ITEM 3.            Key Information

 

A.            Selected Financial Data

 

The following tables set forth our selected combined carve-out financial and other data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 and selected consolidated financial and other data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. This selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, and the related notes thereto, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, included elsewhere in this annual report, and the information contained in “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 3.D Risk Factors.” The historical financial and other data included here and elsewhere in this annual report should not be assumed to be indicative of our future financial condition or results of operations.

 

Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflect the Inkia Business as discontinued operations and our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended 2016 and 2015 and our selected combined carve-out financials set forth below have been reclassified for comparative purposes to account for the Inkia Business as discontinued operations.   ZIM’s results of operations for 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2014 are also presented as discontinued operations for the relevant periods.

 

Our financial statements presented in this annual report have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

 

The selected financial data below also includes certain non-IFRS measures used by us to evaluate our economic and financial performance. These measures are not identified as accounting measures under IFRS and therefore should not be considered as an alternative measure to evaluate our performance.

 

(1)	Results during these periods have been reclassified to reflect the Inkia Business as discontinued operations. For further information, see Note 2 9 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

(2)	Results during this period have been reclassified to reflect ZIM and Petrotec as discontinued operations.

(3)	Consists of the consolidated results of OPC and Primus and, from June 30, 2014, the consolidated results of HelioFocus; prior to this date, Kenon did not consolidate HelioFocus’ results of operations.

(4)	Includes Kenon’s share in ZIM’s loss for the six months ended December 31, 2014 and the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017. As from July 1, 2014, Kenon accounted for ZIM’s results of operations pursuant to the equity method of accounting.

 

(5)	Consists of (i) ZIM’s results of operations for 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2014, (ii) Petrotec’s results of operations for 2013 through 2014 and (iii) the results of operations of the Inkia Business for 2013 through 2017.

(6)	Includes Kenon’s associated companies: (i) Qoros, (ii) Tower (until June 30, 2015), (iii) ZIM (from June 30, 2014); and (iv) HelioFocus (prior to June 30, 2014).

(7)	Based on 53,383,015 shares which were issued as of January 7, 2015, the date of our spin-off from IC.

 

Selected Reportable Segment Data

 

Kenon is a holding company of (i) a 76% interest in OPC, (ii) a 24% interest in Qoros, (iii) a 32% interest in ZIM, and (iv) a 91% interest in Primus. Kenon used to also hold interests in (i) the Inkia Business, which was sold effective December 31, 2017, (ii) a 22.5% interest in Tower, which was distributed to Kenon shareholders on July 23, 2015 and (iii) HelioFocus, which was liquidated in July 2017.

Kenon’s segments are OPC, Qoros and Other. Kenon’s Other segment includes the results of ZIM, Primus, and from June 30, 2014, the results of HelioFocus and Kenon (Company level).

 

The following table sets forth selected financial data for Kenon’s reportable segments for the periods presented:

 

(1)	In December 2017, Inkia completed the sale of the Inkia Business. For further information, see Note 2 9 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

(2)	Associated company.

(3)	Includes the results of Primus and HelioFocus (which was liquidated in July 2017); the results of ZIM, as an associated company; as well as Kenon’s and IC Green’s holding company and general and administrative expenses.

 

(4)	“Adjustments” includes inter-segment financing income and expenses.

(5)	Excludes investments in associates.

(6)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company assets.

(7)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company liabilities.

(8)	Includes the additions of Property, Plant and Equipment, or PP&E, and intangibles based on an accrual basis.

 

(1)	Results during this period have been reclassified to reflect the results of the Inkia Business as discontinued operations. For further information, see Note 29 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

(2)	Associated company.

(3)	Includes the results of Primus and HelioFocus (which was liquidated in July 2017); the results of ZIM, as an associated company; as well as Kenon’s and IC Green’s holding company and general and administrative expenses.

(4)	“Adjustments” includes inter-segment financing income and expenses.

(5)	Excludes investments in associates.

(6)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company assets.

(7)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company liabilities.

(8)	Includes the additions of PP&E and intangibles based on an accrual basis.

 

(1)	Results during this period have been reclassified to reflect the results of the Inkia Business as discontinued operations. For further information, see Note 29 to our financial statements included in this annual report.

(2)	Associated company.

(3)	Includes the results of Primus and HelioFocus (which was liquidated in July 2017); the results of ZIM and Tower (up to June 30, 2015), as associated companies; as well as Kenon’s and IC Green’s holding company and general and administrative expenses.

(4)	“Adjustments” includes inter-segment sales.

(5)	Excludes investments in associates.

(6)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company assets.

(7)	Includes Kenon’s, IC Green’s and IC Power holding company liabilities.

(8)	Includes the additions of PP&E and intangibles based on an accrual basis.

 

(1)	OPC defines “EBITDA” for each period as net income (loss) for the period before depreciation and amortization, financing expenses, net and income tax expense.

 

EBITDA is not recognized under IFRS or any other generally accepted accounting principles as a measure of financial performance and should not be considered as a substitute for net income or loss, cash flow from operations or other measures of operating performance or liquidity determined in accordance with IFRS. EBITDA is not intended to represent funds available for dividends or other discretionary uses because those funds may be required for debt service, capital expenditures, working capital and other commitments and contingencies. EBITDA presents limitations that impair its use as a measure of OPC’s profitability since it does not take into consideration certain costs and expenses that result from its business that could have a significant effect on OPC’s net income, such as finance expenses, taxes and depreciation.

 

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of OPC’s net income to its EBITDA for the periods presented. Other companies may calculate EBITDA differently, and therefore this presentation of EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures used by other companies:

 

 

(i)

Total debt comprises loans from banks and third parties and debentures, and includes long term and short term debt.

(ii)

Includes short-term deposits and restricted cash of $0 million; and includes long-term deposits and restricted cash of $76 million (including $22 million in cash that was deposited into an escrow account in connection with the Tamar gas dispute. For further information, see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—Legal Proceedings .”

 

		Year Ended December 31, 2016
		OPC-Rotem				OPC-Hadera				Energy & Others				Total OPC
		(in millions of USD)
Total debt (i)			365				—				52				417
Cash (ii)			22				1				23				46
Net Debt		$	343			$	(1	)		$	29			$	371

 

---

(i)

Total debt comprises loans from banks and third parties and debentures, and includes long term and short term debt.

(ii)

Includes short-term deposits and restricted cash of $4 million and long-term deposits and restricted cash of $19 million.

 

(i)

Total debt comprises loans from banks and third parties and debentures, and includes long term and short term debt.

(ii)

Includes short-term deposits and restricted cash of $ 50 million and long-term deposits and restricted cash of $ 17 million.

 

(3)	Includes generation of OPC-Rotem only.

 

(4)	Includes sales of OPC-Rotem only.

 

Set forth below is a summary of certain OPC key historical financial and other operational information, for the periods set forth below.

 

(1)	Includes sales of OPC-Rotem only.

 

B.            Capitalization and Indebtedness

 

Not applicable.

 

C.            Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

 

Not applicable.

 

D.            Risk Factors

 

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity can suffer materially as a result of any of the risks described below. While we have described all of the risks we consider material, these risks are not the only ones we face. We are also subject to the same risks that affect many other companies, such as technological obsolescence, labor relations, geopolitical events, climate change and risks related to the conducting of international operations. Additional risks not known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also impair our business operations. Our businesses routinely encounter and address risks, some of which may cause our future results to be different—sometimes materially different—than we presently anticipate.

 

Risks Related to Our Strategy and Operations

 

Some of our businesses have significant capital requirements.

 

The business plans of our businesses contemplate additional debt or equity financing which is expected to be raised from third parties. However, our businesses may be unable to raise the necessary capital from third party financing sources, and in this case Kenon would be their only source of funding. For example, Qoros will require additional cash to further its development and, until it achieves significant sales levels, to meet its operating expenses, financing expenses, and capital expenditures.

 

In the future, third party financing sources may also require Kenon to guarantee an individual business’ indebtedness and/or provide additional collateral, including collateral via a cross-collateralization of assets across businesses. To the extent Kenon guarantees an individual business’ indebtedness, it may divert funds received from one business to another business. We may also sell some or all of our interests in any of our businesses to provide funding for another business. Additionally, if we cross-collateralize certain assets (i.e., pledging shares or assets of one of our businesses to secure debt of another of our businesses) in order to provide additional collateral to a lender, we may lose an asset associated with one business in the event that a separate business is unable to meet its debt obligations. Furthermore, if Kenon provides any of our businesses with additional capital, provides any third parties with indemnification rights or a guarantee, and/or provides additional collateral, including via cross-collateralization, this could reduce our liquidity. For further information on the capital resources and requirements of each of our businesses, see “ Item 5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources. ”

 

 Disruptions in the financial markets could adversely affect Kenon or its businesses, which may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms or at all.

 

Kenon’s businesses may seek to access capital markets for various purposes, which may include raising funding for the repayment of indebtedness, acquisitions, capital expenditures and for general corporate purposes. The ability of Kenon’s businesses to access capital lending markets, and the cost of such capital, could be negatively impacted by disruptions in those markets. Capital markets have demonstrated significant volatility in recent years. These disruptions impacted other areas of the economy and led to a slowdown in general economic activity. Similar disruptions in the credit markets could make it more difficult or expensive for our businesses to access the capital or lending markets if the need arises and may make financing terms for borrowers less attractive or available. Furthermore, a decline in the value of any of our businesses, which are or may be used as collateral in financing agreements, could also impact their ability to access financing.

 

Kenon may seek to access the capital or lending markets to obtain financing in the future, including to support its businesses. The availability of such financing and the terms thereof will be impacted by many factors, including: (i) our financial performance, (ii) our credit ratings or absence of a credit rating, (iii) the liquidity of the overall capital markets, and (iv) the state of the economy. There can be no assurance that Kenon will be able to access the capital markets on acceptable terms or at all. If Kenon deems it necessary to access financing and is unable to do so on acceptable terms or at all, this could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity.

 

We are dependent upon access to the capital markets to execute our strategy.

 

Our strategy may include sales or distributions of our interests in our businesses. For example, in August 2017, OPC completed an initial public offering, or IPO, in Israel, and a listing on the TASE. Our ability to complete an initial public offering, distribution or listing of one or more of our businesses is heavily dependent upon the public equity markets.

 

To the extent that the securities of our business are publicly traded, we are exposed to risks of downward movement in market prices. In addition, large holdings of securities can often be disposed only over a substantial length of time. Accordingly, under certain conditions, we may be forced to either sell our equity interest in a particular business at lower prices than expected to realize or defer such a sale, potentially for a long period of time. In addition, following OPC's initial public offering in August 2017, our shares in OPC are subject to a lock-up period, which restricts the amount of shares sold each month until 18 months after the IPO, pursuant to TASE regulation.

 

We have pledged a portion of our shares in OPC to secure obligations to the buyer of the Inkia Businesses under the indemnification obligations in the share purchase agreement for the sale. To the extent that we are required to make payments under the indemnity obligation in the share purchase agreement, we may be required to sell shares in OPC and we would be subject to market conditions at the time of such sale (and the TASE regulations in relation to such sale) which could mean that we are forced to sell our shares for a lower price than we would otherwise be able to do so, particularly if we need to sell a significant amount of shares. If we do not make required payments in the event we are required to make payments under the share purchase agreement, then, in certain circumstances, the pledge can be enforced to satisfy the indemnity obligations, which would result in a loss of some or all of the pledged OPC shares.

 

We are a holding company and are dependent upon cash flows from our businesses to meet our existing and future obligations.

 

We are a holding company of various operating companies, and as a result, do not conduct independent operations or possess significant assets other than investments in and advances to our businesses. As a result, we depend on funds from our businesses or external financing to meet our operating expenses and obligations, including our guarantee of the indemnification obligations under the share purchase agreement for the sale of the Inkia Business and our operating expenses and our guarantee obligations in respect of Qoros debt.

 

Kenon may also seek to raise financing at the Kenon level to meet its obligations. In the event that funds from its businesses or external financing are not available to meet such obligations on reasonable terms or at all, Kenon may need to sell assets to meet such obligations, and its ability to sell assets may be limited, particularly in light the various pledges over the shares and assets of some of Kenon's businesses. Any sales of assets may not be at attractive prices, particularly if such sales must be made quickly to meet Kenon’s obligations.

 

Kenon has provided loans and guarantees in the past to support our businesses, such as Qoros, and may provide additional loans to or make investments in or provide guarantees in support of its businesses. Kenon’s liquidity requirements will increase to the extent it makes further loans or grants additional guarantees to support its businesses.

 

In addition, as Kenon’s businesses are legally distinct from it and will generally be required to service their debt obligations before making distributions to Kenon, Kenon’s ability to access such cash flow from its businesses may be limited in some circumstances and it may not have the ability to cause its subsidiaries and associated companies to make distributions to Kenon, even if they are able to do so. Additionally, the terms of existing and future joint venture, financing, or cooperative operational agreements and/or the laws and jurisdictions under which each of Kenon’s businesses are organized may also limit the timing and amount of any dividends, other distributions, loans or loan repayments to Kenon.

 

Additionally, as dividends are generally taxed and governed by the relevant authority in the jurisdiction in which the company is incorporated, there may be numerous and significant tax or other legal restrictions on the ability of Kenon’s businesses to remit funds to us, or to remit such funds without incurring significant tax liabilities or incurring a ratings downgrade.

 

We do not have the right to manage, and in some cases do not control, some of our businesses, and therefore we may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that we expect to realize from our businesses.

 

As we own minority interests in Qoros and ZIM, we are subject to the operating and financial risks of these businesses, the risk that these businesses may make business, operational, financial, legal or regulatory decisions that we do not agree with, and the risk that we may have objectives that differ from those of the applicable business itself or its other shareholders. Our ability to control the development and operation of these investments may be limited, and we may not be able to realize some or all of the benefits that we expect to realize from these investments. For example, we may not be able to cause these businesses to make distributions to us in the amount or at the time that we may need or want such distributions.

 

In addition, we rely on the internal controls and financial reporting controls of our businesses and the failure of our businesses to maintain effective controls or to comply with applicable standards could make it difficult to comply with applicable reporting and audit standards. For example, the preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires the prompt receipt of financial statements from each of our subsidiaries and associated companies, some of whom rely on the prompt receipt of financial statements from each of their subsidiaries and associated companies. Additionally, in certain circumstances, we may be required to file with our annual report on Form 20-F, or a registration statement filed with the SEC, financial information of associated companies which has been audited in conformity with SEC rules and regulations and relevant audit standards. We may not, however, be able to procure such financial statements, or such audited financial statements, as applicable, from our subsidiaries and associated companies and this could render us unable to comply with applicable SEC reporting standards.

 

Our businesses are leveraged.

 

Some of our businesses are significantly leveraged and may incur additional debt financing in the future. As of December 31, 2017, OPC had $618 million of outstanding indebtedness, Qoros had outstanding indebtedness of RMB4.8 billion (excluding shareholder loans), and ZIM had outstanding indebtedness of approximately $1.5 billion.

 

Highly leveraged assets are inherently more sensitive to declines in earnings, increases in expenses and interest rates, and adverse market conditions. A leveraged company’s income and net assets also tend to increase or decrease at a greater rate than would otherwise be the case if money had not been borrowed. Consequently, the risk of loss associated with a leveraged company is generally greater than for companies with comparatively less debt. Additionally, some of our businesses’ assets have been pledged to secure indebtedness, and as a result, the amount of collateral that is available for future secured debt or credit support and a business’ flexibility in dealing with its secured assets may be limited. Our businesses use a substantial portion of their consolidated cash flows from operations to make debt service payments, thereby reducing its ability to use their cash flows to fund operations, capital expenditures, or future business opportunities. Additionally, notwithstanding the completion of its restructuring in July 2014, ZIM remains highly leveraged and will continue to face risks associated with those of a highly leveraged company.

 

Our businesses will generally have to service their debt obligations before making distributions to us or to any other shareholder. In addition, many of the financing agreements relating to the debt facilities of our operating companies contain covenants and limitations, including the following:

 

·

leverage ratio;

 

·

minimum equity;

 

·

debt service coverage ratio;

 

·

limits on the incurrence of liens or the pledging of certain assets;

 

·

limits on the incurrence of subsidiary debt;

 

·

limits on the ability to enter into transactions with affiliates, including us;

 

·

minimum liquidity and fixed charge cover ratios;

 

·

limits on the ability to pay dividends to shareholders, including us;

 

·

limits on our ability to sell assets; and

 

·

other non-financial covenants and limitations and various reporting obligations.

 

As a result, our businesses’ leverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

We face risks in relation to the New Qoros Investor's investment in Qoros

 

 

 

Our success will be dependent upon the efforts of our directors and executive officers.

 

Our success will be dependent upon the decision-making of our directors and executive officers as well as the directors and executive officers of our businesses. The loss of any or all of our directors and executive officers could delay the implementation of our strategies or divert our directors and executive officers’ attention from our operations which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Foreign exchange rate fluctuations and controls could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and the strength of our balance sheet.

 

Through our businesses, we have facilities and generate costs and revenues in a number of geographic regions across the globe. As a result, a significant portion of our revenue and certain of our businesses’ operating expenses, assets and liabilities, are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. The predominance of certain currencies varies from business to business, with many of our businesses generating revenues or incurring indebtedness in more than one currency. For example, most of ZIM’s revenues and a significant portion of its expenses are denominated in the U.S. Dollar. However, a material portion of ZIM’s expenses are denominated in local currencies.

 

We have outstanding back-to-back guarantees to Chery of up to RMB320 million, with respect to debt in principal of RMB288 million, plus certain interest and fees, in respect of certain of Qoros’ indebtedness. In addition, from time to time, we have held, and may hold, a portion of our available cash in RMB, which may expose us to RMB exchange rate fluctuations.

 

Furthermore, our businesses may pay distributions or make payments to us in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, which we must convert to U.S. Dollars prior to making dividends or other distributions to our shareholders if we decide to make any distributions in the future. Foreign exchange controls in countries in which our businesses operate may further limit our ability to repatriate funds from unconsolidated foreign affiliates or otherwise convert local currencies into U.S. Dollars.

 

Consequently, as with any international business, our liquidity, earnings, expenses, asset book value, and/or amount of equity may be materially affected by short-term or long-term exchange rate movements or controls. Such movements may give rise to one or more of the following risks, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity:

 

·

Transaction Risk —exists where sales or purchases are denominated in overseas currencies and the exchange rate changes after our entry into a purchase or sale commitment but prior to the completion of the underlying transaction itself;

 

·

Translation Risk —exists where the currency in which the results of a business are reported differs from the underlying currency in which the business’ operations are transacted;

 

·

Economic Risk —exists where the manufacturing cost base of a business is denominated in a currency different from the currency of the market into which the business’ products are sold; and

 

·

Reinvestment Risk —exists where our ability to reinvest earnings from operations in one country to fund the capital needs of operations in other countries becomes limited.

 

If our businesses are unable to manage their interest rate risks effectively, our cash flows and operating results may suffer.

 

Certain of our businesses’ indebtedness bears interest at variable, floating rates. In particular, some of this indebtedness is in the form of Consumer Price Index (or CPI)-linked, NIS-denominated bonds. We, or our businesses, may incur further indebtedness in the future that also bears interest at a variable rate or at a rate that is linked to fluctuations in a currency in the form of other than the U.S. Dollar. Although our businesses attempt to manage their interest rate risk, there can be no assurance that they will hedge such exposure effectively or at all in the future. Accordingly, increases in interest rates or changes in the CPI that are greater than changes anticipated based upon historical trends could have a material adverse effect on our or any of our businesses’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Risks Related to the Industries in Which Our Businesses Operate

 

Conditions in the global economy, and in the industries in which our businesses operate in particular, could have a material adverse effect on us.

 

The business and operating results of each of our businesses are affected by worldwide economic conditions, particularly conditions in the energy generation, passenger vehicle, and shipping industries our businesses operate in. The operating results and profitability of our businesses may be adversely affected by slower global economic growth, credit market crises, lower levels of consumer and business confidence, downward pressure on prices, high unemployment levels, reduced levels of capital expenditures, fluctuating commodity prices (particularly prices for electricity, natural gas, bunker, gasoline, and crude oil), bankruptcies, government deficit reduction and austerity measures, heightened volatility, uncertainties with respect to the stability of the emerging markets, increased tariffs and other forms of trade protectionism and other challenges affecting the global economy. Volatility in global financial markets and in prices for oil and other commodities could result in a worsening of global economic conditions. As a result of global economic conditions, some of the customers of our businesses have experienced, and may experience, deterioration of their businesses, cash flow shortages, and/or difficulty in obtaining financing. As a result, existing or potential customers may delay or cancel plans to purchase the products and/or services of our businesses, or may not be able to fulfill their obligations to us in a timely fashion. Furthermore, the vendors, suppliers and/or partners of each of our businesses may experience similar conditions, which may impact their ability to fulfill their obligations.

 

Additionally, economic downturns may alter the priorities of governments to subsidize and/or incentivize participation in any of the markets in which our businesses operate. For example, economic downturns or political dynamics may impact the availability of financial incentives provided by the Chinese government for Chinese automobile purchases. Slower growth or deterioration in the global economy (as a result of recent volatility in global markets, trade protectionism and commodity prices, or otherwise) could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Our businesses’ operations expose us to risks associated with conditions in those markets.

 

Through our businesses, we operate and service customers in geographic regions around the world which exposes us to risks, including:

 

·

heightened economic volatility;

 

·

difficulty in enforcing agreements, collecting receivables and protecting assets;

 

·

the possibility of encountering unfavorable circumstances from host country laws or regulations;

 

·

fluctuations in revenues, operating margins and/or other financial measures due to currency exchange rate fluctuations and restrictions on currency and earnings repatriation;

 

·

unfavorable changes in regulated electricity tariffs;

 

·

trade protection measures, import or export restrictions, licensing requirements and local fire and security codes and standards;

 

·

increased costs and risks of developing, staffing and simultaneously managing a number of foreign operations as a result of language and cultural differences;

 

·

issues related to occupational safety, work hazard, and adherence to local labor laws and regulations;

 

·

adverse tax developments;

 

·

changes in the general political, social and/or economic conditions in the countries where we operate; and

 

·

the presence of corruption in certain countries.

 

If any of our businesses are impacted by any of the aforementioned factors, such an impact could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

We require qualified personnel to manage and operate our various businesses.

 

As a result of our decentralized structure, we require qualified and competent management to independently direct the day-to-day business activities of each of our businesses, execute their respective business plans, and service their respective customers, suppliers and other stakeholders, in each case across numerous geographic locations. Many of the products and services offered by our businesses are highly technical in nature and may require specialized training or physically demanding work. Therefore, we must be able to retain employees and professionals with the skills necessary to understand the continuously developing needs of our customers and to maximize the value of each of our businesses. This includes developing talent and leadership capabilities in the emerging markets in which certain of our businesses operate, where the depth of skilled employees may be limited. Changes in demographics, training requirements and/or the unavailability of qualified personnel could negatively impact the ability of each of our businesses to meet these demands. Unpredictable increases in the demand for our goods and/or services, or the geographical diversity of our businesses, may exacerbate the risk of not having a sufficient number of trained personnel. If any of our businesses fail to train and retain qualified personnel, or if they experience excessive turnover, we may experience declining sales, production/manufacturing delays or other inefficiencies, increased recruiting, training or relocation costs and other difficulties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Significant raw material shortages, supplier capacity constraints, production disruptions, supplier quality and sourcing issues or price increases could increase our operating costs and adversely impact the competitive positions of the products and/or services of our businesses.

 

A disruption in deliveries from these and other third-party suppliers, contract manufacturers or service providers, capacity constraints, production disruptions, price increases, or decreased availability of raw materials or commodities, including as a result of catastrophic events, could have an adverse effect on the ability of our businesses to meet their commitments to customers or could increase their operating costs. Our businesses could encounter supply problems and may be unable to replace a supplier that is not able to meet their demand in either the short- or the long-term; these risks are exacerbated in the case of raw materials or component parts that are sourced from a single-source supplier. Furthermore, quality and sourcing issues experienced by third-party providers can also adversely affect the quality and effectiveness of our businesses’ products and/or services and result in liability and reputational harm that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Some of our businesses must keep pace with technological changes and develop new products and services to remain competitive.

 

The markets in which some of our businesses operate experience rapid and significant changes as a result of the introduction of both innovative technologies and services. To meet customer needs in these areas, these businesses must continuously design new, and update existing, products and services, as well as invest in, and develop new technologies. Introducing new products and technologies requires a significant commitment to research and development that, in return, requires the expenditure of considerable financial resources that may not always result in success.

 

Our sales and profitability may suffer if our businesses invest in technologies that do not operate, or may not be integrated, as expected or that are not accepted into the marketplace as anticipated, or if their services, products or systems are not introduced to the market in a timely manner, in particular, compared to its competitors, or become obsolete. Furthermore, in some of these markets, the need to develop and introduce new products rapidly in order to capture available opportunities may lead to quality problems. Our operating results depend on our ability, and the ability of these businesses, to anticipate and adapt to changes in markets and to reduce the costs of producing high-quality, new and existing products and services. If we, or any of these businesses, are unsuccessful in our efforts, such a failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Our businesses may be adversely affected by work stoppages, union negotiations, labor disputes and other matters associated with our labor force.

 

As of December 31, 2017, OPC employed 85 employees, Qoros employed approximately 1,640 employees and ZIM employed approximately 3,600 employees. Our businesses could experience strikes, industrial unrest, or work stoppages. Any disruptions in the operations of any of our businesses as a result of labor stoppages or strikes could materially and adversely affect our or the relevant businesses’ reputation and could adversely affect operations. Additionally, a work stoppage at any one of the suppliers of any of our businesses could materially and adversely affect our operations if an alternative source of supply were not readily available.

 

We, and each of our businesses, face cyber-security risks.

 

Our business operations, and the operations of our various operating companies, rely upon secure information technology systems for data processing, storage and reporting. As a result, we, and our businesses, maintain information security policies and procedures for managing such information technology systems. However, such security measures may be ineffective and our information technology systems, or those of our businesses, may be subject to cyber-attacks, including malicious software, network, system, application and data breaches and such cyber-security breaches may result in operational disruptions or information misappropriation.

 

A number of companies around the world have been the subject of cybersecurity attacks in recent years, including in Israel where we have a large part of our businesses. Should Kenon or any of its operating businesses experience a cyber-attack, this could have a material adverse effect on our, or any of our operating companies’, business, financial condition or results of operation.

 

Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Matters

 

We, and each of our businesses, are subject to legal proceedings and legal compliance risks.

 

We are subject to a variety of legal proceedings and legal compliance risks in every part of the world in which our businesses operate. We, our businesses, and the industries in which we operate, are periodically reviewed or investigated by regulators and other governmental authorities, which could lead to enforcement actions, fines and penalties or the assertion of private litigation claims and damages. Changes in laws or regulations could require us, or any of our businesses, to change manners of operation or to utilize resources to maintain compliance with such regulations, which could increase costs or otherwise disrupt operations. Protectionist trade policies and changes in the political and regulatory environment in the markets in which we operate, such as foreign exchange import and export controls, tariffs and other trade barriers and price or exchange controls, could affect our businesses in several national markets, impact our profitability and make the repatriation of profits difficult, and may expose us or any of our businesses to penalties, sanctions and reputational damage. In addition, the uncertainty of the legal environment in some regions could limit our ability to enforce our rights.

 

The global and diverse nature of our operations means that legal and compliance risks will continue to exist and additional legal proceedings and other contingencies, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty, will arise from time to time. No assurances can be made that we will be found to be operating in compliance with, or be able to detect violations of, any existing or future laws or regulations. In addition, as we hold minority interests in ZIM and Qoros, we do control them and therefore cannot ensure that they will comply with all applicable laws and regulations. A failure to comply with or properly anticipate applicable laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

We may be subject to further government regulation, which may adversely affect our strategy.

 

The U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940 regulates "investment companies", which includes entities that are, or that hold themselves out as being, primarily engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting and trading in securities or that are engaged, or propose to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and own, or propose to acquire, investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Accordingly, we do not believe that we are subject to regulation under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940. We are organized as a holding company that conducts its businesses primarily through majority owned and primarily controlled subsidiaries. Maintaining such status may impose limits on our operations and on the assets that we and our subsidiaries may acquire or dispose of. If, at any time, we meet the definition of investment company, we could, among other things, be required either (a) to substantially change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company or (b) to register as an investment company under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, either of which could have an adverse effect on us and the market price of our securities. The U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940 generally only allows U.S. entities to register. If we were required to register as an investment company but failed to do so, we could be prohibited from engaging in our business in the United States or offering and selling securities in the United States or to U.S. persons, unable to comply with our reporting obligations in the United States as a foreign private issuer, subject to the delisting of the Kenon shares from the NYSE and subject to criminal and civil actions that could be brought against us, any of which would have a material adverse effect on the liquidity and value of the Kenon shares and on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws outside of the United States.

 

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials or other persons for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in anti-bribery law enforcement activity, with more frequent and aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by both the U.S. Department of Justice and the SEC, increased enforcement activity by non-U.S. regulators, and increases in criminal and civil proceedings brought against companies and individuals. Our policies mandate compliance with the FCPA and other applicable anti-bribery laws. We operate, through our businesses, in some parts of the world that are recognized as having governmental and commercial corruption. Additionally, because many of our customers and end users are involved in infrastructure construction and energy production, they are often subject to increased scrutiny by regulators. Our internal control policies and procedures may not protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, the employees of any of our businesses, or third party intermediaries. In the event that we believe or have reason to believe that our employees or agents have or may have violated applicable anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA, we would investigate or have outside counsel investigate the relevant facts and circumstances, which can be expensive and require significant time and attention from senior management. Violations of these laws may result in criminal or civil sanctions, inability to do business with existing or future business partners (either as a result of express prohibitions or to avoid the appearance of impropriety), injunctions against future conduct, profit disgorgements, disqualifications from directly or indirectly engaging in certain types of businesses, the loss of business permits, reputational harm or other restrictions which could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. We face risks with respect to compliance with the FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws through our acquisition of new companies and the due diligence we perform in connection with an acquisition may not be sufficient to enable us fully to assess an acquired company’s historic compliance with applicable regulations. Furthermore, our post-acquisition integration efforts may not be adequate to ensure our system of internal controls and procedures are fully adopted and adhered to by acquired entities, resulting in increased risks of non-compliance with applicable anti-bribery laws.

 

We could be adversely affected by international sanctions and trade restrictions

 

We have geographically diverse businesses, which may expose our business and financial affairs to political and economic risks, including operations in areas subject to international restrictions and sanctions. Legislation and rules governing sanctions and trade restrictions are complex and constantly evolving. Moreover, changes in these laws and regulations can be unpredictable and happen swiftly. Part of our global operations necessitate the importation and exportation of goods and technology across international borders on a regular basis. From time to time, we, or our businesses, obtain or receive information alleging improper activity in connection with such imports or exports. Our policies mandate strict compliance with applicable sanctions laws and trade restrictions. Nonetheless, our policies and procedures may not always protect us from actions that would violate U.S. and/or foreign laws. Such improper actions could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, including material monetary fines, denial of import or export privileges, or other adverse actions. The occurrence of any of the aforementioned factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Risks Related to OPC

 

OPC faces risks in connection with the expansion of its business.

 

OPC is contemplating the construction and development of power generation facilities. Existing regulation, such as antitrust laws, regulation by virtue of the Israeli Concentration Law, or the EA rules with respect to holdings of control in generation licenses, may restrict the expansion of OPC’s activity in Israel.

 

According to the Israeli Concentration Law, when allocating certain rights, including a power generation license, and when determining the terms for this right, the regulator must take into account the promotion of competition in the relevant industry and the Israeli economy generally. If the right is on the list of rights that may have a material impact on competition, the regulator must consult with the Israel Antitrust Commissioner. Kenon, OPC, OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera are considered concentration entities under the Israel Corporation Group, which may affect OPC’s or its subsidiaries’ ability to receive a generation license if it involves the construction and operation of power plants exceeding 175 MW. The list of concentration entities also includes Mr. Idan Ofer, who is the beneficiary of entities that indirectly hold a majority of the shares in Kenon, and includes a list of other entities which may be affiliated with Mr. Idan Ofer, including ZIM, in which Kenon holds a 32% interest.

 

In addition, OPC requires financing in connection with the development of the Hadera Power station. In the case of the Hadera project, OPC's financing for the project is subject to various conditions and restrictions, including OPC-Hadera's maintenance of Hadera Paper as a customer. If OPC is unable to obtain or utilize financing for the Hadera project, this may hinder OPC's ability to complete the Hadera Power station.

 

OPC’s facilities may be affected by disruptions, including technical failures and natural disasters.

 

OPC's ongoing activities may be affected by technical disruptions and faults to critical equipment. For instance, various natural disasters, such as earthquakes or fires, may harm OPC’s facilities and thereby affecting its operations and supply of electricity. Due to the nature of OPC's activities, which, for example, include the use and storage of flammable materials and working with high temperatures and pressures, OPC's facilities are exposed to the risk of fire hazards. Should natural or disasters damage OPC’s facilities, restoration may involve the investment of significant resources and time, which would likely lead to full or partial shutdown of the generation facilities that were damaged. Losses that are not fully covered by OPC’s insurance policies may have an adverse effect on OPC.

 

The political and security situation in Israel may affect OPC.

 

A deterioration of the political and security situation in Israel may adversely affect OPC’ s activities and harm its assets. Security and political events such as a war or acts of terrorism may harm the facilities serving OPC (including the power station facilities owned by the Company), the construction of the Hadera Power station and other future projects, computer systems, facilities for transmission of natural gas to the power stations and the electricity transmission grid. In addition, such acts may have an adverse effect on OPC's material suppliers, thereby limiting OPC's ability to supply electricity to its customers reliably. Likewise, a deterioration in the political and security situation in Israel may have a negative effect on OPC's ability to construct new projects, to raise capital for new projects and to initiate new projects in areas exposed to a security risk. Negative developments in the political and security situation in Israel and various security events may cause additional restrictions on OPC, including boycotts by various parties. In addition, in such cases, parties with whom OPC has contracted may claim to terminate their obligations pursuant to the agreements with the OPC due to the occurrence of force majeure events. In addition, some of OPC's employees may be called for reserve military duty and their absence may have an adverse effect on OPC's operations. Although the OPC-Rotem station is classified by the State of Israel as an "essential enterprise" and therefore its key employees are exempt from reserve duty during an emergency, these workers may be called up for reserve duty if the station were to lose its status as an "essential enterprise."

 

Changes in the EA’s electricity rates may reduce OPC’s profitability

 

For further information on the EA tariffs, see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—Industry Overview—   Overview of Israeli Electricity Generation Industry. ” For further information on the effect of EA tariffs on OPC’s revenues and margins, see “ Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Material Factors Affecting Results of Operations—OPC— Sales—EA Tariffs. ”

 

Changes in the Consumer Price Index in Israel or the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate could adversely affect OPC.

 

If Israel experiences inflation it may affect OPC. For instance, a significant portion of the liabilities of OPC and its subsidiaries is linked to the Consumer Price Index, or CPI, including a substantial part of the OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera loans. Therefore, adverse changes to CPI could impact OPC’s financing expenses and results of operations. In addition, to the extent that OPC is above the floor price in its gas supply agreement, the price it pays for gas is linked in part to the U.S. Dollar to NIS exchange rate, and accordingly variations in such rate can impact OPC's results.

 

OPC could face barriers to exit in connection with the disposals or transfers of its businesses or assets.

 

OPC may face exit barriers, including high exit costs or objections from various parties (whose approval OPC requires), in connection with dispositions of its operating companies or their assets. For example, pursuant to Israel’s Electricity Sector Law 5756-1996, or Electricity Sector Law, the transfer of control over an entity that holds a generation license in Israel must be approved by the Electricity Authority, or the EA. Additionally, there are restrictions on a transfer of control of OPC, OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera, pursuant to, among others, OPC-Rotem’s PPA with the Israel Electric Corporation, or IEC, the trust deed relating to OPC’s bonds, and OPC-Rotem’s and OPC-Hadera’s credit agreements. Such restrictions may prohibit or make it difficult for OPC to dispose of its interests in its businesses.

 

OPC, OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera are also defined as “significant real corporations.” As a result, OPC, OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera are subject to various restrictions, which mainly include restrictions in significant financial entities holding an interest (above a certain percentage) in such companies and restrictions on OPC, OPC-Rotem and OPC-Hadera’s holdings (above a certain percentage) of financial entities. Such restrictions may also limit Kenon's ability to transfer its interests in OPC.

 

OPC requires qualified personnel to manage and operate its various businesses and projects.

The interruption or failure of OPC’s information technology, communication and processing systems or external attacks and invasions of these systems could have an adverse effect on OPC.

 

OPC uses information technology systems, telecommunications and data processing systems to operate its businesses. Damage to such systems may result in service delays or interruptions to OPC’s ability to provide electricity to its customers.

 

Furthermore, OPC, as an Israeli company, is at risk of cyber-attacks, as a number of Israeli corporations have been the subject of recent cybersecurity attacks. If a cyber-attack occurs, it could have a significant effect on OPC’s operations.

 

OPC is exposed to litigation and/or administrative proceedings.

 

OPC is involved in various litigation proceedings, and may be subject to future litigation proceedings, which could have adverse consequences on its business.

 

For example, in connection with the indexation of their natural gas price formula for OPC-Rotem’s gas supply agreement with the Tamar Group, OPC-Rotem and the Tamar Group disagreed as to which of Israel’s Public Utilities Authority (Electricity) July 2013 tariffs applied to OPC-Rotem’s supply agreement and have a similar disagreement with respect to the tariffs published in January 2015. In February 2017, OPC-Rotem received a letter from the Tamar Group with respect to the dispute. The Tamar Group requested payment by OPC-Rotem of approximately $25 million (including accrued interest) in connection with the dispute, or the deposit of such amount in escrow pursuant to the gas supply agreement. In May 2017, OPC-Rotem deposited $21.75 million in a trust account in respect of the dispute. In June 2017, the Tamar Group submitted a motion to initiate arbitration proceedings at the London Court of International Arbitration, demanding a payment of $33 million plus accrued interest. In its response in July 2017, OPC-Rotem disputed the Tamar Group’s claims. However, there is no certainty that OPC-Rotem’s claims will be accepted in whole or in part.

 

Litigation and/or regulatory proceedings are inherently unpredictable, and excessive verdicts may occur. Adverse outcomes in lawsuits and investigations could result in significant monetary damages, including indemnification payments, or injunctive relief that could adversely affect OPC’s ability to conduct its business and may have a material adverse effect on OPC’s financial condition and results of operations. In addition, such investigations, claims and lawsuits could involve significant expense and diversion of OPC’s management’s attention and resources from other matters, each of which could also have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

OPC’s insurance policies may not fully cover damage, and OPC may not be able to obtain insurance against certain risks.

 

OPC and its subsidiaries maintain insurance policies intended to reduce various risks, as is customary in the industry. However, the existing insurance policies maintained by OPC and its subsidiaries may not cover certain types of damages or may not cover the entire scope of damage caused. In addition, OPC may not be able to obtain insurance on comparable terms in the future. OPC and its subsidiaries may be adversely affected if they incur losses that are not fully covered by their insurance policies. For further information on OPC’s insurance policies, see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—OPC—Insurance. ”

 

OPC’s operations are significantly influenced by regulations

 

OPC is subject to significant government regulation. It is therefore exposed to changes in these regulations as well as changes to regulations applicable to sectors that are associated with the company’s activities. Regulatory changes may have an adverse effect on OPC’s activity and results or on its terms of engagement with third parties, such as its customers and the Tamar Group. In the coming years, OPC expects frequent regulatory changes in the industry, including in relation to the private electricity market in Israel, which is a new and developing market. Regulatory changes may impact the power stations owned by OPC or the power stations that it intends to develop, including the economic feasibility of establishing new power stations.

 

Furthermore, OPC is subject to environmental laws and regulations, including those that seek to regulate noise pollution and emission of contaminants to treat hazardous materials. If stricter regulatory requirements are imposed on private electricity producers or if OPC does not comply with such requirements, laws and regulations, this could have an adverse effect on OPC’s results and activity. Furthermore, stricter regulatory requirements could require material expenditures or investments by OPC.

 

Additionally, OPC requires certain licenses to produce and sell electricity in Israel, and may need further licenses in the future. For example, in November 2017, for propriety purposes, OPC-Rotem submitted an application to the EA to obtain a supply license which would permit OPC-Rotem to trade electricity with other electricity suppliers in Israel. In February 2018, the EA responded that OPC-Rotem is required to receive a supply license to continue its sale of electricity to consumers, that the license will not change the terms of the agreement between OPC-Rotem and the IEC and will not derogate from OPC-Rotem’s rights according to it. If the EA refuses to grant OPC-Rotem a supply license as requested, this may harm OPC-Rotem's ability to trade surplus electricity with other power stations, including related companies.

 

Construction or development projects may not be completed or, if completed, may not be completed on time or perform as expected.

 

OPC faces risks in connection with its development projects, including future projects and the development of the Hadera Power station, in particular because it owns this project at a development stage. Developing a power station project entails certain risks, such as:

 

·

risks associated with the construction contractor,

 

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supply of key equipment,

 

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performance of works at the required specifications and within the required time,

 

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receipt of services required from the IEC to establish the station and connect it to the grid (which may be affected by sanctions and IEC strikes),

 

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applicable regulation, and

 

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obtaining the required approvals and permits for the development and operation of the station, including obtaining permits required in connection with the environment, including emission permits, and compliance with their terms.

 

OPC-Hadera is party to on the Hadera Power station maintenance agreement with SerIDOM Servicios Integrados IDOM S.A.U., or IDOM. Breaches by IDOM or General Electric International, Inc. and its affiliates, or GE, including failure to meet certain fixed schedules and supply the primary equipment on time, or in the required quality, are likely to delay or hinder the establishment of the Hadera Power station, and may also hamper the performance of the Hadera Power station once it is built, and as a result cause material harm to OPC. IDOM has agreed to compensate OPC-Hadera in case of   a delay or non-compliance with the terms determined in the agreement in connection with the operation of the station. However, the agreed compensation for the underperformance of the Hadera Power station is limited. Additionally, the establishment of part of the infrastructure to connect the Hadera Power station and the Hadera Paper mill is under Hadera Paper’s responsibility. If Hadera Paper, which we do not control, does not meet its obligations to establish the infrastructure by the agreed date, this may lead to delays and obstructions in the development and operation of the Hadera Power station, thus adversely affecting OPC’s business and results of operation.

 

In addition, the gas turbines that have been purchased for the Hadera Power station are an upgrade of an existing model manufactured by GE. To the best of OPC’s knowledge, such turbines have been commercially operated only recently.

 

OPC may not be able to enter into, or renew existing, long-term contracts for the sale of energy and capacity, contracts which reduce volatility in its results of operations.

 

OPC-Rotem has a PPA with IEC, the government-owned electricity generation, transmission and distribution company in Israel, or the IEC PPA. The term of the IEC PPA lasts until 20 years after the power station’s COD. According to the agreement, OPC-Rotem is entitled to operate in one of the following two ways (or a combination of both with certain restrictions set in the agreement): (1) provide the entire net available capacity of its power station to IEC or (2) carve out energy and capacity for direct sales to private consumers, and OPC-Rotem has accordingly allocated the entire capacity of the plant to private consumers since COD. Under the IEC PPA, OPC-Rotem can also elect to revert back to supplying to IEC instead of private customers, subject to twelve months’ advance notice. OPC may be unable to enter into new long-term PPAs, renew the existing PPAs at the time they expire, or enter into PPA agreements with terms other than those that have ended due to various reasons, such as market conditions.

 

OPC is dependent on certain significant customers.

 

OPC has a small number of customers that purchase a significant portion of OPC’s output under PPAs that account for a substantial percentage of the anticipated revenue of its generation companies. OPC’s revenues from the generation of electricity are highly sensitive to the consumption by significant customers. Therefore, should there be no demand for electricity from OPC’s significant customers or should such customers not fulfill their obligations, including by failing to make payments to OPC, OPC’s revenues could be significantly affected.

 

Furthermore, OPC-Hadera is dependent on Hadera Paper’s consumption of steam. If such consumption ceases, it could have a material effect on OPC’s operations and OPC-Hadera's classification as a cogeneration electricity producer (which entails certain benefits). For further information on the regulations relating to cogeneration electricity producers, see " Item 4.B Business Overview—OPC—Regulatory, Environmental and Compliance Matters—Regulatory Framework for Cogeneration IPPs. "

 

OPC faces competition from other IPPs.

 

In recent years, the Israeli government’s policy has been to open the electricity market to competition and to encourage the entry of private electricity producers. This policy has increased the number of private electricity producers, increasing the level of competition in the private generation market, which may have an adverse effect on OPC’s business.

 

OPC relies on transmission facilities for the transmission of power and gas.

 

OPC’s businesses depend upon transmission facilities owned and operated by the IEC to deliver the wholesale power it sells from its power generation plants. If transmission is disrupted, or if the transmission capacity infrastructure is inadequate, OPC’s ability to sell and deliver wholesale power may be adversely impacted. OPC’s businesses may also be affected by IEC strikes and sanctions.

 

Furthermore, there is currently a single company supplying natural gas to OPC and one company providing it with transmission services Failure to comply with the requirements of these companies or limitations in the supply or transmission of gas by such companies could affect OPC’s ability to generate electricity through natural gas, which could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s business and results of operations. Finally, OPC’s plants require water for their operation. A continued disruption in the water supply could disrupt the operation of such plants.

 

Supplier concentration may expose OPC to significant financial credit or performance risk, particularly with respect to those agreements which may expire during the life of its power plants.

 

A continued disruption in the supply of gas, which OPC purchases from a single supplier, would require transition to the use of alternative fuel (diesel). In June 2017, the relevant regulation was amended (Covenant 125), permitting dual-fuel producers that use diesel (or liquid gas), which is more expensive than natural gas, to be compensated for the price difference. OPC believes that Covenant 125 applies to OPC-Rotem’s operations. If Covenant 125 is not applicable to OPC-Rotem in the future, gas shortages could have a material adverse effect on OPC’s profitability.

 

Furthermore, if there is a continued disruption in the supply of gas to the Energy Center, it may be required to purchase diesel. As Covenant 125 does not apply to the Energy Center, the Energy Center would not be compensated for the price difference between natural gas and diesel oil and, therefore, its profitability could be adversely affected. Moreover, once the Hadera Power station is operational, it could also be potentially adversely affected in a similar manner if faced with a shortage in the supply of gas. OPC is unable to currently estimate the scope of the damage to OPC’s profitability as a result thereof.

 

Finally, OPC-Rotem has a single maintenance agreement with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., or Mitsubishi, for the maintenance of its power station. If Mitsubishi is unable to perform its obligations under its contract with OPC-Rotem, this could result in the technical malfunctioning of the power station. This could lead to delays in the supply of electricity, loss of revenues for OPC and a reduction in its profits. It could also have similar adverse effects on other projects once they are completed.

 

Risks Related to the Sale of the Inkia Business

We have indemnification obligations under the share purchase agreement for the sale of the Inkia Business

 

        In December 2017, our wholly-owned subsidiary Inkia sold its Latin America and Caribbean businesses, or the Inkia Business, to an entity controlled by I Squared Capital, an infrastructure private equity firm. For further information on the sale and share purchase agreement see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Discontinued Operations—Inkia Business — Sale of the Inkia Business— Share Purchase Agreement. ”

We are subject to risk in relations to the $175 million Deferred Payment Agreement

 

As part of the consideration for the sale of the Inkia Business, $175 million of the purchase price payable to us was deferred in the form of a four-year $175 million Deferred Payment Agreement, accruing interest at 8% per year and payable in-kind. The obligor under the Deferred Payment Agreement is Nautilus Energy TopCo LLC, which is the parent company of the buyer of the Inkia Business. The obligations of Nautilus Energy under this agreement are secured by a pledge over its shares by its direct parent company and a pledge over the shares of the direct subsidiary of Nautilus Energy. The obligations of Nautilus Energy are structurally subordinated to all of the debt and other obligations of the buyer of the Inkia Business and the Inkia Business itself. Accordingly, to the extent that the buyer of the Inkia Business or the Inkia Business itself are required to make payments to their creditors, there could be insufficient funds remaining for Nautilus Energy to meet its obligations under the Deferred Payment Agreement. In addition, debt or other agreements may limit amounts which can be distributed or otherwise transferred to Nautilus Energy to make payments on the Deferred Payment Agreement. Finally Nautilus Energy will depend on cash held or generated by the Inkia Business to be made available to it to meet its obligations under this agreement. ISQ Global Infrastructure Fund II, L.P., an indirect parent of Nautilus Energy, has provided a guarantee of Nautilus Energy's obligations under the deferred payment agreement. However, this guarantee falls away upon a cross-acceleration of Nautilus Energy's obligations under the deferred payment agreement. For further information see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Discontinued Operations— Inkia Business—Nautilus Energy TopCo LLC Deferred Payment Agreement. ”

 

We are subject to credit risk relating to this loan, as Nautilus Energy may be unable to make principal and interest payments as they become due and there is no guarantee that any collateral securing such loan will be sufficient to protect us in the event of non-payment by Nautilus Energy.

 

The transition services to be provided by the buyer may not be sufficient and be difficult for us to replace upon expiration of the agreement

 

In connection with the sale of the Inkia Business, we entered into a transition services agreement with the buyer. This agreement outlines the provision of transition services by the Inkia Business throughout a transition period. The transition services covered by this agreement include the preparation of financial statements, assistance with reporting requirements and consulting services with respect to the construction of OPC-Rotem. Any failure by the Inkia Business to perform such services during the transition period, or any failure by us to successfully transition such services away from the Inkia Business upon expiration of the transition services agreement and integrate the new services into our business, could have an adverse effect on our business.

 

Risks Related to Our Interest in Qoros

 

Qoros depends on funding to further its development and, until it achieves significant sales levels, to meet its operating expenses, financing expenses, and capital expenditures.

 

Qoros commenced commercial operations at the end of 2013. Qoros has incurred losses since inception and is continuing to experience losses and negative operating cash flow and expects that this will continue until it achieves significantly higher levels of sales. Qoros’ operating expenses, debt service requirements, capital expenditures and other liquidity requirements are significant. Until Qoros experiences a significant increase in sales, it will continue to require additional financing, including the renewal or refinancing of its working capital facilities, to meet these expenses and requirements, and there is no assurance that Qoros will experience an increase in sales in the near-term, if at all, or obtain additional financing.

 

Qoros has significant obligations. Qoros has historically relied upon capital contributions, loans, guarantees and pledges from its shareholders, and third party loans supported by its shareholders, to fund its development and operations. Qoros has long-term, short-term and working capital credit facilities, but amounts available under such facilities are limited. Qoros actively manages its trade payables, accrued expenses and other operating expenses in connection with the management of its liquidity requirements and resources.

 

Qoros’ success is dependent upon an increase in sales volumes.

 

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the continued development of the Qoros brand;

 

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successful development and launch of new vehicle models;

 

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expansion and enhanced sales capabilities of its dealer network;

 

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build-up of its aftersales and services infrastructure;

 

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managing its procurement, manufacturing and supply processes;

 

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the volume of vehicles acquired by the affiliate to the New Qoros Investor;

 

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establishing effective, and continuing to improve, customer service processes; and

 

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securing additional financing to support its operating and capital expenses and further its growth and development.

 

Qoros’ ability to increase its sales volumes and generate profits will require the execution of effective planning and management processes, and such execution may be influenced by Qoros’ ability to sell its vehicle models within Qoros’ targeted price range, at prices that generate profits for Qoros, and at targeted volumes, as well as factors out of Qoros’ control, such as state of the Chinese economy.

 

Qoros will need to significantly increase its sales to meet its operating expenses and principal payments under its debt facilities. If Qoros is not able to increase its sales, this could have a significant impact on Qoros’ liquidity and future success, as well as on the value of Kenon’s investment in Qoros, which may result in Kenon being required to make payments under its guarantees of Qoros’ debt if Qoros is unable to meet its debt obligations.

 

Qoros is significantly leveraged.

 

As of December 31, 2017, Qoros had total loans and borrowings (excluding shareholder loans) of RMB4.8 billion. Qoros may require additional financing for its continued development.

 

In addition, Qoros’ RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility, RMB1.2 billion syndicated credit facility, and RMB700 million syndicated credit facility contain affirmative and negative covenants. Those facilities, as well as its other short-term credit facilities, also contain events of default and mandatory prepayments for breaches, including certain changes of control, and for material mergers and divestments, among other provisions. A significant percentage of Qoros’ assets secures its RMB3 billion syndicated credit facility and, as a result, the amount of collateral that Qoros has available for future secured debt or credit support and its flexibility in dealing with its secured assets is therefore relatively limited.

 

If Qoros is unable meet its debt service obligations or otherwise comply with other covenants in its credit facilities, this would lead to an event of default. Each of Qoros’ significant debt facilities above contains a “cross-default” provision which provides for an event of default if any other debt of Qoros in excess of RMB50 million becomes payable prior to maturity, so a default under other debt facilities would result in a default under the facilities referenced above and a default that leads to acceleration under either facility above will result in an event of default under the other facility.

 

In the event that any of Qoros’ lenders accelerate the payment of Qoros’ borrowings, Qoros would not have sufficient liquidity to repay its debt under the syndicated credit facility, or to maintain payments on its remaining credit facilities. Additionally, as Qoros is significantly leveraged and certain of its assets, including its manufacturing facility and significant portion of its intellectual property, secures its syndicated credit facility and other indebtedness, if Qoros were unable to comply with the terms of its debt agreements, this could result in the foreclosure upon and loss of certain of Qoros’ assets.

 

Our interest in Qoros is only 24%.

 

 

Under the investment agreement, the New Qoros Investor also has the right to increase its stake in Qoros to up to 67%, subject to conditions. For further information on this option, see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—Qoros —Qoros’ Investment Agreement—Kenon’s Put Option; the New Qoros Investor's Right to make Further Investments in Qoros .” If this right is exercised, Kenon’s indirect interest in Qoros will be further diluted, resulting in less control over the Qoros business.

 

Prior to the New Qoros Investor’s investment, Kenon had a 50% interest in Qoros, and the right to appoint three of the six directors on the Qoros board, among various other management rights. As a result of this investment, Kenon's interest in Qoros has been diluted, and it is now entitled to only appoint two of the nine Qoros directors. Qoros' other joint venture partners may have goals, strategies, priorities, or resources that conflict with our goals, strategies, priorities or resources, which may adversely impact our ability to effectively own Qoros, undermine the commitment to Qoros’ long-term growth, or adversely impact Qoros’ business.

 

The Joint Venture Agreement contains provisions relating to the transfer and pledge of Qoros’ shares, the appointment of executive officers and directors, and the approval of certain matters which may prevent us from causing Qoros to take actions that we deem desirable. For further information on the terms of our Joint Venture Agreement with Chery, see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—Qoros—Qoros’ Joint Venture Agreement. ”

 

Qoros has entered into certain arrangements and agreements with its shareholders.

 

Qoros has also entered into a platform sharing agreement with Chery, pursuant to which Qoros provided Chery with the right to use Qoros’ platform in exchange for a fee. Qoros may enter into additional commercial arrangements and agreements with Chery, or parties related to it, in the future.

 

Qoros’ vehicle models and brand are still evolving, and Qoros is still trying to achieve broad base customer acceptance.

 

Qoros' success depends on its ability to target the appropriate market segment at the optimal price level. Qoros’ brand and business are relatively new, and Qoros has not achieved significant sales levels. Qoros’ future business and profitability outlook depends, in large part, upon Qoros’ ability to sell vehicle models that will be accepted by the targeted consumers, in its targeted price range.

 

Qoros depends upon a network of independent dealers to sell its automobiles.

 

As is customary in China, Qoros distributes and services its cars through a network of independent automobile dealers that are engaged on a non-exclusive basis. Dealers maintain the primary sales and service interface with the ultimate consumer of Qoros’ products and, as a result, the quality of Qoros’ dealerships and its relationship with its distributors are critical to Qoros’ success. Qoros also expects its dealers to generate a significant percentage of the revenues that Qoros expects to receive from the sale of spare parts and aftersales products. Consequently, Qoros’ success is dependent, in large part, upon a network of dealers, whose salespersons Qoros does not directly employ and therefore cannot control. As a result, Qoros’ dealer network may not achieve the required standards of quality of service producers within Qoros’ expected timeframe, if at all.

 

Qoros is still in the process of developing, establishing and expanding its dealer network, which will require Qoros’ dealers to construct their dealerships using their own capital resources, with sales rebates from Qoros (i.e., dealers are entitled to sales rebates from Qoros if they achieve certain purchase targets or meet certain other criteria). As part of its strategy to increase its sales, Qoros intends to create incentives for its high-performing dealers to open additional points of sales. In addition, Qoros directly owns two of its dealers, and may contemplate further direct ownership of its dealers. Qoros’ development of its dealer network will likely be affected by conditions in the Chinese passenger vehicle market and the Chinese economy, the financial resources available to existing and potential dealers, the decisions dealers make as a result of the current and future sales prospects of Qoros’ vehicle models, and the availability and cost of the capital necessary to acquire and hold inventories of Qoros’ vehicles for resale. Qoros’ ability to secure new dealers depends, in part, upon the sales performance of Qoros’ existing dealers. Therefore, Qoros may have difficulty in expanding its dealer network if existing dealers are not performing well in terms of sales, and if Qoros is unable to expand its dealer network, this could make it difficult for Qoros to significantly increase sales levels. Continued delays in, or other negative developments with respect to, the expansion of Qoros’ dealer network could have a material adverse effect on Qoros’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Qoros' cost-cutting measures in recent years may impact sales.

 

In recent years, Qoros has taken steps to reduce its costs and address its low sales and its liquidity situation, including workplace optimization and reduced promotional spending. Such cost-cutting measures may impact Qoros' sales. For instance, Qoros has reduced spending on promotions and other advertising, which could make it difficult for Qoros to maintain or significantly increase sales, as brand awareness is critical to increasing sales in the highly competitive Chinese car industry.

 

Furthermore, Qoros recently reduced spending on design and research and development costs for new models, as well as updating and adapting its vehicle platform and manufacturing facility. This reduced research and development spending has affected Qoros' ability to introduce newer vehicle models. A slower pace in introducing new models impacts sales and may make it difficult to attract customers.

 

Qoros’ business is subject to intense competition.

 

China has been one of the world’s fastest growing economies in terms of GDP in recent years, and has been the fastest growing among major passenger vehicle markets in the world. The passenger vehicle market in China is highly competitive. Many of the largest global manufacturers, through joint venture relationships with Chinese manufacturers, and numerous established domestic manufacturers compete within this market. Accordingly, Qoros competes with the established automobile manufacturers. Most of Qoros’ current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, broader customer relationships, greater name recognition, established customer bases, and greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and other resources. As a result, many of these competitors may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, pricing sale and support of their products, which could impair Qoros’ ability to operate within this market or adversely impact Qoros’ sales volumes or margins.

 

As the size of the Chinese passenger vehicle market continues to increase, Qoros anticipates that additional competitors, both international and domestic, will seek to enter the Chinese market and that existing market participants will try to maintain or increase their market share. The decline in growth rate that occurred in recent years has resulted in increased competition in China’s automotive market through price reductions, which has resulted in reduced margins. In response to market conditions, in 2016 and 2017, dealers and OEMs continued to reduce prices and offer further inducements (including non-cash incentives) to purchase vehicles. Qoros expects the downward pressure on vehicle prices to continue for the next few years.

 

In addition to reducing margins, increased competition may make it difficult for Qoros to increase sales. If Qoros is unable to increase its sales, or sell its vehicles at its expected margins, in light of increased competition in the passenger vehicle market, or if vehicle sales in China decrease or do not continue to increase as expected, this could have a material adverse effect on Qoros’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Qoros also faces intense competition in the C-segment SUV market, which it entered in March 2016 with its launch of the Qoros 5 SUV. Many of Qoros’ competitors in this market continued to upgrade their vehicles and introduced new models in 2017, and a continuation of this trend may affect Qoros' ability to sell its SUVs.

 

Qoros’ success depends, in part, upon its ability to protect, and maintain ownership of, its intellectual property.

 

Qoros has independently developed and patented, and owns numerous motor vehicle technologies, including technologies related to human machine interface, or HMI, motor vehicles, and motor vehicle platforms, parts, components and accessories for motor vehicles. Qoros believes that such technologies provide it with a competitive advantage and the platform with which to produce international-standard vehicles for its targeted Chinese consumers. Additionally, Qoros owns the brands, trade names, trademarks, or emblems developed in connection with, or with respect to, any of its vehicles. If Qoros fails to protect its intellectual property rights adequately, Qoros’ competitors might gain access to its technology, and its brand or business may be adversely affected. Qoros relies on copyright, trade secret and patent laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect its proprietary methods and technologies and trademark laws to protect the brands, trade names, trademarks, or emblems developed in connection with, or with respect to, any of Qoros’ vehicles. Patents may not be granted for Qoros’ pending patent applications, and the claims allowed on any issued patents may not be sufficiently broad to protect Qoros’ technologies. Any patents or trademarks currently held by Qoros, or that may be issued to Qoros in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and any rights granted under these patents or trademarks may not actually provide Qoros with adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages. Additionally, the process of applying for patent and trademark protection is expensive and time-consuming, and Qoros may not be able to complete all necessary or desirable patent and trademark applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

 

Furthermore, policing the unauthorized use of Qoros’ technology, or trademarks, may prove difficult as the laws of some foreign countries may not be sufficiently protective of intellectual property rights, and mechanisms for enforcement of Qoros’ proprietary rights in such countries may be inadequate. From time to time, Qoros may need to initiate legal action to enforce its intellectual property rights, to protect its trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend itself against claims of infringement. Qoros has previously been a defendant in suits with respect to Qoros’ alleged infringement of the intellectual property of other vehicle manufacturers. Any such litigation could result in substantial costs and the diversion of limited resources and could negatively affect Qoros’ business, reputation or brand. If Qoros is unable to protect its proprietary rights (including aspects of its technology platform), Qoros may lose its expected competitive advantage which could have a material adverse effect on Qoros’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Finally, Qoros has pledged, and, in the future, may further pledge, certain of its intellectual property as collateral for its financing. A default on Qoros’ obligations secured by intellectual property under the terms of such facility could provide the secured parties with the right to foreclose on, and subsequently sell and/or license, all or a portion of Qoros’ pledged patent rights, which could materially impair Qoros’ ability to conduct its business.

 

The economic, political and social conditions in China affect Qoros’ business.

 

Substantially all of Qoros’ assets are located in China and Qoros expects that substantially all of its revenue will continue to be derived from its operations in China. Accordingly, Qoros’ results of operations and prospects are subject, to a significant extent, to the economic, political and legal developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including government involvement, level of development, growth rate and allocation of resources. The Chinese economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. Additionally, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry by imposing industrial policies and continues to exercise significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

 

China’s economy has experienced rapid growth, much of it due to the issuance of debt over the last few years. This debt-fueled economic growth has led to an increase in the money supply and rising inflation. The Chinese government has implemented various measures from time to time to control China’s rate of economic growth, control inflation and otherwise regulate economic expansion. These measures include imposing controls on bank credit, limiting loans and enacting other restrictions on economic activities, such as measures to curb property, stock market speculation, and increasing inflation. These policies and procedures may, from time to time, be modified or reversed, which could lead to a tightening of credit, which measures, if taken, could further reduce the economic activity in China, reducing Qoros’ ability to obtain additional financing. Additionally, any economic, political or social crisis within China may also lead to a drastic decline in economic activity which could lead to a decline in the demand for Qoros’ vehicles or the availability of funding. Any economic slowdown in China could negatively affect consumption rates and the purchase of costly items, such as vehicles, throughout China.

 

Furthermore, China’s central government faces a number of issues arising from increased oil dependency. Among these issues are greenhouse gas emissions, heavy haze and urban gridlock due to fast-growing downtown vehicle fleets. As such, the Chinese government has implemented, and may continue to implement, policies to reduce, or slow down, the growth of the vehicle fleet, or promote green cars. Some local governments are being required to launch local promotion policies to speed up new energy vehicle development, which are expected to ease state energy security and local air pollution and traffic congestion problems. These policies may be costly or alter the demand for Qoros’ vehicles, or Qoros may be unable to adjust to changing regulations, which may have an adverse effect on Qoros’ business, results of operations and financial condition.

 

 

Qoros is subject to Chinese regulation and its business or profitability may be affected by changes in China’s regulatory environment.

 

Local and national Chinese authorities have exercised, and will continue to, exercise substantial control over the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership, including rules and regulations that regulate or affect the Chinese automobile manufacturing process and concern vehicle safety and environmental matters such as emission levels, fuel economy, noise and pollution. Additionally, China has recently permitted provincial and local economic autonomy and private economic activities, and, as a result, Qoros is dependent upon its relationship with the local governments in the Jiangsu and Shanghai provinces, among others. As a result, certain of Qoros’ ongoing corporate activities are subject to the approval and regulation of the relevant authorities in China including, among other things, capital increases and investments in Qoros, changes in the structure of Qoros’ ownership, increases in the production capacity, construction of Qoros’ production facilities, ownership of trademarks, the formation of subsidiaries, and the inclusion of Qoros’ products in the national catalogue for purposes of selling them throughout China. Qoros’ operations are also sensitive to changes in the Chinese government’s policies relating to all aspects of the automobile industry. In addition, Qoros’ production facility and products are required to comply with Chinese environmental regulations.

 

Qoros has incurred, and expects to incur in the future, significant costs in complying with these, and other applicable, regulations and believes that its operations in China are in material compliance with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The central or local Chinese governments may continue to impose new, conflicting or stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts by Qoros to ensure its compliance with such regulations or interpretations or maintain its competitiveness and margins. Qoros’ ability to operate profitably in China may be harmed by any such changes in the laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property, or the aforementioned corporate matters, of China, Jiangsu, Shanghai or any other jurisdiction in which Qoros may do business. Qoros’ failure to comply with such laws and regulations may also result in fines, penalties or lawsuits, which could have a material adverse effect on Qoros’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

As Qoros’ strategy contemplates the development of an NEV, Qoros will be subject to the laws, licensing requirements, regulations and policies applicable to NEVs in China. For instance, Qoros will need to obtain regulatory approvals and licenses to develop and launch its NEV. In addition, in recent years, the Chinese government has offered large subsidies for purchases of electric vehicles. However, these subsidies are expected to be gradually phased out over the next few years, which may affect the demand for NEVs in China.

 

Furthermore, China has recently published a set of fuel consumption credit management rules to promote the growth of the NEV market and reduce reliance on internal combustion vehicles. Under the regulations, automakers must obtain a certain NEV score by 2019, which score is related to the number of NEVs the automaker produces (approximately 10% of the automaker's production in 2019). If the automaker is unable to obtain the score, it is required to purchase credits from other automakers whose NEV score is above the required amount or will be subject to penalties. If Qoros is unable to receive positive Corporate Average Fuel Consumption, or CAFC, credits commencing in 2018 and produce enough NEVs to satisfy the credit deficits, Qoros may be required to purchase NEV credits, which may be costly, or be subject to penalties, including the disqualification of new product registration.

 

Qoros requires qualified personnel to manage its operations.

 

Qoros’ senior executives and personnel are important to Qoros’ success, the establishment of Qoros’ strategic direction, and the design and implementation of Qoros’ business plan. Qoros also requires qualified and competent employees to independently direct its day-to-day business operations, execute its business plans, and service Qoros’ customers, dealers, suppliers and other stakeholders. Qoros’ products and services are highly technical in nature. Therefore, Qoros must be able to attract, recruit, hire, train and retain skilled employees, including employees with the capacity to operate Qoros’ production line as well as employees possessing core competencies in vehicle design and engineering. In recent years, Qoros has made a number of personnel changes at the executive management level and in the senior management structure, including after the investment in Qoros in 2018. Such management changes have affected and any future changes may affect, Qoros’ ability to execute its business plan.

 

In addition, Qoros must continue to develop talent and leadership capabilities in China, where the availability of skilled employees may be limited. The unavailability of qualified personnel in these competitive specialties, or the loss of key Qoros executives, could negatively impact Qoros’ ability to meet its growing operational and servicing demands. In addition, unpredictable increases in the demand for Qoros’ vehicle models may also exacerbate the risk of not having a sufficient number of trained personnel. In particular, Qoros intends to expand the size of its research and development team, but may be unable to hire a sufficient number of qualified personnel in line with its strategy.

 

In connection with cost-cutting measures implemented in recent years, Qoros decreased the size of its workforce. Furthermore, in light of the high demand for skilled employees in the Chinese automotive industry, certain Qoros employees have left, and may continue to leave, Qoros to join Qoros’ competitors. To the extent Qoros significantly increases its sales volumes, it may not hire or retain sufficient personnel necessary to meet the increased demand. If Qoros fails to hire, train and retain the required number of qualified personnel to operate its business, or if it experiences excessive turnover, Qoros may experience production/manufacturing delays or other inefficiencies, increased recruiting, training or relocation costs, or other difficulties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on Qoros’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Qoros is dependent upon its suppliers.

 

Qoros sources the component parts necessary for its vehicle models from over 100 suppliers. A number of Qoros’ component parts are currently obtained from a single source. Qoros utilizes such single-source suppliers to manage its expenses and maintain consistency in its component parts. Many of Qoros’ suppliers are European-based with manufacturing facilities in China. Additionally, Qoros sources its engines and certain spare parts from Chery.

 

Qoros maintains minimal inventories of the materials, systems, components and parts needed to conduct its manufacturing operations. Therefore, Qoros is dependent upon the continued ability of its suppliers to deliver such materials, systems, components and parts in sufficient quantities and at such times that will allow Qoros to meet its production schedules. As Qoros, consistent with industry practice, outsources a significant portion of its components and parts from suppliers, it may be affected by any fluctuations in the expertise and manufacturing capabilities of its suppliers. Additionally, as Qoros’ suppliers may also supply a significant portion of the components and parts of Qoros’ competitors, such concentration may expose Qoros and its competitors to increased pricing pressure. Qoros may also be unable to procure the component parts necessary for its vehicle models if the established manufacturers with which it competes have the capacity to influence Qoros’ suppliers. Although Qoros believes it may be able to establish alternate supply relationships and obtain or engineer replacement components in the event a supplier, including Chery or a single-source supplier, is unable to supply Qoros with a necessary component part at a favorable cost, Qoros may be unable to do so in the short-term, or at all, at prices or costs that it deems favorable. In addition, although Qoros believes that its component parts are available from many suppliers, qualifying alternate suppliers or developing replacements for certain highly customized components of its vehicles may be time consuming and costly or may force Qoros to make additional and unexpected modifications to its vehicle models’ designs or schedules. An unexpected shortage of materials, systems, components or parts, if even for a relatively short period of time, could prevent Qoros from manufacturing its vehicles, cause Qoros to alter its production designs, or prevent Qoros from timely supplying its dealers with the aftersales parts necessary for the servicing of Qoros’ vehicles. Such occurrences could adversely impact Qoros’ relationships with its dealers or customers and thereby affect Qoros’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Increases in the prices of raw materials that are included within the component parts Qoros purchases from its suppliers, may increase Qoros’ costs and could reduce Qoros’ profitability if Qoros cannot recoup the increased costs through increased vehicle prices. As Qoros continues to actively manage its trade payables, Qoros may not be able to maintain favorable arrangements and relationships with its suppliers and, in particular, may not be able to secure or maintain, as applicable, contractual conditions comparable with those of Qoros’ main competitors.

 

In addition, to the extent Qoros significantly increases its sales, it may be unable to procure the supplies necessary to meet such sales volumes. If Qoros is unable to pay its suppliers on a timely basis, it may be unable to procure on favorable terms the parts, components and services it requires to continue operating and Qoros has been, and may continue to be, subject to suits or other claims in respect of outstanding payables.

 

Qoros may experience delays and/or cost overruns with respect to the design, manufacture, launch and financing of new or enhanced models.

 

Qoros’ business plan contemplates the introduction of new vehicle models (including an NEV model), as well as enhanced versions of existing vehicle models, over the short- and long-term. In light of technological developments, Qoros will need to continually upgrade and adapt its vehicle models, vehicle platform and manufacturing facility in Changshu, as automobile customers generally expect new or enhanced vehicle models to be introduced frequently. Upgrading and adapting Qoros’ vehicle models and manufacturing facility and developing and launching an NEV will require significant investments, whereas in recent years, Qoros has undertaken cost-cutting measures. Further, there can be no assurance that Qoros will be able to secure the necessary financing to fund the continued introduction and manufacturing of new and enhanced vehicle models, design future vehicle models that will maintain the high quality standards required for Qoros’ branding image, meet the expectations of its customers, and become commercially viable. Should Qoros be unable to invest in developing and upgrading its vehicle models and manufacturing facility, Qoros may experience difficulties in introducing and developing new vehicles, including NEVs, with the latest automobile technology which meets consumer standards. In addition, automobile manufacturers often experience delays and cost overruns in the design, manufacture and commercial release of new and enhanced vehicle models and any delay in the financing, design, manufacture or launch of Qoros’ new or enhanced models could materially damage Qoros’ brand, the development of its business and its financial position.

 

Our independent registered public accounting firm currently relies on an independent registered public accounting firm located in the People’s Republic of China, who are not inspected by the PCAOB, for assistance in completing their audit work associated with our investment in Qoros, and as such, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

 

Our independent registered public accounting firm currently relies on an independent registered public accounting firm located in the People’s Republic of China for assistance in completing the audit work associated with our investment in Qoros. Auditors of companies that are publicly traded in the United States and firms registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, are required to undergo regular PCAOB inspections. However, because Qoros has substantial operations within China, a jurisdiction in which the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese government authorities, the audit work conducted in China with respect to Qoros has not been inspected by the PCAOB.

 

Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside of China have, at times, identified deficiencies in those auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the PCAOB’s inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections of audit work undertaken in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating audits and quality control procedures conducted in China. As a result, our shareholders may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections, and may lose confidence in Kenon’s or Qoros’ financial statements and the procedures and the quality underlying such financial statements.

 

If the China-based affiliates of the “Big Four” accounting firms, including the auditor of Qoros, were to violate the terms of a settlement agreement with the SEC arising out of proceedings instituted by the SEC against them in late 2012, such violation could result in the Chinese member firms of the “Big Four” accounting firms being suspended from practicing before the SEC which could, in turn, delay the timely filing of our, or Qoros’, financial statements with the SEC.

 

In late 2012, the SEC commenced administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the mainland Chinese affiliates of the “Big Four” accounting firms, including the auditor of Qoros. The Rule 102(e) proceedings initiated by the SEC related to the failure of these firms to produce documents, including audit work papers, in response to the request of the SEC pursuant to Section 106 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

In January 2014, an SEC administrative law judge, issued an initial decision suspending the Chinese member firms of the “Big Four” accounting firms, including the auditor of Qoros, from, among other things, practicing before the SEC for six months. In February 2014, the initial decision was appealed. While under appeal and in February 2015, the Chinese member firms of “Big Four” accounting firms reached a settlement with the SEC. As part of the settlement, each of the Chinese member firms of “Big Four” accounting firms agreed to settlement terms that include a censure; undertakings to make a payment to the SEC; procedures and undertakings as to future requests for documents by the SEC; and possible additional proceedings and remedies should those undertakings not be adhered to.

 

Pursuant to Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X, Kenon is required to attach Qoros’ separate audited financial statements to this annual report on Form 20-F, and may be required to attach Qoros’ separate audited financial statements to its future annual reports on Form 20-F. Additionally, our independent registered public accounting firm currently relies on a Chinese member firm of the “Big Four” network for assistance in completing the audit work associated with our investment in Qoros. If the settlement terms are not adhered to, the Chinese member firms of “Big Four” accounting firms may be suspended from practicing before the SEC which could in turn delay the timely filing of our, or Qoros’, financial statements with the SEC. In addition, it could be difficult for Qoros to timely identify and engage another qualified independent auditor.

 

Any such occurrences may ultimately affect the continued listing of our ordinary shares on the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, or our registration with the SEC, or both. Moreover, any further negative news about the proceedings, any violations of the settlement agreement relating to the proceedings or any future proceedings against these audit firms may adversely affect investor confidence in companies with substantial mainland China based operations listed in, or affiliated with listings in, the U.S., such as Qoros, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our ordinary shares and substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ordinary shares in the United States.

 

Risks Related to Our Other Businesses

 

Risks Related to Our Interest in ZIM

 

The container shipping industry is dynamic and volatile.

 

The container shipping industry is dynamic and volatile and has been marked in recent years by instability as a result of global economic conditions and the many conditions and factors that affect supply and demand in the shipping industry, which include:

 

·

global and regional economic and geopolitical trends, including armed conflicts, terrorist activities, embargoes and strikes;

 

·

the supply of and demand for commodities and industrial products globally and in certain key markets, such as China;

 

·

developments in international trade, including the imposition of tariffs and other trade protectionism;

 

·

currency exchange rates;

 

·

prices of energy resources;

 

·

environmental and other regulatory developments;

 

·

changes in seaborne and other transportation patterns;

 

·

changes in the shipping industry, including mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcies, restructurings and alliances;

 

·

changes in the infrastructure and capabilities of ports and terminals;

 

·

weather conditions; and

 

·

development of digital platforms to manage operations.

 

These factors also significantly affect ZIM’s freight rates. Furthermore, rates within the charter market, through which ZIM sources a substantial portion of its capacity, may also fluctuate significantly based upon changes in demand for shipping services. As global trends continue to change, it remains difficult to predict their impact on the container shipping industry and on ZIM’s business. If ZIM is unable to adequately respond to market changes, they could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

 

Excess supply of global container ship capacity may limit ZIM’s ability to operate vessels profitably, and lead to overload and/or overcapacity and congestion in certain ports.

 

Global container ship capacity has increased over the years and continues to exceed demand. As of December 31, 2017, global container ship capacity was approximately 21 million 20-foot equivalent units, or TEUs, spread across approximately 5,200 vessels. According to Alphaliner, excess capacity is projected to further increase, outpacing any expected increase in worldwide demand as a result of large global orders for new vessels. Many of these orders are for vessels with carrying capacities of 18,000 TEUs and above, which may increase capacity for each shipping voyage. Additionally, responses to changes in market conditions may be slow as a result of the time required to build new vessels and adapt to market needs. As shipping companies purchase vessels years in advance to address expected demand, vessels may be delivered during times of decreased demand or unavailable during times of increased demand, leading to a supply/demand mismatch. The container shipping industry may continue to face oversupply in the coming years and numerous other factors beyond ZIM’s control may also contribute to an increase in capacity, including deliveries of refurbished or converted vessels, port and canal congestion, decreased scrapping of older vessels, any decline in the practice of slow steaming, a reduction in the number of void voyages and a decrease in the number of vessels that are out of service (e.g., vessels that are laid-up, dry-docked, awaiting repairs or are otherwise not available for hire). Excess capacity depresses freight rates and can lead to lower utilization rates, which may adversely affect ZIM’s revenues, profitability and asset values. Until such capacity is fully absorbed by the container shipping market and, in particular, the shipping lines on which ZIM’s operations are focused, the industry will continue to experience downward pressure on freight rates and such prolonged pressure could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

 

Furthermore, in recent years, container ship capacities have increased globally at a faster rate than the rate at which some container ports have increased their capacities, leading to considerable delays in processing container shipments in affected ports. As a result of longer load and unload times, increases in container ship capacities could increase port congestion, which could have a material adverse effect on affected shipping lines. In addition, as industry capacity continues to grow, ZIM may have difficulty securing sufficient terminal slots to expand its operations in accordance with its growth strategy due to the limited availability of port facilities.

 

ZIM does not benefit from the efficiencies of participating in strategic alliances and the ability to enter into such alliances and the participation in operational partnerships in the shipping industry may be limited, which may adversely affect ZIM’s business.

 

The container shipping industry has experienced a reduction in the number of major carriers, as well as a continuation of the trends of strategic alliances and partnerships among container carriers, which can result in more efficient and better coverage for shipping companies participating in such arrangements. For example, in recent years, COSCO and China Shipping Container Lines merged into COSCO Shipping, Hanjin Shipping filed for bankruptcy and APL Shipping was acquired by CMA CGM Shipping. In 2017, there were announcements of further consolidation in the shipping industry, including the merger of United Arab Shipping Company and Hapag-Lloyd, the acquisition of Hamburg Sud by Maersk and the merger of three large Japanese carriers.

 

The recent consolidation in the industry has affected the existing strategic alliances between shipping companies. For example, the Ocean Three alliance, which consisted of CMA CGM Shipping, United Arab Shipping Company and China Shipping Container Lines, was terminated and replaced by the Ocean Alliance, consisting of COSCO Shipping, CMA CGM Shipping, Evergreen Marine and Orient Overseas Container Line.

 

ZIM is not a member of any alliances. As a result, ZIM does not benefit from the economies of scale that many of its competitors are able to achieve through participation in such arrangements. However, ZIM is party to operational partnerships with other carriers in some of the trade zones in which ZIM operates, and may seek to enter into additional operational partnerships or similar arrangements with other shipping companies or local operators, partners or agents. If ZIM is not successful in expanding operational partnerships, this could adversely affect its business. In addition, ZIM’s status as an Israeli company has limited, and may continue to limit, its ability to call on certain ports and has therefore limited, and may continue to limit, ZIM’s ability to enter into alliances or operational partnerships with certain shipping companies.

 

Declines in freight rates or other market conditions and other factors, could negatively affect ZIM’s business, financial condition, or results of operations and could thereby result in ZIM or Kenon incurring impairment charges.

 

At each of its reporting periods, ZIM examines whether there have been any events or changes in circumstances, such as a decline in freight rates or other market conditions, which would indicate an impairment. Additionally, when there are indications of an impairment, an examination is made as to whether the carrying amount of the operating assets or cash generating units, or CGUs, exceeds the recoverable amount and, if necessary, an impairment loss is recognized in its financial statements. The projection of future cash flows related to ZIM’s CGU, which is one CGU, is complex and requires ZIM to make various estimates including future freight or charter rates, bunker prices, earnings from the vessels and discount rates, all of which have been volatile historically. Should freight rates decline significantly or ZIM or the shipping industry experience adverse conditions, this may have a material adverse effect on ZIM's business, results of operation and financial condition, which may result in ZIM or Kenon recording an impairment charge.

 

An increase in bunker prices may have an adverse effect on ZIM’s results of operations.

 

Bunker expenses represent a significant portion of ZIM’s operating expenses, accounting for 11% and 13% of the income from voyages and related services for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively. Bunker prices move in close interdependence with crude oil prices, which have historically exhibited significant volatility. Crude oil prices are influenced by a host of economic and geopolitical factors that are beyond ZIM’s control, particularly economic developments in emerging markets such as China and India, global terrorism, political instability and tensions in North Africa and the Middle East, environmental regulations, fracking, and the long-term increase in global demand for oil.

 

Increases in bunker prices could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Historically, and in line with industry practice, from time to time ZIM has imposed surcharges over the base freight rate ZIM charges to its customers in part to minimize its exposure to certain market-related risks, including bunker price adjustments. However, there can be no assurance that ZIM will be successful in passing on future price increases to customers in a timely manner, either for the full amount or at all.

 

ZIM’s bunker consumption is affected by various factors, including the number of vessels being deployed, vessel capacity, pro forma speed, vessel efficiency, the weight of the cargo being transported, port efficiency and sea conditions. ZIM has implemented various optimization strategies designed to reduce bunker consumption, including operating vessels in “super slow steaming” mode, trim optimization, hull and propeller polishing and sailing rout optimization. Additionally, ZIM manages part of its exposure to bunker price fluctuations by entering into hedging arrangements. ZIM’s optimization strategies and hedging program may not be successful in mitigating higher bunker costs, and any price protection provided by hedging may be limited due to market conditions, such as choice of hedging instruments, and the fact that only a portion of ZIM’s exposure is hedged. There can be no assurance that ZIM’s hedging arrangements will be cost-effective, will provide sufficient protection, if any, against rises in bunker prices or that the counterparties will be able to perform under ZIM’s hedging arrangements.

 

In addition, in connection with IMO sulfur emissions regulations expected to come into effect in 2020, ZIM may be required to use fuel oil which is more costly than that which it currently uses to comply with the regulations.

 

ZIM is highly leveraged and may be unable to comply with its financial covenants or meet its debt service or other obligations.

 

As of December 31, 2017, ZIM had approximately $1.5 billion of outstanding loans and liabilities to be repaid between 2018 through 2030, of which $313 million of principal is scheduled to be repaid during 2018. Many of the financing agreements relating to ZIM’s debt facilities contain covenants and limitations, including:

 

·

Minimum liquidity, fixed charge coverage ratio and total leverage covenants; and

 

·

Other non-financial covenants and limitations such as restrictions on dividend distribution, asset sales, investments and incurrence of debt, as well as various reporting obligations.

 

In 2016, ZIM agreed with its creditors a rescheduling of principal payments of $116 million originally scheduled for payment in the 12 months from September 30, 2016, as well as to waive and revise certain covenants to which ZIM was subject. The covenants which had been waived for 2017 are applicable beginning in March 2018.

 

If ZIM is unable to meet its obligations or refinance its indebtedness as it becomes due, or if ZIM is unable to comply with its covenants, ZIM may have to take disadvantageous actions, such as (i) reducing financing in the future for investments, acquisitions or general corporate purposes or (ii) dedicating a high level of ZIM’s cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on indebtedness. As a result, the ability of ZIM’s business to withstand competitive pressures and to react to changes in the container shipping industry could be impaired. If ZIM is unable to comply with its covenants or meet debt service obligations or does not pursue any of these alternatives and is unable to obtain waivers from the relevant creditors, a breach of any of its debt instruments and/or covenants could result in a default under the relevant debt instruments. Upon the occurrence of such an event of default, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be immediately due and payable and, in the case of credit facility lenders, terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If the lenders accelerate the repayment of the relevant borrowings, ZIM may not have sufficient assets to repay any outstanding indebtedness. Furthermore, a default or the acceleration of any obligation under a particular debt instrument may cause a default under other material debt or permit the holders of such debt to accelerate repayment of their obligations pursuant to “cross default” or “cross acceleration” provisions, which could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition and liquidity. For additional information, see “ Item 5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources—ZIM’s Liquidity and Capital Resources. ”

 

Furthermore, ZIM may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy its debt service and other obligations. ZIM’s ability to generate cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments on ZIM’s debt obligations will depend on its future performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors. ZIM cannot control many of these factors, including general economic conditions and the health of the shipping industry. If ZIM’s operations do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to satisfy its debt service and other obligations, ZIM may need to sell assets, borrow additional funds or undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring its debt, or reducing or delaying capital investments and other expenses. It may be difficult for ZIM to incur additional debt on commercially reasonable terms, even if ZIM is permitted to do so under its debt agreements, due to, among other things, its financial condition and results of operations and market conditions. If ZIM does not generate sufficient cash flows from operations or obtain additional funds or alternative financing on acceptable terms could have a material adverse effect on its business.

 

A decrease in the level of China’s import or export of goods could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business.

 

A significant portion of ZIM’s business originates from China, and ZIM therefore depends on the level of imports and exports to and from China. As China exports considerably more goods than it imports, any reduction in or hindrance to China-based exports, whether due to decreased demand from the rest of the world, an economic slowdown in China, increased tariffs or other factors, could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business. For instance, the Chinese government has recently implemented economic policies aimed at increasing domestic consumption of Chinese-made goods. This may have the effect of reducing the supply of goods available for export and may, in turn, result in decreased demand for cargo shipping. In recent years, China has experienced an increasing level of economic autonomy and a gradual shift toward a “market economy” and enterprise reform. However, many of the reforms implemented, particularly some limited price reforms, are unprecedented or experimental and may be subject to revision, change or abolition. The level of imports to and exports from China could be adversely affected by changes to these economic reforms by the Chinese government, as well as by changes in political, economic and social conditions or other relevant policies of the Chinese or other governments. In recent years, China has experienced slower GDP growth rates than in previous years, which affected levels of imports to and exports from China. In response to the recent slowdown in China’s economic growth, China may implement additional trade barriers to protect their domestic industries against foreign imports, which may depress the global demand for shipping services.

 

Furthermore, China’s import and export of goods may also be affected by trade protectionism and local production over foreign trade, which may affect the demand for maritime shipping, particularly between the United States and China. For instance, in March 2018, the U.S. President directed the U.S. trade representative to impose tariffs of approximately $50 billion of products originating in China, file a case against China with the World Trade Organization and also proposed to limit Chinese inbound investment into the United States. The Chinese government has announced that it intends to retaliate against the imposition of these sanctions through imposition of its own tariffs on certain imports from the United States. Such policies, if implemented, may affect the global demand for ZIM's services.

 

In addition, in 2017, China implemented an environmental plan applicable to scrap imports. This plan materially decreased U.S. exports of scrap paper, plastics and textiles during 2017. Should this environmental plan be broadened, this may have a material adverse effect on global shipping demand.

 

Changes in laws and regulations, including with regard to tax matters, and their implementation by local authorities could also affect ZIM’s vessels calling on Chinese ports and could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Israel holds a Special State Share in ZIM, which imposes certain restrictions on ZIM’s operations and our equity interest in ZIM.

 

The State of Israel holds a special share in ZIM, or Special State Share, which imposes certain limitations on the activities of ZIM that may negatively affect ZIM’s business and results of its operations. The Special State Share, and the permit which accompanies it, also imposes transferability restrictions on our equity interest in ZIM. Furthermore, although there are no contractual restrictions on any sales of our shares by our controlling shareholders, if Idan Ofer’s ownership interest in Kenon is less than 36%, or Idan Ofer ceases to be the controlling shareholder, or sole controlling shareholder of Kenon, then Kenon’s rights with respect to its shares in ZIM (e.g., Kenon’s right to vote and receive dividends in respect of its ZIM shares) will be limited to the rights applicable to an ownership of 24% of ZIM, until or unless the State of Israel provides its consent, or does not object to, this decrease in Idan Ofer’s ownership or “control” (as defined in the State of Israel consent received by IC in connection with the spin-off). The State of Israel may also revoke Kenon’s permit if there is a material change in the facts upon which the State of Israel’s consent was based, upon a breach of the provisions of the Special State Share by Kenon, Mr. Ofer, or ZIM, or if the cancellation of the provisions of the Special State Share with respect to a person holding shares in ZIM contrary to the Special State Share’s provisions apply (without limitation). For further information on the Special State Share, see “ Item 4.B Business Overview—Our Businesses—ZIM—ZIM’s Special State Share. ”

 

ZIM faces risks as a result of its status as an Israeli corporation.

 

ZIM is incorporated and its headquarters is located in Israel, and the majority of its key employees, officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect ZIM’s business and existing relationships with certain foreign corporations, as well as affect the willingness of potential partners to enter into business arrangements with ZIM. Numerous countries, corporations and organizations limit their business activities in Israel and their business ties with Israeli-based companies. ZIM’s status as an Israeli company has limited, and may continue to limit, its ability to call on certain ports and therefore has limited, and may continue to limit, its ability to enter into alliances or operational partnerships with certain shipping companies, which has historically adversely affected its operations and its ability to compete effectively within certain trades. In addition, ZIM’s status as an Israeli company has limited, and may continue to limit, its ability to enter into alliances that include certain carriers who are not willing to cooperate with Israeli companies.

 

Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries. In recent years, these have included hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza Strip, both of which resulted in rockets being fired into Israel, causing casualties and disrupting economic activities. Recent political uprisings, social unrest and violence in the Middle East and North Africa, including Israel’s neighbors Egypt and Syria, are affecting the political stability of those countries. This instability has raised concerns regarding security in the region and the potential for armed conflict. Armed conflicts or hostilities in Israel or neighboring countries could cause disruptions in ZIM’s operations, including significant employee absences, failure of its information technology systems and cyber-attacks, which may lead to the shutdown of its headquarters in Israel. ZIM’s commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government is currently committed to covering the reinstatement value of direct damages caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, ZIM cannot assure that this government coverage will be maintained, or if maintained, will be sufficient to fully compensate us for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on its business. Any armed conflict involving Israel could adversely affect ZIM’s business and results and operations.

 

During the 2006 Lebanon War, a military conflict took place in Lebanon. As a result of rocket fire in the city of Haifa, ZIM closed its headquarters for several days. Although ZIM maintains an emergency plan, such events can have a material adverse effect on its operational activities. Any future deterioration in the security or geopolitical conditions in Israel or the Middle East could adversely impact ZIM’s business relationships and thereby have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. As an Israeli company, ZIM has relatively high exposure, compared to many of its competitors, to acts of terror, hostile activities including cyber-attacks, security limitations imposed upon Israeli organizations overseas, possible isolation by various organizations and institutions for political reasons and other limitations (such as restrictions against entering certain ports). If ZIM’s facilities, including its headquarters, become temporarily or permanently disabled by an act of terrorism or war, it may be necessary for us to develop alternative infrastructure and ZIM may not be able to avoid service interruptions. Additionally, ZIM’s owned and chartered vessels, including those vessels that do not sail under the Israeli flag, may be subject to control by the authorities of the State of Israel in order to protect the security of, or bring essential supplies and services to, the State of Israel. Israeli legislation also allows the State of Israel to use ZIM’s vessels in times of emergency. Any of the aforementioned factors may negatively affect ZIM and its results of operations. For further information on the risks related to entry into operational partnerships within the shipping industry, see “— ZIM does not benefit from the efficiencies of participating in strategic alliances and the ability to enter into such alliances and the participation in operational partnerships in the shipping industry may be limited, which may adversely affect ZIM’s business. ”

 

ZIM charters a substantial portion of its fleet and the cost associated with chartering such vessels is unpredictable.

 

ZIM charters a substantial portion of its fleet. As of December 31, 2017, of the 81 vessels through which ZIM provides transport services globally, 74 are chartered, which represents a percentage of chartered vessels that is higher than the industry average. A rise in charter hire rates may adversely affect ZIM’s results of operations. ZIM is party to a number of long-term charter agreements. As of December 31, 2017, approximately 34% of ZIM’s chartered vessels (in terms of capacity) are chartered under operational leases for terms exceeding one year. As a result, ZIM may be unable to take full advantage of short-term reductions in charter hire rates. In addition, some of ZIM’s long-term charter agreements contain rate adjustment mechanisms pursuant to which charter hire rates will increase if the market rate increases, so ZIM may not benefit from such long-term charter agreements in the event of an increase in market charter hire rates. Furthermore, if ZIM is unable in the future to charter vessels of the type and size needed to serve its customers efficiently on terms that are favorable to ZIM, if at all, this may have a material adverse effect of on its business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

 

The trend towards increasing vessel sizes may adversely affect ZIM.

 

Container shipping companies have been incorporating, and are expected to continue to incorporate, larger, more economical vessels into their operating fleets. The cost per TEU transported on large vessels is less than the cost per TEU for smaller vessels (assuming the vessels are operating at full capacity), as, among other reasons, larger vessels provide increased capacity and fuel efficiency. As a result, cargo shippers are encouraged to deploy large vessels, particularly within the more competitive trades. According to Alphaliner, vessels in excess of 18,000 TEUs represented approximately 47% of the current global order book based on TEU capacity as of December 2017. Furthermore, a significant introduction of large vessels, including very large vessels in excess of 18,000 TEUs, into any trade zone will enable the transfer of existing, large vessels to other shipping lines on which smaller vessels typically operate. Such transfers, which are referred to as “fleet cascading,” may in turn generate similar effects in the other, smaller trade zones in which ZIM operates. ZIM does not currently have agreements in place to procure or charter large container vessels, and the continued deployment of larger vessels by ZIM’s competitors will adversely impact ZIM’s competitiveness if ZIM is not able to acquire, charter or obtain financing for such vessels on attractive terms or at all. This risk is further exacerbated due to ZIM’s inability to participate in certain alliances and thereby access lager vessels for deployment. Even if ZIM is able to acquire or charter larger vessels, ZIM may be unable to achieve utilization rates necessary to operate such vessels profitably.

 

In June 2016, the Panama Canal expansion project was completed. As a result of the expansion, the canal can accommodate container vessels with capacities of 13,000-14,000 TEUs, which can then access via the Panama Canal the Pacific trade zone, which is one of ZIM’s strategic trade zones. The introduction of such vessels within this trade zone has required shipping liners seeking to remain competitive, including ZIM, to alter their fleet composition and incorporate larger vessels into their Panama Canal operations.

 

ZIM currently does not have any agreements in place to procure or charter-in large container vessels with capacities of 13,000-14,000 TEUs. As large container vessels continue to be delivered into the shipping industry, ZIM’s competitors are expected to further upgrade their fleet to capacities of 13,000-14,000 TEUs in the trans-Pacific trade. As a result, a significant portion of ZIM’s vessels may become increasingly less efficient to operate via the Panama Canal.

 

ZIM is subject to environmental regulation and failure to comply with such regulation could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business.

 

ZIM is subject to many legal provisions relating to the protection of the environment, including the emissions of hazardous substances, sulfur oxides, or SOx, and nitrogen oxides, or NOx, and the use of low-sulfur fuel or shore power voltage, all of which may be subject to ongoing developments and amendments. For example, ZIM is subject to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (including designation of Emission Control Areas thereunder), the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water & Sediments, the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea of 1996, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Clean Water Act, and National Invasive Species Act, among others. Compliance with such laws, regulations and standards, where applicable, may require the installation of costly equipment or operational changes. ZIM may also incur additional compliance costs, and any such costs could have a material adverse effect on its business. If ZIM fails to comply with any of the environmental regulations applicable, ZIM could be exposed to significant environmental liability damages, criminal charges, and substantial harm to its operations and reputation. Additionally, environmental laws often impose strict liability for remediation of spills and releases of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject ZIM to liability without regard to whether ZIM is negligent or at fault.

 

In addition, ZIM may be required to incur significant costs in connection with modifications to environmental regulations applicable to shipping companies. For example, ZIM will be required to comply with IMO regulations relating to sulfur emissions which are expected to come into effect in 2020. In order to comply with these regulations, ZIM will be required to either use fuel oil which is more costly than that which it currently uses or modify its vessels by installing scrubbers, either of which may entail significant costs.

 

Environmental requirements may also require a reduction in cargo capacity, ship modifications or operational changes or restrictions, lead to decreased availability of or more costly insurance coverage for safety and environmental matters or result in ZIM’s denial of access to certain jurisdictional waters or ports, or its detention in certain ports. Under local, national and foreign laws, as well as international treaties and conventions, ZIM could incur material liabilities, including cleanup obligations, natural resource damages, personal injury and property damage claims in the event there is a release of petroleum or other hazardous materials from its vessels, or otherwise, in connection with its operations. Violations of, or liabilities under, safety and environmental requirements can result in substantial penalties, fines and other sanctions, including in certain instances, seizure or detention of its vessels and events of this nature could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

 

The shipping industry is subject to extensive government regulation and standards, international treaties and trade prohibitions and sanctions.

 

The shipping industry is subject to extensive regulation that changes from time to time and that applies in the jurisdictions in which shipping companies are incorporated, the jurisdictions in which vessels are registered (flag states), the jurisdictions governing the ports at which vessels call, as well as regulations by virtue of international treaties and membership in international associations. As a global container shipping company, ZIM is subject to a wide variety of international, national and local laws, regulations and agreements. As a result, ZIM is subject to extensive government regulation and standards, customs inspections and security checks, international treaties and trade prohibitions and sanctions, including laws and regulations in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including those of the State of Israel, the U.S. Federal Maritime Commission, the International Safety Management Code, or the ISM Code, and the European Union. Any violation of such laws, regulations, treaties and/or prohibitions could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity and may also result in the revocation or non-renewal of its “time-limited” licenses.

 

Furthermore, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control administers certain laws and regulations that impose restrictions upon U.S. companies and persons and, in some contexts, foreign entities and persons, with respect to activities or transactions with certain countries, governments, entities and individuals that are the subject of such sanctions laws and regulations. Similar sanctions are imposed by the European Union and the United Nations. Under economic and trading sanction laws, governments may seek to impose modifications to business practices, and modifications to compliance programs, which may increase compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions.

 

Additionally, ZIM is subject to competition and antitrust regulations in each of the countries where ZIM operates. In most of the jurisdictions in which ZIM operates, operational partnerships among shipping companies are exempted from the application of antitrust laws, subject to the fulfillment of certain exemption requirements. Recently, however, there has been a trend within the international community to limit such exemptions and it is difficult to predict whether existing exemptions or their renewal will be affected in the future. ZIM is party to numerous operational partnerships and view these agreements as competitive advantages in response to the market concentration in the industry as a result of mergers and global alliances. An amendment to or a revocation of any of the exemptions for operational partnerships that ZIM rely on could negatively affect ZIM’s business and results of operations.

 

There are numerous risks related to the operation of any sailing vessel and ZIM’s inability to successfully respond to such risks could have a material adverse effect on ZIM.

 

There are numerous risks related to the operation of sailing vessels, including dangers associated with potential port closures, marine disasters, mechanical failures, collisions, lost or damaged cargo, contraband smugglers, poor weather conditions, the content of the load, exceptional load, meeting deadlines, risks of documentation, maintenance and the quality of fuels, piracy, shortages of containers, shortages of qualified sea and shoreside personnel and maritime arrests arising from unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. The occurrence of any of the aforementioned risks could have a material adverse effect on ZIM’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity and ZIM may not be adequately insured against any of these risks.

 

Risks Related to Primus

 

Primus requires additional financing for its operations.

 

The implementation of Primus’ business plan requires additional capital to enable Primus to continue to develop its commercial operations. Primus expects such funding to be provided by us either through capital contributions or shareholder loans, or to the extent Primus pursues projects, through contributions from strategic partners or debt financing. There is no certainty that additional financing will be provided to Primus. Any lack of, or delay in securing, such financing may delay, or prevent completely, Primus’ ability to continue to develop its commercial operations, which may result in Primus’ ultimate sale, liquidation or dissolution.

 

Primus’ STG+ process may not become commercially viable.

 

Demand for and industry acceptance of Primus’ technologies is subject to a high level of uncertainty. If potential customers fail to accept Primus’ technologies, if acceptance develops slower than anticipated by Primus, or if Primus’ technologies prove uneconomical or unattractive, this could have a material adverse effect on Primus’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Primus is an early stage company with a limited operating history.

 

Primus is an early stage company. The risks and uncertainties associated with the operation of an early stage company include a potential inability to:

 

·

retain and recruit key personnel;

 

·

adequately protect its intellectual property;

 

·

secure necessary capital;

 

·

successfully negotiate with government agencies, vendors, customers, feedstock suppliers or other third parties;

 

·

successfully manage its existing, or enter into new, strategic relationships and partnerships;

 

·

commence projects on the current, or any revised, schedule in compliance with the budget;

 

·

effectively manage rapid growth in personnel or operations; and

 

·

develop technology, products or processes that complement existing business strategies or address changing market conditions.

 

If Primus is unable to adequately address any of these risks, this could have a material adverse effect on Primus’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Primus’ STG+ process may not generate methanol or fuel that satisfies required specifications.

 

The commercialization of Primus’ technology contemplates the production of liquids that satisfy certain specifications. If any of the liquids produced by Primus’ STG+ process are unable to satisfy required specifications, Primus may be unable to market and commercialize its proprietary liquids technology, the STG+ process. Any change in such specifications, could increase Primus’ expenses or delay the commercialization or viability of Primus’ gas monetization technology, which could have a material adverse effect on Primus’ business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Primus’ operations are highly dependent upon commodity prices, particularly natural gas, methanol and gasoline.

 

Primus’ operations depend substantially on the prices of various commodities, including natural gas, gasoline, crude oil, methanol and others. The prices of certain of these commodities are volatile, and this volatility may affect Primus’ ability to market its technology and processes.

 

The liquids that Primus produces using its STG+ process (gasoline, methanol and stream miscible with crude) will compete in markets with refined petroleum products. Because natural gas, or syngas derived from natural gas, will be primarily used as the feedstock in Primus’ STG+ process, an increase in natural gas prices relative to prices for refined petroleum products, or a decrease in prices for refined petroleum products, could adversely affect demand for Primus’ technology. The price and availability of natural gas and refined products may be affected by numerous factors, including the level of consumer product demand, weather conditions, the availability of water for fracking, domestic and foreign government regulation (including regulation of fracking), the actions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, political conditions in oil and natural gas producing countries, the supply of domestic and foreign crude oil and natural gas, the location of any plants developed by Primus vis-á-vis natural gas reserves and pipelines, the capacities of such pipelines, fluctuations in seasonal demand, governmental regulations, the price and availability of alternative fuels and overall economic conditions. Primus cannot predict future demand and prices for natural gas or refined products, and a relative increase in the price of natural gas could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Primus’ success depends, in part, upon its ability to protect its intellectual property.

 

Primus has independently developed, patented and owns numerous processes related to liquids synthesis, gasoline composition, and incremental improvements and customizations. If Primus fails to protect its intellectual property rights adequately, its competitors might gain access to its technology, and its competitive advantage, brand or business may be adversely affected.

 

Primus relies on trade secret and patent laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect its proprietary methods and processes. Primus currently holds several patents and has pending patent applications in the U.S. Valid patents may not be issued from Primus’ pending applications, and the claims allowed on any issued patents may not be sufficiently broad to protect Primus’ STG+ process. Any patents currently held by Primus or that may be issued to Primus in the future may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and any rights granted under these patents may not actually provide Primus with adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages. Additionally, the process of applying for patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and Primus may not be able to complete all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner.

 

Policing unauthorized use of technology may prove difficult for Primus as the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those of the United States, and mechanisms for the enforcement of Primus’ proprietary rights in such countries may be inadequate. From time to time, Primus may need to initiate legal action to enforce its intellectual property rights, to protect its trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend itself against claims of infringement. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and the diversion of limited resources and could negatively affect Primus’ business, reputation or brand. If Primus is unable to protect its proprietary rights, it may lose its expected competitive advantage which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Risks Related to Our Spin-Off

 

The potential indemnification of liabilities to IC pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement may require us to divert cash to IC to satisfy our indemnification obligations.

 

We entered into a Sales, Separation and Distribution Agreement with IC, or the Separation and Distribution Agreement, which provides for, among other things, indemnification obligations designed to make us financially responsible for liabilities incurred in connection with our businesses, and as otherwise allocated to us in the Separation and Distribution Agreement. If we are required to indemnify IC under the circumstances set forth in the Separation and Distribution Agreement, we may be subject to substantial liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

There can be no assurance that IC’s indemnification of certain of our liabilities will be sufficient to insure us against the full amount of those liabilities, or that IC’s ability to satisfy its indemnification obligation will not be impaired in the future.

 

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, IC has agreed to indemnify us for certain liabilities retained by it (which includes certain specified pending legal matters). However, third parties could seek to hold us responsible for any of the liabilities that IC has agreed to retain, and there can be no assurance that the indemnity from IC will be sufficient to protect us against the full amount, or any, of such liabilities, or that IC will be able to satisfy its indemnification obligations. Moreover, even if we ultimately succeed in recovering from IC any amounts for which we are held liable, we may be temporarily required to bear these losses ourselves. Additionally, IC’s insurers may deny coverage to us for liabilities associated with occurrences prior to the spin-off. Even if we ultimately succeed in recovering from such insurance providers, we may be required to temporarily bear such loss of coverage. If IC is unable to satisfy its indemnification obligations or if insurers deny coverage, the underlying liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

 

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares

 

Our ordinary shares are traded on more than one stock exchange and this may result in price variations between the markets.

 

Our ordinary shares are listed on each of the NYSE and the TASE. Trading in our ordinary shares therefore takes place in different currencies (U.S. Dollars on the NYSE and New Israeli Shekels on the TASE), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different trading days and different public holidays in the United States and Israel). The trading prices of our ordinary shares on these two markets may differ as a result of these, or other, factors. Any decrease in the price of our ordinary shares on either of these markets could also cause a decrease in the trading prices of our ordinary shares on the other market.

 

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

 

There is no analyst coverage of Kenon outside of Israel. The trading market for our ordinary shares depends, in part, upon the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our businesses. If securities or industry analysts do not cover us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

 

A significant portion of our outstanding ordinary shares may be sold into the public market, which could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

 

A significant portion of our shares are held by Ansonia, which holds approximately 58% of our shares. If Ansonia sells, or indicates an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline. The perception that any such sales may occur, including the entry of any of Ansonia into programmed selling plans, could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares and/or could impair the ability of any of our businesses to raise capital.

 

Control by principal shareholders could adversely affect our other shareholders.

 

Ansonia beneficially owns approximately 58% of our outstanding ordinary shares and voting power. Ansonia therefore has a continuing ability to control, or exert a significant influence over, our board of directors, and will continue to have significant influence over our affairs for the foreseeable future, including with respect to the election of directors, the consummation of significant corporate transactions, such as an amendment of our constitution, a merger or other sale of our company or our assets, and all matters requiring shareholder approval. In certain circumstances, Ansonia’s interests as a principal shareholder may conflict with the interests of our other shareholders and Ansonia’s ability to exercise control, or exert significant influence, over us may have the effect of causing, delaying, or preventing changes or transactions that our other shareholders may or may not deem to be in their best interests.

 

We may not have sufficient distributable profits to pay dividends or make other distributions.

 

Under Singapore law and our constitution, dividends, whether in cash or in specie, must be paid out of our profits available for distribution. The availability of distributable profits is assessed on the basis of Kenon’s standalone unconsolidated accounts (which are based upon the Singapore Financial Reporting Standards, or the SFRS). There is no assurance that, on such basis, we will not incur losses, that we will become profitable, or that we will have sufficient distributable income that might be distributed to our shareholders as a dividend or other distribution in the foreseeable future. Therefore, we may be unable to pay dividends to our shareholders unless and until we have generated sufficient distributable reserves. Accordingly, it may not be legally permissible for us to pay dividends to our shareholders. As a result, if we declare dividends with respect to our ordinary shares, a holder of our ordinary shares will only realize income from an investment in our ordinary shares if there is an increase in the market price of our ordinary shares. Such potential increase is uncertain and unpredictable.

 

Under Singapore law, it is possible to effect either a court-free or court-approved capital reduction exercise to return cash and/or assets to our shareholders. Further, the completion of a court-free capital reduction exercise will depend on whether our directors are comfortable executing a solvency statement attesting to our solvency, as well as whether there are any other creditor objections raised (in the event that we have creditors other than IC). We have completed capital reduction exercises in connection with the distribution of our Tower shares and the cash distribution in March 2018, but there is no assurance that we will be able to complete further capital reductions in the future.

 

Any dividend payments on our ordinary shares would be declared in U.S. Dollars, and any shareholder whose principal currency is not the U.S. Dollar would be subject to exchange rate fluctuations.

 

The ordinary shares are, and any cash dividends or other distributions to be declared in respect of them, if any, will be denominated in U.S. Dollars. For example, in March 2018, we distributed a cash dividend of $665 million, representing approximately $12.35 per share, to our shareholders. Although a significant percentage of our shareholders hold their shares through the TASE, the dividend was denominated in U.S. Dollars. Shareholders whose principal currency is not the U.S. Dollar will be exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk. Any depreciation of the U.S. Dollar in relation to such foreign currency will reduce the value of such shareholders’ ordinary shares and any appreciation of the U.S. Dollar will increase the value in foreign currency terms. In addition, we will not offer our shareholders the option to elect to receive dividends, if any, in any other currency. Consequently, our shareholders may be required to arrange their own foreign currency exchange, either through a brokerage house or otherwise, which could incur additional commissions or expenses.

 

Furthermore, in December 2017, Kenon's shareholders authorized a capital reduction to enable a potential distribution of a portion of the proceeds received from the sale of the Inkia Business. The Singapore courts approved the capital reduction in February 2018 and Kenon distributed $665 million in March 2018.

 

We are a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities laws and, as a result, are subject to disclosure obligations that are different from those applicable to U.S. domestic registrants listed on the NYSE.

 

We are incorporated under the laws of Singapore and, as such, will be considered a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities laws. Although we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the periodic disclosure required of foreign private issuers under the Exchange Act is different from the periodic disclosure required of U.S. domestic registrants. Therefore, there may be less publicly available information about us than is regularly published by or about other public companies in the United States. We are also exempt from certain other sections of the Exchange Act that U.S. domestic registrants are otherwise subject to, including the requirement to provide our shareholders with information statements or proxy statements that comply with the Exchange Act. In addition, insiders and large shareholders of ours will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act and will not be obligated to file the reports required by Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

 

As a foreign private issuer, we have followed certain, and may follow, home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and NYSE corporate governance requirements, and this may result in less investor protection than that accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

 

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the NYSE’s rules for domestic U.S. issuers, provided that we disclose which requirements we are not following and describe the equivalent home country requirement. For example, foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice with regard to director nomination procedures and the approval of compensation of officers.

 

In addition, we are not required to maintain a board comprised of a majority of independent directors and a fully independent nominating and corporate governance committee. We generally seek to apply the corporate governance rules of the NYSE that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants that are not “controlled” companies. However, we do not fully comply such rules; for example, we do not have a fully independent nominating and corporate governance committee. We may, in the future, decide to rely on other foreign private issuer exemptions provided by the NYSE and follow home country corporate governance practices in lieu of complying with some or all of the NYSE’s requirements.

 

Following our home country governance practices, as opposed to complying with the requirements that are applicable to a U.S. domestic registrant, may provide less protection to you than is accorded to investors under the NYSE’s corporate governance rules. Therefore, any foreign private exemptions we avail ourselves of in the future may reduce the scope of information and protection to which you are otherwise entitled as an investor.

 

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of U.S. courts for civil liabilities under U.S. federal securities laws against us, our directors or officers in Singapore.

 

We are incorporated under the laws of Singapore and certain of our officers and directors are or will be residents outside of the United States. Moreover, most of our assets are located outside of the United States. Although we are incorporated outside of the U.S., we have agreed to accept service of process in the United States through our agent designated for that specific purpose. Additionally, for so long as we are listed in the U.S. or in Israel, we have undertaken not to claim that we are not subject to any derivative/class action that may be filed against us in the U.S. or Israel, as applicable, solely on the basis that we are a Singapore company. However, since most of the assets owned by us are located outside of the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against us may not be collectible within the United States.

 

Furthermore, there is no treaty between the United States and Singapore providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, such that a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the federal securities laws, would, therefore, not be automatically enforceable in Singapore. Additionally, there is doubt whether a Singapore court may impose civil liability on us or our directors and officers who reside in Singapore in a suit brought in the Singapore courts against us or such persons with respect to a violation solely of the federal securities laws of the United States, unless the facts surrounding such a violation would constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Singapore law. We have undertaken not to oppose the enforcement in Singapore of judgments or decisions rendered in Israel or in the United States in a class action or derivative action to which Kenon is a party. Notwithstanding such undertakings, it may be difficult for investors to enforce against us, our directors or our officers in Singapore, judgments obtained in the United States which are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.

 

We are incorporated in Singapore and our shareholders may have greater difficulty in protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.

 

Our corporate affairs are governed by our constitution and by the laws governing corporations incorporated in Singapore. The rights of our shareholders and the responsibilities of the members of our board of directors under Singapore law are different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interest in connection with actions taken by our management or members of our board of directors than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States. For information on the differences between Singapore and Delaware corporation law, see “ Item 10.B Constitution. ”

 

Singapore corporate law may delay, deter or prevent a takeover of our company by a third-party, and as a result of a waiver from application of the Code, our shareholders may not have the benefit of the application of the Singapore Code on Take-Overs and Mergers, which could adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares.

 

The Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers and Sections 138, 139 and 140 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore contain certain provisions that may delay, deter or prevent a future takeover or change in control of our company for so long as we remain a public company with more than 50 shareholders and net tangible assets of $5 million or more. Any person acquiring an interest, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with such person, in 30% or more of our voting shares, or, if such person holds, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with such person, between 30% and 50% (both inclusive) of our voting shares, and such person (or parties acting in concert with such person) acquires additional voting shares representing more than 1% of our voting shares in any six-month period, must, except with the consent of the Securities Industry Council of Singapore, extend a mandatory takeover offer for the remaining voting shares in accordance with the provisions of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers.

 

In October 2014, the Securities Industry Council of Singapore waived the application of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers to the Company, subject to certain conditions. Pursuant to the waiver, for as long as Kenon is not listed on a securities exchange in Singapore, and except in the case of a tender offer (within the meaning of U.S. securities laws) where the offeror relies on a Tier 1 exemption to avoid full compliance with U.S. tender offer regulations, the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers shall not apply to Kenon.

 

Accordingly, Kenon’s shareholders will not have the protection or otherwise benefit from the provisions of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers and the Securities and Futures Act to the extent that this waiver is available.

 

Our directors have general authority to allot and issue new shares on terms and conditions and with any preferences, rights or restrictions as may be determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion, which may dilute our existing shareholders. We may also issue securities that have rights and privileges that are more favorable than the rights and privileges accorded to our existing shareholders.

 

Under Singapore law, we may only allot and issue new shares with the prior approval of our shareholders in a general meeting. Other than with respect to the issuance of shares pursuant to awards made under our Share Incentive Plan 2014 or Share Option Plan 2014, and subject to the general authority to allot and issue new shares provided by our shareholders annually, the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act and our constitution, our board of directors may allot and issue new shares on terms and conditions and with the rights (including preferential voting rights) and restrictions as they may think fit to impose. Any such offering may be on a pre-emptive or non-pre-emptive basis. Subject to the prior approval of our shareholders for (i) the creation of new classes of shares and the (ii) granting to our directors of the authority to issue new shares with different or similar rights, additional shares may be issued carrying such preferred rights to share in our profits, losses and dividends or other distributions, any rights to receive assets upon our dissolution or liquidation and any redemption, conversion and exchange rights. At the annual general meeting of shareholders held in 2017, or the 2017 AGM, our shareholders granted the board of directors authority (effective until the conclusion of the annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2018, or the 2018 AGM, or the expiration of the period by which the 2018 AGM is required to be held) to allot and issue ordinary shares and/or instruments that might or could require ordinary shares to be allotted and issued as authorized by our shareholders at the 2017 AGM and shareholders will be asked to renew this authority at the 2018 AGM. Ansonia, our significant shareholder, may use its ability to control to approve a grant of such authority to our board of directors, or exert influence over, our board of directors to cause us to issue additional ordinary shares, which would dilute existing holders of our ordinary shares, or to issue securities with rights and privileges that are more favorable than those of our ordinary shareholders. There are no statutory pre-emptive rights for new share issuances conferred upon our shareholders under the Companies Act, Chapter 50 of Singapore, or the Singapore Companies Act. Furthermore, any additional issuances of new shares by our directors could adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares.

 

Risks Related to Taxation

 

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.

 

Tax regulations and examinations may have a material effect on us and we may be subject to challenges by tax authorities.

 

We operate in a number of countries and are therefore regularly examined by and remain subject to numerous tax regulations. Changes in our global mix of earnings could affect our effective tax rate. Furthermore, changes in tax laws could result in higher tax-related expenses and payments. Legislative changes in any of the countries in which our businesses operate could materially impact our tax receivables and liabilities as well as deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. Additionally, the uncertain tax environment in some regions in which our businesses operate could limit our ability to enforce our rights. As a holding company with globally operating businesses, we have established businesses in countries subject to complex tax rules, which may be interpreted in a variety of ways and could affect our effective tax rate. Future interpretations or developments of tax regimes or a higher than anticipated effective tax rate could have a material adverse effect on our tax liability, return on investments and business operations.

 

In addition, we and our businesses operate in, are incorporated in and are tax residents of various jurisdictions. The tax authorities in the various jurisdictions in which we and our businesses operate, or are incorporated, may disagree with and challenge our assessments of our transactions (including any sales or distributions), tax position, deductions, exemptions, where we or our businesses are tax resident, or other matters. If we, or our businesses, are unsuccessful in responding to any such challenge from a tax authority, we, or our businesses, may be unable to proceed with certain transactions, be required to pay additional taxes, interest, fines or penalties, and we, or our businesses, may be subject to taxes for the same business in more than one jurisdiction or may also be subject to higher tax rates, withholding or other taxes. Even if we, or our businesses, are successful, responding to such challenges may be expensive, consume time and other resources, or divert management’s time and focus from our operations or businesses or from the operations of our businesses. Therefore, a challenge as to our, or our businesses’, tax position or status or transactions, even if unsuccessful, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity or the business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of our businesses.

 

Our shareholders may be subject to non-U.S. taxes and return filing requirements as a result of owning our ordinary shares.

 

Based upon our expected method of operation and the ownership of our businesses following the spin-off, we do not expect any shareholder, solely as a result of owning our ordinary shares, to be subject to any additional taxes or additional tax return filing requirements in any jurisdiction in which we, or any of our businesses, conduct activities or own property. However, there can be no assurance that our shareholders, solely as a result of owning our ordinary shares, will not be subject to certain taxes, including non-U.S. taxes, imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we and our businesses do business or own property now or in the future, even if our shareholders do not reside in any of these jurisdictions. Consequently, our shareholders may also be required to file non-U.S. tax returns in some or all of these jurisdictions. Further, our shareholders may also be subject to penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. It is the responsibility of each shareholder to file each of the U.S. federal, state and local, as well as non-U.S., tax returns that may be required of such shareholder.