different from those of the United States.

The documents incorporated by reference into this Form 40-F have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. Unless otherwise indicated, all mineral resource and reserve estimates included in the documents incorporated by reference into this Form 40-F have been prepared in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “CIM”) - CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended. NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators, which established standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Mining disclosure in the United States was previously required to comply with SEC Industry Guide 7 (“SEC Industry Guide 7”) under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The SEC has adopted final rules, effective February 25, 2019, to replace SEC Industry Guide 7 with new mining disclosure rules under sub-part 1300 of Regulation S-K of the U.S. Securities Act (“Regulation S-K 1300”). Regulation S-K 1300 replaces the historical property disclosure requirements included in SEC Industry Guide 7. Under Regulation S-K 1300, the SEC now recognizes estimates of “Measured Mineral Resources”, “Indicated Mineral Resources” and “Inferred Mineral Resources”. In addition, the SEC has amended its definitions of “Proven Mineral Reserves” and “Probable Mineral Reserves” to be substantially similar to international standards. Regulation S-K 1300 is mandatory for U.S. reporting companies beginning with the first fiscal year commencing on or after January 1, 2021. Readers are cautioned that despite efforts to harmonize U.S. mining disclosure rules with NI 43-101 and other international requirements, there are differences between the terms and definitions used in Regulation S-K 1300 and mining terms defined in the CIM Standards, which definitions have been adopted by NI 43‑101, and there is no assurance that any mineral reserves or mineral resources that Alamos may report as “proven mineral reserves”, “probable mineral reserves”, “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under NI 43-101 would be the same had Alamos prepared the mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates under the standards of Regulation S-K 1300. Readers are also cautioned that while the SEC recognizes “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under Regulation S-K 1300, readers should not assume that any part or all of the mineralization in these categories will ever be converted into a higher category of mineral resources or into mineral reserves. Mineralization described using these terms has a greater degree of uncertainty as to its existence and feasibility than mineralization that has been characterized as reserves. Accordingly, readers are cautioned not to assume that any measured mineral resources, indicated mineral resources, or inferred mineral resources that Alamos reports are or will be economically or legally mineable.
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Accordingly, information contained in this Form 40-F and the documents incorporated by reference herein containing descriptions of Alamos’ mineral deposits may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
TAX MATTERS
Purchasing, holding, or disposing of Alamos’ securities may have tax consequences under the laws of the United States, Canada, and other jurisdictions that are not described in this Form 40-F.
NYSE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Alamos’ common shares are listed on the NYSE. Sections 103.00 and 303A.11 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual permit “foreign private issuers” (as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act) to follow home country practices in lieu of certain provisions of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. A foreign private issuer that follows home country practices in lieu of certain provisions of the NYSE Listed Company Manual must disclose any significant ways in which its corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies either on its website or in the annual report that it distributes to shareholders in the United States. A description of the significant ways in which Alamos’ corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies pursuant to NYSE standards is as follows:
Shareholder Meeting Quorum Requirement: The NYSE is of the opinion that the quorum required for any meeting of shareholders should be sufficiently high to insure a representative vote. Alamos’ quorum requirement is set forth in its Articles. A quorum for a meeting of Alamos’ shareholders is two persons who are, or who represent by proxy, shareholders who, in the aggregate, hold at least 5% of the shares entitled to be voted at the meeting.
Proxy Delivery Requirement: The NYSE requires the solicitation of proxies and delivery of proxy statements for all shareholder meetings, and requires that these proxies shall be solicited pursuant to a proxy statement that conforms to the SEC’s proxy solicitation and disclosure rules. As a foreign private issuer, Alamos is exempt from the proxy solicitation and disclosure rules set forth in Sections 14(a), 14(b), 14(c), and 14(f) of the Exchange Act. Alamos solicits proxies in accordance with applicable rules and regulations in Canada.
Shareholder Approval Requirement: Alamos intends to follow Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) rules for shareholder approval of new issuances of its common shares. In accordance with TSX rules, shareholder approval is required for certain issuances of shares that: (i) materially affect control of Alamos; or (ii) provide consideration to insiders in an aggregate of 10% or greater of the market capitalization of the listed issuer and have not been negotiated at arm’s length. Shareholder approval is also required, pursuant to TSX rules, in the case of private placements: (x) for an aggregate number of listed securities issuable greater than 25% of the number of securities of the listed issuer which are outstanding, on a non-diluted basis, prior to the date of closing of the transaction if the price per security is less than the market price; or (y) that during any six-month period are to insiders for listed securities or options, rights or other entitlements to listed securities greater than 10% of the number of securities of the listed issuer which are outstanding, on a non-diluted basis, prior to the date of the closing of the first private placement to an insider during the six-month period.
Equity Compensation Plans: Unlike the NYSE rules, there is no requirement in Canada for shareholder approval of compensation arrangements settled solely in cash or with shares purchased in the open market at fair value or for amendments to such arrangements. Alamos intends to comply with the TSX rules that require a listed company to obtain shareholder approval of any share compensation arrangement that involves the issuance of shares from treasury or to make amendments to such arrangements that require shareholder approval (in accordance with the TSX rules and the terms of such arrangement).
The foregoing is consistent with Canadian laws, customs and practices.
Independence of Directors
Alamos’ board of directors has determined that eight of its nine directors, comprising a majority of the board, are “independent directors,” as that term is defined in the rules of the NYSE and that none of these eight directors has a material relationship with Alamos that would impair his or her independence from management or otherwise compromise his or her ability to act as an independent director.
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The directors who have been determined to be independent on this basis are Paul J. Murphy, Elaine Ellingham, David Fleck, David Gower, Claire M.C. Kennedy, Monique Mercier, J. Robert S. Prichard, and Kenneth Stowe.
Presiding Director at Meetings of Independent Directors
Alamos schedules regular meetings in which its independent directors meet without the participation of management and non-independent directors. Paul Murphy, the chair of the board of directors, serves as the chair at such sessions.
Communication with Independent Directors
Shareholders may send communications to the registrant’s independent directors by contacting Amber Howell, Assistant Corporate Secretary of Alamos, Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 3910, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 2T3, telephone: (416) 368-9932. Alternatively, communications may be sent directly to the board of directors by e-mail to board@alamosgold.com.
Corporate Governance Guidelines
The rules of the NYSE require listed companies to adopt and disclose a set of corporate governance guidelines with respect to specified topics. Such guidelines are required to be posted on the listed company’s website. Alamos’ corporate governance principles are available for viewing on its website at www.alamosgold.com under About - Corporate Governance.
Board and Committee Charters
Alamos’ board of directors’ mandate and the charters for its audit committee, human resources committee, technical and sustainability committee, corporate governance and nominating committee, and public affairs committee are available for viewing on its website at www.alamosgold.com under About - Corporate Governance and are available in print to any shareholder who requests them. Requests for copies of these documents should be made by contacting Nils Engelstad, Senior Vice President, General Counsel of Alamos, Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 3910, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 2T3, telephone: (416) 368-9932. Alternatively, requests may be sent by e-mail to notice@alamosgold.com.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
Alamos discloses any off-balance sheet arrangements in its Management’s Discussion and Analysis and noted there were none as at December 31, 2022.
MATERIAL CASH REQUIREMENTS
Alamos discloses material cash requirements as part of its “Commitments” disclosure in its Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Pursuant to Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, issuers that are operators, or that have a subsidiary that is an operator, of a coal or other mine in the United States are required to disclose in their periodic reports filed with the SEC information regarding specified health and safety violations, orders and citations, related assessments and legal actions, and mining-related fatalities under the regulation of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended (the “Mine Act”). During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, Alamos did not have any mines in the United States subject to regulation by MSHA under the Mine Act.
DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
None.
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UNDERTAKING AND CONSENT TO SERVICE OF PROCESS
A.    Undertaking.
The registrant undertakes to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the SEC staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the SEC staff, information relating to the securities registered pursuant to Form 40-F, the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises; or transactions in said securities.
B.    Consent to Service of Process.
(1)    The registrant has previously filed a Form F-X in connection with the class of securities in relation to which the obligation to file this report arises.
(2)    Any change to the name or address of the agent for service of the registrant shall be communicated promptly to the SEC by amendment to Form F-X referencing the file number of the registrant.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.
Date: March 28, 2023ALAMOS GOLD INC.
By:/s/ James Porter
Name: James Porter
Title: Chief Financial Officer




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EXHIBIT INDEX

EXHIBIT
NO.
DESCRIPTION
99.1
99.2 
99.3
99.4
99.5
99.6
99.7
99.8
99.9
99.10
99.11
99.12
99.13
99.14
99.15
101.INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCHInline Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)


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logoa07.jpg
Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 3910
Toronto, Ontario, M5J 2T3
416-368-9932





ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM
for the year ended December 31, 2022












March 27, 2023





TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY NOTES
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
CORPORATE STRUCTURE
Name and Incorporation
Intercorporate Relationships
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS
Three-Year History
Risk Factors
MINERAL PROPERTIES
YOUNG-DAVIDSON MINE
Summary
Property Description, Location, and Access
History
Geological Setting, Mineralization, and Deposit Types
Exploration
Drilling
Sampling, Analysis, and Data Verification
Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
Mineral Reserve and Mineral Reserve Estimation
Mining Operations
Processing and Recovery Operations
Infrastructure, Permitting and Compliance Activities
Capital and Operating Costs
2023 Outlook
ISLAND GOLD MINE
Summary
Property Description, Location, and Access
History
Geological Setting, Mineralization, and Deposit Types
Exploration
Drilling
Sampling, Analysis and Data Verification
Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
Mineral Reserve and Mineral Reserve Estimation
Mining Operations
Processing and Recovery Operations
Infrastructure, Permitting, and Compliance Activities
Capital and Operating Costs
2023 Outlook
MULATOS MINE
Summary
Project Description, Location, and Access
History
Geological Setting, Mineralization, and Deposit Types
Exploration
Drilling
2023 Exploration Outlook
2 | Alamos Gold Inc.

Sampling, Analysis and Data Verification
Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates
Mining Operations
Processing and Recovery Operations
Infrastructure, Permitting and Compliance Activities
Capital and Operating Costs
2023 Outlook
OTHER MINERAL PROPERTIES
Lynn Lake (Manitoba, Canada)
Kirazlı, Aği Daği, and Çamyurt (Türkiye)
DECEMBER 31, 2022 RESERVES AND RESOURCES
Qualified Person(s) Disclosure
Uses of Gold
Sales and Refining
Employees
DIVIDENDS
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE
MARKET FOR SECURITIES
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
AUDIT COMMITTEE
INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
MATERIAL CONTRACTS
INTERESTS OF EXPERTS
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
SCHEDULE “A”



















3 | Alamos Gold Inc.

ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM
(“AIF”)
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
(the “Company”)
PRELIMINARY NOTES
Effective Date of Information
The information in this AIF is current as of March 27, 2023, unless otherwise stated herein.
Currency and Exchange Rates
All dollar amounts in this AIF are expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated (“CAD” denotes Canadian dollars). The following table sets forth the value of the Canadian dollar expressed in United States dollars on December 31 of each year and the average, high, and low exchange rates during the year indicated based on the daily exchange rate as reported by the Bank of Canada.
Canadian Dollars into United States Dollars2022 2021 2020 
Closing$0.7383$0.7888$0.7854
Average$0.7692$0.7980$0.7461
High$0.8031$0.8306$0.7863
Low$0.7217$0.7727$0.6898

The exchange rate on March 27, 2023, as reported by the Bank of Canada for the conversion of United States dollars into Canadian dollars was USD$0.73 equals CAD$1.00.
Imperial Equivalents
For ease of reference, the following factors for converting metric measurements to imperial equivalents are provided:
To Convert from MetricTo ImperialMultiply by
HectaresAcres2.471
Metres (m)Feet (ft.)3.281
Kilometres (km)Miles0.621
TonnesTons (2000 pounds)1.102
Grams/tonneOunces/ton (troy/ton)0.029
Forward-Looking Statements
This AIF contains or incorporates by reference “forward-looking statements” and “forward-looking information” as defined under applicable Canadian and US securities legislation. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this AIF which address events, results, outcomes or developments that the Company expects to occur are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are generally, but not always, identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “expect”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “believe”, assume”, “intend”, “objective”, “estimate”, “potential”, “forecast”, “budget”, “target”, “goal”, “on track”, “outlook”, “continue”, “ongoing”, or variations of such words and phrases and similar expressions or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved or the negative connotation of such terms.

Forward-looking statements in this AIF include, but may not be limited to, statements and expectations regarding: 2023 outlooks for Young-Davidson, Island Gold, and the Mulatos District (including La Yaqui Grande) pertaining to gold grades, production rates, total cash costs, mine-site AISC, capital spending, cash flow, operational performance, and Mineral Reserve and mine life; increases to production, value of operation and decreases to costs resulting from the intended completion of the Phase 3+ expansion at Island Gold; intended infrastructure investments in, method of funding for, and timing of the completion of, the Phase 3+ expansion; development of the Lynn Lake Gold Project; exploration and mining the deposit at Puerto Del Aire;
4 | Alamos Gold Inc.

reductions in GHG emissions; as well as other general statements and information as to strategy, plans or future financial or operating performance, such as the Company’s expansion plans, project timelines, production plans and expected sustainable productivity increases, expected increases in mining activities and corresponding cost efficiencies, expected exploration programs, targets and budgets, expected sustaining costs, expected improvements in cash flows and margins, expectations of changes in capital expenditures, forecasted cash shortfalls and the Company’s ability to fund them, cost estimates, projected exploration results, reserve and resource estimates, expected recoveries, sufficiency of working capital for future commitments, gold prices, returns to stakeholders and other statements that express management’s expectations or estimates of future plans and performance.

A Mineral Resource that is classified as “Inferred” or “Indicated” has a great amount of uncertainty as to its existence and economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that any or part of an “Indicated Mineral Resource” or “Inferred Mineral Resource” will ever be upgraded to a higher category of Mineral Resource. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves.

The Company cautions that forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of factors and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by the Company at the time of making such statements, are inherently subject to significant business, economic, technical, legal, political and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. Known and unknown factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements and information.

Such factors and assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to: changes to current estimates of mineral reserves and resources; changes to production estimates (which assume accuracy of projected ore grade, mining rates, recovery timing and recovery rate estimates which may be impacted by unscheduled maintenance, weather issues, labour and contractor availability and other operating or technical difficulties); operations may be exposed to new diseases, epidemics and pandemics, including any ongoing effects and potential further effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other new illness, epidemic or pandemic on the broader market and the trading price of the Company's shares; provincial and federal orders or mandates (including with respect to mining operations generally or auxiliary businesses or services required for the Company’s operations) in Canada, Mexico, the United States and Türkiye; the duration of any ongoing or new regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic or any other new illness, epidemic or pandemic; government and the Company’s attempts to reduce the spread of COVID-19 which may affect many aspects of the Company's operations including the ability to transport personnel to and from site, contractor and supply availability and the ability to sell or deliver gold doré bars; fluctuations in the price of gold or certain other commodities such as, diesel fuel, natural gas, and electricity; changes in foreign exchange rates (particularly the Canadian Dollar, Mexican Peso, U.S. Dollar and Turkish Lira); the impact of inflation; changes in the Company's credit rating; any decision to declare a quarterly dividend; employee and community relations; litigation and administrative proceedings; disruptions affecting operations; availability of and increased costs associated with mining inputs and labour; delays with the Phase 3+ expansion project at the Island Gold mine; delays in permitting, construction decisions and any development of the Lynn Lake Gold Project; delays in the development or updating of mine plans; changes with respect to the intended method of accessing and mining the deposit at Puerto Del Aire and changes related to the intended method of processing any ore from the deposit of Puerto Del Aire; the risk that the Company’s mines may not perform as planned; uncertainty with the Company’s ability to secure additional capital to execute its business plans; the speculative nature of mineral exploration and development, including the risks of obtaining and maintaining necessary licenses and permits, including the necessary licenses, permits, authorizations and/or approvals from the appropriate regulatory authorities for the Company’s development stage and operating assets; labour and contractor availability (and being able to secure the same on favourable terms); contests over title to properties; expropriation or nationalization of property; inherent risks and hazards associated with mining and mineral processing including environmental hazards, industrial hazards, industrial accidents, unusual or unexpected formations, pressures and cave-ins; changes in national and local government legislation, controls or regulations in Canada, Mexico, Türkiye, the United States and other jurisdictions in which the Company does or may carry on business in the future; increased costs and risks related to the potential impact of climate change; failure to comply with environmental and health and safety laws and regulations; disruptions in the maintenance or provision of required infrastructure and information technology systems; risk of loss due to sabotage, protests and other civil disturbances; the impact of global liquidity and credit availability and the values of assets and liabilities based on projected future cash flows; risks arising from holding derivative instruments; and business opportunities that may be pursued by the Company.

Additional risk factors and details with respect to such risk factors are described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this AIF. In addition, important factors and assumptions underlying the Company’s three-year production and operating guidance may be found in the Company’s January 12, 2023, news release (available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com) titled “Alamos Gold Reports Fourth Quarter 2022 Production and Provides Three-Year Production and Operating Guidance”. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors and risks that could cause actual results to differ materially, there may be
5 | Alamos Gold Inc.

other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated, or intended. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements.

Cautionary Note to US Investors

Measured, Indicated and Inferred Resources: Unless otherwise indicated, all Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates included in this AIF have been prepared in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “CIM”) - CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended (the “CIM Standards”). NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators, which established standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Mining disclosure in the United States was previously required to comply with SEC Industry Guide 7 (“SEC Industry Guide 7”) under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has adopted final rules, to replace SEC Industry Guide 7 with new mining disclosure rules under sub-part 1300 of Regulation S-K of the U.S. Securities Act (“Regulation S-K 1300”) which became mandatory for U.S. reporting companies beginning with the first fiscal year commencing on or after January 1, 2021. Under Regulation S-K 1300, the SEC now recognizes estimates of “Measured Mineral Resources”, “Indicated Mineral Resources” and “Inferred Mineral Resources”. In addition, the SEC has amended its definitions of “Proven Mineral Reserves” and “Probable Mineral Reserves” to be substantially similar to international standards.

Investors are cautioned that while the above terms are “substantially similar” to CIM Definitions, there are differences in the definitions under Regulation S-K 1300 and the CIM Standards. Accordingly, there is no assurance any mineral reserves or mineral resources that the Company may report as “proven mineral reserves”, “probable mineral reserves”, “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under NI 43-101 would be the same had the Company prepared the mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates under the standards adopted under Regulation S-K 1300. U.S. investors are also cautioned that while the SEC recognizes “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under Regulation S-K 1300, investors should not assume that any part or all of the mineralization in these categories will ever be converted into a higher category of mineral resources or into mineral reserves. Mineralization described using these terms has a greater degree of uncertainty as to its existence and feasibility than mineralization that has been characterized as reserves. Accordingly, investors are cautioned not to assume that any measured mineral resources, indicated mineral resources, or inferred mineral resources that the Company reports are or will be economically or legally mineable.

Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”)
On December 20, 2021, the Company announced that it filed with and received acceptance from the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) for renewal of its NCIB permitting it to purchase for cancellation up to 29,994,398 Common Shares, representing ten percent (10%) of the Company's public float as of December 15, 2021. The NCIB provided that the Company may purchase Common Shares over a twelve-month period beginning December 24, 2021 and ending December 23, 2022. Purchases made by the Company were effected through the facilities of the TSX, alternative Canadian trading systems, and/or the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Between December 24, 2021 and December 23, 2022, the Company purchased 1,100,000 Common Shares at a cost of approximately $8.2 million, or $7.41 per Common Share.
The price for any repurchased Common Shares was the prevailing market price at the time of the purchase. All Common Shares purchased by Alamos were canceled in due course. Purchase and payment for the Common Shares were made by Alamos in accordance with the requirements of the TSX and applicable securities laws.
On December 21, 2022, the Company announced a further renewal of its NCIB permitting it to purchase for cancellation up to 34,670,378 Common Shares, representing ten percent (10%) of the Company's public float as of December 14, 2022. The NCIB provides that the Company may purchase Common Shares over a twelve-month period beginning December 24, 2022 and ending December 23, 2023. Any purchases made by the Company will be effected through the facilities of the TSX, alternative Canadian trading systems, and/or the NYSE. Between December 24, 2022 and March 27, 2023, the Company did not purchase shares under the NCIB.
6 | Alamos Gold Inc.

Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures
The Company has included certain non-GAAP financial measures to supplement its Consolidated Financial Statements, which are presented in accordance with IFRS, including the following contained herein:
•total cash cost per ounce of gold sold;
•mine-site all-in sustaining cost per ounce of gold sold;
•all-in sustaining cost (“AISC”) per ounce of gold sold; and
•mine-site free cash flow.

The Company believes that these measures, together with measures determined in accordance with IFRS, provide investors with an improved ability to evaluate the underlying performance of the Company. Non-GAAP financial measures do not have any standardized meaning prescribed under IFRS, and therefore they may not be comparable to similar measures employed by other companies. The data is intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. Management’s determination of the components of non-GAAP and additional measures are evaluated on a periodic basis influenced by new items and transactions, a review of investor uses, and new regulations as applicable. Any changes in the measures are duly noted and retrospectively applied as applicable.
Total Cash Costs per ounce
Total cash costs per ounce is a non-GAAP term typically used by gold mining companies to assess the level of gross margin available to the Company by subtracting these costs from the unit price realized during the period. This non-GAAP term is also used to assess the ability of a mining company to generate cash flow from operations. Total cash costs per ounce includes mining and processing costs plus applicable royalties, net of by-product revenue, and net realizable value adjustments. Total cash costs per ounce is exclusive of exploration costs.
Total cash costs per ounce is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other mining companies. It should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. The measure is not necessarily indicative of cash flow from operations under IFRS or operating costs presented under IFRS.
All-in Sustaining Cost per ounce and Mine-site All-in Sustaining Cost
The Company adopted an “all-in sustaining costs per ounce” non-GAAP performance measure in accordance with the World Gold Council published in June 2013. The Company believes the measure more fully defines the total costs associated with producing gold; however, this performance measure has no standardized meaning. Accordingly, there may be some variation in the method of computation of “all-in sustaining costs per ounce” as determined by the Company compared with other mining companies. In this context, “all-in sustaining costs per ounce” for the consolidated Company reflects total mining and processing costs, corporate and administrative costs, share-based compensation, exploration costs, sustaining capital, and other operating costs.
For the purposes of calculating “mine-site all-in sustaining costs” at the individual mine-sites, the Company does not include an allocation of corporate and administrative costs and share-based compensation.
Sustaining capital expenditures are expenditures that do not increase annual gold ounce production at a mine site and exclude all expenditures at the Company’s development projects as well as certain expenditures at the Company’s operating sites that are deemed expansionary in nature. For each mine-site reconciliation, corporate and administrative costs, and non-site-specific costs are excluded in the calculation of mine-site all-in sustaining cost per ounce.
All-in sustaining costs per gold ounce is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other mining companies. It should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.
The measure is not necessarily indicative of cash flow from operations under IFRS or operating costs presented under IFRS.
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Mine-site Free Cash Flow
“Mine-site free cash flow” is a non-GAAP financial performance measure calculated as cash flow from mine-site operating activities, less mineral property, plant, and equipment expenditures. The Company believes this to be a useful indicator of our ability to operate without reliance on additional borrowing or usage of existing cash. Mine-site free cash flow is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures of performance presented by other mining companies. Mine-site free cash flow should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.
Detailed reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures to IFRS measures for the years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, can be found in the Company’s MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2022, as available on the Alamos website at www.alamosgold.com and on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (SEDAR) at www.sedar.com.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
In this AIF unless otherwise defined or unless there is something in the subject matter or context inconsistent therewith, the following terms have the meanings set forth herein or therein:
“Ag”
Silver.
“AIF”
Annual Information Form.
“AISC”
All-in sustaining cost.
“Alamos”
Alamos Gold Inc. which is also referred to as the “Company”.
“Argonaut”
Argonaut Gold Inc.
“ASL”
Analytical Solutions Ltd.
“Au”
Gold.
“Au Rico”
AuRico Gold Inc. with which “Former Alamos” amalgamated under section 182 of the OBCA pursuant to Articles of Arrangement dated July 2, 2015.
“BIT”
The Netherlands-Türkiye Bilateral Investment Treaty.
“BIT Claim”
The bilateral investment treaty claim commenced against the Republic of Türkiye by the Company’s wholly-owned Netherlands subsidiaries, Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A. and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V., for expropriation and unfair and inequitable treatment, among other things, in respect of their Ağı Dağı, Kirazlı, and Çamyurt projects in the Biga district of northwestern Türkiye.
“BWI”
Bond Ball Work Index.
“CAD”
Canadian dollars.
“Canamax”
Canamax Resources Inc.
“CIL”
Carbon-in-leach.
“CIM”
Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
“CIM Standards”
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves prepared by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions adopted by CIM Council on May 10, 2014.
“CIP”
Carbon-in-pulp.
“CO2e”
Carbon dioxide equivalent.
“Company”
Alamos Gold Inc.
“Construplan”
Grupo Construcciones Planificadas, S.A. de C.V.
“CRM”
Certified reference material.
“doré”
Unrefined gold and silver bullion bars, which will be further refined to almost pure metal.
“EPS”
The Ontario Emissions Performance Standard under which Young-Davidson and Island Gold began reporting emissions effective January 1, 2022.
“ETS”
Emissions Trading System.
“Former Alamos”
Alamos Gold Inc. as it existed prior to its amalgamation with AuRico.
“grade”
Term used to indicate the concentration of an economically desirable mineral or element in its host rock as a function of its relative mass. With gold, this term may be expressed as grams per tonne (“g/t”) or ounces per tonne (“opt”).
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“g/t Au”
Grams per tonne of gold.
“GDI”
Grupo Desarrollo Infraestructura, S.A. de C.V.
“GHG”
Greenhouse gas.
“GLDZ”
Goudreau Lake Deformation Zone.
“ICP”
Inductively Coupled Plasma.
“IFRS”
International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board; the accounting principles used by the Company.
“Indicated Resource” or “Indicated Mineral Resource”
That part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, and physical characteristics can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings, and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.
“Inferred Resource” or “Inferred Mineral Resource”
That part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings, and drill holes.
“Island Gold” or the “Island Gold Mine”
The underground gold mine owned and operated by the Company located just east of the town of Dubreuilville, 83 kilometres northeast of Wawa in Northern Ontario.
“Island Gold Property”
The Island Gold Mine and its surrounding project lands.
“km”
Kilometres.
“kWh/t”
Kilowatt hours per tonne.
“leaching”
The separation, selective removal, or dissolving-out of soluble constituents from a rock or ore body by the natural actions of percolating solutions.
“LLCFZ”
The regional Larder Lake-Cadillac Fault Zone which cuts across the Young-Davidson project area.
“Lynn Lake Gold Project” or Lynn Lake”
The Company’s development project in Lynn Lake, Manitoba, which is located in northern Manitoba and consists of two primary sites, MacLellan and Gordon, which are just east of the Town of Lynn Lake.
“m”
Metres.
“Manitou”
Manitou Gold Inc.
“MCM Mine”
Matachewan Consolidated Mines Limited Mine.
“MD&A”
Management’s Discussion & Analysis of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022.
“Measured Resource” or “Measured Mineral Resource”
That part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling, and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings, and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity.
“MGB”
Michipicoten Greenstone Belt.
“Mineral Reserve”
The economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. The study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economics, and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that occur when the material is mined and processed.
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“Mineral Resource”
A concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic, or fossilized organic material in or on the earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics, and continuity of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated, or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. The term “Mineral Resource” covers mineralization and natural material of intrinsic economic interest which has been identified and estimated through exploration and sampling and within which Mineral Reserves may subsequently be defined by the consideration and application of technical, economic, legal, environmental, socio-economic, and governmental factors. The phrase “reasonable prospects for economic extraction” implies a judgment by the Qualified Person in respect of the technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction. A Mineral Resource is an inventory of mineralization that under realistically assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions might become economically extractable. The term “Mineral Resource” used in this AIF is a Canadian mining term as defined in accordance with NI 43-101 under the guidelines set out in the CIM Standards.
“Modifying Factors”
Considerations used to convert Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves. These include, but are not restricted to, mining, processing, metallurgical, infrastructure, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social, and governmental factors.
“MON”
Minas de Oro Nacional, S.A. de C.V., a wholly-owned Mexican subsidiary of Alamos.
“Mt”
Million tonnes.
“Mulatos Group of Concessions”
The Mulatos deposit and satellite gold systems known as Cerro Pelon, La Yaqui, El Carricito, El Halcon, Las Carboneras, El Jaspe, Puebla, Los Bajios, and La Dura.
“Mulatos Mine”
The Mulatos mine in the state of Sonora, Mexico controlled by MON.
“NCIB”
Normal Course Issuer Bid.
“NI 43-101”
National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects of the Canadian Securities Administrators.
“Northgate”
Northgate Minerals Corporation.
“NPI”
Net profit interest royalty.
“NQ diameter”
1.75-inch diameter drill hole.
“NSR”
Net smelter return royalty, consisting of a payment made by a producer of metals based on the value of the gross metal production from the property, less deduction of certain limited costs including, but not necessarily limited to, smelting, refining, transportation, and insurance costs.
“NYSE”
New York Stock Exchange.
“OBCA”
Business Corporations Act (Ontario).
“OBPS”
The Output-Based Pricing System under which Young-Davidson and Island Gold reported emissions prior to January 1, 2022.
“ore”
A natural aggregate of one or more minerals which, at a specified time and place, may be mined and sold at a profit, or from which some part may be profitably separated.
“Osisko”
Osisko Gold Royalties Ltd.
“ounces” or “oz”
A measure of weight in gold and other precious metals, correctly troy ounces, which weigh 31.2 grams as distinct from an imperial ounce which weighs 28.4 grams.
“P3+ Expansion Study”
The Phase 3+ Expansion Study on the Island Gold Mine, the results of which were reported on June 28, 2022.
“Patricia”
Patricia Mining Corp.
“PDA”
Puerto Del Aire – a mineralized zone forming part of the Mulatos deposit.
“PEA”
Preliminary economic assessment.
“ppm”
Parts per million.
“ppb”
Parts per billion.
“Probable Mineral Reserve”
The economically mineable part of an Indicated Mineral Resource, and in some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resource. The confidence in the Modifying Factors applying to a Probable Mineral Reserve is lower than that applying to a Proven Mineral Reserve.
“Proven Mineral Reserve”
The economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource. A Proven Mineral Reserve implies a high degree of confidence in the Modifying Factors.
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“QA/QC”
Quality assurance/quality control.
“Qualified Person”
Has the meaning given to such term in NI 43-101.
“Redpath”
Redpath Canada Inc.
“Regulation S-K 1300”
The new rules adopted by the SEC under sub-part 1300 of Regulation S-K of the U.S. Securities Act with respect to mining disclosure in the United States to replace SEC Industry Guide 7 and which became mandatory for U.S. reporting companies beginning with the first fiscal year commencing on or after January 1, 2021.
“Richmont”
Richmont Mines Inc. with which Alamos amalgamated under section 182 of the OBCA pursuant to Articles of Arrangement dated August 1, 2018.
“Royal Oak”
Royal Oak Mines Inc.
“RQD”
Rock quality designation.
“Standard”
The Energy and Greenhouse Gas Management Standard which informs the Company’s actions to reduce emission intensity, energy-related costs and mitigate risks related to climate change, energy security, supply and cost.
“SEC”
US Securities and Exchange Commission.
“SEC Industry Guide 7”
SEC Industry Guide 7 under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended – the SEC Industry Guide with which mining disclosure in the United States was required to comply. SEC Industry Guide 7 was replaced by Regulation S-K 1300.
“SEDAR”
System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval which can be found at www.sedar.com
“SOX”
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
“T&S Committee”
The Technical and Sustainability Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.
“tpd”
Tonnes per day.
“Trillium”
Trillium Mining Corp. which was acquired by the Company in December, 2020.
“TSX”
Toronto Stock Exchange.
“µm”
Micrometer.
“URSTM”
Unité de Recherche et de Service en Technologie Minérale, a research unit affiliated to the Université du Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue.
“US”
United States of America.
“Wesdome”
The Wesdome Laboratory in Wawa, Ontario.
“Young-Davidson” or the “Young-Davidson Mine”
The underground gold mine owned and operated by the Company located near the town of Matachewan, approximately 60 kilometres west of Kirkland Lake in Northern Ontario, within the Abitibi Greenstone Belt.

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CORPORATE STRUCTURE
Name and Incorporation
The name of the Company is Alamos Gold Inc. The Company’s principal place of business and registered office is Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 3910, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2T3.
AuRico Gold Inc. (“AuRico”) amalgamated with Alamos Gold Inc. (“Former Alamos”) under section 182 of the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (“OBCA”) pursuant to Articles of Arrangement dated July 2, 2015, with the resulting amalgamated company continuing under the name Alamos Gold Inc. (“Alamos” or the “Company”). Alamos amalgamated with Richmont Mines Inc. (“Richmont”) under section 182 of the OBCA pursuant to the articles of amalgamation dated August 1, 2018, with the resulting amalgamated company continuing under the name Alamos Gold Inc.
Alamos is a public company listed on the TSX and the NYSE under the symbol “AGI” and has a quoted market value of approximately CAD$6.34 billion as of March 27, 2023.
Intercorporate Relationships
In this AIF, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we”, “us”, “our”, and similar terms, as well as references to “Alamos” or the “Company”, refer to Alamos Gold Inc. The following diagram sets forth the Company’s intercorporate relationships with its active subsidiaries including the jurisdiction of incorporation or organization and the Company’s respective percentage ownership of each subsidiary.
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GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS
Alamos is a mining company engaged in the mining and extraction of, and exploration for, precious metals, primarily gold. Alamos owns and operates the Young-Davidson mine (referred to herein as the “Young-Davidson Mine” or “Young-Davidson”), the Island Gold mine (referred to herein as the “Island Gold Mine” or “Island Gold”) in Ontario, Canada, and the Mulatos mine (the “Mulatos Mine”) in the state of Sonora, Mexico. In 2022, the Young-Davidson Mine produced 192,200 ounces of gold, the Island Gold Mine produced 133,700 ounces of gold, and the Mulatos Mine produced 134,500 ounces of gold for total gold production in 2022 of 460,400 ounces. Alamos also owns the development-stage Lynn Lake Gold Project in Lynn Lake, Manitoba (referred to herein as the “Lynn Lake Gold Project” or “Lynn Lake”), the Ağı Dağı, Kirazlı, and
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Çamyurt Projects in the Biga district of northwestern Türkiye, and the option to acquire the Quartz Mountain Property in Oregon, United States of America (“US”).
Three-Year History
•On February 19, 2020, the Company reported its updated Mineral Reserves and Resources as of December 31, 2019, including an increase of Mineral Reserves and Resources at Island Gold of 921,000 ounces, net of mining depletion.
•On March 3, 2020, the Company announced a 50% increase in the quarterly dividend to US$0.015 per common share and introduced a Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan.
•On March 16, 2020, the Company announced the repurchase of a 3% NSR Royalty on Island Gold Mine for CAD$75 million.
•On March 24, 2020, the Company announced that it had temporarily suspended operations at its Island Gold Mine site for fourteen days to help prevent the potential spread of COVID-19 in the local communities.
•On April 2, 2020, the Company announced that it suspended operations at its Mulatos Mine until April 30, 2020 and extended the suspension of operations at Island Gold for an additional two-week period in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Island Gold resumed operations at the beginning of May 2020.
•On May 14, 2020, the Company announced that it expected to begin ramping up full operations at its Mulatos Mine on May 18, 2020. This follows the Mexican government’s declaration of mining as an essential activity.
•On July 8, 2020, the Company announced it had completed the lower mine expansion at Young-Davidson with the successful commissioning of the Northgate shaft.
•On July 13, 2020, the Company reported new results from surface and underground exploration drilling at the Island Gold Mine, further extending high-grade gold mineralization in all three areas of focus.
•On July 14, 2020, the Company reported results of the positive Phase III Expansion Study conducted on its Island Gold Mine. Based on the results of the study, Alamos is proceeding with an expansion of the operation to 2,000 tpd. This followed a detailed evaluation of several scenarios which demonstrated the shaft expansion as the best option, having the strongest economics, being the most efficient and productive scenario, and the best positioned to capitalize on further growth in Mineral Reserves and Resources.
•On July 28, 2020, the Company reported results of the positive internal economic study completed on its fully permitted La Yaqui Grande Project located in the Mulatos district in Sonora, Mexico. Given the project’s strong economics and its proximity to the existing Mulatos operation, Alamos proceeded with construction of the project starting in the second half of 2020.
•On August 31, 2020, the Company announced that it had filed a technical report for its Island Gold Mine in accordance with NI 43-101.
•On September 17, 2020, the Company reported new results from surface exploration drilling at the Island Gold Mine, further extending high-grade gold mineralization down-plunge in Island East.
•On December 16, 2020, the Company released its first Economic Benefits Assessment of the Island Gold Mine, which provided an overview of the mine’s economic value and community benefits in the region. Results showed that the growing number of full-time jobs and training opportunities has positioned the mine to become an economic engine for the future of the region, including positively impacting the closest town of Dubreuilville.
•On December 17, 2020, Alamos announced that it completed an agreement to acquire Trillium Mining Corp. for cash consideration of CAD$25 million. Trillium Mining Corp. holds a large land package comprised of 5,418 hectares directly adjacent to, and along strike from the Island Gold deposit, within the Michipicoten Greenstone Belt.
•On December 18, 2020, the Company announced renewal of its NCIB to December 23, 2021.
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•On January 27, 2021, the Company reported new results from surface and underground exploration drilling at its Island Gold Mine, further extending high-grade gold mineralization in Island Main, East, and West.
•On February 23, 2021, the Company reported its updated Mineral Reserves and Resources as of December 31, 2020, including an increase of Mineral Reserves and Resources at Island Gold by a combined 1.0 million ounces, net of mining depletion.
•On February 24, 2021, the Company announced a 25% increase in its quarterly dividend to US$0.025 per common share.
•On April 20, 2021, the Company announced that its Netherlands wholly-owned subsidiaries Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A, and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V. would file an investment treaty claim against the Republic of Türkiye for expropriation and unfair and inequitable treatment, among other things, with respect to their Turkish gold mining projects. The investment treaty claim was registered in June 2021 with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (World Bank Group). As a result, the Company incurred an after-tax impairment charge of $213.8 million in the second quarter of 2021.
•On December 20, 2021, the Company announced renewal of its NCIB to December 23, 2022.
•On February 22, 2022, the Company reported its updated Mineral Reserves and Resources as of December 31, 2021, including a 4% increase in global Mineral Reserves across all operations at 5% higher grades.
•On February 28, 2022, the Company announced that it had entered into a binding agreement to sell its non-core Esperanza Gold Project located in Morelos State, Mexico to Zacatecas Silver Corp. for total consideration of up to $60 million.
•On March 16, 2022, the Company announced that the Closure Plan Amendment for the Island Gold Mine had been filed by the Ontario Government.
•On May 19, 2022, the Company announced that it has entered into an automatic share purchase plan with a broker in order to facilitate repurchases of Alamos’ Common Shares under its previously announced NCIB.
•On June 13, 2022, the Company announced a target of a 30% reduction in absolute greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions by 2030 from the 2020/2021 average baseline year. This target includes scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions, inclusive of all GHG emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol. This was a significant milestone in Alamos’ sustainability journey and considered a credible target by definition of the Carbon Disclosure Project.
•On June 20, 2022, the Company announced initial gold production from the La Yaqui Grande mine, following the completion of construction, ahead of schedule.
•On June 28, 2022, the Company reported results of the P3+ Expansion Study (“P3+ Expansion Study”) conducted on its Island Gold Mine, located in Ontario, Canada. Based on the results of the P3+ Expansion Study, the Company is proceeding with an expansion of the operation to 2,400 tpd.
•On November 15, 2022, the Company reported new results from ongoing surface exploration drilling at Puerto Del Aire, extending high-grade gold mineralization outside of Mineral Reserves and Resources.
•On December 22, 2022, the Company announced that it had entered into an agreement to sell a portfolio of non-core royalties to Metalla Royalty & Streaming Ltd. for proceeds of USD$5.0 million in Metalla common shares which closed on February 23, 2023.
•On February 2, 2023, the Company reported one of the best holes drilled to date at Puerto Del Aire, further extending high-grade gold mineralization beyond Mineral Reserves and Resources.
•On February 22, 2023, the Company reported its updated Mineral Reserves and Resources as of December 31, 2022, including grades increasing 3%, reflecting higher grade additions at Island Gold and Mulatos. Mineral Reserve additions more than replaced depletion at a rate of 133%.
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•On February 28, 2023, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement whereby the Company will acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of Manitou Gold Inc. by way of a plan of arrangement.
•On March 6, 2023, the Company announced that the federal Environmental Impact Assessment for the Lynn Lake Gold Project had been completed and a positive Decision Statement had been issued by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. As well, in accordance with The Environment Act (Manitoba), the Province of Manitoba issued Environment Act Licenses for the MacLellan and Gordon sites.
•On March 13, 2023, the Company announced that Greg Fisher, Senior Vice President of Finance had been promoted to Chief Financial Officer effective May 1, 2023.


Risk Factors

The following is a discussion of risk factors relevant to the Company’s operations and future financial performance. Additional risks not currently known by the Company, or that the Company currently deems immaterial, may also impair the Company’s operations. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below as well as the other information contained and incorporated by reference in this Annual Information Form.
The financing, exploration, development, and mining of any of the Company’s properties are subject to a number of risk factors, including, among other things, the price of gold, laws and regulations, technical and geological risks inherent to mining operations, political conditions, currency fluctuations, and the ability to hire qualified people and to obtain necessary services in jurisdictions where the Company operates. Before deciding to invest in securities of the Company, investors should consider carefully such risks and uncertainties.
Commodity and Currency Risks
In recent years financial conditions have been characterized by volatility, which in turn has resulted in volatility in commodity prices and foreign exchange rates, significant inflation, tightening of the credit market, increased counterparty risk, and volatility in the prices of publicly traded entities. The volatility in commodity prices and foreign exchange rates directly impacts the Company’s revenues, earnings, and cash flow.
The volatility of the price of gold and the price of other metals could have a negative impact on the Company’s future operations.
The value of the Company’s Mineral Resources and future operating profit and loss is significantly impacted by fluctuations in gold prices, over which the Company has no control. A reduction in the price of gold may prevent the Company’s properties from being economically mined, reduce the Company’s ability to generate cash flow to finance its operations and support development and expansion projects, or result in the write-off of assets whose value is impaired due to low gold prices. The price of gold may also have a significant influence on the market price of the Company’s common shares. The price of gold is affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, such as the level of inflation, fluctuation of the United States dollar and foreign currencies, investment and physical demand, sale of gold by central banks, and the political and economic conditions of major gold producing countries throughout the world.
In addition to adversely affecting the Company’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates and financial condition, declining metal prices can impact operations by requiring a reassessment of the feasibility of a particular project, and the Company may determine that it is not feasible to continue commercial production at some or all its current producing or development projects. Even if a project is ultimately determined to be economically viable, the need to conduct such a reassessment may cause substantial delays and/or may interrupt operations until the reassessment can be completed, which may have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition.
The Company regularly engages in commodity hedging transactions intended to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in commodity prices, however, there is no assurance that any such commodity-hedging transactions designed to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in metal prices will be successful. The Company’s hedging program may not protect adequately against declines in the price of the hedged metal. Furthermore, although hedging may protect the Company from a decline in the price of the metal being hedged, it may also prevent it from benefiting from price increases.
The Company is subject to currency fluctuations that may adversely affect the financial position of the Company.
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The Company is subject to currency risks. The Company’s functional currency is the US dollar, which is exposed to fluctuations against other currencies. The Company’s mining operations are located in Canada and Mexico, with additional development-stage assets in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Türkiye, and as such many of its expenditures and obligations are denominated in Canadian dollars, Mexican pesos, and to a lesser extent Turkish lira and Euros. The Company maintains its principal office in Toronto (Canada), maintains cash accounts in US dollars, Canadian dollars, Mexican pesos, and Turkish lira, and has monetary assets and liabilities in US dollars and Canadian dollars, Mexican pesos, and Turkish lira.
The Company’s operating results and cash flow are significantly affected by changes in the US /Canadian dollar and US /Mexican peso exchange rates. Revenues are denominated in US dollars, while most expenses are currently denominated in Canadian dollars and Mexican pesos. Exchange rate movements can therefore have a significant impact on most of the Company’s costs. The appreciation of non-US dollar currencies against the US dollar can increase the costs of production at Alamos’ mines, making these mines less profitable.
From time to time the Company may engage in foreign exchange hedging transactions intended to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, but there is no assurance that any such hedging transactions designed to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in exchange rates will be successful and as such, operating costs and capital expenditures may be adversely impacted.
Financial, Finance, and Tax Risks
The Company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks including interest rate risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk. The Company’s risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Company’s financial performance. The Company may use derivative financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures. The Company does not purchase derivative financial instruments for speculative investment purposes.
The Company’s revolving credit facility contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on the Company and may limit its ability to engage in acts that may be in the Company’s long-term best interest.
If utilized, the Company’s failure to comply with covenants in its revolving credit facility could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of such debt. The restrictions include, without limitation, restrictions on its ability to:
•Incur additional indebtedness;
•Pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem its capital stock;
•Prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;
•Make loans and investments;
•Sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;
•Incur or permit to exist certain liens;
•Enter into certain transactions with affiliates;
•Enter into agreements restricting its subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and
•Consolidate, amalgamate, merge or sell all or substantially all of the Company’s assets.
Liquidity Risks
Liquidity risk arises through the excess of financial obligations due over available financial assets at any point in time. The Company’s objective in managing liquidity risk is to maintain sufficient readily available cash reserves and credit in order to meet its liquidity requirements at any point in time. The total cost and planned timing of acquisitions and/or other development or construction projects is not currently determinable, and it is not currently known whether the Company will require external financing in future periods.
The Company is subject to taxation in multiple jurisdictions and adverse changes to the taxation laws of such jurisdictions could have a material adverse effect on its profitability.
The Company has operations and conducts business in multiple jurisdictions and it is subject to the taxation laws of each such jurisdiction. These taxation laws are complicated and subject to change. The Company may also be subject to review, audit, and assessment in the ordinary course. Any such changes in taxation law or reviews and assessments could result in higher taxes being payable or require payment of taxes due from previous years, which could adversely affect the Company’s profitability. Taxes may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to repatriate earnings and otherwise deploy its assets.
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The Company may not be able to obtain the external financing necessary, including the issuance of shares, debt instruments, or other securities convertible into shares, to continue its exploration and development activities on its mineral properties.
The ability of the Company to continue the exploration and development of its property interests will be dependent upon its ability to increase and rely on revenues from its existing production and planned expansions and potentially raise significant additional financing thereafter. The sources of external financing that the Company may use for these purposes may include project debt, corporate debt, or equity offerings. The Company cannot predict the potential need or size of future issuances of common shares or the issuance of debt instruments or other securities convertible into shares or the effect, if any, that this would have on the market price of the Company’s common shares. Any transaction involving the issuance of shares, or securities convertible into shares, could result in dilution, possibly substantial, to present and prospective security holders. Further, there is no assurance that the financing alternative chosen by the Company will be available to the Company, on favourable terms or at all. Depending on the alternative chosen, the Company may have less control over the management of its projects. There is no assurance that the Company will successfully increase revenues from existing and expanded production. Should the Company not be able to obtain such financing and increase its revenues, it may become unable to acquire and retain its exploration properties and carry out exploration and development on such properties, and its title interests in such properties may be adversely affected or lost entirely.
Production, Mining, and Operating Risks
The Company is, and expects to continue to be, dependent on three mines for all of its commercial production.
The Young-Davidson, Island Gold, and Mulatos Mines account for all of the Company’s current commercial production and are expected to continue to account for all of its commercial production in the near term. Any adverse condition affecting mining, processing conditions, labour relations, supply chains, expansion plans, or ongoing permitting at Young-Davidson, Island Gold, or Mulatos could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance and results of operations.
Forecasts of future production are estimates based on interpretation and assumptions and actual production may be less than estimated.
The Company prepares estimates of future production for its operating mines. The Company cannot give any assurance that it will achieve its production estimates. The failure of the Company to achieve its production estimates could have a material and adverse effect on future cash flows, share price, profitability, results of operations, and financial condition. These production estimates are dependent on, among other things, the accuracy of Mineral Reserve estimates, leach pad inventory, assumptions with respect to development and expansion activities, the accuracy of assumptions regarding ore grades and recovery rates, ground conditions, physical characteristics of ores, such as hardness and the presence or absence of particular metallurgical characteristics and the accuracy of estimated rates and costs of mining and processing.
The Company’s actual production may vary from its estimates for a variety of reasons, including: actual ore mined varying from estimates of grade, tonnage, dilution and metallurgical and other characteristics; short-term operating factors such as the need for sequential development of orebodies and the processing of new or different ore grades from those planned; mine failures, slope failures or equipment failures; industrial accidents; continued adverse impacts resulting from COVID-19, and the potential impacts of any new epidemic or pandemic which may develop; natural phenomena (including consequences of climate change) such as inclement weather conditions, floods, droughts, wildfires, rock slides and earthquakes; encountering unusual or unexpected geological conditions; changes in power costs and potential power shortages or permitting challenges related to power; lack of adequate housing for workers; shortages of principal supplies needed for operation, including explosives, fuels, chemical reagents, water, equipment parts and lubricants; labour shortages or strikes; civil disobedience and protests; and restrictions or regulations imposed by government agencies or other changes in the regulatory environments. Such occurrences could result in damage to mineral properties, interruptions or delays in production, injury or death to persons, damage, to property of the Company or others, monetary losses, and legal liabilities. These factors may cause a mineral deposit that has been mined profitably in the past to become unprofitable, forcing the Company to cease production. It is not unusual in new mining operations to experience unexpected problems during the start-up or expansion phase. Depending on the price of gold or other minerals, the Company may determine that it is impractical to commence or, if commenced, to continue commercial production at a particular site.
Mining operations and facilities are intensive users of electricity and carbon-based fuels. There can be no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain all necessary permits or be able to enter into commercial arrangements for adequate electricity to conduct its future operations and expansion plans, including specifically the requirements for increased electricity capacity for any operational expansion at the Island Gold Mine. Energy prices can be affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including global and regional supply and demand, political and economic conditions, and applicable regulatory regimes. The prices of various sources of energy may increase significantly from current levels. An increase in
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energy prices for which the Company is not hedged could materially adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition.
The Company’s production costs are also affected by the prices of commodities consumed or used in operations, such as lime, cyanide, and explosives. The prices of such commodities are influenced by supply and demand trends affecting the mining industry in general and other factors outside the Company’s control such as inflation and ongoing and/or future supply chain challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Increases in the price for materials consumed in mining and production activities could materially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
Risks and costs relating to development, ongoing construction, and changes to existing mining operations and development projects.
The Company’s ability to meet development and production schedules and cost estimates for its development and expansion projects cannot be assured. Changes in key operating and capital costs could result in unexpected costs or uneconomic operations and development projects. Many of these factors are beyond the Company’s control. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company has commenced an expansion of its operations (including the installation of a shaft, paste plant, and expansion of the mill and tailings facility) at its Island Gold Mine, and is engaged in exploration and development activities at its Lynn Lake Gold Project in Manitoba. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and increasing economic inflation, the Company may experience significant increases in the price of labour, consumables and other raw materials and related manufactured goods, including steel. The Company may also experience delays due to any ongoing or new impacts of COVID-19, or any other epidemic or pandemic which may occur in the future, on personnel and contractor availability.
In addition to the foregoing, technical considerations, stakeholder engagement challenges (including as it pertains to First Nations communities surrounding Island Gold and Lynn Lake for the expansion and exploration projects there), delays in obtaining governmental approvals, inability to obtain financing, or other factors, could cause delays in current mining operations or in developing properties. Such delays could materially affect the financial performance of the Company.
The Company prepares estimates of operating costs and/or capital costs for each operation and project. No assurance can be given that such estimates will be achieved. Failure to achieve cost estimates or material increases in costs could have an adverse impact on future cash flows, profitability, results of operations, and financial condition.
Development projects are uncertain, and it is possible that actual capital and operating costs and economic returns will differ significantly from those estimated for a project prior to production.
Alamos has a number of development-stage projects in Canada, Mexico, the United States, and Türkiye. Mine development projects require significant expenditures during the development phase before production is possible. Development projects are subject to the completion of successful feasibility studies and environmental assessments, issuance of necessary governmental licences and permits, availability of adequate financing, and, in the case of the Company’s Turkish development stage projects, reaching an agreement with the Republic of Türkiye as to permitting, licensing and development. The economic feasibility of development projects is based on many factors such as estimation of Mineral Reserves, anticipated metallurgical recoveries, environmental considerations and permitting, future gold prices, and anticipated capital and operating costs of these projects. The Company’s development projects have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future production and cash operating costs. Particularly for development projects, estimates of Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves and cash operating costs are, to a large extent, based upon the interpretation of geologic data obtained from drill holes and other sampling techniques, and feasibility studies that derive estimates of cash operating costs based upon anticipated tonnage and grades of ore to be mined and processed, the configuration of the ore body, expected recovery rates of gold from the ore, estimated operating costs, anticipated climatic conditions, and other factors. As a result, it is possible that actual capital and operating costs and economic returns will differ significantly from those currently estimated for a project prior to production.
While not an exhaustive list, any of the following events could affect the profitability or economic feasibility of a project: unanticipated changes in grade and tonnes of ore to be mined and processed, unanticipated adverse geological conditions, unanticipated metallurgical recovery problems, incorrect data on which engineering assumptions are made, availability of labour, costs of processing and refining facilities, availability of economic sources of power, adequacy of water supply, availability of surface lands on which to locate processing and refining facilities, adequate access to the site, unanticipated transportation costs, government regulations and resource nationalism (including, but not limited to, regulations with respect to the environment, prices, royalties, duties, taxes, labour, permitting, restrictions on production, and quotas on exportation of minerals), fluctuations in gold prices, accidents, labour actions, and force majeure events.
It is not unusual in new mining operations to experience unexpected problems during the start-up phase, and delays can often occur at the start of production. It is likely that actual results for the Company’s projects will differ from current estimates and assumptions, and these differences may be material. In addition, experience from actual mining or processing operations may
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identify new or unexpected conditions that could reduce production below, or increase capital or operating costs above, current estimates. If actual results are less favourable than currently estimated, the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.
The figures for the Company’s Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources are estimates based on interpretation and assumptions and may yield less mineral production under actual conditions than is currently estimated.
The Company must continually replace Mineral Reserves depleted by production to maintain production levels over the long term. Mineral Reserves can be replaced by expanding known orebodies, locating new deposits, or making acquisitions. Exploration is highly speculative in nature. Alamos’ exploration projects involve many risks and are frequently unsuccessful. Once a site with mineralization is discovered, it may take several years from the initial phases of drilling until production is possible, during which time the economic feasibility of production may change.
The Company’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates are estimates only and no assurance can be given that any particular level of recovery of gold or other minerals from Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves will in fact be realized. There can also be no assurance that an identified mineral deposit will ever qualify as a commercially mineable (or viable) ore body that can be economically exploited. Additionally, no assurance can be given that the anticipated tonnages and grades will be achieved or that the indicated level of recovery will be realized. These estimates may require adjustments or downward revisions based upon further exploration or development work or actual production experience.
Estimates of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves can also be affected by such factors as environmental permitting regulations and requirements, weather, environmental factors, unforeseen technical difficulties, unusual or unexpected geological formations, and work interruptions. In addition, the grade of ore ultimately mined may differ dramatically from that indicated by results of drilling, sampling, and other similar examinations. Short-term factors relating to Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, such as the need for the orderly development of ore bodies or the processing of new or different grades, may also have an adverse effect on mining operations and on the results of operations.
Material changes in Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, grades, stripping ratios, or recovery rates may affect the economic viability of projects. There is a risk that depletion of Mineral Reserves will not be offset by discoveries, acquisitions, or the conversion of Mineral Resources into Mineral Reserves. The Mineral Reserve base of Alamos’ mines may decline if Mineral Reserves are mined without adequate replacement and the Company may not be able to sustain production beyond the current mine lives, based on current production rates.
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are reported as general indicators of mine life. Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves should not be interpreted as assurances of mine life or the profitability of current or future operations. There is a degree of uncertainty attributable to the calculation and estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves and corresponding grades being mined or dedicated to future production. Until ore is actually mined and processed, Mineral Reserves and grades must be considered as estimates only.
In addition, the quantity of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves may vary depending on metal prices. Extended declines in market prices for gold, silver, and copper may render portions of the Company’s mineralization uneconomic and result in reduced reported mineralization. Any material change in Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, grades, or stripping ratios may affect the economic viability of the Company’s projects.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. Mineral Resource estimates for properties that have not commenced production are based, in many instances, on limited and widely spaced drill hole information, which is not necessarily indicative of the conditions between and around drill holes. Accordingly, such Mineral Resource estimates may require revision as more drilling information becomes available or as actual production experience is gained. No assurance can be given that any part or all of Mineral Resources constitute or will be converted into Mineral Reserves.
Legal, Permitting, Regulatory, Title, and Political Risks
The Company’s operating and development properties are located in jurisdictions that are subject to changes in economic and political conditions and regulations in those countries.
The economics of the mining and extraction of precious metals are affected by many factors, including the costs of mining and processing operations, variations in grade of ore discovered or mined, fluctuations in metal prices, foreign exchange rates and the prices of goods and services, applicable laws and regulations, including regulations relating to royalties, allowable production and importing and exporting goods and services. Depending on the price of minerals, the Company may determine that it is neither profitable nor advisable to acquire or develop properties, or to continue mining activities.
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The Company’s mineral properties are located in Canada, Mexico, Türkiye, and the USA. Economic, legal, and political conditions in these countries could adversely affect the business activities of the Company. These conditions are beyond the Company’s control, and there can be no assurances that any mitigating actions by the Company will be effective.
Changing laws, regulations, and restrictions relating to the mining industry or shifts in political conditions may increase the costs related to the Company’s activities including the cost of maintaining its properties. Operations may also be affected to varying degrees by changes in government legislation and regulations with respect to restrictions on production, price controls, export controls, permitting, licensing, income taxes, royalties, expropriation of property, the environment (including specifically enacted legislation to address climate change), labour and mine safety. In 2021, the Mexican government announced restrictions and increased environmental reviews of the mining sector resulting in uncertainty with respect to the timing of regulatory approvals, overall permitting of future open-pit mines and a prohibition on the acquisition of new mining concessions.
The effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted. Economic instability could result from current global economic conditions and could contribute to currency volatility and potential increases in income tax rates, both of which could significantly impact the Company’s profitability.
The Company’s activities are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing worker health and safety, employment standards, waste disposal, protection of historic and archaeological sites, mine development, protection of endangered and protected species, and other matters. Regulators have broad authority to shut down and/or levy fines against facilities that do not comply with regulations or standards.
Risk factors specific to certain jurisdictions are described throughout, including specifically: “Risks related to development-stage assets in Türkiye and related Investment Treaty Arbitration”, “Water Management at the Company’s Mining operations”, “Security in Mexico” and “The Company will be unable to undertake its required drilling and other development work on its properties if all necessary permits and licences are not granted.” The occurrence of the various factors and uncertainties related to economic and political risks of operating in the Company’s jurisdictions cannot be accurately predicted and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations or profitability.
The Company will be unable to undertake its required drilling and other development work on its properties if all necessary permits and licences are not granted.
The Company requires a number of approvals, licences, and permits for various aspects of its exploration, development and expansion. The Company is uncertain if all necessary permits will be maintained or obtained on acceptable terms or in a timely manner. Future changes in applicable laws and regulations or changes in their enforcement or regulatory interpretation could negatively impact current or planned exploration and development activities or any other projects with which the Company becomes involved. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or failure to obtain or maintain permits or licences, even if inadvertent, could result in the interruption of production, exploration or development, or material fines, penalties, or other liabilities. It remains uncertain if the Company’s existing permits or licences may be affected in the future or if the Company will have difficulties in obtaining all necessary permits and licences that it requires for its proposed or existing mining activities.
In order to maintain mining operating and/or exploration licences in good standing, operating and/or exploration licence holders must advance their projects efficiently, including by obtaining the necessary permits prior to stipulated deadlines. The Company has implemented plans to obtain all necessary permits and licences prior to the relevant deadlines. While the Company is confident in its ability to meet all required deadlines or milestones so as to maintain its licences in good standing, there is a risk that the relevant permitting and licensing authorities will not respond in a timely manner. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain the approvals, licences and permits as planned or, if unable to meet such deadlines, that negotiations for an extension will be successful in maintaining its permits and licences in good standing.
Security in Mexico
In recent years, criminal activity and violence have increased and continue to increase in parts of Mexico. The mining sector has not been immune to the impact of criminal activity and violence, including in the form of kidnapping for ransom and extortion by organized crime, direct armed robberies of mining operations, and the theft and robbery of supply convoys, including specifically for diesel. In April 2020, the Company suffered an armed robbery at its Mulatos Mine. There were no injuries, and the value of the loss was ultimately recovered. Ore from operations at La Yaqui Grande is required to be transported by truck to Mulatos for processing, which requires the use of community roads leading to an increased risk of theft. The Company maintains insurance and takes measures to protect employees, property, and production facilities from these and other security risks. There can be no assurance, however, that security incidents will not occur in the future, or that if they do, they will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations.
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Risk related to development-stage assets in Türkiye and related Investment Treaty Arbitration
The Company indirectly through subsidiaries holds development stage mineral properties located in Türkiye. Economic and political conditions in Türkiye are adversely impacting the business activities of the Company. On October 14, 2019, the Company reported that it had suspended all construction activities at its Kirazlı Project in Türkiye pending the renewal of its mining operating licences which expired on October 13, 2019. On October 16, 2020, the Company received notice that the Turkish government would not be renewing the Company’s Forestry Permits for the Kirazlı Project because the mining operating licence had not been restored within a one-year timeframe of its expiry. The Forestry Permits and mining operating licence, among other regulatory requirements, have not subsequently been restored and there is no guarantee that the Company will ever have the required licences and permits to operate in Türkiye.
On April 20, 2021, as a result of the Turkish government’s actions in respect of the Company’s projects in the Republic of Türkiye, the Company’s wholly-owned Netherlands subsidiaries, Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A. and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V., announced the filing of a bilateral investment treaty claim (the “BIT Claim”) against the Republic of Türkiye for expropriation and unfair and inequitable treatment, among other things. The BIT Claim was registered in June 2021 with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (World Bank Group). As a result, the Company incurred an after-tax impairment charge of $213.8 million in the second quarter of 2021.
The BIT Claim may not be effective or successful. If unsuccessful, the Company’s projects in Türkiye may be subject to resource nationalism and further expropriation; the Company may lose any remaining value of its assets and gold mining projects in Türkiye and its ability to operate in Türkiye or to put any of the Kirazli, Aği Daği or Çamyurt sites into production, resulting in the Company removing those three projects from its Total Mineral Reserves and Resources. If the BIT Claim is successful, there is no certainty as to the quantum or timing of any damages award or recovery of all, or any, legal costs. Any resumption of activities in Türkiye, or even retaining control of the Company’s assets and gold mining projects in Türkiye, can only result from reaching an agreement with the Turkish government. Other factors related to the Turkish economy, including but not limited to high rates of inflation and fluctuation in the Turkish Lira may also affect the Company’s ability to effectively operate in Türkiye and could have a negative effect on overall anticipated project values.
Litigation could be brought against the Company and the resolution of current or future legal proceedings or disputes may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future cash flows, results of operations, or financial condition.
The Company could be subject to legal claims and/or complaints and disputes that result in litigation, including unexpected environmental remediation costs, arising out of the normal course of business. The results of ongoing litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. The costs of defending and settling litigation can be significant, even for claims that Alamos believes have no merit. There is a risk that if such claims are determined adversely to the Company, they could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance, cash flow, and results of operations.
Some of the Company’s mineral assets are located outside of Canada and are held indirectly through foreign affiliates.
It may be difficult, if not impossible, to enforce judgments obtained in Canadian courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of certain provinces against the Company’s assets that are located outside of Canada.
Failure of the Company to comply with laws and regulations could negatively impact current or planned mining activities and exploration and developmental activities.
The Company’s mining, exploration, and development activities are subject to extensive laws and regulations concerning the environment, worker health and safety, employment standards, waste disposal, mine development, mine operation, mine closure, reclamation, and other matters. The Company requires permits and approvals from various regulatory authorities for many aspects of mine development, operation, closure, and reclamation. In addition to meeting the requirements necessary to obtain such permits and approvals, they may be invalidated if the applicable regulatory authority is legally challenged that it did not lawfully issue such permits and approvals. The ability of the Company to obtain and maintain permits and approvals and to successfully develop and operate mines may be adversely affected by real or perceived impacts associated with its activities that affect the environment and human health and safety at its development projects and operations and in the surrounding communities. The real or perceived impacts of the activities of other mining companies may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to obtain and maintain permits and approvals. The Company is uncertain as to whether all necessary permits will be maintained on acceptable terms or in a timely manner. Future changes in applicable laws and regulations or changes in their enforcement or regulatory interpretation could negatively affect current or planned mining, exploration, and developmental activities on the projects in which the Company is or may become involved. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to obtain or maintain permits, even if inadvertent, could result in the interruption of mining, exploration, and developmental operations or in material fines, penalties, clean-up costs, damages, and the loss of key permits or approvals. While the Company has taken great care to ensure full compliance with its legal obligations, there can be no
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assurance that the Company has been or will be in full compliance with all of these laws and regulations, or with all permits and approvals that it is required to have. Environmental and regulatory review has also become a long, complex, and uncertain process that can cause potentially significant delays.
The Company cannot guarantee that title to its properties will not be challenged.
The validity of the Company’s mining claims and access rights can be uncertain and may be contested. Although the Company is satisfied it has taken reasonable measures to acquire the rights needed to undertake its operations and activities as currently conducted, some risk exists that some titles and access rights may be defective. No assurance can be given that such claims are not subject to prior unregistered agreements or interests or to undetected or other claims or interests which could be materially adverse to the Company. While the Company has used its best efforts to ensure title to all its properties and secured access to surface rights, these titles or rights may be disputed, which could result in costly litigation or disruption of operations. From time to time, a land possessor may dispute the Company’s surface access rights and, as a result, the Company may be barred from its legal occupation rights. Surface access issues have the potential to result in the delay of planned exploration programs, and these delays may be significant. The Company expects that it will be able to resolve these issues, however, there can be no assurance that this will be the case.
Additional future property acquisitions, relocation benefits, legal and related costs may be material. The Company may need to enter into negotiations with landowners and other groups in the host communities where its projects are located in order to conduct future exploration and development work. The Company cannot currently determine the expected timing, outcome of such negotiations, or costs associated with the relocation of property owners and possessors and potential land acquisitions. There is no assurance that future discussions and negotiations will result in agreements with landowners or other local community groups so as to enable the Company to conduct exploration and development work on these projects.
The Company provides significant economic and social benefits to its host communities and countries, which facilitates broad stakeholder support for its operations and projects. There is no guarantee however that local residents will support our operations or projects.
Relationships with Key Stakeholders
Indigenous title claims, rights to consultation/accommodation, and the Company’s relationship with local communities may affect the Company’s existing operations and development projects.
Governments in many jurisdictions must consult with indigenous peoples and nations with respect to grants of mineral rights and the issuance or amendment of project authorizations. Consultation and other rights of indigenous peoples and nations may require accommodations, including undertakings regarding employment, training, business opportunities royalty payments, and other matters. This may affect the Company’s ability to acquire, within a reasonable time frame, effective mineral titles in these jurisdictions, including in some parts of Canada, in which indigenous title is claimed, and may affect the timetable and costs of development of mineral properties or expansion of existing operations in these jurisdictions, including specifically with respect to the Company’s Island Gold Mine P3+ Expansion and its Lynn Lake Gold Project. Under applicable environmental and related mine permitting legislation, both Canadian federal and provincial governments may require indigenous consultation requirements beyond the scope expected by the Company. The risk of unforeseen indigenous title claims could also affect existing operations as well as development projects. These legal requirements may also affect the Company’s ability to expand or transfer existing operations or to develop new projects.
The Company’s relationship with the communities in which it operates is critical to ensure the future success of its existing operations and the construction and development of its projects. There is an increasing level of public concern relating to the perceived effect of mining activities on the environment and on communities impacted by such activities. Adverse publicity relating to the mining industry generated by non-governmental organizations and others could have an adverse effect on the Company’s reputation or financial condition and may impact its relationship with the communities in which it operates. While the Company is committed to operating in a socially responsible manner, there is no guarantee that the Company’s efforts in this regard will mitigate this potential risk.
The inability of the Company to maintain positive relationships with local communities and indigenous First Nations, including specifically with respect to the Company’s Canadian expansion or development-stage assets, may result in additional obstacles and timelines with respect to permitting, increased legal challenges, or other disruptive operational issues at any of the Company’s operating mines, and could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s ability to generate cash flow, with a corresponding adverse impact to the Company’s share price and financial condition.
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Exploration, development, and production at the Company’s mining operations are dependent upon the efforts of its key personnel and its relations with its employees and any labor unions that represent employees.
The Company’s success is heavily dependent on its key personnel and on the ability to motivate, retain and attract highly skilled employees.
Relations between the Company and its employees may be affected by changes in the scheme of labour relations that may be introduced by Mexican or Canadian governmental authorities in whose jurisdictions the Company carries on operations. Such changes include, but are not limited to, changes in labour laws, outsourcing laws, social security laws, and employment standards. Changes in such legislation or in the relationship between the Company and its employees may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. For example, in November 2020, Mexico’s Executive Branch introduced a bill to amend various federal laws including the Federal Labour Law. This change has, for the most part, eliminated the use of service companies in Mexico, a structure commonly used in the mining sector that provides outsourced labour and required companies like Alamos to hire its employees directly, resulting in a requirement to pay profit-sharing required by Mexican laws to those employees. Based on the Company’s assessment, this change has not and is not expected to have a material impact on Alamos. Nonetheless, the risk exists that certain contractors could be deemed service companies, which could potentially have a significant financial impact. The full impact and enforcement of future changes are not known.
In addition, the Company anticipates that as it expands its existing production and brings additional properties into production, and as the Company acquires additional mineral rights, the Company may experience significant growth in its operations. This growth may create new positions and responsibilities for management personnel and increase demands on its operating and financial systems, as well as require the hiring of a significant number of additional operations personnel. There can be no assurance that the Company will successfully meet these demands and effectively attract and retain any such additional qualified personnel. The failure to attract and retain such qualified personnel to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Companies today are at a much greater risk of losing control over how they are perceived as a result of social media and other web-based applications.
Damage to the Company’s reputation can be the result of the actual or perceived occurrence of any number of events and could include any negative publicity, whether true or not. Although the Company places a great emphasis on protecting its image and reputation, it does not ultimately have direct control over how it is perceived by others. Reputation loss, including specifically as a result of social media misinformation campaigns targeting the Company’s development projects in Türkiye, may lead to increased and continued challenges in developing and maintaining community relations, decreased investor confidence, and act as an impediment to the Company’s overall ability to advance its projects, thereby having a material adverse impact on financial performance, cash flows, and growth prospects.
The Company’s directors and officers may have interests that conflict with the Company’s interests.
Certain of the Company’s directors and officers serve as directors or officers of other public companies and as such it is possible that a conflict may arise between their duties as the Company’s directors or officers and their duties as directors or officers of these other companies.
Health and Environmental Risks
Alamos’ operations may be exposed to serious illness.
Any ongoing or future impacts of COVID-19, along with any other potential serious illness, epidemic or pandemic, could have material adverse impacts on the Company’s ability to operate and meet expected timelines for development and expansion projects (e.g., the P3+ Expansion project at the Island Gold Mine) due to employee absences, disruption in supply chains, information technology system constraints, government interventions, market volatility, overall economic uncertainty and other factors currently unknown and not anticipated. Any such disruptions could potentially cause gold sales disruptions and could impact the ability to meet production, cost, and capital guidance. Alamos’ operations are located in relatively remote areas. The Company relies on various modes of transportation to house its employees, move around its people, its product, and the necessary supplies and inputs for its operations. At both Mulatos and Island Gold, the Company has a high concentration of personnel working and residing in close proximity to one another at the mine site (camps). Should an employee or visitor become infected with a serious illness that has the potential to spread rapidly, this could place Alamos’ workforce at risk. The Company takes every precaution to strictly follow industrial hygiene and occupational health guidelines. Approximately 50% of the Island Gold workforce comes from the local communities with the other 50% housed in a camp within the town of Dubreuilville and operating on a fly-in, fly-out basis from various other regions. In 2020, the Company experienced several
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outbreaks of COVID-19 at its mining operations resulting in, among other things, temporary closure of mining operations. There were no closures in 2021 or 2022, however, there continues to be a risk that a virus outbreak could occur again at any operating sites or in the local community which could result in the temporary closure of the Company’s operations. If any outbreaks occur, the government could order temporary suspensions requiring a shutdown of mining operations. Consequently, there can be no assurance that COVID-19 or another infectious illness will not materially impact Alamos’ personnel and ultimately its operation, cash flows, or financial condition.
The Company’s activities are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may increase its costs of doing business and restrict its operations.
The Company’s exploration and production activities are subject to regulation by governmental agencies under various environmental laws. These laws address noise, air emissions, water discharges, waste management, management of hazardous substances, management of tailings facilities, protection of natural resources, antiquities and endangered species, and reclamation of lands disturbed by mining operations. Environmental legislation in many countries is evolving and the trend has been towards stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines, penalties, and potential for facilities to be shut-down for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and increasing responsibility for companies and their officers, directors, and employees. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may require significant capital outlays on behalf of the Company and may cause material changes or delays in the Company’s intended activities. There can be no assurance that future changes in environmental regulations will not adversely affect the Company’s business, and it is possible that future changes in these laws or regulations could have a significant adverse impact on some portion of the Company’s business, causing the Company to re-evaluate those activities at that time.
Failure to comply with such laws and regulations can have serious consequences, including damage to the Company’s reputation, stopping the Company from proceeding with the development of a project, negatively impacting the operation or further development of a mine, increasing the cost of development or production and litigation and regulatory actions against the Company. The Company cannot give any assurance that, notwithstanding its precautions, breaches of environmental laws (whether inadvertent or not) or environmental pollution will not materially and adversely affect its financial condition and its results from operations. There is no assurance that future changes in environmental regulation, if any, will not adversely affect the Company’s operations. Environmental hazards may exist on the properties on which the Company holds interests that are unknown to the Company at present and which have been caused by previous or existing owners or operators of the properties. The Company may also acquire properties with known or undiscovered environmental risks. Any indemnification from the entity from which the Company has acquired such properties may not be adequate to pay all the fines, penalties, and costs (such as clean-up and restoration costs) incurred related to such properties. Some of the Company’s properties also have been used for mining and related operations for many years before acquisition and were acquired as is or with assumed environmental liabilities from previous owners or operators.
The Company’s failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions. The Company may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of its operations and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed for violations of applicable laws or regulations.
Production at certain of the Company’s mines involves the use of various chemicals, including cyanide, which is a toxic material. Should cyanide or other toxic chemicals leak or otherwise be discharged from the containment system, the Company may become subject to liability for cleanup work that may not be insured. While appropriate steps will be taken to prevent discharges of pollutants into the groundwater and the environment, the Company may become subject to liability for hazards that it may not be insured against and such liability could be material.
Actual costs of reclamation are uncertain, and higher than expected costs could negatively impact the results of operations and financial position.
Land reclamation requirements are generally imposed on mineral exploration companies (as well as companies with mining operations) in order to minimize the long-term effects of land disturbance, and the Company is subject to such requirements at its mineral properties. Decommissioning liabilities include requirements to control the dispersion of potentially deleterious effluents and to reasonably re-establish pre-disturbance landforms and vegetation.
In order to carry out reclamation obligations arising from exploration, potential development activities, and mining operations, the Company must allocate financial resources that might otherwise be spent on further exploration and development programs. Reclamation costs are uncertain and planned expenditures may differ from the actual expenditures required. If the Company is required to carry out unanticipated reclamation work, its financial position could be adversely affected.
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Water management at the Company’s mining operations.
The water collection, treatment, and disposal operations at the Company’s mines are subject to substantial regulation and involve significant environmental risks. If collection or management systems fail, overflow, or do not operate properly, untreated water or other contaminants could spill onto nearby properties or into nearby streams and rivers, causing damage to persons or property, injury to aquatic life, and economic damages.
Environmental and regulatory authorities in Mexico and Canada conduct periodic or annual inspections of the Young-Davidson, Island Gold, and Mulatos Mines. As a result of these inspections, the Company is from time to time required to modify its water management program, complete additional monitoring work or take remedial actions with respect to the Company’s operations as it pertains to water management.
Liabilities resulting from damage, regulatory orders or demands, or similar, could adversely and materially affect the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. Moreover, in the event that the Company is deemed liable for any damage caused by overflow, the Company’s losses or consequences of regulatory action might not be covered by insurance policies.
Problems with water sources could have a negative impact on the Company’s exploration programs and future operations.
The Company may not be able to secure the water necessary to conduct its activities as planned due to the potential for competing interests and demand for water, or due to the potential impact of drought and dry spells on water availability within local river basins, lakes, or aquifers. The Company will strive to ensure that its activities do not adversely impact the natural environment, community water sources and will seek to minimize freshwater withdrawals whenever possible. Future operations and activities may require that alternate water sources be provided to potentially affected communities at the Company’s expense.
Climate Change Risks and Strategy
The Company’s mining and processing operations are energy-intensive, resulting in a significant carbon footprint. The Company acknowledges climate change as an international and community concern and recognizes that its operations are subject to extensive transition and physical climate-related risks. As the Company adopts the recommendations of the Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosure, it has expanded its disclosure beyond climate-related risks to also address climate governance, strategy, risk management, metrics, and targets.
Transition and Physical Climate-Related Risks.
Transition risks are associated with society’s transition to a low-carbon economy. These risks are highly uncertain and may have an adverse effect on Company operations. Alamos operates in Canada and Mexico where both countries are signatories to the Paris Agreement to limit the global average temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Both Canada and Mexico have implemented regulations to monitor, report and/or reduce GHG emissions, and the costs required to comply are not anticipated to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations. In Canada, Young-Davidson and Island Gold previously reported emissions under the Output-Based Pricing System (“OBPS”) and effective January 1, 2022, transitioned to the Ontario Emissions Performance Standard (“EPS”). The EPS sets the price of excess emission units in lockstep with the federal backstop carbon price, which was CAD $50 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (“CO2e”) in 2022 and is expected to increase to CAD $170 per tonne by 2030. Both Island Gold and Young-Davidson fall significantly below the emissions threshold for covered facilities under the EPS, though benefit by voluntarily opting in and avoiding the fuel charge component of the federal carbon pollution pricing system. The Company’s planned Lynn Lake Gold Project in Northern Manitoba will be an open pit mine and once operational is expected to be a significant energy consumer and exceed the threshold for reporting under the OBPS. As such, the carbon price is a significant and growing financial risk. The life of mine carbon cost under the OBPS was initially estimated to be CAD $63 million, though the Company is actively assessing electrification opportunities that it anticipates will reduce the cost to approximately CAD $37 million.
In Mexico, a carbon tax applies to fossil fuels across all sectors at rates of approximately (for diesel) USD$3.07 per tonne of CO2e. A carbon market pilot led by the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources began in January 2020 and is planned to transition to an Emission Trading System (“ETS”) in 2023 but it is not anticipated to affect the Mulatos Mine as the ETS targets facilities generating over 100,000 tonnes CO2e per year from fixed sources. No carbon price has been established yet and the political uncertainty about future climate and energy policy is high. Costs to comply with current and future regulations are difficult to predict. Government requirements and regulations may be amended, become more stringent, or have other effects on the Company such as incremental increases in fuel prices, accelerating the adoption of lower-carbon technologies, and electrification. Difficulties in integrating new technologies with existing systems, such as electric mining
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equipment, or the cost and unproven nature of new technology could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance and its operational results.
Physical risks are associated with the physical effects of climate change on the Company. Physical risks can be event-driven (acute) or longer-term shifts (chronic) in climate patterns. These risks are highly uncertain, are particular to the unique geographic circumstances associated with each site and may have an adverse effect on Company operations. The Company has qualitatively assessed the impact of climate risks on its operations and development projects, using climate scenarios to project changes to climate indicators under 2˚C and 4˚C scenarios. The Company identified several risks and opportunities based on projected increases in the frequency and intensity of warm spells, cold spells, heavy precipitation, storms, wildfires, floods, and drought that can each impact Company assets and result in disruptions to mine permitting, operations, ore extraction, and mine closure, or impact employee safety and the local environment. The Company assessed risks at its Island Gold, Young-Davidson, and Mulatos Mines, and one physical risk affecting the Mulatos Mine was determined to have a potential material financial impact on the Company. Mulatos is located in northwest Mexico where prolonged drought conditions are projected to increase, potentially affecting the availability of freshwater withdrawals for mining, processing, and refining activities in the dry season. In response, the Mulatos Mine is using existing water models to improve water management, updating engineering models to improve water efficiency, designing a water treatment plant for La Yaqui Grande, and investigating options to reuse existing infrastructure as water reservoirs, which could increase the cost of treating water before and after use. While the Company has taken measures to mitigate the impact of weather on its operations, severe weather events and prolonged drought - particularly in northwest Mexico - could have an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to achieve production forecasts.
Climate Change Governance.
The Company’s commitment to protecting and preserving land, air, water, and energy resources is stated in the Company’s Sustainability Policy. The Technical and Sustainability Committee of the Board (the “T&S Committee”) provides oversight of climate change and climate-related impacts including GHG emissions, energy use, and water management. The Vice President, Sustainability & External Affairs reports to the Chief Operating Officer and provides updates to the T&S Committee on climate-related risks, opportunities, and performance. The Company’s Sustainability Management Framework is supported by sustainability standards that have been co-developed with sites, including an Energy and Greenhouse Gas Management Standard (the “Standard”). This Standard informs the Company’s actions to reduce emission intensity, energy-related costs and mitigate risks related to climate change, energy security, supply, and cost. Accountable persons at each Company site are responsible for implementing the Standard and helping the Company meet its climate-related objectives and targets. Energy and climate performance are reported on an annual basis and included in the Company’s public Environmental, Social and Governance reporting.
Climate Change Risk Management.
Alamos identifies and manages major risks, including significant climate-related risks, to the Company and its mine sites. The Enterprise Risk Management process provides senior management and the Board with updates on the key, material risks facing the Company along with details of the risk assessments and corresponding management plans. Climate-related risks are integrated into the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management process.
In 2020, the Company conducted an independent climate risk assessment to identify transition and physical risks affecting Company operations and development projects. Risks were determined by literature reviews, site interviews, peer reviews, and professional experience, and then analyzed based on future climate risk (i.e., the projected changes to climate-related factors impacting the system). Two climate scenarios were used: RCP8.5 to assess physical risks to Company sites, and the IEA Sustainable Development Scenario to assess transition risks to Company operations. A 20-year planning horizon was used (2030-2040), aligned with the current life of mine for Company assets and allowing for meaningful comparison of scenarios for transition and physical risks under a similar time horizon. Physical risk indicators included water stress, drought, cold and warm spells, precipitation, wind, temperature, wildfire, and floods. Transition risk indicators included GHG emission regulations, renewable electricity generation shares, cost of renewable energy, cost of abatement, cost of fuels, fossil fuel subsidies, and carbon reduction policies. Climate-related risks were validated with Company sites and management, including assessments on likelihood, consequence, risk rating, and the effectiveness of existing controls. Climate-related risks are being integrated into site and corporate risk registers for integration within strategic planning and enterprise risk management and will be periodically reviewed and assessed based on on-site changes and the availability of new, improved data.
In mid-2022, Alamos released its target to reduce absolute GHG emissions of 30% compared to its 2020/21 average base year. The Company developed an implementation roadmap to meet this target, with very specific projects identified and costed.
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Insurance and Compliance Risks
The Company may not have sufficient insurance coverage.
The mining industry is subject to significant risks that could result in damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties or producing facilities, personal injury or death, environmental damage, delays in mining, monetary losses, and possible legal liability.
The Company’s policies of insurance may not provide sufficient coverage for losses related to these or other risks. The Company’s insurance does not cover all risks that may result in loss or damages and may not be adequate to reimburse the Company for all losses sustained. In particular, the Company does not have coverage for certain environmental losses or certain types of earthquake damage. The occurrence of losses or damage not covered by insurance could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s cash flows, results of operation, and financial condition.
The Company’s business involves uninsurable risks.
In the course of exploration, development, and production of mineral properties, certain risks and, in particular, unexpected or unusual geological operating conditions including cave-ins, fires, flooding, and earthquakes may occur. It is not always possible to fully insure against such risks and the Company may decide not to take out insurance against such risks as a result of high premiums or other reasons. Should such liabilities arise, they could reduce or eliminate any future profitability and result in increased costs and a decline in the value of the securities of the Company.
The Company may fail to maintain the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting as per the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”).
The Company has documented and tested, during its most recent fiscal year, its internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of SOX. Both SOX and Canadian legislation require an annual assessment by management of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
The Company may fail to maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting as such standards are modified, supplemented, or amended from time to time, and the Company may not be able to ensure that it can conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal controls over financial reporting. The Company’s failure to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of SOX and equivalent Canadian legislation on an ongoing, timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of its financial statements, which in turn could harm the Company’s business and negatively impact the trading price of the Company’s common shares or market value of its other securities. In addition, any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm the Company’s operating results or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations.
The Company may be impacted by Anti-Bribery, Anti-Corruption, and related business conduct laws.
The Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions where the Company does business, prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or other commercial advantages. The Company’s policies, including without limitation its Anti-Bribery, Anti-Corruption and Anti-Competition policy and its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, mandate compliance with these laws, the failure of which often carry substantial penalties. The Company operates in jurisdictions that have experienced governmental and private sector corruption to some degree, and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with laws may conflict with certain local customs and practices. There can be no assurances that the Company’s internal control policies and procedures will always protect it from reckless or other inappropriate acts committed by the Company’s affiliates, employees, or agents. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations.
Alamos’ critical operating systems may be compromised.
Cyber threats, including fraud resulting from cyber threats, have evolved in severity, frequency, and sophistication in recent years, and target entities are no longer primarily from the financial or retail sectors. Individuals engaging in cybercrime may target corruption of systems or data or theft of sensitive data. While the Company invests in robust security systems to detect and block inappropriate or illegal access to its key systems, including supervisory control and data acquisition operating systems at its operations, and regularly reviews policies, procedures, and protocols to ensure data and system integrity, there can be no assurance that critical systems will not be inadvertently or intentionally breached and compromised. This may result in business interruption losses, equipment damage, or loss of critical or sensitive information.
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Senior leadership briefs the Company’s Audit Committee on information security matters at least once a year, and annual independent audits are conducted by the Company’s auditors. Additional independent cyber-specific audits are undertaken on an as-needed basis, and the Company has retained a third party to provide 24x7 managed detection and response services across the Company’s digital environment. A formal information security training and awareness program is compiled annually and executed in segments across the business.
Mining Industry Risks
The Company is in competition with other mining companies that have greater resources and experience.
The Company competes with other mining companies, many of which have greater resources and experience. Competition in the precious metals mining industry is primarily for mineral-rich properties which can be developed and produced economically; the technical expertise to find, develop, and produce such properties; the labour to operate the properties, and the capital for the purpose of financing development of such properties. Many competitors not only explore for and mine precious metals, but also conduct refining and marketing operations on a world-wide basis and some of these companies have much greater financial and technical resources than the Company. Such competition may result in the Company being unable to acquire desired properties, recruit or retain qualified employees or acquire the capital necessary to fund its operations and develop its properties. The Company’s inability to successfully compete with other mining companies for these mineral deposits could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
The Company may be unable to identify opportunities to grow its business or replace depleted Mineral Reserves, and it may be unsuccessful in integrating new businesses and assets that it may acquire in the future.
As part of the Company’s business strategy, it has sought and will continue to seek new operating, development, and exploration opportunities in the mining industry. In pursuit of such opportunities, the Company may fail to select appropriate acquisition candidates or negotiate acceptable arrangements, including arrangements to finance acquisitions or integrate the acquired businesses into its business. The Company cannot provide assurance that it can complete any acquisition or business arrangement that it pursues or is pursuing, on favourable terms, if at all, or that any acquisitions or business arrangements completed will ultimately benefit its business. Further, any acquisition the Company makes will require a significant amount of time and attention from its management, as well as resources that otherwise could be spent on the operation and development of its existing business.
Any future acquisitions would be accompanied by risks, such as a significant decline in the relevant metal price after the Company commits to complete an acquisition on certain terms; the quality of the mineral deposit acquired proving to be lower than expected; the difficulty of assimilating the operations and personnel of any acquired companies; the potential disruption of its ongoing business; the inability of management to realize anticipated synergies and maximize its financial and strategic position; the failure to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies; and the potential for unknown or unanticipated liabilities associated with acquired assets and businesses, including tax, environmental or other liabilities. There can be no assurance that any business or assets acquired in the future will prove to be profitable, that the Company will be able to integrate the acquired businesses or assets successfully or that the Company will identify all potential liabilities during the course of due diligence. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on its business, expansion, results of operations, and financial condition.
Mining is inherently dangerous and subject to conditions or events beyond the Company’s control, which could have a material adverse effect on its business and which conditions and events may not be insurable.
Mining involves various types of risks and hazards, including, but not limited to:
•Geotechnical risks, including rock falls, pit wall failures, and cave-ins;
•Environmental hazards;
•Industrial accidents;
•Metallurgical and other processing problems;
•Unusual or unexpected rock formations;
•Seismic activity;
•Flooding;
•Fires;
•Periodic interruptions due to inclement or hazardous weather conditions;
•Variations in grade, deposit size, continuity, and other geological problems;
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•Mechanical equipment performance problems;
•Unavailability of materials and equipment;
•Theft of equipment, supplies, and bullion;
•Labour force disruptions;
•Civil strife; and
•Unanticipated or significant changes in the costs of supplies.
Most of these risks are beyond the Company’s control and could result in damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties, production facilities, or other properties; personal injury or death; loss of key employees; environmental damage; delays in mining; delays in production; increased production costs; monetary losses; and could impact the Company’s share price and possible legal liability.
The business of exploration for minerals and mining involves a high degree of risk, as few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines.
The Company is engaged in exploration, mine development, and the mining and production of precious metals, primarily gold, and is exposed to a number of risks and uncertainties that are common to other companies in the same business. Unusual or unexpected ground movements, fires, power outages, labour disruptions, flooding, cave-ins, landslides, and the inability to obtain suitable adequate machinery, equipment or labour are risks involved in the operation of mines and the conduct of exploration programs. The Company has relied upon, and may continue to rely upon, consultants and others for mine operating and exploration expertise. Few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Substantial expenditures are required to establish Mineral Reserves through drilling, to develop metallurgical processes to extract the metal from the ore, and in the case of new properties, to develop the mining and processing facilities and infrastructure at any site chosen for mining. Although substantial benefits may be derived from the discovery of a major mineral deposit, the Company may not be able to raise sufficient funds for development. The economics of developing mineral properties is affected by many factors including the cost of operations, variations in the grade of ore mined, fluctuations in metal markets, costs of mining and processing equipment, and such other factors as government regulations, including regulations relating to royalties, allowable production, importing and exporting of minerals and environmental protection. Where expenditures on a property have not led to the discovery of Mineral Reserves, spent costs will not usually be recoverable.
The trading price of the Company’s common shares may be subject to large fluctuations and may increase or decrease in response to a number of events and factors.
These factors may include, but are not limited to:
•The price of gold and other metals;
•The Company’s operating performance and the performance of competitors and other similar companies;
•The public’s reaction to the Company’s press releases, other public announcements, and the Company’s filings with the various securities regulatory authorities;
•Changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by research analysts who track the Company’s common shares or the shares of other companies in the resource sector;
•Changes in general economic conditions;
•The arrival or departure of key personnel; and
•Acquisitions, strategic alliances, or joint ventures involving the Company or its competitors.
In addition, the market price of the Company’s shares is affected by many variables not directly related to the Company’s success and are therefore not within the Company’s control, including other developments that affect the market for all resource sector shares, the breadth of the public market for the Company’s shares, and the attractiveness of alternative investments. In addition, securities markets have recently experienced an extreme level of price and volume volatility, and the market price of securities of many companies has experienced wide fluctuations which have not necessarily been related to the operating performance, underlying asset values, or prospects of such companies. The effect of these and other factors on the market price of the common shares on the exchanges in which the Company trades has historically made the Company’s share price volatile and suggests that the Company’s share price will continue to be volatile in the future.
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MINERAL PROPERTIES
The Company considers its Young-Davidson Mine, Island Gold Mine, and Mulatos Mine its material mineral projects for purposes of NI 43-101. The below table sets forth the technical reports, including for certain non-material properties, prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 by the Company.
TitleAuthorDate
Technical Report for the Young-Davidson Mine, Matachewan, OntarioJeffrey Volk, CPG, FAusIMM; Christopher Bostwick, FAusIMMJanuary 25, 2017
Technical Report for the Island Gold Mine, Dubreuilville, Ontario, CanadaNathan Bourgeault, P.Eng.; Raynald Vincent, P.Eng, M.G.P.; Colin Webster, P.Eng., Neil Lincoln, P.Eng.August 29, 2022
Technical Report for the Mulatos Property, Sahuaripa, Sonora, MexicoChristopher Bostwick, FAusIMM, Marc Jutras P.Eng., Michele Cote, P.Geo., David Bucar, P.Eng.March 27, 2023
Technical Report Feasibility Study for the Lynn Lake Gold Project, Manitoba, CanadaAusenco Engineering Canada Inc.
Co-Authored By:
Paul Staples, P.Eng.; Eddie McLean, B.Sc. (Met), FAusIMM.; Jeffrey Volk, CPG., FAusIMM.; Paolo Toscano, P.Eng.; Adwoa Cobbina, MASc., P.Eng.; Karen Besemann, P.Geo.; Luiz Castro, Ph.D., P.Eng.; Rui Couto, MASc., P.Eng.; Efthymios Koniaris, Ph.D., P.Eng.; Karen Mathers, P.Geo., FGC.		January 25, 2018
Feasibility Study Technical Report on the Kirazlı Project, Çanakkale Province, Turkey
JDS Energy & Mining Inc.
Qualified Persons:
Andrew Cormier, P.Eng.; Marc Jutras, P.Eng.; Herb Welhener, SME-RM.; Todd Minard, P.E.; Paolo Chiaramello, P.Eng.; Jim Cremeens, P.E., P.G.		March 27, 2017
Feasibility Study Technical Report on the Ağı Dağı Project and Preliminary Economic Assessment on the Çamyurt Project, Çanakkale Province, Turkey
JDS Energy & Mining Inc.
Qualified Persons:
Andrew Cormier, P.Eng.; Marc Jutras, P.Eng.; Herb Welhener, SME-RM; Todd Minard, P.E., Paolo Chiaramello, P.Eng.; Jim Cremeens, P.E., P.G.		April 7, 2017
Set forth below is certain mining and technical information in relation to those mines and certain of the Company’s other mines and projects.

YOUNG-DAVIDSON MINE
Summary
The Young-Davidson Mine is located near the town of Matachewan, approximately 60 km west of Kirkland Lake in northern Ontario. The property consists of contiguous mineral leases and claims totaling approximately 5,720 hectares and is situated on the site of two past-producing mines that produced almost one million ounces of gold between 1934 and 1957. The Young-Davidson Mine consists of an underground mine, currently mining at a rate of approximately 8,000 tpd, a conventional flotation and carbon-in-leach (“CIL”) mill, and associated infrastructure. The mine has been in continuous operation since 2012 and has operated from the lower mine infrastructure since the third quarter of 2020.
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Property Description, Location, and Access
The Young-Davidson Mine is located in northern Ontario, Canada, centrally located between Timmins, Kirkland Lake, North Bay, and Sudbury, each of which has businesses that service the mining industry. The property is accessed by paved Highway 566, three (3) km west of the town of Matachewan.
The Company holds 100% of the mineral rights to all of the Mineral Resource related claims at the former Young-Davidson Mine and the adjoining Matachewan Consolidated Mines Limited Mine (the “MCM Mine”), which together comprise the modern-day Young-Davidson Mine. The Company also owns or holds the rights and/or interest to tenures consisting of patented fee simple and/or patented leasehold mineral rights and surface rights claims, a mining licence of occupation, and unpatented cell claims, covering approximately 5,915 hectares surrounding and including the Young-Davidson Mine. References to the Young-Davidson Mine or Young-Davidson are inclusive of the contiguous claim block that covers the Young-Davidson Mine. These tenures were acquired either through staking, application, option agreements, or purchase.
Young-Davidson is subject to nine separate agreements with different obligations and royalties for each agreement. Based on the currently defined Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources, the only royalties to apply are:
(a)a 1.5% net smelter return royalty due to Triple Flag Mining Finance Ltd., applicable since July 2015; and
(b)a sliding scale royalty held by Matachewan Consolidated Mines Limited that currently applies to less than 2% of the existing underground Mineral Reserve.

The Company controls sufficient surface rights to cover the sites required for all project buildings and fixed installations for the life of mine. The Company believes it has all the necessary surface rights to dispose of waste rock and tailings on additional areas of the property. Alamos’ land ownership and interest in its lands and mineral tenures are either registered or recorded with the Government of Ontario. All permits required to operate the Young-Davidson Mine are currently in place.
As Young-Davidson was the site of two former producing gold mines, there is an existing surface disturbance in the form of old workings, building foundations, and tailings sites. Although there is no clean-up order on these sites, infrastructure was designed to incorporate these sites where possible so that they are remediated as part of the mine closure plan.
Other than as described above, the Company is not aware of any rights, agreements, or encumbrances to which Young-Davidson is subject, which would adversely affect the value of the property or Alamos’ ownership.
The daily average mean temperature in nearby Kirkland Lake, Ontario is 1.7°C. The extreme maximum recorded temperature is 38.9°C and the extreme minimum temperature is -47°C. The average annual precipitation is 884 mm, comprising 590 mm of rainfall and 294 mm as snowfall. Given this climate, exploration and mining development activities can be carried out year-round.
The surface rights possessed by the Company, and the availability of sources of power, water, mining personnel, potential tailings storage areas, and potential waste disposal are sufficient for planned mining operations. Electricity is provided from the provincial grid through a transmission line that was upgraded prior to commercial production.
The property is typical of northern Ontario with forest-covered low rolling hills, small lakes, and wetlands with numerous gravel roads providing access to all areas of the property. The average elevation on the property is 330 m above sea level.

History
The initial discovery of gold in the project area was made by prospector Jake Davidson in 1916 on what became the former Young-Davidson Mine. This sparked a staking rush that resulted in a second discovery by Samuel Otisse on what became the MCM Mine property. Surface prospecting, trenching, and outcrop stripping continued intermittently for the next seventeen years on both properties. During this time a joint venture was established between Hollinger Corporation and Young-Davidson Mines Limited and underground mine production was initiated in 1934 and continued until 1957, over which time a total of 5.6 million tonnes were mined producing 585,690 ounces of gold (3.22 g/t recovered grade). Production from the MCM Mine property over the period 1934-1954 totaled 3.2 million tonnes, and 378,101 ounces of gold (3.67 g/t recovered grade). Following the closure of the mines, the properties remained dormant until 1980 at which time Pamour Mines concluded option/joint venture agreements on both properties with the aim of establishing an open pit operation. Approximately 96,000 tonnes of ore were mined and trucked to the Pamour mill facility east of Timmins.
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In 1995, Royal Oak Mines Inc. (“Royal Oak”), a successor company to Pamour Mines, initiated extensive diamond drilling to define an open pit Mineral Resource, initiated shaft dewatering with a view to underground exploration, conducted shaft rehabilitation as well as engineering studies and environmental assessment studies with a view to re-opening the mines. Following the bankruptcy of Royal Oak, the property was dormant for several years before being acquired by a private company in 2000. This private company undertook limited exploration and, in 2002, vended the asset into Young-Davidson Mines Limited, the same company that had discovered the property. Young-Davidson Mines Limited re-initiated exploration with 9,312 m of drilling in 58 diamond drill holes.
In late 2005, Northgate Minerals Corporation (“Northgate”) amalgamated with Young-Davidson Mines Limited through a plan of arrangement and proceeded with surface exploration, environmental and engineering studies, and underground exploration and development.
In 2011, AuRico acquired Northgate, which included Young-Davidson.
In 2015, AuRico and Former Alamos combined to form Alamos.
In 2021, Alamos acquired a private company, Victoria Gold Mines (East Timmins) Limited along with its Golden Arrow Project in Hislop Township.
Geological Setting, Mineralization, and Deposit Types
Young-Davidson is situated within the southwestern part of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt. The Abitibi Greenstone Belt consists of a complex and diverse array of volcanic, sedimentary, and plutonic rocks typically metamorphosed to greenschist facies grade, but locally attaining amphibolite facies grade. Volcanic rocks range in composition from rhyolitic to komatiitic and commonly occur as mafic to felsic volcanic cycles. Sedimentary rocks consist of both chemical and clastic varieties and occur as both intravolcanic sequences and as unconformably overlying sequences. A wide spectrum of mafic to felsic, pre-tectonic, syn-tectonic, and post-tectonic intrusive rocks are present. All lithologies are cut by late, generally northeast-trending Proterozoic diabase dikes.
The Abitibi Greenstone Belt rocks have undergone a complex sequence of deformation events ranging from early folding and faulting through later upright folding, faulting, and ductile shearing resulting in the development of large, dominantly east-west trending, crustal-scale structures that form a lozenge-like pattern. The regional Larder Lake-Cadillac Fault Zone (“LLCFZ”) cuts across the Young-Davidson Project area. The LLCFZ has a sub-vertical dip and generally strikes east-west. The LLCFZ is characterized by chlorite-talc-carbonate schist and the deformation zone can be followed for over 120 miles from west of Kirkland Lake to Val d’Or, Québec.
There are three important groups of Archean sedimentary rocks in the district. The oldest is Pontiac Group quartz greywacke and argillite, which occur as thick assemblages in Québec, while interbedded within the Larder Lake Group volcanic rocks are turbiditic siltstones and greywackes of the Porcupine Group. Unconformably overlying is Timiskaming Group Conglomerate, turbidite, and iron formation with minor interbedded alkalic volcaniclastic units.
Archean intrusive rocks are numerous in the district but are largely manifested as small stocks, dikes, and plugs of augite syenite, syenite, and feldspar porphyry occurring in close temporal and spatial association with the distribution of Timiskaming Group sediments. The main syenite mass, which hosts most of the gold mineralization on Young-Davidson, measures almost 900 m east-west by 300 m north-south.
Huronian Proterozoic sedimentary rocks onlap and define the southern limit of the Abitibi in Ontario. In the project area, these rocks are correlative to the Gowganda Formation tillite. Post-Archean dike rocks include Matachewan diabase and younger Nipissing diabase, which respectively bracket the Huronian unconformity in the project area.
Essentially all of the historical production at the former Young-Davidson Mine and approximately 60% of the production from the MCM Mine was from syenite-hosted gold mineralization. Most of the current underground Mineral Resources are also related to syenite-hosted gold. The syenite-hosted gold mineralization consists of a stockwork of quartz veinlets and narrow quartz veins, rarely greater than a few inches in thickness, situated within a broader halo of disseminated pyrite and potassic alteration. Visible gold is common in the narrower, glassy-textured quartz veinlets. In general, gold grades increase with quartz veinlet abundance, pyrite abundance, and alteration intensity. Mineralized areas are visually distinctive and are characterized by brick red to pink K-feldspar-rich syenite containing two to three percent disseminated pyrite and several orientations of quartz extension veinlets and veins. The quartz veins and veinlets commonly contain accessory carbonate, pyrite, and feldspar.
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Exploration
In 2021, a total of 12,998 m of underground exploration drilling, and 4,086 m of surface exploration drilling was completed at Young-Davidson. The 2021 underground exploration drilling was completed from drill platforms that had been established both in the mid and lower-mine infrastructure. The objective of the drill program was to explore the down-dip extension of the Young-Davidson ore body to the west, below current Mineral Resources, and to test the extensions of syenite-hosted mineralization in the eastern portion of the deposit. The 2021 mine exploration program was the first significant exploration program at Young-Davidson since 2011 with the focus over the past several years on the completion of the lower mine expansion. The surface exploration program tested several near-surface targets in the north-central portions of the 5,720 hectare Young-Davidson property. In addition, a high-resolution drone magnetic survey and a fixed-wing LIDAR survey were completed across the property in 2021, the results of which will be used to support exploration targeting.

Following up on the 2021 drilling program, a total of 11,786 m of underground exploration drilling, and 9,831 m of surface exploration drilling was completed at Young-Davidson in 2022. The 2022 underground exploration drilling was completed from drill platforms located in the mid and lower-mine infrastructure on the 8,960 m and 9,220 m levels. The objective of the drill program was to continue to test the down-dip extension of the Young-Davidson ore body to the west, below current Mineral Resources. The 2022 surface exploration program tested several targets across the 5,915 hectare Young-Davidson property.

Both the mine exploration and surface exploration drilling programs are ongoing in 2023, with a total budget of $8 million, including regional exploration which is expensed. The program includes 21,600 m of underground exploration drilling, 5,000 m of surface exploration drilling, and 400 m of underground exploration development to extend drill platforms on the 9,220 m, 9,270 m, and 9,590 m levels. The focus of the underground exploration drilling program will be to expand Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources that have been identified within proximity to existing underground infrastructure. The surface drilling program is planned to test targets across the 5,915 hectare Young-Davidson property, including the historic MCM Mine area to the east of Young Davidson.

Drilling
Since the discovery of gold in the project area until October 14, 2008, a total of 293,774 m of surface and underground diamond drill holes have been completed. Except for the holes pre-dating 1980 (324 holes, 20,236 m), all of the drill logs have been preserved. All holes have been plotted on historic records and these hole traces and assays have now been entered into the database. All holes since 1988 have been surveyed for their collar co-ordinates and it is assumed that all pre-1988 underground hole collars were surveyed as per industry practice at the time of production. Since 1980 all holes have been downhole surveyed using a tropari instrument or acid test and since 2006 all drill holes have been surveyed using FLEXIT and/or a gyroscopic instrument in order to measure downhole deviation.
Underground drill holes were AQ core (27 mm diameter) as was the practice of the day, surface holes pre-dating Northgate were, with one exception, BQ core (36.5 mm diameter), and all holes by AuRico and Alamos (and the one exception) have been NQ core (47.6 mm diameter) except where a reduction to BQ (36.5 mm diameter) has been required to complete the hole in problematic ground conditions. Core recovery and rock quality designations have not been noted in historic drill logs, however in all the holes by Northgate, AuRico, and Alamos core recovery has been excellent, and the rock quality designation factor has been very high indicating very competent rock.
From 2009 to 2015, a total of 246 surface exploration drill holes were completed for a total of 126,272 m. No surface exploration was undertaken from 2016 to 2020.
From 2009 to 2021 a total of 493,860 m of underground drilling was completed including 145,813 m of exploration drilling in 283 holes, and 384,626 m of definition drilling in 3,034 holes.

In 2021, 12,998 m of underground exploration drilling was completed in 27 holes from drills platforms that had been established both in the mid and lower-mine infrastructure. A total of 4,086 m of surface exploration drilling was completed in 9 holes.

At the Golden Arrow Project, 30 drill holes totaling 4,089 metres were completed in 2021. The drilling was completed to infill historic drill holes in preparation for an updated Mineral Resource Estimate in 2022.

The 2022 drilling program consisted of 11,786 m of underground exploration drilling in 18 holes from the mid and lower-mine infrastructure, and 31,053 m of definition drilling in 182 drill holes. A total of 9,831 m of surface exploration drilling was completed in 21 holes. No drilling was completed at the Golden Arrow Project in 2022.

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Sampling, Analysis, and Data Verification
Drill core is transported directly from the drill rigs to the secure core logging facility. Core is logged with geological information being recorded, including rock type, degree of alteration, the estimated percentage of sulfide minerals, and vein intensity. Zones of interest are marked out and assigned a sample number and assay tags are inserted into the box as well as being inserted into the sample database. Most of the core is cut with a diamond-bladed core saw. The majority of the samples are 1.5 m in core length and most of the historic samples are in five-foot lengths. Assay procedures were not well documented prior to 2003, but it is assumed that conventional crushing, pulverizing, and classical fire assay techniques were used.

Certified reference material (“CRM”) and blanks were inserted with samples prior to analysis. A number of measures have been implemented which were designed to maintain a high level of security at the core logging facility, at the mine property, and while the samples are in transit.

Drill core samples from the exploration program are shipped to either ALS or AGAT Laboratories in Timmins, Ontario for preparation and assaying. Each core sample is entirely crushed to better than 70% passing -2 mm (minus 10 mesh). A 250 gram split of crushed material is taken and pulverized to 85% passing 75 microns (200 mesh) and 50 grams is analyzed by Fire Assay (FA) with an Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) finish. All samples >8 g/t Au are re-analyzed with a gravimetric finish. All sample batches were subjected to the laboratory’s internal quality control procedures.

All mine samples, including muck, underground channel, and underground infill drill core are assayed at the on-site laboratory operated by the Company. Samples are prepared and analyzed as described above. The mine laboratory is externally audited on a periodic basis. A check assay program and participation in an international round robin were initiated in 2014. Both laboratory and the operation’s quality control (“QC”) results have been reviewed regularly by Analytical Solutions Ltd.

No information has been compiled that describes the QC and quality assurance (“QA”) procedures for the pre-2003 drilling, however it is unlikely that blanks and CRMs were used as this did not become standard industry practice until the early 2000s. The main form of QA/QC would have been periodic re-assaying of anomalous samples with the introduction of blanks in the early 1980s and 1990s.

The QA/QC for the 2006 to 2016 programs is documented in the technical documents filed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. In essence, this data amounted to four percent of the entire population of samples submitted for analysis, including blanks, CRMs, and duplicates. Additionally, about 15-20% of pulp replicates and 2.5% of reject duplicates were analyzed and incorporated into the final assay grade to improve overall precision. The QA/QC data is monitored as the samples are being processed at the laboratories. Where analytical problems are identified, the laboratory is required to reanalyze the samples.

The project database has been subject to verification or audit by Micon International Inc. (2004), Scott Wilson Roscoe Postle Associates Inc. (2006), AMEC plc (2008), and Company geologists (2006, 2007, and 2008) who had no direct involvement with the project. Collar coordinates, downhole survey tests, and assay intervals were verified against a variety of supporting documentation. Where errors have been identified these were corrected and procedures put in place to prevent re-occurrence and to expedite future data verification programs. In each case, the third-party audit has concluded that the database is valid and acceptable for supporting Mineral Resource estimation work on the project.

Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
The metallurgical test work programs considered for the feasibility study were completed in 2008 and early 2009 at SGS Lakefield. Results of these tests provided the data used for the design criteria.
The tests were conducted on samples from 32 holes selected across the mineralization from which five zone composites and a master composite were prepared. Flowsheet optimization was conducted on the master composite. Once the metallurgical parameters were optimized, the five-zone composite and 32 individual samples were used for variability testing.
The grinding characteristics of the design mineralized material, an equal mixture of Upper Boundary Zone, Lower Boundary Zone and Pit Zone, material as combined material for pilot plant feed gives an average Bond Work Index of 15.6 kilowatt hours per tonne (“kWh/t”) at 100 mesh (106 micrometer (“µm”)) of grind. The selected six zone samples work index ranged from 14.7 to 18.3 kWh/t. Most samples tested fell in the medium to hard range of hardness with respect to impact breakage and Bond rod mill/ball mill grindability work indices while there was one waste sample that fell in the very hard range of hardness. All samples have been classified as abrasive or very abrasive.
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The gravity recoverable gold was determined to be about 25% of the gold contained in the composite sample tested when cleaning of the primary centrifugal concentrator product on a Mozley table was completed to a target 0.05% weight recovery of the initial feed material.
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimation
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates can be found in the section following “Other Mineral Properties” titled “December 31, 2022 Mineral Reserves and Resources”.
Mining Operations
Open pit mining commenced in November 2011, and ceased in June 2014, upon depletion of the in-situ open pit Mineral Reserve. While the mining of the open pit has ceased, a sizeable stockpile of open pit ore was used to augment underground production until early 2020 but has now been depleted. Over the life of the open pit, approximately 20.9 million tonnes (“Mt”) of waste rock was generated by the open pit and placed in the waste dump to the north of the pit. Commercial production was declared for the Young-Davidson open pit mine and mill effective September 1, 2012.
In October 2013, the Company commissioned the mid-shaft loading pocket and shaft hoisting infrastructure and began hoisting underground ore to surface via the Northgate shaft. Prior to October 2013, ore was being trucked to surface through the exploration ramp. On October 31, 2013, commercial production at the Young-Davidson underground mine was achieved.
The underground deposit is located approximately 210 m to 1,500 m below surface. During 2013, AuRico completed the sinking of the Northgate shaft down to the mid-shaft loading pocket to access the first eight years of mine production. The Company has since completed vertical access in the underground mine below that of the mid-shaft loading pocket, to the ultimate depth of 1,500 m. In 2017, raise boring of the Northgate shaft was completed to the ultimate depth of 1,500 m and ground supporting of the shaft was completed in 2018. Completion of the lower mine development and the tying in of the Northgate shaft extension was completed in mid-2020. In 2015, the existing MCM #3 shaft was extended to a depth of 1,500 m to provide for the hoisting of personnel, materials, and ore and waste. Commissioning of the MCM #3 shaft was completed in the first half of 2016. The mine is also accessed by a ramp, which was extended to the bottom of the mine from the existing exploration ramp and was completed in the first half of 2020. The mine design has taken into consideration the existing MCM #3 and the Northgate shafts and other existing openings for ventilation. Additional ventilation raises to surface have been established and the underground ventilation circuit continues to be upgraded as the mine deepens.
The underground mine has been designed for low operating costs using large modern equipment, gravity movement of ore and waste through passes, shaft hoisting, minimal ore, and waste re-handling, high productivity bulk mining methods, and paste backfill. The mining method employed is a combination of transverse and longitudinal stoping, followed by paste backfill, on 30 m sub-levels. Below the 9,400 m level sub-levels are being developed on 35 m intervals. Given the significant orebody widths, it is expected that approximately 90% of the remaining Mineral Reserves will be transversely mined. The mine operates scoop trams to load, haul and transfer stope production to the ore pass system from where it is hoisted to the surface via two 24.5 tonne skips in the Northgate shaft.
With the commissioning of the lower mine infrastructure in the third quarter of 2020, the Northgate shaft hoisting capacity is approximately 10,500 tpd of ore and waste.
At the current design production rates of 2.92 million tonnes per year (8,000 tpd) at full production (post-2021), the underground will have a minimum mine life of approximately 15 years based on the current Mineral Reserve.
Lateral development of the underground mine will average approximately 11,000 m per year including capital, operating, and ore categories for the first ten years of the underground mine operation. In the last five years of the underground mine life, the development requirements drop off sharply as the mine is close to being fully developed.
The average underground hourly mining personnel requirements at 8,000 tpd are estimated to be approximately 380 persons. The mine operates seven days a week with two 10.5 hour shifts per day working five days on and four days off followed by four days on and five days off schedule. The mine is fully owner-operated with only diamond drilling and raising being contracted.
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Processing and Recovery Operations
The metallurgical test programs supported the selection of single stage semi-autogenous grinding circuit followed by flotation. The flotation concentrate is further ground and leached in a conventional carbon-in-leach circuit. The flotation tailings are also leached in a carbon-in-leach circuit. The gold is recovered from the carbon followed by electro-winning and pouring doré bars.
The combined leach tailings were used for the cyanide destruction test work. The Young-Davidson carbon-in-leach tailings are treated with the SO2/Air cyanide destruction method.
In January 2014, a paste backfill plant was commissioned and is capable of supplying paste fill to the underground voids at a rate in excess of 8,000 tpd.
A pebble crusher was added to the mill circuit in the fourth quarter of 2017.
Gold recovery of the CIL circuit at the Young-Davidson mill is approximately 91%
Infrastructure, Permitting, and Compliance Activities
Existing infrastructure at the Young-Davidson Mine includes the Northgate and MCM shafts and headframes, the access ramp portal, surface ventilation equipment, an 8,000 tpd conventional CIL mill, an 8,000 tpd paste backfill plant, two tailings dams, various office and workshop buildings, and two power lines connected to the provincial grid. Paved highway access exists to the mine site.
In 2021, the Young-Davidson Mine completed the construction of a new tailings impoundment facility, TIA1. Preparatory works including clearing, grouting, and diversion channel construction were undertaken in 2019. In 2020, embankment construction began and was completed at the end of 2021. TIA1 was constructed using the modified centerline method. This new facility, with additional future lifts, is expected to be able to contain all of the current Young-Davidson Mineral Reserves and Resources.
The Young-Davidson Mine received a filing of its Closure Plan Amendment in November 2021 and submitted a further Amendment in December 2022. It requires no additional permits for continued operation and the mine is in compliance with all regulatory requirements. The Company has recorded an asset retirement obligation liability of $14.7 million which it expects to settle during mining and on closure.

The Company entered into Impact Benefit Agreements with the Matachewan First Nation on July 2, 2009, and with the Temagami First Nation / Teme Augama Anishnabai on July 14, 2012, as the Young-Davidson Mine is situated within the traditional territory of these two First Nations. The Company entered into an Amended Impact Benefit Agreement with the Matachewan First Nation on December 18, 2017. In addition, through its acquisition of the private company Victoria Gold Mines (East Timmins) Limited in 2021, the Company inherited an Impact and Benefit Agreement with Wahgoshig First Nation dated December 18, 2014.
Capital and Operating Costs
Actual results for 2021 and 2022 and guidance for 2023 production, operating costs, and capital are depicted below.
2021 Actual2022 Actual2023 Guidance
Gold Production(ounces)195,000192,200185,000-200,000
Total Cash Costs(1)
($/ounce)846878900-950
Mine Site All-in Sustaining Costs(1)
($/ounce)1,0721,1331,175-1,225
Capital($ millions)82.166.555-65
Capitalized Exploration($ millions)6.55.05
Mine Site Free Cash Flow(1)
($ millions)100.3101.3N/A
(1)Refer to Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures on page 7. Detailed reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures to measures under IFRS for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 can be found in the Company’s MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2022, as available on www.sedar.com.
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2023 Outlook
Gold production at Young-Davidson in 2023 is expected to be consistent with 2022, reflecting similar grades and mining and processing rates. Mining and processing rates are expected to average design rates of 8,000 tpd going forward.

Grades mined and processed are expected to range between 2.15 and 2.35 g/t Au in 2023 and remain at similar levels through 2025.

Total cash costs and mine-site AISC are expected to slightly increase from 2022, primarily reflecting industry-wide cost inflation. Costs are expected to remain at similar levels over the next three years.

Capital spending in 2023 (excluding exploration) is expected to range between $55 and $65 million, similar to 2022. Capital spending is expected to remain at similar levels in 2024 and 2025.

Young-Davidson generated a record mine-site free cash flow of $101 million in 2022, driven by higher production, lower costs, and lower capital with the completion of the lower mine expansion. Given the strong ongoing performance of the operation since the completion of the lower mine expansion, and with a 15-year Mineral Reserve life as of the end of 2022, Young-Davidson is well positioned to generate similar free cash flow in 2023 and over the long-term.


ISLAND GOLD MINE
Summary
The Island Gold Mine is located approximately 83 km northeast of Wawa, in northern Ontario. Island Gold consists of an underground mine, currently mining at a rate of approximately 1,200 tpd, a conventional carbon-in-pulp (“CIP”) mill, and associated infrastructure. The Company acquired Island Gold through its 2017 acquisition of Richmont Mines Ltd. The mine has been in continuous operation since 2007.
Property Description, Location, and Access
The Island Gold Mine is located within the Sault Ste. Marie Mining Division, and is approximately 83 km northeast of Wawa, Ontario. Dubreuilville, Ontario, is approximately 10 km northwest of the Island Gold Mine. Access to the Island Gold Mine is via an all-weather road from Highway 519, situated just west of the town of Dubreuilville, approximately 35 km east of the junction between Highways 17 and 519.
The Company owns or holds 100% of the mineral rights to all the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve related claims at the Island Gold Mine. The Company holds 100% of the title and/or interest to the Island Gold Mine and its surrounding project lands (collectively, the “Island Gold Property”). The Island Gold Property is divided into ten property areas, namely: Argonaut, Edwards, Ego, Goudreau, Goudreau Lake, Island Gold, Kremzar, Lochalsh, Salo, and Trillium consisting of patented fee simple and/or patented leasehold mining rights and surface rights claims, mining licences of occupation and unpatented cell claims covering approximately 15,524 hectares, with the exception of:
(i)Part of one mining lease, for which it holds 100% below 100 m, on the Lochalsh property;
(ii)Six patented fee simple claims, for which it owns 100% below 400 m, and part of one patented fee simple claim for which it owns 100% below 100 m, both situated on the Goudreau property;
(iii)Four patented fee simple claims, for which it owns 100% below 400 m, situated within the Kremzar property; and
(iv)Three patented fee simple claims, for which it owns 100% below 400 m, on the Argonaut property.

Collectively, Island Gold is subject to different obligations and royalties. Based on the currently defined Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources, the only royalties to apply are:
(i)The Lochalsh property is subject to a 3% NSR payable to Osisko Gold Royalties Ltd. (“Osisko”). The Island Main and Lochalsh zones, as well as a part of the Island Gold Mineral Resources below the 400 m level, are located on this property;
(ii)The Goudreau Lake property is subject to a 2% NSR royalty payable to Osisko as to a 69% interest and to Franco-Nevada Corporation as to a 31% interest; and
(iii)The Goudreau property is subject to a 2% NSR payable to Osisko.
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In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company acquired and canceled a net profit interest (“NPI”) royalty payable on production from certain claims at the Island Gold Mine for consideration of $15.7 million. Over the past two years, the Company has acquired both an NPI and an NSR royalty on Island Gold that have significantly enhanced the long-term value of the operation.
The Company controls sufficient surface rights to cover the sites required for all project buildings and fixed installations for the life of mine. The Company believes it has all the necessary surface rights to dispose of waste rock and tailings on additional areas of the Island Gold Property. The Company’s land ownership and interest in its lands and mineral tenures are either registered or recorded with the Government of Ontario. All permits required to operate the Island Gold Mine are currently in place.
The surface rights possessed by the Company, along with the availability of sources of power, water, mining personnel, potential tailings storage areas, and potential waste disposal areas, are all expected to be sufficient for planned mining operations. Electricity is provided by a private company through a transmission line connected to the provincial grid.
The Island Gold Property is located within the Lake Superior Regional climatic zone, moderated by the influence of Lake Superior. The average daytime temperature is 2°C, ranging from -41°C to 31°C throughout the year. Annual precipitation is normally 669 mm of rain and 278 mm as snow. Winter winds are from the northwest and north, and during the summer south-westerly to westerly winds prevail. Given this climate, exploration, and mining development activities can be carried out anytime throughout the year.
The Island Gold Property is within the Precambrian Shield adjacent to Lake Superior, in an area of low rolling hills that trend in an east-west direction with widespread swamps, and mixed forests of broadleafs and conifers. The property relief is low, from a high point of 488 m above sea level near the Miller and Maskinonge Lakes to a topographic low point of 381 m above sea level near Goudreau Creek. The Island Gold Mine area has been partially logged.
History
The Goudreau - Lochalsh Gold Camp area has been the subject of interest dating back to the early 1900s and has attracted prospectors and mining companies in search of iron ore, gold, and base metal deposits. The Wawa - Michipicoten area has been recognized for its long history of iron exploration which has resulted in the development and production of several iron ore mining operations.

Gold exploration followed shortly thereafter, resulting in several gold discoveries which were subsequently developed and brought into commercial production in the area which would later become the Island Gold Property. A detailed summary of the work history is available on SEDAR in the NI 43-101 Technical Report for the Island Gold Mine, issued August 29, 2022.

In 1983, Canamax Resources Inc. (“Canamax”) and a private company formed a joint venture to evaluate the mineral potential of the private company’s 117 patented claims covering the Goudreau iron range. In 1985, drilling by Canamax, about two km south of the Kremzar deposit, intersected a series of sub-parallel lenses containing gold mineralization within deformed rocks of the Goudreau Lake Deformation Zone (“GLDZ”).

Canamax developed and operated the Kremzar mine and mill. From 1988 to 1990, production from the Kremzar mine was 306,000 tonnes grading 4.80 g/t Au. At the end of 1990, Canamax suspended all operations at both the Kremzar and Island Gold Projects. During this period a total of 96,143 m of coring was completed on various parts of the Canamax Property.

In 1989 and 1990, underground access was established into the Island Gold deposit with an adit from the north shore of Goudreau Lake. A 4,167-tonne bulk sample was extracted and processed at the Kremzar Mill.

At the end of 1990, Canamax suspended all operations at both the Kremzar and Island Gold Projects.

Patricia Mining Corp. (“Patricia”) acquired the project in 1996 and undertook diamond drilling and underground exploration between 1996 and 2004. Richmont acquired 100% ownership of the Island Gold Property through a combination of an earn-in arrangement with Patricia between 2003 and 2005, the purchase of a private company’s interest in 2006, the acquisition of Patricia in 2008, and the acquisition of the remaining 31% on four patented mining claims in 2014.
In October 2007, Island Gold began commercial production, with ore being processed in the existing Kremzar mill.
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On May 9, 2012, Richmont acquired Red Pine Exploration’s remaining 25% interest in the Edwards property, bringing Richmont’s ownership to 100%, and on June 13, 2012, Richmont acquired the Salo property, which includes three claims located to the east of the Island Gold Mine.
In 2017, Richmont closed an agreement with Argonaut Gold Inc. (“Argonaut”), whereby Richmont acquired three claims in their entirety, and the mining rights below 400 m on three additional Argonaut claims, on the adjacent Magino property. Argonaut received one claim in its entirety and surface and mining rights down to a depth of 400 m on six claims. Argonaut also received surface rights on two claims down to a depth of 100 m. As part of the transaction, Richmont received CAD$2.0 million in cash from Argonaut on closing.
In November 2017, Alamos acquired Richmont and the Island Gold Mine, and on August 1, 2018, Richmont and Alamos amalgamated to become Alamos.
Since the acquisition of Richmont, Alamos has spent CAD$111.1 million on exploration. Mineral Reserves have increased by 1.3 million ounces before mining depletion (0.6 million ounces net of mining depletion). Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources have increased 162%, or 180,000 ounces with grades increasing 21%. Inferred Mineral Resources have increased 288%, or 2.6 million ounces, with grades increasing 42%.
On December 17, 2020, Alamos announced the acquisition of Trillium Mining Corp. (“Trillium”) for cash consideration of CAD$25M. The acquisition of Trillium’s tenures, consisting of owned and optioned patented fee simple and/or patented leasehold mining rights and surface rights claims, and held unpatented cell claims, covers approximately 5,738 hectares, and significantly expanded Alamos’ land tenure interest around the Island Gold Mine to a total of approximately 15,524 hectares. The expanded land tenure provides significant exploration potential in proximity to the high-grade Mineral Resources and Reserves of the Island Gold deposit, and regionally.
On February 28, 2023, Alamos announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement pursuant to which Alamos will acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of Manitou Gold Inc. (“Manitou”) by way of a court-approved plan of arrangement. The acquisition will consolidate Alamos’ existing ownership of Manitou shares and increase its regional land package around Island Gold with the addition of the Goudreau Property. This includes 40,000 hectares adjacent to and along strike from the Island Gold Mine, adding significant exploration potential across the relatively under explored Michipicoten Greenstone Belt ("MGB"). This is expected to increase Alamos’ land package around the Island Gold deposit to 55,277 ha, a 267% increase.
Alamos has developed a systematic district-scale targeting and exploration approach for the area surrounding the Island Gold Mine. This approach can now be applied to the larger consolidated land package to rapidly generate and test new exploration targets. Subject to satisfaction of customary conditions the acquisition is expected to close in Q2-2023.


Geological Setting, Mineralization, and Deposit Types
The Island Gold Property is located in the MGB which is part of the Wawa Subprovince within the Archaean Superior Province. The MGB is approximately 140 km long and up to 45 km wide. The metamorphic grade of the subprovince is greenschist but amphibolite facies can be seen locally or proximal to intrusions. A major regional deformation zone called the Goudreau Lake Deformation Zone (“GLDZ”) is situated throughout the area. It is a north-easterly trending structure that has been traced along strike for 30 km with a width of 4.5 km and is believed to be the main control of gold mineralization for the Project area. It is a high-angle oblique-slip fault zone with an overall dextral movement cutting stratigraphy at a shallow angle. There are three main splays to the GLDZ in the area, the southernmost of which hosts the Island Gold Mine structure which contains a stacked sequence of east-northeast striking, steeply dipping, and subparallel zones of gold mineralization.
Lithologies appear to form a conformable homoclinal volcano-stratigraphic sequence, facing and younging to the north in the project area. Tight to isoclinal folds and local attenuation or boudinage of units along fold limbs appear to occur regionally. Fold axes are subparallel to the regional foliation at N070°E to N095°E.
The Island Gold Mine is stratigraphically positioned in the upper portion of the Wawa Assemblage, on the northern limb of the Goudreau Anticline. This assemblage is mostly composed of felsic volcanic rocks of various facies of tuffs and lavas.
Quartz veins commonly bear visible gold in the form of aggregates, disseminated fine grains, or along chlorite-sericite slickensides within the veins. The degree of veining appears to change at depth, transitioning from a stringer style quartz-carbonate vein on scales between mm to larger-scale veins which can be over 4 m in width.
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The Island Gold deposit is composed of multiple, stacked, south-dipping lenses. The mineralized corridor expands from 50 m wide in the upper levels to over 150 m wide at depth. The zone’s dip varies from sub-vertical to vertical from -50° to -90° south. Locally, north dip reversals occur but are not common. Rare instances of offset or folding have been seen. Around the 400 m levels there is a shallow dipping southern inflection of the mineralized zones. It is not yet clear if this inflection is related to a fault, a shear zone, or a fold. This inflection point is the division of what is locally referred to as the Upper Island Gold Mine and the Lower Island Gold Mine.
The Island Gold Mine is an Archean orogenic lode gold deposit. It is a structurally hosted quartz-carbonate vein system situated within the GLDZ, a major regional brittle-ductile structure. The host terrane is a sequence of felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks of the Wawa Assemblage which are in the greenschist metamorphic range as is common for this type of deposit. High strain zones associated with the GLDZ have the tendency to develop at variable scales along lithologic unit contacts where complex geology and related competency contrasts can control stress patterns and facilitate shearing and the consequent development of dilatancy zones and concomitant quartz-carbonate vein formation. It is generally accepted that these Archean orogenic lode gold deposits are related to compressional and transpressional tectonics and the associated metamorphic dewatering and devolatilization of magma processes from which the gold-bearing fluids are derived.

Exploration
Patricia acquired the project in 1996 and completed 16,862 m of diamond drilling in 49 holes on the Island Gold deposit and Lochalsh Zone between 1996 and 2002. In 2004, Patricia, after driving a 1,280 m ramp, started an underground exploration program with a total of 125 m of exploration drifts, 53 m of ore sill, and 8,137 m of drilling being completed.
In 2005, Richmont completed 2,111 m of underground development and 7,903 m of delineation drilling. A total of 7,259 tonnes with a content of 6.23 g/t Au from ore development were stockpiled on the surface.
In 2006, Richmont continued the exploration program. A total of 28,149 m of underground diamond drilling was performed on the Island Zone, and 10,602 m of drilling was completed from the surface on the Lochalsh and Goudreau Zones.
Between 2010 and 2012, drilling below the 400 m level was done from surface and from underground, and demonstrated the mine’s Mineral Resource potential at depth (Island Gold Deep program). More specifically, the drilling resulted in a first Mineral Resource estimation for the C Zone at depth in January 2013.
Since 2013, exploration drilling has continued, from underground and from surface, with results shown in the continuous annual increase of the Mineral Reserve and Resource base.
In 2018 and 2019, the Company also expanded its focus on regional exploration over its then 9,511 hectare land position. This work included the establishment of a comprehensive exploration database, relogging of drill core on a section-by-section basis, and a property scale 2,170 line km (100 m line spacing) high-resolution airborne gravity gradiometric and magnetic survey (AGG HeliFALCON®).

In 2020, a geological model was completed for the Island Gold deposit, identifying primary controls on gold mineralization that will be used to continue to guide further exploration on the Island Gold Property.

A pipeline of regional exploration targets have been established which were the focus of regional exploration activities in 2021 including a high-resolution drone (UAV) magnetic survey, a fixed-wing LIDAR survey, gold grain-in-till, and geochemical sampling, and geological mapping over large portions of the expanded 15,524-hectare property.

In 2022, regional exploration focused on advancing early-stage targets throughout the property including 9,707 m of diamond drilling, a 91 hole basal till/top of bedrock RC drill program, outcrop stripping and channel sampling, and targeted geological mapping and prospecting.

A total of $14 million has been budgeted primarily for underground exploration at Island Gold in 2023. This is down from the 2022 budget of $22 million, reflecting the transition from higher cost surface directional drilling to a more cost effective expanded underground drilling program. For the past several years, the exploration focus has been on adding high-grade Mineral Resources at depth in advance of the P3+ Expansion Study, primarily through surface directional drilling. This exploration strategy has been successful in nearly tripling the Mineral Reserve and Resource base since 2017 to over five million ounces of gold. With an 18-year mine life, and with work on the expansion ramping up, the focus will be shifting to a more cost-effective expanded underground drilling program that will leverage existing underground infrastructure. This drilling
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is much lower cost on a per metre basis, is less technically challenging, and requires significantly fewer metres per exploration target.

Drilling
Exploration, Definition, and Delineation drilling
In 2021, a total of 97,016 m of diamond drilling was completed in 469 holes. Drilling in 2021 included 17,143 m of surface directional exploration drilling, 10,597 m of surface regional exploration drilling, 9,458 m of underground directional drilling, 13,862 m of standard underground exploration drilling, 15,555 m of underground definition drilling, and 30,401 m of underground delineation drilling. The focus of the 2021 mine exploration drilling program was to continue to expand the down-plunge and lateral extensions of the Island Gold deposit with the objective of adding new near mine Mineral Resources across the two-km long Island Gold Main Zone.

In 2022, a total of 94,548 m of diamond drilling was completed in 402 holes at Island Gold.

Drilling in 2022 included 30,163 m of surface directional exploration drilling in 31 holes, 19,976 m of standard underground exploration drilling in 89 holes, 9,865 m of underground definition drilling in 92 holes, and 24,837 m of underground delineation drilling in 180 holes. A total of 374 m of underground exploration drift development was also completed in 2022.

The focus of the 2022 mine exploration drilling program was to continue to expand the down-plunge and lateral extensions of the Island Gold deposit with the objective of adding new near mine Mineral Resources across the two-km long Island Gold Main Zone.

In addition, 9,707 m of surface regional exploration diamond drilling was completed in 14 holes, 1,428 m of reverse circulation drilling was completed in 91-holes. Both exploration drilling programs tested several targets across the 15,524 hectares Island Gold Property.

The underground exploration drilling program has been expanded from 27,500 m in 2022 to 45,000 m in 2023. The program is focused on defining new Mineral Reserves and Resources in proximity to existing production horizons and infrastructure including along strike, and in the hanging-wall and footwall. These potential high-grade Mineral Reserve and Resource additions would be low cost to develop and could be incorporated into the mine plan and mined within the next several years, further increasing the value of the operation. To support the underground exploration drilling program, 444 m of underground exploration drift development is planned to extend drill platforms on the 490 m, 790 m, 945 m, and 980 m levels. In addition to the exploration budget, 36,000 m of underground delineation drilling has been planned and is included in sustaining capital for Island Gold.
A regional exploration program including 7,500 m of drilling is also budgeted in 2023. The focus will be on evaluating and advancing exploration targets outside the Island Gold deposit on the 15,524 hectare Island Gold Property.

Sampling, Analysis, and Data Verification
Alamos Gold maintains an internal QA/QC program at the Island Gold Mine to ensure sampling and analysis of all exploration work is conducted in accordance with best practices.

Access to the Island Gold Mine is controlled by security personnel. Drill core is logged and sampled at the core logging facility within the mine site under the supervision of a Qualified Geologist. A geologist marks the individual samples for analysis, and sample intervals, sample numbers, standards and blanks are entered into the database. The core is cut in half using an electric core saw equipped with a diamond tipped blade. One half of the core is placed into a plastic sample bag and sealed with zip ties in preparation for shipment. The other half of the core is returned to the core box and retained for future reference. The samples are placed in large heavy-duty nylon reinforced Fabrene bags, which are identified and sealed before being placed on pallets. The core samples are picked up at the mine site and delivered to AGAT laboratory in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Gold is analyzed by a 50 grams fire assay with an Atomic Absorption (AA) finish. Samples greater than 10.0 g/t Au are re-analyzed using gravimetric finish methods. AGAT is a certified laboratory and has internal QC programs that include insertion of reagent blanks, reference materials, and pulp duplicates.

The Corporation inserts QC samples (blanks and reference materials) at regular intervals to monitor laboratory performance. Cross check assays are completed on a regular basis in a secondary accredited laboratory. The QA/QC procedures are more completely described in the Technical Report filed on SEDAR on August 29, 2022.

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The chip sampling method consists of taking horizontal representative samples of the exposed ore zone either from the drift face or from the adjacent walls. The geological technician or the geologist takes a 1.5 kg to 2 kg sample which is chipped with a hammer horizontally across geological units on a 0.3 m to 1.0 m distance. The sampler notes the location and the lithology of each chip sample. Assays are then entered into a Promine module on the AutoCAD Software and then transferred into the Gemcom and Datamine softwares.

The database which contains all chip and diamond drilling assays, logging, and surveys is stored on the Alamos private network which can only be accessed by employees directly involved with the process. In 2016, the database was changed from a Microsoft Access database to a structured query language database (SQL) for improved security. Additional restrictions were put in place to limit the number of employees who have access to the database. Security groups are used to limit individuals to parts of the database that is needed for their work. Access must be granted by a supervisor of the Geology Department.

Underground muck and chip samples are sent to the Wesdome Laboratory (“Wesdome”) in Wawa, Ontario.

In 2015, Analytical Solutions Ltd. (“ASL”) audited the Island Gold Mine QA/QC program which consists of inserting blanks and CRM’s to samples submitted to the laboratory (Wesdome, LabExpert, and ActLab). Each laboratory has its own QA/QC program with the addition of analytical blank standards and CRM’s to each batch of assays. Also, some core and chip sample duplicates were taken in 2015 and sent to the laboratories as part of the QA/QC program. ASL concluded that the Island Gold assay quality control program meets or exceeds industry standards and gold assays from the 2015 drill campaign are considered to be reliable for the purpose of Mineral Resource estimation.

Island Gold Mine’s QA/QC procedures were audited again in 2019 by ASL and it was concluded that Island Gold’s assay quality control program meets or exceeds industry standards and that the gold assays are considered to be reliable for the purpose of Mineral Resource estimates.


Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
The Island Gold Mine has been in production since October 2007. The metallurgy is well known, and overall metallurgical gold recoveries achieved have averaged approximately 96.5% over the past five years. Mineralogical and metallurgical characterization studies were performed in 2013 by the Unité de Recherche et de Service en Technologie Minérale (“URSTM”), a research unit affiliated to the Université du Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue. One set of samples from four different drill cores was selected and shipped to URSTM. The average gold grade was determined for each core sample. The samples were thereafter combined in a composite that was sent for metallurgical test work. The composite was tested for mineral content using Inductively Coupled Plasma (“ICP”) chemical analysis, free gold evaluation, and response to cyanidation.
An ICP multi-scan was performed on the composite sample. The ICP was conducted by LabExpert. The results showed that the composite sample did not contain any elements in sufficient concentration to be problematic for gold cyanidation.
The composite sample was tested at the Cégep de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue for the Bond Ball Work Index (“BWI”) determination. The BWI expresses the material’s resistance to ball milling. A high index value means the material is more difficult to grind. The BWI result was 12.6 kWh/t using the standard test procedure. A 12.6 kWh/t value is in the mid-range of most Canadian gold ores.
Gold leaching of the composite sample was investigated at URSTM. The tests were performed at standard cyanidation conditions with grinds varying from 36 to 101 microns being tested. The leaching performance reached 99% for the finest grind (36 microns) and was slightly lower (down to 96.8%) for the coarsest grind. Cyanide consumptions have been found to be low and it is typical of this kind of non-problematic gold ore.
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimation
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates can be found in the section titled “December 31, 2022, Mineral Reserves and Resources” following “Other Mineral Properties”.
Mining Operations
The primary access for personnel and material at the Island Gold Mine is via a spiral ramp from the Lochalsh portal at surface. This main ramp splits in two at the 410 m level in order to access the Island Gold Lower Zones sector and the Extension 1
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sector on the east side. The main ramp (accessing Island Gold Lower Zones) splits in two again at the 740 m level, where one ramp continues towards Island Gold Lower Zones and the other progresses west at depth to enable mining of the Island Gold West Zones.
The primary extraction method is longitudinal long hole retreat mining with a maximum panel length fixed by a hydraulic radius of 6.0 m. Sub levels are fixed every 22 m to 25 m. In 2019 transverse long hole mining was introduced in areas where the orebody widths warranted it. After ore extraction, stopes are backfilled with unconsolidated waste rock fill. In 2019, the mine implemented cemented rock fill in some areas to increase the recovery of ore pillars and increase the long-term stability of certain mined-out areas. Alimak mining will be used in a small portion of the Mineral Reserve later in the mine life. The Island Gold ore is brought to the surface by haul trucks using the ramp system.
All mining, except for raise development, long hole drilling, and some waste development, is undertaken by Island Gold employees.
Processing and Recovery Operations
The Island Gold ore is hauled by truck to the mill stockpile located approximately 0.8 km from the portal of the ramp. The ore from the stockpile is crushed by a jaw crusher followed by a secondary cone crusher. The crushed material is then sent to a ball mill operated in a closed circuit with cyclones and a regrind mill. Gold is leached in a leaching circuit and extracted in a CIP circuit. Gold is removed from the loaded carbon by elution (stripping) followed by electrowinning. The stripped carbon is regenerated in reactivation kilns before being returned to the process. Fine carbon is constantly removed and recovered from the process to avoid gold loss, while fresh carbon is continuously added to the process. The high grade electrowinning concentrate is sent to a bullion furnace for smelting of doré bars.
Gold recovery of the CIP circuit at the Kremzar mill is approximately 96.5%.
Infrastructure, Permitting, and Compliance Activities
The Island Gold Mine infrastructure includes a primary tailings pond, secondary settling pond, the Kremzar mill (CIP mill), Lochalsh ramp and portal, mine access road, and hydro-electric power lines, all of which are located on the property. An office, core logging, and storage facility, and a mine dry are also located on the previously producing Kremzar mine site. When the Kremzar CIP mill was constructed in 1988, it was capable of handling 650 tpd. Since then, its milling capacity was increased to 850 tpd in 2010 and to 900 tpd in October 2015. Island Gold completed a mill expansion to 1,200 tpd in the second half of 2018. The primary tailings pond, which is located west of the Kremzar mine, is a fully permitted tailings area. The tailings and waste rock have been tested and are not acid generating. All permits for mining and milling operations have been maintained.
All permitting activities identify and address the various municipal, provincial, and federal environmental requirements and standards applicable to the Island Gold Mine. In May 2019, the Company was granted amendments to existing permits which allow mill throughput rates to increase from the previously permitted rate of 1,100 tpd to 1,200 tpd. The Island Gold Mine is currently permitted to be designed and operated at a production rate of 461,760 tonnes per year of gold-bearing ore. The Company has recorded an asset retirement obligation liability of $16.0 million which it expects to settle during mining and on closure.
In 2022, the Company entered into a Community Consultation and Benefits Agreement with Michipicoten First Nation and a Definitive Agreement with Batchewana First Nation. Previously the Company entered into an Community Benefits Agreement (CBA) with Missanabie Cree First Nation in 2017. The Island Gold Mine is situated within the traditional territory of these First Nations.

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Capital and Operating Costs
The Island Gold Mine was acquired by the Company in late November 2017. Actual results for 2021 and 2022 and guidance for 2023 production, operating costs, and capital are summarized below.
2021 Actual2022 Actual2023 Guidance
Gold Production(ounces)140,900133,700120,000-135,000
Total Cash Costs(1)
($/ounce)529637600-650
Mine Site All-in Sustaining Costs(1)
($/ounce)863918950-1000
Capital($ millions)101.2138.5210-235
Capitalized Exploration($ millions)18.818.811
Mine Site Free Cash Flow(1)
($ millions)53.1(9.2)N/A
(1)Refer to Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures on page 7. Detailed reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures to measures under IFRS for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 can be found in the Company’s MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2022, as available on www.sedar.com.
2023 Outlook
Gold production at Island Gold is expected to be similar in 2023 to 2022. Mining and processing rates are expected to be consistent with 2022 and average 1,200 tpd.

Total cash costs and mine-site AISC are expected to slightly increase in 2023 compared to 2022, reflecting industry-wide cost inflation. Costs are expected to decrease in 2024 and 2025, reflecting higher grades processed. A more substantial decrease is expected following the completion of the P3+ Expansion in 2026.

Capital spending at Island Gold (excluding exploration) is expected to be between $210 and $235 million in 2023. As outlined in the P3+ Expansion Study, construction activities and capital spending on the P3+ Expansion are expected to increase in 2023. The construction focus in 2023 will be on completion of the head frame and hoist house with shaft sinking expected to commence in the fourth quarter.

Phase 3+ Expansion Study
On June 28, 2022, the Company reported the results of the positive P3+ Expansion Study conducted on its Island Gold Mine. Based on the results of the P3+ Expansion Study, the Company is proceeding with an expansion of the operation to 2,400 tpd. This follows the release of the Phase III study in July 2020 which demonstrated that the conversion to shaft mining at a rate of 2,000 tpd was feasible and had the most positive economics of the various expansion options studied. The P3+ Expansion Study was prompted by the significant increase in Mineral Resource since 2020 and has demonstrated a project with higher production at a lower capital intensity. The P3+ Expansion is expected to drive average annual gold production to 287,000 ounces per year upon completion of the shaft in 2026, representing a 106% increase from 2020 production. This will also reduce total cash costs to an average of $425 per ounce and mine-site AISC to $576 per ounce.

Additional permitting for the P3+ Expansion is currently ongoing with the Company actively pursuing all required permits for the expansion up to 2,400 tpd. As part of this, there is a detailed consultation process with local First Nation communities, including the consideration and negotiation of Impact & Benefit Agreements.

The P3+ Expansion Study technical report was filed on SEDAR on August 29, 2022.


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MULATOS MINE
Summary
The Mulatos Mine is located 220 km east of Hermosillo in the state of Sonora in northwest Mexico. The Company owns 100% of the Mulatos Mine and several other prospective exploration targets throughout the district. The mine includes a number of open pit mines, two crushing facilities, two heap leaching facilities, a high-grade mill, gold processing facilities, and related infrastructure. The mine has been in continuous operation since 2005, producing over two million ounces in that period.
Project Description, Location, and Access
The Mulatos Mine is located in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range in the east-central portion of the state of Sonora, Mexico. Alamos controls several large mineral concessions, which are located mostly to the west, southwest, and north-northeast of the Mulatos Mine. A total of 28,973 hectares of mineral concessions, in 44 discrete concessions, are controlled by Alamos. The property is approximately 220 km by air east of the city of Hermosillo, and 300 km south of the United States border. Alamos maintains an administration office in Hermosillo, Mexico which supports the activities and operations of the Mulatos Mine.
The Mulatos group of concessions covers the Mulatos deposit and satellite gold systems known as Cerro Pelon, La Yaqui, El Carricito, El Halcon, Las Carboneras, El Jaspe, Puebla, Los Bajios, and La Dura (the “Mulatos Group of Concessions”). The Mulatos deposit is itself divided into a number of mineralized zones known as Estrella, Mina Vieja, El Salto, Escondida, Gap, El Victor, El Victor North, San Carlos, Puerto Del Aire (“PDA”), PDA Extension, and East Estrella. Mineral rights for all concessions comprising the Mulatos Group of Concessions are controlled by Minas de Oro Nacional (“MON”), the Mexican subsidiary of Alamos.
Surface rights in the exploitation area are held both privately and by the Ejido Mulatos. In December 2016, the Company and the Ejido Mulatos entered into a new temporary occupation agreement which, among other things, provided for the dismissal of several lawsuits related to both the Company’s operations and prior occupation agreements; as well, replaced all prior temporary occupation agreements governing the communal land underlying the Mulatos Mine. The temporary occupation agreement also provides for both annual rent payments to Ejido Mulatos members (both individually and collectively) as well as additional success fee type payments, better aligning the interest of the Company and the local community.
There are no third-party royalties on the Mulatos Group of Concessions.
The Mulatos Group of Concessions is accessible via a combination of a paved road (Highway 16) from the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, and dirt roads direct to the Mulatos Mine. The driving time from Hermosillo to the Mulatos Mine is approximately six hours. In 2010, the Company built and permitted a new unpaved airstrip within the limits of the mine property.
The town of Mulatos is in the municipality of Sahuaripa and is located approximately 0.5 km northeast of the Estrella Pit. The population of the town of Mulatos is less than 7 people. The Company is currently engaged in a relocation program. Larger towns within 100 km of Mulatos include Yecora with a population of 10,000, located southwest of Mulatos, and Sahuaripa with a population of 7,000, located northwest of Mulatos.
From July to September, the air is humid and hot, typically around 30 degrees Celsius during the day. In this period, over half of the average annual rainfall of 0.8 m falls. The winter months (November to February) are cooler, generally between 15 and 20 degrees Celsius during the day, with occasional frost occurring at night.
History
Mulatos was known to contain gold dating back to the 1600s, with sporadic artisanal mining occurring over the years, especially in the area of Mina Vieja. Starting in the mid-1900s, several companies began to show interest in the claim areas, notably Minera Real de Angeles, Kennecott, and Placer, with a substantial amount of exploration work conducted between 1993 and 1999. A preliminary feasibility study was completed on the property in 1998 by Kennecott and Placer who had entered into a joint venture agreement covering the deposit and a portion of the surrounding land.
In 2001, National Gold Corporation acquired a 100% interest in the property for cash and a sliding-scale royalty on the first two million ounces of gold production. In 2003, Alamos Minerals Ltd. acquired an option on the property and subsequently merged with National Gold Corporation to consolidate 100% ownership.
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After completion of a feasibility study in 2004, an open pit operation with crushing and conveying to a heap leach pad at a rate of approximately 10,000 tpd was constructed. The operation commenced production in April 2006. Since 2006, the Mulatos crushing facility has undergone numerous expansions and optimizations to increase capacity to a nominal 18,500 tpd.
In addition to the existing heap leach operations at the Mulatos Mine, between 2009 and 2012, Alamos developed the Escondida high-grade zone and constructed a mill to process high-grade ore from Escondida. The high-grade Escondida deposit was depleted in the second quarter of 2014. Alamos commenced underground development of the San Carlos high-grade underground deposit in 2015 and undertook modifications to the mill to cater to the specific metallurgy of San Carlos. Mining at San Carlos ceased in the third quarter of 2018.
In September 2017, the Company completed construction of La Yaqui Phase I. The deposit was mined until the fourth quarter of 2019.

During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company received approval of the MIA and CUS permits for Cerro Pelon and commenced full-scale construction. Construction of Cerro Pelon was completed at the end of 2019 and consisted of an open pit and its own dedicated crushing facility feeding the existing Mulatos heap leach facility. Mining at Cerro Pelon ceased in the fourth quarter of 2021 with the depletion of the ore body.
Mining of the Victor open pit was completed in Q2 of 2021 and the San Carlos open pits was completed in Q4 of 2021.
In July 2020, the Company reported the results of the positive internal economic study completed on its fully permitted La Yaqui Grande Project. Given the project’s strong economics and its proximity to the existing Mulatos operation, the Company proceeded with the construction of the project in the third quarter of 2020. Construction was completed ahead of schedule in June 2022, first gold production was reported in August 2022 and the plant was operating at the design rate of 10,000 tpd by year end. La Yaqui Grande is expected to average annual gold production of 123,000 ounces per year starting in the second half of 2022 at significantly reduced mine-site AISC.
Geological Setting, Mineralization, and Deposit Types
The Mulatos mineral deposits are large epithermal, high-sulfidation, disseminated, gold deposits hosted within a mid-Tertiary dacitic dome complex. Gold mineralization is closely associated with silicic alteration within extensive areas of argillic and advanced argillic alteration. The Mulatos deposit proper is composed of the contiguous Estrella, El Salto, Mina Vieja, and PDA Mineral Resource areas. The Escondida deposit is the faulted extension of the Mina Vieja and El Salto sub-deposits and is believed to be continuous to the northeast with the Gap, El Victor, and San Carlos mineralized areas. Although zones are often bounded by post-mineral faults, together they form a trend of 2.7 km of gold mineralization starting at the north end of the Estrella pit to the San Carlos deposit.
Within the larger Mulatos Group of Concessions, and generally within 20 km from the Mulatos deposit, geologically similar high sulfidation gold deposits, occurrences, or prospects are known. The principal ones, some of which are in the process of being evaluated and/or drill-tested, are: El Carricito, El Halcon, Las Carboneras, and El Jaspe.
Gold deposits of the Mulatos district are considered to be high sulphidation-state epithermal systems. Epithermal precious metal systems may be classified as high, intermediate, and low sulphidation styles. They are characterized by the sulphidation state of the hypogene sulphide mineral assemblage, and show general relations in volcano-tectonic setting, precious and base metal content, igneous rock association, proximal hypogene alteration, and sulphide abundance. Ore in all occurrences is of the type formed under epizonal conditions, that is, generally within 2 km of the paleo-surface.
Precious metal mineralization at Mulatos is associated with intense silicic alteration (mostly vuggy silica), advanced argillic alteration, and the presence of hydrothermal breccias. The original protolith (dacite porphyry flow/tuff, coarse-grained volcaniclastic rocks, breccias), as indicated by surface mapping and core drilling, may have contained in the order of 2-3% sulphide as pyrite with various amounts of enargite and tetrahedrite. The principal gold-bearing host rock is interpreted as favoured for mineralization due to relatively high primary porosity and its intense fracturing.
Gold mineralization within the Mulatos deposit occurs primarily within areas of pervasive silicic alteration of the volcanic host rocks, and to a lesser extent, within advanced argillic alteration assemblages proximal to silicic alteration. The gold-bearing advanced argillic zones are dominated by pyrophyllite or dickite alteration. Silicic rocks host approximately 80% of the contained gold within the deposit. There are three main mineralization assemblages. From oldest to youngest they are: 1) quartz + pyrite + pyrophyllite + gold; 2) quartz + pyrite + kaolinite + gold + enargite; 3) kaolinite + barite + gold. Free gold is commonly found in hematite-filled fractures. Gold also occurs in pyrite, as gold/silver telluride minerals, and possibly as a solid
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solution in some copper sulphide minerals. Supergene oxidation and perhaps remobilization and secondary enrichment of gold have been ongoing since the post-mineral volcanic cover was removed (in those specific deposits where it has been removed).
Exploration
Substantial drilling programs have been completed by Alamos since the Mulatos 2004 feasibility study. Including drilling completed in conjunction with the 2004 feasibility study the property has now been subject to over 872,692 m of drilling in 5,215 holes. The majority of this drilling was completed in proximity to the Mulatos deposit, although from mid-2015 through 2016-2017, exploration focused mainly on the La Yaqui deposit with 28,783 m drilled during 2017. During 2018, exploration drilling totaled 34,506 m on targets across the Mulatos concessions.

In 2019, exploration drilling totaled 7,996 m as efforts were focused on mapping and geophysical surveys to further advance several regional target areas.

In 2020, exploration activities were impacted by COVID-19, resulting in a limited drill program totaling 8,032 m in the Carricito and Carboneras areas.

A total of 21,029 m of drilling was completed in 2021 at PDA, Carricito, Halcon West, and Los Venados as well as geological mapping and sampling in several target areas across the large 28,972 hectare property.

In 2022, 32,301 m of exploration drilling was completed in 119 drill holes at PDA, Carricito, Halcon, Halcon West, and Refugio.


Drilling
Drilling statistics for 2022 and project-to-date are presented below:
2022 Core Drilling
Zone DrilledDrill Holes Completed (# 2022)Total # Drill Holes on ProjectDrilling 2022 (m)Total Drilling on Project (m)
Carricito 11  195  2,138  41,672
Cerro Pelon -  206  -  32,002
El Refugio 6  37  1,635  9,466
Los Bajios 5  34  1,184  10,259
Halcon 27  92  8,159  22,463
Mulatos Deposit 70  778  19,746  128,119
All others areas 2  962  551  120,989
Total 121  2,304  33,413  364,970

2022 Reverse Circulation Drilling
Zone DrilledDrill Holes Completed (# 2022)Total # Drill Holes on ProjectDrilling 2022 (m)Total Drilling on Project (m)
La Yaqui-217-31,294
San Carlos-364-89,120
Cerro Pelon-165-30,490
El Refugio----
Los Bajios-62-12,538
Halcon-36-5,759
Mulatos Deposit-2,154-342,360
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All other areas-293-50,600
Total-3,291-562,164

Mulatos Main Zone
The Mulatos Main Zone is a continuous zone of mineralisation that comprises the La Estrella, La Escondida, Mina Vieja, El Salto, PDA, Gap, El Victor, and El Victor North deposits. This whole zone shows similar geological characteristics with comparable styles of mineralization. Dacitic and rhyodacitic rocks have undergone intense silica alteration (often vuggy) which is the key host for mineralisation. These zones are often blind, being overlain by a relatively thick sequence of ignimbrite flows. Historically these flows have been referred to as post-mineral but recently acquired data shows portions of it to host vein-style mineralisation. This has been seen at San Carlos and similar potential is currently being investigated in Gap, El Victor, and PDA. Sets of post-mineral faulting have caused some offset of the mineralisation (to varying extents) throughout this entire zone.
Mineralisation is usually stratiform with some local structural control, especially on high grades and zones of brecciation. This structural control that directly affects higher grades has been identified at La Estrella and PDA Deposits and is also likely at Gap. Within the stratiform mineralisation higher grades are sometimes seen along the upper contact of the vuggy silica alteration. Alamos conducted exploration systematically through this zone commencing in 2006 and by the end of 2014, 338,470 m had been drilled.
Puerto Del Aire
Exploration drilling recommenced at PDA in 2021 and continued through 2022. PDA is a higher-grade underground deposit located adjacent to the main Mulatos pit, and is comprised of five mineralized zones – PDA1, PDA2, Gap, Victor, and Estrella. In February 2022, Alamos announced an initial Mineral Reserve at PDA totalling 428,000 ounces (2.85 Mt grading 4.67 g/t Au) as part of the December 31, 2021 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource update. In addition to the Mineral Reserve, Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources totalled 124,000 ounces (0.77 Mt grading 5.05 g/t Au).
Mineral Reserves were determined based on Mineral Resource estimations that were completed within gold mineralization wireframes that were finalized in July 2020 and April 2021, based on detailed geological modelling. The objective of the 2021 and 2022 exploration drilling programs were to expand mineralization - either as step outs from existing Mineral Resources, or targeting areas within the previously interpreted mineralization wireframe that did not contain a Mineral Resource due to limited drilling. From April 2021 to year-end 2022, 92 drill holes totalling 27,117 m have been completed at PDA which were not included in the 2021 year end Mineral Reserve and Resource.

PDA is expected to be mined from underground and accessed from a ramp and development drifts off the main Mulatos pit. This will greatly reduce the development needed to access the deposit. The higher-grade ore from PDA will be processed through the existing mill at Mulatos that was recently used to process underground ore from San Carlos. Work planned for 2023 includes updating the mine plan with the year end 2022 Mineral Reserve and finalizing operating and capital costs for mining and milling.
Drilling to date has demonstrated the significant potential to further expand high-grade mineralization at PDA with the deposit open in multiple directions.

La Yaqui & La Yaqui Grande
The La Yaqui Project is located approximately 9.5 km southwest of the Mulatos Main Zone. After successful negotiation in 2007 Alamos gained exploration access to La Yaqui for the first time since 1997. Exploration drilling commenced shortly after and continued into 2008 with 11,514 m drilled in 84 holes.
The results of drilling were incorporated into Alamos’ Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource statement as of December 31, 2008. In 2009, Alamos completed engineering work and an economic evaluation and reported its first Probable Mineral Reserve on December 31, 2009.
Access once again became an issue until 2014, when Alamos executed an agreement to acquire the surface rights. On closing of this agreement Alamos commenced work towards permitting and construction on this project.
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Exploration programs over the larger La Yaqui Grande area began immediately with a detailed mapping and sampling program undertaken in late 2014 and early 2015. A total of 556 rock chip samples were taken and an area of 1,950 m x 2,210 m was covered by mapping and sampling. Infill, geotechnical and metallurgical drilling was carried out concurrently with mapping and sampling while exploration drilling commenced afterward. In 2015, a total of 17,517 m were drilled on the project in 105 holes.
This drilling intersected ore-grade mineralisation over a one km strike length along the ridge-top to the northeast of in-pit Mineral Reserves. Mineralisation is associated with quartz-alunite altered dacitic rocks and usually sits below a barren massive silica cap. The drilling carried out in 2015 was widely spaced and purely exploratory in nature. Drill results received in 2015 include 1.36 g/t Au over 117.4 m (15YAQ058), 1.34 g/t Au over 64.0 m (15YAQ064), and 2.03 g/t Au over 32.0 m (15YAQ068).
Drilling in 2015 had outlined 3 potential zones of mineralization; Zones 1 - 3. Zone 1 sits at the southeast end of the northwest trending silica ridge with Zone 2 further to the northwest and Zone 3 located further northwest again. Gold mineralisation in Zone 1 is associated with a north-south trending structural corridor and as a result, is more linear in morphology. Zone 2 is more stratiform in nature and dips to the northeast at approximately 35-40 degrees (sub-parallel to topography). While the main control on mineralisation in Zone 2 appears to be lithological, a higher grade section may be associated with structural intersections.
An interim Mineral Resource statement was calculated for La Yaqui Grande in September 2016. This included 27,201 m of drilling from Zones 1 and 2 only.
The main focus for exploration at La Yaqui Grande in 2017 was drilling out Zone 3 in the north of the prospect, the east area of Zone 2 as well as infill drilling in Zone 2. A complete re-logging of the existing drill core followed by geological modeling of the three zones of La Yaqui Grande was also undertaken in 2017. Geological mapping and sampling were extended northwards to cover all of Zone 3 and areas farther north and a campaign of revision geological mapping was undertaken over the entire Yaqui prospect to obtain conformity between subsurface geology interpreted from drill core with surface geology. At the end of the year a geological model was compiled for La Yaqui Grande and the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates were updated in January 2018. Some of the best drill intercepts obtained during 2017 include: 36.5 m at 6.15 g/t Au (17YAQ133); 35.6 m at 3.41 g/t Au (17YAQ118); 23.1 m at 2.81 g/t Au (17YAQ065); and 10.8 m at 4.88 g/t Au (17YAQ129).
2023 Exploration Outlook
A total of $17 million has been budgeted at Mulatos for exploration in 2023, more than double the $7 million budget for 2022. This includes 16,000 m of surface exploration drilling at PDA, a higher-grade underground deposit, adjacent to the main Mulatos pit. PDA is comprised of five zones including PDA1, PDA2, Gap, Victor and Estrella. The 2023 program will include drilling at all five zones, continuing to expand on a successful 2022 drill program that extended high-grade mineralization beyond currently defined Mineral Reserves and Resources.


Sampling, Analysis, and Data Verification
Alamos Gold maintains an internal QA/QC program at Mulatos to ensure sampling and analysis of all exploration work is conducted in accordance with best practices.
Access to the Mulatos Property is controlled by security personnel. Drill core is logged and sampled at the core logging facility within the mine site under the supervision of a Qualified Geologist. A geologist marks the individual samples for analysis, and sample intervals, based on lithology and alteration, standards and blanks are entered into the database. The core is cut in half using an electric core saw equipped with a diamond tipped blade. One half of the core is placed into a micropore sample bag and sealed with a cable tie in preparation for shipment. The other half of the core is returned to the core box and retained for future reference. The samples are placed in large heavy-duty nylon reinforced micropore bags, which are identified and sealed before being dispatched. The core samples are picked up at the mine site and delivered to Bureau Veritas Commodities Canada Ltd. laboratory in Hermosillo, Mexico.

Gold is analyzed by 30 grams Lead Collection Fire Assay Fusion (FA) that ends with an Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy finish (AAS). Samples greater than 5.0 g/t Au are re-analyzed starting again with a FA process but ending with a gravimetric finish (GRAV). Bureau Veritas is an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory and has internal QC programs that include insertion of reagent blanks, reference materials, and pulp duplicates that are in line with normal requirements, as well as participating on yearly proficiency tests to evaluate lab performance.
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The Corporation inserts QC samples (blanks and reference materials) at regular intervals to monitor laboratory performance. Cross check assays are completed on a regular basis in a secondary accredited laboratory.

Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
The Mulatos deposit and surrounding deposits are amenable to cyanidation and heap leaching, as determined by lab scale testing conducted prior to project construction. The test work indicated that mineralized material varies from pure oxide to pure sulphide, with gold recovery typically varying from 55% to 90% as material grades from sulphide to oxide. Actual recoveries experienced early in the project life were below this as run-of-mine un-crushed material, coarse crushed material, and an area of low-recovery material were stacked on the leach pad at various times since mine commissioning. The Company has completed several operational initiatives that have improved leach pad percolation and resulted in higher gold recoveries, including conveying and stacking ore on the leach pad, implementing a drum agglomeration process, and closing the crushing circuit to reduce the crusher discharge size to as close to 100% passing 3/8 of an inch as possible. As a result, recoveries have improved significantly.
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates can be found in the section following “Other Mineral Properties” titled “December 31, 2022, Mineral Reserves and Resources”.
Mining Operations
Mining operations at the Mulatos Mine consist of the Mulatos open pit complex and the Yaqui Grande open pit and heap leach facility. Mining in the Mulatos open pit started in 2005. The open pit is a standard loader and truck operation running 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Mining is currently undertaken by a contractor and prior to 2014 mining was undertaken by Mulatos personnel. It is anticipated that the contractor will remain for the life of the open pit. Based on Mineral Reserves as of December 31, 2022, the Mulatos open pit complex (including stockpiled ore) has a remaining life of approximately one and a half years, excluding La Yaqui Grande.
The Company commenced full-scale construction at Cerro Pelon in the fourth quarter of 2018 and completed construction in October 2019 on budget and ahead of schedule. Ore from Cerro Pelon was trucked to a dedicated crushing facility adjacent to the Mulatos complex. Crushed Cerro Pelon ore was conveyed to the Mulatos leach pad for further processing. Mining of Cerro Pelon ceased in the fourth quarter of 2021 with the depletion of the deposit.
The Company completed development the La Yaqui Grande open pit project in Q2 of 2022. La Yaqui Grande has a dedicated crushing facility and leach pad. Loaded carbon is transported to the Mulatos ADR for further processing. Mining of La Yaqui Grande is undertaken by a contractor.
Processing and Recovery Operations
The Mulatos processing facilities consist of a heap leach pad with an associated crushing plant, and a high-grade mill.
Run of mine heap leach ore from the open pit is crushed in a four-stage plant to 100% passing -3/8”. A run of mine stockpile is in front of the primary crusher and additional surge capacity is situated between the secondary and tertiary crushing plants, and after the quaternary crusher. Following quaternary crushing, the ore is transported via a 1.7 km overland conveyor to the leach pad. At the leach pad, cement is added via two agglomerators and the ore is then transported via grasshopper portable conveyors to a stacker where it is stacked in 7 m lifts.
Cyanide leach solution is applied to each lift for approximately 90 days. The gold-bearing solution reports to one of two “pregnant” solution ponds via gravity. Pregnant solution is pumped to the ADR where gold is recovered through the carbon absorption columns, carbon stripping, and electrowinning to produce doré bars containing gold and silver in the refinery.
In the process of mining the current oxide and mixed ores being sent to the leach pad, the Mulatos Mine also mined significant quantities of sulphide material. This sulphide material was segregated and placed in long-term stockpiles. Mulatos began processing limited quantities of the material in 2020 and it is planned to process the remainder of this material in the next three years as the open pit is depleted. Gold recovery of Mulatos oxide and mixed heap leach ore is between 50% and 60%. Expected recovery of the long-term stockpiled material is between 35% and 55%.
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With the depletion of the San Carlos underground in 2018, the high-grade mill has been placed on care and maintenance. This mill is expected to be used for the future processing of underground ore from the PDA deposit.
The La Yaqui Grande processing facilities consist of a heap leach pad with an associated crushing plant and carbon columns. Run of mine ore from the La Yaqui open pit is crushed in a three stage plant to 100% passing -3/4". The crushed ore is agglomerated prior to being conveyed to the leach pad via a series of grasshopper conveyors and stacked with a radial stacker. Pregnant solution is processed in a single line of carbon columns and loaded carbon is trucked to the Mulatos ADR facility for gold recovery.
Gold recovery of the La Yaqui Grande heap leach material is expected to be between 80% and 85%.
Infrastructure, Permitting, and Compliance Activities
Due to its distance from large population centers, the Mulatos complex maintains a camp at the Mulatos site and a camp at the La Yaqui Grande site. Each camp includes accommodation, kitchen, medical and recreational facilities. The camp facilities are maintained by an outside contractor. Employees are bussed to the mine site from Hermosillo and work a nominal 14 days on 7 days off rotation.
There are currently two power plants in operation at the Mulatos Mine. The first power plant is a generating plant consisting of four-1,100 kilowatt and two-2,000-kilowatt, diesel electrical generating sets which supply electrical power for all mine site usage. The second power plant was constructed for the closed crushing circuit and future expansion and consists of five-1,750-kilowatt generating sets and is expandable to host up to six generating sets. Total usage is approximately 70,000-kilowatt hours per day. A temporary power plant has been installed at the La Yaqui Grande site. Mulatos is constructing a power line to bring grid power to both mine sites, negating the need to operate the diesel-powered power plants. It is expected that this project will be completed in 2023.
The Company is permitted to mine its Mineral Reserves at the Mulatos and La Yaqui Grande pits and has obtained the required surface rights to carry on mining, processing, and exploration activities in these areas. In 2014, Alamos completed negotiations to acquire additional land surface rights covering and surrounding the La Yaqui and Cerro Pelon satellite deposits. From time to time, the Company acquires additional permanent and temporary surface rights to explore additional targets within the Mulatos Group of Concessions.
The 2004 feasibility study identified the potential for acid rock drainage. Measures to prevent acid rock drainage were incorporated into the construction of the Mulatos Mine. Standard mining and construction practices in Mexico and guidelines issued by the World Bank were followed in the development and construction of the Mulatos Mine.
The Company complies with all environmental obligations set out in its mining plan, including eventual reclamation of mine and exploration roads, drill set-up, dumps, and the heap leach pad. The Company has recorded an asset retirement obligation liability of $84.9 million which it expects to settle during the course of mining and on closure. The Mulatos Mine undertakes ongoing reclamation of waste dumps and leach pads.
The Company is in receipt of all permits to operate its existing mines and facilities.
The nearby village of Mulatos is largely protected from noise, dust, vibration, and fly rock by the Mina Vieja outcrop. The Company proactively monitors noise, dust, and vibration levels to ensure that they are within acceptable limits and the Company takes every precaution to minimize the impact of its mining operations on the local community. In 2016, the Company worked collaboratively with residents of Mulatos to begin a voluntary relocation. Over 95% of families have been resettled, with many residents choosing to relocate to Matarachi where the Company built new homes, a school, church, and medical clinic. The Company continues to work collaboratively with residents to build a shared community vision and provide ongoing medical and educational assistance to the town of Matarachi as well as employment opportunities.

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Capital and Operating Costs
Actual results for 2021 and 2022, and guidance for 2023 production, operating costs, and capital are depicted below.
2021 Actual2022 Actual2023 Guidance
Gold Production(ounces)121,300134,500175,000-185,000
Total Cash Costs(1)
($/ounce)1,0131,134900-950
Mine Site All-in Sustaining Costs(1)
($/ounce)1,2401,241950-1000
Capital($ millions)126.659.915-20
Capitalized Exploration($ millions)1.72.84
Mine Site Free Cash Flow(1)
($ millions)(96.2)(36.8)N/A
(1)Refer to Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures on page 7. Detailed reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures to measures under IFRS for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 can be found in the Company’s MD&A for the year ended December 31, 2022 as available on www.sedar.com.
2023 Outlook
Combined gold production from the Mulatos District (including La Yaqui Grande) is expected to be between 175,000 and 185,000 ounces in 2023. This represents a 34% increase from 2022, with a full year of production from La Yaqui Grande being the major contributor to the increase.

Total cash costs are expected to be between $900 and $950 per ounce in 2023, and remain relatively stable through the year while mine-site AISC are expected to decrease in the second half of 2023 with the majority of sustaining capital expected to be spent during the first half of the year.

Capital spending is expected to total $15 to $20 million in 2023, a considerable decrease from 2022, with La Yaqui Grande construction complete. Capital spending is expected to decrease further in 2024 and 2025 (excluding any PDA development).
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OTHER MINERAL PROPERTIES
Lynn Lake (Manitoba, Canada)
In December 2017, the Company reported results from the positive feasibility study conducted on the Lynn Lake Gold Project, located in northern Manitoba, Canada. The Lynn Lake feasibility study was filed on SEDAR on January 25, 2018.
Lynn Lake Feasibility Study Highlights
•Declaration of an initial Proven and Probable Mineral Reserve of 26.8 million tonnes grading 1.89 g/t Au, containing 1.62 million ounces of gold;
•Average annual gold production of 170,000 ounces over the first six years with total life of mine production of 1,495,000 ounces;
•Life of mine total cash costs of $645 per ounce of gold and mine-site AISC of $745 per ounce;
•Initial capital estimate of $338 million, and total sustaining capital and closure costs, of $148 million; and
•After-tax NPV of $123 million at a 5% discount rate and an after-tax IRR of 12.5%, representing a 4.6-year payback using base case gold price assumption of $1,250 and a US dollar to Canadian dollar exchange ratio of $0.75.

On March 6, 2023, the Company announced that the federal Environmental Impact Assessment for the Lynn Lake Gold Project has been completed and a positive Decision Statement has been issued by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. As well, in accordance with The Environment Act (Manitoba), the Province of Manitoba has issued Environment Act Licenses for the MacLellan and Gordon sites. Having achieved these milestones, the Company will continue obtaining other project related permits. The negotiation of formal agreements with directly affected First Nations will also continue.

A total of $5 million has been budgeted for exploration at the Lynn Lake Gold Project in 2023. This includes 8,000 m of drilling focused on several advanced regional targets, expansion of Mineral Reserves and Resources in proximity to the Gordon deposit, as well as the targeting and evaluation of the Burnt Timber and Linkwood deposits. Burnt Timber and Linkwood contain Inferred Mineral Resources totaling 1.6 million ounces grading 1.1 g/t Au (44 million tonnes) as of December 31, 2021 and represent potential future upside. The other key area of focus for 2023 is the continued evaluation and advancement of a pipeline of prospective exploration targets within the approximately 58,561 hectare Lynn Lake Property including the Tulune greenfields discovery and Maynard.

Kirazlı, Ağı Dağı, and Çamyurt (Türkiye)
During the first quarter of 2017, the Company reported results from the positive feasibility studies conducted on the Kirazlı and Ağı Dağı Gold Projects, located in the Çanakkale Province in northwestern Türkiye. The studies were an update to the pre-feasibility studies completed on the projects in 2012. For complete details of the Kirazlı feasibility study, see the Company’s news release dated February 15, 2017. The feasibility study was filed on SEDAR on March 31, 2017. For complete details of the Ağı Dağı feasibility study, see the Company’s news release dated February 22, 2017. The feasibility study was filed on SEDAR on April 7, 2017.
The Company also reported results from a positive preliminary economic assessment (“PEA”) completed on its Çamyurt Gold Project, located approximately 4 km from Ağı Dağı. For complete details of the Çamyurt PEA, see the Company’s news release dated February 22, 2017. The PEA was filed on SEDAR on April 7, 2017.
On October 14, 2019, the Company suspended all construction activities on its Kirazlı Project pending the renewal of its Turkish mining concessions which expired on October 13, 2019. Although the mining concessions have not been revoked and can be renewed following this expiration date, no further construction activities can be completed until the concessions have been renewed.
In its effort to secure the renewal of its mining licenses, the Company has attempted to work cooperatively with the Turkish government, has raised with the Turkish government its obligations under the Netherlands-Türkiye Bilateral Investment Treaty (the “BIT”), has sought to resolve the dispute by good faith negotiations, and has made considerable effort to build support among stakeholders and host communities. The Turkish government has failed to provide the Company with a reason for the non-renewal or a timeline for the renewal of its licenses.
On April 20, 2021, the Company announced that its wholly-owned Netherlands subsidiaries, Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A, and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V., which directly own and control the Company’s Turkish assets, will file a
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BIT claim against the Republic of Türkiye for expropriation and unfair and inequitable treatment, among other things, with respect to their Turkish gold mining projects. The BIT Claim was registered with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (World Bank Group) on June 7, 2021.
As a result, the Company incurred an after-tax impairment charge of $213.8 million in the second quarter of 2021. The non-cash impairment charge reflects the Company’s entire net carrying value of the Turkish mineral property, plant and equipment, and certain other current assets. Going forward, the Company expects holding costs will be approximately $1.0 to $2.0 million per year while the BIT Claim is ongoing. The arbitral tribunal is scheduled to hear the BIT Claim in October 2024, however this date may be subject to change for reasons beyond the Company's control.

DECEMBER 31, 2022 MINERAL RESERVES AND MINERAL RESOURCES
At December 31, 2022, Alamos’ total Proven and Probable gold Mineral Reserves were 10.5 million ounces of gold, a 2% increase from 10.3 million ounces of gold in 2021. Mining depletion at the operating mines was offset by additions, through exploration, at those same operations. The Company’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates have been estimated as at December 31, 2022, in accordance with definitions adopted by CIM and incorporated into NI 43-101. Readers should refer to the note to investors concerning Mineral Reserve and Resource Estimates on page 5 of this AIF and the risk factors beginning on page 15 of this AIF.
The Company’s normal data verification procedures have been employed in connection with the calculations contained herein. Sampling, analytical, and test data underlying the stated Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves have been verified by employees of Alamos, under the supervision of qualified persons, and/or independent qualified persons. Verification procedures include industry-standard quality control practices. For details of data verification and quality control practices at each material property please see “Mineral Properties”. Although the Company has carefully prepared and verified the Mineral Reserve figures presented below and elsewhere in this AIF, such figures are estimates, which are, in part, based on forward-looking information and certain assumptions, and no assurance can be given that the indicated level of mineral will be produced. Estimated Mineral Reserves may have to be recalculated based on actual production experience. Market price fluctuations of gold, as well as increased production costs or reduced recovery rates and other factors, may render the present Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves unprofitable to develop at a particular site or sites. See “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Information” for additional details concerning factors and risks that could cause actual results to differ from those set out below.
The following tables set forth the estimated Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources attributable to interests held by Alamos for each of its material and non-material properties as at December 31, 2022:
PROVEN AND PROBABLE GOLD MINERAL RESERVES (as at December 31, 2022)
Proven ReservesProbable ReservesTotal Proven and Probable
TonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOunces
(000's)(g/t Au)(000's)(000's)(g/t Au)(000's)(000's)(g/t Au)(000's)
Young-Davidson - Surface202.14100.000202.141
Young-Davidson - Underground24,8762.321,85619,3122.381,47744,1882.353,333
Young-Davidson24,8962.321,85819,3122.381,47744,2082.353,335
Island Gold8338.922393,39311.241,2254,22510.781,464
Mulatos Main Pits3101.22122,5621.17962,8721.17108
Stockpiles2,6582.0617600.0002,6582.06176
La Yaqui Grande2680.89816,2631.2665916,5311.25667
Puerto Del Aire5894.69894,0844.876394,6734.84728
Total Mulatos3,8252.3228522,9091.891,39426,7341.951,679
MacLellan12,0591.8371015,7611.3367227,8201.541,382
Gordon2,3112.822106,4122.274688,7232.42678
Total Lynn Lake14,3701.9992022,1721.601,14036,5421.752,060
Agi Dagi1,4500.763652,9110.661,13054,3610.671,166
Kirazli6701.152533,1910.6872733,8610.69752
Total Türkiye2,1200.896186,1020.671,85788,2220.681,918
Alamos - Total46,0442.273,362153,8881.437,093199,9321.6310,455

54 | Alamos Gold Inc.

MEASURED AND INDICATED GOLD MINERAL RESOURCES (as at December 31, 2022)
Measured ResourcesIndicated ResourcesTotal Measured and Indicated
TonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOunces
(000's)(g/t Au)(000's)(000's)(g/t Au)(000's)(000's)(g/t Au)(000's)
Young-Davidson - Surface4961.13181,2421.28511,7391.2469
Young-Davidson - Underground5,0583.265293,5853.604148,6433.40944
Total Young-Davidson5,5543.075474,8273.0046510,3813.031,013
Golden Arrow3,6261.261472,8161.09996,4421.19246
Island Gold214.9331,2557.132881,2767.09291
Mulatos8501.25345,2531.041766,1031.07210
La Yaqui Grande00.0001,5060.87421,5060.8742
Puerto Del Aire1465.28251,1924.951901,3384.98214
Carricito580.8221,2970.82341,3550.8336
Total Mulatos1,0541.79619,2481.4944210,3021.52502
MacLellan - Open Pit9022.07603,5321.711944,4341.78254
MacLellan - Underground00.0001233.54141233.5414
Gordon1051.8661,5112.061001,6172.05106
Burnt Timber00.0001,0211.40461,0211.4046
Linkwood00.0009841.16379841.1737
Total Lynn Lake1,0072.04667,1721.703918,1781.74457
Ağı Dağı5530.44834,3340.4651034,8870.46518
Kirazli00.0003,0560.42423,0560.4342
Çamyurt5131.001617,2080.8949217,7210.89508
Total Türkiye1,0660.702454,5980.591,04455,6640.601,068
Quartz Mountain2140.95711,9420.8733312,1560.87339
Alamos - Total12,5422.1285691,8571.043,061104,3991.173,917
55 | Alamos Gold Inc.

INFERRED GOLD MINERAL RESOURCES (as at December 31, 2022)
TonnesGradeOunces
(000's)(g/t Au)(000's)
Young-Davidson - Surface310.991
Young-Davidson - Underground1,5862.89147
Total Young-Davidson1,6172.85148
Golden Arrow2,0281.0770
Island Gold8,06613.613,529
Mulatos5600.9217
La Yaqui Grande1751.317
Puerto Del Aire1395.9026
Carricito9000.7422
Total Mulatos1,7741.2772
MacLellan - Open Pit1,2271.1144
MacLellan - Underground723.699
Gordon1321.366
Burnt Timber23,4381.04781
Linkwood21,0041.16783
Total Lynn Lake45,8731.101,622
Ağı Dağı16,7600.46245
Kirazli7,6940.61152
Çamyurt2,7910.9585
Total Türkiye27,2450.55482
Quartz Mountain39,2050.911,147
Alamos - Total125,8091.757,070

PROVEN AND PROBABLE SILVER MINERAL RESERVES (as at December 31, 2022)
Proven ReservesProbable ReservesTotal Proven and Probable
TonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOunces
(000's)(g/t Ag)(000's)(000's)(g/t Ag)(000's)(000's)(g/t Ag)(000's)
La Yaqui Grande00.00016,26317.979,39616,26317.979,396
MacLellan12,0594.941,91415,7613.972,01127,8204.393,925
Ağı Dağı1,4506.2229052,9115.399,16954,3615.419,459
Kirazli67016.9436533,1919.279,89233,8619.4210,257
Alamos - Total14,1795.642,569118,1268.0230,468132,3057.7733,037

MEASURED AND INDICATED SILVER MINERAL RESOURCES (as at December 31, 2022)
Measured ResourcesIndicated ResourcesTotal Measured and Indicated
TonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOuncesTonnesGradeOunces
(000's)(g/t Ag)(000's)(000's)(g/t Ag)(000's)(000's)(g/t Ag)(000's)
La Yaqui Grande00.0001,50610.955301,50610.95530
MacLellan - Open Pit9028.552483,5324.645274,4345.44775
MacLellan - Underground00.0001236.05241236.0524
Ağı Dağı5531.592834,3342.192,41734,8872.182,445
Kirazli00.0003,0562.712663,0562.71266
Çamyurt5135.639317,2086.153,40417,7216.143,497
Alamos - Total1,9685.8336959,7593.737,16861,7273.807,537
56 | Alamos Gold Inc.


INFERRED SILVER MINERAL RESOURCES (as at December 31, 2022)
TonnesGradeOunces
(000's)(g/t Ag)(000's)
La Yaqui Grande1757.9445
MacLellan - Open Pit1,2271.9878
MacLellan - Underground723.268
Ağı Dağı16,7602.851,536
Kirazli7,6948.712,155
Çamyurt2,7915.77518
Alamos - Total28,7194.704,340
Notes to Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates:
•The Company’s Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources as at December 31, 2022 are classified in accordance with the Canadian Institute of Mining Metallurgy and Petroleum’s “CIM Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves, Definition and Guidelines” as per Canadian Securities Administrator’s NI 43-101 requirements.
•    Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability.
•    Mineral Resources are presented exclusive of Mineral Reserves.
•    Mineral Reserve cut-off grade for the Mulatos Mine, the La Yaqui Pit, the Kirazlı Pit and the Ağı Dağı Pit are determined as a net of process value of $0.10 per tonne for each model block.
•    All Measured, Indicated and Inferred open pit Mineral Resources are pit constrained.
•    With the exceptions noted following, Mineral Reserve estimates assumed a gold price of $1,400 per ounce and Mineral Resource estimates assumed a gold price of $1,600 per ounce.
•    Mineral Reserve estimate for development properties, including Lynn Lake, Türkiye, Quartz Mountain and Carricito assumed a gold of $1,250 per ounce and Mineral Resource estimates assumed a gold price of $1,400 per ounce.
•    Metal prices, cut-off grades and metallurgical recoveries are set out in the table below.

Mineral ResourcesMineral Reserves
Gold PriceCutoffGold PriceCutoffMet Recovery
Mulatos:
Mulatos Main Open Pit$1,6000.5$1,400see notes>50%
PDA Underground$1,6002.5$1,4003.085%
La Yaqui$1,6000.3$1,400see notes75%
Carricito$1,4000.3n/an/an/a
Young-Davidson - Surface$1,4000.5$1,4000.591%
Young-Davidson - Underground$1,6001.23$1,4001.591%
Golden Arrow$1,6000.64n/an/a
Island Gold$1,6004.0$1,4002.67-3.8596.5%
Lynn Lake - MacLellan$1,4000.42$1,2500.4791-92%
Lynn Lake - MacLellan UG$1,4002.0n/an/an/a
Lynn Lake - Gordon$1,4000.62$1,2500.6989-94%
Ağı Dağı$1,4000.2$1,250see notes80%
Kirazli$1,4000.2$1,250see notes81%
Çamyurt$1,4000.2n/an/a78%
Quartz Mountain$1,4000.21 Oxide, 0.6 Sulfiden/an/a65-80%
57 | Alamos Gold Inc.


The following table presents a year-over-year reconciliation of Mineral Reserves based on contained gold (x1,000):
ProjectMineral Reserves 31-Dec-21Processed in 2022Increase / (Decrease)Mineral Reserves 31-Dec-22
Young-Davidson3,3942131533,335
Island Gold1,3381422671,464
Mulatos1,5472373691,679
Lynn Lake2,060002,060
Türkiye
1,918001,918
Total Alamos10,25759178910,455

Qualified Person(s) Disclosure
The following tables set forth the Qualified Persons who supervised the preparation of Alamos’ December 31, 2022, Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimate. All are recognized as Qualified Persons according to the requirements of NI 43-101.
Mineral Resources QPCompanyProject
Jeffrey Volk, CPG, FAusIMMDirector - Reserves and Resource, Alamos Gold Inc.Young-Davidson, Lynn Lake, Golden Arrow
Tyler Poulin, P.GeoChief Production Geologist - Island Gold, Alamos Gold Inc.Island Gold
Marc Jutras, P.EngPrincipal, Ginto Consulting Inc.Mulatos Pits, PDA, La Yaqui Grande, Carricito, Ağı Dağı, Kirazli, Çamyurt, Quartz Mountain
Mineral Reserves QPCompanyProject
Chris Bostwick, FAusIMMSVP Technical Services, Alamos Gold Inc.Young-Davidson, Lynn Lake, PDA Underground
Nathan Bourgeault, P.EngChief Mine Engineer - Island Gold, Alamos Gold Inc.Island Gold
Herb Welhener, SME-QPVP, Independent Mining Consultants Inc.Mulatos Pits, La Yaqui Grande, Ağı Dağı, Kirazli

The scientific and technical information in this AIF has been reviewed and approved by Chris Bostwick, FAusIMM, Senior Vice President, Technical Services for Alamos. Mr. Bostwick is a Qualified Person within the meaning of NI 43-101.
Global exploration programs are overseen by Scott R.G. Parsons, M.Sc., MBA, P.Geo., FAusIMM, Vice President, Exploration for Alamos. Mr. R.G. Parsons is a Qualified Person within the meaning of NI 43-101.
Uses of Gold
The two principal uses of gold are bullion investment and product fabrication. Within the fabrication category, there are a wide variety of end uses, the largest of which is the manufacture of jewelry. Other fabrication purposes include official coins, electronics, dentistry, medallions and other industrial and decorative uses.
Sales and Refining
Gold can be readily sold in numerous markets throughout the world and its market price can be readily ascertained at any time. Because there are a large number of available gold purchasers, the Company is not dependent upon the sale of gold to any one customer.
The Company’s gold production is currently refined to market delivery standards by third-party refineries. The Company believes that, because of the availability of alternate refiners, the inability of the Company’s refiners to process the Company’s product would not have a material adverse effect on the Company.
58 | Alamos Gold Inc.

Employees
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 58 full-time employees reporting to its Toronto corporate head office. Each of these corporate head office employees is employed under a contract for services directly with the Company.
At the Company’s Young-Davidson Mine, which is based in Matachewan, Ontario, there are 735 full-time employees and 55 contractors as at December 31, 2022.
In addition, the Company’s Island Gold Mine, which is based in Dubreuilville, Ontario, there are 491 full-time employees and 508 contractors as at December 31, 2022.
In addition, the Company has Mexican subsidiaries which provide labour-related services for operations at the administrative offices of Minas de Oro Nacional in Hermosillo, Mexico and the administrative offices of Minera Santa Rita, S. de R.L. de C.V., in Caborca, Mexico. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s Mexican subsidiaries had 594 full-time employees and 980 contractors. The Company has sourced most of its labour pool, including skilled mining personnel, from the state of Sonora in Mexico.
In addition, the Company has 7 full-time administrative, engineering, and exploration personnel in Türkiye and 1 full-time personnel at the Quartz Mountain Property in Oregon, US.
As at December 31, 2022, the Company had 33 full-time employees at the Lynn Lake Gold Project in Manitoba. There are 22 contract employees at site providing geology, logging and support services, and a varying number of additional contractors.
The Company is committed to providing and maintaining a safe and healthy working environment at all of its operations and development projects. The Company has designed practices and policies at each location to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. The Company has invested heavily in this area, and the primary goal is to achieve zero accidents in the workplace.
The nature of the Company’s business requires specialized skills and knowledge. The Company operates large mining operations in Canada and Mexico which require technical expertise in the areas of geology, engineering, mine planning, metallurgical processing, mine operations, and environmental compliance. Despite generally good labour relations, competition for skilled workers in the resource sector results in employee turnover at the Company’s operations and a need to constantly recruit and train new employees. This competition for qualified employees occasionally results in workforce shortages, which can often be supplemented with more costly contract labour. 
DIVIDENDS
In the year ended December 31, 2022, Alamos declared dividends totaling $39.2 million, of which $35.1 million were paid in cash. The Company does not have a formal dividend policy.
Dividends
Year ended
Dec 31, 2022(1)
Year ended
Dec 31, 2021(1)
Year ended
Dec 31, 2020(1)
Declared
Paid
 39,200,000
35,100,000
 $39,100,000
 $34,500,000		 $25,600,000
 $23,900,000
Weighted Average number of common shares outstanding392,172,900391,889,000
391,675,000
Dividend per share
$0.10
$0.10
$0.065
(1)The difference in the declared and paid dividends in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is due to the Company’s DRIP (defined below) and shareholder’s participation in it.
In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased and cancelled 1,100,000 common shares at a cost of $8.2 million or $7.41 per share under the NCIB, bringing the total amount returned to shareholders to $47.4 million.
The Company announced its implementation of a dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan (“DRIP”) on March 3, 2020. This gives shareholders the option of increasing their investment in Alamos, at a discount to the prevailing market price and without incurring any transaction costs, by electing to receive common shares in place of cash dividends. The Company has the discretion to elect to issue such common shares at up to a 5% discount to the prevailing market price from treasury or purchase the common shares on the open market including the facilities of the New York Stock Exchange and will advise as such with each dividend declaration. Enrollment in the DRIP is optional. On November 24, 2020, the Company suspended Optional Cash
59 | Alamos Gold Inc.

Purchases (as defined in the DRIP). Further information on the DRIP, including the forms needed to enroll, are available on the Company’s website at http://www.alamosgold.com/investors/Dividend-Reinvestment-Plan.
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Common Shares
The Company’s authorized capital consists of one class of Class A common shares without par value (the “common shares”). The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of common shares. Each common share is entitled to one vote. As at December 31, 2022, a total of 393,806,489 common shares were issued and outstanding and as at March 27, 2023 a total of 394,484,911 common shares were issued and outstanding.
All of the Company’s common shares are of the same class and rank equally as to voting rights, dividends and participation in assets of the Company on wind-up or dissolution. There are no pre-emptive rights or conversion rights, and no provisions for redemption or purchase for cancellation, surrender, or sinking or purchase funds, however, the Company’s articles provide that the Company may if authorized by a resolution of the directors, purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares at the price and upon the terms specified in such resolution and subject to the OBCA. Provisions as to creation, modification, amendment, or variation of such rights or such provisions are contained in the OBCA.
MARKET FOR SECURITIES
The Company’s common shares are listed on the TSX and NYSE under the ticker symbol “AGI”.
Alamos Gold Inc. - Trading Price and Volume
The following table sets out the monthly low and high trading prices and the monthly volume of trading of the common shares of the Company on the TSX for January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022:

2022Low (CAD$)High (CAD$)Volume
January$8.30 $9.82 17,338,900 
February$8.31 $9.88 21,197,600 
March$9.39 $11.24 23,227,800 
April$9.31 $11.61 11,069,700 
May$8.84 $10.27 13,164,800 
June$8.87 $10.63 15,934,000 
July $8.76 $10.22 17,834,700 
August$9.44 $10.50 12,209,500 
September$8.74 $10.41 14,003,700 
October$9.81 $11.26 14,807,500 
November$10.17 $13.26 20,270,200 
December$12.88 $14.04 15,466,000 

60 | Alamos Gold Inc.

The following table sets out the monthly low and high trading prices and the monthly volume of trading of the common shares of the Company on the NYSE for January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022:

2022Low (USD$)High (USD$)Volume
January$6.53 $7.74 84,862,400 
February$6.51 $7.77 89,543,600 
March$7.40 $8.82 102,817,200 
April$7.24 $9.22 56,959,900 
May$6.76 $8.07 74,969,300 
June$6.86 $8.46 100,221,200 
July $6.75 $7.97 121,892,900 
August$7.19 $8.23 79,675,500 
September$6.35 $7.76 78,128,500 
October$7.08 $8.32 74,169,800 
November$7.40 $9.83 86,666,100 
December$9.44 $10.45 69,763,400 
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
The name, province or state and country of residence, positions held within the Company, and principal occupation of each director and executive officer of the Company during the five preceding years from the date of this AIF are as follows:
Name, Position
Province or State and
Country of Residence(1)
Principal Occupations
During the Past 5 Years(1)
Term as a Director
PAUL MURPHY, B.Comm., FCPA, FCA(2)(4)
Chairman, Director
Ontario, Canada
Director of Generation Mining Limited and Collective Mining Ltd. Formerly Director of Continental Gold Ltd., Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President, Finance, Guyana Goldfields Inc., Chief Financial Officer of GPM Metals Inc. and Chief Financial Officer of G2 Goldfields Inc.
Since July 2, 2015
JOHN A. McCLUSKEY
President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director
Ontario, Canada
Chief Executive Officer, President and Director of the Company. Mr. McCluskey is currently an Alternative Director of the World Gold Council and Director of Orford Mining Corporation and a former Director of New Pacific Metals Corp.Since July 2, 2015
DAVID FLECK, B.A., MBA, ICD.D(2) (4)
Director
Ontario, Canada
Mr. Fleck is currently Co-President of Forthlane Partners and a Member of the Advisory Committee for Forum Equity Partners. He is formerly a Partner and Senior Vice President of Delaney Capital Management.
Since July 2, 2015
DAVID GOWER, M.Sc., P.Geo(3) (5)
Director
Ontario, Canada
Principal of Gower Exploration Consulting Inc., CEO and Director of Emerita Resources Corp. and Nobel Resources Corp. and Director of Lithium Ionic Corp. and Halcones Precious Metals Corp. Previously a Director of Apogee Opportunities Inc. and Aguia Resources Ltd. and President of Brazil Potash Corp., a private company.
Since July 2, 2015
61 | Alamos Gold Inc.

Name, Position
Province or State and
Country of Residence(1)
Principal Occupations
During the Past 5 Years(1)
Term as a Director
CLAIRE KENNEDY, B.A.Sc., LL.B, P.Eng, ICD.D (2) (4) (6)
Director
Ontario, Canada
Lawyer and Senior Advisor, Clients and Industries in the Toronto office of Bennett Jones LLP. Ms. Kennedy is Lead Director of the Bank of Canada, Chair of Neo Performance Materials Inc. and Director of Constellation Software Inc. Ms. Kennedy formerly was a Director of Neo Material Technologies Inc., Partner and subsequent Managing Partner, Clients and Industries of Bennett Jones LLP.
Since November 10, 2015
KENNETH STOWE, B.Sc., M.Sc. (2) (5)
Director
Ontario, Canada
Formerly a Director of Hudbay Minerals Inc.Since July 2, 2015
ELAINE ELLINGHAM, MBA, M.Sc., P.Geo. (3)(5)
Director
Ontario, Canada
Principal of Ellingham Consulting Ltd., Director and CEO of Omai Gold Mining Corp. and Director of Almaden Minerals Ltd. Ms. Ellingham is a former Director of Blue Thunder Mining Corporation, 79North Ltd., Wallbridge Mining Company Ltd., and Aurania Resources Ltd.Since May 8, 2018
MONIQUE MERCIER, LL.B., M.Phil. (Oxon), Ad. E. (3) (4) (6)
Director
Quebec, Canada
Senior Advisor at Bennett Jones LLP, Director of iA Financial Corporation Inc., Innergex Renewable Energy Inc., and TMX Group Ltd. Formerly Executive Vice-President, Corporate Affairs, Chief Legal and Governance Officer at TELUS Corporation and Director of the Bank of Canada.
Since May 2, 2019
J. ROBERT S. PRICHARD, OC, O.Ont (3) (4) (6)
Ontario, Canada
Non-executive Chairman of Torys LLP and Director of Onex Corporation and Whittington Investments and Chair of VIA, HFR (crown corporation). He is the former Chair of BMO Financial Group and Director of George Weston Ltd. He is also on the International Advisory Board of Barrick Gold Corporation and President Emeritus of the University of Toronto. Mr. Prichard served as President and CEO of Metrolinx before serving as Chair of Metrolinx from 2010 to 2018.
Since May 2, 2019
JAMES R. PORTER, B.A.Sc., CPA, CA, CPA (Illinois)(7)
Chief Financial Officer
Ontario, Canada
Chief Financial Officer of the Company from July 2015 to present. Mr. Porter currently serves on the Canadian Advisory Board for FM Global and is a Director of the World Gold Council. Mr. Porter is a Former Director of Carlisle Goldfields Ltd and Nomad Royalty Company Ltd.
N/A
CHRISTOPHER BOSTWICK, B.Sc., FAusIMM
Senior Vice President, Technical Services
Ontario, Canada
Senior Vice President, Technical Services of the Company from January 2022. Prior thereto Vice President, Technical Services of the Company from July 2015 to 2021. N/A
LUIS M. CHAVEZ, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Senior Vice President, Mexico
San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Senior Vice President, Mexico of the Company from July 2015 to present. N/A
KHALID ELHAJ, B.A.Sc., P.Eng., CFA
Vice President, Business Strategy
Ontario, Canada
Vice President, Business Strategy of the Company from January 2022 to present. Prior thereto Director, Corporate Development & Business Planning of the Company from 2015 to 2021.
N/A
NILS F. ENGELSTAD, BA, LL.B, LL.M, MA
Senior Vice President, General Counsel
Ontario, Canada
Senior Vice President, General Counsel of the Company from January 2022 to present. Prior thereto Vice President, General Counsel from January 2016 to 2021 and General Counsel of the Company from May 2015 to December 2015. Director of Inventus Mining Corp. and Red Pine Exploration Inc. (Alamos nominee).
N/A
GREGORY FISHER, B.Comm, CPA, CA(8)
Senior Vice President, Finance
Ontario, Canada
Senior Vice President, Finance of the Company from January 2022 to present. Prior thereto Vice President, Finance of the Company from July 2015 to 2021.
N/A
62 | Alamos Gold Inc.

Name, Position
Province or State and
Country of Residence(1)
Principal Occupations
During the Past 5 Years(1)
Term as a Director
JOHN FITZGERALD, MBA, B.Eng., P.Eng.
Senior Vice President, Projects
Ontario, Canada
Senior Vice President, Projects of the Company from September 2022 to present. Prior thereto Vice President, Projects of the Company from February 2021 to August 2022 and Vice President, Projects and Technical Services at Centerra Gold Inc. from January 2018 to January 2021.
N/A
LUC GUIMOND, B.Sc., P.Eng.
Chief Operating Officer
Ontario, Canada
Chief Operating Officer of the Company from September 2022 to present. Prior thereto Vice President, Operations of the Company from January 2022 to August 2022 and General Manager, Young-Davidson Mine of the Company from 2015 to 2021.
N/A
SCOTT R.G. PARSONS, M.Sc., MBA, P.Geo., FAusIMM
Vice President, Exploration
Ontario, Canada
Vice President, Exploration of the Company from September 2020 to present. Prior thereto Director Exploration, Canada of the Company from June 2018 to August 2020, and Exploration Manager, Canada, of the Company from January 2018 to May 2018.
N/A
SCOTT K. PARSONS, BBA, CFA
Senior Vice President, Investor Relations
Ontario, Canada
Senior Vice President, Investor Relations of the Company from January 2023 to present. Prior thereto Vice President, Investor Relations of the Company from July 2015 to 2022.
N/A
ADRIAN PAULSE
Vice President, Information Technology
Ontario, Canada
Vice President, Information Technology of the Company from February 2020 to present. Prior thereto, Director, Information Technology of the Company from 2015 to January 2020.
N/A
GRACE TANG
Vice President, Treasury
Ontario, Canada
Vice President, Treasurer of the Company from January 2023 to present. Prior thereto Director, Treasurer from September 2015 to December 2022 and Consultant for the Company from June 2015 to August 2015.N/A
REBECCA THOMPSON, BA
Vice President, Public Affairs
Ontario, Canada
Vice President, Public Affairs of the Company from October 2019 to present. Prior thereto, Director of Communications, Marketing and Government Relations at Nieuport Aviation from June 2018 to October 2019, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Ontario Legislature from February 2017 to June 2018.N/A
COLIN WEBSTER, B.Sc., P.Eng
Vice President, Sustainability and External Affairs
Ontario, Canada
Vice President, Sustainability and External Affairs of the Company from January 2016 to present. N/A
(1)The information as to province or state of residence and principal occupation, has been furnished by the respective directors and executive officers individually.
(2)Member of Audit Committee. Ms. Kennedy is the chair of this Committee.
(3)Member of Human Resources Committee. Mr. Gower is the chair of this Committee.
(4)Member of Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Mr. Fleck is the chair of this Committee.
(5)Member of the Technical and Sustainability Committee. Mr. Stowe is the chair of this Committee.
(6)Member of the Public Affairs Committee. Mr. Prichard is the chair of this Committee.
(7)On March 13, 2023 the Company announced that Jamie Porter will be leaving the Company April 28,2023.
(8)On March 13, 2023 the Company announced that Greg Fisher will be promoted to Chief Financial Officer effective May 1, 2023.

The term of office of each of the current directors expires at the next annual general meeting of shareholders of the Company.
As at the date of this AIF, the Company’s directors and executive officers, as a group, beneficially own, directly or indirectly, or exercise control or direction over a total of 1,630,012 common shares, directly or indirectly, representing approximately 0.41% of the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company.
Cease Trade Orders, Bankruptcies and Penalties and Sanctions
Except as described below, no proposed director of the Company is, as at the date of this AIF or was within 10 years before the date of this AIF, a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of any company (including the Company), that: (i) was subject to a cease trade order, an order similar to a cease trade order or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, for a period of more than 30 consecutive days, that was issued while the proposed
63 | Alamos Gold Inc.

director was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer; or (ii) was subject to a cease trade order, an order similar to a cease trade order or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, for a period of more than 30 consecutive days, that was issued after the proposed director ceased to be a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer.
On January 15, 2020, Kew Media Group Inc. was subject to a cease trade order issued by the Ontario Securities Commission due to Kew’s auditor’s withdrawal of audit reports as a result of misrepresentations by Kew’s former Chief Financial Officer. David Fleck resigned from the board of directors of Kew Media Group Inc. in late February 2020.
Except as described below, no proposed director of the Company; (i) is, as at the date of this AIF, or has been within the 10 years before the date of this AIF, a director or executive officer of any company (including the Company) that, while that person was acting in that capacity, or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets; or (ii) has, within the 10 years before the date of this AIF, become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or become subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold the assets of the proposed director.
In October 2013, Fire River Gold Inc. entered into a compromise with its creditors after defaulting on its lending facility. Mr. Kenneth Stowe had ceased to be a director of that company in March 2013.
On February 28, 2020, a receiver was appointed over the assets, undertakings, and properties of Kew Media Group Inc. David Fleck resigned from the board of directors of Kew Media Group Inc. in late February 2020.
No proposed director of the Company has been subject to (i) any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities regulatory authority; or (ii) any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely be considered important to a reasonable security holder in deciding whether to vote for a proposed director.
Conflicts of Interest
Certain directors and officers of the Company are also directors, officers, or shareholders of other companies that are similarly engaged in the business of acquiring, developing, and exploiting natural resource properties. The directors and officers of the Company are also directors of other companies that are similarly engaged in the business of acquiring, developing, and exploiting natural resource properties. These associations with other public companies in the resource sector may give rise to conflicts of interest from time to time. The directors and officers of the Company are required by law to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and to disclose any interest that they may have in a contract or transaction if the contract or transaction is material to the Company, the Company has entered, or proposes to enter, into the contract or transaction, and either the director or officer has a material interest in the contract or transaction or the director or officer is a director or officer of, or has a material interest in, a corporation that has a material interest in the contract or transaction. If a conflict of interest arises at a meeting of the board of directors, any director in a conflict is required to disclose his or her interest and abstain from voting on such matter. In determining whether the Company will participate in any project or opportunity, the directors will primarily consider the degree of risk to which the Company may be exposed and its financial position at the time.
AUDIT COMMITTEE
Pursuant to the provisions of section 158(1) of the Business Corporations Act (Ontario), the Company is required to have an Audit Committee. The Company must also, pursuant to the provisions of National Instrument 52-110 - Audit Committees (“NI 52-110”), have a written charter that sets out the duties and responsibilities of its audit committee. The Company’s audit committee charter is attached hereto as Schedule “A”.
Composition of the Audit Committee
The Audit Committee is comprised of Claire Kennedy (Chair), Paul Murphy, David Fleck, and Kenneth Stowe. Each member is financially literate, and all members of the Audit Committee are independent directors.
Relevant Education and Experience
64 | Alamos Gold Inc.

•Ms. Claire Kennedy is a lawyer and Senior Advisor, Clients and Industries at Bennett Jones LLP, Lead Director of the Bank of Canada and Chair of Neo Performance Materials Inc. and holds a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Toronto, a law degree from Queen’s University, and has completed the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business Advanced Management Program.
•Mr. Paul Murphy is formerly a Partner and National Mining Leader of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Chief Financial Officer of GPM Metals Inc., Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice-President, Finance, Guyana Goldfields Inc. and Chief Financial Officer of G2 Goldfields Inc. and holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Queen’s University, Chartered Accountant (now known as a Chartered Professional Accountant) designation and has been recognized as a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants.
•Mr. David Fleck has more than 30 years of capital markets experience, including as former President and Chief Executive Officer of Macquarie Capital Markets Canada, and holds a B.A. in Economics from the University of Western Ontario and an MBA from INSEAD School of Business.
•Mr. Kenneth Stowe was president and chief executive officer of a public company (Northgate Minerals) for over 10 years.
Each member has a significant understanding of the mineral exploration and mining business in which the Company is engaged in and has an appreciation for the relevant accounting principles for this business. Ms. Kennedy and Mr. Fleck have been certified by and are members of the Institute of Corporate Directors.

Reliance on Certain Exemptions
At no time since the commencement of the Company’s most recently completed financial year has the Company relied on the exemptions in section 2.4 (De Minimis Non-audit Services), section 3.2 (Initial Public Offerings), section 3.4 (Events Outside Control of Member), section 3.5 (Death, Disability or Resignation of Audit Committee Member) or Part 8 (Exemptions) of NI 52-110.
Reliance on the Exemption in Subsection 3.3(2) or Section 3.6
At no time since the commencement of the Company’s most recently completed financial year has the Company relied on the exemption in subsection 3.3(2) (Controlled Companies) or section 3.6 (Temporary Exemption for Limited and Exceptional Circumstances) of NI 52-110.
Reliance on Section 3.8
At no time since the commencement of the Company’s most recently completed financial year has the Company relied on section 3.8 (Acquisition of Financial Literacy) of NI 52-110.
Audit Committee Oversight
At no time since the commencement of the Company’s most recently completed financial year was a recommendation of the Audit Committee to nominate or compensate an external auditor not adopted by the Board of Directors.
Pre-approval Policies and Procedures
The Audit Committee shall pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by the independent auditors and not engage the independent auditors to perform the specific non-audit services prohibited by law or regulation.
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External Auditor Service Fees (By Category)
Fiscal Year-End(1)
Audit Fees(2)
Audit Related Fees(3)
Tax Fees(4)
All Other Fees(5)
    2021(6)
$1,153,212 $20,576 $91,546 $Nil
2022$1,084,968 $21,399 $75,854 $Nil
(1)All fees are in USD.
(2)Fees charged for the annual financial statement audit and quarterly reviews.
(3)Fees charged for assurance and related services reasonably related to the performance of an audit, and not included under “Audit Fees”.
(4)Fees charged for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning services.
(5)Fees for services other than disclosed in any other column.
(6)Fees for 2021 and 2022 include administrative charges and nominal out-of-pocket expenses billed by the Company’s external auditors.
INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS
Other than as set forth herein and other than transactions carried out in the ordinary course of business of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, none of the directors or executive officers of the Company, any shareholder directly or indirectly beneficially owning or exercising control or direction over, shares carrying more than 10% of the voting rights attached to the shares of the Company, nor an associate or affiliate of any of the foregoing persons has since January 1, 2020 (being the commencement of the Company’s third most recently completed financial year) any material interest, direct or indirect, in any transactions that materially affected or would materially affect the Company or any of its subsidiaries.
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
The Company’s registrar and transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company of Canada, is located at 100 University Avenue, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2Y1.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
On April 20, 2021, the Company announced that its Netherlands subsidiaries, Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A, and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V., which directly own and control the Company’s Turkish assets, will file a bilateral investment treaty claim against the Republic of Türkiye for expropriation and unfair and inequitable treatment, among other things, with respect to their Turkish gold mining projects. The claim/request for arbitration was registered with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (World Bank Group) on June 7, 2021.
There are no other material legal proceedings to which the Company is a party.
MATERIAL CONTRACTS
Except as otherwise set out in this Annual Information Form, the following are the only material contracts of the Company, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business not otherwise required to be disclosed, that we have entered into within the most recently completed fiscal year or before the most recently completed fiscal year but still in effect.
On June 17, 2021, the Company entered into a construction contract with Redpath Canada Limited (“Redpath”) pursuant to which Redpath will perform construction and development for shaft sinking and headworks with respect to the Company’s P3+ Expansion Project at Island Gold. The value of the contract is approximately CAD $76 million, which amount may be subject to increase due to a variety of factors, including but not limited to equipment supply costs and additional required labour.
On November 6, 2020, the Company entered into a mining services agreement with Grupo Desarrollo Infraestructura, S.A. de C.V. (“GDI”), which shall remain in force for a period of 7 years after its signature, pursuant to which GDI will perform essentially all of the open-pit mining operations at the “La Yaqui Grande” Project, Mulatos Mine.
The Company executed a mining services agreement with Grupo Construcciones Planificadas, S.A. de C.V. (“Construplan”), effective October 2020 through the life of mine, subject to the terms of the agreement, pursuant to which Construplan will perform essentially all the extraction and transportation of minerals at the “El Salto” Project, Mulatos Mine.
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INTERESTS OF EXPERTS
KPMG LLP are the auditors of the Company and have confirmed that they are independent within the meaning of the relevant rules and related interpretations prescribed by the relevant professional bodies in Canada and any applicable legislation or regulations and also that they are independent accountants with respect to the Company under all relevant US professional and regulatory standards.
The individuals who are qualified persons for the purposes of NI 43-101 are listed under the section of this AIF entitled “Qualified Person(s) Disclosure”. As a group, they beneficially own, directly or indirectly, less than 1% of any class of the outstanding securities of the Company and our associates and affiliates.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Additional information relating to the Company is available under the Company’s profile on the SEDAR website at www.sedar.com. Financial information relating to the Company is provided in the Company’s comparative consolidated financial statements and management’s discussion and analysis for the most recent fiscal year.
Additional information, including director and officer remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of the Company’s securities and securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, if applicable, is contained in the Company’s most recent information circular available on SEDAR.

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SCHEDULE “A”
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER

Audit Committee Charter
This charter governs the operations of the Audit Committee (the “Committee”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”). The purpose, composition, responsibilities, and authority of the Committee are set out in this Charter.
This Charter and the Articles of the Company and such other procedures, not inconsistent therewith, as the Committee may adopt from time to time, shall govern the meetings and procedures of the Committee.
1.    Purpose
The Committee shall provide assistance to the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) in fulfilling their oversight responsibility to the shareholders, potential shareholders, the investment community, and others relating to:
(a)    the integrity of the Company’s financial statements;
(b)    the financial reporting process;
(c)    the systems of internal accounting and financial controls;
(d)    financial risk management;
(e)    the performance of the Company’s internal audit function (if applicable) and independent auditors;
(f)    the independent auditors’ qualifications and independence;
(g)    the Company’s compliance with ethics policies and legal and regulatory requirements; and
(h)    the system of cyber security controls.
2.    Composition
The Committee shall be composed of at least three (3) directors of the Company (the “Members”), each of whom is “independent” as defined by applicable Canadian and US laws and regulations as well as the rules of relevant stock exchanges, all as set out in the Company’s Director Independence Policy.
All Members shall be “financially literate” as defined in National Instrument 52-110 Audit Committees or any successor policy, meaning that the director has the ability to read and understand a set of financial statements that present the breadth and level of complexity of accounting issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by the Company’s financial statements.
At least one member of the Committee shall be a ‘financial expert’ within the meaning of Applicable Laws. The financial expert should have the following competencies:
•An understanding of financial statements and accounting principles used by the Company to prepare its financial statements;
•The ability to assess the general application of such accounting principles in connection with the accounting for estimates, accruals and reserves;
•Experience preparing, auditing, analyzing or evaluating financial statements that present a breadth and level of complexity comparable to the Company’s financial statements, or experience actively supervising one or more persons engaged in such activities;
•An understanding of internal controls and procedures for financial reporting; and
•An understanding of audit committee functions.

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Members shall be appointed by the Board and shall serve until they resign, cease to be a director, or are removed or replaced by the Board.
3.    Authority
The Committee is authorized to carry out its responsibilities as set out in this Charter, and to make recommendations to the Board arising therefrom.
In discharging its oversight role, the Committee is empowered to investigate any matter brought to its attention with full access to all books, records, facilities, and personnel of the Company and the authority to engage, and to set and pay the compensation of, independent accountants, legal counsel and other advisers as it determines necessary to carry out its duties.
The Committee may also communicate directly with the auditors, legal and other advisors, management and employees of the Company to carry out its responsibilities and duties set out in this Charter.
The Company shall pay directly or reimburse the Committee for the expenses incurred by the Committee in carrying out its responsibilities.
4.    Responsibilities
The primary responsibility of the Committee is to oversee the Company’s financial reporting process on behalf of the Board and report the results of their activities to the Board. While the Committee has the responsibilities and powers set forth in this Charter, it is not the duty of the Committee to plan or conduct audits or to determine that the Company’s financial statements are complete and accurate and are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management is responsible for the preparation, presentation, and integrity of the Company’s financial statements and for the appropriateness of the accounting principles and reporting policies that are used by the Company. The independent auditors are responsible for auditing the Company’s financial statements and for reviewing the Company’s unaudited interim financial statements.
The Committee, in carrying out its responsibilities, believes its policies and procedures should remain flexible, in order to best react to changing conditions and circumstances. The Committee should take appropriate actions to set the overall corporate “tone” for quality financial reporting, sound business risk practices, and ethical behaviour. The following shall be the principal direct responsibilities of the Committee:
(a)    Appointment and termination (subject, if applicable, to shareholder ratification), compensation, and oversight of the work of the independent auditors, including resolution of disagreements between management and the auditors regarding financial reporting. The Committee shall arrange for the independent auditors to report directly to the Committee.
(b)    Pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by the independent auditors and not engage the independent auditors to perform the specific non-audit services prohibited by law or regulation. The Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to a member of the Committee. The decisions of any Committee member to whom pre-approval authority is delegated must be presented to the full Committee at its next scheduled meeting.
(c)    At least annually, obtain and review a report by the independent auditors describing:
(i)    The firm’s internal control procedures.
(ii)    Any material issues raised by the most recent internal control review, or peer review, of the firm, or by any inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities, within the preceding five years, respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the firm, and any steps taken to deal with any such issues.
(iii)    All relationships between the independent auditor and the Company (to assess the auditor’s independence).
(d)    Establish clear hiring policies for employees, partners, former employees and former partners of the current and former independent auditors of the Company that meet the requirements of applicable securities laws and stock exchange rules.
(e)    Discuss with the auditors, the overall scope and plans for audits of the Company’s financial statements, including the adequacy of staffing and compensation. Ensure there is rotation of the audit partner having primary responsibility for the independent audit of the Company at such intervals as may be required.
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(f)    Discuss with management and the auditors the adequacy and effectiveness of the accounting and financial controls, including the Company’s policies and procedures to assess, monitor, and manage business risk, and legal and ethical compliance programs (e.g. Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics).
(g)    Periodically meet separately with management and the auditors to discuss issues and concerns warranting Committee attention. The Committee shall provide sufficient opportunity for the auditors to meet privately with the members of the Committee, which shall at minimum include an in camera meeting following each quarterly meeting. The Committee shall review with the auditor any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response.
The processes set forth represent a guide with the understanding that the Committee may supplement them as appropriate.
5.    Chair Responsibilities
The Chair of the Committee shall provide leadership to the Committee to enhance the Committee’s effectiveness and ensure adherence to this Charter and, in relevant part, to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics:
(a)    Convene and preside over Committee meetings and ensure they are conducted in an efficient, effective and focused manner that promotes meaningful discussion;
(b)    Assist management with the preparation of an agenda and ensure that meeting materials are prepared and disseminated in a timely manner and is appropriate in terms of relevance, efficient format and detail; and
(c)    Adopting procedures to ensure that the Committee can conduct its work effectively and efficiently, including committee structure and composition and management of meetings;
(d)    Ensure that the Committee has sufficient time and information to make informed decisions; and
(e)    Provide leadership to the Committee and management with respect to matters covered by this mandate.
(f)    Review any related party transaction or arrangement involving Alamos and any financial reporting thereof, and give or withhold permission (as appropriate), to give full effect to the Conflicts of Interest and Corporate Opportunities section of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
The Committee shall designate one of its Members as chair of the Committee (the “Chair”).
The Corporate Secretary of the Company, or the individual designated as fulfilling the function of Secretary of the Company, will be the secretary of all meetings and will maintain minutes of all meetings and deliberations of the Committee. In the absence of the Corporate Secretary at any meeting, the Committee will appoint another person who may, but need not, be a Member to be the secretary of that meeting.
6.    Specifically Delegated Duties
For purposes of this Charter, specific accounting, financial and treasury related duties delegated to the Committee by the Company’s Board of Directors include:
Accounting and Financial
(a)    Receive regular reports from the independent auditor on the critical policies and practices of the Company, and all alternative treatments of financial information within generally accepted accounting principles that have been discussed with management.
(b)    Where applicable, review management’s assertion on its assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls as of the end of the most recent fiscal year and the independent auditor’s report on management’s assertion.
(c)    Review and discuss annual and interim earnings press releases before the Company publicly discloses this information.
(d)    Review and approve the interim quarterly unaudited financial statements and disclosures under Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations with management and, where applicable, the independent auditors prior to the filing of the Company’s Quarterly Report or their inclusion in any filing with regulatory authorities. Also, the Committee shall discuss the results of the quarterly review, if any, and any other matters required to be communicated to the Committee by the independent auditors under generally accepted auditing standards.
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(e)    Review with management and the independent auditors the financial statements and disclosures under Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to be included in the Company’s Annual Report to shareholders and any other filing with regulatory authorities, including their judgment about the quality, not just the acceptability of accounting principles, the reasonableness of significant judgments, and the clarity of the disclosures in the financial statements.
(f)    The Committee shall discuss any matters required to be communicated to the Committee by the independent auditors under generally accepted auditing standards and shall specifically review with the independent auditors, upon completion of their audit:
(i)    the contents of their report;
(ii)    the scope and quality of the audit work performed;
(iii)    the adequacy of the Company’s financial and auditing personnel;
(iv)    co-operation received from the Company’s personnel during the audit;
(v)    significant transactions outside of the normal business of the Company; and
(vi)    significant proposed adjustments and recommendations for improving internal accounting controls, accounting principles or management systems.
(g)    Establish procedures for the review of the public disclosure of financial information extracted from the financial statements of the Company.
(h)    Establish procedures for the receipt, retention, and treatment of complaints received by the Company regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters, and the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of the Company of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters.
Treasury Related
(a)    Monitor and review risk management strategies as they pertain to the Company’s general insurance programs, and foreign exchange and commodity hedging programs, and make recommendations to the Board with respect to such strategies.
(b)    Approve investment policies and appoint investment managers, where appropriate, for the Company’s retirement and other funded benefit plans.
(c)    Perform such other duties in respect of financial matters as, in the opinion of the Board, should be performed by the Committee.
7.    Meetings and Proceedings
The Committee shall meet as frequently as required, but not less than four times each year. Any Member or the independent auditors of the Company may call a meeting of the Committee.
The agenda of each meeting of the Committee will include input from the independent auditors, directors, officers and employees of the Company as appropriate. Meetings will include presentations by management, or professional advisers and consultants when appropriate, and will allow sufficient time to permit a full and open discussion of agenda items.
Forty-eight (48) hours advance notice of each meeting will be given to each Member verbally, by telephone or email, unless all Members are present and waive notice, or if those absent waive notice before or after a meeting. Members may attend all meetings either in person, virtually or by conference call. Any Member may call a meeting of the Committee.
The independent auditors of the Company are entitled to attend and be heard at meetings of the Committee where there is approval of the financial statements and disclosures under Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to be included in the Company’s Annual Report to shareholders and any other filing with regulatory authorities. For certainty, the independent auditors of the Company may still be requested by the Committee to attend other meetings of the Committee, from time to time.
The quorum for each meeting of the Committee is a majority of the Members. The Chair of the Committee shall chair each meeting. In the absence of the Chair, the other Members may appoint one of their number as chair of a meeting. The chair of a meeting shall not have a second or casting vote.
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The Chair of the Committee or his delegate shall report to the Board following each meeting of the Committee.
The Secretary or his delegate shall keep minutes of all meetings of the Committee, including all resolutions passed by the Committee. Minutes of meetings shall be distributed to the Members and the other directors of the Company after preliminary approval thereof by the Chair of the Committee.
The Committee shall meet regularly, at a minimum quarterly, alone to facilitate full communication.
8.    Self-Assessment
The Committee and the Board shall annually assess the effectiveness of the Committee with a view to ensuring that the performance of the Committee accords with best practices.
The Committee shall review and reassess this Charter at least annually and obtain the approval of the Company’s Board for any changes.
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image2a77a.gifALAMOS GOLD INC.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis
(in United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)
For the Year ended December 31, 2022


alamoslogoa20a.jpgALAMOS GOLD INC.
For the Year ended December 31, 2022

Table of Contents
Overview of the Business
Highlight Summary
2022 Highlights
Environment, Social and Governance Summary Performance
Business Developments
Outlook and Strategy
Young-Davidson Mine ("Young-Davidson")
Island Gold Mine ("Island Gold")
Mulatos Mine ("Mulatos")
Fourth Quarter 2022 Development Activities
Fourth Quarter 2022 Exploration Activities
Key External Performance Drivers
Summarized Financial and Operating Results
Review of Fourth Quarter Financial Results
Review of 2022 Financial Results
Consolidated Expenses and Other
Consolidated Income Tax Expense
Financial Condition
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Outstanding Share Data
Related Party Transactions
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Financial Instruments
Summary of Quarterly Financial and Operating Results
Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures
Accounting Estimates, Policies and Changes
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Disclosure Controls
Limitations of Controls and Procedures
Risk Factors and Uncertainties
Cautionary Note to United States Investors
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements



2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”), dated February 22, 2023, relates to the financial condition and results of the consolidated operations of Alamos Gold Inc. (“Alamos” or the “Company”), and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and notes thereto. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS” or “GAAP”). All results are presented in United States dollars (“US dollars” or “$”), unless otherwise stated.

Statements are subject to the risks and uncertainties identified in the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements section of this document. United States investors are also advised to refer to the section entitled Cautionary Note to United States Investors on page 52.
Overview of the Business

Alamos is a Canadian-based intermediate gold producer with diversified North American production from the Young-Davidson and Island Gold mines in Northern Ontario, Canada and the Mulatos District in Sonora State, Mexico. In addition, Alamos has a strong portfolio of growth projects, including the Phase 3+ Expansion at Island Gold, and the Lynn Lake project in Manitoba, Canada. Alamos employs more than 1,900 people and is committed to the highest standards of sustainable development and ethical business practices.
The Company’s common shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: AGI) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: AGI). Further information about Alamos can be found in the Company’s regulatory filings, including the Company's Annual Information Form, available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, and on the Company’s website at www.alamosgold.com.
image1a37a.gif                                        3

2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Highlight Summary

Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
202220212022 2021 
Financial Results (in millions)
Operating revenues$231.9 $203.1 $821.2 $823.6 
Cost of sales (1)
$153.4 $138.4 $608.9 $534.1 
Earnings from operations$61.6 $49.8 $111.5 $14.9 
Earnings before income taxes$52.6 $43.6 $102.4 $2.3 
Net earnings (loss) $40.6 $29.5 $37.1 ($66.7)
Adjusted net earnings (2)
$33.7 $36.7 $107.9 $162.1 
Earnings before interest, depreciation and amortization (2)
$100.4 $88.0 $351.7 $402.0 
Cash provided by operations before working capital and taxes paid(2)
$109.3 $91.8 $361.6 $410.9 
Cash provided by operating activities$102.3 $88.1 $298.5 $356.5 
Capital expenditures (sustaining) (2)
$26.5 $32.2 $95.2 $113.4 
Capital expenditures (growth) (2) (3) (5)
$50.2 $51.2 $191.9 $218.0 
Capital expenditures (capitalized exploration) (4)
$8.1 $8.2 $26.6 $27.0 
Free cash flow (2)
$17.5 ($3.5)($15.2)($1.9)
Operating Results
Gold production (ounces)134,200 112,500 460,400 457,200 
Gold sales (ounces)133,164 112,966 456,574 457,517 
Per Ounce Data
Average realized gold price$1,741 $1,798 $1,799 $1,800 
Average spot gold price (London PM Fix)$1,726 $1,795 $1,800 $1,799 
Cost of sales per ounce of gold sold (includes amortization) (1)
$1,152 $1,225 $1,334 $1,167 
Total cash costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
$810 $843 $884 $794 
All-in sustaining costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
$1,138 $1,237 $1,204 $1,135 
Share Data
Earnings (loss) per share, basic and diluted$0.10 $0.08 $0.09 ($0.17)
Adjusted earnings per share, basic and diluted (2)
$0.09 $0.09 $0.28 $0.41 
Weighted average common shares outstanding (basic) (000’s)393,034 392,333 392,172 392,649 
Financial Position (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents (6)
$129.8 $172.5 
(1)Cost of sales includes mining and processing costs, royalties, and amortization expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, cost of sales includes a $33.9 million non-cash inventory net realizable value adjustment, at the Mulatos District.
(2)Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.
(3)Includes growth capital from operating sites.
(4)Includes capitalized exploration at Island Gold, Young-Davidson and Mulatos District.
(5)Includes capital advances of nil for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 (nil and $9.8 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021).
(6)Comparative cash and cash equivalents balance as at December 31, 2021.


image1a37a.gif                                        4

2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2022 2021 
Gold production (ounces)
Young-Davidson44,600 51,900 192,200 195,000 
Island Gold40,500 37,500 133,700 140,900 
Mulatos District(7)
49,100 23,100 134,500 121,300 
Gold sales (ounces)
Young-Davidson44,781 53,006 192,186 194,937 
Island Gold39,145 38,101 130,652 139,946 
Mulatos District49,238 21,859 133,736 122,634 
Cost of sales (in millions)(1)
Young-Davidson$62.2 $62.6 $250.5 $244.4 
Island Gold$35.2 $33.1 $120.4 $112.3 
Mulatos District$56.0 $42.7 $238.0 $177.4 
Cost of sales per ounce of gold sold (includes amortization)
Young-Davidson$1,389 $1,181 $1,303 $1,254 
Island Gold$899 $869 $922 $802 
Mulatos District(1)
$1,137 $1,953 $1,780 $1,447 
Total cash costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
Young-Davidson$942 $775 $878 $846 
Island Gold$605 $575 $637 $529 
Mulatos District$851 $1,473 $1,134 $1,013 
Mine-site all-in sustaining costs per ounce of gold sold (2),(3)
Young-Davidson$1,284 $1,017 $1,133 $1,072 
Island Gold$863 $871 $918 $863 
Mulatos District$922 $1,899 $1,241 $1,240 
Capital expenditures (sustaining, growth, capitalized exploration and capital advances) (in millions)(2)
Young-Davidson (4)
$20.6 $24.8 $71.5 $88.6 
Island Gold (5)
$53.9 $27.4 $157.3 $120.0 
Mulatos District (6)
$5.5 $34.2 $62.7 $128.3 
Other$4.8 $5.2 $22.2 $21.5 
(1)Cost of sales includes mining and processing costs, royalties, and amortization expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, cost of sales includes a $33.9 million non-cash inventory net realizable value adjustment, at the Mulatos District.
(2)Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.
(3)For the purposes of calculating mine-site all-in sustaining costs, the Company does not include an allocation of corporate and administrative and share based compensation expenses.
(4)Includes capitalized exploration at Young-Davidson of $1.5 million and $5.0 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 ($2.7 million and $6.5 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021).
(5)Includes capitalized exploration at Island Gold of $4.9 million and $18.8 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 ($5.2 million and $18.8 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021). Island Gold capital expenditures in 2021 exclude an NPI royalty repurchased for $15.7 million.
(6)Includes capitalized exploration at Mulatos District of $1.7 million and $2.8 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 ($0.3 and $1.7 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021).
(7)The Mulatos District includes both the Mulatos pit, as well as La Yaqui Grande.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
2022 Highlights

Fourth Quarter 2022
•Record quarterly production of 134,200 ounces of gold, a 9% increase from the third quarter, driven by strong performances at all operations including a significant increase in production from the Mulatos District. Full year production was in-line with the mid-point of guidance
•Mulatos District production increased 15% from the third quarter to total 49,100 ounces, at substantially lower costs driving mine-site free cash flow1 of $28.8 million. This reflected the ramp up of low-cost production at La Yaqui Grande
•Island Gold had its strongest quarter of 2022, producing 40,500 ounces while continuing to make substantial progress on the Phase 3+ Expansion including completing the pre-sink of the shaft
•Young-Davidson continued to be a consistent performer, producing 44,600 ounces and generating mine-site free cash flow1 of $24.0 million
•Sold 133,164 ounces of gold at an average realized price of $1,741 per ounce, for record revenues of $231.9 million. The average realized gold price was $15 per ounce above the London PM fix for the quarter
•Total cash costs1 of $810 per ounce, and all-in sustaining costs ("AISC"1) of $1,138 per ounce were the lowest of the year, and below annual guidance, reflecting low-cost production growth at La Yaqui Grande, and the weaker Canadian dollar. Full year total cash costs and AISC were both below the mid-point of annual guidance, a solid performance given industry-wide inflationary pressures
•Realized adjusted net earnings1 for the quarter of $33.7 million, or $0.09 per share1. Adjusted net earnings includes adjustments for net unrealized foreign exchange gains recorded within both deferred taxes and foreign exchange of $12.0 million, partially offset by other losses totaling $5.1 million
•Reported net earnings of $40.6 million
•Generated cash flow from operating activities of $102.3 million ($109.3 million, or $0.28 per share, before changes in working capital1), the highest quarterly cash flow generated in the past two years
•Free cash flow1 increased to $17.5 million driven by strong operating results. The Company expects to continue generating strong free cash flow over the next several years while funding the Phase 3+ Expansion at Island Gold
•Paid a quarterly dividend of $9.9 million, or $0.025 per share (annualized rate of $0.10)
•Cash and cash equivalents increased to $129.8 million at the end of the year, along with equity securities of $18.6 million, and the Company remains debt-free
•Provided exploration updates at Island Gold and Puerto Del Aire (Mulatos), extending high-grade gold mineralization beyond existing Mineral Reserves and Resources at both deposits
•Announced the sale of non-core royalties, including a silver stream on the Esperanza Project in Mexico, for proceeds of $5 million. The sale is expected to close by the end of February, 2023




























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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Full Year 2022
•Produced 460,400 ounces of gold, achieving the mid-point of annual guidance. All three operations performed well, meeting their respective production guidance
•Young-Davidson produced 192,200 ounces, driving record mine-site free cash flow1 of $101.3 million
•Island Gold produced 133,700 ounces, while self funding $102.0 million of growth capital with the ramp up of construction activities on the Phase 3+ Expansion
•Mulatos produced 134,500 ounces, with a substantial improvement in second half production and costs following the completion of construction at La Yaqui Grande
•Sold 456,574 ounces of gold at an average realized price of $1,799 per ounce for revenues of $821.2 million
•Total cash costs1 of $884 per ounce, AISC1 of $1,204 per ounce, and cost of sales of $1,334 per ounce were in line with annual guidance
•Realized adjusted net earnings1 for the year of $107.9 million, or $0.28 per share1. Adjusted net earnings includes adjustments for a non-cash after tax inventory net realizable value adjustment at Mulatos of $22.4 million, a non-cash, after tax impairment charge of $26.7 million triggered by the sale of the Esperanza Project, a net unrealized foreign exchange loss recorded within both deferred taxes and foreign exchange of $17.7 million, and other losses totaling $4.0 million
•Reported net earnings of $37.1 million, or $0.09 per share
•Cash flow from operating activities of $298.5 million (including $361.6 million, or $0.92 per share before changes in working capital1)
•Returned $47.3 million to shareholders, including $39.2 million paid in dividends and $8.2 million of shares repurchased under the Company's Normal Course Issuer Bid ("NCIB") at a price of $7.41 per share
•Issued three-year guidance on January 12, 2023, which included increased production guidance for 2023 and 2024. Production is expected to increase 9% in 2023 at declining costs, with an 17% decrease in AISC expected by 2025. This is expected to drive strong free cash flow over the next three years while continuing to fund the Phase 3+ Expansion
•Reported year-end 2022 Mineral Reserves of 10.5 million ounces of gold, a 2% increase from the end of 2021 having more than replaced mining depletion for the fourth consecutive year. Mineral Reserve grades also increased 3% driven by higher grade additions at Island Gold and Mulatos. Additionally, Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources increased 14% to 3.9 million ounces and Inferred Mineral Resources increased 2% to 7.1 million ounces



































(1) Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Environment, Social and Governance Summary Performance
Health and Safety
•Total recordable injury frequency rate1("TRIFR") of 1.26, a 39% decrease from the third quarter of 2022
•Lost time injury frequency rate1 ("LTIFR") of 0.09, an increase from zero in the third quarter of 2022; one fatal accident occurred at the Young-Davidson mine during the quarter, as discussed below
•Full-year TRIFR of 1.59 and LTIFR of 0.06, a decline of 22% and 71%, respectively from 2021

On the afternoon of November 29th, employees, family and friends were shocked and deeply saddened by the loss of a colleague in a fatal accident. The tragic accident involved a piece of mobile equipment underground at the Young-Davidson mine. The Company has cooperated fully with all investigative authorities.

Alamos strives to maintain a safe, healthy working environment for all, with a strong safety culture where everyone is continually reminded of the importance of keeping themselves and their colleagues healthy and injury-free. The Company’s overarching commitment is to have all employees and contractors return Home Safe Every Day.

Environment

•Zero significant environmental incidents in the fourth quarter of 2022 and for the full year
•Island Gold received additional construction permits for the mill expansion and shaft site storage areas
•Young Davidson submitted a Closure Plan Amendment to the Ministry of Mines
•Fish habitat compensation projects were completed at Young-Davidson as part of the mine’s commitments for the newly constructed tailings facility
•Continued to advance federal and provincial permitting at the Lynn Lake Gold project

One reportable spill occurred during the fourth quarter at Young-Davidson when a vendor’s compressed natural gas ("CNG") trailer malfunctioned, causing the release of some of its contents. The incident was immediately reported to local authorities and is being investigated by the vendor to determine the cause of the release. There were no injuries reported in relation to the incident and there was no impact to air intake fans feeding underground operations. The Company is committed to preserving the long-term health and viability of the natural environment that surround its operations and projects. This includes investing in new initiatives to reduce our environmental footprint with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of our activities and offsetting any impacts that cannot be fully mitigated or rehabilitated.

Community

Ongoing donations, medical support and infrastructure investments being provided to local communities, including:

•Community road repairs and maintenance following heavy rainfall in the quarter at Mulatos
•Donation to, and partnership with, the Lady Dunn Health Centre’s Wish Campaign to support healthcare initiatives for the Wawa and regional community
•Health consultations at the Matarachi community clinic (dentistry, pediatrics, vaccinations, and general consultations) and campaigns in support of Breast Cancer Awareness Month
•Cultural and artistic programs, and community celebrations at Matarachi for Day of the Dead and Christmas
•Scholarship payments for students in Matarachi and Sahuaripa, and sponsorship of the Young Mining Professionals Scholarship Fund

Alamos believes that excellence in sustainability provides a net benefit to all stakeholders. The Company continues to engage with local communities to understand local challenges and priorities. Ongoing investments in local infrastructure, health care, education, cultural and community programs remain a focus of the Company.

Governance and Disclosure

•Finalized six sustainability standards during the quarter and 34 to-date as part of Alamos’ Sustainability Performance Management Framework that addresses governance, health & safety, security, environment, and community relations management
•Top 35% ranking in 2022 Globe and Mail Board Games, a ranking of Canada’s corporate boards
•Received an ‘A’ ESG rating within Alamos’ most recent MSCI ESG Ratings Report
•Received a ‘Medium’ ESG Risk Rating from Sustainalytics, positioning Alamos in the top 22nd percentile of its industry
•Received a ‘B-’ climate change score from the Carbon Disclosure Project, ahead of the industry ‘C’ average

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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Alamos maintains the highest standards of corporate governance to ensure that corporate decision-making reflects its values, including the Company’s commitment to sustainable development. During the quarter, the Company continued to advance its implementation of the Responsible Gold Mining Principles, developed by the World Gold Council as a framework that sets clear expectations as to what constitutes responsible gold mining.

(1) Frequency rate is calculated as incidents per 200,000 hours worked.
2022 Business Developments
2022 Year-End Mineral Reserve and Resource Update
On February 21, 2023, the Company reported its updated Mineral Reserves and Resources as of December 31, 2022. Highlights include the following
•Global Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves increased 2% to 10.5 million ounces of gold (200 million tonnes (“mt”) grading 1.63 grams per tonne of gold (“g/t Au”)), with grades increasing 3%, reflecting higher grade additions at Island Gold and Mulatos. Mineral Reserve additions more than replaced depletion at a rate of 133%.
◦Island Gold’s Mineral Reserves increased 9% to 1.5 million ounces (4.2 mt grading 10.78 g/t Au) with grades increasing 6%
◦Mulatos’ Mineral Reserves increased 9% to 1.7 million ounces (26.7 mt grading 1.95 g/t Au) with a 19% increase in grades reflecting the addition of higher-grade underground Mineral Reserves at Puerto Del Aire (“PDA”)
•Island Gold’s Mineral Reserves and Resources increased 4%, net of depletion, to now total 5.3 million ounces. This represents a 187% increase from the 1.8 million ounces at the time of acquisition in 2017, net of 796,000 ounces of mining depletion
•PDA Mineral Reserves and Resources increased 71% to total 1.0 million ounces. This included a 70% increase in Mineral Reserves to 728,000 ounces (4.7 mt grading 4.84 g/t Au) with grades increasing 4% to 4.84 g/t Au. A new development plan incorporating the larger Mineral Reserve is expected to be completed in the second half of 2023
•Global Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources increased 14% to 3.9 million ounces of gold (104 mt grading 1.17 g/t Au), driven by additions at all operations and an initial Mineral Resource at the Golden Arrow project that is expected to provide supplemental ore feed to the mill at Young-Davidson
•Global Inferred Mineral Resources increased 2% to 7.1 million ounces of gold (126 mt grading 1.75 g/t Au), reflecting increases at Island Gold and Golden Arrow
Phase 3+ Expansion Study - Island Gold
On June 28, 2022, the Company reported results of the Phase 3+ Expansion Study (“P3+ Expansion Study”) conducted on its Island Gold mine, located in Ontario, Canada. The P3+ Expansion Study was an update to the Phase 3 Study ("P3 2000 Study") released on July 14, 2020.
The P3+ Expansion Study was updated to reflect the current costing environment, as well as incorporate the significant growth in high-grade Mineral Reserves and Resources into an optimized mine plan. The P3+ Expansion Study outlines a larger, more profitable, and valuable operation than what was included in the P3 2000 Study.
The Phase 3+ Expansion to 2,400 tpd from the current rate of 1,200 tpd will involve various infrastructure investments. These include the installation of a shaft, paste plant, and an expansion of the mill. This infrastructure was all incorporated into the P3 2000 Study with several scope changes to accommodate the 20% increase in production rates to 2,400 tpd including a larger mill expansion and paste plant, as well as accelerated development to support the higher mining rates. The Phase 3+ Expansion also includes 30% more development over the mine life to accommodate the 43% larger mineable resource.
The expansion is expected to more than double gold production to average 287,000 ounces per year at industry low mine-site all-in sustaining costs of $576 per ounce starting in 2026 upon completion of the shaft.
Completion of Construction and Initial Production at La Yaqui Grande
On June 20, 2022, the Company announced initial gold production from the La Yaqui Grande mine, following the completion of construction, ahead of schedule. Total construction capital for La Yaqui Grande was $161 million and included the pre-stripping of
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
33 million tonnes of waste rock, as well as a new three-stage crushing circuit, independent leach pad and process ponds, a new camp and new ancillary buildings.
Since the completion of construction, La Yaqui Grande produced 67,600 ounces at total cash costs of $520 per ounce and is expected to continue to drive down total cash costs at the Mulatos district in 2023 and beyond.
Sale of the Esperanza Gold Project
On February 28, 2022, the Company entered into a binding agreement to sell its non-core Esperanza Gold Project (“Esperanza”) located in Morelos State, Mexico to Zacatecas Silver Corp. (“Zacatecas Silver”) for total consideration of up to $60 million (the “Transaction”). The Transaction comprised the following:

•$21 million of total consideration on closing, including:
▪$5 million in cash;
▪$10 million of Zacatecas Silver shares (12.14 million common shares at a price of C$1.05); and
▪A silver metal stream in which Alamos is entitled to receive 20% of the silver produced from Esperanza at a cash price of 20% of the prevailing spot silver price, subject to a maximum of 500,000 ounces of silver delivered to Alamos.
•$39 million of additional consideration upon the completion of the following milestones (“Contingent Payments”):
•$5 million within 60 days following Zacatecas Silver receiving approval of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Esperanza;
◦$14 million within 60 days of the earlier of (i) completion of a feasibility study on Esperanza, or (ii) Zacatecas Silver announcing a construction decision on Esperanza; and
◦$20 million within 180 days of commencement of commercial production from Esperanza.

The Transaction closed on April 12, 2022. In December 2022, the Company announced the sale of a portfolio of non-core royalties, including the silver stream on the Esperanza Project, for $5 million.


















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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Outlook and Strategy
2023 Guidance
Young-DavidsonIsland GoldMulatosLynn LakeTotal
Gold production (000’s ounces)
185 - 200120 - 135175 - 185480 - 520
Cost of sales, including amortization (in millions)(3)
$625
Cost of sales, including amortization ($ per ounce)(3)
$1,250
Total cash costs ($ per ounce)(1)
$900 - $950$600 - $650$900 - $950—$825- $875
All-in sustaining costs ($ per ounce)(1)
$1,125 - $1,175
Mine-site all-in sustaining costs ($ per ounce)(1)(2)
$1,175 - $1,225$950 - $1,000$950 - $1,000—
Capital expenditures (in millions)
Sustaining capital(1)
$50 - $55$45 - $50$10—$105 - $115
Growth capital(1)
$5 - $10$165 - $185$5 - $10$12$187 - $217
  Total Sustaining and Growth Capital(1)
$55 - $65$210 - $235$15 - $20$12$292 - $332
Capitalized exploration(1)
$5$11$4$5$25
Total capital expenditures and capitalized exploration(1)
$60 - $70$221 - $246$19 - $24$17$317 - $357
(1)Refer to the "Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP" disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description of these measures.
(2)For the purposes of calculating mine-site all-in sustaining costs at individual mine sites, the Company does not include an allocation of corporate and administrative and share based compensation expenses to the mine sites.
(3)Cost of sales includes mining and processing costs, royalties, and amortization expense, and is calculated based on the mid-point of total cash cost guidance.


The Company’s objective is to operate a sustainable business model that can support growing returns to all stakeholders over the long-term through growing production, expanding margins, and increasing profitability. This includes a balanced approach to capital allocation focused on generating strong ongoing free cash flow while re-investing in high-return internal growth opportunities and supporting higher returns to shareholders.
The Company had a successful 2022, continuing to deliver on its long-term objectives including strong operational execution at all its operations. Full year production was in-line with guidance and total cash costs and AISC were below the mid-point of guidance, a solid performance given industry-wide inflationary pressures. This included a strong finish to the year with record quarterly production and sales in the fourth quarter of 2022 at the lowest costs of the year, driving strong free cash flow growth. Mulatos was a significant contributor to this growth with the ramp up of low cost production at La Yaqui Grande, as was Young-Davidson which generated over $100 million of mine-site free cash flow for the second consecutive year.
In addition, the Company delivered on several key catalysts in 2022 which have solidified its strong outlook. This included completing construction at La Yaqui Grande mid-year, and announcing the Phase 3+ Expansion of Island Gold, which will create a larger, more profitable and valuable operation. At Island Gold, the Phase 3+ Expansion is advancing well, while the strong operational performance continued to self-fund the ramp up in construction activities.
The Company continues to add value through successful exploration programs at its operating mines. This included more than replacing mining depletion to drive a 2% increase in Global Mineral Reserves to 10.5 million ounces (200 mt grading 1.63 g/t Au) and 3% increase in grades. This was driven by higher-grade additions at Island Gold and Puerto Del Aire ("PDA") in the Mulatos District. Island Gold continues to grow with Mineral Reserves increasing 9% to 1.5 million ounces, at 6% higher grades. PDA's Mineral Reserves increased 70% to 728,000 ounces with grades also increasing 4%. With both deposits open in multiple directions, and significant exploration programs planned at both operations, there is excellent potential for this growth to continue.
The Company provided three-year production and operating guidance in January 2023, which outlined higher production at significantly lower costs over the next three years. Refer to the Company’s January 12, 2023 guidance press release for a summary of the key assumptions and related risks associated with the comprehensive 2023 guidance and three-year production, cost and capital outlook. Production is expected to increase to between 480,000 and 520,000 ounces in 2023, a 9% increase from 2022, and remain at similar levels in 2024 and 2025. Production guidance was increased from previous guidance for 2023 and 2024 with stronger production expected from Island Gold and Mulatos. Additional upside potential exists in 2025 as production guidance excludes the higher-grade PDA project in the Mulatos District. This upside is expected to be outlined in a new development plan for PDA to be completed in the second half of 2023, which will incorporate the 70% larger Mineral Reserve outlined in the recently released 2022 Mineral Reserve and Resource statement.
As outlined in the 2023 guidance, production is expected to be relatively balanced between the first and second half of 2023, with first quarter production expected to be between 120,000 and 125,000 ounces. AISC are expected to be slightly above the range of full year guidance during the first quarter and trend lower through the year. This reflects lower planned grades at Young-Davidson and higher sustaining capital at Mulatos during the first half of the year.
Total cash costs are expected to decrease 4% in 2023 to between $825 and $875 per ounce, and 21% by 2025 to between $650 and $750 per ounce, driven by low-cost production growth from La Yaqui Grande and Island Gold. A further improvement in costs
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
is expected in 2026 following the completion of the Phase 3+ Expansion. Similarly, AISC are expected to decrease 4% in 2023 and 17% by 2025 to between $950 and $1,050 per ounce.
Capital spending is expected to be consistent with 2022, with approximately 55% of full year capital expected to be spent during the first half of the year. Capital spending and costs are expected to decline in the second half of the year, which is anticipated to drive stronger free cash flow.
Gold production from Young-Davidson in 2023 is expected to be consistent with 2022, reflecting similar grades and mining and processing rates. Total cash costs and mine-site AISC are expected to increase slightly from 2022 levels, primarily reflecting industry-wide cost inflation. Costs are expected to remain at similar levels over the next three years. Capital spending in 2023 (excluding exploration) is expected to range between $55 and $65 million, similar to 2022. For the second consecutive year, Young-Davidson generated over $100 million of mine-site free cash flow reflecting strong operational consistency. With a 15-year Mineral Reserve life, Young-Davidson is well positioned to generate similar free cash flow in 2023 and over the long-term.
Island Gold is expected to produce at similar levels in 2023 as in 2022 with similar grades and processing rates. As outlined in the Phase 3+ Expansion study released in June 2022, grades mined are expected to increase in 2024, driving production higher. A further increase in grades and increase in mining rates toward the latter part of 2025, is expected to drive another increase in production in 2025. Total cash costs and mine-site AISC at Island Gold are expected to increase slightly in 2023 compared to 2022, reflecting industry-wide cost inflation. Costs are expected to decrease slightly in 2024 and 2025, reflecting higher grades processed. Capital spending at Island Gold (excluding exploration) is expected to be between $210 and $235 million in 2023 as spending on the Phase 3+ Expansion ramps up, and is expected to remain at similar levels in 2024 and 2025 and then drop considerably in 2026 once the expansion is complete.
Combined gold production from the Mulatos District (including La Yaqui Grande) is expected to be between 175,000 and 185,000 ounces in 2023. This represents a 34% increase from 2022 driven by a full year of low-cost production from La Yaqui Grande. Gold production is expected to decrease to a range of 140,000 to 150,000 ounces in 2024 with La Yaqui Grande providing the majority of production and driving a further improvement in costs. Production guidance for 2025 of 110,000 to 120,000 ounces includes La Yaqui Grande only and excludes potential upside from the PDA higher-grade underground deposit. This upside is expected to be outlined in a new development plan for PDA to be completed in the second half of 2023. Total cash costs are expected to remain relatively stable through 2023 while mine-site AISC are expected to decrease in the second half of 2023 with the majority of sustaining capital to be spent during the first half of the year. Capital spending at the Mulatos District is expected to total $15 to $20 million in 2023, a considerable decrease from 2022, with La Yaqui Grande construction complete. Capital spending is expected to decrease further in 2024 and 2025 (excluding PDA development).
Capital spending on the Lynn Lake project, excluding exploration, is expected to total $12 million. The focus will be on advancing detailed engineering and permitting, as well as completing an updated Feasibility Study. The Environmental Impact Statement for Lynn Lake is expected to be approved during the first half of 2023 after which the Company expects to release an updated Feasibility Study. Additionally, $5 million has been budgeted for exploration at Lynn Lake for total spending of $17 million.
The global exploration budget for 2023 is $47 million, consistent with spending in 2022. The Mulatos District accounts for the largest portion with an increased budget at $17 million, followed by $14 million at Island Gold, $8 million at Young-Davidson and $5 million at Lynn Lake. The increased budget at Mulatos was partially offset by a lower exploration budget at Island Gold reflecting an expanded underground drilling program, which is lower cost than surface directional drilling. The exploration focus in 2023 will follow up on another successful program in 2022, with Mineral Reserves increasing for the fourth consecutive year to 10.5 million ounces of gold, and grades increasing 3%.
The Company's liquidity position remains strong, ending the quarter with $129.8 million of cash and cash equivalents, $18.6 million in equity securities, and no debt. Additionally, the Company has a $500 million undrawn credit facility, providing total liquidity of $629.8 million. As part of a balanced approach to growth and capital allocation, the current focus of growth capital is the Phase 3+ Expansion at Island Gold. With no significant capital expected to be spent on developing Lynn Lake until the Phase 3+ Expansion is well underway, the Company remains well positioned to fund this growth internally while generating strong free cash flow over the next several years. The Company expects a further increase in free cash flow in 2026 with the completion of the Phase 3+ Expansion.



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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Young-Davidson
The Young-Davidson mine is located near the town of Matachewan in Northern Ontario, Canada. The property consists of contiguous mineral leases and claims totaling 5,720 ha and is situated on the site of two past producing mines that produced over one million ounces of gold between 1934 and 1957. The Young-Davidson mine declared commercial production in 2013.
Young-Davidson Financial and Operational Review
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
202220212022 2021 
Gold production (ounces)44,600 51,900 192,200 195,000 
Gold sales (ounces)44,781 53,006 192,186 194,937 
Financial Review (in millions)
Operating Revenues$78.1 $95.2 $347.8 $350.5 
Cost of sales (1)
$62.2 $62.6 $250.5 $244.4 
Earnings from operations$15.6 $31.9 $93.0 $105.4 
Cash provided by operating activities$44.6 $55.2 $172.8 $188.9 
Capital expenditures (sustaining) (2)
$15.2 $12.8 $48.8 $43.8 
Capital expenditures (growth) (2)
$3.9 $9.3 $17.7 $38.3 
Capital expenditures (capitalized exploration) (2)
$1.5 $2.7 $5.0 $6.5 
Mine-site free cash flow (2)
$24.0 $30.4 $101.3 $100.3 
Cost of sales, including amortization per ounce of gold sold (1)
$1,389 $1,181 $1,303 $1,254 
Total cash costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
$942 $775 $878 $846 
Mine-site all-in sustaining costs per ounce of gold sold (2),(3)
$1,284 $1,017 $1,133 $1,072 
Underground Operations
Tonnes of ore mined661,012 758,089 2,783,831 2,879,662 
Tonnes of ore mined per day 7,185 8,240 7,627 7,889 
Average grade of gold (4)
2.32 2.47 2.30 2.31 
Metres developed2,731 3,116 11,664 12,367 
Mill Operations
Tonnes of ore processed697,816 723,247 2,859,608 2,883,241 
Tonnes of ore processed per day7,585 7,861 7,835 7,899 
Average grade of gold (4)
2.31 2.47 2.31 2.31 
Contained ounces milled51,814 57,459 212,548 213,769 
Average recovery rate91 %91 %91 %91 %
(1)Cost of sales includes mining and processing costs, royalties and amortization.
(2)Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.
(3)For the purposes of calculating mine-site all-in sustaining costs, the Company does not include an allocation of corporate and administrative and share based compensation expenses.
(4)Grams per tonne of gold ("g/t Au").
Young-Davidson produced 44,600 ounces of gold in the fourth quarter, lower than the prior year period reflecting both lower tonnes and grades processed. For the year, Young-Davidson produced 192,200 ounces achieving the mid-point of annual production guidance.
Underground mining rates were lower than the prior year period and target, averaging 7,185 tpd in the fourth quarter and 7,627 tpd for the full year. Mining rates in the quarter were impacted by unscheduled downtime for maintenance on the underground conveyor in the fourth quarter. In addition, mining activity in the quarter was paused for a number of days to investigate the tragic accident on the ramp system which resulted in a fatality in November. Underground mining rates have returned to normal levels in January, averaging more than 8,000 tpd, and are expected to remain at similar levels through the rest of the first quarter of 2023. Grades mined averaged 2.32 g/t Au in the fourth quarter and 2.30 g/t Au for the full year, both consistent with annual guidance of between 2.15 and 2.35 g/t Au.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Mill throughput averaged 7,585 tpd in the fourth quarter with grades processed averaging 2.31 g/t Au. Milling rates decreased from the first three quarters of 2022 reflecting additional time to complete a planned mill liner change in the fourth quarter. For the full year, milling rates averaged 7,835 tpd, consistent with the prior year. Milling rates exceeded mining rates during the quarter with underground ore mined and stockpiled in previous quarters supplementing mill feed. Mill recoveries averaged 91% in the quarter and for the year, in line with guidance and the prior year periods.
Financial Review
Fourth quarter revenues of $78.1 million were 18% lower than the prior year period reflecting less ounces sold. For the full year revenues of $347.8 million were 1% lower than the prior year, primarily driven by less ounces sold.
Cost of sales (which includes mining and processing costs, royalties, and amortization expense) of $62.2 million in the fourth quarter were consistent with the prior year period, due to less ounces sold offset by higher unit mining costs. Underground unit mining costs were CAD $51 per tonne in the quarter, higher than the prior year and previous quarters, primarily due to the lower mining rates experienced in the quarter, as well as inflationary cost pressures. Cost of sales of $250.5 million for the year were higher than the comparable period given higher input costs, offset by less ounces sold and a weaker Canadian dollar.
Total cash costs of $942 per ounce in the fourth quarter were 22% higher than the prior year period driven by the higher unit mining costs in the quarter and lower grades processed, partially offset by the weaker Canadian dollar. Mine-site AISC of $1,284 per ounce in the fourth quarter were 26% higher than the prior year period, consistent with the increase in total cash costs. Total cash costs of $878 and mine-site AISC of $1,133 for the full year were both higher than the comparable period but in line with annual guidance.
Capital expenditures in the quarter included $15.2 million of sustaining capital and $3.9 million of growth capital. In addition, $1.5 million was invested in capitalized exploration in the quarter. Capital expenditures, inclusive of capitalized exploration totaled $71.5 million in 2022, a 19% decrease from the prior year and in line with annual guidance.
Young-Davidson has consistently generated strong free cash flow since completion of the lower mine expansion in 2020, including mine-site free cash flow of $24.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $101.3 million for the year. This marks the second consecutive year in which the operation has generated in excess of $100 million of mine-site free cash flow. With a 15 year Mineral Reserve life, Young-Davidson is well positioned to generate similar free cash flow in 2023 and over the long-term.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Island Gold
The Island Gold mine is a high grade, low cost underground mining operation located just east of the town of Dubreuilville, Ontario, Canada, 83km northeast of Wawa. Alamos holds 100% of all mining titles related to the Island Gold property, which comprises approximately 15,000 ha. The mine began production in October 2007.
Island Gold Financial and Operational Review
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
Gold production (ounces)40,500 37,500 133,700 140,900 
Gold sales (ounces)39,145 38,101 130,652 139,946 
Financial Review (in millions)
Operating Revenues$68.0 $68.6 $235.3 $252.0 
Cost of sales (1)
$35.2 $33.1 $120.4 $112.3 
Earnings from operations$32.1 $34.0 $110.2 $135.0 
Cash provided by operating activities$39.1 $43.2 $148.1 $173.1 
Capital expenditures (sustaining) (2)
$10.1 $11.2 $36.5 $46.7 
Capital expenditures (growth) (2) (5)
$38.9 $11.0 $102.0 $54.5 
Capital expenditures (capitalized exploration) (2)
$4.9 $5.2 $18.8 $18.8 
Mine-site free cash flow (2)
($14.8)$15.8 ($9.2)$53.1 
Cost of sales, including amortization per ounce of gold sold (1)
$899 $869 $922 $802 
Total cash costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
$605 $575 $637 $529 
Mine-site all-in sustaining costs per ounce of gold sold (2),(3)
$863 $871 $918 $863 
Underground Operations
Tonnes of ore mined101,045 109,541 420,801 438,731 
Tonnes of ore mined per day ("tpd")1,098 1,191 1,153 1,202 
Average grade of gold (4)
12.13 10.98 10.03 10.27 
Metres developed2,109 1,906 7,114 7,472 
Mill Operations
Tonnes of ore processed119,924 114,689 456,592 435,297 
Tonnes of ore processed per day1,304 1,247 1,251 1,193 
Average grade of gold (4)
10.70 10.51 9.64 10.35 
Contained ounces milled41,274 38,742 141,530 144,804 
Average recovery rate97 %96 %96 %96 %
(1)Cost of sales includes mining and processing costs, royalties, and amortization.
(2)Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.
(3)For the purposes of calculating mine-site all-in sustaining costs, the Company does not include an allocation of corporate and administrative and share based compensation expenses.
(4)Grams per tonne of gold ("g/t Au").
(5)Includes capital advances of nil and $1.4 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 (nil and $1.4 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021).

Island Gold produced 40,500 ounces in the fourth quarter of 2022, an 8% improvement from the prior year period reflecting higher grades mined and higher tonnes processed. For the full year, Island Gold produced 133,700 ounces, at the high end of the production guidance range.
Underground mining rates averaged 1,098 tpd in the fourth quarter, lower than planned due to reduced equipment availability. Mining rates have returned to planned levels, averaging 1,200 tpd in January 2023. Full year underground mining rates averaged 1,153 tpd, slightly below annual guidance. Grades mined averaged 12.13 g/t Au in the fourth quarter and 10.03 g/t Au for the full year, the latter towards the upper end of full year guidance.
Mill throughput averaged 1,304 tpd, 9% above annual guidance of 1,200 tpd, reflecting the processing of 5,800 tonnes of Island Gold stockpiled ore at the Young-Davidson mill. Given current permit limits at Island Gold, excess stockpiles were trucked to Young-Davidson during the second and third quarters and processed as capacity was available at the Young-Davidson mill, boosting production and cash flow. No further stockpiles were trucked to Young-Davidson during the fourth quarter with the excess stockpiles at Island Gold having now been processed by the end of the year. Mill recoveries averaged 97% in the quarter and 96% for the full year, both in line with guidance and the prior year periods.

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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Financial Review
Island Gold generated revenues of $68.0 million in the fourth quarter, consistent with the prior year period, driven by more ounces sold, offset by a lower realized gold price. For the year, revenues were $235.3 million, lower than the prior year as a result of less ounces sold.
Cost of sales (includes mining and processing costs, royalties and amortization expense) of $35.2 million in the fourth quarter were 6% higher than the prior year period, reflecting higher unit mining and processing costs and more tonnes processed, partially offset by a weaker Canadian dollar. Cost of sales of $120.4 million for the year were higher than the comparable period given similar reasons.
Total cash costs of $605 per ounce in the fourth quarter were higher than the prior year period, due to higher mining and processing costs, partially offset by higher grades processed and the weaker Canadian dollar. Mine-site AISC of $863 per ounce in the fourth quarter were lower than the prior year period due to the timing of sustaining capital expenditures. Total cash costs and mine-site AISC for the full year were both above the top end of guidance and higher than the comparable period as a result of lower grades processed, reflecting the processing of lower grade stockpiled ore at Young-Davidson which increased production and cash flow but reflect a higher cost structure.
Total capital expenditures were $53.9 million in the fourth quarter, including $4.9 million of capitalized exploration. Spending ramped up significantly on the Phase 3+ Expansion during the second half of the year, including shaft site preparation and clearing. This included the pre-sinking of the shaft which was completed down to its 42 metre final depth in November. In addition, capital spending was focused on lateral development and other surface infrastructure. For 2022, capital spending was $157.3 million, inclusive of capitalized exploration of $18.8 million, higher than the prior year period given the ramp up of construction activities on the Phase 3+ Expansion.
Island Gold generated negative mine-site free cash flow of $14.8 million in the fourth quarter and $9.2 million for the full year given higher capital spending related to the Phase 3+ Expansion. At current gold prices, Island Gold is expected to largely self-finance the Phase 3+ Expansion capital, after which the operation is expected to generate significant free cash flow from 2026 onward.

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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Mulatos District
The Mulatos District (Mulatos and La Yaqui Grande mines) is located within the Salamandra Concessions in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range in the State of Sonora, Mexico. The Company controls a total of 28,972 hectares of mineral concessions within the Mulatos District. The Mulatos mine achieved commercial production in 2006.
Mulatos District Financial and Operational Review
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
202220212022 2021 
Gold production (ounces)49,100 23,100 134,500 121,300 
Gold sales (ounces)49,238 21,859 133,736 122,634 
Financial Review (in millions)
Operating Revenues$85.8 $39.3 $238.1 $221.1 
Cost of sales (1)
$56.0 $42.7 $238.0 $177.4 
(Loss) earnings from operations$28.8 ($5.0)($7.4)$36.4 
Cash (used) provided by operating activities$34.3 ($6.3)$25.9 $32.1 
Capital expenditures (sustaining) (2)
$1.2 $8.2 $9.9 $22.9 
Capital expenditures (growth) (2) (7)
$2.6 $25.7 $50.0 $103.7 
Capital expenditures (capitalized exploration) (2)
$1.7 $0.3 $2.8 $1.7 
Mine-site free cash flow (2)
$28.8 ($40.5)($36.8)($96.2)
Cost of sales, including amortization per ounce of gold sold (1)
$1,137 $1,953 $1,780 $1,447 
Total cash costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
$851 $1,473 $1,134 $1,013 
Mine site all-in sustaining costs per ounce of gold sold (2),(3)
$922 $1,899 $1,241 $1,240 
Mulatos Mine
Open Pit Operations
Tonnes of ore mined - open pit (4)
1,065,739 660,576 3,666,515 3,116,492 
Total waste mined - open pit (6)
756,749 2,496,896 5,994,109 9,060,201 
Total tonnes mined - open pit1,822,487 3,157,472 9,660,624 12,176,694 
Waste-to-ore ratio (operating)0.71 0.55 1.36 1.23 
Crushing and Heap Leach Operations
Tonnes of ore stacked1,477,642 1,760,629 6,020,558 7,074,460 
Average grade of gold processed (5)
0.78 0.85 0.73 0.99 
Contained ounces stacked 37,262 48,133 142,227 225,551 
Average recovery rate32 %48 %47 %54 %
Ore crushed per day (tonnes)16,100 19,100 16,500 19,400 
La Yaqui Grande Mine
Open Pit Operations
Tonnes of ore mined - open pit (4)
1,034,974 — 2,271,387 — 
Total waste mined - open pit (6)
6,133,308 — 23,602,762 — 
Total tonnes mined - open pit7,168,282 — 25,874,149 — 
Crushing and Heap Leach Operations
Tonnes of ore stacked1,020,449 — 2,147,558 — 
Average grade of gold processed (5)
1.43 — 1.38 — 
Contained ounces stacked46,931 — 95,064 — 
Average recovery rate79 %— 71 %— 
Ore crushed per day (tonnes)11,100 — 7,809 — 
(1)Cost of sales includes mining and processing costs, royalties, and amortization expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, cost of sales includes a $33.9 million non-cash inventory net realizable value adjustment, at the Mulatos District.
(2)Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.
(3)For the purposes of calculating mine-site all-in sustaining costs, the Company does not include an allocation of corporate and administrative and share based compensation expenses.
(4)Includes ore stockpiled during the quarter.
(5)Grams per tonne of gold ("g/t Au").
(6)Total waste mined includes operating waste and capitalized stripping.
(7)Includes a drawdown of capital advances of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 ($8.4 million of advances for the year ended December 31, 2021).
The Mulatos District produced 49,100 ounces in the fourth quarter from the Mulatos and La Yaqui Grande operations, 15% higher than the third quarter and more than double the prior year given the ramp up of La Yaqui Grande starting in June 2022.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
For the full year, the Mulatos District produced 134,500 ounces, in-line with full year guidance and an increase of 11% from the prior year reflecting the start of production from La Yaqui Grande.
Mulatos Operational Review
Mulatos produced 11,800 ounces in the fourth quarter, and 66,900 ounces for the year. Total crusher throughput in the fourth quarter averaged 16,100 tpd, for a total of 1,477,642 tonnes stacked at a grade of 0.78 g/t Au, including stockpiles. Mining rates and tonnes stacked in the quarter were impacted by delays accessing the El Salto portion of the pit following the heavy rainfall during the third quarter rainy season. This was partly offset by the processing of additional stockpiled ore. Mining of the El Salto portion of the pit is expected to ramp up in 2023, contributing to higher production from Mulatos through the first half of the year.
Recovery rates were 32%, down from the previous three quarters reflecting the higher stacking rates of lower recovery stockpiled ore late in the quarter with longer leach cycles. Recovery rates are expected to increase to guided levels of 50 to 55% in 2023 as these ounces stacked late in the year are recovered.
La Yaqui Grande Operational Review
La Yaqui Grande is an open pit mine with an independent leach pad located approximately seven kilometres from the existing Mulatos operation. Construction was completed ahead of schedule in the second quarter and the operation has performed extremely well since achieving initial production in June 2022. This included producing 37,300 ounces in the fourth quarter, a 47% increase from the third quarter, driving the significant growth in Mulatos District production. Since the start of operations, La Yaqui Grande produced 67,600 ounces.
Mining and stacking rates continued to ramp up through the fourth quarter with the operation exceeding designed capacity. A total of 1,034,974 tonnes of ore were mined during the fourth quarter, up 40% from the third quarter. Stacking rates also increased to average 11,100 tpd in the quarter, exceeding the design level of 10,000 tpd. Grades stacked on the leach pad averaged 1.43 g/t Au in the fourth quarter, above the Mineral Reserve grade also contributing to the strong quarter. Recoveries in the quarter and year-to-date are in line with expectations for the leach curve of La Yaqui Grande
Financial Review (Mulatos District)
Revenues of $85.8 million in the fourth quarter and $238.1 million for the full year were higher than the prior year periods reflecting higher gold sales with the start of production at La Yaqui Grande in June 2022, which contributed 37,188 ounces sold in the quarter, and 65,557 ounces for the full year.
Cost of sales (includes mining and processing costs, royalties and amortization expense) of $56.0 million in the fourth quarter were higher than in the comparative period, driven by the increase in ounces sold and higher processing costs. For 2022, cost of sales of $238.0 million were higher than the prior year, primarily due to Mulatos leach pad inventory adjustments recorded in the second and third quarters of the year. Given a decline in the gold price mid-year and higher future processing costs, the Company recorded adjustments in the second and third quarters to reduce the carrying value of Mulatos leach pad inventory, resulting in a non-cash net realizable value adjustment of $33.9 million ($22.4 million after tax), increasing total cost of sales.
Total cash costs for the Mulatos District of $851 per ounce decreased 42% from the prior year period driven by low-cost production growth from La Yaqui Grande, partly offset by higher processing costs and lower tonnes and grades stacked at the Mulatos portion of the operation. The higher processing costs have had a more significant impact at the Mulatos portion of the operation, which includes inflationary pressures on key inputs, such as cyanide, as well as increased reagent consumption to process the surface stockpiles.
Mulatos District total cash costs decreased 17% from the third quarter with La Yaqui Grande being the key driver. Mine-site AISC for the Mulatos District of $922 per ounce (including $545 per ounce at La Yaqui Grande) in the quarter were down 19% from the third quarter and 51% from the prior year period driven by low-cost growth from La Yaqui Grande. For the full year, total cash costs and mine-site AISC were higher than the prior year, given heavier reliance on higher cost stockpiles in the first half of the year. Both were below full year cost guidance given the strong performance of La Yaqui Grande in the second half of 2022. Looking ahead, total cash costs and mine-site AISC are expected to decrease relative to 2022 with La Yaqui Grande providing the majority of Mulatos District production.
Capital spending totaled $5.5 million in the fourth quarter, down significantly from the first half of the year reflecting completion of construction of La Yaqui Grande in June. This included sustaining capital expenditures of $1.2 million, primarily relating to stripping costs at La Yaqui Grande, and capitalized exploration of $1.7 million. During 2022, capital spending totaled $62.7 million consistent with guidance.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
The Mulatos District generated mine-site free cash flow of $28.8 million in the fourth quarter, up sharply from $1.8 million in the third quarter driven by the increase in low-cost production from La Yaqui Grande. This strong free cash flow generation is expected to continue through 2023, La Yaqui Grande's first full year of production.
Fourth Quarter 2022 Development Activities
Island Gold (Ontario, Canada)
Phase 3+ Expansion Study
On June 28, 2022, the Company reported results of the Phase 3+ Expansion Study (“P3+ Expansion Study”) conducted on its Island Gold mine, located in Ontario, Canada. The P3+ Expansion Study was an update to the Phase 3 Study ("P3 2000 Study") released on July 14, 2020.
The P3+ Expansion Study was updated to reflect the current costing environment, as well as incorporate the significant growth in high-grade Mineral Reserves and Resources into an optimized mine plan. The P3+ Expansion Study outlines a larger, more profitable, and valuable operation than what was included in the P3 2000 Study released in 2020.
The Phase 3+ Expansion to 2,400 tpd from the current rate of 1,200 tpd will involve various infrastructure investments. These include the installation of a shaft, paste plant, and an expansion of the mill. This infrastructure was all incorporated into the P3 2000 Study with several scope changes to accommodate the 20% increase in production rates to 2,400 tpd including a larger mill expansion and paste plant, as well as accelerated development to support the higher mining rates. The Phase 3+ Expansion also includes 30% more development over the mine life to accommodate the 43% larger mineable resource.
Following the completion of the expansion in 2026, the operation will transition from trucking ore and waste up the ramp to skipping ore and waste to surface through the new shaft infrastructure, driving production higher and costs significantly lower.
Phase 3+ Expansion Study Highlights

•Higher production: average annual gold production of 287,000 ounces starting in 2026 upon completion of the shaft
•This represents a 22% increase from the P3 2000 Study and a 121% increase from the mid-point of 2022 production guidance of 130,000 ounces

•Industry low costs: consistent cost structure with the P3 2000 Study, with productivity gains and economies of scale offsetting inflation
•Average total cash costs of $432 per ounce (average $425 per ounce from 2026), consistent with the P3 2000 Study and 25% lower than the mid-point of 2022 guidance of $575 per ounce
•Average mine-site all-in sustaining costs of $610 per ounce (average $576 per ounce from 2026), a 30% decrease from the mid-point of 2022 guidance of $875 per ounce

•Larger, longer-life operation supported by significantly increased Mineral Reserve and Resources
•43% increase in mineable resource to 4.6 million ounces of gold grading 10.59 g/t Au
•18 year mine life to 2039, a four year increase from the P3 2000 Study, while operating at 20% higher production rates of 2,400 tpd

•Lower capital intensity: lower total capital per ounce over the life of mine
•Growth capital of $756 million and sustaining capital of $777 million, both up from the P3 2000 Study reflecting the expansion, a larger mineable resource, and industry-wide inflation
•Total capital intensity decreased 4% to $344 per ounce reflecting the larger mineable resource with increased ounces per vertical metre driving the lower capital intensity and contributing to the stronger economics
•$100 million of the increase in growth capital compared to the P3 2000 Study reflects sustaining capital that has been brought forward to the expansion period for accelerated underground development and infrastructure to support the higher mining rate
•Expansion significantly de-risked given increased detailed engineering, capital committed, and projects completed to date, including the majority of earthworks

•Stronger economics with expansion and larger mineable resource more than offsetting inflation to create a more valuable operation
•After-tax net present value (“NPV”) (5%) of $1.6 billion, a 25% increase from the P3 2000 Study (base case gold price assumption of $1,650 per ounce and USD/CAD foreign exchange rate of $0.78:1)
•After-tax internal rate of return (“IRR”) of 23%, up from 20% in P3 2000 Study
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
•After-tax NPV (5%) of $2.0 billion, a 31% increase from the P3 2000 Study, and an after-tax IRR of 25%, at gold prices of $1,850 per ounce

•Industry low Greenhouse Gas (“GHG”) emission intensity
•35% reduction in life of mine GHG emissions relative to the current operation, supporting the company-wide target of a 30% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030
•31% additional reduction in emissions per ounce of gold produced from already industry low levels

•Fully funded, balanced approach to growth: growing free cash flow expected starting in the second half of 2022
•With no significant capital expected to be spent on Lynn Lake until the P3+ Expansion is well underway; the Company is well positioned to fund the expansion internally while generating strong free cash flow over the next several years
•The Company expects significant free cash flow growth in 2025 and beyond as production rates ramp up at Island Gold
Construction activities continued to ramp up during the fourth quarter, with the focus on shaft site surface preparation and completion of the pre-sinking of the shaft and concrete foundations for shaft surface infrastructure. Further details on progress to the end of the year are summarized below:
•Shaft site earthworks, including access road to the shaft area and buried services excavation, were substantially completed
•Shaft pre-sink completed down to a 42 metre depth in November
•Critical path concrete foundations completed
•Substation foundation work commenced
•Galloway fabrication completed to support shaft sinking
•Commenced structural steel erection for the Hoist House and Hoist Drive Cooling Building
•Paste plant detailed engineering ongoing
•Lateral development to support higher mining rates with the Phase 3+ Expansion remains ongoing
•Commenced basic engineering for the mill expansion
During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company spent $38.9 million, exclusive of accounts payable and accruals, and $102.0 million for the year, on growth capital related to the Phase 3+ Expansion and capital development. Capital spending at Island Gold (excluding exploration) is expected to be between $210 and $235 million in 2023 as spending on the Phase 3+ Expansion ramps up, and is expected to remain at similar levels in 2024 and 2025 and then drop considerably in 2026 once the expansion is complete.














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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Shaft site area - February 2023
p3feb2023a.jpg
Lynn Lake (Manitoba, Canada)
The Company released a positive Feasibility Study on the Lynn Lake project in December 2017 outlining average annual production of 143,000 ounces over a 10 year mine life at average mine-site AISC of $745 per ounce.
The project economics based on the 2017 Feasibility Study at a $1,500 per ounce gold price include an after-tax internal rate of return ("IRR") of 21.5% and an after-tax NPV of $290 million (12.5% IRR at a $1,250 per ounce gold price). The Company filed the Environmental Impact Statement ("EIS") with the federal government in 2020. Approval of the EIS is expected in the first half of 2023, following which the Company expects to release an updated Feasibility Study on the project.
As part of the Company's balanced approach to growth and capital allocation, no significant capital is expected to be spent on the development of Lynn Lake until the Phase 3+ Expansion at Island Gold is well underway.
Development spending (excluding exploration) was $3.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $11.9 million for the year ended 2022 to support the ongoing permitting process and engineering to support the updated Feasibility Study.
Kirazlı (Çanakkale, Türkiye)
On October 14, 2019, the Company suspended all construction activities on its Kirazlı project following the Turkish government's failure to grant a routine renewal of the Company’s mining licenses, despite the Company having met all legal and regulatory requirements for their renewal. In October 2020, the Turkish government refused the renewal of the Company’s Forestry Permit. The Company had been granted approval of all permits required to construct Kirazlı including the Environmental Impact Assessment approval, Forestry Permit, and GSM (Business Opening and Operation) permit, and certain key permits for the nearby Ağı Dağı and Çamyurt Gold Mines. These permits were granted by the Turkish government after the project earned the support of the local communities and passed an extensive multi-year environmental review and community consultation process.
On April 20, 2021, the Company announced that its Netherlands wholly-owned subsidiaries Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A, and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V. (the “Subsidiaries”) would be filing an investment treaty claim against the Republic of Türkiye for expropriation and unfair and inequitable treatment. The claim was filed under the Netherlands-Türkiye Bilateral Investment Treaty (the “Treaty”). Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A. and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V. had its claim against the Republic of Türkiye registered on June 7, 2021 with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (World Bank Group).
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Bilateral investment treaties are agreements between countries to assist with the protection of investments. The Treaty establishes legal protections for investment between Türkiye and the Netherlands. The Subsidiaries directly own and control the Company’s Turkish assets. The Subsidiaries invoking their rights pursuant to the Treaty does not mean that they relinquish their rights to the Turkish project, or otherwise cease the Turkish operations. The Company will continue to work towards a constructive resolution with the Republic of Türkiye.
The Company incurred $0.8 million in the fourth quarter and $5.0 million for the year, related to ongoing holding costs and legal costs to progress the Treaty claim, which was expensed.
Fourth Quarter 2022 Exploration Activities
Island Gold (Ontario, Canada)
Total exploration spending through 2022 was $23.5 million, in line with the annual budgeted amount of $22 million for surface and underground exploration. Exploration remains focused on defining additional near mine Mineral Resources, as well as advancing and evaluating several regional targets.
The 2022 exploration program was successful in driving another increase in Mineral Reserves and Resources which now total 5.3 million ounces, a 4% increase from the end of 2021. This included a 9% increase in Mineral Reserves to 1.5 million ounces
(4.2 mt grading 10.78 g/t Au) with grades increasing 6%, a 2% increase in Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources to 0.3 million ounces (1.3 mt grading 7.09 g/t Au), and 2% increase in Inferred Mineral Resources to 3.5 million ounces (8.1 mt grading 13.61 g/t Au).
During the fourth quarter, six diamond drill rigs were focused on the surface directional exploration program, as well as one drill rig focused on underground exploration drilling.
Surface exploration drilling
A total of 9,547 metres ("m") of surface directional drilling was completed in 12 holes during the fourth quarter. Surface directional drilling targeted areas peripheral to Inferred Mineral Resource blocks in the Island West, Main, and East areas between 1,400 m and 1,800 m below surface with drill hole spacing ranging from 75 m to 200 m. In 2022, a total of 30,163 m surface directional drilling was completed in 31 drill holes.
Underground exploration drilling
During the fourth quarter of 2022, a total of 2,322 m of standard underground exploration drilling was completed in 12 holes. The objective of the underground drilling is to identify new Mineral Resources close to existing Mineral Resource or Reserve blocks. A total of 61 m of underground exploration drift development was also completed during the fourth quarter. A total of 19,976 m underground exploration drilling was completed in 85 drill holes in 2022.

A regional exploration program was also completed in 2022 which focused on evaluating and advancing exploration targets outside the Island Gold Deposit on the 15,524-hectare Island Gold property. A total of 9,707 m of regional exploration drilling was completed in 14 drill holes in 2022.
Total exploration expenditures during the fourth quarter were $5.6 million, of which $4.9 million was capitalized. For the full year, $23.5 million of exploration expenditures were incurred, of which $18.8 million were capitalized.
Young-Davidson (Ontario, Canada)
The focus of the 2022 drill program was following up on the success in the 2020 and 2021 programs which extended gold mineralization below existing Mineral Reserves and Resources and intersected higher grades in the hanging wall and footwall of the deposit. In 2022, a total of 11,786 m of underground exploration drilling was completed in 18 drill holes.

Additionally, 715 m of underground exploration drift development was completed to extend drill platforms on the 9220, 9095, and 9025-levels. The focus of the underground exploration drilling program is to expand Mineral Resources in six target areas that have been identified within proximity to existing underground infrastructure.

During the fourth quarter, two underground exploration drills completed 3,921 m in six holes. Drilling from the 9220 West exploration drift was focused on testing down-plunge of the existing Mineral Reserves and Resources. Drilling is targeting syenite-hosted mineralization as well as continuing to test mineralization in the footwall sediments and in the hanging wall mafic-ultramafic stratigraphy.
Exploration spending totaled $1.8 million of which $1.5 million was capitalized in the fourth quarter 2022. For the full year, exploration spending totaled $9.3 million of which $5.0 million was capitalized.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Mulatos District (Sonora, Mexico)
The Company has a large exploration package covering 28,972 hectares with the majority of past exploration efforts focused around the Mulatos mine. Exploration continues to follow up on near-mine sulphide opportunities at PDA, as well as several earlier stage prospects throughout the wider district.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, exploration activities continued at PDA and the near-mine areas with 9,121 m of drilling completed in 34 holes, and 19,186 m completed in 68 holes for the full year. Exploration drilling at PDA has been extremely successful with Mineral Reserves increasing 70% to 728,000 ounces (4.7 mt grading 4.84 g/t Au) with grades also increasing 4% as of the end of 2022. This higher-grade Mineral Reserve at PDA is expected to be processed through the existing mill at Mulatos, which will be expanded. Ongoing exploration results will be incorporated into an updated development plan which is expected to be finalized in the second half of 2023.

The regional program included 219 m of drilling at the Halcon West target, as well as mapping and prospecting at the Refugio/San Carlos North areas. Additionally, a drone magnetic survey was initiated to identify structural trends in the area, and was completed in the first quarter of 2023. In 2022, a total of 13,115 m of drilling was completed in 49 holes focused on testing several regional targets.
During the fourth quarter, the Company incurred $2.7 million of exploration spending of which $1.7 million was capitalized. For the year, the Company incurred $10.3 million of exploration spending of which $2.8 million was capitalized.    
Lynn Lake (Manitoba, Canada)
The 2022 exploration drilling program was completed at the end of the third quarter, with a total of 57 holes totaling 18,233 m. All outstanding assay results from this program were received in the fourth quarter. In addition to drilling at the MacLellan, Gordon and Burnt Timber sites, several regional targets were evaluated in 2022, and further follow-up drilling is planned at the Maynard and Tulune regional target areas along with initial tests at other early-stage regional targets.

A summer field program, consisting of geological mapping, prospecting and soil sampling designed to help advance a pipeline of prospective regional exploration targets to drill-ready stage was completed early in the fourth quarter. Interpretation of 2022 field program results, along with drilling results, was integrated into the design of the 2023 exploration program.
Exploration spending totaled $0.9 million in the fourth quarter and $9.8 million year-to-date, all of which was capitalized.
Key External Performance Drivers
Gold Price
The Company’s financial performance is largely dependent on the price of gold, which directly affects the Company’s profitability and cash flow. The price of gold is subject to volatile price movements and is affected by numerous factors, such as the strength of the US dollar, supply and demand, interest rates, and inflation rates, all of which are beyond the Company’s control. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company realized an average gold price of $1,741 per ounce, $15 per ounce above the London PM Fix price.
As at December 31, 2022, the Company had 44,100 ounces hedged for 2023 which ensure a minimum average realized gold price of $1,755 per ounce and a maximum average realized gold price of $2,144 per ounce, regardless of the movement in gold prices during the period. Subsequent to December 31, 2022, the Company added an additional 12,000 ounces of gold collars with average rates from $1,800 per ounce to $2,163 per ounce, which mature in 2023.
Foreign Exchange Rates

At the Company’s mine sites, a significant portion of operating costs and capital expenditures are denominated in foreign currencies, including Canadian dollars and Mexican pesos. Fluctuations in the value of these foreign currencies compared to the US dollar can significantly impact the Company’s costs and cash flow. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Canadian dollar averaged approximately $1.36 CAD to $1 USD, compared to $1.31 CAD to $1 USD in the third quarter of 2022. The Mexican peso ("MXN") averaged 19.68 MXN to $1 USD in the fourth quarter of 2022 compared to 20.22 MXN to $1 USD in the third quarter of 2022.

The Company recorded a foreign exchange loss of $0.2 million in the fourth quarter related to the translation of the Company's net monetary assets and liabilities resulting from changes in period-end foreign exchange rates. The Canadian Dollar to US dollar exchange rate strengthened 1% quarter over quarter, ending at $1.36 CAD to $1 USD at December 31, 2022. The Mexican peso strengthened 3% to 19.47 MXN to $1 USD at December 31, 2022.

In addition, the movement of the CAD and MXN rates generated a non-cash foreign exchange gain of $12.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and a loss of $19.4 million for the year, on the revaluation of monetary tax and deferred tax balances, which is
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
recorded within deferred tax expense. The loss is non-cash and reflects the impact of the weakening Canadian dollar on the Company's Canadian dollar denominated tax pools.

The Company actively manages its currency exposure through a hedging program, which resulted in a realized foreign exchange loss of $2.4 million during the fourth quarter, and $1.1 million for 2022. The Company applies hedge accounting; accordingly, these realized gains and losses have been applied against operating and capital costs at the operating mines.
Summarized Financial and Operating Results
(in millions, except ounces, per share amounts, average realized prices, AISC and total cash costs)
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2022 2021 2020 
Gold production (ounces)134,200 112,500 460,400 457,200 426,800 
Gold sales (ounces)
133,164 112,966 456,574 457,517 424,325 
Operating Revenues$231.9 $203.1 $821.2 $823.6 $748.1 
Cost of sales (1)
$153.4 $138.4 $608.9 $534.1 $482.0 
Earnings from operations$61.6 $49.8 $111.5 $14.9 $227.6 
Earnings before income taxes$52.6 $43.6 $102.4 $2.3 $218.2 
Net earnings (loss) $40.6 $29.5 $37.1 ($66.7)$144.2 
Adjusted net earnings (2)
$33.7 $36.7 $107.9 $162.1 $156.5 
Earnings (loss) per share, basic$0.10 $0.08 $0.09 ($0.17)$0.37 
Adjusted earnings per share (2)
$0.09 $0.09 $0.28 $0.41 $0.40 
Total assets$3,674.2 $3,621.5 $3,636.5 
Total non-current liabilities771.2 728.5 638.1 
Cash flow from operations$102.3 $88.1 $298.5 $356.5 $368.4 
Dividends per share, declared and paid0.025 0.025 0.10 0.10 0.065 
Average realized gold price per ounce$1,741 $1,798 $1,799 $1,800 $1,763 
Cost of sales per ounce of gold sold, including amortization (1)
$1,152 $1,225 $1,334 $1,167 $1,136 
Total cash costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
$810 $843 $884 $794 $761 
All-in sustaining costs per ounce of gold sold (2)
$1,138 $1,237 $1,204 $1,135 $1,046 
(1) Cost of sales includes mining and processing costs, royalties, and amortization expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, cost of sales includes a $33.9 million non-cash inventory net realizable value adjustment
(2) Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.
Review of Fourth Quarter Financial Results
Operating Revenue
During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company sold 133,164 ounces of gold for revenues of $231.9 million, a 14% increase from the prior year period driven by more ounces sold, partially offset by a lower realized gold price.
The average realized gold price in the fourth quarter was $1,741 per ounce, a 3% decrease compared to $1,798 per ounce in the prior year period. The average realized gold price in the quarter was $15 per ounce above the London PM Fix price due to gains realized on the settlement of gold collar contracts.
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales were $153.4 million in the fourth quarter, 11% higher than the prior year period.

Mining and Processing
Mining and processing costs were $105.6 million, 15% higher than the prior year period. The increase primarily reflects new production at La Yaqui Grande in 2022, higher processing costs at Mulatos related to stockpiled ore, as well as higher mining and processing costs at both Young-Davidson and Island Gold, partially offset by a weaker Canadian dollar. Although total mining and processing costs were higher in the quarter, total cash costs of $810 per ounce were lower than the prior year period given low-cost production growth from La Yaqui Grande in 2022.
Royalties
Royalty expense was $2.2 million in the quarter, consistent with the prior year period of $3.0 million.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Amortization
Amortization of $45.6 million in the quarter was higher than the prior year period due to the start of production at La Yaqui Grande, which commenced in June 2022. Amortization of $342 per ounce was lower than guidance and 10% lower than the prior year period.
Earnings from Operations
The Company recognized earnings from operations of $61.6 million in the quarter, higher than the prior year period as a result of higher ounces sold. Operating margins remained relatively consistent year over year, as the lower gold price in 2022 was offset by a reduction in total cash costs per ounce.
Net Earnings
The Company reported net earnings of $40.6 million in the quarter, compared to net earnings of $29.5 million in the prior year period. On an adjusted basis, earnings in the fourth quarter of 2022 were $33.7 million, or $0.09 per share, mainly reflecting an adjustment for a significant unrealized foreign exchange gain recorded within deferred taxes and FX given the impact of the strengthening Canadian dollar in the quarter on Canadian dollar denominated tax pools.
Review of 2022 Financial Results
Operating Revenue
For the full year of 2022, the Company sold 456,574 ounces of gold for revenues of $821.2 million, consistent with the prior year as both ounces sold and the average realized gold price were in line.
Cost of Sales
For 2022, cost of sales were $608.9 million, an increase from $534.1 million in the prior year.
Mining and Processing
Mining and processing costs increased to $394.4 million from $351.5 million in the prior year period. The increase primarily reflected higher processing costs at Mulatos related to stockpiled ore, as well as higher mining and processing costs at both Young-Davidson and Island Gold, offset by the weaker Canadian dollar.
Consolidated total cash costs in the year were $884 per ounce compared to $794 per ounce in the prior year. The increase in total cash costs was primarily driven by inflationary pressures on costs across the Company, lower grades processed at Island Gold and higher processing costs for stockpiled ore at Mulatos, partially offset by low cost production growth at La Yaqui Grande and a weaker Canadian dollar.
AISC of $1,204 per ounce was higher than the prior year given higher total cash costs, partially offset by lower sustaining capital spending in the year.
Inventory net realizable value adjustment
The Company assesses the net realizable value of inventory at each reporting period. Given the decrease in the gold price at the end of the second and third quarters of the year, combined with higher processing costs at Mulatos, the Company recorded a $33.9 million ($22.4 million after tax) reduction in the carrying value of the heap leach inventory at Mulatos during the year.
Royalties
Royalty expense was $9.1 million, a 22% decrease compared to $11.7 million in the prior year, due to a higher proportion of sales coming from Mulatos in 2022 which has no third party royalties.
Amortization
Amortization of $171.5 million was consistent with the prior year, as both ounces sold and amortization of $376 per ounce were consistent with the prior year.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Impairment Charge
During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold the Esperanza Project for total proceeds of up to $60.0 million, including $5.0 million in cash, $10.0 million in shares of Zacatecas Silver and $39.0 million of milestone payments. The determination of the fair value of the contingent consideration required the Company to make certain assumptions and estimates in relation to future events based on the current understanding of the facts and circumstances. The completion of each milestone and the related payments are subject to uncertainty.
As a result, the Company incurred an impairment charge of $38.2 million ($26.7 million after tax) in the first quarter of 2022. The non-cash impairment charge reflects the excess of the net carrying value of Esperanza compared to the accounting fair value of consideration received. Refer to note 14 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 for further details.
Earnings from Operations
The Company recognized earnings from operations of $111.5 million, compared to $14.9 million in the prior year, a significant improvement from the prior year period as a result of the non-cash after-tax impairment charge on the Turkish projects of $213.8 million taken in the second quarter of 2021, partially offset by the impairment charge and inventory net realizable value adjustment recorded in 2022.
Net Earnings
The Company reported net earnings of $37.1 million for 2022 compared to a net loss $66.7 million in the prior year. Net earnings includes a non-cash net realizable value adjustment on Mulatos heap leach inventory of $33.9 million ($22.4 million after tax), as well as the impairment charge related to the Esperanza sale of $38.2 million ($26.7 million after tax). Adjusting for these items, as well as unrealized foreign exchange losses recorded in deferred taxes and foreign exchange of $19.4 million, adjusted earnings were $107.9 million or $0.28 per share for the year. Adjusted earnings were lower than the prior year, given lower operating margins and higher stock-based compensation expense.
Consolidated Expenses and Other
(in millions)
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
202220212022 2021 
Exploration expense($2.6)($4.3)($18.4)($14.7)
Corporate and administrative expense(7.2)(6.7)(25.9)(24.5)
Share-based compensation expense(7.1)(3.9)(18.3)(11.1)
Finance expense(2.2)(1.2)(5.7)(4.5)
Foreign exchange (loss) gain(0.2)(1.1)1.7 (0.9)
Other loss(6.6)(3.9)(5.1)(7.2)
Exploration
Exploration expense mainly relates to expenditures on early-stage exploration projects and corporate exploration support. Exploration expense was higher than the prior year, given higher spending on regional programs at Young Davidson, Island Gold, and Mulatos District, which are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes near-mine exploration, the majority of which is incurred at Island Gold and Young Davidson.
Corporate and administrative
Corporate and administrative costs include expenses relating to the overall management of the business that are not part of direct mine operating costs. These costs are incurred at the corporate office located in Canada. Corporate and administrative costs were slightly higher than the prior year due to higher personnel and travel costs.
Share-based compensation
Share-based compensation expense of $7.1 million in the fourth quarter was higher than the prior year period due to the increase in the Company's share price in the quarter and the corresponding impact on the revaluation of the liability for outstanding cash-based long-term incentives. For 2022, share-based compensation expense of $18.3 million was higher than the prior year period due to the increase in the Company's share price compared to the prior year.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Finance expense
Finance expense primarily relates to standby fees on the credit facility and accretion of the decommissioning liability. Finance expense is higher than the prior year periods due to higher accretion charges on the decommissioning liability.
Foreign exchange (loss) gain
A foreign exchange loss of $0.2 million was recorded in the fourth quarter and a gain of 1.7 million for the year, compared to foreign exchange losses of $1.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively in the prior year periods.
The Company applies hedge accounting to its Canadian and Mexican foreign currency option and forward contracts, which reduces the impact of unrealized foreign exchange movements on net earnings. During the fourth quarter, the Company realized a loss of $2.4 million on settled foreign exchange contracts, which was applied against operating and capital costs. In addition, the outstanding foreign exchange contracts had a mark-to-market loss of $7.6 million, net of tax, which is recorded within other comprehensive loss. For 2022, the Company realized a loss of $1.1 million on settled foreign exchange contracts, mainly related to Canadian dollar option contracts.
The Company will continue to experience non-cash foreign currency gains or losses on monetary assets and liabilities, primarily as a result of fluctuations between the US dollar and both the Canadian dollar and Mexican peso.
Other loss
Other loss in the fourth quarter of 2022 includes charges related to the Turkish Treaty claim and administrative expenses of $0.8 million, a reduction of obligation to renounce flow-through exploration expenditures of $1.2 million, an unrealized mark-to-market gain of $5.2 million on gold option contracts, holding costs related to the El Chanate mine of $0.4 million as well as various other one-time charges of $2.7 million. Other loss in the full year includes charges related to the Turkish Treaty claim and administrative expenses of $5.0 million, a reduction of obligation to renounce flow-through exploration expenditures of $2.7 million, holding costs related to the El Chanate mine of $1.0 million, an unrealized mark-to-market gain of $0.3 million on gold option contracts, as well as various other one-time charges of $2.3 million.
Consolidated Income Tax Expense
The Company is subject to tax in various jurisdictions, including Mexico and Canada. There are a number of factors that can significantly impact the Company’s effective tax rate including the geographic distribution of income, varying rates in different jurisdictions, the non-recognition of tax assets, mining allowances, foreign currency exchange rate movements, changes in tax laws and the impact of specific transactions and assessments. Due to the number of factors that can potentially impact the effective tax rate and the sensitivity of the tax provision to these factors, it is expected that the Company’s effective tax rate will fluctuate in future periods.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a current tax expense of $10.7 million and a deferred tax expense of $54.6 million, compared to a current tax expense of $5.3 million and deferred tax expense of $63.7 million in the same period of 2021. The significant deferred tax expense in the period was driven by the impact of the weakening Canadian dollar on Canadian dollar denominated tax pools, as well as the use of tax pools compared to accounting depreciation in the period given strong operating earnings in Canada. Current tax expense in the period relates to Mexican income and mining taxes.
The Company's Mulatos mine in Mexico, as well as the Young-Davidson and Island Gold mines in Canada, pay income taxes based on their tax functional currency which is the Mexican peso and Canadian dollar, respectively. The legal entity financial statements for Mulatos, Young-Davidson and Island Gold include foreign exchange and other income items that differ from the US dollar functional currency financial statements. The total foreign exchange impact recorded within taxes for the fourth quarter of 2022 was a $12.2 million gain ($2.2 million loss in the fourth quarter of 2021) due to the strengthening Canadian dollar and Mexican peso in the period, and a $19.4 million loss for the year due to the weakening Canadian dollar.

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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Financial Condition
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Current assets$441.0$459.4Current assets decreased compared to 2021, primarily driven by non-cash net realizable inventory adjustments at Mulatos of $33.9 million through the year. Cash and cash equivalents are lower due to negative free cash flow given higher spending on construction of La Yaqui Grande and the Phase 3+ Expansion at Island Gold in the year. In addition, the Company paid year-to-date dividends totaling $35.1 million, as well as shares repurchased under the NCIB of $8.2 million.
Long-term assets3,233.23,162.1Long-term assets were higher than the prior year end, with increases at Mulatos and Island Gold due to the investment in La Yaqui Grande and Phase 3+, offset by the sale of the Esperanza Project which reduced mineral properties, plant and equipment.
Total assets$3,674.2 $3,621.5 
Current liabilities$181.9$157.4Current liabilities are higher than 2021, due to the timing of trade payables and a higher share based payment liability due to the increase in the Company's share price.
Non-current liabilities771.2 728.5 
Non-current liabilities have increased given an increase in the deferred tax liability, mainly driven by foreign exchange movements in the period, as well as an increase in the decommissioning liability
Total liabilities$953.1$885.9
Shareholders’ equity$2,721.1$2,735.6The decrease in Shareholders' equity was mainly driven by year-to-date dividends issued and shares repurchased during the year, which decreased share capital.
Total liabilities and equity$3,674.2$3,621.5
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company’s strategy is based on achieving positive cash flow from operations to internally fund operating, capital and project development requirements, generate returns for its shareholders, and bolster the balance sheet. Material increases or decreases in the Company’s liquidity and capital resources will be substantially determined by the success or failure of the Company’s operations, exploration, and development programs, the ability to obtain equity or other sources of financing, the price of gold, and currency exchange rates.
As at December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $129.8 million and $18.6 million in equity securities, compared to $172.5 million and $23.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021. In addition, the Company has access to $500.0 million of liquidity available under its credit facility. In the opinion of management, the Company's liquidity position of $629.8 million at December 31, 2022 comprised of cash and cash equivalents and availability under the credit facility, together with cash flows from operations, is sufficient to support the Company's normal operating requirements and capital commitments on an ongoing basis.
Cash Flow
(in millions)
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
Cash flow provided by operating activities$102.3 $88.1 $298.5 $356.5 
Cash flow used in investing activities(84.9)(111.3)(312.7)(357.1)
Cash flow used in financing activities(5.0)(15.5)(28.4)(47.3)
Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash0.7 (0.2)(0.1)(0.1)
Net increase (decrease) in cash13.1 (38.9)(42.7)(48.0)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period116.7 211.4 172.5 220.5 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$129.8 $172.5 $129.8 $172.5 
Cash flow provided by operating activities
In the fourth quarter of 2022, operating activities generated cash flow of $102.3 million compared to $88.1 million in the same period of 2021, the highest operating cash flow generated in the past two years. This represented a 16% increase, mainly due to
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
higher revenues as a result of more ounces sold. Cash flow provided by operations before working capital and taxes paid was $109.3 million in the fourth quarter compared to $91.8 million in the prior year period.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, operating activities generated $298.5 million compared to $356.5 million in the prior year period due to a reduction in operating margins.
Cash flow used in investing activities
In the fourth quarter of 2022, capital expenditures of $84.8 million, inclusive of capital advances, were lower than expenditures of $91.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2021. The decrease was driven by lower spend at La Yaqui Grande given the completion of construction in mid-2022, as well as lower planned spending at Young-Davidson. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company invested $313.7 million in capital expenditures, inclusive of capital advances, compared to $358.4 million in the prior year period.
Other investing activities in the quarter included the purchase of $0.1 million in shares in other public companies.
Cash flow used in financing activities
During the quarter, the Company declared a dividend of $0.025 per share, consistent with the first three quarters of 2022 and the fourth quarter of 2021, bringing the year-to-date dividends paid to $39.2 million. Of this amount, $35.1 million was paid in cash and the remainder was issued in shares pursuant to the Company's dividend reinvestment plan. In addition, the Company also repurchased and cancelled 1,100,000 shares in the year at a cost of $8.2 million or $7.41 per share, bringing total shareholder returns to $47.4 million in 2022.
In addition, cash flow from financing activities in 2022 includes proceeds of $10.4 million related to a Canadian Exploration Expense ("CEE") flow-through financing and proceeds received from the exercise of stock options of $5.3 million.
Credit Facility
The Company has access to an undrawn credit facility (the "Facility") of $500.0 million, not including the uncommitted $100.0 million accordion feature to increase the credit facility up to $600.0 million. The Facility bears interest at a rate of Adjusted Term SOFR Rate plus 1.875% on drawn amounts and stand-by fees of 0.42% on undrawn. In 2022, the Company incurred costs of $0.8 million to extend the Facility to November 10, 2026, which will be amortized into net earnings over the term of the Facility.

The Credit Facility is secured against all of the material present and future assets, property and undertakings of the Company. The Facility contains various covenants customary for a loan facility of this nature, including limits on indebtedness, asset sales and liens. It contains financial covenant tests that include (a) a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.0:1.0 and (b) a maximum net leverage ratio of 3.5:1.0, both as defined in the agreement. As at December 31, 2022, the Company is in compliance with the covenants
Contractual Obligations
Contractual ObligationsLess than 1 year2 - 3 years4 - 5 yearsMore than 5 yearsTotal
Operating and financing leases0.5 0.9 0.2 — 1.6 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities181.2 — — — 181.2 
Decommissioning liability8.5 43.3 12.0 70.2 134.0 
Contract mining43.0 52.4 30.1 — 125.5 
Capital commitments124.8 30.6 — — 155.4 
$358.0 $127.2 $42.3 $70.2 $597.7 

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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Outstanding Share Data

February 22, 2023
Common shares393,947,385 
Stock options3,864,851 
Deferred share units1,054,606 
Performance share units1,350,425 
Restricted share units2,134,549 
402,351,816 
Related party transactions

There were no related party transactions during the period other than those disclosed in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Financial Instruments    

The Company seeks to manage its exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, fuel prices and foreign exchange rates by entering into derivative financial instruments from time to time.
Commodity option and forward contracts
As at December 31, 2022, the Company held option contracts to protect against the risk of a decrease in the value of the gold price on a portion of gold sales.
The following gold collar contracts are outstanding as of December 31, 2022:
Period CoveredContract typeOunces subject to contractAverage purchase put optionAverage sold call option
20231
Collars44,100$1,755$2,144
1.The Company also has 44,100 of sold put options at an average price of $1,596 per ounce that mature in the same period as the corresponding collars.

Subsequent to December 31, 2022, the Company added an additional 12,000 ounces of gold collars with average rates from $1,800 to $2,163 per ounce, which mature in 2023.
The fair value of these contracts was an asset of $0.1 million as at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - asset of $0.5 million). For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company realized gains of $3.5 million related to the settlement of option contracts (2021 - realized gains of $0.5 million). Total unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.3 million (2021 - unrealized gain of $0.9 million). The Company has elected to not apply hedge accounting to the gold option contracts, with changes in fair value recorded in net earnings.
Foreign currency contracts
As at December 31, 2022, the Company held option contracts to protect against the risk of an increase in the value of the Canadian dollar and Mexican peso versus the US dollar. These option contracts are for the purchase of local currencies and the sale of US dollars, which settle on a monthly basis, and are summarized as follows:
Canadian dollar contracts
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Period CoveredContract typeContracts
(CAD$ Millions)		Average minimum rate (USD/CAD)Average maximum
rate (USD/CAD)
2023Collars558.01.291.35
2023Forwards30.01.31—
Mexican Peso contracts
Period CoveredContract typeContracts
(MXN Millions)		Average minimum rate (MXN/USD)Average maximum
rate (MXN/USD)
2023Collars1,020.020.4622.59
The fair value of these contracts was a liability of $4.3 million as at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - asset of $2.6 million).
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company realized losses of $1.1 million on the foreign currency contracts (for the year ended December 31, 2021 - realized gains of $3.8 million), which has been applied against operating and capital costs.
Fuel contracts
The Company enters into option contracts to hedge against the risk of an increase in the price of diesel fuel. These option contracts are for the purchase of New York Harbour Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ("ULSD") contracts, which settle on a monthly basis, and the Company believes this is an appropriate manner of managing price risk.
The following fuel option contracts are outstanding as of December 31, 2022:
Period CoveredContract typeGallons subject to contractAverage purchase call option/gallonAverage sold put option/gallon
2023Collars1,512,000$3.20$2.92
The fair value of these contracts was an asset of nil at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $0.4 million).
For the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company recorded a realized gain of $2.9 million related to the settlement of fuel contracts which is recorded in cost of sales (for the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a gain of $0.6 million).
Summary of Quarterly Financial and Operating Results

Q4 2022Q3 2022Q2 2022Q1 2022Q4 2021Q3 2021Q2 2021Q1 2021
Gold ounces produced
134,200 123,400 103,900 98,900 112,500 104,700 114,200 125,800 
Gold ounces sold
133,164 122,780 102,164 98,466 112,966 110,488 107,581 126,482 
Operating Revenues$231.9 $213.6 $191.2 $184.5 $203.1 $198.0 $195.1 $227.4 
Earnings (loss) from operations$61.6 $29.9 $25.7 ($5.7)$49.8 $57.3 ($168.5)$76.3 
Net earnings (loss)$40.6 ($1.4)$6.4 ($8.5)$29.5 $25.1 ($172.5)$51.2 
Earnings (loss) per share, basic$0.10 $0.00 $0.02 ($0.02)$0.08 $0.06 ($0.44)$0.13 
Adjusted net earnings (1)
$33.7 $26.9 $29.3 $18.0 $36.7 $37.6 $38.7 $49.1 
Adjusted earnings per share, basic (1)
$0.09 $0.07 $0.07 $0.05 $0.09 $0.10 $0.10 $0.13 
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (1)
$100.4 $96.4 $92.0 $62.9 $88.0 $100.0 $94.4 $119.6 
Cash provided by operating activities$102.3 $74.0 $75.7 $46.5 $88.1 $82.4 $86.7 $99.3 
Average realized gold price$1,741 $1,740 $1,871 $1,874 $1,798 $1,792 $1,814 $1,798 
(1)Refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures” disclosure at the end of this MD&A for a description and calculation of these measures.

Prior to 2022, production and gold ounces sold have been relatively consistent, but have consistently increased over the past four quarters. The Company achieved record production in the fourth quarter of 2022 driven by La Yaqui Grande, which commenced production in June 2022.
Earnings (loss) from operations and cash flow from operating activities have remained relatively strong since the fourth quarter of 2020, as a result of a higher gold price and lower operating costs, with the fourth quarter of 2022 achieving the highest operating cash flow in the past two years. Earnings from operations were higher in the fourth quarter compared to the third and second
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
quarters due to more ounces sold and the impact of a non-cash net realizable charge on Mulatos heap leach inventory of $11.6 million ($7.7 million after tax) in the third quarter, and $22.3 million ($14.7 million after tax) in the second quarter which negatively impacted earnings in those periods. The loss from operations in the first quarter of 2022 was driven by the non-cash impairment charge of $38.2 million ($26.7 million after tax) on the sale of the Esperanza Project, while the loss from operations in the second quarter of 2021 resulted from the non-cash impairment charge of $224.3 million ($213.8 million after tax) related to the Turkish Projects.
Non-GAAP Measures and Additional GAAP Measures

The Company has included certain non-GAAP financial measures to supplement its Consolidated Financial Statements, which are presented in accordance with IFRS, including the following:
•adjusted net earnings and adjusted earnings per share;
•cash flow from operating activities before changes in working capital and taxes received;
•company-wide free cash flow;
•total mine-site free cash flow;
•mine-site free cash flow;
•net cash;
•total cash cost per ounce of gold sold;
•all-in sustaining cost ("AISC") per ounce of gold sold;
•mine-site all-in sustaining cost ("Mine-site AISC") per ounce of gold sold;
•sustaining and non-sustaining capital expenditures; and
•earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization
The Company believes that these measures, together with measures determined in accordance with IFRS, provide investors with an improved ability to evaluate the underlying performance of the Company. Non-GAAP financial measures do not have any standardized meaning prescribed under IFRS, and therefore they may not be comparable to similar measures employed by other companies. The data is intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. Management's determination of the components of non-GAAP and additional measures are evaluated on a periodic basis influenced by new items and transactions, a review of investor uses and new regulations as applicable. Any changes to the measures are dully noted and retrospectively applied as applicable.
Adjusted Net Earnings and Adjusted Earnings per Share
“Adjusted net earnings” and “adjusted earnings per share” are non-GAAP financial measures with no standard meaning under IFRS which exclude the following from net earnings:
•Foreign exchange gain (loss)
•Items included in other gain (loss)
•Certain non-reoccurring items
•Foreign exchange gain (loss) recorded in deferred tax expense
•The income and mining tax impact of items included in other gain (loss)
Net earnings have been adjusted, including the associated tax impact, for the group of costs in “other loss” on the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Transactions within this grouping are: the fair value changes on non-hedged derivatives; the renunciation of flow-through exploration expenditures; loss on disposal of assets; severance costs related to Turkish Projects; and Turkish Projects holding costs and arbitration costs. The adjusted entries are also impacted for tax to the extent that the underlying entries are impacted for tax in the unadjusted net earnings.
The Company uses adjusted net earnings for its own internal purposes. Management’s internal budgets and forecasts and public guidance do not reflect the items which have been excluded from the determination of adjusted net earnings. Consequently, the presentation of adjusted net earnings enables shareholders to better understand the underlying operating performance of the core mining business through the eyes of management. Management periodically evaluates the components of adjusted net earnings based on an internal assessment of performance measures that are useful for evaluating the operating performance of our business and a review of the non-GAAP measures used by mining industry analysts and other mining companies.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Adjusted net earnings is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. It should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. The measure is not necessarily indicative of operating profit or cash flows from operations as determined under IFRS. The following table reconciles this non-GAAP measure to the most directly comparable IFRS measure.
(in millions)
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
20222021202220212020
Net earnings (loss)$40.6 $29.5 $37.1 ($66.7)$144.2 
Adjustments:
Inventory net realizable value adjustment, net of taxes— — 22.4 — — 
Impairment charge, net of taxes— — 26.7 213.8 — 
Foreign exchange loss (gain)0.2 1.1 (1.7)0.9 1.4 
Other loss6.6 3.9 5.1 7.2 3.7 
Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss recorded in deferred tax expense(12.2)2.2 19.4 6.9 3.1 
COVID-19 costs— — — — 6.5 
Other income tax and mining tax adjustments(1.5)— (1.1)— (2.4)
Adjusted net earnings$33.7 $36.7 $107.9 $162.1 $156.5 
Adjusted earnings per share - basic and diluted$0.09 $0.09 $0.28 $0.41 $0.40 
Cash Flow from Operating Activities before Changes in Working Capital and Cash Taxes
“Cash flow from operating activities before changes in working capital and cash taxes” is a non-GAAP performance measure that could provide an indication of the Company’s ability to generate cash flows from operations, and is calculated by adding back the change in working capital and taxes received to “Cash provided by (used in) operating activities” as presented on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. “Cash flow from operating activities before changes in working capital” is a non-GAAP financial measure with no standard meaning under IFRS.
The following table reconciles the non-GAAP measure to the consolidated statements of cash flows.
(in millions)
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
Cash flow from operating activities$102.3 $88.1 $298.5 $356.5 
Add: Changes in working capital and taxes paid7.0 3.7 63.1 54.4 
Cash flow from operating activities before changes in working capital and taxes paid$109.3 $91.8 $361.6 $410.9 
Company-wide Free Cash Flow
“Company-wide free cash flow" is a non-GAAP performance measure calculated from the consolidated operating cash flow, less consolidated mineral property, plant and equipment expenditures. The Company believes this to be a useful indicator of our ability to operate without reliance on additional borrowing or usage of existing cash company-wide. Company-wide free cash flow is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures of performance presented by other mining companies. Company-wide free cash flow should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.
(in millions)
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
Cash flow from operating activities$102.3 $88.1 $298.5 $356.5 
Less: mineral property, plant and equipment expenditures (1)
(84.8)(91.6)(313.7)(348.6)
Less: capital advances— — — (9.8)
Company-wide free cash flow$17.5 ($3.5)($15.2)($1.9)
(1) Mineral property, plant and equipment expenditures exclude royalties repurchased at Island Gold of $15.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2021.



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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Mine-site Free Cash Flow

"Mine-site free cash flow" is a non-GAAP financial performance measure calculated as cash flow from mine-site operating activities, less mineral property, plant and equipment expenditures. The Company believes this to be a useful indicator of our ability to operate without reliance on additional borrowing or usage of existing cash. Mine-site free cash flow is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures of performance presented by other mining companies. Mine-site free cash flow should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.

Total Mine-Site Free Cash Flow
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
(in millions)
Cash flow from operating activities$102.3 $88.1 $298.5 $356.5 
Add: operating cash flow used by non-mine site activity15.7 4.0 48.3 37.6 
Cash flow from operating mine-sites$118.0 $92.1 $346.8 $394.1 
Mineral property, plant and equipment expenditure $84.8 $91.6 $313.7 $348.6 
Capital advances— — — 9.8 
Less: capital expenditures from development projects, and corporate(4.8)($5.2)(22.2)(21.5)
Capital expenditure and capital advances from mine-sites$80.0 $86.4 $291.5 $336.9 
Total mine-site free cash flow$38.0 $5.7 $55.3 $57.2 
Young-Davidson Mine-Site Free Cash Flow
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
(in millions)
Cash flow from operating activities$44.6 $55.2 $172.8 $188.9 
Mineral property, plant and equipment expenditure(20.6)(24.8)(71.5)(88.6)
Mine-site free cash flow$24.0 $30.4 $101.3 $100.3 

Island Gold Mine-Site Free Cash Flow
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
(in millions)
Cash flow from operating activities$39.1 $43.2 $148.1 $173.1 
Mineral property, plant and equipment expenditure (1)
(53.9)(27.4)(157.3)(120.0)
Mine-site free cash flow($14.8)$15.8 ($9.2)$53.1 
(1)Includes capital advances of nil and $1.4 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 (nil and $1.4 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021). Excludes royalties repurchased at Island Gold of $15.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2021.

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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Mulatos District Free Cash Flow
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
(in millions)
Cash flow from operating activities$34.3 ($6.3)$25.9 $32.1 
Mineral property, plant and equipment expenditure (1)
(5.5)(34.2)(62.7)(128.3)
Mine-site free cash flow$28.8 ($40.5)($36.8)($96.2)
(1)Includes a drawdown of capital advances of $1.4 million for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022 (nil and $8.4 million of advances for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021).    

Net Cash
The Company defines net cash as cash and cash equivalents less long-term debt.
Total Cash Costs per ounce
Total cash costs per ounce is a non-GAAP term typically used by gold mining companies to assess the level of gross margin available to the Company by subtracting these costs from the unit price realized during the period. This non-GAAP term is also used to assess the ability of a mining company to generate cash flow from operations. Total cash costs per ounce includes mining and processing costs plus applicable royalties, and net of by-product revenue and net realizable value adjustments. This metric excludes COVID-19 costs incurred in the period. Total cash costs per ounce is exclusive of exploration costs.
Total cash costs per ounce is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other mining companies. It should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. The measure is not necessarily indicative of cash flow from operations under IFRS or operating costs presented under IFRS.
All-in Sustaining Costs per ounce and Mine-site All-in Sustaining Costs
The Company adopted an “all-in sustaining costs per ounce” non-GAAP performance measure in accordance with the World Gold Council published in June 2013. The Company believes the measure more fully defines the total costs associated with producing gold; however, this performance measure has no standardized meaning. Accordingly, there may be some variation in the method of computation of “all-in sustaining costs per ounce” as determined by the Company compared with other mining companies. In this context, “all-in sustaining costs per ounce” for the consolidated Company reflects total mining and processing costs, corporate and administrative costs, share-based compensation, exploration costs, sustaining capital, and other operating costs.
For the purposes of calculating "mine-site all-in sustaining costs" at the individual mine-sites, the Company does not include an allocation of corporate and administrative costs and share-based compensation, as detailed in the reconciliations below.
Sustaining capital expenditures are expenditures that do not increase annual gold ounce production at a mine site and excludes all expenditures at the Company’s development projects as well as certain expenditures at the Company’s operating sites that are deemed expansionary in nature. For each mine-site reconciliation, corporate and administrative costs, and non-site specific costs are not included in the all-in sustaining cost per ounce calculation.
All-in sustaining costs per gold ounce is intended to provide additional information only and does not have any standardized  meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other mining companies. It should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.
The measure is not necessarily indicative of cash flow from operations under IFRS or operating costs presented under IFRS.  
Total Cash Costs and All-in Sustaining Costs per Ounce Reconciliation Tables
The following tables reconciles these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measures on a Company-wide and individual mine-site basis.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Total Cash Costs and AISC Reconciliation - Company-wide
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
20222021202220212020
(in millions, except ounces and per ounce figures)
Mining and processing$105.6 $92.2 $394.4 $351.5 $312.6 
Royalties2.2 3.0 9.1 11.7 10.2 
Total cash costs107.8 95.2 403.5 363.2 322.8 
Gold ounces sold133,164 112,966 456,574 457,517 424,325 
Total cash costs per ounce$810 $843 $884 $794 $761 
Total cash costs$107.8 $95.2 $403.5 $363.2 $322.8 
Corporate and administrative(1)
7.2 6.7 25.9 24.5 21.0 
Sustaining capital expenditures(2)
26.5 32.2 95.2 113.4 82.1 
Share-based compensation7.1 3.9 18.3 11.1 10.3 
Sustaining exploration 0.7 1.1 2.5 4.9 5.0 
Accretion of decommissioning liabilities2.2 0.6 4.2 2.4 2.6 
Total all-in sustaining costs$151.5 $139.7 $549.6 $519.5 $443.8 
Gold ounces sold133,164 112,966 456,574 457,517 424,325 
All-in sustaining costs per ounce$1,138 $1,237 $1,204 $1,135 $1,046 
(1)Corporate and administrative expenses exclude expenses incurred at development properties.
(2)Sustaining capital expenditures are defined as those expenditures which do not increase annual gold ounce production at a mine site and exclude all expenditures at growth projects and certain expenditures at operating sites which are deemed expansionary in nature. Total sustaining capital expenditures for the period are as follows:
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended
20222021202220212020
(in millions)
Capital expenditures per cash flow statement$84.8 $91.6 $313.7 $348.6 $246.1 
Less: non-sustaining capital expenditures at:
Young-Davidson(5.4)(12.0)(22.7)(44.8)(75.6)
Island Gold(43.8)(16.2)(120.8)(71.9)(51.8)
Mulatos District(4.3)(26.0)(52.8)(97.0)(15.1)
Corporate and other(4.8)(5.2)(22.2)(21.5)(21.5)
Sustaining capital expenditures$26.5 $32.2 $95.2 $113.4 $82.1 
Young-Davidson Total Cash Costs and Mine-site AISC Reconciliation
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
(in millions, except ounces and per ounce figures)
Mining and processing$41.1 $39.8 $163.4 $159.7 
Royalties1.1 1.3 5.3 5.3 
Total cash costs$42.2 $41.1 $168.7 $165.0 
Gold ounces sold44,781 53,006 192,186 194,937 
Total cash costs per ounce$942 $775 $878 $846 
Total cash costs$42.2 $41.1 $168.7 $165.0 
Sustaining capital expenditures15.2 12.8 48.8 43.8 
Accretion of decommissioning liabilities0.1 — 0.3 0.2 
Total all-in sustaining costs$57.5 $53.9 $217.8 $209.0 
Gold ounces sold44,781 53,006 192,186 194,937 
Mine-site all-in sustaining costs per ounce$1,284 $1,017 $1,133 $1,072 
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Island Gold Total Cash Costs and Mine-site AISC Reconciliation
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
(in millions, except ounces and per ounce figures)
Mining and processing$23.0 $20.4 $80.6 $68.7 
Royalties0.7 1.5 2.6 5.3 
Total cash costs$23.7 $21.9 $83.2 $74.0 
Gold ounces sold39,145 38,101 130,652 139,946 
Total cash costs per ounce$605 $575 $637 $529 
Total cash costs$23.7 $21.9 $83.2 $74.0 
Sustaining capital expenditures10.1 11.2 36.5 46.7 
Accretion of decommissioning liabilities— 0.1 0.2 0.1 
Total all-in sustaining costs$33.8 $33.2 $119.9 $120.8 
Gold ounces sold39,145 38,101 130,652 139,946 
Mine-site all-in sustaining costs per ounce$863 $871 $918 $863 
Mulatos District Total Cash Costs and Mine-site AISC Reconciliation
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
(in millions, except ounces and per ounce figures)
Mining and processing$41.5 $32.0 $150.4 $123.1 
Royalties0.4 0.2 1.2 1.1 
Total cash costs$41.9 $32.2 $151.6 $124.2 
Gold ounces sold49,238 21,859 133,736 122,634 
Total cash costs per ounce$851 $1,473 $1,134 $1,013 
Total cash costs$41.9 $32.2 $151.6 $124.2 
Sustaining capital expenditures1.2 8.2 9.9 22.9 
Sustaining exploration 0.2 0.6 0.7 2.9 
Accretion of decommissioning liabilities2.1 0.5 3.7 2.1 
Total all-in sustaining costs$45.4 $41.5 $165.9 $152.1 
Gold ounces sold49,238 21,859 133,736 122,634 
Mine-site all-in sustaining costs per ounce$922 $1,899 $1,241 $1,240 
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“EBITDA”)
EBITDA represents net earnings before impairment charges, interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. EBITDA is an indicator of the Company’s ability to generate liquidity by producing operating cash flow to fund working capital needs, service debt obligations, and fund capital expenditures.
EBITDA does not have any standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other mining companies. It should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
The following is a reconciliation of EBITDA to the consolidated financial statements:
(in millions)
Three Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2022202120222021
Net earnings (loss)$40.6 $29.5 $37.1 ($66.7)
Add back:
Inventory net realizable value adjustment— — 33.9 — 
Impairment charge— — 38.2 224.3 
Finance expense2.2 1.2 5.7 4.5 
Amortization 45.6 43.2 171.5 170.9 
Deferred income tax expense2.7 19.6 54.6 63.7 
Current income tax expense (recovery)9.3 (5.5)10.7 5.3 
EBITDA$100.4 $88.0 $351.7 $402.0 
Additional GAAP Measures
Additional GAAP measures are presented on the face of the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and are not meant to be a substitute for other subtotals or totals presented in accordance with IFRS, but rather should be evaluated in conjunction with such IFRS measures. The following additional GAAP measures are used and are intended to provide an indication of the Company’s mine and operating performance:
•Earnings from operations - represents the amount of earnings before net finance income/expense, foreign exchange gain/loss, other income/loss, loss on redemption of senior secured notes and income tax expense
Accounting Estimates, Policies and Changes
Many of the amounts included in the consolidated financial statements require management to make estimates and judgements. Accounting estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised.

Accounting Policies and Changes
The Company's significant accounting policies and future changes in accounting policies are presented in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 as described in note 3 of the audited consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted amendments to accounting standards that were effective January 1, 2022, and are described in note 3(v) of the audited consolidated financial statements.

Critical accounting estimates and judgements
The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the Company’s management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements. Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on management’s experience and other facts and circumstances. Revisions to estimates and the resulting effects on the carrying amounts of the Company’s assets and liabilities are accounted for prospectively.

The areas which require management to make significant judgments, estimates and assumptions in determining carrying values are described in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 (note 4).
Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for the design, implementation and operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making the assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Treadway Commission. Based on a review of internal control procedures at the end of the period covered by this MD&A, management determined internal control over financial reporting was effective as at December 31, 2022.

KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, and has expressed their opinion in their report included with our annual consolidated financial statements filed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Disclosure Controls

Management is also responsible for the design and effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have each evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as at December 31, 2022 and have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were appropriately designed and operating effectively as at December 31, 2022.
Limitations of Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believe that internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be properly designed and effective can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
Risk Factors and Uncertainties
Risk Factors
The following is a discussion of risk factors relevant to the Company’s operations and future financial performance. Additional risks not currently known by the Company, or that the Company currently deems immaterial, may also impair the Company’s operations. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below as well as the other information contained and incorporated by reference in this MD&A.
The financing, exploration, development, and mining of any of the Company’s properties are subject to a number of risk factors, including, among other things, the price of gold, laws and regulations, technical and geological risks inherent to mining operations, political conditions, currency fluctuations, and the ability to hire qualified people and to obtain necessary services in jurisdictions where the Company operates. Before deciding to invest in securities of the Company, investors should consider carefully such risks and uncertainties.
Commodity and Currency Risks
In recent years financial conditions have been characterized by volatility, which in turn has resulted in volatility in commodity prices and foreign exchange rates, significant inflation, tightening of the credit market, increased counterparty risk, and volatility in the prices of publicly traded entities. The volatility in commodity prices and foreign exchange rates directly impacts the Company’s revenues, earnings, and cash flow.
The volatility of the price of gold and the price of other metals could have a negative impact on the Company’s future operations.
The value of the Company’s Mineral Resources and future operating profit and loss is significantly impacted by fluctuations in gold prices, over which the Company has no control. A reduction in the price of gold may prevent the Company’s properties from being economically mined, reduce the Company’s ability to generate cash flow to finance its operations and support development and expansion projects, or result in the write-off of assets whose value is impaired due to low gold prices. The price of gold may also have a significant influence on the market price of the Company’s common shares. The price of gold is affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, such as the level of inflation, fluctuation of the United States dollar and foreign currencies, investment and physical demand, sale of gold by central banks, and the political and economic conditions of major gold producing countries throughout the world.
In addition to adversely affecting the Company’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates and financial condition, declining metal prices can impact operations by requiring a reassessment of the feasibility of a particular project, and the
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Company may determine that it is not feasible to continue commercial production at some or all its current producing or development projects. Even if a project is ultimately determined to be economically viable, the need to conduct such a reassessment may cause substantial delays and/or may interrupt operations until the reassessment can be completed, which may have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition.
The Company regularly engages in commodity hedging transactions intended to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in commodity prices, however, there is no assurance that any such commodity-hedging transactions designed to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in metal prices will be successful. The Company’s hedging program may not protect adequately against declines in the price of the hedged metal. Furthermore, although hedging may protect the Company from a decline in the price of the metal being hedged, it may also prevent it from benefiting from price increases
The Company is subject to currency fluctuations that may adversely affect the financial position of the Company.
The Company is subject to currency risks. The Company’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar, which is exposed to fluctuations against other currencies. The Company’s mining operations are located in Canada and Mexico, with additional development-stage assets in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Türkiye, and as such many of its expenditures and obligations are denominated in Canadian dollars, Mexican pesos, and to a lesser extent Turkish lira and Euros. The Company maintains its principal office in Toronto (Canada), maintains cash accounts in U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, Mexican pesos, and Turkish lira, and has monetary assets and liabilities in U.S. dollars and Canadian dollars, Mexican pesos, and Turkish lira.

The Company’s operating results and cash flow are significantly affected by changes in the U.S./Canadian dollar and U.S./Mexican peso exchange rates. Revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, while most expenses are currently denominated in Canadian dollars and Mexican pesos. Exchange rate movements can therefore have a significant impact on most of the Company’s costs. The appreciation of non-U.S. dollar currencies against the U.S. dollar can increase the costs of production at Alamos’ mines, making these mines less profitable.

From time to time the Company may engage in foreign exchange hedging transactions intended to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, but there is no assurance that any such hedging transactions designed to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in exchange rates will be successful and as such, operating costs and capital expenditures may be adversely impacted.
Financial, Finance and Tax Risks
The Company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks including interest rate risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk. The Company’s risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Company’s financial performance. The Company may use derivative financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures. The Company does not purchase derivative financial instruments for speculative investment purposes.
The Company’s revolving credit facility contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on the Company and may limit its ability to engage in acts that may be in the Company’s long-term best interest.
If utilized, the Company’s failure to comply with covenants in its revolving credit facility could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of such debt. The restrictions include, without limitation, restrictions on its ability to:
•Incur additional indebtedness;
•Pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem its capital stock;
•Prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;
•Make loans and investments;
•Sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets;
•Incur or permit to exist certain liens;
•Enter into certain transactions with affiliates;
•Enter into agreements restricting its subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and
•Consolidate, amalgamate, merge or sell all or substantially all of the Company’s assets.
Liquidity Risks
Liquidity risk arises through the excess of financial obligations due over available financial assets at any point in time. The Company’s objective in managing liquidity risk is to maintain sufficient readily available cash reserves and credit in order to meet its liquidity requirements at any point in time. The total cost and planned timing of acquisitions and/or other development or construction projects is not currently determinable, and it is not currently known whether the Company will require external financing in future periods.
The Company is subject to taxation in multiple jurisdictions and adverse changes to the taxation laws of such jurisdictions could have a material adverse effect on its profitability.
The Company has operations and conducts business in multiple jurisdictions and it is subject to the taxation laws of each such jurisdiction. These taxation laws are complicated and subject to change. The Company may also be subject to review, audit, and
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assessment in the ordinary course. Any such changes in taxation law or reviews and assessments could result in higher taxes being payable or require payment of taxes due from previous years, which could adversely affect the Company’s profitability. Taxes may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to repatriate earnings and otherwise deploy its assets.
The Company may not be able to obtain the external financing necessary, including the issuance of shares, debt instruments or other securities convertible into shares, to continue its exploration and development activities on its mineral properties.
The ability of the Company to continue the exploration and development of its property interests will be dependent upon its ability to increase and rely on revenues from its existing production and planned expansions and potentially raise significant additional financing thereafter. The sources of external financing that the Company may use for these purposes may include project debt, corporate debt, or equity offerings. The Company cannot predict the potential need or size of future issuances of common shares or the issuance of debt instruments or other securities convertible into shares or the effect, if any, that this would have on the market price of the Company’s common shares. Any transaction involving the issuance of shares, or securities convertible into shares, could result in dilution, possibly substantial, to present and prospective security holders. Further, there is no assurance that the financing alternative chosen by the Company will be available to the Company, on favourable terms or at all. Depending on the alternative chosen, the Company may have less control over the management of its projects. There is no assurance that the Company will successfully increase revenues from existing and expanded production. Should the Company not be able to obtain such financing and increase its revenues, it may become unable to acquire and retain its exploration properties and carry out exploration and development on such properties, and its title interests in such properties may be adversely affected or lost entirely.
Production, Mining and Operating Risks
The Company is, and expects to continue to be, dependent on three mines for all of its commercial production.
The Young-Davidson, Island Gold, and Mulatos Mines account for all of the Company’s current commercial production and are expected to continue to account for all of its commercial production in the near term. Any adverse condition affecting mining, processing conditions, labour relations, supply chains, expansion plans, or ongoing permitting at Young-Davidson, Island Gold, or Mulatos could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance and results of operations.
Forecasts of future production are estimates based on interpretation and assumptions and actual production may be less than estimated.
The Company prepares estimates of future production for its operating mines. The Company cannot give any assurance that it will achieve its production estimates. The failure of the Company to achieve its production estimates could have a material and adverse effect on future cash flows, share price, profitability, results of operations, and financial condition. These production estimates are dependent on, among other things, the accuracy of Mineral Reserve estimates, leach pad inventory, assumptions with respect to development and expansion activities, the accuracy of assumptions regarding ore grades and recovery rates, ground conditions, physical characteristics of ores, such as hardness and the presence or absence of particular metallurgical characteristics and the accuracy of estimated rates and costs of mining and processing.
The Company’s actual production may vary from its estimates for a variety of reasons, including: actual ore mined varying from estimates of grade, tonnage, dilution and metallurgical and other characteristics; short-term operating factors such as the need for sequential development of orebodies and the processing of new or different ore grades from those planned; mine failures, slope failures or equipment failures; industrial accidents; continued adverse impacts resulting from COVID-19, and the potential impacts of any new epidemic or pandemic which may develop; natural phenomena (including consequences of climate change) such as inclement weather conditions, floods, droughts, wildfires, rock slides and earthquakes; encountering unusual or unexpected geological conditions; changes in power costs and potential power shortages or permitting challenges related to power; lack of adequate housing for workers; shortages of principal supplies needed for operation, including explosives, fuels, chemical reagents, water, equipment parts and lubricants; labour shortages or strikes; civil disobedience and protests; and restrictions or regulations imposed by government agencies or other changes in the regulatory environments. Such occurrences could result in damage to mineral properties, interruptions or delays in production, injury or death to persons, damage, to property of the Company or others, monetary losses, and legal liabilities. These factors may cause a mineral deposit that has been mined profitably in the past to become unprofitable, forcing the Company to cease production. It is not unusual in new mining operations to experience unexpected problems during the start-up or expansion phase. Depending on the price of gold or other minerals, the Company may determine that it is impractical to commence or, if commenced, to continue commercial production at a particular site.
Mining operations and facilities are intensive users of electricity and carbon-based fuels. There can be no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain all necessary permits or be able to enter into commercial arrangements for adequate electricity to conduct its future operations and expansion plans, including specifically the requirements for increased electricity capacity for any operational expansion at the Island Gold Mine. Energy prices can be affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including global and regional supply and demand, political and economic conditions, and applicable regulatory regimes. The prices of various sources of energy may increase significantly from current levels. An increase in energy prices for which the Company is not hedged could materially adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition.
The Company’s production costs are also affected by the prices of commodities consumed or used in operations, such as lime, cyanide, and explosives. The prices of such commodities are influenced by supply and demand trends affecting the mining industry in general and other factors outside the Company’s control such as inflation and ongoing and/or future supply chain
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challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Increases in the price for materials consumed in mining and production activities could materially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
Risks and costs relating to development, ongoing construction and changes to existing mining operations and development projects.
The Company’s ability to meet development and production schedules and cost estimates for its development and expansion projects cannot be assured. Changes in key operating and capital costs could result in unexpected costs or uneconomic operations and development projects. Many of these factors are beyond the Company’s control. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company has commenced an expansion of its operations (including the installation of a shaft, paste plant, and expansion of the mill and tailings facility) at its Island Gold Mine, and is engaged in exploration and development activities at its Lynn Lake Gold Project in Manitoba. As a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and increasing economic inflation, the Company may experience significant increases in the price of labour, consumables and other raw materials and related manufactured goods, including steel. The Company may also experience delays due to any ongoing or new impacts of COVID-19 or any other epidemic or pandemic which may occur in the future on personnel and contractor availability.
Technical considerations, stakeholder engagement challenges (including as it pertains to First Nations communities surrounding Island Gold and Lynn Lake) for the expansion and exploration projects there, delays in obtaining governmental approvals, inability to obtain financing, or other factors - including specifically to the foregoing - could cause delays in current mining operations or in developing properties. Such delays could materially affect the financial performance of the Company.
The Company prepares estimates of operating costs and/or capital costs for each operation and project. No assurance can be given that such estimates will be achieved. Failure to achieve cost estimates or material increases in costs could have an adverse impact on future cash flows, profitability, results of operations, and financial condition.
Development projects are uncertain, and it is possible that actual capital and operating costs and economic returns will differ significantly from those estimated for a project prior to production.
Alamos has a number of development-stage projects in Canada, Mexico, the United States, and Türkiye. Mine development projects require significant expenditures during the development phase before production is possible. Development projects are subject to the completion of successful feasibility studies and environmental assessments, issuance of necessary governmental licences and permits, availability of adequate financing, and, in the case of the Company’s Turkish development stage projects, reaching an agreement with the Republic of Türkiye as to permitting, licensing and development. The economic feasibility of development projects is based on many factors such as estimation of Mineral Reserves, anticipated metallurgical recoveries, environmental considerations and permitting, future gold prices, and anticipated capital and operating costs of these projects. The Company’s development projects have no operating history upon which to base estimates of future production and cash operating costs. Particularly for development projects, estimates of Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves and cash operating costs are, to a large extent, based upon the interpretation of geologic data obtained from drill holes and other sampling techniques, and feasibility studies that derive estimates of cash operating costs based upon anticipated tonnage and grades of ore to be mined and processed, the configuration of the ore body, expected recovery rates of gold from the ore, estimated operating costs, anticipated climatic conditions, and other factors. As a result, it is possible that actual capital and operating costs and economic returns will differ significantly from those currently estimated for a project prior to production.
Any of the following events, among others, could affect the profitability or economic feasibility of a project: unanticipated changes in grade and tonnes of ore to be mined and processed, unanticipated adverse geological conditions, unanticipated metallurgical recovery problems, incorrect data on which engineering assumptions are made, availability of labour, costs of processing and refining facilities, availability of economic sources of power, adequacy of water supply, availability of surface lands on which to locate processing and refining facilities, adequate access to the site, unanticipated transportation costs, government regulations and resource nationalism (including, but not limited to, regulations with respect to the environment, prices, royalties, duties, taxes, labour, permitting, restrictions on production, and quotas on exportation of minerals), fluctuations in gold prices, accidents, labour actions, and force majeure events.
It is not unusual in new mining operations to experience unexpected problems during the start-up phase, and delays can often occur at the start of production. It is likely that actual results for the Company’s projects will differ from current estimates and assumptions, and these differences may be material. In addition, experience from actual mining or processing operations may identify new or unexpected conditions that could reduce production below, or increase capital or operating costs above, current estimates. If actual results are less favourable than currently estimated, the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.
The figures for the Company’s Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources are estimates based on interpretation and assumptions and may yield less mineral production under actual conditions than is currently estimated.
The Company must continually replace Mineral Reserves depleted by production to maintain production levels over the long term. Mineral Reserves can be replaced by expanding known orebodies, locating new deposits, or making acquisitions. Exploration is highly speculative in nature. Alamos’ exploration projects involve many risks and are frequently unsuccessful. Once a site with mineralization is discovered, it may take several years from the initial phases of drilling until production is possible, during which time the economic feasibility of production may change.
The Company’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates are estimates only and no assurance can be given that any particular level of recovery of gold or other minerals from Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves will in fact be realized. There can also be no assurance that an identified mineral deposit will ever qualify as a commercially mineable (or viable) ore body that
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can be economically exploited. Additionally, no assurance can be given that the anticipated tonnages and grades will be achieved or that the indicated level of recovery will be realized. These estimates may require adjustments or downward revisions based upon further exploration or development work or actual production experience.
Estimates of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves can also be affected by such factors as environmental permitting regulations and requirements, weather, environmental factors, unforeseen technical difficulties, unusual or unexpected geological formations, and work interruptions. In addition, the grade of ore ultimately mined may differ dramatically from that indicated by results of drilling, sampling, and other similar examinations. Short-term factors relating to Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, such as the need for the orderly development of ore bodies or the processing of new or different grades, may also have an adverse effect on mining operations and on the results of operations.
Material changes in Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, grades, stripping ratios, or recovery rates may affect the economic viability of projects. There is a risk that depletion of Mineral Reserves will not be offset by discoveries, acquisitions, or the conversion of Mineral Resources into Mineral Reserves. The Mineral Reserve base of Alamos’ mines may decline if Mineral Reserves are mined without adequate replacement and the Company may not be able to sustain production beyond the current mine lives, based on current production rates.
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are reported as general indicators of mine life. Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves should not be interpreted as assurances of mine life or the profitability of current or future operations. There is a degree of uncertainty attributable to the calculation and estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves and corresponding grades being mined or dedicated to future production. Until ore is actually mined and processed, Mineral Reserves and grades must be considered as estimates only.
In addition, the quantity of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves may vary depending on metal prices. Extended declines in market prices for gold, silver, and copper may render portions of the Company’s mineralization uneconomic and result in reduced reported mineralization. Any material change in Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, grades, or stripping ratios may affect the economic viability of the Company’s projects.
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. Mineral Resource estimates for properties that have not commenced production are based, in many instances, on limited and widely spaced drill hole information, which is not necessarily indicative of the conditions between and around drill holes. Accordingly, such Mineral Resource estimates may require revision as more drilling information becomes available or as actual production experience is gained. No assurance can be given that any part or all of Mineral Resources constitute or will be converted into Mineral Reserves.
Legal, Permitting, Regulatory, Title and Political Risks
The Company’s operating and development properties are located in jurisdictions that are subject to changes in economic and political conditions and regulations in those countries.
The economics of the mining and extraction of precious metals are affected by many factors, including the costs of mining and processing operations, variations in grade of ore discovered or mined, fluctuations in metal prices, foreign exchange rates and the prices of goods and services, applicable laws and regulations, including regulations relating to royalties, allowable production and importing and exporting goods and services. Depending on the price of minerals, the Company may determine that it is neither profitable nor advisable to acquire or develop properties, or to continue mining activities.
The Company’s mineral properties are located in Canada, Mexico, Türkiye, and the USA. Economic, legal, and political conditions in these countries could adversely affect the business activities of the Company. These conditions are beyond the Company’s control, and there can be no assurances that any mitigating actions by the Company will be effective.
Changing laws, regulations, and restrictions relating to the mining industry or shifts in political conditions may increase the costs related to the Company’s activities including the cost of maintaining its properties. Operations may also be affected to varying degrees by changes in government legislation and regulations with respect to restrictions on production, price controls, export controls, permitting, licensing, income taxes, royalties, expropriation of property, the environment (including specifically enacted legislation to address climate change), labour and mine safety. In 2021, the Mexican government announced restrictions and increased environmental reviews of the mining sector resulting in uncertainty with respect to the timing of regulatory approvals, overall permitting of future open-pit mines and a prohibition on the acquisition of new mining concessions.
The effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted. Economic instability could result from current global economic conditions and could contribute to currency volatility and potential increases in income tax rates, both of which could significantly impact the Company’s profitability.
The Company’s activities are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing worker health and safety, employment standards, waste disposal, protection of historic and archaeological sites, mine development, protection of endangered and protected species, and other matters. Regulators have broad authority to shut down and/or levy fines against facilities that do not comply with regulations or standards.
Risk factors specific to certain jurisdictions are described throughout, including specifically: “Risks related to development-stage assets in Türkiye and related Investment Treaty Arbitration”, “Water Management at the Company’s Mining operations”, “Security in Mexico” and “The Company will be unable to undertake its required drilling and other development work on its properties if all necessary permits and licences are not granted.” The occurrence of the various factors and uncertainties related to economic
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and political risks of operating in the Company’s jurisdictions cannot be accurately predicted and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations or profitability.
The Company will be unable to undertake its required drilling and other development work on its properties if all necessary permits and licenses are not granted.
The Company requires a number of approvals, licences, and permits for various aspects of its exploration, development and expansion. The Company is uncertain if all necessary permits will be maintained or obtained on acceptable terms or in a timely manner. Future changes in applicable laws and regulations or changes in their enforcement or regulatory interpretation could negatively impact current or planned exploration and development activities or any other projects with which the Company becomes involved. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or failure to obtain or maintain permits or licences, even if inadvertent, could result in the interruption of production, exploration or development, or material fines, penalties, or other liabilities. It remains uncertain if the Company’s existing permits or licences may be affected in the future or if the Company will have difficulties in obtaining all necessary permits and licences that it requires for its proposed or existing mining activities.
In order to maintain mining operating and/or exploration licences in good standing, operating and/or exploration licence holders must advance their projects efficiently, including by obtaining the necessary permits prior to stipulated deadlines. The Company has implemented plans to obtain all necessary permits and licences prior to the relevant deadlines. While the Company is confident in its ability to meet all required deadlines or milestones so as to maintain its licences in good standing, there is a risk that the relevant permitting and licensing authorities will not respond in a timely manner. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain the approvals, licences and permits as planned or, if unable to meet such deadlines, that negotiations for an extension will be successful in maintaining its permits and licences in good standing.
Security in Mexico
In recent years, criminal activity and violence have increased and continue to increase in parts of Mexico. The mining sector has not been immune to the impact of criminal activity and violence, including in the form of kidnapping for ransom and extortion by organized crime, direct armed robberies of mining operations, and the theft and robbery of supply convoys, including specifically for diesel. In April 2020, the Company suffered an armed robbery at its Mulatos Mine. There were no injuries, and the value of the loss was ultimately recovered. Ore from operations at La Yaqui Grande is required to be transported by truck to Mulatos for processing, which requires the use of community roads leading to an increased risk of theft. The Company maintains insurance and takes measures to protect employees, property, and production facilities from these and other security risks. There can be no assurance, however, that security incidents will not occur in the future, or that if they do, they will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations.
Risk related to development stage assets in Turkey and related Investment Treaty Arbitration
The Company indirectly through subsidiaries holds development stage mineral properties located in Türkiye. Economic and political conditions in Türkiye are adversely impacting the business activities of the Company. On October 14, 2019, the Company reported that it had suspended all construction activities at its Kirazlı Project in Türkiye pending the renewal of its mining operating licences which expired on October 13, 2019. On October 16, 2020, the Company received notice that the Turkish government would not be renewing the Company’s Forestry Permits for the Kirazlı Project because the mining operating licence had not been restored within a one-year timeframe of its expiry. The Forestry Permits and mining operating licence, among other regulatory requirements, have not subsequently been restored and there is no guarantee that the Company will ever have the required licences and permits to operate in Türkiye.
On April 20, 2021, as a result of the Turkish government’s actions in respect of the Company’s projects in the Republic of Türkiye, the Company’s wholly-owned Netherlands subsidiaries, Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A. and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V., announced the filing of a bilateral investment treaty claim (the “BIT Claim”) against the Republic of Türkiye for expropriation and unfair and inequitable treatment, among other things. The BIT Claim was registered in June 2021 with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (World Bank Group). As a result, the Company incurred an after-tax impairment charge of $213.8 million in the second quarter of 2021.
The BIT Claim may not be effective or successful. If unsuccessful, the Company’s projects in Türkiye may be subject to resource nationalism and further expropriation; the Company may lose any remaining value of its assets and gold mining projects in Türkiye and its ability to operate in Türkiye or to put any of the Kirazli, Aği Daği or Çamyurt sites into production, resulting in the Company removing those three projects from its Total Mineral Reserves and Resources. If the BIT claim is successful, there is no certainty as to the quantum or timing of any damages award or recovery of all, or any, legal costs. Any resumption of activities in Türkiye, or even retaining control of the Company’s assets and gold mining projects in Türkiye can only result from reaching an agreement with the Turkish government. Other factors related to the Turkish economy, including but not limited to high rates of inflation and fluctuation in the Turkish Lira may also affect the Company’s ability to effectively operate in Türkiye and could have a negative effect on overall anticipated project values.
Litigation could be brought against the Company and the resolution of current or future legal proceedings or disputes may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future cash flows, results of operations or financial condition.
The Company could be subject to legal claims and/or complaints and disputes that result in litigation, including unexpected environmental remediation costs, arising out of the normal course of business. The results of ongoing litigation cannot be predicted with certainty. The costs of defending and settling litigation can be significant, even for claims that Alamos believes have no merit. There is a risk that if such claims are determined adversely to the Company, they could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance, cash flow, and results of operations.
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Some of the Company’s mineral assets are located outside of Canada and are held indirectly through foreign affiliates.
It may be difficult, if not impossible, to enforce judgments obtained in Canadian courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of certain provinces against the Company’s assets that are located outside of Canada.
Failure of the Company to comply with laws and regulations could negatively impact current or planned mining activities and exploration and developmental activities.
The Company’s mining, exploration, and development activities are subject to extensive laws and regulations concerning the environment, worker health and safety, employment standards, waste disposal, mine development, mine operation, mine closure, reclamation, and other matters. The Company requires permits and approvals from various regulatory authorities for many aspects of mine development, operation, closure, and reclamation. In addition to meeting the requirements necessary to obtain such permits and approvals, they may be invalidated if the applicable regulatory authority is legally challenged that it did not lawfully issue such permits and approvals. The ability of the Company to obtain and maintain permits and approvals and to successfully develop and operate mines may be adversely affected by real or perceived impacts associated with its activities that affect the environment and human health and safety at its development projects and operations and in the surrounding communities. The real or perceived impacts of the activities of other mining companies may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to obtain and maintain permits and approvals. The Company is uncertain as to whether all necessary permits will be maintained on acceptable terms or in a timely manner. Future changes in applicable laws and regulations or changes in their enforcement or regulatory interpretation could negatively affect current or planned mining, exploration, and developmental activities on the projects in which the Company is or may become involved. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to obtain or maintain permits, even if inadvertent, could result in the interruption of mining, exploration, and developmental operations or in material fines, penalties, clean-up costs, damages, and the loss of key permits or approvals. While the Company has taken great care to ensure full compliance with its legal obligations, there can be no assurance that the Company has been or will be in full compliance with all of these laws and regulations, or with all permits and approvals that it is required to have. Environmental and regulatory review has also become a long, complex, and uncertain process that can cause potentially significant delays.
The Company cannot guarantee that title to its properties will not be challenged.
The validity of the Company’s mining claims and access rights can be uncertain and may be contested. Although the Company is satisfied it has taken reasonable measures to acquire the rights needed to undertake its operations and activities as currently conducted, some risk exists that some titles and access rights may be defective. No assurance can be given that such claims are not subject to prior unregistered agreements or interests or to undetected or other claims or interests which could be materially adverse to the Company. While the Company has used its best efforts to ensure title to all its properties and secured access to surface rights, these titles or rights may be disputed, which could result in costly litigation or disruption of operations. From time to time, a land possessor may dispute the Company’s surface access rights and, as a result, the Company may be barred from its legal occupation rights. Surface access issues have the potential to result in the delay of planned exploration programs, and these delays may be significant. The Company expects that it will be able to resolve these issues, however, there can be no assurance that this will be the case.
Additional future property acquisitions, relocation benefits, legal and related costs may be material. The Company may need to enter into negotiations with landowners and other groups in the host communities where its projects are located in order to conduct future exploration and development work. The Company cannot currently determine the expected timing, outcome of such negotiations, or costs associated with the relocation of property owners and possessors and potential land acquisitions. There is no assurance that future discussions and negotiations will result in agreements with landowners or other local community groups so as to enable the Company to conduct exploration and development work on these projects.
The Company provides significant economic and social benefits to its host communities and countries, which facilitates broad stakeholder support for its operations and projects. There is no guarantee however that local residents will support our operations or projects.
Relationships with Key Stakeholders
Indigenous title claims, rights to consultation/accommodation, and the Company’s relationship with local communities may affect the Company’s existing operations and development projects.
Governments in many jurisdictions must consult with indigenous peoples and nations with respect to grants of mineral rights and the issuance or amendment of project authorizations. Consultation and other rights of indigenous peoples and nations may require accommodations, including undertakings regarding employment, training, business opportunities royalty payments, and other matters. This may affect the Company’s ability to acquire, within a reasonable time frame, effective mineral titles in these jurisdictions, including in some parts of Canada, in which indigenous title is claimed, and may affect the timetable and costs of development of mineral properties or expansion of existing operations in these jurisdictions, including specifically with respect to the Company’s Island Gold Mine Phase 3+ expansion and its Lynn Lake Gold Project. Under applicable environmental and related mine permitting legislation, both Canadian federal and provincial governments may require indigenous consultation requirements beyond the scope expected by the Company. The risk of unforeseen indigenous title claims could also affect existing operations as well as development projects. These legal requirements may also affect the Company’s ability to expand or transfer existing operations or to develop new projects.

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The Company’s relationship with the communities in which it operates is critical to ensure the future success of its existing operations and the construction and development of its projects. There is an increasing level of public concern relating to the perceived effect of mining activities on the environment and on communities impacted by such activities. Adverse publicity relating to the mining industry generated by non-governmental organizations and others could have an adverse effect on the Company’s reputation or financial condition and may impact its relationship with the communities in which it operates. While the Company is committed to operating in a socially responsible manner, there is no guarantee that the Company’s efforts in this regard will mitigate this potential risk.
The inability of the Company to maintain positive relationships with local communities and indigenous First Nations, including specifically with respect to the Company’s Canadian expansion or development-stage assets, may result in additional obstacles and timelines with respect to permitting, increased legal challenges, or other disruptive operational issues at any of the Company’s operating mines, and could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s ability to generate cash flow, with a corresponding adverse impact to the Company’s share price and financial condition.
Exploration, development and production at the Company’s mining operations are dependent upon the efforts of its key personnel and its relations with its employees and any labor unions that represent employees.
The Company’s success is heavily dependent on its key personnel and on the ability to motivate, retain and attract highly skilled employees.
Relations between the Company and its employees may be affected by changes in the scheme of labour relations that may be introduced by Mexican or Canadian governmental authorities in whose jurisdictions the Company carries on operations. Such changes include, but are not limited to, changes in labour laws, outsourcing laws, social security laws, and employment standards. Changes in such legislation or in the relationship between the Company and its employees may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. For example, in November 2020, Mexico’s Executive Branch introduced a bill to amend various federal laws including the Federal Labour Law. This change has, for the most part, eliminated the use of service companies in Mexico, a structure commonly used in the mining sector that provides outsourced labour and required companies like Alamos to hire its employees directly, resulting in a requirement to pay profit-sharing required by Mexican laws to those employees. Based on the Company’s assessment, this change has not and is not expected to have a material impact on Alamos. Nonetheless, the risk exists that certain contractors could be deemed service companies, which could potentially have a significant financial impact. The full impact and enforcement of future changes are not known.
In addition, the Company anticipates that as it expands its existing production and brings additional properties into production, and as the Company acquires additional mineral rights, the Company may experience significant growth in its operations. This growth may create new positions and responsibilities for management personnel and increase demands on its operating and financial systems, as well as require the hiring of a significant number of additional operations personnel. There can be no assurance that the Company will successfully meet these demands and effectively attract and retain any such additional qualified personnel. The failure to attract and retain such qualified personnel to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Companies today are at much greater risk of losing control over how they are perceived as a result of social media and other web-based applications.
Damage to the Company’s reputation can be the result of the actual or perceived occurrence of any number of events and could include any negative publicity, whether true or not. Although the Company places a great emphasis on protecting its image and reputation, it does not ultimately have direct control over how it is perceived by others. Reputation loss, including specifically as a result of social media misinformation campaigns targeting the Company’s development projects in Türkiye, may lead to increased and continued challenges in developing and maintaining community relations, decreased investor confidence, and act as an impediment to the Company’s overall ability to advance its projects, thereby having a material adverse impact on financial performance, cash flows, and growth prospects.
The Company’s directors and officers may have interests that conflict with the Company’s interests.
Certain of the Company’s directors and officers serve as directors or officers of other public companies and as such it is possible that a conflict may arise between their duties as the Company’s directors or officers and their duties as directors or officers of these other companies.
Health and Environmental Risks
Alamos’ operations may be exposed to serious illness.
Ongoing and any future impacts of COVID-19, along with any other potential serious illness, epidemic or pandemic, could have material adverse impacts on the Company’s ability to operate and meet expected timelines for development and expansion projects (e.g., the Phase 3+ expansion project at the Island Gold mine) due to employee absences, disruption in supply chains, information technology system constraints, government interventions, market volatility, overall economic uncertainty and other factors currently unknown and not anticipated. Any such disruptions could potentially cause gold sales disruptions and could impact the ability to meet production, cost, and capital guidance. Alamos’ operations are located in relatively remote areas. The Company relies on various modes of transportation to house its employees, move around its people, its product, and the necessary supplies and inputs for its operations. At both Mulatos and Island Gold, the Company has a high concentration of personnel working and residing in close proximity to one another at the mine site (camps). Should an employee or visitor become infected with a serious illness that has the potential to spread rapidly, this could place Alamos’ workforce at risk. The Company
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takes every precaution to strictly follow industrial hygiene and occupational health guidelines. Approximately 50% of the Island Gold workforce comes from the local communities with the other 50% housed in a camp within the town of Dubreuilville and operating on a fly-in, fly-out basis from various other regions. In 2020, the Company experienced several outbreaks of COVID-19 at its mining operations resulting in, among other things, temporary closure of mining operations. There were no closures in 2021 or 2022, however, there continues to be a risk that a virus outbreak could occur again at any operating sites or in the local community which could result in the temporary closure of the Company’s operations. If any outbreaks occur, the government could order temporary suspensions requiring a shutdown of mining operations. Consequently, there can be no assurance that COVID-19 or another infectious illness will not materially impact Alamos’ personnel and ultimately its operation, cash flows, or financial condition.
The Company’s activities are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may increase its costs of doing business and restrict its operations.
The Company’s exploration and production activities are subject to regulation by governmental agencies under various environmental laws. These laws address noise, air emissions, water discharges, waste management, management of hazardous substances, management of tailings facilities, protection of natural resources, antiquities and endangered species, and reclamation of lands disturbed by mining operations. Environmental legislation in many countries is evolving and the trend has been towards stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines, penalties, and potential for facilities to be shut-down for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and increasing responsibility for companies and their officers, directors, and employees. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may require significant capital outlays on behalf of the Company and may cause material changes or delays in the Company’s intended activities. There can be no assurance that future changes in environmental regulations will not adversely affect the Company’s business, and it is possible that future changes in these laws or regulations could have a significant adverse impact on some portion of the Company’s business, causing the Company to re-evaluate those activities at that time.
Failure to comply with such laws and regulations can have serious consequences, including damage to the Company’s reputation, stopping the Company from proceeding with the development of a project, negatively impacting the operation or further development of a mine, increasing the cost of development or production and litigation and regulatory actions against the Company. The Company cannot give any assurance that, notwithstanding its precautions, breaches of environmental laws (whether inadvertent or not) or environmental pollution will not materially and adversely affect its financial condition and its results from operations. There is no assurance that future changes in environmental regulation, if any, will not adversely affect the Company’s operations. Environmental hazards may exist on the properties on which the Company holds interests that are unknown to the Company at present and which have been caused by previous or existing owners or operators of the properties. The Company may also acquire properties with known or undiscovered environmental risks. Any indemnification from the entity from which the Company has acquired such properties may not be adequate to pay all the fines, penalties, and costs (such as clean-up and restoration costs) incurred related to such properties. Some of the Company’s properties also have been used for mining and related operations for many years before acquisition and were acquired as is or with assumed environmental liabilities from previous owners or operators.
The Company’s failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions. The Company may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of its operations and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed for violations of applicable laws or regulations.
Production at certain of the Company’s mines involves the use of various chemicals, including cyanide, which is a toxic material. Should cyanide or other toxic chemicals leak or otherwise be discharged from the containment system, the Company may become subject to liability for cleanup work that may not be insured. While appropriate steps will be taken to prevent discharges of pollutants into the groundwater and the environment, the Company may become subject to liability for hazards that it may not be insured against and such liability could be material.
Actual costs of reclamation are uncertain, and higher than expected costs could negatively impact the results of operations and financial position.
Land reclamation requirements are generally imposed on mineral exploration companies (as well as companies with mining operations) in order to minimize the long-term effects of land disturbance, and the Company is subject to such requirements at its mineral properties. Decommissioning liabilities include requirements to control the dispersion of potentially deleterious effluents and to reasonably re-establish pre-disturbance landforms and vegetation.
In order to carry out reclamation obligations arising from exploration, potential development activities, and mining operations, the Company must allocate financial resources that might otherwise be spent on further exploration and development programs. Reclamation costs are uncertain and planned expenditures may differ from the actual expenditures required. If the Company is required to carry out unanticipated reclamation work, its financial position could be adversely affected.
Water management at the Company’s mining operations
The water collection, treatment, and disposal operations at the Company’s mines are subject to substantial regulation and involve significant environmental risks. If collection or management systems fail, overflow, or do not operate properly, untreated water or other contaminants could spill onto nearby properties or into nearby streams and rivers, causing damage to persons or property, injury to aquatic life, and economic damages.
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Environmental and regulatory authorities in Mexico and Canada conduct periodic or annual inspections of the Young-Davidson, Island Gold, and Mulatos mines. As a result of these inspections, the Company is from time to time required to modify its water management program, complete additional monitoring work or take remedial actions with respect to the Company’s operations as it pertains to water management.
Liabilities resulting from damage, regulatory orders or demands, or similar, could adversely and materially affect the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. Moreover, in the event that the Company is deemed liable for any damage caused by overflow, the Company’s losses or consequences of regulatory action might not be covered by insurance policies.
Problems with water sources could have a negative impact on the Company’s exploration programs and future operations.
The Company may not be able to secure the water necessary to conduct its activities as planned due to the potential for competing interests and demand for water, or due to the potential impact of drought and dry spells on water availability within local river basins, lakes, or aquifers. The Company will strive to ensure that its activities do not adversely impact the natural environment, community water sources and will seek to minimize freshwater withdrawals whenever possible. Future operations and activities may require that alternate water sources be provided to potentially affected communities at the Company’s expense.
Climate Change Risks and Strategy
The Company’s mining and processing operations are energy-intensive, resulting in a significant carbon footprint. The Company acknowledges climate change as an international and community concern and recognizes that its operations are subject to extensive transition and physical climate-related risks. As the Company adopts the recommendations of the Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosure, it has expanded its disclosure beyond climate-related risks to also address climate governance, strategy, risk management, metrics, and targets.
Transition and Physical Climate-Related Risks
Transition risks are associated with society’s transition to a low-carbon economy. These risks are highly uncertain and may have an adverse effect on Company operations. Alamos operates in Canada and Mexico where both countries are signatories to the Paris Agreement to limit the global average temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Both Canada and Mexico have implemented regulations to monitor, report and/or reduce greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, and the costs required to comply are not anticipated to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations. In Canada, Young-Davidson and Island Gold previously reported emissions under the Output-Based Pricing System (“OBPS”) and effective January 1, 2022, transitioned to the Ontario Emissions Performance Standard (“EPS”). The EPS sets the price of excess emission units in lockstep with the federal backstop carbon price, which was CAD $50 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (“CO2e”) in 2022 and is expected to increase to CAD $170 per tonne by 2030. Both Island Gold and Young-Davidson fall significantly below the emissions threshold for covered facilities under the EPS, though benefit by voluntarily opting in and avoiding the fuel charge component of the federal carbon pollution pricing system. The Company’s planned Lynn Lake Gold Project in Northern Manitoba will be an open pit mine and once operational is expected to be a significant energy consumer and exceed the threshold for reporting under the OBPS. As such, the carbon price is a significant and growing financial risk. The life of mine carbon cost under the OBPS was initially estimated to be CAD $63 million, though the Company is actively assessing electrification opportunities that it anticipates will reduce the cost to approximately CAD $37 million.
In Mexico, a carbon tax applies to fossil fuels across all sectors at rates of approximately (for diesel) USD $3.07 per tonne of CO2e. A carbon market pilot led by the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (“SEMARNAT”) began in January 2020 and is planned to transition to an Emission Trading System (“ETS”) in 2023 but it is not anticipated to affect the Mulatos Mine as the ETS targets facilities generating over 100,000 tonnes CO2e per year from fixed sources. No carbon price has been established yet and the political uncertainty about future climate and energy policy is high. Costs to comply with current and future regulations are difficult to predict. Government requirements and regulations may be amended, become more stringent, or have other effects on the Company such as incremental increases in fuel prices, accelerating the adoption of lower-carbon technologies, and electrification. Difficulties in integrating new technologies with existing systems, such as electric mining equipment, or the cost and unproven nature of new technology could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance and its operational results.
Physical risks are associated with the physical effects of climate change on the Company. Physical risks can be event-driven (acute) or longer-term shifts (chronic) in climate patterns. These risks are highly uncertain, are particular to the unique geographic circumstances associated with each site and may have an adverse effect on Company operations. The Company has qualitatively assessed the impact of climate risks on its operations and development projects, using climate scenarios to project changes to climate indicators under 2˚C and 4˚C scenarios. The Company identified several risks and opportunities based on projected increases in the frequency and intensity of warm spells, cold spells, heavy precipitation, storms, wildfires, floods, and drought that can each impact Company assets and result in disruptions to mine permitting, operations, ore extraction, and mine closure, or impact employee safety and the local environment. The Company assessed risks at its Island Gold, Young-Davidson, and Mulatos mines, and one physical risk affecting the Mulatos Mine was determined to have a potential material financial impact on the Company. Mulatos is located in northwest Mexico where prolonged drought conditions are projected to increase, potentially affecting the availability of freshwater withdrawals for mining, processing, and refining activities in the dry season. In response, the Mulatos Mine is using existing water models to improve water management, updating engineering
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models to improve water efficiency, designing a water treatment plant for La Yaqui Grande, and investigating options to reuse existing infrastructure as water reservoirs, which could increase the cost of treating water before and after use. While the Company has taken measures to mitigate the impact of weather on its operations, severe weather events and prolonged drought - particularly in northwest Mexico - could have an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to achieve production forecasts.
Climate Change Governance
The Company’s commitment to protecting and preserving land, air, water, and energy resources is stated in the Company’s Sustainability Policy. The Technical and Sustainability (“T&S”) Committee of the Board provides oversight of climate change and climate-related impacts including GHG emissions, energy use, and water management. The Vice President, Sustainability & External Affairs reports to the Chief Operating Officer and provides updates to the T&S Committee on climate-related risks, opportunities, and performance. The Company’s Sustainability Management Framework is supported by sustainability standards that have been co-developed with sites, including an Energy and Greenhouse Gas Management Standard (the “Standard”). This Standard informs the Company’s actions to reduce emission intensity, energy-related costs and mitigates risks related to climate change, energy security, supply, and cost. Accountable persons at each Company site are responsible for implementing the Standard and helping the Company meet its climate-related objectives and targets. Energy and climate performance are reported on an annual basis and included in the Company’s public Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) reporting.
Climate Change Risk Management
Alamos identifies and manages major risks, including significant climate-related risks, to the Company and its mine sites. The Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) process provides senior management and the Board with updates on the key, material risks facing the Company along with details of the risk assessments and corresponding management plans. Climate-related risks are integrated into the Company’s ERM process.
In 2020, the Company conducted an independent climate risk assessment to identify transition and physical risks affecting Company operations and development projects. Risks were determined by literature reviews, site interviews, peer reviews, and professional experience, and then analyzed based on future climate risk (i.e., the projected changes to climate-related factors impacting the system). Two climate scenarios were used: RCP8.5 to assess physical risks to Company sites, and the IEA Sustainable Development Scenario (“SDS”) to assess transition risks to Company operations. A 20-year planning horizon was used (2030-2040), aligned with the current life of mine for Company assets and allowing for meaningful comparison of scenarios for transition and physical risks under a similar time horizon. Physical risk indicators included water stress, drought, cold and warm spells, precipitation, wind, temperature, wildfire, and floods. Transition risk indicators included GHG emission regulations, renewable electricity generation shares, cost of renewable energy, cost of abatement, cost of fuels, fossil fuel subsidies, and carbon reduction policies. Climate-related risks were validated with Company sites and management, including assessments on likelihood, consequence, risk rating, and the effectiveness of existing controls. Climate-related risks are being integrated into site and corporate risk registers for integration within strategic planning and enterprise risk management and will be periodically reviewed and assessed based on on-site changes and the availability of new, improved data.
In mid-2022, Alamos released its target to reduce absolute GHG emissions of 30% compared to its 2020/21 average base year. The Company developed an implementation roadmap to meet this target, with very specific projects identified and costed.
Insurance and Compliance Risks
The Company may not have sufficient insurance coverage.
The mining industry is subject to significant risks that could result in damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties or producing facilities, personal injury or death, environmental damage, delays in mining, monetary losses, and possible legal liability.
The Company’s policies of insurance may not provide sufficient coverage for losses related to these or other risks. The Company’s insurance does not cover all risks that may result in loss or damages and may not be adequate to reimburse the Company for all losses sustained. In particular, the Company does not have coverage for certain environmental losses or certain types of earthquake damage. The occurrence of losses or damage not covered by insurance could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s cash flows, results of operation, and financial condition.
The Company’s business involves uninsurable risks.
In the course of exploration, development, and production of mineral properties, certain risks and, in particular, unexpected or unusual geological operating conditions including cave-ins, fires, flooding, and earthquakes may occur. It is not always possible to fully insure against such risks and the Company may decide not to take out insurance against such risks as a result of high premiums or other reasons. Should such liabilities arise, they could reduce or eliminate any future profitability and result in increased costs and a decline in the value of the securities of the Company.
The Company may fail to maintain the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting as per the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”).
The Company has documented and tested, during its most recent fiscal year, its internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of SOX. Both SOX and Canadian legislation require an annual assessment by management of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
The Company may fail to maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting as such standards are modified, supplemented, or amended from time to time, and the Company may not be able to ensure that it can conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal controls over financial reporting. The Company’s failure to satisfy the requirements of Section
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404 of SOX and equivalent Canadian legislation on an ongoing, timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of its financial statements, which in turn could harm the Company’s business and negatively impact the trading price of the Company’s common shares or market value of its other securities. In addition, any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm the Company’s operating results or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations.
The Company may be impacted by Anti-Bribery, Anti-Corruption and related business conduct laws.
The Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions where the Company does business, prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or other commercial advantages. The Company’s policies, including without limitation its Anti-Bribery, Anti-Corruption and Anti-Competition policy and its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, mandate compliance with these laws, the failure of which often carry substantial penalties. The Company operates in jurisdictions that have experienced governmental and private sector corruption to some degree, and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with laws may conflict with certain local customs and practices. There can be no assurances that the Company’s internal control policies and procedures will always protect it from reckless or other inappropriate acts committed by the Company’s affiliates, employees, or agents. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations.
Alamos’ critical operating systems may be compromised.
Cyber threats, including fraud resulting from cyber threats, have evolved in severity, frequency, and sophistication in recent years, and target entities are no longer primarily from the financial or retail sectors. Individuals engaging in cybercrime may target corruption of systems or data or theft of sensitive data. While the Company invests in robust security systems to detect and block inappropriate or illegal access to its key systems, including supervisory control and data acquisition operating systems at its operations, and regularly reviews policies, procedures, and protocols to ensure data and system integrity, there can be no assurance that critical systems will not be inadvertently or intentionally breached and compromised. This may result in business interruption losses, equipment damage, or loss of critical or sensitive information.
Senior leadership briefs the Company’s Audit Committee on information security matters at least once a year, and annual independent audits are conducted by the Company’s auditors. Additional independent cyber-specific audits are undertaken on an as-needed basis, and the Company has retained a third party to provide 24x7 managed detection and response services across the Company’s digital environment. A formal information security training and awareness program is compiled annually and executed in segments across the business.
Mining Industry Risks
The Company is in competition with other mining companies that have greater resources and experience.
The Company competes with other mining companies, many of which have greater resources and experience. Competition in the precious metals mining industry is primarily for mineral-rich properties which can be developed and produced economically; the technical expertise to find, develop, and produce such properties; the labour to operate the properties, and the capital for the purpose of financing development of such properties. Many competitors not only explore for and mine precious metals, but also conduct refining and marketing operations on a world-wide basis and some of these companies have much greater financial and technical resources than the Company. Such competition may result in the Company being unable to acquire desired properties, recruit or retain qualified employees or acquire the capital necessary to fund its operations and develop its properties. The Company’s inability to successfully compete with other mining companies for these mineral deposits could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.
The Company may be unable to identify opportunities to grow its business or replace depleted Mineral Reserves, and it may be unsuccessful in integrating new businesses and assets that it may acquire in the future.
As part of the Company’s business strategy, it has sought and will continue to seek new operating, development, and exploration opportunities in the mining industry. In pursuit of such opportunities, the Company may fail to select appropriate acquisition candidates or negotiate acceptable arrangements, including arrangements to finance acquisitions or integrate the acquired businesses into its business. The Company cannot provide assurance that it can complete any acquisition or business arrangement that it pursues or is pursuing, on favourable terms, if at all, or that any acquisitions or business arrangements completed will ultimately benefit its business. Further, any acquisition the Company makes will require a significant amount of time and attention from its management, as well as resources that otherwise could be spent on the operation and development of its existing business.
Any future acquisitions would be accompanied by risks, such as a significant decline in the relevant metal price after the Company commits to complete an acquisition on certain terms; the quality of the mineral deposit acquired proving to be lower than expected; the difficulty of assimilating the operations and personnel of any acquired companies; the potential disruption of its ongoing business; the inability of management to realize anticipated synergies and maximize its financial and strategic position; the failure to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies; and the potential for unknown or unanticipated liabilities associated with acquired assets and businesses, including tax, environmental or other liabilities. There can be no assurance that any business or assets acquired in the future will prove to be profitable, that the Company will be able to integrate the acquired businesses or assets successfully or that the Company will identify all potential liabilities during the course of due diligence. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on its business, expansion, results of operations, and financial condition.
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Mining is inherently dangerous and subject to conditions or events beyond the Company’s control, which could have a material adverse effect on its business and which conditions and events may not be insurable.

Mining involves various types of risks and hazards, including, but not limited to:
•Geotechnical risks, including rock falls, pit wall failures, and cave-ins;
•Environmental hazards;
•Industrial accidents;
•Metallurgical and other processing problems;
•Unusual or unexpected rock formations;
•Seismic activity;
•Flooding;
•Fires;
•Periodic interruptions due to inclement or hazardous weather conditions;
•Variations in grade, deposit size, continuity, and other geological problems;
•Mechanical equipment performance problems;
•Unavailability of materials and equipment;
•Theft of equipment, supplies, and bullion;
•Labour force disruptions;
•Civil strife; and
•Unanticipated or significant changes in the costs of supplies.
Most of these risks are beyond the Company’s control and could result in damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties, production facilities, or other properties; personal injury or death; loss of key employees; environmental damage; delays in mining; increased production costs; monetary losses; and could impact the Company’s share price and possible legal liability.
The business of exploration for minerals and mining involves a high degree of risk, as few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines.
The Company is engaged in exploration, mine development, and the mining and production of precious metals, primarily gold, and is exposed to a number of risks and uncertainties that are common to other companies in the same business. Unusual or unexpected ground movements, fires, power outages, labour disruptions, flooding, cave-ins, landslides, and the inability to obtain suitable adequate machinery, equipment or labour are risks involved in the operation of mines and the conduct of exploration programs. The Company has relied upon, and may continue to rely upon, consultants and others for mine operating and exploration expertise. Few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Substantial expenditures are required to establish Mineral Reserves through drilling, to develop metallurgical processes to extract the metal from the ore, and in the case of new properties, to develop the mining and processing facilities and infrastructure at any site chosen for mining. Although substantial benefits may be derived from the discovery of a major mineral deposit, the Company may not be able to raise sufficient funds for development. The economics of developing mineral properties is affected by many factors including the cost of operations, variations in the grade of ore mined, fluctuations in metal markets, costs of mining and processing equipment, and such other factors as government regulations, including regulations relating to royalties, allowable production, importing and exporting of minerals and environmental protection. Where expenditures on a property have not led to the discovery of Mineral Reserves, spent costs will not usually be recoverable.
The trading price of the Company’s common shares may be subject to large fluctuations and may increase or decrease in response to a number of events and factors.
These factors may include, but are not limited to:
•The price of gold and other metals;
•The Company’s operating performance and the performance of competitors and other similar companies;
•The public’s reaction to the Company’s press releases, other public announcements, and the Company’s filings with the various securities regulatory authorities;
•Changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by research analysts who track the Company’s common shares or the shares of other companies in the resource sector;
•Changes in general economic conditions;
•The arrival or departure of key personnel; and
•Acquisitions, strategic alliances, or joint ventures involving the Company or its competitors.
In addition, the market price of the Company’s shares is affected by many variables not directly related to the Company’s success and are therefore not within the Company’s control, including other developments that affect the market for all resource
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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
sector shares, the breadth of the public market for the Company’s shares, and the attractiveness of alternative investments. In addition, securities markets have recently experienced an extreme level of price and volume volatility, and the market price of securities of many companies has experienced wide fluctuations which have not necessarily been related to the operating performance, underlying asset values, or prospects of such companies. The effect of these and other factors on the market price of the common shares on the exchanges in which the Company trades has historically made the Company’s share price volatile and suggests that the Company’s share price will continue to be volatile in the future.
Cautionary Note to United States Investors

Measured, Indicated and Inferred Resources: All resource and reserve estimates included in this MD&A or documents referenced in this MD&A have been prepared in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects ("NI 43-101") and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the "CIM") - CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended (the "CIM Standards"). NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators, which established standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Mining disclosure in the United States was previously required to comply with SEC Industry Guide 7 (“SEC Industry Guide 7”) under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has adopted final rules, to replace SEC Industry Guide 7 with new mining disclosure rules under sub-part 1300 of Regulation S-K of the U.S. Securities Act (“Regulation S-K 1300”) which became mandatory for U.S. reporting companies beginning with the first fiscal year commencing on or after January 1, 2021. Under Regulation S-K 1300, the SEC now recognizes estimates of “Measured Mineral Resources”, “Indicated Mineral Resources” and “Inferred Mineral Resources”. In addition, the SEC has amended its definitions of “Proven Mineral Reserves” and “Probable Mineral Reserves” to be substantially similar to international standards.

Investors are cautioned that while the above terms are “substantially similar” to CIM Definitions, there are differences in the definitions under Regulation S-K 1300 and the CIM Standards. Accordingly, there is no assurance any mineral reserves or mineral resources that the Company may report as “proven mineral reserves”, “probable mineral reserves”, “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under NI 43-101 would be the same had the Company prepared the mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates under the standards adopted under Regulation S-K 1300. U.S. investors are also cautioned that while the SEC recognizes “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under Regulation S-K 1300, investors should not assume that any part or all of the mineralization in these categories will ever be converted into a higher category of mineral resources or into mineral reserves. Mineralization described using these terms has a greater degree of uncertainty as to its existence and feasibility than mineralization that has been characterized as reserves. Accordingly, investors are cautioned not to assume that any measured mineral resources, indicated mineral resources, or inferred mineral resources that the Company reports are or will be economically or legally mineable.

International Financial Reporting Standards: The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared by management in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (note 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022). These accounting principles differ in certain material respects from accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The Company’s reporting currency is the United States dollar unless otherwise noted.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This MD&A contains or incorporates by reference “forward-looking statements” and “forward-looking information” as defined under applicable Canadian and U.S. securities legislation. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, which address events, results, outcomes or developments that the Company expects to occur are, or may be deemed, to be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are generally, but not always, identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "expect", “assume”, “schedule”, "believe", "anticipate", "intend", "objective", "estimate", “potential”, "forecast", "budget", “target”, "goal", “on track”, “outlook”, “continue”, “ongoing”, “plan” or variations of such words and phrases and similar expressions or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved or the negative connotation of such terms.

Such statements include, but may not be limited to, expectations pertaining to: reductions in GHG emissions; increases to production, value of operation and decreases to costs resulting from intended completion of the Phase 3+ expansion at Island Gold; intended infrastructure investments in, method of funding for, and timing of the completion of, the Phase 3+ expansion; approval of the Environmental Impact Study for the Lynn Lake Gold Project and the intended release of an updated feasibility study and timing related thereto; as well as other general information as to strategy, plans or future financial or operating performance, such as the Company’s expansion plans, project timelines, production plans and expected sustainable productivity increases, expected increases in mining activities and corresponding cost efficiencies, expected exploration programs, targets and budgets, expected sustaining costs, expected improvements in cash flows and margins, expectations of changes in capital expenditures, forecasted cash shortfalls and the Company’s ability to fund them, cost estimates, projected exploration results, reserve and resource estimates, expected mine life and reserve life, expected production rates, expected recoveries, sufficiency
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of working capital for future commitments, gold prices, returns to stakeholders and other statements that express management’s expectations or estimates of future plans and performance.

Alamos cautions that forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of factors and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by the Company at the time of making such statements, are inherently subject to significant business, economic, technical, legal, political and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. Known and unknown factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements and information.

Such factors and assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to: changes to current estimates of mineral reserves and resources; changes to production estimates (which assume accuracy of projected ore grade, mining rates, recovery timing and recovery rate estimates which may be impacted by unscheduled maintenance, weather issues, labour and contractor availability and other operating or technical difficulties); operations may be exposed to new diseases, epidemics and pandemics, including the ongoing effects and potential further effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other new illness, epidemic or pandemic on the broader market and the trading price of the Company's shares; provincial and federal orders or mandates (including with respect to mining operations generally or auxiliary businesses or services required for the Company’s operations) in Canada, Mexico, the United States and Türkiye; the duration of any ongoing or new regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic or any other new illness, epidemic or pandemic; government and the Company’s attempts to reduce the spread of COVID-19 which may affect many aspects of the Company's operations including the ability to transport personnel to and from site, contractor and supply availability and the ability to sell or deliver gold doré bars; fluctuations in the price of gold or certain other commodities such as, diesel fuel, natural gas, and electricity; changes in foreign exchange rates (particularly the Canadian Dollar, Mexican Peso, U.S. Dollar and Turkish Lira); the impact of inflation; changes in the Company's credit rating; any decision to declare a quarterly dividend; employee and community relations; litigation and administrative proceedings (including but not limited to the investment treaty claim announced on April 20, 2021 against the Republic of Türkiye by the Company’s wholly-owned Netherlands subsidiaries, Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A, and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V.); disruptions affecting operations; availability of and increased costs associated with mining inputs and labour; delays with the Phase 3+ expansion project at the Island Gold mine; delays in permitting, obtaining approval of the Environmental Impact Study, completing an updated Feasibility Study, construction decisions and any development of the Lynn Lake Gold Project; delays in the development or updating of mine plans; changes with respect to the intended method of accessing and mining the deposit at Puerto Del Aire and changes related to the intended method of processing any ore from the deposit of Puerto Del Aire; expectations with respect to the Golden Arrow open pit project providing supplemental mill feed to the mill at the Young-Davidson mine not coming to fruition; the risk that the Company’s mines may not perform as planned; uncertainty with the Company’s ability to secure additional capital to execute its business plans; the speculative nature of mineral exploration and development, including the risks of obtaining and maintaining necessary licenses and permits, including the necessary licenses, permits, authorizations and/or approvals from the appropriate regulatory authorities for the Company’s development stage and operating assets; labour and contractor availability (and being able to secure the same on favourable terms); contests over title to properties; expropriation or nationalization of property; inherent risks and hazards associated with mining and mineral processing including environmental hazards, industrial hazards, industrial accidents, unusual or unexpected formations, pressures and cave-ins; changes in national and local government legislation, controls or regulations in Canada, Mexico, Türkiye, the United States and other jurisdictions in which the Company does or may carry on business in the future; increased costs and risks related to the potential impact of climate change; failure to comply with environmental and health and safety laws and regulations; disruptions in the maintenance or provision of required infrastructure and information technology systems; risk of loss due to sabotage, protests and other civil disturbances; the impact of global liquidity and credit availability and the values of assets and liabilities based on projected future cash flows; risks arising from holding derivative instruments; and business opportunities that may be pursued by the Company. The litigation against the Republic of Türkiye, described above, results from the actions of the Turkish government in respect of the Company’s projects in the Republic of Türkiye. Such litigation is a mitigation effort and may not be effective or successful. If unsuccessful, the Company’s projects in Türkiye may be subject to resource nationalism and further expropriation; the Company may lose any remaining value of its assets and gold mining projects in Türkiye and its ability to operate in Türkiye. Even if the litigation is successful, there is no certainty as to the quantum of any damages award or recovery of all, or any, legal costs. Any resumption of activities in Türkiye, or even retaining control of its assets and gold mining projects in Türkiye can only result from agreement with the Turkish government. The investment treaty claim described in this MD&A may have an impact on foreign direct investment in the Republic of Türkiye which may result in changes to the Turkish economy, including but not limited to high rates of inflation and fluctuation of the Turkish Lira which may also affect the Company’s relationship with the Turkish government, the Company’s ability to effectively operate in Türkiye, and which may have a negative effect on overall anticipated project values.

Additional risk factors and details with respect to risk factors that may affect the Company’s ability to achieve the expectations set forth in the forward-looking statements contained in this MD&A are set out in the Company's latest 40-F/Annual Information Form under the heading “Risk Factors”, which is available on the SEDAR website at www.sedar.com or on EDGAR at www.sec.gov. The foregoing should be reviewed in conjunction with the information, risk factors and assumptions found in this MD&A.

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2022 Management’s Discussion and Analysis
The Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

Qualified Persons
Chris Bostwick, FAusIMM, Alamos’ Senior Vice President, Technical Services, who is a qualified person within the meaning of National Instrument 43-101 ("Qualified Person"), has reviewed and approved the scientific and technical information contained in this MD&A.
image1a37a.gif                                        54
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 agi-20221231_g1.gifALAMOS GOLD INC.
2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
December 31, 2022
(Prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and stated in millions of United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated)

INDEX
Management's Responsibility for Financial Reporting
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Toronto, ON, Canada, Auditor Firm ID: 85)
Consolidated Financial Statements
▪Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
▪Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
▪Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
▪Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
▪Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements




MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) and the information in these annual financial statements are the responsibility of management and have been reviewed and approved by the Company’s board of directors (the “Board of Directors”). The consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. In the preparation of these consolidated financial statements, estimates are sometimes necessary when transactions affecting the current accounting period cannot be finalized with certainty until future periods. Management believes that such estimates, which have been properly reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, are based on the best estimates and judgements of management.
To discharge its responsibilities for financial reporting and safeguarding of assets, management depends on the Company’s systems of internal control over financial reporting. These systems are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the financial records are reliable and form a proper basis for the timely and accurate preparation of financial statements. The Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have assessed and concluded on the design, implementation and operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as at December 31, 2022.
The Board of Directors oversees management’s responsibilities for the consolidated financial statements primarily through the activities of its Audit Committee, which is composed solely of directors who are neither officers nor employees of the Company. This Committee meets with management and the Company’s independent auditors, KPMG LLP, to ensure that management properly fulfill its financial reporting responsibilities, review the consolidated financial statements, and recommend approval by the Board of Directors. The Audit Committee provides full and unrestricted access to the independent auditors and also meets with the independent auditors, without the presence of management, to discuss the scope and results of their audits, the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, and the quality of financial reporting.
The consolidated financial statements have been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).
"John A. McCluskey"
John A. McCluskey
President and Chief Executive Officer
"James R. Porter"
James R. Porter, FCPA, FCA, CPA (Illinois)
Chief Financial Officer



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KPMG LLP
Bay Adelaide Centre
333 Bay Street Suite 4600
Toronto ON M5H 2S5
Canada
Telephone (416) 777-8500
Fax (416) 777-8818
Internet www.kpmg.ca

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Alamos Gold Inc.
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Alamos Gold Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and its financial performance and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Evaluation of the recoverable amount of the Young-Davidson cash generating unit

As discussed in Note 3(j) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of mineral property, plant and equipment for impairment (or impairment reversal) at each reporting date or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amounts may not be recoverable (or indicate that a previous impairment may have reversed). In making this determination, the Company considers both internal and external information, in accordance with IAS 36, Impairment of Assets, to determine whether there is an indicator of impairment or impairment reversal and, accordingly, whether quantitative testing is required. If the carrying amount of the cash generating unit (“CGU”) exceeds the recoverable amount, being the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value-in-use, an impairment loss is recognized in net loss as the excess of the carrying amount over the recoverable amount. A CGU that has previously been impaired is tested for a possible reversal of the impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the impairment may have reversed, or may have partially reversed. In these instances, the impairment loss is reversed to the recoverable amount but not beyond the carrying amount, net of amortization, that would have arisen if the prior impairment loss had not been recognized. As discussed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the carrying value of the Company’s mineral property, plant and



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equipment balance was $3,173.8 million as of December 31, 2022, of which $1,504.7 million related to the Young-Davidson CGU.

We identified the evaluation of the recoverable amount of the Young-Davidson CGU as a critical audit matter. A high degree of auditor judgment was required to assess the significant assumptions of future production costs and production levels, future gold prices, the future foreign exchange rate and the discount rate. In addition, auditor judgment was required to evaluate the mineral reserves and resources which form the basis of the life of mine plan.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s process to determine the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit including controls over the determination of future production costs and production levels, future gold prices, future foreign exchange rate and the discount rate as well as estimated mineral reserves and resources. We assessed the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the Company’s personnel who prepared the estimates of mineral reserves and resources, including the industry and regulatory standards they applied. We evaluated the Company’s estimate of mineral reserves and resources by comparing the Company’s historical estimates to actual results, to the life of mine plan and to the mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates. We evaluated the Company’s future production costs and production levels used in the life of mine plan by comparing them to historical results. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in:
•evaluating the estimated future gold prices and the future foreign exchange rate by comparing them to publicly available information
•evaluating the discount rate by comparing to an estimate that was independently developed using publicly available information and data for comparable entities.






o the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Alamos Gold Inc.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2005.

Toronto, Canada
February 22, 2023
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements



agi-20221231_g2.jpg
KPMG LLP
Bay Adelaide Centre
333 Bay Street Suite 4600
Toronto ON M5H 2S5
Canada
Telephone (416) 777-8500
Fax (416) 777-8818
Internet www.kpmg.ca
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Alamos Gold Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Alamos Gold Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for the each of the years then ended in the two-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 22, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, appearing under the heading Internal Control over Financial Reporting in Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk.

Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

hareholders and Board of Directors of Alamos Gold Inc.
/s/ KPMG LLP

Chartered Public Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada February 22, 2023

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
(Stated in millions of United States dollars)
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
A S S E T S
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$129.8 $172.5 
Equity securities (note 18)18.6 23.9 
Amounts receivable (note 5)37.2 31.1 
Income taxes receivable— 8.7 
Inventory (note 6)234.2 199.0 
Other current assets (note 7)16.2 24.2 
Assets held for sale (note 14)5.0 — 
Total Current Assets441.0 459.4 
Non-Current Assets
Long-term inventory (note 6)
— 10.6 
Mineral property, plant and equipment (note 8)3,173.8 3,108.5 
Other non-current assets (note 9)59.4 43.0 
Total Assets$3,674.2 $3,621.5 
L I A B I L I T I E S
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (note 10)$181.2 $157.4 
Income taxes payable0.7 — 
Total Current Liabilities181.9 157.4 
Non-Current Liabilities
Deferred income taxes (note 12)660.9 623.2 
Decommissioning liabilities (note 11)108.1 102.8 
Other non-current liabilities2.2 2.5 
Total Liabilities953.1 885.9 
E Q U I T Y
Share capital (note 13)$3,703.8 $3,692.9 
Contributed surplus90.7 89.5 
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income(24.8)1.9 
Deficit(1,048.6)(1,048.7)
Total Equity2,721.1 2,735.6 
Total Liabilities and Equity$3,674.2 $3,621.5 

Commitments (note 22)

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
"John A. McCluskey"                    "Paul J. Murphy"
John A. McCluskey                    Paul J. Murphy
President and Chief Executive Officer            Chairman

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
(Stated in millions of United States dollars, except share and per share amounts)
December 31,December 31,
20222021
OPERATING REVENUES$821.2 $823.6 
COST OF SALES
Mining and processing394.4 351.5 
Inventory net realizable value adjustment (note 6)33.9 — 
Royalties (note 22)9.1 11.7 
Amortization171.5 170.9 
608.9 534.1 
EXPENSES
Exploration18.4 14.7 
Corporate and administrative25.9 24.5 
Share-based compensation (note 13)18.3 11.1 
Impairment charge (note 14)38.2 224.3 
709.7 808.7 
EARNINGS FROM OPERATIONS111.5 14.9 
OTHER EXPENSES
Finance expense(5.7)(4.5)
Foreign exchange gain (loss)1.7 (0.9)
Other loss (note 15)(5.1)(7.2)
EARNINGS BEFORE INCOME TAXES$102.4 $2.3 
INCOME TAXES (note 12)
Current income tax expense(10.7)(5.3)
Deferred income tax expense(54.6)(63.7)
NET EARNINGS (LOSS)$37.1 ($66.7)
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to net earnings:
Net change in fair value of currency hedging instruments, net of taxes(5.9)(1.7)
Net change in fair value of fuel hedging instruments, net of taxes(0.3)0.3 
Items that will not be reclassified to net earnings:
Unrealized loss on equity securities, net of taxes(20.5)(2.9)
Total other comprehensive loss($26.7)($4.3)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)$10.4 ($71.0)
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE (note 13)
– basic$0.09 ($0.17)
– diluted$0.09 ($0.17)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (000's)
– basic392,172 392,649 
– diluted394,508 392,649 
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
(Stated in millions of United States dollars)
December 31,December 31,
20222021
SHARE CAPITAL (note 13)
Balance, beginning of the year$3,692.9 $3,702.9 
Repurchase and cancellation of common shares (note 13a)(10.4)(14.9)
Issuance of shares related to share-based compensation5.3 0.2 
Issuance of shares related to dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan (note 13a)4.1 4.6 
Issuance of shares related to employee share purchase plan2.7 — 
Transfer from contributed surplus of share-based compensation redeemed2.3 0.1 
Issuance of shares through flow-through share agreements6.9 — 
Balance, end of year$3,703.8 $3,692.9 
CONTRIBUTED SURPLUS
Balance, beginning of the year$89.5 $88.5 
Share-based compensation5.5 6.8 
Transfer of share capital of share-based compensation redeemed(2.3)(0.1)
Distribution of share-based compensation(2.0)(5.7)
Balance, end of year$90.7 $89.5 
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
Balance, beginning of the year on currency hedging instruments$4.0 $5.7 
Net change in fair value of currency hedging instruments, net of taxes(5.9)(1.7)
($1.9)$4.0 
Balance, beginning of the year on fuel hedging instruments$0.4 $0.1 
Net change in fair value of fuel hedging instruments, net of taxes(0.3)0.3 
$0.1 $0.4 
Balance, beginning of the year on equity securities($2.5)$12.4 
Realized gain on sale of equity securities, reclassified to deficit— (12.0)
Unrealized loss on equity securities, net of taxes(20.5)(2.9)
($23.0)($2.5)
Balance, end of year($24.8)$1.9 
DEFICIT
Balance, beginning of the year($1,048.7)($958.1)
Dividends (note 13(f))(39.2)(39.1)
Repurchase and cancellation of common shares (note 13a)2.2 3.2 
Reclassification of realized gain on sale of equity securities, net of tax— 12.0 
Net earnings (loss)37.1 (66.7)
Balance, end of year($1,048.6)($1,048.7)
TOTAL EQUITY
$2,721.1 $2,735.6 
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
(Stated in millions of United States dollars)
December 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN):
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net earnings (loss)$37.1 ($66.7)
Adjustments for items not involving cash:
Amortization
171.5 170.9 
Impairment charge (note 14)38.2 224.3 
Inventory net realizable value adjustment (note 6)33.9 — 
Foreign exchange (gain) loss(1.7)0.9 
Current income tax expense
10.7 5.3 
Deferred income tax expense
54.6 63.7 
Share-based compensation
18.3 11.1 
Finance expense
5.7 4.5 
Other items (note 16)(6.7)(3.1)
Changes in working capital and taxes paid (note 16)(63.1)(54.4)
298.5 356.5 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Mineral property, plant and equipment(313.7)(348.6)
Capital Advances— (9.8)
Proceeds from sale of Esperanza Project5.0 — 
Repurchase of Island Gold royalties (note 8(i))— (15.7)
Proceeds from disposition of equity securities— 25.8 
Investment in equity securities(4.0)(8.8)
(312.7)(357.1)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Dividends paid(35.1)(34.5)
Repurchase and cancellation of common shares (note 13a)(8.2)(11.7)
Proceeds from issuance of flow-through shares (note 13a)10.4 — 
Credit facility interest and transaction fees(0.8)(1.1)
Proceeds received from the exercise of stock options5.3 0.2 
Repayment of equipment financing obligations— (0.2)
(28.4)(47.3)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents(0.1)(0.1)
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents(42.7)(48.0)
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of year172.5 220.5 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - END OF YEAR$129.8 $172.5 
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
ALAMOS GOLD INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022 and 2021
(In United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated, tables stated in millions of United States dollars)
1.NATURE OF OPERATIONS
Alamos Gold Inc. ("Alamos"), a company incorporated under the Business Corporation Act (Ontario), and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively the “Company”) are engaged in the acquisition, exploration, development and extraction of precious metals. Alamos is a Canadian-based intermediate gold producer with diversified North American production from the Young-Davidson and the Island Gold mines in Northern Ontario, Canada and the Mulatos District in Sonora State, Mexico. In addition, Alamos has a strong portfolio of growth projects, including the Phase 3+ Expansion at Island Gold, and the Lynn Lake project in Manitoba, Canada. Alamos employs more than 1,900 people and is committed to the highest standards of sustainable development and ethical business practices.
Alamos is a publicly traded company with common shares listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: AGI) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: AGI).
The Company’s registered office is located at 181 Bay St, Suite 3910, Toronto, Ontario, M5J 2T3.
2.BASIS OF PREPARATION
These consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the historical cost convention, other than for certain financial instruments, which are measured in accordance with the policy disclosed in note 3.
The consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on February 22, 2023.

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3.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(a) Basis of consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the following subsidiaries:
CompanyPrincipal activityCountry of incorporation
AuRico Gold Chihuahua, S.A. de C.V., SOFOM E.N.R.Administrative servicesMexico
AuRico Gold Holdings Inc.Holding companyCanada
AuRico Gold (USA), Inc.Administrative servicesUnited States of America
Capital Gold CorporationHolding companyUnited States of America
Leadville Mining & Milling Holding CorporationHolding companyUnited States of America
Minera Santa Rita, S. de R.L. de C.V.Gold and silver miningMexico
Nayarit Gold Inc.Holding companyCanada
Oro de Altar, S.A. de C.V.Holding companyMexico
0975828 B.C. LTD.Holding companyCanada
Orsa Ventures Corp.Holding companyCanada
Minas de Oro Nacional, S.A. de C.V.Gold and silver miningMexico
Operason S.A. de C.V.Administrative servicesMexico
Sonora Gerencial S.A. de C.V.Administrative servicesMexico
Esperanza Silver Peru SACGold and silver miningPeru
Dogu Biga Madencilik Sanayi Ticaret ASGold and silver miningTurkey
Quartz Mountain Gold Ltd.Gold and silver miningUnited States of America
Carlisle Goldfields Ltd.Holding companyCanada
Patricia Mining Corp.Holding companyCanada
Alamos Gold Holdings Inc.Holding companyCanada
Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A.Holding companyNetherlands
Alamos Gold Holdings B.V.Holding companyNetherlands
Host's Gold IncorporatedHolding companyCanada
Trillium Mining Corp.Holding companyCanada
2663200 Ontario Inc.Holding companyCanada
Victoria Gold Mines (East Timmins) LimitedHolding companyCanada
These subsidiaries are controlled by the Company, and are wholly-owned. Control exists when the Company is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.
All intra-group transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated in full on consolidation.
(b) Investments in associates and joint ventures
The Company accounts for investments in associates and joint ventures using the equity method of accounting. The carrying value of the Company’s investments in associates and joint ventures represents the cost of the investment, including the Company’s share of retained earnings and losses subsequent to formation. At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses its investments for any indicators of impairment.
(c) Foreign currency
Functional and presentation currency
These consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars (“US dollars”), which is the functional currency of the Company and all its subsidiaries.
Translation of transactions and balances into the functional currency
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Transactions in currencies other than the Company's or a subsidiary's functional currency (“foreign currencies”) are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing at that date. Foreign currency non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost are not retranslated.
Exchange differences are recognized in net earnings in the period in which they arise. Exchange differences on deferred foreign tax assets and liabilities are presented as deferred income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
(d) Revenue recognition
Revenue from the sale of gold, including refined metal, and dore, is recognized when control over the metal is transferred to the customer. Transfer of control generally occurs when the refined metal, or dore has been accepted by the customer. Once the customer has accepted the metals, control has typically been transferred and the customer is able to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the metals. On transfer of control, revenue and related costs can be measured reliably and it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company as payment is received on the date of or within a few days of transfer of control.
(e) Cash and cash equivalents
The Company considers deposits in banks, certificates of deposits, and short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less from the acquisition date as cash and cash equivalents.
(f) Inventories
Parts and supplies inventory
Supplies inventory consists of mining supplies and consumables used in the operation of the mines, and is valued at the lower of average cost and net realizable value. Provisions are recorded to reflect present intentions for the use of slow moving and obsolete parts and supplies inventory.
Stockpile inventory
Stockpiles represent ore that has been mined and is available for further processing. Stockpiles are measured by estimating the number of tonnes added and removed from the stockpile, the number of contained ounces (based on assay data) and the estimated metallurgical recovery rates (based on the expected processing method). Stockpile ore tonnages are verified by periodic surveys. Costs are allocated to stockpiles based on the current mining cost per tonne incurred up to the point of stockpiling the ore, including applicable overhead, depletion and amortization relating to mining operations, to the extent determined recoverable, and are removed at the average cost per tonne. Stockpile inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
In-process inventory
The recovery of gold is achieved through milling and heap leaching processes. Costs are added to ore on leach pads and in the mill based on the current stockpiled mining cost and current processing cost, including applicable overhead, depletion and amortization relating to mining and processing operations. Costs are removed from ore on leach pads and in the mill as ounces are recovered, based on the average cost per recoverable ounce of gold in-process inventory. In-process inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
Finished goods inventory
Finished goods inventory consists of dore bars and gold concentrate containing predominantly gold by value which are generally refined off-site to return saleable metals. Dore and gold concentrate inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
For all classes of gold inventory, net realizable value is calculated as the difference between the estimated future metal revenue based on prevailing and/or long-term metal prices as appropriate, and estimated costs to complete production into a saleable form.
(g) Long-lived assets
Mineral property, plant and equipment
Mineral property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. The initial cost of an asset is comprised of its purchase price or construction cost, any costs directly attributable to bringing the
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
asset into operation, the initial estimate of any reclamation obligation, and for qualifying assets, borrowing costs. The purchase price is the fair value of consideration given to acquire the asset. The value of the right-of-use assets are also included within property, plant and equipment. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the Company, and the costs can be measured reliably. This would include costs related to the refurbishment or replacement of major components of an asset, when the refurbishment results in a significant extension in the physical life of the component. All other repairs and maintenance costs are recognized in net earnings as incurred.
The cost of property, plant and equipment, less any applicable residual value, is allocated over the estimated useful life of the asset on a straight-line basis, or on a unit-of-production basis if that method is more reflective of the allocation of benefits among periods. Amortization commences on an asset when it has been fully commissioned and is available for use. Amortization rates applicable to each category of property, plant and equipment, with the exception of land, are as follows:
AssetUseful life
Leasehold improvementsLease term
Mobile equipment 2-10 years
Other equipment 2-20 years
Processing plant Unit-of-production
Shaft, underground infrastructure and mineral propertiesUnit-of-production
Vehicles 3-7 years
Buildings7-20 years
Office equipment 2-8 years

When components of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives than those noted above, they are accounted for as separate items of property, plant and equipment. Each asset or component’s estimated useful life is determined considering its physical life limitations; however, this physical life cannot exceed the remaining life of the mine at which the asset is utilized. Estimates of remaining useful lives and residual values are reviewed annually. Any changes in estimates of useful lives are accounted for prospectively from the date of the change.
Exploration and evaluation assets
Expenditures incurred prior to the Company obtaining the right to explore are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.
Exploration and evaluation expenditures include costs such as exploratory drilling, sample testing, costs of pre-feasibility studies, and for qualifying assets, borrowing costs. Subsequent to obtaining the legal right to explore, these costs are capitalized pending determination of the technical feasibility and commercial viability of the project. All capitalized exploration and evaluation expenditures are monitored for indications of impairment, to ensure that exploration activities related to the property are continuing and/or planned for the future. If an exploration property does not prove viable, an impairment loss is recognized in net earnings as the excess of the carrying amount over the recoverable amount (refer to note 3 (j) for definition of recoverable amount) in the period in which that determination is made.
Exploration and evaluation expenditures are initially capitalized as exploration and evaluation assets and are subsequently reclassified to mine development costs upon determining that the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are demonstrable. The demonstration of the technical feasibility and commercial viability is the point at which management determines that it will develop the project. This typically includes, but is not limited to, the completion of an economic feasibility study; the establishment of mineral reserves; and the receipt of the applicable construction and operating permits for the project. Upon demonstrating the technical feasibility and commercial viability of establishing a mineral reserve, the Company performs an impairment test, based on the recoverable amount, prior to reclassification of exploration and evaluation assets to mine development costs in accordance with IFRS 6, Exploration for and evaluation of Mineral Resources. In addition, the carrying values of exploration and evaluation assets are reviewed periodically, when impairment indicators exist, for possible impairment, based on the recoverable amount.
Mining interests and mine development costs
The Company may hold interests in mineral properties in various forms, including prospecting licenses, exploration and exploitation concessions, mineral leases and surface rights. The Company capitalizes payments made in the process of acquiring legal title to these properties.
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Property acquisition and mine development costs are recorded at cost. Mine development costs incurred to expand operating capacity, develop new ore bodies or develop mine areas in advance of current production are capitalized. Mine development costs related to current period production are recorded in inventory. Pre-production expenditures incurred prior to the mine being capable of operating in the manner intended by management are capitalized. Borrowing costs for qualifying assets are capitalized to mine development costs while construction and development activities at the property are in progress. Items may be produced while bringing an item of property, plant and equipment to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management (such as samples produced when testing whether the asset is functioning properly). An entity recognizes the proceeds from selling any such items, and the cost of those items, in profit or loss in accordance with applicable Standards. The entity measures the cost of those items applying the measurement requirements of IAS 2 Inventories.
Subsequent to the commencement of commercial production, further development expenditures incurred with respect to a mining interest are capitalized as part of the mining interest, when it is probable that additional future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Company. Otherwise, such expenditures are classified as mining and processing costs.
Upon commencement of commercial production, mining interests are depleted over the life of the mine using the unit-of-production method based on estimated proven and probable mineral reserves of the mine and the portion of mineralization from measured, indicated and inferred mineral resources expected to be classified as mineral reserves, in applicable mines. The Company determines the portion of mineralization expected to be classified as mineral reserves by considering the degree of confidence in the economic extraction of the resource, which is affected by long-term metal price assumptions, cut-off grade assumptions, and drilling results. These assessments are made on a mine-by-mine basis.
The expected reserves used in depletion calculations are determined based on the facts and circumstances associated with the mining interest. Any changes in estimates of reserves are accounted for prospectively from the date of the change.
Commercial production
Commercial production is reached when an open pit or underground mine is in the condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. The Company considers a range of factors when determining whether commercial production has been reached, which may include the completion of all required major capital expenditures, the demonstration of continuous production near the level required by the design capacity of the processing facilities, and the demonstration of continuous throughput levels at or above a target percentage of the design capacity. The Company assesses the ability to sustain production and throughput over a certain period, depending on the complexity of the operation, prior to declaring that commercial production has been reached.
Capitalized stripping costs
Pre-production stripping costs are capitalized as part of the cost of constructing a mine.
Mining costs associated with stripping activities during the production phase of a mine are capitalized only if the Company can identify the component of the ore body for which access is obtained, the costs associated with the related stripping activities can be measured reliably, and the activities represent a future benefit to the mining interest, in that access is gained to sources of mineral reserves and resources that will be produced in future periods that would otherwise not have been accessible. Production stripping costs are allocated between inventory and capital based on the expected volume of waste extracted for a given volume of ore production. The expected volume of waste to be allocated to inventory is determined with reference to the life of mine stripping ratio of a particular mine or deposit, with the remaining amount allocated to capital. The amount of waste capitalized is calculated by multiplying the stripping tonnes mined during the period by the current mining cost per tonne in the open pit.
Capitalized stripping costs are depleted over the expected mineral reserves and resources benefiting from the stripping activity using the unit-of-production method based on estimated proven and probable mineral reserves, and the portion of mineralization expected to be classified as mineral reserves.
Investment tax credits
Investment tax credits are earned as a result of incurring eligible exploration and development expenses prior to commercial production. Investment tax credits are accounted for as a reduction to property, plant and equipment or mining interests.
Investment tax credits also arise as a result of incurring eligible research and development expenses and these credits are recorded as a reduction to the related expenses.
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Derecognition
Upon replacement of a major component, or upon disposal or abandonment of a long-lived asset, the carrying amounts of the assets are derecognized with any associated gains or losses recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
(h) Intangible assets
Identifiable intangible assets are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are recorded at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Identifiable intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortized on a straight-line basis over their expected useful life, unless another method represents a more accurate allocation of the expense over their useful life. Amortization expense resulting from intangible assets, is included in amortization expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
(i) Assets held for sale
Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying value will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. The criteria for held for sale classification are regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable and the asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Actions required to complete the sale should indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the sale will be made or that the decision to sell will be withdrawn. Management must be committed to the plan to sell the asset or disposal group and the sale expected to be completed within one year from the date of the classification.
Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell ("FVLCS"). If the FVLCS is lower than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Non-current assets are not depreciated or amortized once classified as held for sale. Assets classified as held for sale are presented separately as current items in the Company's consolidated statements of financial position.
(j) Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amounts of non-financial assets, excluding inventories and deferred income tax assets, are reviewed for impairment (or impairment reversal) at each reporting date, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amounts may not be recoverable (or indicate that a previous impairment may have reversed). In making this determination, the Company considers both internal and external information, in accordance with IAS 36, Impairment of Assets, to determine whether there is an indicator of impairment or impairment reversal and, accordingly, whether quantitative testing is required. Reviews are undertaken on an asset-by-asset basis, except where the recoverable amount for an individual asset cannot be determined, in which case the review is undertaken at the CGU level.
If applicable, on an annual basis, the Company evaluates the carrying amount of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated to determine whether such carrying amount may be impaired. To accomplish this, the Company compares the recoverable amount of a CGU to its carrying amount. This evaluation is performed more frequently if there is an indication that a CGU may be impaired.
If the carrying amount of a CGU or non-financial asset exceeds the recoverable amount, being the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value-in-use, an impairment loss is recognized in net loss as the excess of the carrying amount over the recoverable amount. With respect to CGUs, impairment losses are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGUs, if any, and then to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the CGU on a pro-rata basis.
Where the recoverable amount is assessed using discounted cash flow techniques, the estimates are based on detailed mine or production plans. The mine plan is the basis for forecasting production output in each future year and for forecasting production costs. For value-in-use calculations, production costs and output in the mine plan may be revised to reflect the continued use of the asset in its present form.
Non-financial assets that have previously been impaired are tested for a possible reversal of the impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the impairment may have reversed, or may have partially reversed. In these instances, the impairment loss is reversed to the recoverable amount but not beyond the carrying amount, net of amortization, that would have arisen if the prior impairment loss had not been recognized. Goodwill impairments are not reversed.
(k) Impairment of financial assets
For financial assets measured at amortized cost, the impairment model under IFRS 9, Financial Instruments ("IFRS 9") reflects expected credit losses. The Company recognizes loss allowances for expected credit losses and changes in those expected credit losses. At each reporting date, financial assets carried at amortized cost are assessed to determine whether they are credit-
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impaired. A financial asset is credit-impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.
Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortized cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the assets. The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off to the extent that there is no realistic prospect of recovery.
(l) Flow-through shares
The Company may issue flow-through common shares to finance its Canadian exploration program or qualifying Canadian underground development. Pursuant to the Canadian Income Tax Act and the terms of the flow-through share agreements, these shares transfer the tax deductibility of qualifying resource expenditures to investors. Proceeds received from flow-through share agreements are separated into a liability and share capital. The liability, which represents the obligation to renounce flow-through exploration and/or development expenditures, is calculated as the excess of cash consideration received over the market price of the Company’s shares on the agreement’s closing date. Upon qualifying exploration and/or development expenditures being incurred, the Company derecognizes the liability and recognizes it as other income. The related deferred tax expense is also recognized at the time the expenditures are incurred.
The Company may also be subject to a Part XII.6 tax on flow-through proceeds renounced, in accordance with the Canadian Income Tax Act flow-through regulations. When applicable, the estimated tax payable is accrued until paid.
(m) Uncertain tax positions
Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations, changes in tax laws, and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Given the wide range of international business relationships and the long-term nature and complexity of existing contractual agreements, differences arising between the actual results and the assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to taxable income and expense already recorded. The Company establishes provisions, based on reasonable estimates, for possible consequences of audits by the tax authorities of the respective countries in which it operates. The amount of such provisions is based on various factors, such as experience of previous tax audits and differing interpretations of tax regulations by the taxable entity and the responsible tax authority. Such differences of interpretation may arise on a wide variety of issues depending on the conditions prevailing in the respective subsidiary’s country of domicile.
(n) Provisions
Decommissioning liabilities
The Company’s mining and exploration activities are subject to various governmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. These environmental regulations are continually changing, and the Company has made, and intends to make in the future, expenditures to comply with such laws and regulations. The timing of these expenditures is dependent upon a number of factors including the life of the mine, the operating license conditions, and the laws, regulations, and environment in which the mine operates.
Decommissioning liabilities are recognized at the time an environmental disturbance occurs and are measured at the Company’s best estimate of the expected future cash flows required to reclaim the disturbance for each mine operation, which are adjusted to reflect inflation, and discounted to their present value. The inflation rate used is determined based on external forecasts for inflation in the country in which the related mine operates. Expected future cash flows reflect the risks and probabilities that alternative estimates of cash flows could be required to settle the obligation. The discount rate used is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money specific to the currency in which the cash flows are expected to be paid. The discount rate does not reflect risks for which the cash flows have been adjusted. Significant estimates are involved in forming expectations of future activities and the amount and timing of the associated cash flows. Those expectations are based on existing environmental and regulatory requirements or, if more stringent, Company policies that give rise to a constructive obligation.
Upon initial recognition of a decommissioning liability, the corresponding cost is capitalized as an asset, representing part of the cost of acquiring the future economic benefits of the operation. The capitalized cost is recognized in mineral property and amortized in accordance with the Company's policy for the related asset.
The provision is progressively increased over the life of the operation as the effect of discounting unwinds, creating an expense included in finance expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
Decommissioning liabilities are adjusted for changes in estimates. Such adjustments, which are not the result of the current production of inventory, are accounted for as a change in the corresponding capitalized cost, except where a reduction in the provision is greater than the unamortized capitalized cost of the related assets. In instances where the capitalized cost of the
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related assets is nil, or will be reduced to nil, the remaining adjustment is recognized in earnings or loss. If reclamation and restoration costs are incurred as a consequence of the production of inventory, the costs are recognized as a cost of that inventory. Factors influencing such changes in estimates include revisions to estimated reserves, resources and lives of mines; developments in technologies; regulatory requirements and environmental management strategies; changes in estimated costs of anticipated activities, including the effects of inflation; and movements in interest rates affecting the discount rate applied.
Other provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive), as a result of past events, and it is probable that an outflow of resources that can be reliably estimated will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation.
(o) Share-based compensation
The Company measures all equity-settled share-based awards made to employees and others providing similar services (collectively, “employees”) based on the fair value of the options or units on the date of grant.
The grant date fair value of options is estimated using an option pricing model and is recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period, based on the number of options that are expected to vest. A corresponding increase is recognized in equity. The grant date fair values of the Company’s equity-settled performance share units, and restricted share units are determined using an option pricing model and are recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period.
The Company awards cash-settled share-based compensation to directors and employees in the form of deferred share units and restricted share units. In accounting for these awards, the Company recognizes the fair value of the amount payable to employees, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for certain units, as they are earned based on the estimated number of units that are expected to vest. Based on the plan, some units are initially measured at fair value and recognized as an obligation at the grant date using the Company's share price. The corresponding liability is re-measured at fair value on each reporting date and upon settlement, with changes in fair value recognized in Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the period. The fair value of deferred share units and restricted share units is determined by reference to the Company’s share price when the units are awarded or re-measured.
The Company also maintains an employee share purchase plan. Under this plan, contributions by the Company’s employees are matched to a specific percentage by the Company and are recognized as an expense when the Company’s obligation to contribute arises.
(p) Income taxes
Income tax expense is comprised of current and deferred income tax. Current and deferred income taxes are recognized in earnings or loss except to the extent that they relate to a business combination, or to items recognized directly in equity or other comprehensive income ("OCI").
Current income taxes
Current income tax expense is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at year end, adjusted for amendments to tax payable with respect to previous years.
Deferred income taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. The following do not result in deferred tax assets or liabilities:
•temporary differences arising from the initial recognition of assets or liabilities, not arising in a business combination, that does not affect accounting or taxable profit;
•taxable temporary differences arising from the initial recognition of goodwill; and
•taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and interests in joint arrangements where the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled by the parent and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted or substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply when the asset is realized or the liability settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in
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earnings or loss in the period that substantive enactment occurs except to the extent it relates to items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income (loss).
A deferred tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the asset can be utilized. To the extent that the Company does not consider it probable that a deferred tax asset will be recovered, the deferred tax asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. The Company makes estimates of the likelihood of whether or not all or some portion of each deferred income tax asset will be realized, which is impacted by interpretation of tax laws and regulations, historic and future expected levels of taxable income, timing of reversals of taxable temporary timing differences, and tax planning initiatives. Levels of future taxable income are affected by, among other things, market gold prices, production costs, quantities of proven and probable gold reserves, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off tax assets against tax liabilities and when they relate to the same taxable entity and income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
(q) Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using the treasury method, except when assessing the dilution impact equity-settled restricted share units, and performance shares units, where the if converted method is used. The treasury method assumes that outstanding stock options with an average exercise price below the market price of the underlying shares, are exercised and the assumed proceeds are used to repurchase common shares of the Company at the average market price of the common shares for the period. The if converted method assumes that all equity settled restricted share units, and performance share units have been converted in determining fully diluted loss per share if they are in-the-money, except where such conversion would be antidilutive.
(r) Financial instruments
The Company’s financial instruments are classified and subsequently measured as follows:
Asset / Liability
Cash and cash equivalents
Amortized cost
Equity securities
Fair value through OCI
Amounts receivable
Amortized cost
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
Amortized cost
Debt and financing obligations
Amortized cost
Non-hedged derivatives
Fair value through profit or loss
Cash flow hedging derivatives
Fair value through OCI
Esperanza Milestone PaymentsFair value through profit or loss
Esperanza silver stream held for saleFair value through profit or loss
The Company's accounting policy for financial instruments is as follows:
Financial assets
Financial assets are classified as either financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, amortized cost, or fair value through other comprehensive income ("OCI"). The Company determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.
i. Financial assets recorded at fair value through profit or loss
All financial assets not classified as amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVOCI") are classified and measured at fair value through profit or loss ("FVPL"). Gains or losses on these items are recognized in net earnings or loss.
ii. Amortized cost
Financial assets are classified at amortized cost if both of the following criteria are met and the financial assets are not classified or designated as at fair value through profit and loss: 1) the Company’s objective for these financial assets is to collect their contractual cash flows and 2) the asset’s contractual cash flows represent ‘solely payments of principal and interest’. The Company’s amounts receivable are recorded at amortized cost as they meet the required criteria.
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iii. Fair value through other comprehensive income ("OCI")
For equity securities that are not held for trading, the Company can make an irrevocable election at initial recognition to classify the instruments at FVOCI, with all subsequent changes in fair value being recognized in other comprehensive income. This election is available for each separate investment. Under this FVOCI category, fair value changes are recognized in OCI while dividends are recognized in profit or loss. On disposal of the investment the cumulative change in fair value is not recycled to profit or loss, rather transferred to deficit. The Company has elected to account for equity securities within this manner.
iv. Reclassifications
Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except in the period after the Company changes its business model for managing financial assets.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities, including accounts payable and accrued liabilities, as well as debt and financing obligations are accounted for at amortized cost.
Transaction costs associated with financial instruments, carried at fair value through profit or loss, are expensed as incurred, while transaction costs associated with all other financial instruments are included in the initial carrying amount of the asset or the liability. The amortization of debt issue costs is calculated using the effective interest method.
Derivative financial instruments
The Company may hold derivative financial instruments to hedge its risk exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, including the Company’s final product, consumables and other currencies against the US Dollars. Derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value at each reporting period.
Non-hedged derivative financial instruments
All derivative instruments not designated in a hedge relationship that qualify for hedge accounting are classified as financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss. Changes in fair value of non-hedging derivative financial instruments are included in net earnings or loss as non-hedging derivative gains or losses.
Derecognition
The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.
The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire. The Company also derecognizes a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different, in which case a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognized at fair value. On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognized in profit or loss.
Offsetting
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
(s) Hedges
The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivative hedging instruments to forecasted transactions. Hedge effectiveness is assessed based on the degree to which the cash flows from the derivative contracts are expected to offset the cash flows of the underlying transaction being hedged.
When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedging instrument, the effective portion of changes in fair value is recognized in other comprehensive income. For hedged items other than the purchase of non-financial assets, the amounts accumulated in other comprehensive income are reclassified to the consolidated statement of other comprehensive income when the underlying hedged transaction, identified at the inception of the hedge, affects profit or loss. When hedging a forecasted transaction that
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results in the recognition of a non-financial asset, the amounts accumulated in other comprehensive income are removed and added to the carrying amount of the non-financial asset.
Any ineffective portion of a hedge relationship is recognized immediately in net earnings or loss. When derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedges are terminated, expired, sold or no longer qualify for hedge accounting, hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. Any amounts recorded in other comprehensive income up until the time the contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting remain in other comprehensive income.
Gains or losses arising subsequent to the derivative contracts not qualifying for hedge accounting are recognized in the period incurred and are recorded in net earnings or loss. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the amounts accumulated in other comprehensive income are reclassified to net earnings or loss immediately.
(t) Segment reporting
Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s operating segments, before aggregation, have been identified as the Company’s individual operating mines. Aggregation of one or more operating segment into a single operating segment is permitted if aggregation is consistent with the core principle of the standard, the operating segments have similar economic characteristics, and the operating segments have a number of other similarities, including similarities in the nature of their products, production processes, and regulatory environment. The Company’s reportable segments are consistent with the identified operating segments.
(u) Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract contains the right to control the use of the identified asset, the Company assesses whether:
•The contract involves the use of an identified asset - this may be specified explicitly or implicitly, and should be physically distinct or represent substantially all of the capacity of a physically distinct asset. If the supplier has a substantive substitution right, then the asset is not identified;
•The Company has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of use; and
•The Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. The Company has this right when it has the decision making rights that are most relevant to changing how and for what purpose the asset is used.     
At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone prices.

As a lessee, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset, which is included in mineral property, plant and equipment, and a lease liability at the commencement date of a lease. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which is comprised of the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any decommissioning and restoration costs, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the lease term, or the end of the useful life of the asset. In addition, the right-of-use asset may be reduced due to impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain re-measurements of the lease liability.

A lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted by the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are comprised of:

•fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable;
•variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
•amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee;
•exercise prices of purchase options if the Company are reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
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•payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, or when there is a change in our estimate or assessment of the expected amount payable under a residual value guarantee, purchase, extension or termination option. Variable lease payments not included in the initial measurement of the lease liability are charged directly to net earnings.

The Company has elected not to recognize assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less, and leases of low-value assets. Lease payments associated with these leases will be recognized as an expense over the lease term. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient to account for each lease component and any non-lease components, except embedded derivatives accounted for separately, as a single lease component.
(v) New Standards issued and adopted
The Company adopted the following accounting standards and amendments to accounting standards, effective January 1, 2022:
The IASB issued Property, Plant and Equipment — Proceeds before Intended Use (Amendments to IAS 16). The amendments provide guidance on the accounting for sale proceeds and the related production costs for items a company produces and sells in the process of making an item of property, plant and equipment (PPE) available for its intended use. Specifically, proceeds from selling items before the related item of PPE is available for use should be recognized in profit or loss, together with the costs of producing those items. The Company applied the amendments to pre-commercial production at the La Yaqui Grande Gold Project, which started generating revenue in the second quarter of 2022.
(w) Standards issued but not yet adopted
Standards issued, but not yet adopted include:

On January 23, 2020, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, to clarify the classification of liabilities as current or non-current. For the purposes of non-current classification, the amendments removed the requirement for a right to defer settlement or roll over of a liability for at least twelve months to be unconditional. Instead, such a right must have substance and exist at the end of the reporting period. The amendments also clarify how a company classifies a liability that includes a counterparty conversion option. The amendments state that:

•settlement of a liability includes transferring a company’s own equity instruments to the counterparty, and
•when classifying liabilities as current or non-current a company can ignore only those conversion options that are recognized as equity

The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate the adoption of the new standard to impact the financial statements.

On May 7, 2021, the IASB issued Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (Amendments to IAS 12). The amendments narrow the scope of the initial recognition exemption (“IRE”) so that it does not apply to transactions that give rise to equal and offsetting temporary differences. As a result, companies will need to recognize a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability for temporary differences arising on initial recognition of a lease and a decommissioning provision. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. Earlier adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate the adoption of the new standard to impact the financial statements.




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4.CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGEMENTS
Many of the amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position require management to make estimates and judgements. Accounting estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised.
Critical accounting estimates
The following is a list of the accounting estimates that the Company believes are critical, due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liabilities, revenue or expense being reported. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
•The Company accounts for its ore stockpiles and in-process precious metals inventory using a process flow for applicable costs appropriate to the physical transformation of ore through the mining, crushing, leaching from heap leach operations, milling and gold recovery process. The Company estimates the expected ultimate recovery based on laboratory tests and ongoing analysis of leach pad kinetics in order to estimate the recoverable metals at the end of each accounting period. If the Company determines at any time that the ultimate recovery should be adjusted downward, then the Company will adjust the average carrying value of a unit of metal content in the in-process inventory and adjust upward on a prospective basis the unit cost of subsequent production. Should an upward adjustment in the average carrying value of a unit of metal result in the carrying value exceeding the realizable value of the metal, the Company would write down the carrying value to the realizable value.
•The Company makes estimates of the quantities of proven and probable mineral reserves of its mines and the portion of mineral resources expected to be ultimately converted to mineral reserves. The estimation of quantities of mineral reserves and mineral resources is complex, requiring significant subjective assumptions that arise from the evaluation of geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data for a given ore body. This data could change over time as a result of numerous factors, including new information gained from development activities, evolving production history and a reassessment of the viability of production under different economic conditions. Mineral reserve estimates are used in the calculation of depletion expense as well as the critical accounting judgement related to whether or not indicators of impairment, or indicators of a reversal of impairment, exist at each reporting period.
•The Company forecasts prices of commodities, exchange rates, production costs, discount rates, and recovery rates. These estimates may change the economic status of mineral reserves and may result in mineral reserves and mineral resources being revised.
•The Company uses estimated proven and probable mineral reserves, and an estimate of mineral resources as the basis for amortizing certain mineral property, plant and equipment. The physical life of these assets, and related components, may differ from the Company’s estimate, which would impact amortization and depletion expense.
•The Company makes estimates of the timing and amount of expenditures required to settle the Company’s decommissioning liabilities. The principal factors that can cause expected future expenditures to change are: the construction of new processing facilities; changes in the quantities of material in reserves and a corresponding change in the life of mine plan; changing ore characteristics that ultimately impact the environment; changes in water quality that impact the extent of water treatment required; and changes in laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment. In general, as the end of the mine life nears, the reliability of expected cash flows increases, but earlier in the mine life, the estimation of a decommissioning liability is inherently more subjective.
Critical accounting judgements
The following are critical judgements that management has made in the process of applying accounting policies that may have a significant impact on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements.
•The Company makes judgements about whether or not indicators of impairment, or indicators of a reversal of impairment, exist at each reporting period. This determination impacts whether or not a detailed impairment quantitative assessment is performed at the reporting date.
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5.AMOUNTS RECEIVABLE
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Sales tax receivables
Canada$15.1 $6.5 
Mexico16.4 18.7 
Other1.1 1.9 
Other receivables4.6 4.0 
$37.2 $31.1 
Sales tax receivables are mainly related to value-added taxes at the Company's Mexican and Canadian operations. The Company expects that these receivables will be collected within the next year.
6.INVENTORY
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
In-process precious metals
$159.4 $116.2 
Ore in stockpiles
10.0 25.4 
Parts and supplies
57.2 61.0 
Dore, and refined precious metals7.6 7.0 
234.2 209.6 
Less: Long-term inventory
— (10.6)
$234.2 $199.0 
Long term inventory consists of long-term stockpiles which are expected to be recovered after one year.
The amount of inventories recognized in mining and processing costs for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $400.5 million (December 31, 2021 - $360.4 million). The amount of inventories recognized in amortization costs for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $171.5 million (December 31, 2021 - $170.9 million).
The Company assesses the net realizable value of inventory at each reporting period. In the second and third quarters of 2022, given a decrease in the gold price at the period ends and higher costs at the Mulatos operation, the Company recorded a $33.9 million ($22.4 million after tax) cumulative reduction in the carrying value of the in-process precious metals inventory at Mulatos. This was comprised of $27.6 million related to mining and processing costs and $6.3 million related to amortization (December 31, 2021 - $nil).
7.OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Prepaid assets$13.1 $10.9 
Advances on capital projects (i)3.1 9.8 
Derivative assets (note 17)— 3.5 
$16.2 $24.2 

(i) Advances on capital projects
Capital advances include payments made to contractors and suppliers with respect to the Company's development projects and expansions. The related work to be performed is expected to be completed within one year.
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8.MINERAL PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Mineral property
Plant and equipmentDepletableNon-depletableExploration and evaluationTotal
Cost
At December 31, 2020$1,530.0 $2,483.4 $157.7 $295.5 $4,466.6 
Additions105.3 113.7 116.5 23.8 359.3 
Repurchase of Island Gold royalty (i)
— 15.7 — — 15.7 
Revisions to decommissioning liabilities— 18.4 11.4 — 29.8 
Disposals(6.0)— — — (6.0)
At December 31, 2021$1,629.3 $2,631.2 $285.6 $319.3 $4,865.4 
Additions40.2 143.8 123.7 22.1 329.8 
Transfer of La Yaqui Grande assets1
121.0 19.0 (140.0)— — 
Revisions to decommissioning liabilities (note 11)— 6.7 — — 6.7 
Disposals(1.7)— — — (1.7)
Sale of Esperanza Project (note 14)(0.4)— — (89.6)(90.0)
At December 31, 2022$1,788.4 $2,800.7 $269.3 $251.8 $5,110.2 
Accumulated amortization and impairment charges
At December 31, 2020$641.3 $715.2 — $8.8 $1,365.3 
Amortization80.7 96.6 — — 177.3 
Disposals(4.5)— — — (4.5)
Impairment charge on Turkish assets0.3 — 142.4 76.1 218.8 
At December 31, 2021$717.8 $811.8 $142.4 $84.9 $1,756.9 
Amortization91.7 89.4 — — 181.1 
Disposals(1.2)— — — (1.2)
Impairment charge (note 14)— — — 38.2 38.2 
Sale of Esperanza Project (note 14)(0.4)— — (38.2)(38.6)
At December 31, 2022$807.9 $901.2 $142.4 $84.9 $1,936.4 
Net carrying value
At December 31, 2021$911.5 $1,819.4 $143.2 $234.4 $3,108.5 
At December 31, 2022$980.5 $1,899.5 $126.9 $166.9 $3,173.8 
1.La Yaqui Grande commenced commercial production on June 20, 2022.

(i) Repurchase of Island Gold Royalties
In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company acquired and canceled a net profit interest royalty payable on production from certain claims at the Island Gold mine for consideration of $15.7 million.
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The net carrying values by segment (note 17) are as follows:
Mineral property
Plant and equipmentDepletableNon-depletableExploration and evaluationTotal
Young-Davidson$663.2 $841.5 — — $1,504.7 
Island Gold114.5 939.8 100.5 19.8 1,174.6 
Mulatos199.2 118.2 26.4 — 343.8 
Corporate and other3.6 — — 147.1 150.7 
At December 31, 2022$980.5 $1,899.5 $126.9 $166.9 $3,173.8 
Young-Davidson$686.8 $833.8 — — $1,520.6 
Island Gold115.4 876.4 24.2 19.8 1,035.8 
Mulatos106.1 109.2 119.0 — 334.3 
Corporate and other3.2 — — 214.6 217.8 
At December 31, 2021$911.5 $1,819.4 $143.2 $234.4 $3,108.5 
The carrying value of construction in progress at December 31, 2022 was $155.8 million (December 31, 2021 - $175.4 million). The decrease in construction in progress primarily relates to the completion of La Yaqui Grande, partially offset by the Phase 3+ Expansion at Island Gold.
9.OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Investment tax credits (Canada)$28.2 $30.4 
Esperanza Milestone Payments (i)19.1 — 
Other12.1 12.6 
$59.4 $43.0 
(i) Esperanza Milestone Payments
Fair value of Milestone Payments related to the sale of the Esperanza project. Refer to note 14 for further details.
10.ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities$147.6 $137.6 
Royalties payable2.2 3.0 
Derivative liabilities (note 18)4.2 — 
Share-based compensation liability18.3 13.1 
Current portion of decommissioning liability8.5 3.3 
Current portion of equipment financing obligations0.4 0.4 
$181.2 $157.4 


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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
11.DECOMMISSIONING LIABILITIES
A decommissioning liability is recognized in the period in which it is incurred, on a discounted cash flow basis, if a reasonable estimate can be made. The liability accretes to its full value over time through charges to earnings or loss. In addition, the discounted value is added to the carrying amount of mineral property, plant and equipment, and is amortized on a units-of-production basis over the life of the mine for mines in production. A continuity of the decommissioning liability is as follows:
Total
Balance – current and non-current portion December 31, 2020$75.2
Reclamation expenditures(1.2)
Accretion expense2.3
Revisions to expected discounted cash flows29.8
Balance – current and non-current portion December 31, 2021$106.1
Reclamation expenditures(0.4)
Accretion expense4.2
Revisions to expected discounted cash flows6.7
Balance – current and non-current portion December 31, 2022$116.6
Less: Current portion of decommissioning liability 1
(8.5)
Balance – non-current portion December 31, 2022$108.1
1. The current portion of decommissioning liability is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities (note 10)
The majority of the expenditures are expected to occur between 2024 and 2038. The discount rates used in discounting the estimated reclamation and closure cost obligations were between 2.9% and 10.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – 1.8% and 10.5%), and the inflation rate used was between 1.9% and 9.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – 1.9% and 9.5%).
The total undiscounted value of the decommissioning liabilities at December 31, 2022 was $134.0 million (2021 - $114.9 million).
The increase in the undiscounted value for the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily due to revisions to the Mulatos estimate given construction activities at La Yaqui Grande during the year.
12.INCOME TAXES
The following table represents the major components of income tax expense recognized in net earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Current income tax expense $10.7 $5.3 
Deferred income tax expense54.6 63.7 
Income tax expense recognized in net earnings $65.3 $69.0 

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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
The statutory tax rate for 2022 was 25.0% (2021 – 25.0%). The following table reconciles the expected income tax expense at the Canadian combined statutory income tax rate to the amounts recognized in net earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Earnings before income taxes$102.4 $2.3 
Statutory tax rate25.0 %25.0 %
Expected income tax expense based on above rates$25.6 $0.6 
Effect of higher tax rates in foreign jurisdictions(3.9)1.6 
Effect of non-deductible impairment— 45.4 
Non-taxable income4.3 (3.1)
Impact of local mining taxes14.7 15.9 
Impact of foreign exchange19.4 6.9 
Impact of renouncement of flow through share expenditures2.1 — 
Withholding tax1.6 0.8 
Change in unrecognized temporary differences3.3 1.7 
Other(1.8)(0.8)
Income tax expense$65.3 $69.0 
The following table reflects the change in deferred income tax liability at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Balance, beginning of year$623.2 $559.9 
Deferred income tax expense recognized in net earnings54.6 63.7 
Deferred income tax (recovery) expense recognized in OCI(1.0)(0.4)
Deferred tax liability derecognized on sale of Esperanza Project(15.9)— 
Balance, end of year$660.9 $623.2 
The following reflects the deferred income tax liability at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Accounting value of mineral property, plant and equipment in excess of tax value$683.0 $653.4 
Accounting value of inventories in excess of tax value12.2 8.7 
Other deductible temporary differences(34.2)(33.0)
Non-capital losses carried forward(0.1)(5.9)
Deferred income tax liability$660.9 $623.2 
The Company has Canadian tax losses of $6.1 million expiring between 2025 and 2040, Mexican tax losses of $30.0 million expiring between 2022 and 2031, United States tax losses of $19.4 million expiring between 2029 and 2038, as well as Turkish tax losses of $1.5 million expiring between 2023 and 2027.
The Company has unrecognized deferred income tax assets at December 31, 2022 in respect of aggregate loss carryforwards, deductible temporary differences and unused tax credits. The unrecognized loss carryforwards, deductible temporary differences and unused tax credits are $118.0 million (December 31, 2021 -$93.5 million).
At December 31, 2022, the Company has unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities on taxable temporary differences of $16.9 million (December 31, 2021 - $84.9 million) for taxes that would be payable on the unremitted earnings of certain subsidiaries of the Company.

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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
13.SHARE CAPITAL
a)    Authorized share capital of the Company consists of an unlimited number of fully paid Class A common shares without par value.
Number of SharesAmount
Outstanding at December 31, 2020392,776,822 $3,702.9 
Shares issued through:
Share-based compensation plans40,000 0.3 
Shares repurchased and cancelled(1,583,562)(14.9)
Dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan656,473 4.6 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021391,889,733 $3,692.9 
Shares issued through:
Share-based compensation plans1,198,125 7.6 
Shares repurchased and cancelled (i)(1,100,000)(10.4)
Flow-through share financing (ii)922,483 6.9 
Dividend reinvestment plan (iii)527,770 4.1 
Shares issued through share purchase plan373,806 2.7 
Cancellation of unexchanged shares(5,428)— 
Outstanding at December 31, 2022393,806,489 $3,703.8 

(i) Normal Course Issuer Bid
In December 2022, the Company renewed its Normal Course Issuer Bid ("NCIB") permitting the purchase for cancellation up to 34,670,378 Common Shares, representing 10% of the Company’s public float. The Company may purchase Common Shares under the NCIB up to December 23, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased and canceled 1,100,000 Common Shares at a cost of $8.2 million or $7.41 per share. The Company recognized a $10.4 million reduction in share capital, and a gain of $2.2 million recognized within deficit. In 2021, the Company repurchased and canceled 1,583,562 Common Shares at a cost of $11.7 million or $7.39 per share. The Company recognized a $14.9 million reduction in share capital, and a gain of $3.2 million
recognized within deficit

(ii) Flow-through share financing
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed Canadian Exploration Expense ("CEE") flow-through financings for exploration spending in Manitoba and Ontario. In aggregate, the Company issued 922,483 Common Shares for gross proceeds of $10.4 million.

(iii) Dividend Reinvestment Plan
The Company allows existing shareholders to participate in a dividend reinvestment plan ("DRIP"). This provides shareholders the option of increasing their investment in the Company by electing to receive common shares in place of cash dividends. The Company has the discretion to elect to issue such common shares at up to a 5% discount to the prevailing market price from treasury, or purchase the common shares on the open market. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued 527,770 shares pursuant to the DRIP, valued at $4.1 million.

b) Employee long-term incentive plan and employee share purchase plan

The Company has a long-term incentive plan under which share-based compensation, including stock options, deferred share units ("DSUs"), performance share units ("PSUs"), and restricted share units ("RSUs") may be granted to directors, officers, and employees of the Company. The incentive plan was approved by shareholders in 2022. The Company also has an Employee Share Purchase Plan which enables employees to purchase Class A common shares through payroll deduction.
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
Employees can contribute up to 10% of their annual base salary, and the Company will match 50% of the employees’ contributions. At the option of the Company, the common shares can be issued from treasury based on the volume weighted average closing price of the last five days prior to the end of the month or the shares may be purchased for plan participants in the open market. The maximum number of Class A common shares that may be reserved and set aside for issuance under the long-term incentive plan is 5.0% of the Class A common shares outstanding at the time of granting the award (on a non-diluted basis) inclusive of 0.8% of the issued and outstanding shares (on a non-diluted basis) specifically allocated to the employee share purchase plan. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued 373,806 shares from treasury pursuant to the Employee Share Purchase Plan.
c)    Stock options
The following is a continuity of the changes in the number of stock options outstanding:
NumberWeighted average exercise price (CAD$)
Outstanding at December 31, 20203,476,579 $6.80 
Granted1,165,147 9.38 
Exercised(40,000)5.16 
Outstanding at December 31, 20214,601,726 $7.47 
Granted634,727 9.53 
Exercised(1,198,125)5.89 
Forfeited(113,477)6.68 
Outstanding at December 31, 20223,924,851 $8.32 
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the weighted average share price at the date of exercise for stock options exercised was CAD $11.98 per share (for the year ended December 31, 2021 - CAD $10.94 per share).
(i) Stock options granted
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted 634,727 stock options (year ended December 31, 2021 - 1,165,147). The following table presents the weighted average fair value assumptions used in the Black-Scholes valuation:
For options granted in the year ended:December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Weighted average share price at grant date (CAD$)$9.53 $9.38 
Risk-free rate1.48 %0.78 %
Expected dividend yield1.20 %1.30 %
Expected stock price volatility (based on historical volatility)53 %57 %
Expected life of option (months)5454
Weighted average per share fair value of stock options granted (CAD$)$3.80$3.82
Stock options outstanding and exercisable as at December 31, 2022:
OutstandingExercisable
Range of exercise prices (CAD$)Number of optionsWeighted average exercise price (CAD$)Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)Number of optionsWeighted average exercise price (CAD$)
$6.01 - $7.001,092,977 6.57 2.821,092,977 6.57 
$7.01 - $8.00743,126 7.62 4.02477,026 7.62 
$8.01 - $9.0015,571 8.63 4.166,048 8.63 
$9.01 - $11.002,073,177 9.50 4.79661,684 9.50 
3,924,851 $8.32 4.092,237,735 $6.67 
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
d)    Other employee long-term incentives
The following is a continuity of the changes in the number of other long-term incentive plans ("LTI") outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Restricted share units ("RSU")Deferred share units ("DSU")Performance share units ("PSU")
Outstanding units, December 31, 20201,968,591 864,845 1,234,018 
Granted724,984 165,772 490,034 
Forfeited(56,302)— (59,162)
Settled(469,089)(119,189)(335,235)
Outstanding units, December 31, 20212,168,184 911,428 1,329,655 
Granted905,058 143,178 497,895 
Forfeited(296,907)— (72,522)
Settled(641,786)— (404,603)
Outstanding units, December 31, 20222,134,549 1,054,606 1,350,425 
The settlement of LTI is either in cash or equity depending on the feature of the specific LTI plan. The settlement of DSUs is in cash, PSUs are equity or cash settled at the Company's discretion, and certain RSUs are cash settled with the remaining settled in cash or equity at the Company's discretion, depending on the year of grant.
e) Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share amounts are calculated by dividing earnings or loss for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, including the effects of dilutive common share equivalents.
For the year ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Net earnings (loss) $37.1 ($66.7)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (in thousands)392,172 392,649 
Basic earnings per share$0.09 ($0.17)
Dilutive effect of potential common share equivalents (in thousands)2,336 — 
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding (in thousands)394,508 392,649 
Diluted earnings per share$0.09 ($0.17)

The following table lists the equity securities that were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share. The securities were excluded as the exercise price related to the particular security exceeded the average market price of the Company's common shares of CAD $10.26 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 - CAD $10.01), or the inclusion of the equity securities had an anti-dilutive effect on net loss. For the periods in which the Company records a net loss, diluted loss per share is calculated using the basic weighted average number of shares outstanding, as using the diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding in the calculation would be anti-dilutive.

Equity securities excluded from calculation of diluted earnings per share:For the years ended December 31,
(in thousands)20222021
Stock options30 4,601 
(f)    Dividends
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company declared dividends totaling $39.2 million, of which $35.1 million were paid in cash (2021 - $34.5 million paid in cash). The remaining $4.1 million were issued in the form of common shares pursuant to the Company's DRIP (2021 - $4.6 million in shares issued pursuant to the DRIP).
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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
14.SALE OF ESPERANZA PROJECT
On February 28, 2022, the Company announced that it has entered into a binding agreement to sell its non-core Esperanza Gold Project (“Esperanza”) located in Morelos State, Mexico to Zacatecas Silver Corp. (“Zacatecas Silver”) for total consideration of up to $60 million (the “Transaction”). The Transaction closed on April 12, 2022 and was comprised of the following:

(i) $21 million of total consideration upon closing of the Transaction, including:
a.$5 million in cash;
b.$10 million of Zacatecas Silver shares; and
c.A silver metal stream in which Alamos is entitled to receive 20% of the silver produced from Esperanza at a cash price of 20% of the prevailing spot silver price, subject to a maximum of 500,000 ounces of silver delivered to the Company.

(ii) up to $39 million of additional consideration upon the completion of the following milestones ("Milestone Payments"):
a.$5 million within 60 days following Zacatecas Silver receiving approval of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Esperanza;
b.$14 million within 60 days of the earlier of (i) completion of a feasibility study on Esperanza, or (ii) Zacatecas Silver announcing a construction decision on Esperanza; and
c.$20 million within 180 days of commencement of commercial production from Esperanza.

The Company measured the Esperanza asset group at the lower of carrying value and fair value less costs to sell (“FVLCS”). The fair value of the expected purchase consideration was used as the basis for determining the asset group's fair value and an estimate of the disposal costs was used as the basis for the costs to sell. In performing this assessment, the Company concluded that the expected fair value less costs to sell of the Esperanza asset group was lower than its carrying value. As a result, the Company recognized a pre‐tax impairment loss of $38.2 million in the first quarter of 2022, inclusive of $0.2 million of transaction costs incurred to date (net of tax – $26.7 million).

As part of the sale, the Company is entitled to receive additional consideration based on Esperanza achieving certain milestones. These proceeds are based on future events, which are not in the Company’s control. The Company must make a determination of the fair value of the Milestone Payments and silver stream on the initial recognition date using the guidance in IFRS 13 Fair value measurement. Subsequent to the initial recognition, the Company will measure changes in the fair value through profit and loss. The determination of the fair value of such consideration requires the Company to make certain assumptions and estimate in relation to certain future events based on the current understanding of the facts and circumstances.

The Company valued the Milestone Payments and silver stream at $23.0 million based on the facts and circumstances at the close of the transaction.

In December 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with Metalla Royalty & Streaming Ltd ("Metalla") to sell a portfolio of non-core royalties, which includes the Esperanza silver stream, for proceeds of $5.0 million in Metalla shares. Based on this transaction, the Company has determined that the purchase consideration of $5.0 million is to be used to determine the fair value of the silver stream. As a result, the company has recorded a fair value adjustment gain of $2.6 million (note 15) and has presented the silver stream as an asset held for sale on the consolidated statement of financial position. The silver stream held for sale is considered to be in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (note 18).

The Milestone Payments will be revalued at each reporting date, based on management's estimate of the timing and probability of the receipt of the Milestone Payments. An adjustment of $1.1 million was recorded through profit and loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 (note 15) to reflect the passage of time since the close of the transaction and a change in discount rate. The Milestone Payments are recorded as other non-current assets (note 7) on the statement of financial position and are considered to be in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (note 18).




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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
15.OTHER LOSS
Other loss recorded in net earnings (loss) for the years ended:
December 31,December 31,
20222021
Unrealized (loss) gain on non-hedging derivatives($0.3)$0.4 
Reduction of obligation to renounce flow-through exploration expenditures2.7 — 
Turkish Projects holding and arbitration costs(5.0)(1.6)
Fair value adjustment for sale of silver stream (note 14)2.6 — 
Fair value adjustment for Milestone payments (note 14)(1.1)— 
Holding costs related to the El Chanate mine(1.0)(1.0)
Loss on disposal of assets(0.7)(1.5)
Severance costs related to Turkish Projects— (0.9)
Other(2.3)(2.6)
($5.1)($7.2)
16.SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Changes in working capital and income taxes received or paid:
December 31,December 31,
20222021
Amounts receivable($8.8)$2.0 
Inventory(55.2)(49.7)
Advances and prepaid expenses2.3 3.5 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(0.1)16.7 
Income taxes paid(1.3)(26.9)
($63.1)($54.4)
Other items:
December 31,December 31,
20222021
Unrealized gain on non-hedging derivatives$0.3 ($0.4)
Reduction of obligation to renounce flow-through exploration expenditures(2.7)— 
Employee contribution to share purchase plan2.8 — 
Reclamation activities(0.4)(1.2)
Interest received1.9 1.3 
Credit facility standby fees(2.1)(2.0)
Distribution of share-based compensation(8.5)(5.7)
Fair value adjustment for sale of silver stream (note 14)(2.6)— 
Fair value adjustment for Milestone payments (note 14)1.1 — 
Loss on disposal of assets0.7 1.5 
Other2.8 3.4 
($6.7)($3.1)
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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
17.SEGMENTED INFORMATION
(a) Segment revenues and results
The Company manages its reportable operating segments by operating mines and significant development projects. The
Company operates in two principal geographical areas - Canada, and Mexico. The Young-Davidson and Island Gold mines
operate in Canada, and the Mulatos mine operate in Sonora, Mexico. The results from operations for these reportable operating
segments are summarized in the following tables:
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Young-Davidson
Mulatos1
Island Gold
Corporate /other2
Total
Operating revenues$347.8 $238.1 $235.3 — $821.2 
Cost of sales
Mining and processing163.4 150.4 80.6 — 394.4 
Inventory net realizable value adjustment— 33.9 — — 33.9 
Royalties5.3 1.2 2.6 — 9.1 
Amortization81.8 52.5 37.2 — 171.5 
250.5 238.0 120.4 — 608.9 
Expenses
Exploration4.3 7.5 4.7 1.9 18.4 
Corporate and administrative— — — 25.9 25.9 
Share-based compensation— — — 18.3 18.3 
Impairment charge38.2 38.2 
Earnings (loss) from operations$93.0 ($7.4)$110.2 ($84.3)$111.5 
Finance expense(5.7)
Foreign exchange gain1.7 
Other loss(5.1)
Earnings before income taxes$102.4 

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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Young-Davidson
Mulatos1
Island Gold
Corporate/other2
Total
Operating revenues$350.5 $221.1 $252.0 — $823.6 
Cost of sales
Mining and processing159.7 123.1 68.7 — 351.5 
Royalties5.3 1.1 5.3 — 11.7 
Amortization79.4 53.2 38.3 — 170.9 
244.4 177.4 112.3 — 534.1 
Expenses
Exploration0.7 7.3 4.7 2.0 14.7 
Corporate and administrative— — — 24.5 24.5 
Share-based compensation— — — 11.1 11.1 
Impairment charge224.3 224.3 
Earnings (loss) from operations$105.4 $36.4 $135.0 ($261.9)$14.9 
Finance expense(4.5)
Foreign exchange loss(0.9)
Other loss(7.2)
Earnings before income taxes$2.3 
1. Mulatos includes the La Yaqui Grande operation.
2. Corporate and other consists of corporate balances and exploration, development projects and mines in reclamation and discontinued operations.
(b) Segment assets and liabilities
The following table presents the segment assets and liabilities:
Total AssetsTotal liabilities
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Young-Davidson$1,644.9 $1,684.5 $353.2 $319.3 
Island Gold1,222.5 1,114.4 415.5 350.5 
Mulatos 1
606.0 539.2 143.1 155.0 
Corporate/other 2
200.8 283.4 41.3 61.1 
Total assets and liabilities$3,674.2$3,621.5$953.1$885.9
1. Mulatos includes the La Yaqui Grande operation.
2. Corporate and other consists of corporate balances, exploration and development projects, mines in reclamation and discontinued operations.
18.FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Fair values of financial instruments
The following table shows the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities, including their levels in the fair value hierarchy. It does not include fair value information for financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value if the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value. The Company does not have any non-recurring fair value measurements as at December 31, 2022. Levels 1 to 3 of the fair value hierarchy are defined based on the degree to which fair value inputs are observable or unobservable, as follows:
•Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the net asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3 inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).
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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 1Level 2
Financial assets (liabilities)
Fair value through profit or loss
Esperanza Milestone Payments (note 14)— — 19.1 — — 
Esperanza silver stream held for sale (note 14)— — 5.0 — — 
Gold options— 0.1 — — 0.5 
Fair value through OCI
Equity securities18.6 — — 23.9 — 
Currency hedging derivative instruments— (4.3)— — 2.6 
Fuel options— — — — 0.4 
$18.6 ($4.2)$24.1 $23.9 $3.5 
The methods of measuring financial assets and liabilities have not changed during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The fair value of option and forwards (gold and currency) contracts are determined using a market approach with reference to observable market prices for identical assets traded in an active market. These are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The use of reasonably possible alternative assumptions would not significantly affect the Company’s results.
The fair value measurement of the Milestone Payments is based on unobservable inputs and is therefore classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The determination of the fair value of the Milestone Payments requires the Company to make certain estimates and judgements in relation to future events based on the current understanding of the facts and circumstances known to them. The fair value of the Milestone Payments was determined using discounted cash flows based on significant inputs and assumptions such as a discount rate, an estimate of timelines to realize the payments and a success probability factor. The discount rate for the milestone payments is 9.12%. Changes to these inputs and assumptions could have a significant impact on the measurement of the financial assets. A 10% change in these assumptions would impact the Company's net earnings before tax by $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Refer to note 14, for further detail about the Milestone Payments.
Equity Securities

The Company held shares in the following companies:
Fair Value as at
CompanyDecember 31, 2022
Zacatecas Silver Corp.$6.7 
Red Pine Exploration Inc.5.7 
Orford Mining Corp.2.0 
Aztec Minerals Corp.1.6 
Monarch Mining Corp.0.5 
Manitou Gold Inc.0.7 
Other investments1.4 
$18.6 

As at December 31, 2021 the Company held shares in various companies with a fair value of $23.9 million.

Revolving Credit Facility
In fourth quarter of 2022, the Company amended and extended the term of the revolving credit facility by one year to November 10, 2026 and replaced LIBOR with Term SOFR rate as the reference rate on any drawn US dollar funds. The Company has access to an undrawn credit facility (the "Facility") of $500.0 million, not including the uncommitted $100.0 million accordion feature to increase the credit facility up to $600.0 million. The Facility bears interest at a rate of
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
Adjusted Term SOFR Rate plus 1.875% on drawn amounts and stand-by fees of 0.42% on undrawn amounts. The Company incurred $0.8 million in 2022 on the extension which will be amortized into net earnings over the term of the Facility.

The Facility is secured against all of the material present and future assets, property and undertakings of the Company. The Facility contains various covenants customary for a loan facility of this nature, including limits on indebtedness, asset sales and liens. It contains financial covenant tests that include (a) a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.0:1.0 and (b) a maximum net leverage ratio of 3.5:1.0, both as defined in the agreement. As at December 31, 2022, the Company is in compliance with the covenants.

Derivative Instruments
The fair value of derivative instrument Asset (Liability) is as follows:
December 31,December 31,
20222021
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Currency hedging derivative instruments(4.3)$2.6 
Fuel options— 0.4 
($4.3)$3.0 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Gold options$0.1 0.5 

Currency derivative instruments
The Company enters into option and forward contracts to hedge against the risk of an increase in the value of the Canadian dollar and Mexican peso versus the US dollar. These option and forward contracts are for the purchase of local currencies and the sale of US dollars, which settle on a monthly basis, and the Company believes this is an appropriate manner of managing currency risk. The Company has designated options and forwards as cash flow hedges for the highly probable Canadian dollar and Mexican peso purchases. These derivatives meet the hedge effectiveness criteria and are designated in a hedge accounting relationship as a result of the following factors:
•An economic relationship exists between the hedged item and hedging instrument, as notional amounts match and both the hedged item and hedging instrument fair values move in response to the same risk (foreign exchange rates). Cash flows in relation to the designated hedged item and hedging instrument are matched since the foreign currency option and forward contracts (hedging instrument) matures during the same month as the operational cash flows (hedged item) are expected to be incurred. The correlation between the foreign exchange rate of the hedged item and the hedging instrument is highly correlated and closely aligned as the maturity and the notional amount are the same.
•The hedge ratio is one to one for this hedging relationship, as the hedged item is foreign currency risk that is hedged with a foreign currency hedging instrument using one unit of both the hedged and hedging item respectively.
• Credit risk is not material in the fair value of the hedging relationship.
The Company has identified two sources of potential ineffectiveness: 1) the timing of cash flow differences between the expenditure and the related derivative and 2) the inclusion of credit risk in the fair value of the derivative not replicated in the hedged item. The Company expects the impact of these sources of hedge ineffectiveness to be minimal. The timing of hedge settlements and incurred expenditures are closely aligned, as they are expected to occur within 30 days of each other. As noted above, credit risk is not a material component of the fair value of the Company’s hedging instruments, as all counterparties are reputable Canadian banking institutions and are highly rated.
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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
The effective portion of the changes in fair value of the hedging instrument for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income is:
December 31,December 31,
20222021
Balance, beginning of the period$4.0 $5.7 
Unrealized (loss) gain on currency instruments(8.5)2.1 
Less: realized loss (gain) on CAD currency instruments5.0 (1.7)
Less: realized gain on MXN currency instruments(3.9)(2.1)
Deferred income tax related to hedging instrument1.5 — 
($1.9)$4.0 
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not recognize any ineffectiveness on the hedging instruments. The open contracts, which settle on a monthly basis, are summarized as at December 31, 2022:
Canadian dollar contracts

Period CoveredContract typeContracts
(CAD$ Millions)		Average minimum rate (USD/CAD)Average maximum
rate (USD/CAD)
2023Collars558.01.291.35
2023Forwards30.01.31—

Mexican Peso contracts

Period CoveredContract typeContracts
(MXN Millions)		Average minimum rate (MXN/USD)Average maximum
rate (MXN/USD)
2023Collars1,020.020.4622.59

The fair value of these contracts was a liability of $4.3 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - asset of $2.6 million). For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company realized losses of $1.1 million on the foreign currency contracts (for the year ended December 31, 2021 - realized gains of $3.8 million).

Gold option contracts
As at December 31, 2022, the Company held option contracts to protect against the risk of a decrease in the value of the gold price on a portion of gold sales. These option contracts ensure a minimum average realized gold price of $1,755 per ounce and a maximum average realized gold price of $2,144 per ounce, regardless of the movement in gold prices during 2023.
The following gold collar contracts are outstanding as of December 31, 2022:
Period CoveredContract typeOunces subject to contractAverage purchase put optionAverage sold call option
20231
Collars44,100$1,755$2,144
1.The Company also has 44,100 of sold put options at an average price of $1,596 per ounce that mature in the same period as the corresponding collars.
Subsequent to December 31, 2022, the Company added an additional 12,000 ounces of gold collars with average rates from $1,800 to $2,163 per ounce, which mature in 2023.
The fair value of these contracts was an asset of $0.1 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $0.5 million). The options mature monthly throughout 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company realized gains of $3.5 million related to the settlement of option contracts (2021 - realized gains of $0.5 million). Total unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.3 million (2021 - unrealized gain of $0.9 million). The Company has elected to not apply hedge accounting to the gold option contracts, with changes in fair value recorded in net earnings.

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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
Fuel option contracts
The Company enters into option contracts to hedge against the risk of an increase in the price of diesel fuel. These option contracts are for the purchase of New York Harbour Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ("ULSD") contracts, which settle on a monthly basis, and the Company believes this is an appropriate manner of managing price risk. The Company has designated options as cash flow hedges for the highly probable consumption of diesel. These derivatives meet the hedge effectiveness criteria and are designated in a hedge accounting relationship as a result of the following factors:
•An economic relationship exists between the hedged item and the hedging instrument. In order to assess the economic relationship between rack ULSD price and the NY Harbour ULSD benchmark, the Company considered both qualitative and quantitative factors. Cash flows in relation to the designated hedged item and hedging instrument are matched since the NY Harbour ULSD option contracts (hedging instrument) expires during the same month as the operational cash flows (hedged item) are expected to be incurred. The correlation between the hedged item and the hedging instrument is highly correlated and closely aligned as the maturity and the notional amount are the same.
•The hedge ratio is one to one for this hedging relationship, as the hedged item is the diesel price risk that is hedged with a NY Harbour ULSD hedging instrument using one unit of both the hedged and hedging item respectively.
•Credit risk is not material in the fair value of the hedging relationship.
The Company has identified two sources of potential ineffectiveness: 1) the timing of cash flow differences between the expenditure and the related derivative and 2) the inclusion of credit risk in the fair value of the derivative not replicated in the hedged item. The Company expects the impact of these sources of hedge ineffectiveness to be minimal. The timing of hedge settlements and incurred expenditures is closely aligned, as they are expected to occur within 30 days of each other. As noted above, credit risk is not a material component of the fair value of the Company’s hedging instruments, as all counterparties are reputable Canadian banking institutions and are highly rated.
The effective portion of the changes in fair value of the fuel contracts for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income is:
December 31,December 31,
20222021
Balance, beginning of the period$0.4 $0.4 
Unrealized gain on fuel contracts2.5 0.6 
Less: realized gain on fuel contracts(2.9)(0.6)
Deferred income tax related to fuel contracts0.1 — 
$0.1 $0.4 
The following fuel option contracts are outstanding as of December 31, 2022:
Period CoveredContract typeGallons subject to contractAverage purchase call option/gallonAverage sold put option/gallon
2023 Collars1,512,000$3.20$2.92
Risks
In the normal course of operations, the Company is exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk and the following market risks: commodity price, market price, interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate. The Company has developed a risk management process to identify, analyze and assess these and other risks, and has formed a Risk Committee to monitor all significant risks to the Company. The Board of Directors has overall responsibility for the oversight of the Company’s risk management framework, and receives regular reports from the Risk Committee.
Commodity price risk
The profitability of the Company’s mining operations is significantly affected by changes in the market price for gold. Gold prices fluctuate on a daily basis and are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control. The supply and demand for gold, the level of interest rates, the rate of inflation, investment decisions by large holders of gold, including governmental reserves, and the stability of exchange rates can all cause significant fluctuations in gold prices. Such external economic factors
38
Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
are in turn influenced by changes in international investment patterns and monetary systems, and political developments. From time to time, the Company will enter into collars, options or other financial instruments to manage short term commodity price fluctuations.
Market price risk
The Company’s earnings or loss, cash flows and financial condition are subject to price risk due to fluctuations in the market price of gold and silver. Gold prices have historically fluctuated widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company’s revenues and cash flows were impacted by gold prices fluctuating from a low of $1,629 to a high of $2,039 per ounce. Metal price declines could cause the continued development of, and production from, the Company’s properties to be uneconomic. A 10% change in the gold price would impact the Company's net earnings before tax for the year ended December 31, 2022 by $81.2 million (2021 - $81.2 million).
The Company is exposed to fluctuations in the fair value of investments made in equity securities. A 10% increase or reduction in each investee’s share price at December 31, 2022 would have increased or reduced other comprehensive income by $1.9 million (2021 - $2.4 million).
Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or the future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. All of the Company’s outstanding debt obligations bear interest at fixed rates and are therefore not exposed to changes in future cash flows attributable to changes in market interest rates. The interest rate on the Facility is variable, however, the Facility was undrawn as at December 31, 2022.
The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its cash and cash equivalents. The cash and cash equivalent interest earned is based on bank account interest rates which may fluctuate. A 100 basis point change in the interest rate would result in an increase or decrease of approximately $1.3 million in interest earned by the Company. The Company has not entered into any derivative contracts to manage this risk.
Foreign currency exchange rate risk
Metal sales revenues for the Company are denominated in US dollars. The Company is exposed to currency fluctuations relative to the US dollar on expenditures that are denominated in Canadian dollars and Mexican pesos. These potential currency fluctuations could have a significant impact on production costs and thereby, the profitability of the Company. The Company is also exposed to the impact of currency fluctuations on its monetary assets and liabilities.
A 10% strengthening or deterioration of these currencies against the US dollar at each balance sheet date would have resulted in a gain recorded in net earnings/loss by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Impact of a 10% change in foreign exchange rates
Canadian dollar$3.6 $1.4 
Mexican peso0.3 0.4 
The currencies of the Company's financial instruments and other foreign currency denominated liabilities based on notional amounts, denominated in U.S dollar equivalents were as follows:
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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
Canadian DollarsMexican Peso
December 31,
2022		December 31,
2021		December 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Cash and cash equivalents$21.6 $21.3 $4.1 $8.8 
Equity securities18.6 23.9 — — 
Amounts receivable16.6 7.9 21.5 21.0 
Other monetary assets (liabilities)9.8 17.2 (0.8)(0.6)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(102.7)(83.8)(19.3)(26.1)
Deferred income taxes(642.1)(561.2)(18.8)(62.0)
Total exposure to currency risk(678.2)(574.7)(13.3)(58.9)
Credit risk
Credit risk relates to receivables and other contracts, and arises from the possibility that any counterparty to an instrument fails to perform. For cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and receivables, the Company’s credit risk is limited to the carrying amount on the balance sheet. The Company manages credit risk by transacting with highly-rated counterparties and establishing a limit on contingent exposure for each counterparty based on the counterparty’s credit rating. Exposure on receivables is limited as the Company sells its products to a small number of organizations, on which the historical level of defaults is minimal.
The Company's maximum exposure to credit risk is as follows:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents$129.8 $172.5 
Esperanza Milestone Payments (note 14)19.1 — 
Other receivables4.6 4.0 
Total financial instrument exposure to credit risk$153.5 $176.5 
Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting obligations associated with financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Company manages this risk through regular monitoring of its cash flow requirements to support ongoing operations and expansionary plans. The Company ensures that there are sufficient committed loan facilities to meet its business requirements, taking into account anticipated cash flows from operations and holdings of cash and cash equivalents.
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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
(a) Contractual commitments
The following table shows the maturities of contractual commitments. The amount presented represents the future undiscounted principal and interest cash flows, and therefore, do not equate to the carrying amounts on the consolidated statements of financial position.
Less than 1 year2 - 3 years4 - 5 yearsMore than 5 yearsTotal
Operating and financing leases0.5 0.9 0.2 — 1.6 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities181.2 — — — 181.2 
Decommissioning liability8.5 43.3 12.0 70.2 134.0 
Contract mining43.0 52.4 30.1 — 125.5 
Capital commitments124.8 30.6 — — 155.4 
$358.0 $127.2 $42.3 $70.2 $597.7 
Contractual obligations exist with respect to royalties (note 22); however, gold production subject to royalty cannot be ascertained with certainty and the royalty rate varies with the gold price, therefore excluded from the table.
The obligations related to contract mining are based on current mine plans, and are subject to change.
The Company’s future operating cash flow and cash position are highly dependent on gold prices, as well as other factors. Taking into consideration the Company’s current cash position, volatile equity markets, and global uncertainty in the capital markets, the Company is continually reviewing expenditures and assessing business opportunities to enhance liquidity in order to ensure adequate liquidity and flexibility to support its growth strategy, including the development of its projects, while continuing production at its current operations. A period of continuously low gold prices may necessitate the deferral of capital expenditures which may impact the timing of development work and project completion, as well as production from mining operations. In addition, in such a price environment, the Company may be required to adopt one or more alternatives to increase liquidity.
19.LEASES
Right-of-use assets
The Company recognizes right-of-use ("ROU") assets as an asset either explicitly specified in the contract or implicitly specified at the time it is made available for use by the Company. In conjunction, the Company controls either directly or indirectly the operation of that asset, as well, derives substantially all the economic benefits from use of the asset.

The ROU assets have been included within in the mineral property, plant and equipment section of the consolidated financial statements (note 8). As at December 31, 2022, ROU assets had a net carrying value of $2.9 million (2021 - $3.9 million).
Amounts recognized in net earnings

The following amounts were recognized in net earnings, related to contracts that the Company applied the practical expedients of the standard:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Interest expense on lease liabilities0.2 0.2 
Expense relating to short-term leases7.9 7.8 
Expense relating to low value assets0.1 0.1 
Expense relating to variable lease payments not included in the measurement of the lease liability88.2 63.1 
96.4 71.2 

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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
The Company has a number of contracts that are based on variable measures, and not fixed payments. These contracts include measures such as tonnes mined, or metres developed, which exempt the contracts from recognizing the ROU asset or lease liability.

Total cash outflow for leases amount to $96.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 - payments of $70.9 million).
20.MANAGEMENT OF CAPITAL
The Company defines capital that it manages as its shareholders equity as well as debt and financing obligations. The Company’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Company's ability to continue as a going concern so that it can continue to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders. At December 31, 2022, total managed capital was $2,721.1 million (2021 - $2,735.6 million).
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Shareholder's equity$2,721.1 $2,735.6 
The Company’s capital structure reflects the requirements of an entity focused on sustaining strong cash flows from its current mining operations and financing both internal and external growth opportunities and development projects. The Company faces lengthy development lead times as well as risks associated with increasing capital costs and project completion timing due to the availability of resources, permits and other factors beyond the Company’s control. The Company’s operations are also significantly affected by the volatility of the market price of gold.
The Company continually assesses its capital structure and makes adjustments to it with reference to changes in economic conditions and risk characteristics associated with its underlying assets. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Company may issue new shares, pay dividends, sell assets or enter into new debt arrangements.
The Company manages its capital structure by performing the following:
•Maintaining sufficient liquidity in order to address any potential operational disruptions or industry downturns;
•Preparing detailed budgets and cash flow forecasts for each mining operation, exploration project, development project and corporate activities that are approved by the Board of Directors;
•Regular internal reporting and Board of Directors’ meetings to review actual versus budgeted spending and cash flows; and
•Detailed project financial analysis to assess or determine new funding requirements.
There were no changes in the Company’s approach to managing capital during the year.
21.RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Remuneration of key management (includes the Company's directors and executive team) for the years ended:
December 31,December 31,
Expense by nature:20222021
Short-term employee benefits
8.8 8.4 
Share-based payments
8.7 3.5 
$17.5$11.9
These transactions are in the normal course of operations and all of the transactions are measured at the exchange amount of consideration established and agreed to by the parties.
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Alamos Gold Inc.

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2022 FINANCIAL REPORT
22.COMMITMENTS
Capital commitments
    As of December 31, 2022, the Company has $155.4 million in committed capital purchases (December 31, 2021 - $123.8 million). Included in the outstanding commitments, the Company has $115.1 million related to the Island Gold Phase 3+ Expansion (December 31, 2021 - $89.4 million).
Royalties
At the Mulatos Mine, the Company pays a royalty obligation to the Mexican government of 0.5% Extraordinary Mining Duty, which totaled $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 - $1.1 million).
The Company pays a 1.5% net smelter royalty on production from the Young-Davidson mine, as well as other royalties related to production. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a royalty expense of $5.3 million (2021 - $5.3 million).
At the Island Gold mine, there is an approximate 2.2% net smelter royalty on production from a range of claims on the property. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a royalty expense of $2.6 million (2021 - $5.3 million).



43
Alamos Gold Inc.


CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14 OR 15d-14 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, John A. McCluskey, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Alamos Gold Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the Audit Committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Dated: March 28, 2023
/s/ John A. McCluskey
John A. McCluskey
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)


CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14 OR 15d-14 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
I, James Porter, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Alamos Gold Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the Audit Committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
Dated: March 28, 2023
/s/ James Porter
James Porter
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, John A. McCluskey, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:
1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
By:/s/ John A. McCluskey
John A. McCluskey
President and Chief Executive Officer

March 28, 2023

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 40-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, James Porter, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:
1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
By:/s/ James Porter
James Porter
Chief Financial Officer

March 28, 2023

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KPMG LLP
Bay Adelaide Centre
333 Bay Street, Suite 4600
Toronto, ON M5H 2S5
Tel 416-777-8500
Fax 416-777-8818
www.kpmg.ca

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors of Alamos Gold Inc.

We consent to the use in this Annual Report on Form 40-F of:

•our Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, dated February 22, 2023 with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) comprising the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and related notes; and

•our Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm dated February 22, 2023 on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022,

each of which is included in this Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

We also consent to the incorporation by reference of such reports in the Registration Statement No. 333- 206182 on Form S-8 and the Registration Statement No. 333-236697 on Form F-3 of the Company.


/s/ KPMG LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants

Toronto, Canada
March 28, 2023


















KPMG LLP is a Canadian limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent
member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity.
KPMG Canada provides services to KPMG LLP.


CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Jeffrey Volk, do hereby consent to the filing of the resources information in the Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto, and the incorporation by reference into any Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-206182) of the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
Dated: March 28, 2023

By:     /s/ Jeffrey Volk        
Name:    Jeffrey Volk

CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Christopher Bostwick, do hereby consent to the filing of the resources information in the Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto, and the incorporation by reference into any Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-206182) of the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
Dated: March 28, 2023

By:     /s/ Christopher Bostwick    
Name:    Christopher Bostwick

CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Marc Jutras, do hereby consent to the filing of the resources information in the Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto, and the incorporation by reference into any Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-206182) of the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
Dated: March 28, 2023

By:     /s/ Marc Jutras    
Name:    Marc Jutras

CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Herbert Welhener, do hereby consent to the filing of the resources information in the Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto, and the incorporation by reference into any Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-206182) of the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
Dated: March 28, 2023

By: /s/ Herbert Welhener    
Name:    Herbert Welhener

CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Scott R.G. Parsons, do hereby consent to the filing of the resources information in the Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto, and the incorporation by reference into any Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-206182) of the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
Dated: March 28, 2023

By:     /s/ Scott R.G. Parsons            
Name:    Scott R.G. Parsons

CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Tyler Poulin, do hereby consent to the filing of the resources information in the Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto, and the incorporation by reference into any Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-206182) of the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
Dated: March 28, 2023

By:     /s/ Tyler Poulin            
Name:    Tyler Poulin

CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Nathan Bourgeault, do hereby consent to the filing of the resources information in the Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) of Alamos Gold Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the use of my name in the Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 40-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto, and the incorporation by reference into any Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-206182) of the Company filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, of the Company’s AIF and Annual Report on Form 40-F.
Dated: March 28, 2023

By:     /s/ Nathan Bourgeault     
Name:    Nathan Bourgeault