UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
þ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-14760
RAIT FINANCIAL TRUST
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland | 23-2919819 | |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(IRS Employer Identification No.) |
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2929 Arch Street, 17th Floor Philadelphia, PA |
19104 | |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |
Registrants telephone number, including area code: (215) 243-9000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class |
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered |
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Common Shares of Beneficial Interest |
New York Stock Exchange | |
7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable |
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Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest |
New York Stock Exchange | |
8.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable |
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Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest |
New York Stock Exchange | |
8.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable |
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Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest |
New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ¨ |
Accelerated filer þ | |
Non-accelerated filer ¨ |
Smaller reporting company ¨ | |
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ
The aggregate market value of the common shares of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of such shares on June 30, 2008 of $7.42, was approximately $448,000,000.
As of February 27, 2009, 64,850,448 common shares of beneficial interest, par value $0.01 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the proxy statement for registrants 2009 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.
The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a companys future prospects and make informed investment decisions. This report contains or incorporates by reference such forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act.
Words such as anticipates, estimates, expects, projects, intends, plans, believes and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance identify forward-looking statements. Unless we have indicated otherwise, or the context otherwise requires, references in this report to RAIT, we, us, and our or similar terms, are to RAIT Financial Trust and its subsidiaries.
We claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be made directly in this report and they may also be incorporated by reference in this report to other documents filed with the SEC, and include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results and performance, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions with respect to future operations, products and services, and other statements that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results discussed in these forward-looking statements.
The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:
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the risk factors discussed and identified in item 1A of this report and in other of our public filings with the SEC; |
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global recessionary economic conditions and adverse developments in the credit markets have had, and we expect will continue to have, an adverse effect on our investments and our operating results, including causing significant reduction in the availability of financing to us and for refinancing to our borrowers, increases in payment defaults and other credit risks in our investments, decreases in the fair value of our assets and decreases in the cash flow we receive from our investments; |
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adverse governmental or regulatory policies may be enacted; |
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our current liquidity and our access to additional liquidity have been, and may continue to be, reduced by the reduced availability of short-term and long-term financing, including a significant curtailment in the market for securities issued in securitizations and in the market for our securities and a significant reduction of the availability of repurchase agreements, warehouse facilities and bank financing; |
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payment delinquencies or failures to meet other collateral performance criteria in collateral underlying our securitizations have restricted, and may continue to restrict our ability to receive cash distributions from our securitizations which reduces our liquidity; |
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our ability to originate and finance investments has been, and may continue to be, decreased by our reduced access to liquidity; |
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the fair value of our assets that we record at their fair value on our financial statements has declined, and may continue to decline, substantially, which has had a material adverse effect on our financial performance, and the fair value of our liabilities that we record at their fair value on our financial statements may increase, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial performance; |
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payment defaults and other credit risks in our investment portfolio have substantially increased, and may continue to increase, in all categories of our investment portfolio, which has reduced, and may continue to reduce, our cash flow, net income and ability to make distributions: |
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our investment portfolio may have material geographic, sector, property-type and sponsor concentrations which could be adversely affected by economic factors unique to such concentrations; |
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our borrowing costs may increase relative to the interest received on our investments, thereby reducing our net investment income; |
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our increased use of different methods of financing our investments from our historical methods may reduce our rate of return on our investments from historical levels; |
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our financing arrangements contain covenants that restrict our operations, and any default under these arrangements would inhibit our ability to grow our business, increase revenue and pay distributions to our shareholders; |
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we and our subsidiary, Taberna Realty Finance Trust, or Taberna, may fail to maintain qualification as real estate investment trusts, or REITs; |
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we and Taberna may fail to maintain exemptions under the Investment Company Act of 1940; |
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management and other key personnel may be lost; |
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our hedging transactions may not completely insulate us from interest rate risk, which could cause volatility in our earnings; and |
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competition from other REITs and other specialty finance companies may increase. |
We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this filing or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
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Item 1. | Business |
Our Company
RAIT Financial Trust manages a portfolio of real estate related assets, provides a comprehensive set of debt financing options to the real estate industry and invests in real estate related assets. We conduct our business through our subsidiaries, RAIT Partnership, L.P., or RAIT Partnership, and Taberna Realty Finance Trust, or Taberna, as well as through their respective subsidiaries. RAIT is a self-managed and self-advised Maryland real estate investment trust, or REIT. Taberna is also a Maryland REIT. We were formed in August 1997 and commenced operations in January 1998.
Our investments are underwritten through an integrated investment process. We review our proposed investments and seek to evaluate possible risks before we make an investment decision. After making an investment, we actively monitor our investments. These investments are comprised primarily of the following asset classes:
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commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests; |
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investment in real estate interests in entities that own real estate; |
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residential mortgages and loans; |
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trust preferred securities, or TruPS, and subordinated debentures; and |
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mortgage-backed securities, including residential mortgage-backed securities, or RMBS, commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS, unsecured REIT notes and other real estate related debt. |
Our income is generated primarily from:
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interest income from our investments, net of any financing costs, or net interest margin; |
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fee income generated from originating and managing assets; and |
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rental income from our direct investments in real estate assets. |
Business Strategy
Our objective is to provide our shareholders with total returns over time, including distributions, while managing the risks associated with our investment strategy. The core components of our business strategy are described in more detail below.
Manage and service real estate investments. We manage a portfolio of real estate related assets. As of December 31, 2008, we had $14.2 billion of assets under management. Assets under management are comprised of our consolidated assets and assets we manage but do not consolidate. We serve as the collateral manager on thirteen securitizations that are collateralized by $10.6 billion, in the aggregate, of U.S. commercial real estate investments, TruPS and European real estate investments. As collateral manager, we seek to maintain and enhance the performance of the investments collateralizing, and the cash flows of, these securitizations. We also service our U.S. commercial real estate investments. Servicing our assets may include controlling the rental collection accounts for the specific properties financed and remitting payments for debt service and operating expenses to the appropriate parties. The remaining $3.6 billion of assets under management, primarily our residential mortgage portfolio, do not generate asset management fees for us. If defaults occur in our portfolios under management, we will use our asset management skills to seek to mitigate the severity of any losses, maintain and enhance the cash flow from the investment and optimize the recovery value of our assets.
This component of our business strategy has grown significantly since 2006 and we are seeking additional asset management contracts or relationships. Current economic conditions may impact our ability to expand this
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business strategy. We generate fee income from our asset management efforts, primarily from serving as collateral manager. During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, we received asset management fee income of $23.2 million and $26.1 million, respectively, of which we eliminated $12.2 million and $19.1 million, respectively, upon consolidation of securitizations in our consolidated financial statements.
Providing financing to the real estate industry and investing in real estate related assets. We provide a comprehensive set of debt financing options to the real estate industry and invest in real estate related assets. Our management has structured our investment portfolio by identifying asset classes that have the potential to generate an acceptable risk-adjusted return to RAIT. Our ownership of commercial real estate properties has grown as a part of our portfolio recently as we have restructured loans in response to credit events to take control of properties where we believe we can continue to generate risk-adjusted returns. We receive net investment income from our investment portfolios and origination fees from our real estate related assets. During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, our net investment margin was $206.4 million and $194.9 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, we received origination fees of $9.1 million and $26.8 million, respectively, most of which is recorded as a yield adjustment when we retained an investment in the debt financing originated.
We own junior debt tranches and equity of a number of the securitizations which we structured to finance a substantial portion of our investment portfolio. In these securitizations, multiple classes of debt and equity are issued by a special purpose entity to finance a portfolio of assets. When we are the primary beneficiary of the securitization, we consolidate all of the collateral underlying the securitization and the debt issued by the securitization on our financial statements. However, our recourse risk under the securitization is limited to the amount of our investment in the debt and equity and our return on the collateral is dependent on the amounts generated by the collateral that is distributable to us in the form of management fees and investment returns on the debt and equity we hold in the securitization.
Financing Strategy. We have financed a substantial portion of our portfolio investments through borrowing and securitization strategies that seek to match the payment terms, interest rate and maturity dates of our financings with the payment terms, interest rate and maturity dates of those investments. We seek to mitigate interest rate risk through derivative instruments.
Impact of Global Economic Conditions on Our Business
During 2008, global recessionary economic conditions continued and worsened throughout the year resulting in ongoing disruptions in the credit and capital markets, abrupt and significant devaluations of assets directly or indirectly linked to the U.S. real estate finance markets, and the attendant removal of liquidity, both long and short term, from the capital markets. These conditions have had, and we expect will continue to have, an adverse effect on us and assets in which we have invested. These effects include the following:
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These conditions have caused us to record a significant increase in provisions for losses, asset impairments and change in fair value of financial instruments, which are the primary causes of our reported net loss available to common shares of $442.9 million, or $7.03 per share, for the year ended December 31, 2008. |
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The conditions have contributed to a substantial increase in payment defaults, limited availability of refinancing sources and other credit risks in our investments, resulting in reduced cash flow from our portfolio and requiring us to focus significant resources on servicing our investment portfolio, work-out activities, pursuing foreclosure and other enforcement actions, acquiring real properties by foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure, operating real property acquired by us in foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure, engaging in activities related to the sale process with respect to properties we decide to sell and negotiating collateral exchange offers in our securitizations to enhance their overall recovery value. |
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While we generated new investments in 2008, we did so at a reduced level from historical levels due to reduced availability of liquidity to us, lack of availability of bank financing and increased credit risks. |
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During the year ended December 31, 2008, we originated $612.7 million of new investments, compared to $2,586.6 million of new investments originated in the year ended December 31, 2007. We expect that our asset growth will be limited, except for recycling asset repayments, and our interest and fee income will be reduced, as compared to historical levels, until the capital markets improve. |
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The events occurring in the credit markets have impacted our financing strategies. We do not expect that we will be able to finance our investments through securitizations for the foreseeable future. We are seeking to develop new sources of financing, including additional bank financing, and increased use of co-investment, participations and joint venture strategies that will enable us to originate investments and generate fee income. We have continued to manage our liquidity and originate new assets primarily through capital recycling as payoffs occur and through existing capacities within our completed securitizations. As of December 31, 2008, we have no amounts outstanding under financing facilities that require us to meet margin calls solely due to a reduction in the market value of the asset. |
For further discussion, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsLiquidity and Capital
Our Investment Portfolio
The table below summarizes our consolidated investment portfolio as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Carrying
Amount (1) |
Percentage
of Total Portfolio |
Weighted-
Average Coupon (2) |
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Commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests |
$ | 2,048,233 | 25.8 | % | 8.5 | % | |||
Investments in real estate interests |
367,739 | 4.7 | % | N/A | |||||
Residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables |
3,598,925 | 45.4 | % | 5.6 | % | ||||
Investments in securities |
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TruPS and subordinated debentures |
1,644,666 | 20.7 | % | 6.7 | % | ||||
Unsecured REIT note receivables |
217,884 | 2.7 | % | 6.0 | % | ||||
CMBS receivables |
39,987 | 0.5 | % | 5.9 | % | ||||
Other securities |
18,346 | 0.2 | % | 7.8 | % | ||||
Total investments in securities |
1,920,883 | 24.1 | % | 6.6 | % | ||||
Total |
$ | 7,935,780 | 100.0 | % | 6.6 | % | |||
(1) | Reflects the carrying amount of the respective assets classes, as they appear in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2008. |
(2) | Weighted-average coupon is calculated on the unpaid principal amount of the underlying instruments which does not necessarily correspond to the carrying amount. |
Our investments and operations are subject to limitations because we conduct our business so as to qualify as a REIT and not be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. See Certain REIT and Investment Company Act Limits on Our Strategies below.
For a further discussion of the cash flows generated by these portfolios, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsLiquidity and Capital Resources.
Our consolidated investment portfolio is currently comprised of the following asset classes:
Commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests. We have originated commercial real estate loans which enables us to better control the structure of the loans and to maintain direct
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lending relationships with the borrowers. We have originated senior long-term mortgage loans, short-term bridge loans, subordinated, or mezzanine, financing and preferred equity interests. Our financing is usually non-recourse. Non-recourse financing means we look only to the assets securing the payment of the loan, subject to certain standard exceptions including liabilities relating to environmental issues, fraud, misapplication of funds and non-payment of real estate taxes. We may engage in recourse financing by requiring personal guarantees from controlling persons of our borrowers where we feel it is necessary to further protect our investment. We also acquire existing commercial real estate loans held by banks, other institutional lenders or third-party investors.
Our bridge loans are generally mortgage loans that we anticipate will be refinanced by our borrower in the short-term. We often provide bridge financing where our borrower is unable to obtain financing from traditional institutional lenders within our borrowers time constraints or because our borrower or the related real estate does not fall within the lending guidelines of these other lenders at the time of the loan. Our bridge loans are structured as senior loans that may be refinanced by traditional institutional lenders or by us within a relatively short term. However, borrowers are not required to prepay these loans, so we underwrite these loans assuming we may hold them to maturity.
Our mezzanine loans are subordinate in repayment priority to a senior mortgage loan or loans on a property and are typically secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in the entities that own the real property. In addition, we may require other credit enhancements for our mezzanine loans, including letters of credit, personal guarantees of the borrower, or collateral unrelated to the property. We may structure our mezzanine loans so that we receive a stated fixed or variable interest rate on the loan as well as additional interest based upon a percentage of gross revenue or a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan, payable upon maturity, refinancing or sale of the property. Our mezzanine loans may also have prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns in the event of premature repayment.
We may provide mezzanine loans and other forms of subordinated financing where the terms of the loan secured by the first lien on a property prohibit us from imposing a lien. We typically include one or more of the following provisions in these mezzanine loans and other forms of subordinated financing which we believe serve to mitigate our risk:
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direct deposit of rents and other cash flow from the underlying properties to a bank account controlled by us or a senior lender; |
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delivery to us of a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or nominal cost purchase option that may enable us to enforce our rights against the underlying property in an expedited fashion; |
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recorded or perfected liens on other real estate owned by the controlling persons of our borrower; |
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pledges to us of the equity interest in the borrower or its owners by its controlling persons; and |
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personal guarantees from the borrowers controlling persons. |
We generate a return on our preferred equity investments primarily through distributions to us at a fixed rate based upon the net cash flow of our investment from the underlying real estate. We use this investment structure as an alternative to a mezzanine loan where the financial needs and tax situation of the borrower, the terms of senior financing secured by the underlying real estate or other circumstances necessitate holding preferred equity. In these situations, the residual equity in the entity is held by other investors who retain control of the entity. These preferred equity investments generally give us a preferred return before the equity holders as to distributions and upon liquidation, sale or refinancing, provide for distributions to us and contain a mandatory redemption date. Our investment may have conversion or exchange features and voting rights in certain circumstances. In the event of non-compliance with distribution or other material terms, our preferred equity investments may provide that our interest becomes the controlling or sole equity interest in the entity. Although
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we seek to incorporate some or all of these provisions in our preferred equity investment financings, we may not be able to negotiate the inclusion of any or all of them. Moreover, none of these factors will assure a return on our investment. All of the entities in which we have non-controlling interests are subject to other financing that ranks senior to our investment. The terms of this senior financing may limit or restrict distributions by the entity to us in the event of a default under such senior financing. We believe that our ability to provide a financing structure through these preferred equity investments is advantageous because it allows us flexibility in addressing our borrowers needs in situations where debt financing may not be appropriate while providing us with rights we believe are sufficient to protect our investment.
The tables below describe certain characteristics of our commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Carrying
Amount |
Estimated
Fair Value |
Weighted-
Average Coupon |
Range of Maturities |
Number
of Loans |
% of
Total Loan Portfolio |
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Commercial mortgages |
$ | 1,246,446 | $ | 1,179,068 | 7.7 | % | Mar. 2009 to Dec. 2013 | 95 | 60.8 | % | ||||||
Mezzanine loans |
452,372 | 436,007 | 10.1 | % | Mar. 2009 to Aug. 2021 | 136 | 22.1 | % | ||||||||
Other loans |
176,027 | 178,203 | 5.9 | % | Apr. 2010 to Oct. 2016 | 12 | 8.6 | % | ||||||||
Preferred equity interests |
173,388 | 126,212 | 11.9 | % | Mar. 2009 to Sept. 2021 | 37 | 8.5 | % | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 2,048,233 | $ | 1,919,490 | 8.5 | % | 280 | 100.0 | % | |||||||
Due to the economic conditions referred to above, we currently have limited capacity to originate new investments. However, we expect to focus on this asset class when economic conditions improve.
Investment in real estate interests. We generate a return on our real estate investments through our share of rents and other sources of income from the operations of the real estate underlying our investment. We may also participate in any increase in the value of the real estate in addition to current income. Acquiring real estate investments also assists us in our tax planning. Primarily, depreciation deductions associated with our consolidated real estate investments and other non-cash expenses help to reduce REIT taxable income.
The table below summarizes the amounts included in our consolidated financial statements for investments in real estate interests (dollars in thousands):
As of
December 31, 2008 |
As of
December 31, 2007 |
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Multi-family real estate properties |
$ | 243,198 | $ | 17,609 | ||||
Office real estate properties |
131,285 | 118,982 | ||||||
Land |
614 | 614 | ||||||
Subtotal |
375,097 | 137,205 | ||||||
Plus: Escrows and reserves |
4,404 | 3,358 | ||||||
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization |
(11,762 | ) | (5,728 | ) | ||||
Investments in real estate interests |
$ | 367,739 | $ | 134,835 | ||||
We expect this asset class to grow in our portfolio as we may find it advisable to seek to protect our return by taking control of properties underlying our commercial real estate loans when restructuring or otherwise exercising our remedies regarding loans that become subject to increased credit risks.
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The charts below describe the property types and the geographic breakdown of our commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans, preferred equity interests and investments in real estate interests as of December 31, 2008:
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(a) | Based on amortized cost. |
Residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables. We invested in our portfolio of residential mortgages primarily to help RAIT comply with REIT asset and income requirements while generating acceptable returns and we do not expect to add significantly to this portfolio in the future.
Set forth below is certain information with respect to the residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables owned as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Carrying
Amount |
Weighted-
Average Coupon |
Average
Next Adjustment Date |
Average
Contractual Maturity |
Number
of Loans |
Percentage
of Portfolio |
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3/1 ARM |
$ | 89,489 | 5.6 | % | Mar. 2009 | Aug. 2035 | 241 | 2.5 | % | ||||||
5/1 ARM |
2,952,658 | 5.6 | % | Sept. 2010 | Sept. 2035 | 6,158 | 82.1 | % | |||||||
7/1 ARM |
501,139 | 5.7 | % | July 2012 | July 2035 | 1,107 | 13.9 | % | |||||||
10/1 ARM |
55,639 | 5.7 | % | June 2015 | June 2035 | 66 | 1.5 | % | |||||||
Total |
$ | 3,598,925 | 5.6 | % | 7,572 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||
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The following charts below describe the housing type and geographic breakdown of the residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables we own as of December 31, 2008:
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(a) | Based on Carrying Amount. |
TruPS and subordinated debentures. We have provided REITs and real estate operating companies the ability to raise subordinated debt capital through TruPS and subordinated debentures. TruPS are long-term instruments, with maturities ranging from 10 to 30 years, which are priced based on short-term variable rates, such as the three-month London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, or LIBOR. TruPS are unsecured and contain minimal financial and operating covenants.
In a typical TruPS transaction, a parent REIT or real estate operating company forms a special purpose trust subsidiary to sell TruPS to an investor. The subsidiary loans the proceeds of its sale received from the investor to its parent company in the form of a subordinated debenture. The terms of the subordinated debenture mirror the terms of the TruPS issued by the trust. The special purpose trust uses the payments of interest and principal it receives on the subordinated debenture to pay interest, dividends and redemption amounts to the holders of the TruPS. TruPS are generally not callable by the issuer within five years of issuance. If the parent company of an issuer of TruPS defaults on payments due on the debenture, the trustee under the indenture governing the debenture has the right to accelerate the entire principal amount of the debenture. TruPS are not secured by any collateral, are ranked senior to the issuers parents equity in right of payment and generally rank junior to an issuers existing senior debt securities in right of payment and in liquidation.
The table below describes our investment in TruPS and subordinated debentures as included in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Issuer Statistics | ||||||||||||||
Industry Sector |
Estimated
Fair Value |
% of
Total |
Weighted-
Average Coupon |
Weighted Average
Ratio of Debt to Total Capitalization (a) |
Weighted Average
Interest Coverage Ratio (a) |
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Commercial Mortgage |
$ | 509,416 | 31.0 | % | 6.8 | % | 75.1 | % | 0.9x | |||||
Office |
373,105 | 22.7 | % | 6.5 | % | 71.4 | % | 2.3x | ||||||
Specialty Finance |
236,087 | 14.3 | % | 6.8 | % | 72.8 | % | 0.7x | ||||||
Homebuilders |
168,548 | 10.2 | % | 8.5 | % | 70.7 | % | 0.9x | ||||||
Retail |
119,871 | 7.3 | % | 3.6 | % | 89.6 | % | 1.8x | ||||||
Residential Mortgage |
93,487 | 5.7 | % | 5.1 | % | 95.1 | % | 1.0x | ||||||
Hospitality |
84,991 | 5.2 | % | 7.2 | % | 80.3 | % | 2.5x | ||||||
Storage |
59,161 | 3.6 | % | 7.3 | % | 63.3 | % | 2.9x | ||||||
Total |
$ | 1,644,666 | 100.0 | % | 6.7 | % | 75.5 | % | 1.4x | |||||
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The chart below describes the equity capitalization of our investment in TruPS and subordinated debentures as included in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
(a) | Based on estimated fair value. |
(b) | Based on the most recent information available to management as provided by our TruPS issuers or through public filings. |
Historically, we invested in TruPS but do not expect to add significantly to this portfolio in the future.
Mortgage-backed securities, including RMBS, CMBS, unsecured REIT notes and other real estate-related debt securities. We have invested, and expect to continue to invest, in RMBS, CMBS, unsecured REIT notes and other real estate-related debt securities.
Unsecured REIT notes are publicly traded debentures issued by large public reporting REITs and other real estate companies. These debentures generally pay interest semi-annually. These companies are generally rated investment grade by one or more nationally recognized rating agencies.
CMBS generally are multi-class debt or pass-through certificates secured or backed by single loans or pools of mortgage loans on commercial real estate properties. Our CMBS investments may include loans and securities that are rated investment grade by one or more nationally-recognized rating agencies, as well as both unrated and non-investment grade loans and securities.
We structured and invested in two European CDOs, which we refer to as Taberna Europe I and Taberna Europe II. These CDOs were completed during 2007 and are collateralized by real estate-related securities issued by companies operating in Europe. We have retained a portion of the non-investment grade notes and preferred shares of Taberna Europe I and the preferred shares of Taberna Europe II. We did not generate a material amount of revenue from foreign countries in 2008 or 2007. For a discussion of risks relating to foreign operations, see Item 1ARisk FactorsRisks Related to Our InvestmentsOur acquisition of investments denominated or payable in foreign currencies may affect our revenues, operating margins and distributions and may also affect the book value of our assets and shareholders equity.
We invest in RMBS and other securities which principally consist of securities collateralized by adjustable rate and hybrid adjustable rate loans. Adjustable rate loans have interest rates that reset periodically, typically every six months or on an annual basis. Hybrid adjustable rate mortgage-backed securities and loans bear interest rates that have an initial fixed period (typically three, five, seven or ten years) and thereafter reset at regular intervals in a manner similar to adjustable rate loans.
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The table and the chart below describe certain characteristics of our mortgage-backed securities and other real estate-related debt securities as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Investment Description |
Estimated
Fair Value |
Weighted-
Average Coupon |
Weighted-
Average Years to Maturity |
Amortized
Cost |
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Unsecured REIT note receivables |
$ | 217,884 | 6.0 | % | 7.9 | $ | 372,688 | ||||
CMBS receivables |
39,987 | 5.9 | % | 34.8 | 224,434 | ||||||
Taberna Europe CDO I & II investments |
15,287 | 12.1 | % | 29.4 | 35,375 | ||||||
Other securities |
3,059 | 4.8 | % | 38.3 | 66,403 | ||||||
Total |
$ | 276,217 | 6.2 | % | 21.6 | $ | 698,900 | ||||
(a) | S&P Ratings as of December 31, 2008. |
Certain REIT and Investment Company Act Limits On Our Strategies
REIT Limits
We conduct our operations so as to qualify as a REIT and cause Taberna to conduct its operations to qualify as a REIT. For a discussion of the tax implications of our and Tabernas REIT status to us and our shareholders, see Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations contained in Exhibit 99.1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To qualify as a REIT, we and Taberna must continually satisfy various tests regarding sources of income, nature and diversification of assets, amounts distributed to shareholders and the ownership of common shares. In order to satisfy these tests, we and Taberna may be required to forgo investments that might otherwise be made. Accordingly, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our or Tabernas investment performance. These requirements include the following:
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At least 75% of each of our and Tabernas total assets and 75% of gross income must be derived from qualifying real estate assets, whether or not such assets would otherwise represent our or Tabernas best investment alternative. For example, since neither TruPS nor investments in the debt or equity of CDOs are qualifying real estate assets, to the extent that we have historically invested in such assets, or may do so in the future, Taberna (and we, to the extent that we invest in such assets) must hold substantial investments in qualifying real estate assets, including mortgage loans and CMBS, which may have lower yields than such investments. |
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A REITs net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, but including any mortgage loans, held in inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. The prohibited transaction tax may apply to any sale of assets to a CDO and to any sale of CDO securities, and therefore may limit our and Tabernas ability to sell assets to or equity in CDOs and other assets. |
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Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs. Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities, Taberna Bermuda, RAIT Securities (U.K.) Ltd., or RAIT Securities UK, Taberna Capital (Ireland) Ltd., or Taberna Ireland, Taberna Funding LLC, or Taberna Funding, Taberna Equity Funding, Ltd., or Taberna Equity Funding, and Tabernas non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries are TRSs. Tabernas ability to invest in CDOs that are structured as TRSs and to grow or expand the fee-generating businesses of Taberna Capital and Taberna Securities, as well as the business of Taberna Funding, RAIT Securities UK, Taberna Ireland and future TRSs Taberna may form, will be limited by Tabernas need to meet this 20% test, which may adversely affect distributions Taberna pays to us. |
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The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code limit our and Tabernas ability to hedge mortgage-backed securities, preferred securities and related borrowings. Except to the extent provided by the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Treasury Department, or the Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction we or Taberna enter into in the normal course of business primarily to manage risk of interest rate or price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets, which is clearly identified as specified in the Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test (and will generally constitute non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test). To the extent that we or Taberna enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non- qualifying income for purposes of both of the gross income tests. As a result, we or Taberna might have to limit use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through TRSs. This could increase the cost of our or Tabernas hedging activities or expose it or us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we or it would otherwise want to bear. |
There are other risks arising out of our and Tabernas need to comply with REIT requirements. See Item 1ARisk Factors-Tax Risks below.
Investment Company Act Limits
We seek to conduct our operations so that we are not required to register as an investment company. Under Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, a company is not deemed to be an investment company if:
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it neither is, nor holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, nor proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities; and |
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it neither is engaged nor proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and does not own or propose to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. Investment securities excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act. |
We rely on the 40% test. Because we are a holding company that conducts our businesses through wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the securities issued by our subsidiaries that are excepted from the
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definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, together with any other investment securities we may own, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of our total assets on an unconsolidated basis. In fact, based on the relative value of our investment in Taberna, on the one hand, and our investment in RAIT Partnership, on the other hand, we can comply with the 40% test only if Taberna satisfies the 40% test on which it relies (or another exemption other than Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7)) and RAIT Partnership complies with Section 3(c)(5)(c) or 3(c)(6), the exemptions upon which it relies (or another exemption other than Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7)). This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we may engage through our subsidiaries.
None of RAIT, RAIT Partnership or Taberna has received a no-action letter from the SEC regarding whether it complies with the Investment Company Act or how its investment or financing strategies fit within the exclusions from regulation under the Investment Company Act that it is using. To the extent that the SEC provides more specific or different guidance regarding, for example, the treatment of assets as qualifying real estate assets or real estate-related assets, we may be required to adjust these investment and financing strategies accordingly. Any additional guidance from the SEC could provide additional flexibility to us and Taberna, or it could further inhibit the ability of Taberna and our combined company to pursue our respective investment and financing strategies which could have a material adverse effect on us. See Item 1ARisk Factors- Other Regulatory and Legal Risks of Our Business- Loss of our Investment Company Act exemption would affect us adversely.
Competition
We are subject to significant competition in all aspects of our business. Existing industry participants and potential new entrants compete with us for the available supply of investments suitable for origination or acquisition, as well as for debt and equity capital. We compete with many third parties engaged in real estate finance and investment activities, including other REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, lenders, governmental bodies and other entities. Competition, particularly in our commercial mortgage and mezzanine loan business, may increase, and other companies and funds with investment objectives similar to ours may be organized in the future. Some of these competitors have, or in the future may have, substantially greater financial resources than we do and generally may be able to accept more risk. They may also enjoy significant competitive advantages that result from, among other things, a lower cost of capital and enhanced operating efficiencies. In addition, competition may lead us to pay a greater portion of the origination fees that we expect to collect in our future origination activities to third-party investment banks and brokers that introduce borrowers to us in order to continue to generate new business from these sources.
Employees
As of February 27, 2009, we had 61 employees and believe our relationships with our employees to be good. None of our employees is covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
Available Information
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SECs Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The internet address of the SEC site is http://www.sec.gov. Our internet address is http://www.raitft.com. We make our SEC filings available free of charge on or through our internet website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. We are not incorporating by reference in this report any material from our website.
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Item 1A. | Risk Factors |
This section describes material risks affecting our business. In addition, in connection with the forward-looking statements that appear in this annual report, we urge you to review carefully not only the factors discussed below but also the cautionary statements referred to in Forward-Looking Statements.
Risks Related to Our Business
Global recessionary economic conditions and adverse developments in the credit markets have had, and we expect will continue to have, an adverse effect on our investments and our operating results, including causing significant reduction in the availability of financing to us and for refinancing to our borrowers, increases in payment defaults and other credit risks in our investments, decreases in the fair value of our assets and decreases in the cash flow we receive from our investments.
Global recessionary economic condition s and adverse developments in the credit markets have substantially reduced or eliminated the availability of financing for most real estate sectors in which we and the companies we finance operate. This has reduced, and may continue to reduce, the amount of capital we have available to make new investments, contributing to the reduction of our assets under management, and the reduction of income and fees derived from our investments. These conditions and developments have adversely affected many real estate sectors in which the companies we finance operate, resulting in increasing credit risk relating to, and payment defaults in, our investments. This has reduced, and may continue to reduce, the revenue and cash flow we receive from our investments and the fair value of our investments and has resulted in, and may continue to cause, material asset impairment of these investments. Our response to current economic conditions may require us to change our business strategy, including the types of investments we make, how we finance them and our dividend policies, from our historical approaches.
We cannot predict the effect on us that government policies and plans adopted in response to global recessionary economic conditions and adverse developments in the credit markets will have.
Governments have adopted, and we expect will continue to adopt, policies and plans intended to address current recessionary economic condition s and adverse developments in the credit markets. We cannot assure you that these programs will assist us. To the extent they assist our competitors and not ourselves or do not increase the liquidity available to us or the companies we finance or otherwise do not improve conditions for investments in our portfolio and the companies we have financed, we may be adversely affected by these plans.
Our ability to obtain additional liquidity and capital resources has been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by the global recessionary economic conditions and adverse developments in the capital markets.
Our business requires a substantial amount of liquidity to fund investments, to pay expenses and to acquire and hold assets. As REITs, we and Taberna must distribute at least 90% of REIT taxable income to our respective shareholders, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain, which substantially limits our ability to accumulate cash from our operations. Developments in the capital markets have substantially reduced the debt capital and equity capital available to us and adversely affected our ability to execute successfully our business plan.
With respect to debt capital, we believe many of the types of financing arrangements we used historically will not be available for investments of the type we have originated historically for the foreseeable future, including warehouse lines of credit and repurchase agreements for short term financing and securitizations for long term financing of our investments. Our continued use of secured bank financing will depend on our ability to negotiate renewals of our current lines of credit as they mature and to obtain new secured bank financing on acceptable terms and for banks to approve of the investments we propose to make financed by our bank lines of
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credit. We have historically issued debt securities to one or more institutional investors from time to time as market conditions permitted, particularly our TruPS and our convertible senior notes. We expect that our opportunities to issue additional debt will be limited for the foreseeable future.
With respect to equity capital, we believe the market for our common shares and preferred shares has contracted as the global recessionary economic conditions and adverse developments in the capital markets have developed from 2007. We may not be able to obtain the amounts of capital on the terms we seek through issuances of our equity securities.
We are seeking, and expect we will continue to seek, alternative financing arrangements in response to current market conditions, including joint venture and co-investment opportunities. We cannot assure you that we will be able to develop these financing sources on acceptable terms, or at all. We may need to identify capital in smaller increments to attempt to match fund the investment to the financing source to the extent economically feasible. Our rate of originating new assets may decline under alternative financing arrangements which may result in lower fee income and cash flow for distribution and a reduction in our assets under management.
The failure to secure financing on acceptable terms or in sufficient amounts has, and may continue to, reduce our taxable income by limiting our ability to originate loans and other investments and reducing our fee income, increasing our financing expense. A reduction in our net taxable income could impair our liquidity and our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders. We cannot assure you that any, or sufficient, funding or capital will be available to us in the future on terms that are acceptable to us.
The failure of most of our securitization financings to meet their performance tests, including over-collateralization requirements, has reduced, and may continue to reduce, our net income and cash flow generated by these securitizations, may trigger certain termination provisions in the related collateral management agreements under which we manage these securitizations and may cause an event of default under these securitizations.
The terms of the securitizations we have structured generally provide that the principal amount of assets must exceed the principal balance of the related securities issued by them by a certain amount, commonly referred to as over-collateralization. The securitization terms provide that, if delinquencies and/or losses exceed specified levels based on the analysis by the rating agencies (or any financial guaranty insurer) of the characteristics of the assets collateralizing the securities issued in the securitization, the required level of over-collateralization may be increased or may be prevented from decreasing as would otherwise be permitted if losses or delinquencies did not exceed those levels. In addition, a failure by a securitization to satisfy an over-collateralization test typically results in accelerated distributions to the holders of the senior debt securities issued by the securitization entity. Our equity holdings and, when we acquire debt interests in securitizations, our debt interests, and our subordinated management fees, if any, are subordinate in right of payment to the other classes of debt securities issued by the securitization entity. Many of our securitizations have not passed some of their overcollateralization tests and have accelerated distributions to senior debt resulting in the cessation of distributions on the subordinated debt and equity we hold in these securitizations and our subordinated management fees from these securitizations. This has resulted in a substantial reduction in the cash flow we receive from these securitizations. Other tests (based on delinquency levels or other criteria) may restrict our ability to receive cash distributions from assets collateralizing the securities issued by the securitization entity. We cannot assure you that the performance tests will be satisfied.
In addition, collateral management agreements typically provide that if certain over-collateralization tests are failed, the collateral management agreement may be terminated by a vote of the security holders resulting in our loss of senior and subordinated management fees from these securitizations. If the assets held by securitizations fail to perform as anticipated, our earnings may be adversely affected, and over-collateralization or other credit enhancement expenses associated with our securitization financings will increase.
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The overcollateralization tests and other tests of those of our securitizations still making distributions on some or all of the subordinated debt and equity we hold in these securitizations and our subordinated management fees from these securitizations have been, and may continue to, deteriorate. If these securitizations fail to satisfy their performance tests, we may be adversely affected in a manner similar to the effects described above.
If any of our securitizations fail to meet certain overcollateralization tests relevant to the most senior debt issued and outstanding by the securitization, an event of default may occur under that securitization. If that occurs, our ability to manage the securitization would be terminated and our ability to attempt to cure any defaults in the securitization would be limited, which would increase the likelihood of a reduction or elimination of cash flow and returns to us in those securitizations for an indefinite time.
We receive collateral management fees pursuant to collateral management agreements for services provided by our subsidiaries for acting as the collateral manager of securitizations sponsored by us. If a collateral management agreement is terminated or if the securities serving as collateral for a securitization are prepaid or go into default, the collateral management fees will be reduced or eliminated.
Our subsidiaries receive collateral management fees pursuant to collateral management agreements for acting as the collateral manager of securitizations sponsored by us. If all the notes issued by a securitization for which one of our subsidiaries acts as collateral manager are redeemed, or if the collateral management agreement is otherwise terminated, we will no longer receive collateral management fees from that subsidiary with respect to that securitization. In general, a collateral management agreement may be terminated both with and without cause at the direction of holders of a specified supermajority in principal amount of the notes issued by the securitization. Furthermore, such fees are based on the total amount of collateral held by the securitizations. If the securities serving as collateral for a securitization are prepaid or go into default, we will receive lower collateral management fees than expected or the collateral management fees may be eliminated.
Our investments in securitizations are exposed to greater uncertainty and risk of loss than investments in higher grade securities in these securitizations.
When we securitize assets such as commercial mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, TruPS and residential mortgage loans, the various tranches of investment grade and non-investment grade debt obligations and equity securities have differing priorities and rights to the cash flows of the underlying assets being securitized. We structured our securitization transactions to enable us to place debt and equity securities with investors in the capital markets at various pricing levels based on the credit position created for each tranche of debt and equity securities. The higher rated debt tranches have priority over the lower rated debt securities and the equity securities issued by the particular securitization entity with respect to payments of interest and principal using the cash flows from the collateral assets. The relative cost of capital increases as each tranche of capital becomes further subordinated, as does the associated risk of loss if cash flows from the assets are insufficient to repay fully interest and principal or pay dividends.
Since we invest in the BBB, BB, B and unrated debt and equity classes of securitizations, we are in a first loss position because the rights of the securities that we hold are subordinate in right of payment and in liquidation to the rights of higher rated debt securities issued by the securitization entities. Accordingly, we may incur significant losses when investing in these securities. These investments bear a greater risk of loss than the senior debt securities that have been sold to third-party investors in each of our securitizations. In the event of default, we may not be able to recover all of our respective investments in these securities. In addition, we may experience significant losses if the underlying portfolio has been overvalued or if the values subsequently decline and, as a result, less collateral is available to satisfy interest, principal and dividend payments due on the related securities. The prices of lower credit quality securities are generally less sensitive to interest rate changes than higher rated investments, but are more sensitive to economic downturns or developments specific to a particular issuer. An economic downturn, for example, could cause a decline in the price of lower credit quality securities
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because the ability of obligors on the underlying assets to make principal, interest and dividend payments may be impaired. In such an event, existing credit support in the securitization structure may be insufficient to protect us against loss of our investments in these securities.
Adverse market trends relating to the loans and real estate securities collateralizing our securitizations have reduced, and are expected to continue to reduce, the value of our retained interests in these securitizations.
The securitizations we sponsored where we retained debt or equity issued by the securitization entity have been backed by mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, TruPS, other senior and subordinated real estate company securities, other preferred securities, RMBS, CMBS or other real estate-related securities. Adverse market trends since then have reduced, and we expect them to continue to reduce, the value of these types of assets and the value of our interests in securitizations.
Representations and warranties made by us in loan sales and securitizations may subject us to liability that could result in loan losses and could harm our operating results and, therefore distributions we make to our shareholders.
In connection with securitizations, we make representations and warranties regarding the assets transferred into securitization trusts. The trustee in the securitizations has recourse to us with respect to the breach of these representations and warranties. While we generally have recourse to loan originators for any such breaches, there can be no assurance that the originators will be able to honor their obligations. We generally attempt to limit the potential remedies of the trustee to the potential remedies we have against the originators from whom we acquired the assets. However, in some cases, the remedies available to the trustee may be broader than those available to us against the originators of the assets and, in the event the trustee enforces its remedies against us, we may not always be able to enforce whatever remedies are available to us against the originators of the loans. Furthermore, if we discover, prior to the securitization of an asset, that there is any fraud or misrepresentation with respect to it and the originator fails to repurchase the asset, then we may not be able to sell the asset or may have to sell it at a discount.
Our reliance on significant amounts of debt to finance investments may subject us to an increased risk of loss, reduce our return on investments, reduce our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders and possibly result in the foreclosure of any assets subject to secured financing.
We have historically incurred a significant amount of debt to finance operations, which could compound losses and reduce our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders. Changes in market conditions have caused, and may continue to cause, availability of financing to decrease and the cost of financing to increase relative to the income that we can derive from investments, which has impaired, and may continue to impair, the returns we can achieve and our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders. Our debt service payments reduce the net income available for distributions to our shareholders. Most of our assets are pledged as collateral for borrowings. In addition, the assets of the securitizations that we consolidate collateralize the debt obligations of the securitizations and are not available to satisfy other creditors. To the extent that we fail to meet debt service obligations, we risk the loss of some or all of our respective assets to foreclosure or sale to satisfy these debt obligations. Currently, our declaration of trust and bylaws do not impose any limitations on the extent to which we may leverage our respective assets.
We may seek to acquire, redeem, restructure, refinance or otherwise enter into transactions to satisfy our debt which may include issuances of our debt and/or equity securities, sales or exchanges of our assets or other methods.
We are aware that our convertible senior notes, CDO notes payable and other indebtedness are currently trading at substantial discounts to their respective face amounts. In order to reduce future cash interest payments, as well as future principal amounts due at maturity or upon redemption, or to otherwise benefit RAIT, we may,
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from time to time, purchase such convertible senior notes, CDO notes payable or other indebtedness for cash, in exchange for our equity securities, or for a combination of cash and equity securities, in each case in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, exchange offers and consent solicitations or otherwise. We will evaluate any such transactions in light of then-existing market conditions, contractual restrictions and other factors, taking into account our current liquidity and prospects for future access to capital. The amounts involved in any such transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may be material.
Our financing arrangements contain covenants that restrict our operations, and any default under these arrangements would inhibit our ability to grow our business, increase revenue and pay distributions to our shareholders.
Our financing arrangements contain extensive restrictions, covenants and events of default. Failure to meet or satisfy any of these covenants could result in an event of default under these agreements. Any event of default may materially adversely affect us. These agreements may contain cross- default provisions so that an event of default under any agreement will trigger an event of default under other agreements, giving our lenders the right to declare all amounts outstanding under their particular credit agreement to be immediately due and payable, and enforce their rights by foreclosing on or otherwise liquidating collateral pledged under these agreements.
Some of the consequences of these restrictions include the following:
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under our senior convertible notes, payment may be accelerated if a defined change in control occurs or if RAIT fails to pay a final judgment in excess of $25.0 million; |
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under our $10.0 million secured credit facility, a covenant default occurs if we do not maintain a defined net worth of $500.0 million, a defined debt to equity ratio of not more than 0.75 to 1 on a semi-annual basis and maintain liquidity of 5% of the committed lines of credit to us and an event of default occurs if RAIT fails to pay a final judgment in excess of $2.5 million; |
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under our $50.0 million secured credit facility, we must maintain a defined effective tangible net worth of $400.0 million and an event of default occurs if RAIT fails to pay a final judgment in excess of $5.0 million; |
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under the junior subordinated notes issued by RAIT included in Other Indebtedness in our balance sheets, if a payment default or bankruptcy related default occurs, RAIT is prohibited from paying dividends on its equity; and |
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under our master repurchase agreements, payments may be accelerated if we fail to maintain a defined effective tangible net worth of at least $400.0 million as of the end of any fiscal quarter and, under one of our master repurchase agreements, the rate of repayment may be increased if our defined average liquidity balance for the four most recent fiscal quarters is less than 40% of the aggregate purchase price outstanding under both master repurchase agreements or the aggregate management fees we receive during any fiscal quarter are less than $1.75 million and we may also be required to pay a performance amount monthly if losses in the purchased assets exceed agreed-upon limits. |
These restrictions may interfere with our ability to obtain financing or to engage in other business activities. Furthermore, our default under any of our financing arrangements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
The lack of liquidity in our investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments if the need arises and any sales may be at a loss to us.
We make investments in securities issued by private companies and other illiquid investments. A portion of these securities may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. The illiquidity of these investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments if the need arises and may impair the value of these investments. In addition, the fair value of our assets has been declining. Any sales of investments we make may result in our recognizing a loss on the sale.
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We operate in a highly competitive market which may harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
We are subject to significant competition in all of our business lines. We compete with many third parties engaged in finance and real estate investment activities, including other REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, lenders, governmental bodies and other entities. Some of these competitors have, or in the future may have, substantially greater financial resources than we do and generally may be able to accept more risk. As such, they have the ability to make larger loans and to reduce the risk of loss from any one loan by having a more diversified loan portfolio. They may also enjoy significant competitive advantages that result from, among other things, a lower cost of capital and enhanced operating efficiencies. An increase in the general availability of funds to lenders, or a decrease in the amount of borrowing activity, may increase competition for making loans and may reduce obtainable yields or increase the credit risk inherent in the available loans.
In addition, competition may lead us to pay a greater portion of the origination fees that we expect to collect in our future origination activities to third-party investment banks and brokers that introduce their clients to us in order to continue to generate new business from these sources or otherwise may reduce the fees we are able to earn in connection with our business lines.
Competition may limit the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us. It may also result in higher prices, lower yields and a narrower spread of yields over our borrowing costs, making it more difficult for us to acquire new investments on attractive terms and reducing the fee income we realize from the origination, structuring and management of securitizations. It may also make it more difficult to obtain appreciation interests and increase the price, and thus reduce potential yields, on discounted loans we acquire.
Loss of our management team or the ability to attract and retain key employees could harm our business.
The real estate finance business is very labor-intensive. We depend on our management team to manage our investments and attract customers for financing by, among other things, developing relationships with issuers, financial institutions and others. The market for skilled personnel is highly competitive and has historically experienced a high rate of turnover. Due to the nature of our business, we compete for qualified personnel not only with companies in our business, but also in other sectors of the financial services industry. Competition for qualified personnel may lead to increased hiring and retention costs. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to attract or retain qualified personnel at reasonable costs or at all. If we are unable to attract or retain a sufficient number of skilled personnel at manageable costs, it could impair our ability to manage our investments and execute our investment strategies successfully, thereby reducing our earnings and our ability to make distributions.
We depend on information systems and third parties. Systems failures could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, impair our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders.
Our business depends on communications and information systems. Any failure or interruption of these systems could cause delays or other problems in our activities, which could reduce our earnings and our operating results and negatively affect our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders.
We are named as a defendant in a consolidated putative class action securities lawsuit and putative shareholders derivative actions and the adverse resolution of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We, certain of our executive officers and trustees, our auditors and the lead underwriters involved in our public offering of common shares in January 2007 and our public offering of series C preferred stock in July 2007 were named defendants in one or more of nine putative class action securities lawsuits filed in August
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and September 2007 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. By Order dated November 17, 2007, the Court consolidated these cases under the caption In re RAIT Financial Trust Securities Litigation (No. 2:07-cv-03148), and appointed a lead plaintiff and lead counsel. On August 17, 2007, a putative shareholders derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania naming us, as nominal defendant, and certain of our executive officers and trustees as defendants. On February 10, 2009 a putative shareholders derivative action was filed in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County naming us, as nominal defendant, and certain of our executive officers and trustees as defendants. An adverse resolution of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For further information, see Legal Proceedings.
Our board of trustees may change our policies without shareholder consent.
Our board of trustees determines our policies and, in particular, our investment policies. Our board of trustees may amend our policies or approve transactions that deviate from these policies without a vote of or notice to our shareholders. Policy changes could adversely affect the market price of our shares and our ability to make distributions. Our board of trustees cannot take any action to disqualify us as a REIT or to otherwise revoke our election to be taxed as a REIT without the approval of a majority of our outstanding voting shares.
Our organizational documents do not limit our ability to enter into new lines of businesses, and we may enter into new businesses, make future strategic investments or acquisitions or enter into joint ventures, each of which may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our business.
Our organizational documents do not limit us to our current business lines. Accordingly, we may pursue growth through strategic investments, acquisitions or joint ventures, which may include entering into new lines of business. In addition, we expect opportunities will arise to acquire other companies, including REITs, managers of investment products or originators of real estate debt. To the extent we make strategic investments or acquisitions, enter into joint ventures, or enter into a new line of business, we will face numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks associated with:
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the required investment of capital and other resources, |
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the possibility that we have insufficient expertise to engage in such activities profitably or without incurring inappropriate amounts of risk, and |
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combining or integrating operational and management systems and controls and |
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compliance with applicable regulatory requirements including those required under the Internal Revenue Code and the Investment Company Act. |
Entry into certain lines of business may subject us to new laws and regulations with which we are not familiar, or from which we are currently exempt, and may lead to increased litigation and regulatory risk. If a new business generates insufficient revenue or if we are unable to efficiently manage our expanded operations, our results of operations will be adversely affected. In the case of joint ventures, we are subject to additional risks and uncertainties in that we may be dependent upon, and subject to liability, losses or reputation damage relating to, systems, controls and personnel that are not under our control.
We engage in transactions with related parties and our policies and procedures regarding these transactions may be insufficient to address any conflicts of interest that may arise.
Under our code of business conduct, we have established procedures regarding the review, approval and ratification of transactions which may give rise to a conflict of interest between us and any employee, officer, trustee, their immediate family members, other businesses under their control and other related persons. In the ordinary course of our business operations, we have ongoing relationships and have engaged in transactions with several related entities. These procedures may not be sufficient to address any conflicts of interest that may arise.
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Quarterly results may fluctuate and may not be indicative of future quarterly performance.
Our quarterly operating results could fluctuate; therefore, you should not rely on past quarterly results to be indicative of our performance in future quarters. Factors that could cause quarterly operating results to fluctuate include, among others, variations in our investment origination volume, variations in the timing of repayments, variations in the amount of time between our receipt of the proceeds of a securities offering and our investment of those proceeds in loans or real estate interests, market conditions that result in increased cost of funds, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions.
Risks Related to Our Investments
Payment defaults and other credit risks in our investment portfolio have substantially increased, and may continue to increase, in all categories of our investment portfolio, which has caused, and may continue to cause, adverse effects on our cash flow, net income and ability to make distributions.
Global recessionary economic conditions and adverse developments in the credit markets have led to business contraction, liquidity issues and other problems for many of the companies we finance. As a result, payment defaults and other credit risks in our investment portfolio have substantially increased, and may continue to increase, in all categories of our investment portfolio, which has caused, and may continue to cause, adverse effects on our cash flow, net income and ability to make distributions.
Our portfolio of TruPS has been adversely affected by, and may continue to be adversely affected by, adverse economic developments affecting the business sectors in which our borrowers operate, including homebuilders, residential mortgage providers, commercial mortgage providers, office, specialty finance, retail, hospitality and storage resulting in a substantial reduction in their fair value which adversely affects our financial performance and a substantial decrease in the cash flow we receive from the securitizations holding TruPS. We cannot assure you that the fair value we reflect for any asset or liability in any particular reporting period will not change adversely in a subsequent reporting period.
We have increased, and may continue to increase, our loan loss reserves against our portfolios of commercial real estate investments and residential mortgage backed securities, or RMBS, due to general business and economic conditions and increased credit and liquidity risks which have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our financial performance. Our portfolio of commercial real estate investments has been adversely affected by, and may continue to be adversely affected by, adverse economic developments affecting the business sectors in which our borrowers operate, including multi-family, office, and retail, reductions in the value of commercial real estate generally and the reduced availability of refinancing for commercial real estate investments as they mature. We cannot assure you that the loan loss reserves we adopt in any particular reporting period will be sufficient or will not increase in a subsequent reporting period.
If we are unable to improve the performance of commercial real estate properties we take control of in connection with restructurings, workouts and foreclosures of investments, our financial performance may be adversely affected.
We have taken control of an increasing number of the properties underlying our commercial real estate investments in connection with restructurings, workouts and foreclosures of these investments. If we are unable to improve the performance of these properties from their performance under their prior owners, our financial performance may be adversely affected. Any properties we consolidate may be required to be reflected at lower values on our financial statements.
We may not realize gains or income from investments and have realized, and may continue to realize, losses from some of our investments.
We seek to generate both current income and capital appreciation. However, our investments may not appreciate in value and, in fact, a substantial portion of our investments have declined, and may continue to decline, in value. In addition, some of the financings that we originated and the loans and securities in which we
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invest have, and may continue to, default on interest and/or principal payments. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains or income from investments and may realize losses. Any gains that we do realize may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. Any income that we realize may not be sufficient to offset our respective expenses.
Our investment portfolio may have material geographic, sector, property-type and sponsor concentrations.
We have material geographic concentrations related to investments in residential mortgage loans, RMBS, commercial real estate loans and CMBS. The REITs and real estate operating companies in whose securities we invest in may also have material geographic concentrations related to their investments in real estate, loans secured by real estate or other investments. We also have material concentrations in the property types that comprise our commercial loan portfolio and in the industry sectors that comprise our unsecured securities portfolio. We have material concentrations in the property types that comprise our commercial loan portfolio. We also have material concentrations in the sponsors of properties that comprise our commercial loan portfolio. Where we have any kind of concentration risk in our investments, an adverse development in that area of concentration could reduce the value of our investment and our return on that investment and, if the concentration affects a material amount of our investments, impair our ability to execute our investment strategies successfully, reduce our earnings and reduce our ability to increase or maintain our current level of distributions.
Adverse developments in any arrangement with a third party that was the source of a material amount of our investments could adversely impact our growth.
Our ability to grow our business depends on our ability to continue generating attractive investment opportunities. We have initiated numerous arrangements with third parties intended to increase our sources for originating investments in real estate. If any arrangement with a particular third party, whether through these programs or otherwise, becomes the source of a large percentage of our investments, any adverse developments in such an arrangement could impair our growth. Failure of arrangements with third parties could reduce our ability to originate assets.
Usury statutes may impose interest ceilings and substantial penalties for violations.
Interest we charge on our investments, which may include amounts received from appreciation interests, may be subject to state usury laws. These laws impose maximum interest rates that may be charged on loans and penalties for violation, including repayment of excess interest and unenforceability of debt. We seek to structure our loans so that we do not violate applicable usury laws, but uncertainties in determining the legality of interest rates and other borrowing charges under some statutes may result in inadvertent violations.
Longer term, subordinate and non-traditional loans and our consolidated real estate interests may be illiquid and their value may decrease.
Our commercial real estate loans and our consolidated real estate interests are relatively illiquid investments and we may be unable to vary our portfolio promptly in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions. As a result, the fair market value of our portfolio may decrease in the future.
Our subordinated real estate investments such as mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests in entities owning real estate involve increased risk of loss.
We invest in mezzanine loans and other forms of subordinated financing, such as investments consisting of preferred equity interests in entities owning real estate. Because of their subordinate position, these subordinated investments carry a greater credit risk than senior lien financing, including a substantially greater risk of
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non-payment. If a borrower defaults on our subordinated investment or on debt senior to us, our subordinated investment will be satisfied only after the senior debt is paid off, which may result in our being unable to recover the full amount, or any, of our investment. A decline in the real estate market could adversely affect the value of the property so that the aggregate outstanding balances of senior liens may exceed the value of the underlying property.
Where debt senior to our investment exists, the presence of inter-creditor arrangements may limit our ability to amend our loan documents, assign our loans, accept prepayments, exercise our remedies (through standstill periods) and control decisions made in bankruptcy proceedings relating to borrowers. Bankruptcy and borrower litigation can significantly increase the time needed for us to acquire underlying collateral in the event of a default, during which time the collateral may decline in value. In addition, there are significant costs and delays associated with the foreclosure process. In the event of a default on a senior loan, we may elect to make payments, if we have the right to do so, in order to prevent foreclosure on the senior loans. When we originate or acquire a subordinated investment, we may not have the right to service senior loans. The servicers of the senior loans are responsible to the holders of those loans, whose interests will likely not coincide with ours, particularly in the event of a default. Accordingly, the senior loans may not be serviced in a manner advantageous to us. It is also possible that, in some cases, a due on sale clause included in a senior mortgage, which accelerates the amount due under the senior mortgage in case of the sale of the property, may apply to the sale of the property if we foreclose, increasing our risk of loss.
We have loans that are not collateralized by recorded or perfected liens on the real estate underlying our loans. Some of the loans not collateralized by liens are secured instead by deeds-in-lieu of foreclosure, also known as pocket deeds. A deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is a deed executed in blank that the holder is entitled to record immediately upon a default in the loan. Loans that are not collateralized by recorded or perfected liens are subordinate not only to existing liens encumbering the underlying property, but also to future judgments or other liens that may arise as well as to the claims of general creditors of the borrower. Moreover, filing a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure with respect to these loans will usually constitute an event of default under any related senior debt. Any such default would require us to assume or pay off the senior debt in order to protect our investment. Furthermore, in a borrowers bankruptcy, we will have materially fewer rights than secured creditors and, if our loan is secured by equity interests in the borrower, fewer rights than the borrowers general creditors. Our rights also will be subordinate to the lien-like rights of the bankruptcy trustee. Moreover, enforcement of our loans against the underlying properties will involve a longer, more complex, and likely, more expensive legal process than enforcement of a mortgage loan. In addition, we may lose lien priority in many jurisdictions, to persons who supply labor and materials to a property. For these and other reasons, the total amount that we may recover from one of our investments may be less than the total amount of that investment or our cost of an acquisition of an investment.
Acquisitions of loans may involve increased risk of loss.
When we acquire existing loans, they are subject to general risks described in this section. When we acquire loans at a discount from both the outstanding balances of the loans and the appraised value of the properties underlying the loans; the loans typically are in default under the original loan terms or other requirements and are subject to forbearance agreements. A forbearance agreement typically requires a borrower to pay to the lender all revenue from a property after payment of the propertys operating expenses in return for the lenders agreement to withhold exercising its rights under the loan documents. Acquiring loans at a discount involves a substantially higher degree of risk of non-collection than loans that conform to institutional underwriting criteria. We do not acquire a loan unless material steps have been taken toward resolving problems with the loan, or its underlying property. However, previously existing problems may recur or other problems may arise.
Financing with high loan-to-value ratios may involve increased risk of loss.
A loan-to-value ratio is the ratio of the amount of our financing, plus the amount of any senior indebtedness, to the appraised value of the property underlying the loan. Most of our financings have loan-to-value ratios in excess of 80% and many have loan-to-value ratios in excess of 90%. We expect to continue to hold loans with
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high loan-to-value ratios. By reducing the margin available to cover fluctuations in property value, a high loan-to-value ratio increases the risk that, upon default, the amount obtainable from the sale of the underlying property may be insufficient to repay the financing.
Lease expirations, lease defaults and lease terminations may adversely affect our revenue.
Lease expirations, lease defaults and lease terminations may result in reduced revenue from our real estate interests if the lease payments received from replacement tenants are less than the lease payments received from the expiring, defaulting or terminating tenants. In addition, lease defaults by one or more significant tenants, lease terminations by tenants following events causing significant damage to the property or takings by eminent domain, or the failure of tenants under expiring leases to elect to renew their leases, could cause us to experience long periods with reduced or no revenue from a facility and to incur substantial capital expenditures in order to obtain replacement tenants.
We may need to make significant capital improvements to our properties in order to remain competitive.
The properties underlying our consolidated real estate interests may face competition from newer, more updated properties. In order to remain competitive, we may need to make significant capital improvements to these properties. In addition, in the event we need to re-lease a property, we may need to make significant tenant improvements. The costs of these improvements could impair our financial performance.
Uninsured and underinsured losses may affect the value of, or our return from, our real estate interests.
Our properties, and the properties underlying our loans, have comprehensive insurance in amounts we believe are sufficient to permit the replacement of the properties in the event of a total loss, subject to applicable deductibles. There are, however, certain types of losses, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and terrorism that may be uninsurable or not economically insurable. Also, inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors might make it impractical to use insurance proceeds to replace a damaged or destroyed property. If any of these or similar events occurs, it may reduce our return from an affected property and the value of our investment.
Real estate with environmental problems may create liability for us.
The existence of hazardous or toxic substances on a property will adversely affect its value and our ability to sell or borrow against the property. Contamination of real estate by hazardous substances or toxic wastes not only may give rise to a lien on that property to assure payment of the cost of remediation, but also can result in liability to us as owner, operator or lender for that cost. Many environmental laws can impose liability whether we know of, or are responsible for, the contamination. In addition, if we arrange for the disposal of hazardous or toxic substances at another site, we may be liable for the costs of cleaning up and removing those substances from the site, even if we neither own nor operate the disposal site. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses, and may materially limit our use of our properties and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders. In addition, future or amended laws, or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing environmental requirements, may increase our exposure to environmental liability.
Preferred equity investments in REITs and real estate operating companies may involve a greater risk of loss than traditional debt financing and specific risks relating to particular issuers.
We may invest in preferred securities, other than TruPS, of REITs and real estate operating companies, depending upon our ability to finance such assets directly or indirectly in accordance with our financing strategy. Preferred equity investments involve a higher degree of risk than traditional debt financing due to a variety of factors, including that such investments are subordinate to debt and are not secured by property underlying the investment. Furthermore, should an issuer of preferred equity default on our investment, we would only be able to proceed against the issuer, and not the property owned by the issuer. In most cases, a preferred equity holder
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has no recourse against an issuer for a failure to pay stated dividends; rather, unpaid dividends typically accrue and the preferred shareholder maintains a liquidation preference in the event of a liquidation of the issuer of the preferred securities. An issuer may not have sufficient assets to satisfy any liquidation preference to which we may be entitled. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investments in preferred equity securities.
Our investments in unsecured REIT note receivables are subject to the risks of investing in subordinated real estate-related securities, which may result in losses to us.
REITs generally are required to invest substantially in operating real estate or real estate-related assets and are subject to the inherent risks associated with real estate-related investments. Our investments in TruPS and other REIT securities are also subject to the risks described below with respect to mortgage-backed securities and similar risks, including
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risks of delinquency and foreclosure, and the resulting risks of loss, |
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the dependence upon the successful operation of and net income from real property, |
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risks generally incident to interests in real property, and |
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risks that may be presented by the type and use of a particular property. |
Unsecured REIT securities are generally subordinated to other obligations of the issuer and are not secured by specific assets of the REIT.
Investments in REIT securities are also subject to risks of:
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limited liquidity in the secondary trading market, |
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substantial market price volatility resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates, |
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subordination to the prior claims of banks and other senior lenders to the issuer, |
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the operation of mandatory sinking fund or call/redemption provisions during periods of declining interest rates that could cause the issuer to reinvest premature redemption proceeds in lower yielding assets, |
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the possibility that earnings of the REIT issuer may be insufficient to meet its debt service and dividend obligations, and |
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the declining creditworthiness and potential for insolvency of the issuer of such REIT securities during periods of rising interest rates or economic downturn. |
These risks may impair the value of outstanding REIT securities and the ability of the issuers of such securities to repay principal and interest or make dividend payments.
Prepayment rates on TruPS, mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities could reduce the value of our investments, which could result in reduced earnings or losses and impair our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders.
The value of the TruPS, mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, mortgage-backed securities and, possibly, other securities in which we invest may be reduced by prepayment rates. For example, higher than expected prepayment rates will likely result in interest-only securities retained by us in the mortgage loan securitizations and securities that we acquire at a premium to diminish in value. Prepayment rates are influenced by changes in current interest rates, availability of credit and a variety of economic, geographic and other factors beyond our control, and consequently, such prepayment rates cannot be predicted with certainty.
Borrowers tend to prepay their financings faster when interest rates decline. In these circumstances, we would have to reinvest the money received from the prepayments at the lower prevailing interest rates. Conversely, borrowers tend not to prepay on their financings when interest rates increase. Consequently, we would be unable to reinvest money that would have otherwise been received from prepayments at the higher
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prevailing interest rates. This volatility in prepayment rates may affect our ability to maintain targeted amounts of leverage on our investment portfolio, and may result in reduced earnings or losses for us and negatively affect our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders.
The guarantees of principal and interest related to the mortgage-backed securities in which we may invest directly or indirectly provided by the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation or the Government National Mortgage Association do not protect investors against prepayment risks.
The residential and commercial mortgage loans in which we invest and the residential and commercial mortgage loans underlying the RMBS and CMBS, respectively, in which we invest are subject to delinquency, foreclosure and loss, which could result in losses to us that may result in reduced earnings or losses and negatively affect our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders.
We hold substantial amounts of investments in residential mortgage loans and RMBS. Residential mortgage loans and RMBS are secured by single-family residential property and are subject to risks of delinquency, foreclosure and loss. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by a residential property depends upon the income or assets of the borrower. A number of factors, including a general economic downturn, acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances, may impair borrowers abilities to repay their loans. RMBS are securities collateralized by a pool of residential mortgages. Payments on RMBS are dependent upon the performance of the underlying residential mortgages in the pool.
We hold substantial portfolios of commercial mortgage loans and CMBS, which are secured by multi-family or other commercial property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically depends primarily upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrowers ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be affected by, among other things: tenant mix, success of tenant businesses, property management decisions, property location and condition, competition from comparable types of properties, changes in laws that increase operating expense or limit rents that may be charged, any need to address environmental contamination at the property, the occurrence of any uninsured casualty at the property, changes in national, regional or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments, declines in regional or local real estate values, declines in regional or local rental or occupancy rates, increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses, changes in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies, including environmental legislation, acts of God, terrorism, social unrest and civil disturbances.
In the event of any default under a residential or commercial mortgage loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on its cash flow from operations. In the event of the bankruptcy of a residential or commercial mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law. Legislation is being considered which would permit a bankruptcy judge to alter the terms of a residential mortgage loan in bankruptcy, including reduction of the principal amount of the mortgage and interest rates, which, if enacted, could have an adverse effect on amounts we are able to recover from residential mortgages in bankruptcy that we hold directly or underlying RMBS we hold.
Foreclosure of a residential or commercial mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process, which could have a substantial negative effect on our anticipated return on the foreclosed mortgage loan. RMBS evidence interests in or are secured by pools of residential mortgage loans and CMBS evidence interests in or are secured by a single commercial mortgage loan or a pool of commercial mortgage loans. Accordingly, the mortgage-backed securities in which we invest are subject to all of the risks of the underlying mortgage loans.
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In addition, residential mortgage borrowers are not typically prevented by the terms of their mortgage loans from prepaying their loans in whole or in part at any time. Borrowers prepay their mortgages for many reasons, but typically, when interest rates decline, borrowers tend to prepay at faster rates. To the extent that the underlying residential mortgage borrowers in any of our mortgage loan pools or the pools underlying any of our mortgage-backed securities prepay their loans, we will likely receive funds that will have to be reinvested, and we may need to reinvest those funds at less desirable rates of return.
Our investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables consists primarily of investments in adjustable rate residential mortgages. These mortgages bear interest rates that are fixed for three, five, seven and ten year periods, respectively, and reset annually thereafter and are referred to as 3/1, 5/1, 7/1 and 10/1 ARMs, respectively. In the event the interest rate on the residential mortgages at the time of an interest rate adjustment is higher than at thetime of issuance or the prior rate reset, the interest amount payable will increase and the possibility of prepayment or default by the related mortgagors increase.
A substantial majority of the mortgage loans in the residential mortgage loan portfolios that we have invested in have an initial interest only period of three, five, seven or ten years, which may result in increased delinquencies and losses. These loans were primarily originated in years 2005 and 2006. During this period, the payment made by the related mortgagor will be less than it would be if the mortgage loan amortized. In addition, the mortgage loan balance will not be reduced by the principal portion of scheduled payments during this period. After the initial interest only period, the scheduled monthly payment on these mortgage loans will increase, which may result in increased delinquencies by the related mortgagors. In addition, losses may be greater on these mortgage loans as a result of the mortgage loan not amortizing during the early years of these mortgage loans. Also, no principal distributions are made to residential mortgage-backed securities holders from interest only loans during their interest only period except in the case of a prepayment, which may extend the weighted average lives of such securities,
Our acquisition of investments denominated or payable in foreign currencies may affect our revenues operating margins and distributions and may also affect the book value of our assets and shareholders equity.
Our investment strategy has historically involved acquiring investments denominated or payable in foreign currencies. As a result, changes in the relation of any such foreign currency to the U.S. dollar may affect our revenue, operating margins and distributions and may also affect the book value of our assets and shareholders equity. We have engaged, and may continue to engage, in direct hedging activities to mitigate the risks of exchange rate fluctuations. We may reduce or cease these hedging activities in the future which may increase our exposure to the risks of exchange rate fluctuations. Any income recognized with respect to these hedges (as well as any unhedged foreign currency gain recognized with respect to changes in exchange rates) will generally not qualify as eligible income for purposes of either the 75% gross income text or the 95% gross income test that we and Taberna must each satisfy annually in order to qualify as a REIT.
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates used to value a REITs foreign assets may be considered changes in the value of the REITs assets. These changes could cause either or both of us and Taberna to be unable to qualify as a REIT. Further, bank accounts in foreign currencies which are not considered cash or cash equivalents could also cause us or Taberna to be unable to qualify as a REIT.
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Our international investing strategy will subject us to risks related to adverse political and economic developments, differing laws regarding a lenders or property owners rights and its ability to enforce its rights, availability of financial information conforming to U.S. accounting standards, and the tax treatment of investments, any of which may impair our operations or ability to make distributions.
Additionally, foreign real estate investments involve risks not generally associated with investments in the United States. These risks include unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, political and economic instability in some geographic locations, potential imposition of adverse or confiscatory taxes, possible challenges to the tax treatment of an investment that could change the treatment from what we expected at the time of investments, possible currency transfer restrictions, expropriation, the difficulty in enforcing obligations in other countries and the burden of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws. Each of these risks might impair our performance and reduce or eliminate our ability to make distributions. In addition, there is typically less publicly available information about foreign companies and a lack of uniform financial accounting standards and practices (including the availability of information in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States) which could impair our ability to analyze transactions and receive the timely and accurate financial information we each need to monitor the performance of our investments and to meet our reporting obligations to financial institutions or regulatory agencies, such as the SEC.
Risks Relating to the Fair Value of Our Assets and Liabilities
A substantial portion of our assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value as determined in good faith by our management and, as a result, there may be uncertainty as to the value of these investments.
Prior to January 1, 2008, we recorded certain of our investments in securities and derivatives at fair value. Upon adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 159 on January 1, 2008, we adjusted the carrying amounts of certain investments in securities, certain CDO notes payable, certain derivative instruments and other assets and liabilities to fair value. Going forward, we will continue to reflect the fair value of these financial assets and liabilities at fair value in our balance sheet, with all changes in fair value recorded in earnings.
We expect that most of our investments will be securities or other assets that are not publicly traded. The fair value of securities and other investments that are not publicly traded may not be readily determinable. We will value these investments quarterly at fair value as determined in good faith by our management. Because such valuations are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these investments existed. If our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments are not realized, we could record a loss upon their disposal.
The fair value of our assets and liabilities that we record at their fair value under SFAS 159 has declined, and may continue to decline, substantially, which has had a material adverse effect of our financial performance.
The fair value of our investments and related interest rate hedges instruments that we record on our financial statements at their fair value under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, has been adversely affected, and may continue to be adversely affected, by general business and economic conditions and interest rate changes which has adversely effected, and may continue to adversely effect, our financial results. These investments consist primarily of our portfolio of TruPS and subordinated debentures.
The fair value of our CDO notes payable and other liabilities we record on our financial statements at their fair value under GAAP has been adversely affected, and may continue to be adversely affected, by general business and economic conditions and increased credit and liquidity risks relating to these liabilities which has had a beneficial effect on our financial performance but, if such fair value increases, that increase would have an adverse effect on our financial performance.
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The fair value of our CDO notes payable issued by our consolidated Taberna securitizations has reduced substantially faster than fair value of the assets collateralizing those securitizations and, if the fair value of the CDO notes payable increases to approximate that of the underlying assets, that would have a material adverse effect on our earnings and shareholders equity.
Through December 31, 2008, the cumulative effect of the fair value adjustments recorded on each financial asset and liability selected for the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 resulted in a net increase in shareholders equity of $215.0 million, principally as a result of adjustments in the fair value of our CDO notes payable and other liabilities. This increase in shareholders equity may reverse through earnings as an unrealized loss in the future. For example, in the event our CDO notes payable were to recover some or all of their par amount at a speed that exceeds any recovery of par amount by our investments in securities, the difference in the respective par amount recoveries could adversely affect earnings and our shareholders equity. Given the market conditions referred to above and the volatility in interest rates and the credit performance of our underlying collateral, we cannot assure you that there will not be further significant fluctuations in the fair value of our assets and liabilities subject to SFAS No. 159, which could have a material effect on our financial performance.
Interest rate changes may reduce the value of our investments.
Changes in interest rates affect the market value of our investment portfolio. In general, the market value of a loan will change in inverse relation to an interest rate change where a loan has a fixed interest rate or only limited interest rate adjustments. Accordingly, in a period of rising interest rates, the market value of such a loan will decrease. Moreover, in a period of declining interest rates, real estate loans with rates that are fixed or variable only to a limited extent may have less value than other income-producing securities due to possible prepayments. Interest rate changes will also affect the return we obtain on new loans. In particular, during a period of declining rates, our reinvestment of loan repayments may be at lower rates than we obtained in prior investments or on the repaid loans. Also, increases in interest rates on debt we incur may not be reflected in increased rates of return on the investments funded through such debt, which would reduce our return on those investments. Accordingly, interest rate changes may materially affect the total return on our investment portfolio, which in turn will affect the amount available for distribution to shareholders.
The value of our investments depends on conditions beyond our control.
Our investments include loans secured directly or indirectly by real estate, interests in entities whose principal or sole assets are real estate or direct ownership of real estate. As a result, the value of these investments depends primarily upon the value of the real estate underlying these investments which is affected by numerous factors beyond our control including general and local economic conditions, neighborhood values, competitive overbuilding, weather, casualty losses, occupancy rates and other factors beyond our control. The value of this underlying real estate may also be affected by factors such as the costs of compliance with use, occupancy and similar regulations, potential or actual liabilities under applicable environmental laws, changes in interest rates and the availability of financing. Income from a property will be reduced if a significant number of tenants are unable to pay rent or if available space cannot be rented on favorable terms. Operating and other expenses of this underlying real estate, particularly significant expenses such as mortgage payments, insurance, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, generally do not decrease when income decreases and, even if revenue increases, operating and other expenses may increase faster than revenues.
Any investment may also be affected by a borrowers failure to comply with the terms of our investment, its bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization or its properties becoming subject to foreclosure proceedings, all of which may require us to become involved in expensive and time-consuming litigation. Some of our investments defer some portion of our return to loan maturity or the mandatory redemption date. The borrowers ability to satisfy these deferred obligations may depend upon its ability to obtain suitable refinancing or to otherwise raise a substantial amount of cash. These risks may be subject to the same considerations we describe in this Risks Related to Our Investments section.
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Risks Relating to Our Use of Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
Our hedging transactions may not completely insulate us from interest rate risk, which could cause volatility in our earnings.
Subject to limits imposed by our desire to maintain our and Tabernas respective qualification as a REIT, we enter into hedging transactions to limit exposure to changes in interest rates. We are therefore exposed to risks associated with such transactions. We have entered into, and expect to continue to enter into, interest rate swap agreements. We may also use instruments such as forward contracts and interest rate caps, currency swaps, collars and floors to seek to hedge against fluctuations in the relative values of portfolio positions from changes in market interest rates. Hedging against a decline in the values of portfolio positions does not eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the values of such positions or prevent losses if the values of such positions decline. However, such hedging can establish other positions designed to gain from those same developments, thereby offsetting the decline in the value of such portfolio positions. Such hedging transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the values of the portfolio positions should increase. Moreover, it may not be possible to hedge against an interest rate fluctuation that is so generally anticipated that we would not be able to enter into a hedging transaction at an acceptable price.
The success of hedging transactions undertaken by us will depend on our ability to structure and execute effective hedges for the assets we hold and, to a degree, on our ability to anticipate interest rate or currency value fluctuations, the expected life of our assets or other factors. Our failure to do so may result in poorer overall investment performance than if we had not engaged in such hedging transactions. In addition, the degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in a hedging strategy and price movements in the portfolio positions being hedged may vary. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, we may not establish a perfect correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to risk of loss.
Changes in fair value can be caused by changes in interest rates that are not fully hedged. To the extent that we fail to hedge fully against adverse fluctuations in interest rates, our earnings will be reduced or we could have losses.
Accounting for hedges under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, is extremely complicated. We may fail to qualify for hedge accounting in accordance with GAAP, which could have a material effect on our earnings as described above.
While we use hedging to mitigate certain risks, our failure to completely insulate the portfolios from those risks may cause greater volatility in our earnings.
Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities and involve risks of default by the hedging counterparty and illiquidity.
Subject to maintaining our and Tabernas respective qualification as a REIT, part of our investment strategy involves entering into puts and calls on securities or indices of securities, interest rate swaps, caps and collars, including options and forward contracts, and interest rate lock agreements, principally Treasury lock agreements, to seek to hedge against mismatches between the cash flows from our assets and the interest payments on our liabilities. Hedging instruments often are not traded on regulated exchanges, guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or foreign governmental authorities. Consequently, there are no requirements with respect to record keeping, financial responsibility or segregation of customer funds and positions. Furthermore, the enforceability of agreements underlying derivative transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory and commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. Legislation is being considered to create a clearing house for hedging instruments. We cannot assure you what the impact of this legislation would be on our existing hedging instruments or our ability to enter into hedges.
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The business failure of a counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely result in a default. Default by a party with whom we entered into a hedging transaction may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover our resale commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally we seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, we may not always be able to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the hedging counterparty, and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. A liquid secondary market may not exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold, and we may have to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in losses.
Our ability to enter into hedging transactions at commercially reasonable rates may be limited by developments relating to the counterparties we used historically and economic and credit market conditions generally.
Most of the counterparties under our outstanding hedging instruments are affiliates of investment banks that have subsequently been acquired by other financial institutions. We cannot assure you that as our outstanding hedges reach their termination dates or as we seek to enter into new hedging transactions, that our historical counterparties or other institutions with acceptable credit ratings will enter into hedging transactions with us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. While most of our hedging instruments have termination dates in 2014 or later, we have hedges that will terminate in each year prior to 2014. If we cannot enter into interest rate hedges on commercially reasonable terms, our exposure to interest rate risk will increase. The risk of defaults by our counterparties may increase as the markets for hedging transactions shrink and become more volatile.
We may enter into hedging instruments that could expose us to unexpected losses in the future.
We may enter into hedging instruments that would require us to fund cash payments in the future under certain circumstances, for example, upon the early termination of the instrument caused by an event of default or other early termination event, or the decision by a counterparty to request margin securities it is contractually owed under the terms of the instrument. The amount due would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open positions with the counterparty and could also include other fees and charges. These losses will be reflected in our financial results of operations, and our ability to fund these obligations will depend on the liquidity of our assets and access to capital at the time, and the need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our financial condition.
We may enter into derivative contracts that could expose us to contingent liabilities in the future.
Part of our investment strategy involves entering into derivative contracts like the interest rate swaps we use to limit our exposure to interest rate movements. Most of our derivative contracts require us to fund cash payments upon the early termination of a derivative agreement caused by an event of default or other early termination event. The amount due would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open swap positions with the respective counterparty and could also include other fees and charges. In addition, some of these derivative arrangements require that we maintain specified percentages of cash collateral with the counterparty to fund potential liabilities under the derivative contract. We may have to make cash payments in order to maintain the required percentage of collateral with the counterparty. These economic losses would be reflected in our results of operations, and our ability to fund these obligations would depend on the liquidity of our respective assets and access to capital at the time. The need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our financial condition. Our due diligence may not reveal all of an entitys liabilities and may not reveal other weaknesses in the entitys business.
Before originating a loan or investment for, or making a loan to or investment in, an entity, we will assess the strength and skills of the entitys management and other factors that we believe will determine the success of the loan or investment. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we expect to rely on the available resources and, in some cases, an investigation by third parties. This process is particularly
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important and subjective with respect to newly organized entities because there may be little or no information publicly available about the entities. As a result, there can be no assurance that the due diligence processes we conduct will uncover all relevant facts or that any investment will be successful.
Tax Risks
We or Taberna may fail to qualify as a REIT, and such failure to qualify would have significant adverse consequences on the value of our common shares. In addition, if we or Taberna fail to qualify as a REIT, such entitys dividends will not be deductible, and the entity will be subject to corporate-level tax on its net taxable income, which would reduce the cash available to make distributions.
We and Taberna believe that each of us has been organized and operated in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT. Neither we nor Taberna has requested or plan to request a ruling from the IRS that we qualify as a REIT and any statements in our or Tabernas filings with the SEC are not binding on the IRS or any court. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions, for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our or Tabernas control may also affect our respective abilities to qualify as a REIT. In order to qualify as a REIT, we and Taberna must satisfy a number of requirements, including requirements regarding the composition of our respective assets and sources of our respective gross income. Also, we and Taberna must make distributions to our respective shareholders (in Tabernas case, principally us) aggregating annually at least 90% of our respective net taxable incomes, excluding net capital gains. In addition, our and Tabernas ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we and Taberna have no control or limited influence, including in cases where we and Taberna own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership or REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As an example, to the extent we invest in preferred equity securities of other REIT issuers, our qualification as a REIT will depend upon the continued qualification of such issuers as REITs under the Internal Revenue Code. Accordingly, unlike other REITs, we may be subject to additional risk regarding our ability to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT. The reduction in our rate of originating new assets, operations and liquidity may adversely impact RAIT and Tabernas respective ability to meet REIT requirements and we may be less able to make changes to our investment portfolio to adjust our respective REIT qualifying assets and income depended on ability to deploy capital and maintain assets under management.
There can be no assurance that we or Taberna will be successful in operating in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT. In addition, legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may adversely affect our and Tabernas investors, our and Tabernas ability to qualify as a REIT or the desirability of an investment in a REIT relative to other investments.
If Taberna fails to qualify as a REIT, then we also would very likely fail to qualify as a REIT, because Taberna common and preferred shares make up a significant portion of our total assets and because we will likely receive substantial dividend income from Taberna.
If we or Taberna fail to qualify as a REIT or lose our qualification as a REIT at any time, we or it will face serious tax consequences that would substantially reduce the funds available for distribution to its shareholders (in the case of Taberna, primarily us) for each of the years involved because:
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we or Taberna would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to our respective shareholders in computing taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates; |
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we or Taberna also could be subject to the U.S. federal alternative minimum tax and possibly increased state and local taxes; and |
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unless statutory relief provisions apply, we or Taberna could not elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year of disqualification. |
In addition, if we or Taberna fail to qualify as a REIT, such entity will not be required to make distributions to its shareholders (in the case of Taberna, primarily us), and all distributions to shareholders will be subject to
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tax as regular corporate dividends to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits. Moreover, if we or Taberna fail to qualify as a REIT, any taxable mortgage pool securitizations will be treated as separate taxable corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us or Taberna to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT, we and Taberna must continually satisfy various tests regarding sources of income, nature and diversification of assets, amounts distributed to shareholders and the ownership of common shares. In order to satisfy these tests, we and Taberna may be required to forgo investments that might otherwise be made. Accordingly, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our or Tabernas investment performance.
In particular, at least 75% of each of our and Tabernas total assets at the end of each calendar quarter must consist of real estate assets, government securities, and cash or cash items. For this purpose, real estate assets generally include interests in real property, such as land, buildings, leasehold interests in real property, stock of other entities that qualify as REITs, interests in mortgage loans secured by real property, investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following the receipt of new capital and regular or residual interests in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC. In addition, the amount of securities of a single issuer that each of we and Taberna hold must generally not exceed either 5% of the value of such issuers gross assets or 10% of the vote or value of such issuers outstanding securities.
Certain of the assets that we or Taberna hold or intend to hold, including TruPS and unsecured loans to REITs or other entities, will not be qualified real estate assets for the purposes of the REIT asset tests. In addition, although preferred equity securities of REITs (which would not include TruPS) should generally be treated as qualified real estate assets, this will require that (i) they are treated as equity for U.S. tax purposes, and (ii) their issuers maintain their qualification as REITs. CMBS and RMBS securities should generally qualify as real estate assets. However, to the extent that we or Taberna own non-REMIC collateralized mortgage obligations or other debt instruments secured by mortgage loans (rather than by real property) or secured by non-real estate assets, or debt securities issued by corporations that are not secured by mortgages on real property, those securities will likely not be qualifying real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests.
We or Taberna generally will be treated as the owner of any assets that collateralize a securitization transaction to the extent that we or Taberna retain all of the equity of the securitization entity and do not make an election to treat such securitization entity as a TRS, as described in further detail below.
As noted above, in order to comply with the REIT asset tests and 75% gross income test, at least 75% of each of our and Tabernas total assets and 75% of gross income must be derived from qualifying real estate assets, whether or not such assets would otherwise represent our or Tabernas best investment alternative. For example, since neither TruPS nor equity in corporate entities that hold TruPS, such as securitizations, will be qualifying real estate assets, Taberna (and we, to the extent that we invest in such assets) must hold substantial investments in qualifying real estate assets, including mortgage loans and CMBS and RMBS securities, which typically have lower yields than TruPS.
A REITs net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, but including any mortgage loans, held in inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. The prohibited transaction tax may apply to any sale of assets to a securitization and to any sale of securitization securities, and therefore may limit our and Tabernas ability to sell assets to or equity in securitizations and other assets.
It may be possible to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax and the holding of assets not qualifying as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests by conducting certain activities, holding non-qualifying REIT assets or engaging in securitization transactions through our or Tabernas TRSs, subject to certain limitations as described below. To the extent that we or Taberna engage in such activities through TRSs, the income associated with such activities may be subject to full U.S. federal corporate income tax.
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Neither TruPS nor equity in corporate entities, such as issuers of securitizations that hold TruPS, will qualify as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and the income generated by such investments generally will not qualify as real estate-related income for the REIT gross income tests. We and Taberna must continue to invest in qualifying real estate assets, such as mortgage loans and debt securities secured by real estate, to maintain its REIT qualification, and these assets typically generate less attractive returns than TruPS which could result in reduced returns to Taberna, and therefore to our shareholders.
Neither TruPS nor equity in corporate entities, such as issuers of securitizations, that hold TruPS will qualify as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests that Taberna must meet on a quarterly basis to maintain its qualification as a REIT. We use the term securitizations to refer to either the issuer of securitizations or the securitizations themselves, where the context makes the reference clear. The income received from Tabernas investments in TruPS or in corporate entities holding TruPS generally will not qualify as real estate-related income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. Accordingly, Taberna will be limited in its ability to originate TruPS or maintain its investments in TruPS or entities created to hold TruPS if Taberna does not invest in sufficient qualifying real estate assets. Taberna will continue to originate and invest in TruPS and in REIT-eligible assets, such as mortgage loans, residential mortgage-backed securities, or RMBS, and commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS. If Taberna fails to make sufficient investments in qualifying real estate assets, Taberna will likely fail to maintain its REIT qualification, which could cause Taberna to be subject to significant taxes and RAIT to fail to maintain its REIT qualification and be subject to significant taxes. REIT qualifying investments typically are lower yielding than Tabernas expected returns on TruPS. Accordingly, maintaining sufficient amounts of REIT qualifying investments could result in reduced returns to Taberna, and therefore to our shareholders.
Furthermore, if income inclusions from Tabernas foreign taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, which are securitizations are determined not to qualify for the REIT 95% gross income test, Taberna could fail to qualify as a REIT, or even if it did not fail to qualify as a REIT, Taberna could be subject to a penalty tax. In addition, Taberna would need to invest in sufficient qualifying assets, or sell some of its interests in its foreign TRSs which are securitizations to ensure that the income recognized by Taberna from its foreign TRSs which are securitizations does not exceed 5% of Tabernas gross income. See We or Taberna may lose our or its REIT qualification or be subject to a penalty tax if the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, successfully challenges our or its characterization of income from our or its foreign TRSs which are securitizations. Any reduction in Tabernas net taxable income would have an adverse effect on its liquidity, and its ability to pay distributions to us.
Each of our and Tabernas qualifications as a REIT and exemption from U.S. federal income tax with respect to certain assets may be dependent on the issuers of the REIT securities in which we and Taberna invest maintaining their REIT qualification and the accuracy of legal opinions rendered to or statements made by the issuers of securities, including securitizations, in which we and Taberna invest.
When purchasing securities issued by REITs, we and Taberna may rely on opinions of counsel for the issuer of such securities, or statements made in related offering documents, for purposes of determining whether such issuer qualifies as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and whether such securities represent debt or equity securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and therefore to what extent those securities constitute REIT real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and produce income which qualifies under the 75% REIT gross income test. In addition, when purchasing securitization equity, we and Taberna may rely on opinions of counsel regarding the qualification of the securitization for exemption from U.S. corporate income tax. The inaccuracy of any such opinions or statements may adversely affect our or Tabernas REIT qualification and/or result in significant corporate-level tax. In addition, if the issuer of any REIT equity securities in which we or Taberna invest were to fail to maintain its qualification as a REIT, the securities of such issuer held by us or Taberna will fail to qualify as real estate assets for purposes of maintaining REIT qualification and the income generated by such securities will not represent qualifying income for purposes of the 75% REIT gross income test and therefore could cause us or Taberna to fail to qualify as a REIT.
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We and Taberna own interests in taxable mortgage pools, which may subject us to U.S. federal income tax, increase the tax liability of our shareholders and limit the manner in which we and Taberna effect securitizations.
We and Taberna have entered, and will likely continue to enter into transactions that result in us or Taberna or a portion of our or Tabernas assets being treated as a taxable mortgage pool for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Specifically, we securitized portfolios of loans and other real estate assets that we had originated and will likely do so in the future, and Taberna has securitized portfolios of mortgage loans and will likely in the future securitize RMBS or CMBS assets that Taberna acquires. Such securitizations will result in us and Taberna owning interests in a taxable mortgage pool. We and Taberna have entered, and expect to continue to enter into such transactions at the REIT level. To the extent that all or a portion of us or Taberna is treated as a taxable mortgage pool, or we or Taberna make investments or enter into financing and securitization transactions that give rise to us or Taberna being considered to own an interest in one or more taxable mortgage pools, a portion of net taxable income may be characterized as excess inclusion income and allocated to Tabernas shareholders or our shareholders, generally in the same manner as if the taxable mortgage pool were a REMIC. Excess inclusion income is an amount, with respect to any calendar quarter, equal to the excess, if any, of (i) income allocable to the holder of a residual interest in a REMIC, during such calendar quarter over (ii) the sum of amounts allocated to each day in the calendar quarter equal to its ratable portion of the product of (a) the adjusted issue price of the interest at the beginning of the quarter multiplied by (b) 120% of the long-term federal tax rate (determined on the basis of compounding at the close of each calendar quarter and properly adjusted for the length of such quarter). The U.S. Treasury Department has issued guidance on the tax treatment of shareholders of a REIT that owns an interest in a taxable mortgage pool. Shareholders should be aware that we and Taberna expect to engage in transactions that will likely result in a significant portion of Tabernas dividend income to us, and of our income from any taxable mortgage pool in which we own interests, being considered excess inclusion income.
We are taxed at the highest corporate income tax rate on the excess inclusion income arising from a taxable mortgage pool that is allocable to the percentage of our shares held by disqualified organizations, which are generally certain cooperatives, governmental entities and tax-exempt organizations that are exempt from tax on unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, under Section 512 of the Internal Revenue Code. We believe that disqualified organizations own and will continue to own our shares. Because this tax would be imposed on us, all of our shareholders, including shareholders that are not disqualified organizations, would bear a portion of the tax cost associated with the classification of us or Taberna or a portion of our or its assets as a taxable mortgage pool.
If a shareholder is a tax-exempt entity and not a disqualified organization, then this excess inclusion income would be fully taxable as UBTI. If a shareholder is a foreign person, it would be subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding on this income without reduction or exemption pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty. If the shareholder is a REIT, regulated investment company (RIC), common trust fund or other pass-through entity, its allocable share of excess inclusion income would be considered excess inclusion income of such entity and such entity will be subject to tax at the highest corporate tax rate on any excess inclusion income allocated to its owners that are disqualified organizations. In addition, to the extent Taberna or RAIT realizes excess inclusion income and allocates it to shareholders, this income cannot be offset by net operating losses of its shareholders.
Moreover, if we or Taberna sell equity interests in a taxable mortgage pool securitization (or debt securities that might be considered to be equity interests for tax purposes), such securitization would be treated as a separate corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and would potentially be subject to corporate income tax. In addition, this characterization would alter our or Tabernas REIT income and asset test calculations and would adversely affect compliance with those requirements. The tax consequences of such a characterization could effectively prevent us or Taberna from using certain techniques to maximize returns from securitization transactions.
Finally, if we or Taberna fail to qualify as a REIT, these taxable mortgage pool securitizations will be treated as separate taxable corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
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We or Taberna may lose our or its REIT qualification or be subject to a penalty tax if the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, successfully challenges our or its characterization of income from foreign TRSs which are securitizations.
We and Taberna are required to include in income, in certain cases, even without the receipt of actual distributions, earnings from foreign TRSs that are securitizations or other foreign corporations that are not qualified REIT subsidiaries. Taberna treats, and we intend to treat, certain of these income inclusions as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test applicable to REITs but not for purposes of the REIT 75% gross income test. The provisions that set forth what income is qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test provide that gross income derived from dividends, interest and certain other classes of passive income qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test. Income inclusions from equity investments in our and Tabernas foreign TRSs are technically neither dividends nor any of the other enumerated categories of income specified in the 95% gross income test for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and there is no clear precedent with respect to the qualification of such income. However, based on advice of counsel, we and Taberna intend to treat such inclusions, to the extent distributed by a foreign TRS in the year it was accrued, as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test. Nevertheless, because this income does not meet the literal requirements of the REIT provisions, the IRS might take the position that such income is not qualifying income. In the event that such income was determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we or Taberna could fail to qualify as a REIT. Even if such income does not cause us or Taberna to fail to qualify as a REIT because of certain relief provisions, we or Taberna would be subject to a penalty tax with respect to such income because such income, together with other non-qualifying income earned by us or Taberna, has exceeded and will exceed 5% of its gross income. This penalty tax, if applicable, would be calculated by multiplying the amount by which our or Tabernas non-qualifying income exceeds 5% of our or Tabernas total gross income by a fraction intended to reflect our or Tabernas profitability. In addition, if such income were determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we or Taberna would need to invest in sufficient qualifying assets, or sell some interests in foreign TRSs which are securitizations or other foreign corporations that are not qualified REIT subsidiaries to ensure that the income recognized by us or Taberna from foreign TRSs which are securitizations or such other foreign corporations does not exceed 5% of our or Tabernas gross income.
Tabernas other foreign TRSs, Taberna Ireland and RAIT Securities UK, intend to operate in a manner so that their earnings will not be required to be included in Tabernas income until such earnings are actually distributed by such foreign TRSs. In the event the IRS were to successfully challenge such characterization of the operations of Taberna Ireland or RAIT Securities UK, and Taberna is required to recognize income earned by Taberna Ireland or RAIT Securities UK on a current basis or otherwise recognize additional income with respect to such TRSs, Taberna could fail to qualify as a REIT or be subject to the penalty tax described above.
We and Taberna will pay taxes.
Even if we and Taberna qualify as REITs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we and Taberna will be required to pay U.S. federal, state and local taxes on income and property. In addition, our and Tabernas domestic TRSs are fully taxable corporations that will be subject to taxes on their income, and they may be limited in their ability to deduct interest payments made to us and Taberna. We and Taberna also will be subject to a 100% penalty tax on certain amounts if the economic arrangements among us and Taberna and TRSs are not comparable to similar arrangements among unrelated parties or if we or Taberna receives payments for inventory or property held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We may be taxable at the highest corporate income tax rate on a portion of the income arising from a taxable mortgage pool that is allocable to shares held by disqualified organizations. In addition, under certain circumstances we or Taberna could be subject to a penalty tax for failure to meet certain REIT requirements but nonetheless maintains its qualification as a REIT. For example, we or Taberna may be required to pay a penalty tax with respect to income earned in connection with securitization equity in the event such income is determined not to be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT 95% gross income test but we or Taberna are otherwise able to remain qualified as a REIT. To the extent that we or Taberna or the TRSs are required to pay U.S. federal, state or local taxes, we or Taberna will have less to distribute to shareholders.
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Failure to make required distributions would subject us or Taberna to tax, which would reduce the ability to pay distributions to our and its shareholders.
In order to qualify as a REIT, we and Taberna must distribute to our and its shareholders each calendar year at least 90% of REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. To the extent that we or Taberna satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of net taxable income, we or Taberna will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax. In addition, we or Taberna will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our or its distributions in any calendar year are less than the sum of:
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85% of ordinary income for that year; |
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95% of capital gain net income for that year; and |
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100% undistributed taxable income from prior years. |
We and Taberna intend to distribute our and its net income to our and its shareholders in a manner intended to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid both corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax. There is no requirement that Tabernas domestic TRSs, such as Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities and Taberna Funding, distribute their after-tax net income to Taberna and such TRSs may, to the extent consistent with maintaining Tabernas qualification as a REIT, determine not to make any current distributions to Taberna. However, Tabernas non-U.S. TRSs, such as Taberna Equity Funding, Ltd., and Tabernas consolidated securitization subsidiaries (but not Taberna Ireland or RAIT Securities UK), will generally be deemed to distribute their earnings to Taberna on an annual basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes, regardless of whether such TRSs actually distribute their earnings.
Our or Tabernas taxable income may substantially exceed its net income as determined by GAAP because, for example, expected capital losses will be deducted in determining its GAAP net income, but may not be deductible in computing its taxable income. GAAP net income may also be reduced to the extent we or Taberna have to markdown the value of assets to reflect their current value. Prior to the sale of such assets, those mark-downs do not comparably reduce taxable income. In addition, we or Taberna may invest in assets including the equity of securitization entities that generate taxable income in excess of economic income or in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets, referred to as phantom income.
This phantom income may arise for us in the following ways:
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Repurchase of our debt at a discount, including our convertible notes or CDO notes payable, will generally result in our recognizing REIT taxable income in the form of cancellation of indebtedness income generally equal to the amount of the discount. Recent legislation permits the deferral of taxes coming about through debt buybacks at a discount in certain circumstances. |
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Origination of loans with appreciation interests may be deemed to have original issue discount for federal income tax purposes. Original issue discount is generally equal to the difference between an obligations issue price and its stated redemption price at maturity. This discount must be recognized as income over the life of the loan even though the corresponding cash will not be received until maturity. |
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Our loan terms may provide for both an interest pay rate and accrual rate. When this occurs, we recognize interest based on the sum of the pay rate and the accrual rate, but only receive cash at the pay rate until maturity of the loan, at which time all accrued interest is due and payable. |
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Our loans or unconsolidated real estate interests may contain provisions whereby the benefit of any principal amortization of the underlying senior debt inures to us. We recognize this benefit as income as the amortization occurs, with no related cash receipts until repayment of our loan. |
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Sales or other dispositions of consolidated real estate interests, as well as significant modifications to loan terms may result in timing differences between income recognition and cash receipts. |
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Although some types of phantom income are excluded to the extent they exceed 5% of our or Tabernas net income in determining the 90% distribution requirement, we or Taberna will incur corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax with respect to any phantom income items if we or Taberna do not distribute those items on an annual basis. As a result of the foregoing, we or Taberna may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a particular year. In that event, we or Taberna may be required to use cash reserves, incur debt, or liquidate non-cash assets at rates or times that we or it regard as unfavorable in order to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid U.S. federal corporate income tax and the 4% deductible excise tax in that year.
Generally, dividends payable in stock are not treated as dividends for purposes of the deduction for dividends, or as taxable dividends to the recipient. A complex set of rules applies when a distribution is made partially in stock and partially in cash and different shareholders receive different proportions of each. The Internal Revenue Service, in Revenue Procedure 2009-15, has given guidance with respect to certain stock distributions by publicly traded REITS (and RICs). That Revenue Procedure applies to distributions made on or after January 1, 2008 and declared with respect to a taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2009. It provides that publicly-traded REITS can distribute stock (common shares in our case) to satisfy their REIT distribution requirements if stated conditions are met. These conditions include that at least 10% of the aggregate declared distributions be paid in cash and the shareholders be permitted to elect whether to receive cash or stock, subject to the limit set by the REIT on the cash to be distributed in the aggregate to all shareholders. RAIT did not use this Revenue Procedure with respect to any distributions for its 2008 taxable year, but may do so for distributions with respect to 2009.
If our or Tabernas securitizations or Tabernas subsidiaries, Taberna Ireland or RAIT Securities UK, are subject to U.S. federal income tax at the entity level, it would greatly reduce the amounts those entities would have available to distribute to us or Taberna and pay their creditors.
Tabernas consolidated securitization subsidiaries are organized as Cayman Islands companies, and we may own similar foreign securitizations in the future. There is a specific exemption from U.S. federal income tax for non-U.S. corporations that restrict their activities in the United States to trading stock and securities (or any activity closely related thereto) for their own account whether such trading (or such other activity) is conducted by the corporation or its employees through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian or other agent. We and Taberna intend that the consolidated securitization subsidiaries and any other non-U.S. securitizations that are TRSs will rely on that exemption or otherwise operate in a manner so that they will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on their net income at the entity level. Taberna Ireland is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Taberna organized under the laws of Ireland that provides sub-advisory services to Taberna Capital and receives a fee from Taberna Capital for its services. RAIT Securities UK is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Taberna organized under the laws of the United Kingdom that is expected to originate securities and to receive origination fees from issuers in connection with its origination activities. Taberna Ireland and RAIT Securities UK intend to operate in a manner so that they will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on their net income. If the IRS were to succeed in challenging the tax treatment of our or Tabernas securitizations, Taberna Ireland or RAIT Securities UK, it could greatly reduce the amount that those securitizations, Taberna Ireland and RAIT Securities UK would have available to distribute to their shareholders and to pay to their creditors. Any reduced distributions would reduce amounts available for distribution to our shareholders.
Our and Tabernas ownership of and relationship with TRSs will be limited, and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our and its REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may hold assets and earn income that would not be qualifying assets or income if held or earned directly by a REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. In
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addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arms-length basis.
Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities, Taberna Funding and any domestic TRSs that we own or that we or Taberna acquire in the future will pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on their taxable income, and their after-tax net income will be available for distribution but will not be required to be distributed.
The value of the securities that we or Taberna hold in TRSs may not be subject to precise valuation. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we or Taberna will be able to comply with the 20% limitation discussed above or avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed above.
Compliance with REIT requirements may limit our and Tabernas ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code limit our and Tabernas ability to hedge mortgage-backed securities, preferred securities and related borrowings. Except to the extent provided by the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Treasury Department, or the Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction we or Taberna enter into in the normal course of business primarily to manage risk of interest rate or price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets, which is clearly identified as specified in the Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test (and will generally constitute non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test). To the extent that we or Taberna enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both of the gross income tests. As a result, we or Taberna might have to limit use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through TRSs. This could increase the cost of our or Tabernas hedging activities or expose it or us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we or it would otherwise want to bear.
Taberna and RAIT may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common shares.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. Taberna and RAIT could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
Origination fees we receive will not be REIT qualifying income.
We must satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain qualification as a REIT. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of defined types of income that we derive, directly or indirectly, from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property or temporary investment income. Qualifying income for purposes of that 75% gross income test generally includes:
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rents from real property, |
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interest on debt secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property, and |
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dividends or other distributions on and gain from the sale of shares in other REITs. |
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Second, in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of income that is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, dividends, other types of interest, gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, income from certain interest rate hedging contracts, or any combination of the foregoing. Gross income from any origination fees we obtain or from our sale of property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is excluded from both income tests.
Any origination fees we receive will not be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests applicable to REITs under the Internal Revenue Code. We typically receive initial payments, or points, from borrowers as commitment fees or additional interest. So long as the payment is for the use of money, rather than for other services provided by us, we believe that this income should not be classified as non-qualifying origination fees. However, the Internal Revenue Service may seek to reclassify this income as origination fees instead of commitment fees or interest. If we cannot satisfy the Internal Revenue Codes income tests as a result of a successful challenge of our classification of this income, we may not qualify as a REIT.
A portion of the dividends we distribute may be deemed a return of capital for federal income tax purposes.
The amount of dividends we distribute to our common shareholders in a given quarter may not correspond to our taxable income for such quarter. Consequently, a portion of the dividends we distribute may be deemed a return of capital for federal income tax purposes, and will not be taxable but will reduce shareholders basis in the underlying common shares.
Our ability to use TRSs, and consequently our ability to establish fee-generating businesses and invest in securitizations, will be limited by the election made by Taberna and us, respectively, to be taxed as a REIT, which may adversely affect returns to our shareholders.
Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REITs assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs. Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities, Taberna Capital (Ireland) Ltd., which we refer to as Taberna Ireland, RAIT Securities (U.K.) Ltd., which we refer to as RAIT Securities UK, Taberna Funding LLC, which we refer to as Taberna Funding, Taberna Equity Funding and our non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries are TRSs. We expect to own interests in additional TRSs in the future, particularly in connection with our securitization transactions. However, our ability to invest in securitizations that are structured as TRSs and to expand the fee-generating businesses of Taberna Capital and Taberna Securities, as well as the business of Taberna Funding, RAIT Securities UK and future TRSs we may form, will be limited by our and Tabernas need to meet this 20% test, which may adversely affect distributions we pay to our shareholders.
Other Regulatory and Legal Risks of Our Business
Our reputation, business and operations could be adversely affected by regulatory compliance failures, the potential adverse effect of changes in laws and regulations applicable to our business and effects of negative publicity surrounding the securitization market or real estate industry in general.
Potential regulatory action poses a significant risk to our reputation and thereby to our business. Our business is subject to extensive regulation in the United States and in the other countries in which our investment activities occur. We operate our business so as to comply with the Internal Revenue Codes REIT rules and regulations and so as to remain exempt from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. The SEC and the National Association of Securities Dealers, or NASD, oversee the activities of our broker dealer subsidiary. In addition, we are subject to regulation under the Exchange Act, the Investment Advisers Act and various other statutes. A number of our investing activities, such as our lending business, are subject to regulation by various U.S. state regulators. In the United Kingdom, we are subject to regulation by the U.K. Financial Services Authority. With respect to our operations and investments in other countries, we are subject to a variety of regulatory regimes that vary country by country. Each of the regulatory bodies with jurisdiction over us has regulatory powers dealing with many aspects of our business, including the authority to
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grant, and in specific circumstances to cancel, permissions to carry on particular businesses. A failure to comply with the obligations imposed by any of the regulations binding on us or to maintain any of the licenses required to be maintained by us could result in investigations, sanctions and reputation damage.
The accounting rules applicable to certain of our transactions are highly complex and require the application of significant judgment and assumptions by our management. In addition, changes in accounting interpretations or assumptions could impact our financial statements.
Accounting rules for transfers of financial assets, hedging transactions, securitization transactions, consolidation of variable interest entities, or VIEs, and other aspects of our operations are highly complex and require the application of judgment and assumptions by management. These complexities could lead to delay in preparation of financial information. In addition, changes in accounting interpretations or assumptions could impact our financial statements.
If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the price of our common shares may be reduced.
We are required to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related regulations. Any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that needs to be addressed, disclosure of managements assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, or disclosure of our public accounting firms report on internal control over financial reporting that reports a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting may reduce the price of our common shares.
In connection with its audit of Tabernas consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2005, Taberna and its independent registered public accounting firm identified deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that were material weaknesses as defined by standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The deficiencies related to Tabernas and the predecessor entities accounting for hedging arrangements and the predecessor entities accounting for a tax election made by them prior to the consummation of Tabernas initial private placement. Taberna has restated the financial statements of its predecessor entities to correct the accounting for the tax election and the hedging matter. We have engaged an unaffiliated firm that specializes in hedging activity to assist in the execution and documentation of our hedging activities; however, we cannot assure you that our internal control over financial reporting will not be subject to material weaknesses in the future.
Loss of our Investment Company Act exemption would affect us adversely.
We seek to conduct our operations so that we are not required to register as an investment company. Under Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act, a company is not deemed to be an investment company if:
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it neither is, nor holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, nor proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities; and |
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it neither is engaged nor proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and does not own or propose to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. Investment securities excludes U.S. government securities and securities of majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act. |
We rely on the 40% test. Because we are a holding company that conducts our businesses through wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the securities issued by our subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act,
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together with any other investment securities we may own, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of our total assets on an unconsolidated basis. In fact, based on the relative value of our investment in Taberna, on the one hand, and our investment in RAIT Partnership, on the other hand, we can comply with the 40% test only if Taberna satisfies the 40% test on which it relies (or another exemption other than Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7)) and RAIT Partnership complies with Section 3(c)(5)(c) or 3(c)(6), the exemptions upon which it relies (or another exemption other than Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7)). This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we may engage through our subsidiaries.
Because RAIT Partnership and the two wholly-owned subsidiaries through which we hold 100% of the partnership interests in RAIT PartnershipRAIT General, Inc. and RAIT Limited, Inc.will not be relying on Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) for their respective Investment Company Act exemptions, our investments therein will not constitute investment securities for purposes of the 40% test, if RAIT Partnership is otherwise exempt from the Investment Company Act.
RAIT Partnership, our subsidiary that holds, directly and through wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, a substantial portion of our assets, intends to conduct its operations so that it is not required to register as an investment company in reliance on the exemption from Investment Company Act regulation provided under Section 3(c)(5)(c). RAIT Asset Holdings LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of RAIT Partnership also intends to be exempt from Investment Company Act regulation under Section 3(c)(5)(c). RAIT Partnership may also from time to time rely on the exemption from Investment Company Act regulation provided under Section 3(c)(6).
Any entity relying on Section 3(c)(5)(c) for its Investment Company Act exemption must have at least 55% of its portfolio invested in qualifying assets (which in general must consist of mortgage loans, mortgage backed securities that represent the entire ownership in a pool of mortgage loans and other liens on and interests in real estate) and another 25% of its portfolio invested in other real estate-related assets. Based on no-action letters issued by the Staff of the SEC, we classify our investments in mortgage loans as qualifying assets, as long as the loans are fully secured by an interest in real estate. That is, if the loan-to-value ratio of the loan is equal to or less than 100%, then we consider the loan to be a qualifying asset. We do not consider loans with loan-to-value ratios in excess of 100% to be qualifying assets that come within the 55% basket, but only real estate-related assets that come within the 25% basket. Based on a recent no-action letter issued by the Staff of the SEC, we treat most of our mezzanine loans as qualifying assets because we usually obtain a first lien position on the entire ownership interest of a special purpose entity, or SPE, that owns only real property, or that owns the entire ownership interest in a second SPE that owns only real property, and otherwise comes within the conditions of the no-action letter and we treat any remaining mezzanine loans as real estate-related assets that come within the 25% basket. The treatment of other investments as qualifying assets and real estate-related assets, including equity investments in subsidiaries, is based on the characteristics of the underlying asset, in the case of a directly held investment, or the characteristics of the assets of the subsidiary, in the case of equity investments in subsidiaries.
Any entity relying on Section 3(c)(6) for its Investment Company Act exemption must be primarily engaged, directly or through majority-owned subsidiaries, in one or more specified businesses, including a business described in Section 3(c)(5)(c), or in one or more of such businesses (from which not less than 25% of its gross income during its last fiscal year was derived), together with an additional business or businesses other than investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities.
As of December 31, 2006, less than 55% of RAIT Partnerships assets constituted qualifying assets. RAIT Partnership brought its assets into compliance with the 55% test on January 9, 2007. For the period of non-compliance, we relied for our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act upon Rule 3a-2, which provides a safe harbor exemption, not to exceed one year, for companies that have a bona fide intent to be engaged in an excepted activity but that temporarily fail to meet the requirements for another exemption from registration as an investment company. RAIT Partnership was in compliance with the 55% test
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at September 30, 2006. As required by the rule, after we learned that we were out of compliance, our Board of Trustees promptly adopted a resolution declaring our bona fide intent to be engaged in excepted activities and we restored our assets to compliance.
Reliance upon Rule 3a-2 is permitted only once every three years. As a result, if RAIT Partnership fails to meet either the 55% test or the 25% test of Section 3(c)(5)(c), or if we otherwise fail to maintain our exclusion from registration, within that three year period, and another exemption is not available, we may be required to register as an investment company, or we or RAIT Partnership may be required to acquire and/or dispose of assets in order to meet the Section 3(c)(5)(c) or other tests for exclusion. Any such asset acquisitions or dispositions may be of assets that we or RAIT Partnership would not acquire or dispose of in the ordinary course of our business, may be at unfavorable prices or may impair our ability to make distributions to shareholders and result in a decline in the price of our common shares. If we are required to register under the Investment Company Act, we would become subject to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure (including our ability to use leverage), management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act), and portfolio composition, including restrictions with respect to diversification and industry concentration and other matters. Accordingly, registration under the Investment Company Act could limit our ability to follow our current investment and financing strategies, impair our ability to make distributions to our common shareholders and result in a decline in the price of our common shares.
Taberna, like RAIT, is a holding company that conducts its operations through subsidiaries. Accordingly, we intend to monitor Tabernas holdings such that it will satisfy the 40% test. Similar to securities issued to us, the securities issued to Taberna by its subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of investment company by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, together with any other investment securities Taberna may own, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of its total assets on an unconsolidated basis. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which Taberna may engage through these subsidiaries.
We make the determination of whether an entity is a majority-owned subsidiary of RAIT, RAIT Partnership or Taberna. The Investment Company Act defines a majority-owned subsidiary of a person as a company 50% or more of the outstanding voting securities of which are owned by such person, or by another company which is a majority-owned subsidiary of such person. The Investment Company Act further defines voting securities as any security presently entitling the owner or holder thereof to vote for the election of directors of a company. We treat companies, including future CDO subsidiaries, in which we own at least a majority of the outstanding voting securities as majority-owned subsidiaries for purposes of the 40% test. Neither RAIT, RAIT Partnership nor Taberna has requested the SEC to approve our treatment of any company as a majority-owned subsidiary and the SEC has not done so. If the SEC were to disagree with our treatment of one or more companies, including CDO issuers, as majority-owned subsidiaries, we would need to adjust our respective investment strategies and invest our respective assets in order to continue to pass the 40% test. Any such adjustment in its investment strategy could have a material adverse effect on Taberna and us.
A majority of Tabernas subsidiaries are limited by the provisions of the Investment Company Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder with respect to the assets in which they can invest to avoid being regulated as an investment company. In particular, Tabernas subsidiaries that issue CDOs generally rely on Rule 3a-7, an exemption from the Investment Company Act provided for certain structured financing vehicles that pool income-producing assets and issue securities backed by those assets. Such structured financings may not engage in portfolio management practices resembling those employed by mutual funds. Accordingly, each Taberna CDO subsidiary that relies on Rule 3a-7 is subject to an indenture which contains specific guidelines and restrictions limiting the discretion of the CDO issuer. Accordingly, the indenture prohibits the CDO issuer from acquiring and disposing of assets primarily for the purpose of recognizing gains or decreasing losses resulting from market value changes. Certain sales and purchases of assets, such as dispositions of collateral that has gone into default or is at risk of imminent default, may be made so long as they do not violate the guidelines contained in each indenture and are not based primarily on changes in market value. The
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proceeds of permitted dispositions may be reinvested in collateral that is consistent with the credit profile of the CDO under specific and predetermined guidelines. In addition, absent obtaining further guidance from the SEC, substitutions of assets may not be made solely for the purpose of enhancing the investment returns of the holders of the equity securities issued by the CDO issuer. As a result of these restrictions, Tabernas CDO subsidiaries may suffer losses on their assets and Taberna may suffer losses on its investments in its CDO subsidiaries.
Tabernas subsidiaries that hold real estate assets, Taberna Realty Holdings Trust, Taberna Loan Holdings I, LLC and the mortgage loan securitization trusts that are wholly owned by Taberna Loan Holdings I, LLC, rely on the exemption from registration provided by Section 3(c)(5)(c) of the Investment Company Act because each of these entities owns legal title to whole residential mortgage loans. The restrictions of Section 3(c)(5)(c) will limit the ability of these subsidiaries to invest directly in TruPS, mortgage-backed securities that represent less than the entire ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, unsecured debt and preferred securities issued by REITs and real estate companies or in assets not related to real estate. Taberna Realty Holdings Trusts assets consist exclusively of whole residential mortgage loans to which it has legal title. Taberna Loan Holdings I, LLCs investments consist exclusively of its holdings in the securities of five wholly-owned subsidiaries. Each of these subsidiaries assets consists exclusively of whole residential mortgage loans to which it has legal title and the unilateral right to foreclose. We believe that each of these entities is exempt from registration as an investment company pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(c) under the Investment Company Act. Tabernas subsidiaries that engage in operating businesses (e.g., Taberna Securities and Taberna Capital) are not subject to the Investment Company Act. To the extent Taberna Realty Holdings Trust, Taberna Loan Holdings I, LLC or another subsidiary of Taberna invests in other types of assets such as RMBS, CMBS and mezzanine loans, we will not treat such assets as qualifying real estate assets for purposes of determining the subsidiarys eligibility for the exemption provided by Section 3(c)(5)(c) unless such treatment is consistent with the guidance of the SEC as set forth in non-action letters, interpretative guidance or an exemptive order.
If the combined value of the investment securities issued to Taberna by its subsidiaries that are excepted by Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, together with any other investment securities Taberna may own, exceeds 40% of Tabernas total assets on an unconsolidated basis, Taberna may be required either to substantially change the manner in which it conducts its operations or to rely on Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) to avoid having to register as an investment company, either of which could have an adverse effect on Taberna and us. If Taberna were to rely on Section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7), then we would no longer comply with our own exemption from registration as an investment company.
None of RAIT, RAIT Partnership or Taberna has received a no-action letter from the SEC regarding whether it complies with the Investment Company Act or how its investment or financing strategies fit within the exclusions from regulation under the Investment Company Act that it is using. To the extent that the SEC provides more specific or different guidance regarding, for example, the treatment of assets as qualifying real estate assets or real estate-related assets, we may be required to adjust these investment and financing strategies accordingly. Any additional guidance from the SEC could provide additional flexibility to us and Taberna, or it could further inhibit the ability of Taberna and our combined company to pursue our respective investment and financing strategies which could have a material adverse effect on us. See Item 1-Business-Certain REIT and Investment Company Act Limits On Our Strategies-Investment Company Act Limits.
Our ownership limitation may restrict business combination opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital shares may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals during the last half of each taxable year. To preserve our REIT qualification, our declaration of trust generally prohibits any person from owning more than 8.3% or, with respect to our original promoter, Resource America, Inc., 15%, of our outstanding common shares and provides that:
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A transfer that violates the limitation is void. |
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A transferee gets no rights to the shares that violate the limitation. |
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Shares acquired that violate the limitation transfer automatically to a trust whose trustee has all voting and other rights. |
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Shares in the trust will be sold and the record holder will receive the net proceeds of the sale. |
The ownership limitation may discourage a takeover or other transaction that our shareholders believe to be desirable.
Preferred shares may prevent change in control.
Our declaration of trust authorizes our board of trustees to issue preferred shares, to establish the preferences and rights of any preferred shares issued, to classify any unissued preferred shares and reclassify any previously classified but unissued preferred shares, without shareholder approval. The issuance of preferred shares could delay or prevent a change in control, apart from the ownership limitation, even if a majority of our shareholders want control to change.
Maryland anti-takeover statutes may restrict business combination opportunities.
As a Maryland REIT, we are subject to various provisions of Maryland law which impose restrictions and require that specified procedures be followed with respect to the acquisition of control shares representing at least ten percent of our aggregate voting power and certain takeover offers and business combinations, including, but not limited to, combinations with persons who own one-tenth or more of our outstanding shares. While we have elected to opt out of the control share acquisition statute, our board of trustees has the right to rescind the election at any time without notice to our shareholders.
If our subsidiary that is a registered investment adviser fails to comply with the Investment Advisers Act, this could have an adverse effect on our ability to manage securitizations.
Our subsidiaries, RAIT Partnership, L.P., or RAIT Partnership, and Taberna Capital Management, LLC, or Taberna Capital Management, are registered investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or the Investment Advisers Act, and, as such, are supervised by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. We did this so that RAIT Partnership and Taberna Capital Management could manage increasing numbers of securitizations. The Investment Advisers Act requires registered investment advisors to comply with numerous obligations, including record-keeping requirements, operational procedures and disclosure obligations. Such subsidiaries may also be registered with various states and thus, subject to the oversight and regulation of such states regulatory agencies. If we do not comply with these requirements, it could have an adverse effect on our ability to manage our securitizations.
Our failure to maintain a broker-dealer license in the various jurisdictions in which we do business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, has granted our membership application for a broker-dealer license for our subsidiary, Taberna Securities, LLC, or Taberna Securities. We also are required to maintain licenses with state securities regulators. Failure to maintain Taberna Securities licenses as a broker- dealer with the FINRA and applicable state regulators would prevent us from originating securities and supplementing our revenue with origination fees paid to Taberna Securities by the issuers of those securities. In that event, we may need to engage a third-party broker-dealer to act as an originator and to permit a third-party broker-dealer to retain origination fees. If Taberna Securities is unable to receive origination fees, it would have less cash available for distribution to RAIT.
If our subsidiary that is regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Services Authority fails to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, this could have an adverse effect on our ability to originate securities and receive origination fees in foreign jurisdictions.
Our subsidiary, RAIT Securities (UK), Ltd, or RAIT Securities (UK), is subject to extensive government regulation, primarily by the United Kingdom Financial Services Authority under the U.K. Financial Services and
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Markets Act of 2000. Failure of RAIT Securities (UK) to comply with applicable regulatory requirements would prevent us from originating securities and supplementing our revenue with origination fees paid to RAIT Securities (UK) by the issuers of those securities. In that event, we may need to engage a third-party permitted by applicable regulations to act as an originator and to permit this third-party to retain origination fees. If RAIT Securities (UK) is unable to receive origination fees, it would have less cash available for distribution to RAIT.
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments |
None.
Item 2. | Properties |
Our principal executive office is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We lease office space pursuant to a lease agreement that expires on March 31, 2011. As of December 31, 2008 the future minimum cash payments due under this lease are as follows by fiscal year: 2009 through 2010$0.5 million per year and 2011$0.1 million.
We lease office space in New York, New York pursuant to a lease agreement that has a ten year term. This lease expires in March 2016. As of December 31, 2008, the future minimum cash payments due under this lease are as follows by fiscal year: 2009 through 2010$0.8 million per year, 2011 through 2013$0.9 million per year and $2.0 million for the remaining term of the lease.
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings |
Putative Consolidated Class Action Securities Lawsuit
RAIT, certain of our executive officers and trustees and the lead underwriters involved in our public offering of common shares in January 2007 were named defendants in one or more of nine putative class action securities lawsuits filed in August and September 2007 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. By Order dated November 17, 2007, the court consolidated these cases under the caption In re RAIT Financial Trust Securities Litigation (No. 2:07-cv-03148), and appointed a lead plaintiff and lead counsel. On January 4, 2008, lead plaintiff filed a consolidated class action complaint, or the complaint, on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of our securities between June 8, 2006 and August 3, 2007. The complaint names as defendants RAIT, eleven current and former officers and trustees of RAIT, ten underwriters who participated in certain of our securities offerings in 2007 and our independent accounting firm. The complaint alleges, among other things, that certain defendants violated Sections 11, 12(a)(2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 by making materially false and misleading statements and material omissions in registration statements and prospectuses about our credit underwriting, our exposure to certain issuers through investments in debt securities, and our loan loss reserves and other financial items. The complaint further alleges that certain defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, by making materially false and misleading statements and material omissions during the putative class period about our credit underwriting, our exposure to certain issuers through investments in debt securities, and our loan loss reserves and other financial items. The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages, the right to rescind the purchases of securities in the public offerings, interest, and plaintiffs reasonable costs and expenses, including attorneys fees and expert fees. On December 23, 2008, the Court granted defendants motions to dismiss in part, on the ground that the named plaintiffs lack standing to pursue claims related to the companys July 2007 offering. The Court otherwise denied all defendants motions to dismiss. The Court granted plaintiffs until January 30, 2009 to file a new amended complaint. By letter to the Court dated January 29, 2009, lead plaintiff advised that it did not intend to file an amended complaint. An adverse resolution of the litigation could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Shareholders Derivative Actions
On August 17, 2007, a putative shareholders derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania naming RAIT, as nominal defendant, and certain of our executive
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officers and trustees as defendants. The complaint in this action alleges that certain of our executive officers and trustees breached their duties to RAIT in connection with the matters that are the subject of the securities litigation described above. The board of trustees has established a special litigation committee to investigate the allegations made in the derivative action complaint and in shareholder demands asserting similar allegations, and to determine what action, if any, RAIT should take concerning them. On October 25, 2007, pursuant to a stipulation of the parties, the court ordered the derivative action stayed pending the completion of the special committees investigation, subject to quarterly status reports by the special litigation committee beginning March 31, 2008. On August 22, 2008, the special litigation committee advised the court that it had completed its investigation, had found no merit to the allegations of wrongdoing asserted against RAITs officers and trustees and concluded that prosecution of the claims asserted in the shareholders derivative action would not serve RAITs best interests. The special litigation committee accordingly moved on behalf of RAIT to dismiss that action. That motion remains pending, but on February 11, 2009, the court entered an order suspending the action while the parties engage in settlement discussions and requiring the parties to report to the court on the status of such discussions on or before March 15, 2009. An adverse resolution of this matter could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
On February 10, 2009, a putative shareholders derivative action was filed in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County naming RAIT, as nominal defendant, and certain of our executive officers and trustees as defendants. The complaint in this action alleges that certain of our executive officers and trustees breached their duties to RAIT in connection with the matters that are the subject of the securities litigation described above. An adverse resolution of this matter could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Routine Litigation
We are involved from time to time in litigation on various matters, including disputes with tenants of owned properties, disputes arising out of agreements to purchase or sell properties and disputes arising out of our loan portfolio. Given the nature of our business activities, these lawsuits are considered routine to the conduct of our business. The result of any particular lawsuit cannot be predicted, because of the very nature of litigation, the litigation process and its adversarial nature, and the jury system. We do not expect that the liabilities, if any, that may ultimately result from such routine legal actions will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 4. | Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders |
None.
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Item 5. | Market for Our Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
Our common shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RAS. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which we refer to as the Code, for our trustees, officers and employees intended to satisfy New York Stock Exchange listing standards and the definition of a code of ethics set forth in Item 406 of Regulation S-K. We also have adopted Trust Governance Guidelines and charters for the audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees of the board of trustees intended to satisfy New York Stock Exchange listing standards. The Code, these guidelines, these charters and charters of other committees of our board of trustees are available on our website at http://www.raitft.com and are available in print to any shareholder upon request. Please make any such request in writing to RAIT Financial Trust, Cira Centre, 2929 Arch Street, 17th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Attention: Investor Relations. Any information relating to amendments to the Code or waivers of a provision of the Code required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 5.05 of Form 8-K will be disclosed through our website.
We have filed the certifications required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for our chief executive officer and chief financial officer as exhibits to our most recently filed annual report on Form 10-K. We submitted the certification of our chief executive officer required by Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual to the New York Stock Exchange last year.
MARKET PRICE OF AND DIVIDENDS ON OUR COMMON SHARES
The following table shows the high and low reported sales prices per common share on the NYSE composite transactions reporting system and the quarterly cash dividends declared per common share for the periods indicated. Past price performance is not necessarily indicative of likely future performance. Because the market price of our common shares will fluctuate, you are urged to obtain current market prices for our common shares.
Price Range of
Common Shares |
Dividends
Declared |
||||||||
High | Low | ||||||||
2007 |
|||||||||
First Quarter |
$ | 38.25 | $ | 25.66 | $ | 0.80 | |||
Second Quarter |
30.55 | 25.66 | 0.84 | ||||||
Third Quarter |
26.91 | 4.82 | 0.46 | ||||||
Fourth Quarter |
11.73 | 7.10 | 0.46 | ||||||
2008 |
|||||||||
First Quarter |
$ | 9.85 | $ | 5.15 | $ | 0.46 | |||
Second Quarter |
9.62 | 5.93 | 0.46 | ||||||
Third Quarter |
7.90 | 5.39 | | ||||||
Fourth Quarter |
5.86 | 1.50 | 0.35 | ||||||
2009 |
|||||||||
First Quarter (through February 27, 2009) |
$ | 3.03 | $ | 0.84 | |
As of February 27, 2009, there were 64,850,448 of our common shares outstanding held by 716 persons of record.
Our Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares, or Series A Preferred Shares, are listed on the NYSE and traded under the symbol RAS PrA. The Series A Preferred Shares were issued in the first and second quarter of 2004. RAIT declared a dividend per share of $0.0625 on the Series A Preferred Shares for the
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first quarter of 2004, representing the pro ration of the specified quarterly dividend for the quarter for the period during which the Series A Preferred Shares were outstanding in the quarter. In each subsequent quarter, RAIT has declared and paid the specified dividend per share of $0.484375. No dividends are currently in arrears on the Series A Preferred Shares.
Our Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares, or Series B Preferred Shares, are listed on the NYSE and traded under the symbol RAS PrB. The Series B Preferred Shares were issued in the fourth quarter of 2004. RAIT declared a dividend per share of $0.4952957 on the Series B Preferred Shares for the fourth quarter of 2004 representing the pro ration of the specified dividend for the quarter for the period during which the Series B Preferred Shares were outstanding in the quarter. In each subsequent quarter, RAIT has declared and paid the specified dividend per share of $0.5234375. No dividends are currently in arrears on the Series B Preferred Shares.
Our Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares, or Series C Preferred Shares, are listed on the NYSE and traded under the symbol RAS PrC. The Series C Preferred Shares were issued in the third quarter of 2007. RAIT declared a dividend per share of $0.523872 on the Series C Preferred Shares for the third quarter of 2007 representing the pro ration of the specified dividend for the quarter for the period during which the Series C Preferred Shares were outstanding in the quarter. In each subsequent quarter, RAIT has declared and paid the specified dividend per share of $0.5546875. No dividends are currently in arrears on the Series C Preferred Shares.
PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph compares the index of the cumulative total shareholder return on our common shares for the measurement period commencing December 31, 2003 and ending December 31, 2008 with the cumulative total returns of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) Hybrid REIT index, the NAREIT Mortgage REIT index and the S&P 500 Index. The following graph assumes that each index was 100 on the initial day of the relevant measurement period and that all dividends were reinvested.
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Item 6. | Selected Financial Data |
The following selected financial data information should be read in conjunction with Item 7Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere herein (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data).
As of and For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | ||||||||||||||||
Operating Data: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Investment interest income |
$ | 691,287 | $ | 893,212 | $ | 138,639 | $ | 86,174 | $ | 63,942 | ||||||||||
Investment interest expense |
(484,922 | ) | (698,347 | ) | (61,833 | ) | (12,933 | ) | (4,917 | ) | ||||||||||
Net interest margin |
206,365 | 194,865 | 76,806 | 73,241 | 59,025 | |||||||||||||||
Total revenue |
249,130 | 232,634 | 103,832 | 92,448 | 75,561 | |||||||||||||||
Provision for losses |
(162,783 | ) | (21,721 | ) | (2,499 | ) | | | ||||||||||||
Total expenses |
(258,673 | ) | (171,316 | ) | (34,720 | ) | (17,752 | ) | (15,330 | ) | ||||||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
(552,437 | ) | | | | | ||||||||||||||
Asset impairments |
(67,052 | ) | (517,452 | ) | | | | |||||||||||||
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
(429,241 | ) | (367,395 | ) | 72,036 | 75,041 | 63,068 | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common shares |
(442,882 | ) | (379,344 | ) | 67,839 | 67,951 | 60,878 | |||||||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations |
||||||||||||||||||||
Basic |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.12 | $ | 2.48 | $ | 2.36 | ||||||||
Diluted |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.10 | $ | 2.46 | $ | 2.35 | ||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Basic |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.32 | $ | 2.59 | $ | 2.49 | ||||||||
Diluted |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.30 | $ | 2.57 | $ | 2.48 | ||||||||
Balance Sheet Data: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Investments in mortgages and loans |
$ | 5,468,064 | $ | 6,378,050 | $ | 5,922,550 | $ | 714,428 | $ | 491,281 | ||||||||||
Investments in securities |
1,920,883 | 3,827,800 | 5,138,311 | | | |||||||||||||||
Total assets |
8,151,450 | 11,057,580 | 12,060,506 | 1,024,585 | 729,498 | |||||||||||||||
Total indebtedness |
6,118,494 | 10,057,121 | 10,452,191 | 329,859 | 101,288 | |||||||||||||||
Total liabilities |
6,883,498 | 10,476,735 | 10,739,829 | 414,890 | 187,311 | |||||||||||||||
Minority interest |
190,257 | 1,602 | 124,273 | 460 | 478 | |||||||||||||||
Total shareholders equity |
1,077,695 | 579,243 | 1,196,404 | 609,235 | 541,710 | |||||||||||||||
As of and For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | ||||||||||||||||
Other Data: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares outstanding, at period end, including unvested restricted share awards |
64,842,571 | 61,018,231 | 52,151,412 | 27,899,065 | 25,579,948 | |||||||||||||||
Book value per share |
$ | 14.07 | $ | 6.78 | $ | 20.54 | $ | 17.34 | $ | 16.27 | ||||||||||
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends |
| (1) | | (1) | 1.9x | 3.8x | 6.4x | |||||||||||||
Dividends declared per share |
$ | 1.27 | $ | 2.56 | $ | 2.70 | $ | 2.43 | $ | 2.40 |
(1) | The ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 is deficient by $624.6 million and $448.9 million, respectively. |
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Item 7. | Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
Overview
RAIT Financial Trust manages a portfolio of real-estate related assets, provides a comprehensive set of debt financing options to the real estate industry and invests in real estate-related assets. Our income is generated primarily from:
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interest income from our investments, net of any financing costs, or net interest margin, |
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fee income from originating and managing assets and |
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rental income from our investments in real estate assets. |
We continue to face challenging and volatile market conditions that began in the second half of 2007, including significant disruptions in the credit markets, abrupt and significant devaluations of assets directly or indirectly linked to the real estate finance markets, and the attendant removal of liquidity, both long and short term, from the capital markets. More recently, global recessionary economic conditions have developed and the capital markets have become even more volatile. We cannot predict with any certainty the potential impact on our financial performance of contemplated or future government interventions in financial markets. We seek to position RAIT to be able to take advantage of opportunities once market conditions improve and to maximize shareholder value over time. To do this, we will continue to focus on:
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managing our investment portfolios to reposition non-performing assets and maximize cash flows; |
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taking advantage of our commercial real estate platform to invest in the distressed commercial real estate debt market; |
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reducing our leverage through additional purchases of our debt; |
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managing the size and cost structure of our business to match todays operating environment; and |
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developing new financing sources intended to maintain and increase our adjusted earnings and REIT taxable income. |
In the current economic environment, we are seeking to effectively manage and service our investment portfolios with a goal of continuing to generate cash flow from our securitizations and our investments. We expect to continue to focus our efforts on our commercial real estate portfolio, while we expect our other portfolios to continue to generate significant cash flow. Given this environment, we continue to review investment opportunities within our own capital structure, such as collateral exchanges with our securitizations, to seek to improve the credit profile of, and maximize the distributions from, our securitizations. We expect to enhance our ability to earn asset management and servicing fees in the future. While our collateral management fees were reduced in 2008 by the increasing redirection of our subordinated management fees from securitizations due to the performance of the underlying collateral, we continued to earn substantial senior management fees and see opportunities for growth in this area. In 2008, we experienced lower asset originations and, accordingly, lower origination fees. Our return from originating new investments may increasingly be in the form of fees under the terms of new financing arrangements we develop, such as co-investment and joint venturing strategies.
We originated a smaller amount of new investments in 2008 due to the economic conditions and the limited availability of new capital discussed above. We expect our rate of originating new investments to remain lower than historical levels. We continue to look for new investment opportunities, including investments in the distressed commercial real estate debt market.
During 2008, we reduced our leverage and eliminated our exposure to short term repurchase debt subject to margin calls. We also have repurchased, and expect to continue to repurchase, our discounted debt. We will also continue to seek and develop alternative financing sources while focusing on enhancing our liquidity.
During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, we generated adjusted earnings per diluted share of $1.84 and $2.75, respectively, total loss per diluted share of $7.03 and $6.26, respectively, and gross cash flow of
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$174.5 million and $214.3 million, respectively. Our GAAP net losses in the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 were primarily caused by the following:
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Allowance for losses. We increased our allowance for losses to $172.0 million as of December 31, 2008 from $26.4 million as of December 31, 2007. The provision for losses recorded during the year ended December 31, 2008 was $162.8 million and resulted from increased delinquencies in our residential mortgage loans and increased non-performing loans in our commercial real estate portfolios. |
Performance in our commercial real estate portfolio has deteriorated during 2008. As of December 31, 2008, we had $186.0 million of non-performing loans, an increase of $144.1 million from $41.9 million of non-performing loans as of December 31, 2007. Worsening economic conditions, reduced occupancy, lack of liquidity and, in some cases, bankruptcy by our borrowers, has caused the increase in our non-performing loans and the related increase in our allowance for losses. We increased our allowance for losses on our commercial real estate portfolio to $117.7 million as of December 31, 2008 from $14.6 million as of December 31, 2007.
During the year ended December 31, 2008, delinquencies in our residential mortgage portfolios increased by $184.4 million, or 153.8%, to $304.3 million as of December 31, 2008 compared to $119.9 million as of December 31, 2007. During this same period, house prices across the United States declined dramatically coupled with a steady and significant increase in loan foreclosures. As a result of these trends, we increased our allowance for losses on our residential mortgages to $54.2 million as of December 31, 2008 from $11.8 million as of December 31, 2007.
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Changes in fair value of financial instruments. During 2008, the change in fair value of our financial instruments fluctuated significantly from historical levels due to the continuing turmoil in the credit markets. The change in fair value of our financial instruments was a net decrease of $552.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2008, before minority interest allocations of $206.0 million. This change was comprised of a decrease in the fair value of our financial assets totaling $1.7 billion, a decrease in the fair value of our financial liabilities totaling $1.6 billion and a decrease in the fair value of our interest rate derivatives totaling $394.8 million. Due to the volatility of the financial markets, we are unable to predict with any level of certainty the future changes in the fair value of our financial instruments. |
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Asset impairments. We recorded asset impairments of $67.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2008. These asset impairments were comprised of $22.6 million associated with investments in securities whose cash flows were reduced during 2008 from collateral defaults, $29.1 million associated with intangible assets, and $15.4 million associated with direct real estate investments where the expected recovery value of the property has diminished below our investment basis. |
Our commercial real estate loans are our primary investment portfolio generating $95.4 million, or 54.7%, and $119.7 million, or 55.8%, of our gross cash flow during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, we originated $612.7 million and $2,586.6 million, respectively, of new commercial real estate loans. Worsening economic conditions have subjected borrowers under our commercial real estate loans to financial stress, which has increased the number of loans on non-accrual and caused us to increase our allowance for losses. We continue to actively monitor and manage these loans. Where it is likely to enhance our returns, we consider restructuring loans, including restructuring that results in our consolidation of the underlying property. As we continue to pursue ways of improving our overall recovery and repayment on these loans, we may experience temporary reductions in net investment income and cash flow. CMBS financing has become less available as a source of refinancing for our borrowers, which slowed the pace of refinancing by our borrowers while also creating new lending opportunities for us. The U.S. government sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac continue to provide financing for the acquisition and refinancing of multi-family properties, which may positively impact our loans collateralized by multi-family properties. Liquidity for other commercial property types remains limited since banks are hesitant to lend and the securitization market for commercial real estate assets effectively has ceased. A substantial portion of our commercial real estate portfolio will mature in 2009. We expect that we will restructure increasing numbers of loans in the event our borrowers cannot obtain sources of refinancing upon maturity.
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Our portfolio of residential mortgages generated $19.5 million, or 11.2%, and $21.2 million, or 9.9%, of our gross cash flow during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. We have seen the delinquency rates in our residential mortgage portfolio increase, which resulted in increases in our loan loss reserves and the number and amount of loans on non-accrual status.
Our portfolio of TruPS generated $44.3 million, or 25.4%, and $58.6 million, or 27.4%, of our gross cash flow during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. We continue to experience credit deterioration of TruPS issuers. This credit deterioration adversely affects the cash flow we receive from our securitizations and the fair value of their collateral. We continue to seek remedies and other means of restructuring our TruPS so as to improve the overall recovery in future periods. In January 2009, Taberna VIII and Taberna IX did not receive interest payments from a borrower which resulted in the re-direction of cash flow to repay principal of senior debt in each of these securitizations.
While we believe we have made appropriate adjustments to the valuation of our investments and our provision for losses in our residential mortgage and commercial real estate loan portfolios, future operations may be adversely affected by similar conditions in our investment portfolio.
Adoption of SFAS No. 159
Prior to January 1, 2008, we recorded certain of our investments in securities and derivatives at fair value. Upon adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008, we adjusted the carrying amounts of certain investments in securities, certain CDO notes payable, certain derivative instruments and other assets and liabilities to fair value resulting in an increase to shareholders equity of $1.1 billion on January 1, 2008. Subsequent to January 1, 2008, we reflect the fair value of these financial assets and liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet, with all changes in fair value recorded in earnings.
The following table summarizes the cumulative net fair value adjustments through December 31, 2008 for the specific financial assets and liabilities we elected for the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 (dollars in thousands):
Fair Value
Adjustments as of December 31, 2007 |
SFAS No. 159
Fair Value Adjustments on January 1, 2008 |
SFAS No. 159
Fair Value Adjustments during the Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
Cumulative Fair Value
Adjustments as of December 31, 2008 |
|||||||||||||
Assets: |
||||||||||||||||
Investments in securities (1) |
$ | (494,765 | ) | $ | (99,991 | ) | $ | (1,737,305 | ) | $ | (2,332,061 | ) | ||||
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization |
| (18,047 | ) | | (18,047 | ) | ||||||||||
Liabilities: |
||||||||||||||||
Trust preferred obligations |
| 52,070 | 145,339 | 197,409 | ||||||||||||
CDO notes payable |
| 1,520,616 | 1,434,175 | 2,954,791 | ||||||||||||
Derivative liabilities |
(155,080 | ) | | (394,821 | ) | (549,901 | ) | |||||||||
Other liabilities |
| 6,103 | 175 | 6,278 | ||||||||||||
Fair value adjustments before allocation to minority interest |
(649,845 | ) | 1,460,751 | (552,437 | ) | 258,469 | ||||||||||
Allocation of fair value adjustments to minority interest |
123,881 | (373,357 | ) | 206,036 | (43,440 | ) | ||||||||||
Cumulative effect on shareholders equity |
$ | (525,964 | ) | $ | 1,087,394 | $ | (346,401 | ) | $ | 215,029 | ||||||
(1) | Prior to January 1, 2008, trading securities were classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value. Accordingly, the election of the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 for trading securities did not change their carrying value and resulted in a reclassification of $310.5 million from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings (deficit) on January 1, 2008. |
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Through December 31, 2008, the cumulative effect of the fair value adjustments recorded on each financial asset and liability selected for the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 was a net increase in shareholders equity of $215.0 million. This net increase in shareholders equity may reverse through earnings as an unrealized loss in the future. For example, in the event our CDO notes payable were to recover some or all of their par amount, at a speed that exceeds any recovery of par amount by our investments in securities, the difference in the respective par amount recoveries could adversely affect earnings. Given the market conditions referred to above and the volatility in interest rates and the credit performance of our underlying collateral, we cannot determine whether further fluctuations in the fair value of our assets and liabilities subject to SFAS No. 159 will have a material effect on our financial performance.
Trends That May Affect Our Business
The following trends may affect our business:
Credit, capital markets and liquidity risk. We expect that the credit events that occurred during 2008, which have significantly reduced market liquidity and limited our financing strategies, will continue to significantly limit our ability to finance investments in our targeted asset classes for the foreseeable future. We expect that these events may cause additional covenant defaults, increased delinquencies or missed payments from issuers of TruPS, our portfolio of commercial real estate loans or from our portfolio of residential mortgage loans. This will likely cause reductions in our net investment income, increases in our provision for losses, decreases in the fair value of our assets, increases in our asset impairments and may reduce the cash flows we receive from our securitizations.
To finance investments in our commercial loan portfolio in the future, management will seek to structure match funded financing opportunities through the use of restricted cash in, and through the reinvestment of repayment amounts received under, our current securitizations and through loan participations, bank lines of credit, joint-venture opportunities and other methods that preserve our capital while making investments that generate an attractive return.
Interest rate environment. Interest rates experienced significant volatility during the year ended December 31, 2008. Continued volatility in interest rates may impact the fair value of our investments and/or the net investment income generated by those investments in the future.
We do not expect that an increase or decrease in interest rates would dramatically impact our net investment income generated by our residential mortgage and commercial and mezzanine loan portfolios. Our investments in residential mortgages have been financed through the issuance of mortgage-backed securities that bear interest at rates with similar terms as those of the underlying residential mortgages, effectively match funding our investments with our liabilities. In the case of investments in commercial and mezzanine loans, we use floating rate line of credit borrowings and long-term floating rate CDO notes payable to finance our investments. To the extent the quantity of fixed-rate commercial and mezzanine loans are not directly offset by matching fixed-rate CDO notes payable, we utilize interest rate derivative contracts to convert our floating rate liabilities into fixed-rate liabilities, effectively match funding our assets with our liabilities.
Our investments in securities are comprised of TruPS, subordinated debentures, unsecured debt securities and CMBS held by our consolidated CDO entities. These securities bear fixed and floating interest rates. A large portion of these fixed-rate securities are hybrid instruments, which convert to floating rate securities after a five or ten year fixed-rate period. We have financed these securities through the issuance of floating rate and fixed-rate CDO notes payable. A large portion of the CDO notes payable are floating rate instruments, and we use interest rate swaps to effectively convert this floating rate debt into fixed-rate debt during the period in which our investments in securities are paid at a fixed coupon rate. By using this hedging strategy, we believe we have effectively match-funded our assets with liabilities during the fixed-rate period of our investments in securities. An increase or decrease in interest rates will generally not impact our net investment income generated by our
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investments in securities. However, an increase or decrease in interest rates will affect the fair value of our investments in securities, which will generally be reflected in our financial statements as changes in the fair value of financial instruments.
Prepayment rates. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise, but changes in prepayment rates are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates on our assets also may be affected by other factors, including, without limitation, conditions in the housing, real estate and financial markets, general economic conditions and the relative interest rates on adjustable-rate and fixed-rate loans. If interest rates begin to fall, triggering an increase in prepayment rates in our residential mortgage and commercial loan portfolio, our net investment income may decrease. However, the lack of financing alternatives may cause loans to extend and provide an opportunity to increase the net investment income. While interest rates have decreased substantially during 2008, prepayment rates have not increased due to the lack of mortgage financing in the current economic and credit environments.
Residential housing prices, delinquency rates and lending. In recent periods, home values have declined, the number of mortgage defaults has been increasing and the availability of residential mortgage financing has been declining substantially. Increasing foreclosure activity is resulting from underwater mortgages on which the balance owed is more than the current value of the property, and defaults on loan payments by homeowners due to adjustments of the payment amount or the effect of economic conditions on the homeowner. The federal government has proposed a plan intended to address residential housing issues. Legislation has also been proposed to change federal bankruptcy law so that judges can unilaterally reduce the mortgage debt owed by borrowers in bankruptcy proceedings. We cannot predict the impact of this plan or proposal on us in general or our residential mortgage portfolio in particular.
Commercial real estate lack of liquidity and reduced performance. The market for CMBS and other sources of financing for commercial real estate has contracted severely, creating increased risk of defaults upon the maturity of loans due to the lack of sources of refinancing. Due to current economic conditions, the multi-family, office and retail sectors of commercial real estate are seeing increased vacancy levels and reduced rents. We cannot predict the severity of future increases in vacancy levels and reductions of rent.
Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of how we report our financial condition and results of operations because their application places the most significant demands on the judgment of our management.
Our financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition for Investment Income. We recognize interest income from investments in debt and other securities, residential mortgages, commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans on a yield to maturity basis. Upon the acquisition of a loan at a discount, we assess the portions of the discount that constitutes accretable yields and non-accretable differences. The accretable yield represents the excess of our expected cash flows from the loan over the amount we paid for the loan. That amount, the accretable yield, is accreted to interest income over the remaining life of the loan. Many of our commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans provide for the accrual of interest at specified rates which differ from current payment terms. Interest income is recognized on such loans at the accrual rate subject to managements determination that accrued interest and outstanding principal are ultimately collectible. Management evaluates loans for non-accrual status each reporting period. Payments received for loans on non-accrual status are applied to principal until the loan is removed from
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non-accrual status. Past due interest is recognized on non-accrual loans when they are removed from non-accrual status and are making current interest payments. For investments that we did not elect to record at fair value under SFAS No. 159, origination fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized to net investment income, using the effective interest method, over the contractual life of the underlying loan security or loan, in accordance with SFAS No. 91. For investments that we elected to record at fair value under SFAS No. 159, origination fees and direct loan costs are recorded in income and are not deferred. We recognize interest income from interests in certain securitized financial assets on an estimated effective yield to maturity basis. Management estimates the current yield on the amortized cost of the investment based on estimated cash flows after considering prepayment and credit loss experience.
Investments. We invest in debt securities, residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables, commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and other types of real estate-related assets. We account for our investments in securities under SFAS No. 115, and designate each investment as a trading security, an available-for-sale security, or a held-to-maturity security based on our intent at the time of acquisition. Under SFAS No. 115, trading securities are recorded at their fair value each reporting period with fluctuations in fair value reported as a component of earnings. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). See Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Our estimate of fair value is subject to a high degree of variability based upon market conditions and management assumptions. Upon the sale of an available-for-sale security, the realized gain or loss on the sale will be recorded as a component of earnings in the respective period. Held-to-maturity investments are carried at amortized cost at each reporting period.
On January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 159. See Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In applying SFAS No. 159, we classified certain of our available for sale securities as trading securities on January 1, 2008. Trading securities are carried at their estimated fair value, with changes in fair value reported in earnings.
We account for our investments in subordinated debentures owned by trust VIEs that we consolidate as available-for-sale securities. These VIEs have no ability to sell, pledge, transfer or otherwise encumber the trust or the assets of the trust until such subordinated debentures maturity. We account for investments in securities where the transfer meets the criteria as a financing under SFAS No. 140, at amortized cost. Our investments in security-related receivables represent securities that were transferred to issuers of CDOs in which the transferors maintained some level of continuing involvement.
We account for our investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables, commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and other loans at amortized cost. The carrying value of these investments is adjusted for origination discounts/premiums, nonrefundable fees and direct costs for originating loans which are amortized into income on a level yield basis over the terms of the loans. Mortgage-related receivables represent loan receivables secured by residential mortgages, the legal title to which is held by our consolidated securitizations. These residential mortgages were transferred to the consolidated securitizations in transactions accounted for as financings under SFAS No. 140. Mortgage-related receivables maintain all of the economic attributes of the underlying residential mortgages and all benefits or risks of that ownership inure to the trust subsidiary.
We use our judgment to determine whether an investment in securities has sustained an other-than-temporary decline in value. If management determines that an investment in securities has sustained an other-than-temporary decline in its value, the investment is written down to its fair value by a charge to earnings, and we establish a new cost basis for the investment. Our evaluation of an other-than-temporary decline is dependent on the specific facts and circumstances. Factors that we consider in determining whether an other-than-temporary decline in value has occurred include: the estimated fair value of the investment in relation to our cost basis; the financial condition of the related entity; and the intent and ability to retain the investment for a sufficient period of time to allow for recovery of the fair value of the investment.
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Allowance for Losses . We maintain an allowance for losses on our investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables, commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and other loans. Our allowance for losses is based on managements evaluation of known losses and inherent risks, for example, historical and industry loss experience, economic conditions and trends, estimated fair values, the quality of collateral and other relevant factors. Specific allowances for losses on our commercial and mezzanine loans are established for impaired loans based on a comparison of the recorded carrying value of the loan to either the present value of the loans expected cash flow, the loans estimated market price or the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. Our allowance for loss on residential mortgage loans is evaluated collectively for impairment as the mortgage loans are homogenous pools of residential mortgages. The allowance is increased by charges to operations and decreased by charge-offs (net of recoveries).
Transfers of Financial Assets. We account for transfers of financial assets under SFAS No. 140 as either sales or financings. Transfers of financial assets that result in sales accounting are those in which (1) the transfer legally isolates the transferred assets from the transferor, (2) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and no condition both constrains the transferees right to pledge or exchange the assets and provides more than a trivial benefit to the transferor, and (3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If the transfer does not meet these criteria, the transfer is accounted for as a financing. Financial assets that are treated as sales are removed from our accounts with any realized gain (loss) reflected in earnings during the period of sale. Financial assets that are treated as financings are maintained on the balance sheet with proceeds received from the legal transfer reflected as securitized borrowings, or security-related receivables.
Derivative Instruments. We may use derivative financial instruments to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with our borrowings. Certain of the techniques used to hedge exposure to interest rate fluctuations may also be used to protect against declines in the market value of assets that result from general trends in debt markets. The principal objective of such agreements is to minimize the risks and/or costs associated with our operating and financial structure as well as to hedge specific anticipated transactions.
In accordance with SFAS No. 133, we measure each derivative instrument (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts) at fair value and record such amounts in our consolidated balance sheet as either an asset or liability. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, derivatives not designated as hedges, or for derivatives for which we elected the fair value option under SFAS No. 159, the changes in fair value of the derivative instrument are recorded in earnings. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the changes in the fair value of the effective portions of the derivative are reported in other comprehensive income. Changes in the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Effective January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 157, which requires additional disclosures about our assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value. As defined in SFAS No. 157, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Where available, fair value is based on observable market prices or parameters or derived from such prices or parameters. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, valuation models are applied. These valuation techniques involve management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency for the instruments or market and the instruments complexity for disclosure purposes. Beginning in January 2008, assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their value. Hierarchical levels, as defined in SFAS No. 157 and directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuations of these assets and liabilities are as follows:
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Level 1 : Valuations are based on unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. The types of assets carried at level 1 fair value generally are equity securities listed in active markets. As such, valuations of these investments do not entail a significant degree of judgment. |
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Level 2 : Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. |
Fair value assets and liabilities that are generally included in this category are unsecured REIT note receivables, commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS, receivables and certain financial instruments classified as derivatives where the fair value is based on observable market inputs.
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Level 3 : Inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset. Generally, assets and liabilities carried at fair value and included in this category are TruPS and subordinated debentures, trust preferred obligations and CDO notes payable where observable market inputs do not exist. |
The availability of observable inputs can vary depending on the financial asset or liability and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of investment, whether the investment is new, whether the investment is traded on an active exchange or in the secondary market, and the current market condition. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by us in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, our own assumptions are set to reflect those that management believes market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. We use prices and inputs that management believes are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be transferred from Level 1 to Level 2 or Level 2 to Level 3.
Many financial institutions have bid and ask prices that can be observed in the marketplace. Bid prices reflect the highest price that we and others are willing to pay for an asset. Ask prices represent the lowest price that we and others are willing to accept for an asset. For financial instruments whose inputs are based on bid-ask prices, we do not require that fair value always be a predetermined point in the bid-ask range. Our policy is to allow for mid-market pricing and adjusting to the point within the bid-ask range that results in our best estimate of fair value.
Fair value for certain of our Level 3 financial instruments is derived using internal valuation models. These internal valuation models include discounted cash flow analyses developed by management using current interest rates, estimates of the term of the particular instrument, specific issuer information and other market data for securities without an active market. In accordance with SFAS No. 157, the impact of our own credit spreads is also considered when measuring the fair value of financial assets or liabilities, including derivative contracts. Where appropriate, valuation adjustments are made to account for various factors, including bid-ask spreads, credit quality and market liquidity. These adjustments are applied on a consistent basis and are based on observable inputs where available. Managements estimate of fair value requires significant management judgment and is subject to a high degree of variability based upon market conditions, the availability of specific issuer information and managements assumptions.
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For further discussion on fair value of our financial instruments, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Note 8: Fair Value of Financial Instruments.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, which provides entities with an irrevocable option to report most financial assets and liabilities at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value reported in earnings. The election can be applied on an instrument-by-instrument basis. SFAS No. 159 establishes presentation and disclosure requirements designed to facilitate comparisons between entities that choose different measurement attributes for similar types of assets and liabilities. As of January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 159 and we recorded, at fair value, certain of our investments in securities, CDO notes payable and trust preferred obligations used to finance those investments and any related interest rate derivatives. Subsequent to January 1, 2008, all changes in the fair value of such investments in securities, CDO notes payable, trust preferred obligations and related interest rate derivatives are recorded in earnings. Upon adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008, we recognized an increase to shareholders equity of $1.1 billion.
The following table presents information about the eligible instruments for which we elected the fair value option and for which adjustments were recorded as of January 1, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Carrying
Amount as of December 31, 2007 |
Effect from
adoption of SFAS No. 159 |
Carrying
Amount as of January 1, 2008 (After adoption of SFAS No. 159) |
||||||||||
Assets: |
||||||||||||
Trading securities (1) |
$ | 2,721,360 | $ | | $ | 2,721,360 | ||||||
Security-related receivables |
1,050,967 | (99,991 | ) | 950,976 | ||||||||
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization |
18,047 | (18,047 | ) | | ||||||||
Liabilities: |
||||||||||||
Trust preferred obligations |
(450,625 | ) | 52,070 | (398,555 | ) | |||||||
CDO notes payable |
(3,695,858 | ) | 1,520,616 | (2,175,242 | ) | |||||||
Derivative liabilities |
(155,080 | ) | | (155,080 | ) | |||||||
Deferred taxes and other liabilities |
(6,103 | ) | 6,103 | | ||||||||
Fair value adjustments before allocation to minority interest |
1,460,751 | |||||||||||
Allocation of fair value adjustments to minority interest |
| (373,357 | ) | (373,357 | ) | |||||||
Cumulative effect on shareholders equity from adoption of SFAS No. 159 (2) |
$ | 1,087,394 | ||||||||||
(1) | Prior to January 1, 2008, trading securities were classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value. Accordingly, the election of the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 for trading securities did not change their carrying value and resulted in a reclassification of $310.5 million from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings (deficit) on January 1, 2008. |
(2) | The $1,087.4 million cumulative effect on shareholders equity from the adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008 was comprised of a $310.5 million increase to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and a $776.9 million increase to retained earnings (deficit). |
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statementsan amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, or SFAS No. 160. SFAS No. 160 establishes accounting and reporting standards for ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the parent, the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and to the noncontrolling interest, changes in a parents ownership interest and the valuation of retained noncontrolling equity investments when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. SFAS No. 160 also establishes disclosure requirements that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent and the interests of the noncontrolling owners. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. The anticipated adoption of SFAS No. 160 is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
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In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position, or FSP, No. 140-3, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions, or FSP No. 140-3. FSP No. 140-3 provides guidance on accounting for a transfer of a financial asset and a repurchase financing. FSP No. 140-3 presumes that an initial transfer of a financial asset and a repurchase financing are considered part of the same arrangement (linked transaction) under SFAS No. 140. However, if certain criteria are met, the initial transfer and repurchase financing are not evaluated as a linked transaction and shall be evaluated separately under SFAS No. 140. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. The anticipated adoption of FSP No. 140-3 is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activitiesan amendment of SFAS No. 133, or SFAS No. 161. SFAS No. 161 requires enhanced disclosure related to derivatives and hedging activities and thereby seeks to improve the transparency of financial reporting. Under SFAS No. 161, entities are required to provide enhanced disclosures relating to: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments; (b) how derivative instruments and related hedge items are accounted for under SFAS No. 133 and its related interpretations; and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entitys financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. The anticipated adoption of SFAS No. 161 is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In May 2008, the FASB issued FSP No. Accounting Principles Board 14-1, Accounting for Convertible Debt Instruments That May Be Settled in Cash upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement), or APB 14-1, which clarifies the accounting for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash (including partial cash settlement) upon conversion. APB 14-1 requires issuers to account separately for the liability and equity components of certain convertible debt instruments in a manner that reflects the issuers nonconvertible debt (unsecured debt) borrowing rate when interest cost is recognized. The equity component is presented in shareholders equity and the accretion of the resulting discount on the debt is recognized as part of interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. APB 14-1 requires retrospective application to the terms of instruments as they existed for all periods presented. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this statement may have on our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-3, Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active, or FSP FAS 157-3. FSP FAS 157-3 clarifies the application of SFAS No. 157 in a market that is not active. FSP FAS 157-3 is effective October 10, 2008, and for prior periods for which financial statements have not been issued. The adoption of FSP FAS 157-3 has been reflected in our determination of fair value in our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8, which amends SFAS No. 140, to require additional disclosures about transfers of financial assets and FIN 46, to require additional disclosures about variable interest entities for both public enterprises and sponsors that have a variable interest in a variable interest entity. The disclosures required are intended to provide greater transparency to financial statement users about a transferors continuing involvement with transferred financial assets and an enterprises involvement with variable interest entities and qualifying special purpose entities. The provisions of this FASB staff position are effective for reporting periods ending after November 15, 2008. The adoption of this FASB staff position did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In January 2009, the FASB issued FSP EITF 99-20-1, which amends FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, No. 99-20 Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased Beneficial Interest and Beneficial Interests That Continue to Be Held by a Transferor or in Securitized Financial Assets, or EITF 99-20, to align the impairment guidance in EITF 99-20 with the impairment guidance and related implementation guidance in SFAS No. 115. The provisions of this FASB staff position are effective for reporting periods ending after December 15, 2008. The adoption of this FASB staff position did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141R which replaces SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations, or SFAS No. 141. Among other things, SFAS No. 141R broadens the scope of SFAS No. 141 to include all transactions where an acquirer obtains control of one or more other businesses; retains the guidance to recognize intangible assets separately from goodwill; requires, with limited exceptions, that all assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain of those that arise from contractual contingencies, be measured at their acquisition date fair values; requires most acquisition and restructuring-related costs to be expensed as incurred; requires that step acquisitions, once control is acquired, be recorded at the full amounts of the fair values of the identifiable assets, liabilities and the noncontrolling interest in the acquiree; and replaces the reduction of asset values and recognition of negative goodwill with a requirement to recognize a gain in earnings. The provisions of SFAS No. 141R are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008 and are to be applied prospectively only. Early adoption is not permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this statement may have on our consolidated financial statements.
Performance Measures
We use adjusted earnings and assets under management, or AUM, as tools to measure our financial and operating performance. The following defines these measures and describes their relevance to our financial and operating performance:
Adjusted Earnings We measure our performance using adjusted earnings in addition to GAAP net income (loss). Adjusted earnings represents net income (loss) available to common shares, computed in accordance with GAAP, before provision for losses, depreciation expense, amortization of intangible assets, (gains) losses on sale of assets, (gains) losses on extinguishment of debt, (gains) losses on deconsolidation of VIEs, capital (gains) losses, change in fair value of financial instruments, net of allocation to minority interest, unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate hedges, interest cost of hedges, net of allocation to minority interest, asset impairments, net of allocation to minority interest, share-based compensation, write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs, fee income deferred (recognized) and our deferred tax provision (benefit). These items are recorded in accordance with GAAP and are typically non-cash items that do not impact our operating performance or dividend paying ability.
Management views adjusted earnings as a useful and appropriate supplement to GAAP net income (loss) because it helps us evaluate our performance without the effects of certain GAAP adjustments that may not have a direct financial impact on our current operating performance and our dividend paying ability. We use adjusted earnings to evaluate the performance of our investment portfolios, our ability to generate fees, our ability to manage our expenses and our dividend paying ability before the impact of non-cash adjustments recorded in accordance with GAAP. We believe this is a useful performance measure for investors to evaluate these aspects of our business as well. The most significant adjustments we exclude in determining adjusted earnings are provision for losses, amortization of intangible assets, change in fair value of financial instruments, capital (gains) losses, asset impairments and share-based compensation. Management excludes all such items from its calculation of adjusted earnings because these items are not charges or losses which would impact our current operating performance or dividend paying ability. By excluding these significant items, adjusted earnings reduces an investors understanding of our operating performance by excluding: (i) managements expectation of possible losses from our investment portfolio or non-performing assets that may impact future operating performance or dividend paying ability, (ii) the allocation of non-cash costs of generating fee revenue during the periods in which we are receiving such revenue, and (iii) share-based compensation required to retain and incentivize our management team.
Adjusted earnings, as a non-GAAP financial measurement, does not purport to be an alternative to net income (loss) determined in accordance with GAAP, or a measure of operating performance or cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of liquidity. Instead, adjusted earnings should be reviewed in connection with net income (loss) and cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities in our consolidated financial statements to help analyze managements expectation of potential future losses from our investment portfolio and other non-cash matters that impact our financial results. Adjusted
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earnings and other supplemental performance measures are defined in various ways throughout the REIT industry. Investors should consider these differences when comparing our adjusted earnings to these other REITs.
During the year ended December 31, 2008, we revised our definition of adjusted earnings to exclude capital (gains) losses and gains (losses) on sale of assets. Capital (gains) losses and gains (losses) on sale of assets, while economic gains or losses, do not currently impact operating performance or dividend paying ability. This revision resulted in an increase of $10.2 million and $0.1 million to the computation of adjusted earnings for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
The table below reconciles the differences between reported net income (loss) available to common shares and adjusted earnings for the following periods (dollars in thousands, except share and per share information):
For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common shares, as reported |
$ | (442,882 | ) | $ | (379,344 | ) | $ | 67,839 | ||||
Add (deduct): |
||||||||||||
Provision for losses |
162,783 | 21,721 | 2,499 | |||||||||
Depreciation expense |
7,501 | 6,242 | 2,006 | |||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets |
17,077 | 61,269 | 3,175 | |||||||||
(Gains) losses on sale of assets |
(806 | ) | 109,889 | 6 | ||||||||
(Gains) losses on extinguishment of debt |
(42,572 | ) | | | ||||||||
(Gains) losses on deconsolidation of VIEs |
| (117,158 | ) | | ||||||||
Capital losses (1) |
32,059 | | | |||||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments, net of allocation to minority interest of $(206,036) for the year ended December 31, 2008 |
346,401 | | | |||||||||
Unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate hedges |
407 | 7,789 | (1,925 | ) | ||||||||
Interest cost of hedges, net of allocation to minority interest of $14,061 for the year ended December 31, 2008 |
(40,540 | ) | | | ||||||||
Asset impairments, net of minority interest allocation of $85,800 for the year ended December 31, 2007 |
67,052 | 431,652 | | |||||||||
Share-based compensation, including stock forfeitures of $9,708 for the year ended December 31, 2007 |
7,206 | 20,891 | 905 | |||||||||
Write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs |
| 2,985 | | |||||||||
Fee income deferred |
1,080 | 26,947 | 3,379 | |||||||||
Deferred tax provision (benefit) |
1,238 | (15,788 | ) | (2,812 | ) | |||||||
Adjusted earnings |
$ | 116,004 | $ | 177,095 | $ | 75,072 | ||||||
Weighted-average shares outstandingDiluted |
63,024,154 | 60,633,833 | 29,553,403 | |||||||||
(1) | During the year ended December 31, 2008, all of our warehouse arrangements were terminated. We have recorded the loss of our warehouse deposits as a component of the change in fair value of free-standing derivatives in our consolidated statement of operations. |
Assets Under Management Assets under management, or AUM, represents the total assets that we own or are managing for third parties. While not all AUM generates fee income, it is an important operating measure to gauge our asset growth, volume of originations, size and scale of our operations and our financial performance. AUM includes our total investment portfolio and assets associated with unconsolidated CDOs for which we derive asset management fees.
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The table below summarizes our assets under management as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 and asset management fees received during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 (dollars in thousands):
Assets Under
Management at December 31, 2008 |
Asset
Management Fees for the Year Ended December 31, 2008 (1) |
Assets Under
Management at December 31, 2007 |
Asset
Management Fees for the Year Ended December 31, 2007 (1) |
|||||||||
Commercial real estate portfolio (2) |
$ | 2,162,436 | $ | 2,064 | $ | 2,171,305 | $ | 2,021 | ||||
Residential mortgage portfolio (3) |
3,611,860 | | 4,085,028 | | ||||||||
European portfolio |
1,928,462 | 6,814 | 1,682,447 | 7,350 | ||||||||
U.S. TruPS portfolio (4) |
6,478,945 | 15,119 | 6,164,375 | 16,762 | ||||||||
Other investments |
180 | | 189,359 | | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 14,181,883 | $ | 23,997 | $ | 14,292,514 | $ | 26,133 | ||||
(1) | Asset management fees for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 may not be indicative of asset management fees for subsequent annual periods. See Forward-looking Statements and Risk Factors sections above for risks and uncertainties that could cause our asset management fees for subsequent annual periods to differ materially from these amounts. |
(2) | As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, our commercial real estate portfolio is comprised of $1.5 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, of assets collateralizing RAIT I and RAIT II, $367.7 million and $134.8 million, respectively, of investments in real estate interests and $254.9 million and $307.8 million, respectively, of commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests that were not securitized. |
(3) | Assets under management for our residential mortgage portfolio represents the unpaid principal balance as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. |
(4) | Our U.S. TruPS portfolio is comprised of assets collateralizing Taberna III, Taberna IV, and Taberna VI through Taberna IX, and our interests in Taberna I, Taberna II and Taberna V, and includes TruPS and subordinated debentures, unsecured REIT note receivables, CMBS receivables, other securities, commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans. |
REIT Taxable Income
To qualify as a REIT, we are required to make annual distributions to our shareholders in an amount at least equal to 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. In addition, to avoid certain U.S. federal excise taxes, we are required to annually make distributions to our shareholders in an amount at least equal to designated percentages of our net taxable income. Because we expect to make distributions based on the foregoing requirements, and not based on our earnings computed in accordance with GAAP, we expect that our distributions may at times be more or less than our reported earnings as computed in accordance with GAAP.
We expect that our 2009 dividends will be determined by our board after each quarter ends so management and the board can review the results and the status of our REIT taxable income. The board will also consider the composition of any common dividends declared, including the option of paying a portion in cash and the balance in additional common shares. Generally, dividends payable in stock are not treated as dividends for purposes of the deduction for dividends, or as taxable dividends to the recipient. The Internal Revenue Service, in Revenue Procedure 2009-15, has given guidance with respect to certain stock distributions by publicly traded REITS. That Revenue Procedure applies to distributions made on or after January 1, 2008 and declared with respect to a taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2009. It provides that publicly-traded REITS can distribute stock (common shares in our case) to satisfy their REIT distribution requirements if stated conditions are met. These conditions include that at least 10% of the aggregate declared distributions be paid in cash and the shareholders be permitted to elect whether to receive cash or stock, subject to the limit set by the REIT on the cash to be distributed in the aggregate to all shareholders. RAIT did not use this Revenue Procedure with respect to any distributions for its 2008 taxable year, but may do so for distributions with respect to 2009.
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Total taxable income and REIT taxable income are non-GAAP financial measurements, and do not purport to be an alternative to reported net income determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of operating performance or to cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP as a measure of liquidity. Our total taxable income represents the aggregate amount of taxable income generated by us and by our domestic and foreign TRSs. REIT taxable income is calculated under U.S. federal tax laws in a manner that, in certain respects, differs from the calculation of net income pursuant to GAAP. REIT taxable income excludes the undistributed taxable income of our domestic TRSs, which is not included in REIT taxable income until distributed to us. Subject to TRS value limitations, there is no requirement that our domestic TRSs distribute their earnings to us. REIT taxable income, however, generally includes the taxable income of our foreign TRSs because we will generally be required to recognize and report our taxable income on a current basis. Since we are structured as a REIT and the Internal Revenue Code requires that we distribute substantially all of our net taxable income in the form of distributions to our shareholders, we believe that presenting the information management uses to calculate our net taxable income is useful to investors in understanding the amount of the minimum distributions that we must make to our shareholders so as to comply with the rules set forth in the Internal Revenue Code. Because not all companies use identical calculations, this presentation of total taxable income and REIT taxable income may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures as determined and reported by other companies.
The table below reconciles the differences between reported net income available to common shares, total taxable income and estimated REIT taxable income for the three years ended December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common shares, as reported |
$ | (442,882 | ) | $ | (379,344 | ) | $ | 67,839 | ||||
Add (deduct): |
||||||||||||
Provision for losses, net of charge-offs |
145,584 | 21,044 | 2,499 | |||||||||
Tax gains on sales in excess of reported gains |
| | 8,643 | |||||||||
Domestic TRS book-to-total taxable income differences: |
||||||||||||
Income tax provision (benefit) |
(2,137 | ) | (10,784 | ) | (1,183 | ) | ||||||
Fees received and deferred in consolidation |
1,080 | 26,947 | 3,099 | |||||||||
Stock compensation, forfeitures and other temporary tax differences |
6,060 | 24,577 | | |||||||||
Capital losses not offsetting capital gains and other temporary tax differences |
32,059 | 1,153 | (1,466 | ) | ||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets |
17,077 | 61,269 | 3,175 | |||||||||
Net gains on deconsolidation of VIEs |
| (17,471 | ) | | ||||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments, net of minority interest of $(206,036) for the year ended December 31, 2008 |
346,401 | | | |||||||||
Asset impairments, net of minority interest allocation of $(85,800) for the year ended December 31, 2007 |
67,052 | 431,652 | | |||||||||
CDO investments aggregate book-to-taxable income differences (1) |
(78,242 | ) | (9,389 | ) | (2,346 | ) | ||||||
Accretion of (premiums) discounts |
(3,562 | ) | 2,515 | | ||||||||
Other book to tax differences |
754 | 4,535 | 8,019 | |||||||||
Tabernas 2006 undistributed earnings pre-merger (2) |
| | 9,201 | |||||||||
Total taxable income |
89,244 | 156,704 | 97,480 | |||||||||
Less: Taxable income attributable to domestic TRS entities |
(21,278 | ) | (23,846 | ) | (4,236 | ) | ||||||
Plus: Dividends paid by domestic TRS entities |
25,750 | 16,103 | 2,000 | |||||||||
Estimated REIT taxable income (prior to deduction for dividends paid) |
$ | 93,716 | $ | 148,961 | $ | 95,244 | ||||||
(1) | Amounts reflect the aggregate book-to-taxable income differences and are primarily comprised of (a) unrealized gains on interest rate hedges within CDO entities that Taberna consolidated, (b) amortization of original issue discounts and debt issuance costs and (c) differences in tax year-ends between Taberna and its CDO investments. |
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(2) | Amount reflects the undistributed earnings of Taberna for the period from January 1, 2006 through December 11, 2006. These undistributed earnings, as well as Tabernas REIT taxable income generated from December 12, 2006 through December 31, 2006, were declared as a dividend to RAIT, Tabernas sole common shareholder, in December 2006 and paid in January 2007. |
For the year ended December 31, 2008, we paid common dividends totaling $108.2 million, or $1.73 per common share,
of which $0.46 was declared in 2007 and $1.27 was declared in 2008. For tax reporting purposes, the dividends that we paid in 2008 were classified as 92.0% ($1.5921) ordinary income and 8.0% ($0.1379) return of capital for those shareholders who
Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2008 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007
Revenue
Investment interest income. Investment interest income decreased $201.9 million, or 22.6%, to $691.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $893.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This net decrease was primarily attributable to: decreases in interest income of $120.1 million on approximately $1.5 billion of investments resulting from the deconsolidation of our Taberna II and Taberna V CDOs during the latter half of 2007, $17.7 million from the sale of other securities subsequent to December 31, 2007 and $25.2 million from approximately $469.7 million in repayments on our residential mortgage loans; these decreases were offset by an increase in interest income of $36.6 million from the closing and consolidation of Taberna VIII in March 2007 and Taberna IX in June 2007. The remaining decrease was primarily related to the reduction in short-term LIBOR of approximately 2.4% during the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to the year ended December 31, 2007 and $873.7 million in total principal amount of investments on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2008 compared to $287.9 million as of December 31, 2007.
Investment interest expense. Investment interest expense decreased $213.4 million, or 30.6%, to $484.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $698.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This net decrease was primarily attributable to: decreases in interest expense of $97.0 million on approximately $1.5 billion of indebtedness resulting from the deconsolidation of our Taberna II and Taberna V CDOs during the latter half of 2007, $42.4 million from reductions in our repurchase agreements and other indebtedness used to finance various investments on a short-term basis, $29.1 million from repayments of our residential mortgage-backed securities used to finance our residential mortgage portfolio and $3.0 million related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs resulting from the termination of a line of credit in April 2007; these decreases were offset by increases in interest expense of $12.8 million from the issuance of CDO notes payable from RAIT II in June 2007, $6.6 million from the closing and consolidation of Taberna IX in June 2007 and $8.0 million from the issuance of convertible senior notes in April 2007. The remaining decrease was primarily related to the reduction in short-term LIBOR of approximately 2.4% during the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to the year ended December 31, 2007 and the inclusion of interest cost of hedges as a component of the change in the fair value of financial instruments during the year ended December 31, 2008 due to the adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008.
Rental income. Rental income increased $9.4 million, or 77.7%, to $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase was primarily attributable to eleven new properties, with total assets of approximately $284.8 million, acquired or consolidated since or during the year ended December 31, 2007.
Fee and other income. Fee and other income decreased $4.3 million, or 17.0%, to $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This decrease was primarily due to a structuring fee of $5.6 million that we received in connection with the completion of Taberna Europe I in January 2007. No structuring fees were earned during the year ended December 31, 2008. We
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received $2.5 million of lower origination fees from our domestic and European origination activities during the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to 2007 offset by $3.8 million of increased asset management fees resulting primarily from the deconsolidation of our Taberna II and Taberna V CDOs during the latter half of 2007 and the completion of Taberna Europe II in September 2007.
Expenses
Compensation expense. Compensation expense decreased $4.9 million, or 14.2%, to $29.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $34.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This decrease was due to lower stock based compensation amortization of (i) $1.6 million resulting from phantom unit forfeitures from our executives in December 2007 and (ii) $2.3 million from the vesting of certain restricted share awards subsequent to December 31, 2007 and $5.4 million of reduced salary, bonus and other compensation costs offset by a $4.4 million increase associated with lower capitalized costs due to a reduction of commercial loan and domestic TruPS production.
Real estate operating expense. Real estate operating expense increased $7.9 million to $19.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase was primarily attributable to eleven new properties, with total assets of approximately $284.8 million, acquired or consolidated since or during the year ended December 31, 2007.
General and administrative expense . General and administrative expense decreased $4.2 million, or 16.0%, to $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This decrease is primarily due to a $1.0 million fee paid to Eton Park Capital Management for providing a standby commitment to purchase equity in the Taberna Europe I transaction that we closed in January 2007. No such fees were paid during the year ended December 31, 2008. In addition, during 2008, there were $1.3 million less travel and entertainment expenses, $2.5 million of lower costs for deals that will no longer be pursued, $0.6 million less investment monitoring costs and other decreased general and administrative costs offset by $2.6 million of increased legal expenses related to the class action securities lawsuit.
Stock forfeitures. Stock forfeitures resulted in $9.7 million of expense during 2007 due to the forfeiture of 322,000 phantom units by certain of our executive officers in December 2007. In January 2007, the board of trustees awarded these phantom units to our executive officers and had a grant date fair value of $11.8 million. The awards vested over four years. In December 2007, these executive officers voluntarily forfeited the awards which was treated as a capital contribution to us under SFAS No. 123R Share-Based Payment. The unamortized portion of the forfeited awards was charged to stock forfeiture expense and recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital.
Provision for losses. The provision for losses relates to our investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables and our commercial mortgage loan portfolio. The provision for losses increased by $141.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 to $162.8 million as compared to $21.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. Since December 31, 2007, delinquencies in our residential mortgage portfolio have increased by $184.3 million, including $86.7 million in real estate-owned, bankruptcy or foreclosure property, and by $124.8 million in our commercial loan portfolio. While we believe we have properly reserved for the probable losses in our portfolio, we continually monitor our portfolio for evidence of loss and accrue or adjust our loan loss reserve as circumstances or conditions change. As of December 31, 2008, $186.0 million of our commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans and $236.0 million of our residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables were on non-accrual status.
Depreciation expense. Depreciation expense increased $1.4 million to $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase was primarily attributable to eleven new properties, with total assets of $284.8 million, acquired or consolidated since or during the year ended December 31, 2007.
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Amortization of intangible assets. Amortization expense decreased $44.2 million, or 72.1%, to $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $61.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This decrease resulted from the full amortization or impairment of some of the identified intangibles ($34.8 million had a useful life of one year) recorded subsequent to or during the year ended December 31, 2007.
Other Income (Expenses)
Interest and other income. Interest and other income decreased $12.4 million to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This decrease is due to reduced average cash and restricted cash balances during the year ended December 31, 2008 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2007 as well as reduced interest rates offered by financial institutions in 2008.
Gains (losses) on sale of assets. Gains on sale of assets were $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to losses on sale of assets of $109.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The gains on sale of assets during the year ended December 31, 2008 were associated with the sales of investments in securities and other assets. Losses on sales of assets was $109.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The losses on sales of assets during 2007 was comprised of $10.2 million associated with the sales of other securities that we held in our investment portfolio and $99.7 million of losses relating to the sale of the net assets of Taberna II and Taberna V during 2007. In November and December 2007, we sold a portion of our interests in these CDOs such that we were not determined to be the primary beneficiary under FIN 46R of these VIEs. For accounting purposes, the deconsolidation of these VIEs is treated as a sale of their net assets for no consideration and a resulting gain from deconsolidation of VIEs.
Gains on extinguishment of debt. Gains on extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2008 are attributable to the repurchase of $40.8 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes, $25.0 million in principal amount of junior subordinated notes and $3.0 million in principal amount of CDO notes payable. The convertible senior notes were repurchased from the market for a total purchase price of $18.7 million and we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $21.2 million, net of $0.9 million deferred financing costs that were written off associated with these convertible senior notes. The junior subordinated notes were repurchased from the market for a total purchase price of $5.2 million and we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $19.2 million, net of $0.6 million deferred financing costs that were written off associated with these junior subordinated notes. The CDO notes payable were repurchased from the market for a total purchase price of $0.8 million and we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $2.2 million.
Change in fair value of free-standing derivatives. The change in fair value of free-standing derivatives represents the earnings (loss) on (of) our first-dollar risk of loss associated with our warehouse facilities. During the year ended December 31, 2008, our warehouse agreements terminated with the respective financial institutions and we have recorded a loss of $32.1 million on our warehouse deposits. The write-off of these warehouse deposits were our only exposure under these warehouse agreements and we have no further obligations thereunder.
Change in fair value of financial instruments. The change in fair value of financial instruments pertains to the financial assets, liabilities and derivatives whereby we have elected to record fair value adjustments under SFAS No. 159. Our election to record these assets at fair value was effective on January 1, 2008, the effective date of SFAS No. 159. Our SFAS No. 159 election impacted the majority of our assets within our investments in securities and any related CDO notes payable and derivative instruments used to finance such assets. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the fair value adjustments we recorded were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Description |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
|||
Change in fair value of trading securities and security-related receivables |
$ | (1,737,305 | ) | |
Change in fair value of CDO notes payable, trust preferred obligations and other liabilities |
1,579,689 | |||
Change in fair value of derivatives |
(394,821 | ) | ||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
$ | (552,437 | ) | |
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Equity in income (loss) of equity method investments. Equity in income (loss) of equity method investments increased $1.0 million to income of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to loss of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The increase relates to the accretion on an investment in a property that was accounted for under the equity method.
Asset impairments. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we recorded asset impairments totaling $67.1 million that were associated with certain intangible assets and certain investments in loans, available-for-sale securities and other assets for which we did not elect SFAS No. 159. In making this determination, management considered the estimated fair value of the investments to our cost basis, the financial condition of the related entity and our intent and ability to hold the investments for a sufficient period of time to recover our investments. For the identified investments, management believes full recovery is not likely and wrote down the investments to their current recovery value, or estimated fair value. Asset impairments were comprised of $8.5 million of impairment in our investments in loans, $22.6 million of other-than-temporary impairment in available-for-sale securities and $6.9 million of other-than-temporary impairment in other assets. We evaluate intangible assets for impairment as events and circumstances change, in accordance with SFAS No. 144. Due to current market and economic conditions, management evaluated the carrying value of intangible assets and recorded impairment expense of $29.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2008. Asset impairments totaling $517.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 were recorded prior to the adoption of SFAS No. 159 and were comprised of other-than-temporary impairment of $428.7 million associated with investments in securities, $13.2 million of impairment expense associated with intangible assets and $75.6 million of impairment associated with goodwill.
Income (loss) allocated to minority interest. Minority interest represents the earnings of consolidated entities allocated to third parties, including changes in the fair values of financial instruments discussed above. Minority interest increased $119.9 million to $189.6 million of loss allocated to minority interest for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $69.7 million of loss allocated to minority interest for the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase is primarily attributable to $206.0 million of loss allocated to minority interest associated with the change in fair value of financial instruments in 2008 due to our adoption of SFAS No 159 on January 1, 2008. During the year ended December 31, 2007, $85.8 million of loss allocated to minority interest was associated with asset impairments prior to the adoption of SFAS No. 159.
Provision for income taxes. We maintain several domestic and foreign TRS entities that are subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and foreign taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the provision for income taxes was a benefit of $2.1 million, a decrease of $8.7 million from a benefit of $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. These tax benefits are primarily attributable to operating losses at several of our domestic TRS entities during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007.
Discontinued operations. Losses from discontinued operations of $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2007 related to one real estate property that was sold in September 2007. As of December 31, 2008, we do not have any discontinued operations.
Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006
On December 11, 2006, we acquired Taberna upon the completion of our stock-for-stock merger. As a result of this merger, the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2007 are not directly comparable to the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2006.
Revenue
Investment interest income. Investment interest income increased approximately $754.6 million, or 544%, to $893.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $138.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. Of the increase, $641.1 million was attributable to the interest earning assets acquired from Taberna,
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$104.8 million was attributable to an increase in assets due to the completion and consolidation of our Taberna VIII, Taberna IX and RAIT II CDOs with the remaining increase associated with the increase in our commercial and mezzanine loans from December 31, 2006.
Investment interest expense. Investment interest expense increased approximately $636.5 million, or 1,029%, to $698.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $61.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was primarily attributable to $537.4 million of interest expense associated with interest bearing liabilities assumed from Taberna, $77.0 million of interest expense associated with the issuance of our CDO notes payable through RAIT I, Taberna VIII, RAIT II, and Taberna IX and $20.5 million of interest expense associated with the issuance of our convertible debt issued in April 2007.
Change in fair value of free-standing derivatives. The change in fair value of free-standing derivatives represents the earnings on our first-dollar risk of loss associated with our warehouse facilities. As of December 31, 2007, our first dollar risk of loss in our warehouses, identified as warehouse deposits on our consolidated balance sheet, was $31.6 million. The change in fair value of these free-standing derivative instruments was a loss of $5.0 million, a decrease of $5.8 million as compared to a gain of $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. Included in our change in fair value of free-standing derivatives is a loss of $12.9 million relating to the loss of warehouse cash collateral from the sale of assets from our warehouse facilities to third parties.
Rental income. Rental income decreased approximately $0.6 million, or 5%, to $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from approximately $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This decrease was attributable to decreased occupancy at our consolidated properties in 2007.
Fee and other income. Fee and other income increased approximately $11.3 million, or 79%, to $25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was primarily due to $5.6 million of CDO structuring fees associated with the completion of Taberna Europe I in January 2007, $7.8 million of origination fees generated on European assets originated for Taberna Europe I and Taberna Europe II, offset by reduced financial and consulting fees for services provided to our borrowers before financing transactions commenced or were committed.
Expenses
Compensation expense. Compensation expense increased approximately $22.0 million, or 173%, to $34.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $12.7 million for year ended December 31, 2006. This increase is due to $20.3 million of compensation expenses associated with employees acquired from the acquisition of Taberna on December 11, 2006, $4.5 million of increased stock compensation expenses associated with our 2007 issuances of phantom units and $3.7 million of increased other compensation, including cash bonuses, offset by $6.4 million of reduced compensation expense associated with the supplemental executive retirement plan, or SERP, for our Chairman, Betsy Z. Cohen that was fully expensed as of December 31, 2006.
Real estate operating expense. Real estate operating expense increased approximately $2.5 million, or 27%, to $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase is due to $2.4 million associated with two properties that we consolidated in 2007 that were not present in 2006.
General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense increased approximately $20.4 million, or 360%, to approximately $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from approximately $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase is due to $14.8 million of general and administrative expense related to the operations acquired from Taberna, $2.0 million of increased legal and accounting and professional fees, $1.1 million in increased expenses associated with trustees and servicing of RAIT I and RAIT II and $2.5 million in increased other general and administrative costs, including office expenses, insurance expense, and travel and entertainment.
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Stock forfeitures. Stock forfeitures resulted in $9.7 million of expense during 2007 due to the forfeiture of 322,000 phantom units by certain of our executive officers in December 2007. In January 2007, the board of trustees awarded these phantom units to our executive officers and had a grant date fair value of $11.8 million. The awards vested over four years. In December 2007, these executive officers voluntarily forfeited the awards which was treated as a capital contribution to us under SFAS No. 123R Share-Based Payment. As such, the unamortized portion of the forfeited awards was charged to stock forfeiture expense and an increase to additional paid-in capital.
Provision for losses. Our provision for losses relates to investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables acquired from Taberna on December 11, 2006 and our commercial mortgage and mezzanine loans. The provision for losses increased to $21.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. The increase in our provision for losses is primarily attributable to increased delinquencies in our residential mortgage portfolio and specific allowances for losses established for commercial loans in our portfolio. These specific reserves are based on a comparison of the recorded carrying value of the loan to either the present value of the loans expected cash flow, the loans estimated market price or the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. The increase was based on our evaluation of our portfolios of loans, current and expected market conditions and the adequacy of our allowance for losses. Of the $19.2 million increase, approximately $8.5 million relates specifically to our pool of residential mortgages and is based on statistical evidence of historical losses on homogenous pools of residential mortgages, adjusted for ultimate loss expectations in the current market environment.
Depreciation expense. Depreciation expense increased approximately $4.7 million, or 324%, to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase is primarily due to two additional properties that we acquired during 2007 as well as increased depreciation at one of our properties in 2007 due to capital improvements made in late 2006.
Amortization of intangible assets. We acquired intangible assets from Taberna on December 11, 2006. The total intangible assets acquired were approximately $133.7 million and have useful lives ranging from 1 to 10 years. We charged $13.2 million of intangible assets to asset impairments during the year ended December 31, 2007. Amortization of intangible assets increased approximately $58.1 million to $61.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $3.2 million for the period from the acquisition of Taberna on December 11, 2006 through December 31, 2006.
Other Income (Expenses)
Interest and other income . Interest and other income increased approximately $11.9 million to $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase is primarily due to $5.8 million of interest and other income associated with restricted cash balances acquired from Taberna and higher average cash balances invested with financial institutions with higher yielding interest bearing accounts during the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2006.
Losses on sales of assets. Losses on sales of assets was $109.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The losses on sales of assets during 2007 was comprised of $10.2 million associated with the sales of other securities that we held in our investment portfolio and $99.7 million of losses relating to the sale of the net assets of Taberna II and Taberna V during 2007. In November and December 2007, we sold a portion of our interests in these CDOs such that we were not determined to be the primary beneficiary under FIN 46R of these VIEs. For accounting purposes, the deconsolidation of these VIEs was treated as a sale of their net assets for no consideration and a resulting gain from deconsolidation of VIEs.
Gains on deconsolidation of VIEs. Gains on deconsolidation of VIEs, as described above under Losses on sales of assets is attributable to the deconsolidation of Taberna II and Taberna V in November and December 2007. Upon the deconsolidation, the losses recorded in excess of our basis were reversed as a gain on deconsolidation of these VIEs. The net gain reflected in our statement of operations was $17.5 million.
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Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedges . Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedges was a loss of $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, a decrease of approximately $9.7 million from a gain of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. The unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedges relate primarily to interest rate hedges assumed from Taberna on December 11, 2006. At acquisition, we designated the interest rate swaps assumed from Taberna that were associated with CDO notes payable and repurchase agreements as hedges pursuant to SFAS No. 133. At designation, these interest rate swaps had a fair value not equal to zero. However, we concluded, at designation, that these hedging arrangements were highly effective during their term using regression analysis and determined that the hypothetical derivative method would be used in measuring any ineffectiveness. At December 31, 2007, we updated our regression analysis and concluded that these hedging arrangements were still highly effective during their remaining term and used the hypothetical derivative method in measuring the ineffective portions of these hedging arrangements. As a result, we recorded losses of $7.8 million associated with the ineffective portions of these hedging arrangements during 2007. Management cannot ensure that these off-market interest rate swaps will be highly effective in the future and further ineffectiveness, either unrealized gains or unrealized losses, maybe recorded in earnings.
Equity in loss of equity method investments . Equity in loss of equity method investments was a loss of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to a loss of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. Our equity in loss of equity method investments improved due to improved performance, as compared to historical periods, of the underlying investments.
Asset impairments. For the year ended December 31, 2007, we recorded asset impairments totaling $517.5 million that were associated with certain of our investments in securities, intangible assets and goodwill. In making this determination, management considered the estimated fair value of the investment to our cost basis, the financial condition of the related entity and our intent and ability to hold the investment for a sufficient period of time to recover our investment. For the identified investments, management believes full recovery is not likely and wrote down the investment to its current recovery value, or estimated fair value. Asset impairments was comprised of $428.7 million of other-than-temporary impairment in our investments in securities, $13.2 million of impairment in certain intangible assets and $75.6 million of impairment in goodwill.
The asset impairment charges of $428.7 million in our investment in securities that we recorded during 2007 were attributable primarily to (i) TruPS issued by companies in the residential mortgage or homebuilder sectors that collateralized securitizations we consolidate and also (ii) to debt securities issued by securitizations collateralized primarily by securities issued by companies in these sectors. These impairments resulted primarily from the broad disruption of the U.S. credit markets relating to the residential mortgage and homebuilder sectors that began in late July and August 2007. The withdrawal of virtually all sources of available liquidity for companies active in these sectors caused payment defaults and significant reductions in the fair value of securities issued by these companies. The table below summarizes the impairments associated with our investments in securities by industry sector during 2007 (dollars in thousands):
Description |
Total | ||
TruPS issued by companies operating in the residential mortgage sector |
$ | 254,018 | |
TruPS issued by companies operating in the homebuilding sector |
125,251 | ||
Debt securities issued by securitizations |
49,384 | ||
Total asset impairments on investments in securities |
$ | 428,653 | |
Minority interest . Minority interest represents the earnings of consolidated entities allocated to third parties. Minority interest increased approximately $72.4 million to $69.7 million of minority interest income for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $2.7 million of minority interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase is primarily attributable to the minority interests assumed from Taberna and resulted directly from the allocation of asset impairments to the respective minority interest holders.
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Income tax benefit . We maintain several domestic TRS entities that are subject to U.S. federal and state and local income taxes. We also maintain a foreign TRS entity subject to U.K. income tax. Our income tax benefit increased approximately $9.6 million to $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This income tax benefit was mainly due to ordinary losses incurred by certain domestic TRS entities, primarily resulting from the loss of warehouse cash collateral as discussed above in changes in fair value of non-hedge derivatives. The effective tax rate in 2007 for these TRS entities, on a combined basis, was 31.5%.
Income from discontinued operations
Income from discontinued operations represents the revenue, expenses, and gains from the sale of properties either held for sale or sold during the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006. Income from discontinued operations decreased $6.0 million, or 102%, to a loss of approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from income of approximately $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. The decrease is due to the number and timing of sales of properties and $4.4 million of gains associated with sales occurring during the year ended December 31, 2006.
Securitization Summary
Overview. We have used securitizations, mainly through CDOs, to match fund the interest rates and maturities of our assets with the interest rates and maturities of our financing. This strategy has helped us reduce interest rate and funding risks on our portfolio for the long-term. While we were able to sponsor a number of securitizations through December 31, 2007, we do not expect to sponsor new securitizations for the foreseeable future. To finance our investments in the foreseeable future, management will seek to structure match funded financing through reinvesting asset repayments in our existing securitizations, loan participations, bank lines of credit, joint-venture opportunities and other methods that preserve our capital while making investments that generate an attractive return.
A CDO is a securitization structure in which multiple classes of debt and equity are issued by a special purpose entity to finance a portfolio of assets. Cash flow from the portfolio of assets is used to repay the CDO liabilities sequentially, in order of seniority. The most senior classes of debt typically have credit ratings of AAA through BBB and therefore can be issued at yields that are lower than the average yield of the securities backing the CDO. The debt tranches are typically rated based on portfolio quality, diversification and structural subordination. The equity securities issued by the CDO are the first loss piece of the capital structure, but they are entitled to all residual amounts available for payment after the obligations to the debt holders have been satisfied. Unlike typical securitization structures, the underlying assets in our CDO pool may be sold or repaid, subject to certain limitations, without a corresponding pay-down of the CDO debt, provided the proceeds are reinvested in qualifying assets.
We manage 13 CDO securitizations with varying amounts of retained or residual interests held by us as follows: Taberna Preferred Funding I, Ltd., or Taberna I, Taberna Preferred Funding II, Ltd., or Taberna II, Taberna Preferred Funding III, Ltd., or Taberna III, Taberna Preferred Funding IV, Ltd., or Taberna IV, Taberna Preferred Funding V, Ltd., or Taberna V, Taberna Preferred Funding VI, Ltd., or Taberna VI, Taberna Preferred Funding VII, Ltd., or Taberna VII, Taberna Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd., or Taberna VIII, Taberna Preferred Funding IX, Ltd., or Taberna IX, Taberna Europe CDO I, P.L.C., or Taberna Europe I, Taberna Europe CDO II, P.L.C., or Taberna Europe II, RAIT CRE CDO I, Ltd., or RAIT I and RAIT Preferred Funding II, Ltd., or RAIT II. In general, we receive senior asset management fees, based on the amount of collateral assets, as a priority ahead of debt service payments. These CDOs contain interest coverage and overcollateralization triggers, or OC Triggers, that must be met in order for us to receive our subordinated management fees and our lower-rated debt or residual equity returns.
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If the interest coverage or overcollateralization triggers are not met, in a given period, then the cash flows are redirected from lower rated tranches and used to repay the principal amounts to the senior tranches of CDO notes payable. These conditions and the re-direction of cash flow continue until the triggers are met by curing the underlying payment defaults, paying down the CDO notes payable or other actions permitted under the relevant CDO indenture.
As of December 31, 2008, Taberna I through VII and Taberna Europe II were not meeting all of the required triggers. In January 2009, all of the Taberna CDOs, together with Taberna Europe II were not passing their required interest coverage or overcollateralization triggers and we began receiving only senior asset management fees and interest on a limited amount of the more senior-rated debt owned by us related to these CDO transactions. We continue to receive all of our management fees, interest and residual returns on our two commercial real estate CDOs, RAIT I and RAIT II, and all applicable triggers continue to be met for these securitizations.
A summary of the CDO investments as of the most recent payment information is as follows (dollars in millions):
Our Retained Interests (Par Amount) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Managed CDOs (Unconsolidated) |
Total
Collateral (Par Amount) |
Debt
Retained |
Equity
Retained |
Total
Investment |
Defaulted
Collateral (Par Amount) |
OC Test
Trigger % |
OC Test
Current % |
||||||||||||||
Taberna I |
$ | 656.7 | $ | 3.4 | $ | 0.3 | $ | 3.7 | $ | 95.0 | 104.5 | % | 99.1 | % | |||||||
Taberna II |
963.9 | 13.0 | 7.5 | 20.5 | 273.1 | 102.5 | % | 77.1 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna V |
700.0 | 13.0 | 19.7 | 32.7 | 175.6 | 101.4 | % | 81.1 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna Europe I |
838.2 | 19.6 | 15.7 | 35.3 | 25.8 | 101.5 | % | 102.7 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna Europe II |
1,090.3 | 2.8 | 17.5 | 20.3 | 89.0 | 108.3 | % | 104.7 | % | ||||||||||||
Managed CDOs |
4,249.1 | 51.8 | 60.7 | 112.5 | 658.5 | ||||||||||||||||
TruPS CDOs (Consolidated) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Taberna III |
743.9 | 40.0 | 30.3 | 70.3 | 178.0 | 101.0 | % | 82.9 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna IV |
649.0 | 31.2 | 26.0 | 57.2 | 170.0 | 101.6 | % | 80.4 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna VI |
670.8 | 9.0 | 30.0 | 39.0 | 135.6 | 102.2 | % | 88.8 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna VII |
633.6 | 38.5 | 30.8 | 69.3 | 121.8 | 101.7 | % | 86.4 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna VIII |
721.1 | 73.0 | 60.0 | 133.0 | 25.0 | 103.5 | % | 101.9 | % | ||||||||||||
Taberna IX |
740.1 | 134.0 | 52.5 | 186.5 | 25.0 | 105.4 | % | 102.1 | % | ||||||||||||
TruPS CDOs |
4,158.5 | 325.7 | 229.6 | 555.3 | 655.4 | ||||||||||||||||
CRE CDOs (Consolidated) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
RAIT I |
1,002.7 | 38.0 | 165.0 | 203.0 | 82.6 | 116.2 | % | 117.7 | % | ||||||||||||
RAIT II |
816.6 | 86.0 | 110.2 | 196.2 | 4.3 | 111.7 | % | 118.1 | % | ||||||||||||
CRE CDOs |
1,819.3 | 124.0 | 275.2 | 399.2 | 86.9 | ||||||||||||||||
Total |
$ | 10,226.9 | $ | 501.5 | $ | 565.5 | $ | 1,067.0 | $ | 1,400.8 | |||||||||||
The equity securities that we own in the CDOs shown in the table are subordinate in right of payment and in liquidation to the collateralized debt securities issued by the CDOs. We may also own common shares, or the non-economic residual interest, in certain of the entities above.
The investors that acquire interests in our CDOs include large, international financial institutions, funds, high net worth individuals and private investors. We do not consolidate Taberna I, Taberna II, Taberna V,
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Taberna Europe I and Taberna Europe II however, we consolidate Taberna III, Taberna IV, Taberna VI, Taberna VII, Taberna VIII, Taberna IX, RAIT I and RAIT II. During 2007, we deconsolidated Taberna II and Taberna V as we sold a portion of equity interest and non-investment grade debt such that we were no longer the primary beneficiary of the CDO. Please see Item 8. Financial Statements.
Through December 31, 2007, we completed six securitizations of residential mortgage loans, which had aggregate unpaid principal balances of $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2008. The following table summarizes the total collateral amount, our retained interests and loan delinquencies greater than 60 days for each of the six securitizations as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in millions):
Total Collateral
Amount |
Our Retained
Interests (1) |
Loan Delinquencies
> 60 days (2) |
|||||||
Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-7 |
$ | 383.4 | $ | 31.8 | 3.9 | % | |||
Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-9 |
808.3 | 49.6 | 2.2 | % | |||||
Citigroup Mortgage Loan Trust 2005-1 |
534.8 | 42.4 | 2.0 | % | |||||
CWABS Trust 2005 HYB9 |
734.0 | 38.4 | 16.1 | % | |||||
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors Trust, Series 2005-A9 |
631.0 | 43.3 | 5.1 | % | |||||
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Backed Securities Trust, Series 2007-2 |
519.0 | 23.3 | 7.1 | % | |||||
Total |
$ | 3,610.5 | $ | 228.8 | 6.4 | % | |||
(1) | We have retained all of the equity interests in these securitizations. All of the debt issued by these securitizations that was not retained by us is rated AAA by various rating agencies. |
(2) |
Based on Total Collateral Amount as of December 31, 2008. Our total loan loss reserve associated with our residential mortgage portfolio was $54.2 million as of
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, pay distributions and other general business needs. The disruption in the credit markets discussed above has reduced our liquidity and capital resources and has generally increased the cost of any new sources of liquidity over historical levels. As discussed above, due to current market conditions, the cash flow to us from a number of the securitizations we sponsored has been reduced and we do not expect to sponsor new securitizations to provide us with long-term financing for the foreseeable future. We are seeking to expand our use of secured lines of credit, our ability to obtain cash in transactions restructuring securities issued by our sponsored securitizations and other financing strategies that permit us to originate investments generating attractive returns while preserving our capital, such as participations and joint venturing arrangements.
We expect to continue to receive substantial cash flow from our investment portfolio. However, as discussed above, a number of our securitizations are currently failing several of their respective over-collateralization tests due to collateral defaults, resulting in re-directing cash flow associated with our retained interests to repay principal on senior debt. We believe our available cash and restricted cash balances, funds available under our secured credit facilities, other financing arrangements, and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our liquidity requirements for the next 12 months. Should our liquidity needs exceed our available sources of liquidity, we believe that our investments in mortgages and loans, investments in securities and investments in real estate interests could be sold directly to raise additional cash. We may not be able to obtain additional financing when we desire to do so, or may not be able to obtain desired financing on terms and conditions acceptable to us. If we fail to obtain additional financing, our ability to maintain or grow our business will be significantly reduced.
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Our primary cash requirements are as follows:
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to distribute a minimum of 90% of our net taxable income and to make investments in a manner that enables us to maintain our qualification as a REIT; |
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to repay our indebtedness under our secured credit facilities and other indebtedness; |
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to make investments and fund the associated costs; |
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to compensate our employees; and |
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to pay U.S. federal, state, and local taxes of our TRSs. |
We intend to meet these liquidity requirements primarily through the following:
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the use of our cash and cash equivalent balances of $27.5 million as of December 31, 2008; |
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cash generated from operating activities, including net investment income from our investment portfolio, fee income received by Taberna Capital and RAIT Partnership through their collateral management agreements and origination fees received by Taberna Securities. The collateral management fees paid by CDO entities, although a portion is eliminated in consolidation with respect to the consolidated CDOs, represent cash inflows to us, and, after the payment of income taxes, the remaining cash may be used for our operating expenses or distributions; |
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proceeds from future borrowings or offerings of our common and preferred shares; and |
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proceeds from the sales of assets. |
Cash Flows
As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we maintained cash and cash equivalents of $27.5 million and $128.0 million, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents were generated from the following activities (dollars in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities |
$ | 141,998 | $ | 183,043 | $ | 74,641 | ||||||
Cash flows from investing activities |
542,525 | (1,524,252 | ) | (611,350 | ) | |||||||
Cash flows from financing activities |
(785,047 | ) | 1,369,829 | 564,656 | ||||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
(100,524 | ) | 28,620 | 27,947 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |
127,987 | 99,367 | 71,420 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |
$ | 27,463 | $ | 127,987 | $ | 99,367 | ||||||
Our principal source of cash flows is from our investing activities. Our decreased cash flow from operating activities is primarily due to the reduced fees generated in 2008 as compared to 2007 as well as the increase in loans on non-accrual in 2008 as compared to 2007.
The cash inflow from our investing activities during 2008 as compared to cash outflow in 2007 reflects reduction in the volume of investments originated or purchased in 2008 as compared to 2007. Our cash inflow from investing activities resulted from $656.9 million principal repayments on loans and investments.
The cash outflow from our financing activities during 2008 as compared to a cash inflow in 2007 is due to a reduction in our capital raised in 2008 as compared to 2007. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we have repaid $184.1 million of short-term indebtedness using available cash resources and cash flow generated during the current year.
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Our gross cash flow is comprised of net investment income, net rental income and asset management fees that we received from our assets under management. Our net investment income represents the positive difference between the income we earn on our investment portfolio and the cost of financing our investment portfolio. For the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, the gross cash flows generated by our investment portfolios was as follows (dollars in thousands):
Assets Under
Management at December 31, 2008 |
Gross Cash
Flow for the Year Ended December 31, 2008 (1) |
Assets Under
Management at December 31, 2007 |
Gross Cash
Flow for the Year Ended December 31, 2007 (1) |
|||||||||
Commercial real estate portfolio (2) |
$ | 2,162,436 | $ | 95,374 | $ | 2,171,305 | $ | 119,678 | ||||
Residential mortgage portfolio (3) |
3,611,860 | 19,472 | 4,085,028 | 21,187 | ||||||||
European portfolio |
1,928,462 | 14,342 | 1,682,447 | 13,624 | ||||||||
U.S. TruPS portfolio (4) |
6,478,945 | 44,276 | 6,164,375 | 58,619 | ||||||||
Other investments |
180 | 1,023 | 189,359 | 1,203 | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 14,181,883 | $ | 174,487 | $ | 14,292,514 | $ | 214,311 | ||||
(1) | Gross cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 may not be indicative of cash flows for subsequent annual periods. See Forward-looking Statements and Risk Factors sections above for risks and uncertainties that could cause our gross cash flow for subsequent annual periods to differ materially from these amounts. |
(2) | As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, our commercial real estate portfolio is comprised of $1.5 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, of assets collateralizing RAIT I and RAIT II, $367.7 million and $134.8 million, respectively, of investments in real estate interests and $254.9 million and $307.8 million, respectively, of commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests that were not securitized. |
(3) | Assets under management for our residential mortgage portfolio represent the unpaid principal balance as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. |
(4) | Our U.S. TruPS portfolio is comprised of assets collateralizing Taberna I through Taberna IX and includes TruPS and subordinated debentures, unsecured REIT note receivables, CMBS receivables, other securities, commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans. |
We generated $174.5 million of cash flow for the year ended December 31, 2008 from our portfolios and asset management activities before operating expenses. We incurred $28.5 million in corporate interest expense related to our convertible senior notes outstanding and $13.6 million in preferred share dividends during the year ended December 31, 2008. The remaining net cash flow from operations was used to repay indebtedness, pay operating expenses, including cash compensation expense and general and administrative expenses, and to pay distributions to our shareholders.
Our assets under management have historically been financed on a long-term basis through securitizations and our rights to cash flow from these portfolios are dependent on the terms of the debt and equity securities we hold in these securitizations. All of our TruPS securitizations are currently failing several of their respective over-collateralization tests due to collateral defaults and are re-directing cash flow, associated with our retained interests, to repay principal on senior debt. See Securitization Summary above.
At December 31, 2007, we had $138.8 million of indebtedness under repurchase agreements with major investment banks and we have repaid all such repurchase agreement indebtedness during the year ended December 31, 2008 while maintaining adequate liquidity.
Our two commercial real estate securitized financing arrangements include a revolving credit option that allows us to repay the AAA rated debt tranches totaling $475.0 million as loan repayments occur, and then draw up to the available committed amounts during the first five years of each facility. We have $44.4 million of unused capacity in our two CRE securitizations to invest in commercial loans as of December 31, 2008, subject to future funding commitments and borrowing requirements.
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Capitalization
Debt Financing.
We maintain various forms of short-term and long-term financing arrangements. Generally, these financing agreements are collateralized by assets within CDOs or mortgage securitizations. The following table summarizes our indebtedness as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Description |
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Carrying
Amount |
Interest Rate
|
Current
Weighted- Average Interest Rate |
Contractual
Maturity |
||||||||
Secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
$ | 202,092 | $ | 178,625 | 2.4% to 13.0% | 5.7 | % | 2009 to 2037 | |||||
Mortgage-backed securities issued (1)(2)(3) |
3,388,199 | 3,364,151 | 4.5% to 5.8% | 5.1 | % | 2035 | |||||||
Trust preferred obligations (4) |
359,459 | 162,050 | 2.9% to 10.1% | 5.9 | % | 2035 | |||||||
CDO notes payableamortized cost (1)(5) |
1,451,750 | 1,451,750 | 0.8% to 3.5% | 1.0 | % | 2036 to 2045 | |||||||
CDO notes payablefair value (1)(4)(6) |
3,605,428 | 577,750 | 2.9% to 10.0% | 3.6 | % | 2035 to 2038 | |||||||
Convertible senior notes (7) |
384,168 | 384,168 | 6.9% | 6.9 | % | 2027 | |||||||
Total indebtedness |
$ | 9,391,096 | $ | 6,118,494 | 4.0 | % | |||||||
(1) | Excludes mortgage-backed securities and CDO notes payable purchased by us which are eliminated in consolidation. |
(2) | Collateralized by $3.6 billion principal amount of residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
(3) | Rates generally follow the terms of the underlying mortgages, which are fixed for a period of time and variable thereafter. |
(4) | Relates to liabilities for which we elected to record at fair value under SFAS No. 159. |
(5) | Collateralized by $1.7 billion principal amount of commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and other loans. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
(6) | Collateralized by $4.2 billion principal amount of investments in securities and security-related receivables and loans, before fair value adjustments. The fair value of these investments as of December 31, 2008 was $2.0 billion. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
(7) | Our convertible senior notes are redeemable, at the option of the holder, in April 2012. |
Financing arrangements we entered into or terminated during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 were as follows:
Repurchase Agreements
We have used repurchase agreements to finance our retained interests in mortgage securitizations that we sponsor, residential mortgages prior to their long-term financing, retained interests in our CDOs, and other securities, including REMIC interests. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we repaid $138.8 million associated with our repurchase agreements. As of December 31, 2008, we have no repurchase agreement indebtedness outstanding.
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Secured Credit Facilities and Other Indebtedness
The following table summarizes our secured credit facilities and other indebtedness as of December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Description |
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Carrying
Amount |
Current
Weighted- Average Interest Rate |
Contractual Maturity | |||||||
Loans payable on real estate interests |
$ | 66,466 | $ | 66,466 | 5.0 | % | Apr. 2010 to Sep. 2015 | ||||
Secured credit facilities |
53,494 | 53,494 | 2.4 | % | Jun. 2009 to Jan. 2010 | ||||||
Junior subordinates notes, at fair value |
38,051 | 15,221 | 8.7 | % | 2035 | ||||||
Junior subordinated notes, at amortized cost |
25,100 | 25,100 | 7.7 | % | 2037 | ||||||
Term loan indebtedness |
18,981 | 18,344 | 13.0 | % | May 2009 to Aug. 2010 | ||||||
Total |
$ | 202,092 | $ | 178,625 | 5.7 | % | |||||
Loans payable on real estate interests. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we had $66.5 million and $53.2 million, respectively, of other indebtedness outstanding relating to loans payable on consolidated real estate interests and other loans. These loans are secured by specific consolidated real estate interests and commercial loans included in our consolidated balance sheet.
Secured credit facilities. As of December 31, 2008, we have secured credit facilities with three financial institutions pursuant to which we have borrowed $53.5 million. Two secured credit facilities mature in 2009 and one secured credit facility matures in 2010, at which time the amounts borrowed become due and payable. Our credit facilities are secured by commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans. We are seeking to renew, extend or refinance these facilities. If we are unable to do so, we would be required to repay these amounts, which would adversely affect our liquidity.
As of December 31, 2007, we were not in compliance with a financial covenant on one of our secured credit facilities with $22.2 million in borrowings. We obtained a waiver as of December 31, 2007 and subsequently amended this secured credit facility to be in compliance. At December 31, 2008, we were in compliance with all financial covenants on our secured credit facilities.
On April 16, 2007, we terminated our $335.0 million secured line of credit led by KeyBanc Capital Markets, as syndication agent. All amounts outstanding under this facility were repaid prior to April 16, 2007. We expensed $3.0 million of deferred financing costs associated with the line of credit upon termination.
Junior subordinates notes, at fair value. On October 16, 2008, we issued $38.1 million principal amount of junior subordinated notes to a third party and received $15.5 million of net cash proceeds. Of the total amount of junior subordinated notes issued, $18.7 million has a fixed interest rate of 8.65% through March 30, 2015 with a floating rate of LIBOR plus 400 basis points thereafter and a maturity date of March 30, 2035. The remaining $19.4 million has a fixed interest rate of 9.64% and a maturity date of October 30, 2015. At issuance, we elected to record these junior subordinated notes at fair value under SFAS No. 159, with all subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. As of December 31, 2008, we have $38.1 million unpaid principal associated with this indebtedness. The fair value, or carrying amount, of this indebtedness was $15.2 million as of December 31, 2008.
Junior subordinated notes, at amortized cost. On February 12, 2007, we formed Taberna Funding Capital Trust I which issued $25.0 million of trust preferred securities to investors and $0.1 million of common securities to us. The combined proceeds were used by Taberna Funding Capital Trust I to purchase $25.1 million of junior subordinated notes issued by us. The junior subordinated notes are the sole assets of Taberna Funding Capital Trust I and mature on April 30, 2037, but are callable, at our option, on or after April 30, 2012. Interest on the junior subordinated notes is payable quarterly at a fixed rate of 7.69% through April 2012 and thereafter at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.50%. These $25.1 million of junior subordinated notes issued by us are outstanding as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.
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On July 12, 2007, we formed Taberna Funding Capital Trust II which issued $25.0 million of trust preferred securities to investors and $0.1 million of common securities to us. The combined proceeds were used by Taberna Funding Capital Trust II to purchase $25.1 million of junior subordinated notes issued by us. The junior subordinated notes are the sole assets of Taberna Funding Capital Trust II and mature on July 30, 2037, but are callable, at our option, on or after July 30, 2012. Interest on the junior subordinated notes is payable quarterly at a fixed rate of 8.06% through July 2012 and thereafter at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.50%. On October 21, 2008, we repurchased, from the market, all of these trust preferred securities for a purchase price of $5.2 million. As a result, we recorded gains on extinguishment of debt of $19.2 million, net of $0.6 million deferred financing costs that were written off associated with the junior subordinated issued by us.
Term loan indebtedness. On September 19, 2008, we entered into a series of transactions with a lender enabling us to replace all of our existing short-term repurchase obligations with two longer-term master repurchase agreements, which are long-term secured credit facilities. The first master repurchase agreement provided for the lender to purchase RMBS from us for an adjusted purchase price of $24.5 million. We pay interest monthly beginning September 30, 2008 equal to 13.0% per annum on the then outstanding amount of the purchase price under this agreement which equaled $25.4 million at September 19, 2008. We also make mandatory payments monthly for nine months and thereafter quarterly which are applied to the amount outstanding. We may also be required to pay a performance amount monthly applied to the then outstanding purchase price if losses in the purchased assets exceed agreed-upon limits. This agreement provides that we will repurchase these RMBS on August 31, 2010, or an earlier date selected by us, for the sum of the then outstanding purchase price, a minimum financing cost of $3.1 million (less any interest previously paid) and the amount of any accrued and unpaid interest. The second master repurchase agreement provided for the lender to purchase commercial real estate CDO securities from us for a purchase price of $3.0 million. We pay interest monthly beginning September 30, 2008 equal to 13.0% per annum on the then outstanding amount. We must pay mandatory payments monthly applied to the purchase price. This agreement provides that we will repurchase the commercial real estate CDO securities on May 29, 2009, or an earlier date selected by us, for the sum of the then outstanding purchase price and the amount of any accrued and unpaid interest. As of December 31, 2008, we have $19.0 million unpaid principal and $18.3 million carrying amount associated with this indebtedness.
As partial consideration to the lender for entering into these master repurchase agreements, we issued a Series A Warrant Agreement, or the Warrant Agreement, to the lender exercisable to purchase 250,000 common shares of RAIT for an exercise price of $6.00 per common share for an exercise period starting December 19, 2008 and ending September 19, 2011. On December 5, 2008, we entered into an agreement with the lender whereby we paid a settlement amount of $0.1 million to the lender as consideration for the termination of the Warrant Agreement and we have no further obligations thereunder.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Issued
We finance our investments in residential mortgages through the issuance of mortgage-backed securities by non-qualified special purpose securitization entities that are owner trusts. The mortgage-backed securities issued maintain the identical terms of the underlying residential mortgage loans with respect to maturity, duration of the fixed-rate period and floating rate reset provision after the expiration of the fixed-rate period. Principal payments on the mortgage-backed securities issued are match-funded by the receipt of principal payments on the residential mortgage loans. Although residential mortgage loans which have been securitized, are consolidated on our balance sheet, the non-qualified special purpose entities that hold such residential mortgage loans are separate legal entities. Consequently, the assets of these non-qualified special purpose entities collateralize the debt of such entities and are not available to our creditors. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, $3.6 billion and $4.1 billion, respectively, of principal amount residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables collateralized our mortgage-backed securities issued.
On June 27, 2007, we issued $619.0 million of AAA rated RMBS, issued $27.0 million of subordinated notes and paid approximately $1.5 million of transaction costs. The securitization was completed via an owners
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trust structure and we retained 100% of the owners trust certificates and subordinated notes of the securitization with a par amount of $27.0 million. At the time of closing, the securitization owners trust purchased approximately $645.0 million of residential mortgage loans from us. The securitization owners trust is a non-qualified special purpose entity and we consolidate the securitization owners trust.
Trust Preferred Obligations
Trust preferred obligations finance subordinated debentures acquired by Trust VIEs that are consolidated by us for the portion of the total TruPS that are owned by entities outside of the consolidated group. These trust preferred obligations bear interest at either variable or fixed rates until maturity, generally 30 years from the date of issuance. The Trust VIE has the ability to prepay the trust preferred obligation at any time, without prepayment penalty, after five years. We do not control the timing or ultimate payment of the trust preferred obligations.
As of January 1, 2008, we adopted the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 and elected to record trust preferred obligations at fair value. At adoption, we decreased the carrying amount of the trust preferred obligations by $52.1 million to reflect these liabilities at fair value in our financial statements. The change in fair value of the trust preferred obligations was a decrease of $145.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2008, respectively, and was included in our consolidated statements of operations.
CDO Notes Payable
CDO notes payable represent notes issued by CDO entities which are used to finance the acquisition of TruPS, unsecured REIT notes, CMBS securities, commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, and other loans. Generally, CDO notes payable are comprised of various classes of notes payable, with each class bearing interest at variable or fixed rates.
CDO notes payable, at amortized cost. On June 7, 2007, we closed RAIT II, a $832.9 million CDO transaction that provides financing for commercial and mezzanine loans. RAIT II received commitments for $722.7 million of CDO notes payable, all of which were issued at par to investors. As of December 31, 2008, we retained $20.0 million of the notes rated between A and A- by Standard & Poors, $65.9 million of the notes rated between BBB+ and BB by Standard & Poors and all $110.2 million of the preference shares. The investments that are owned by RAIT II are pledged as collateral to secure its debt and, as a result, are not available to us, our creditors or our shareholders. The notes issued to investors bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.29% to LIBOR plus 4.00%. All of the notes mature in 2045, although RAIT II may call the notes at par at any time after June 2017. The notes rated between A and A- that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 1.15% to LIBOR plus 1.40% and the notes rated between BBB+ and BB that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 2.10% to LIBOR plus 4.00%.
During the year ended December 31, 2008, we repurchased, from the market, a total of $3.0 million in aggregate principal amount of CDO notes payable associated with RAIT CRE CDO I, Ltd. The total purchase price was $0.8 million and we recorded gains on extinguishment of debt of $2.2 million.
CDO notes payable, at fair value. On March 29, 2007, we closed Taberna VIII, a $772.0 million CDO transaction that provides financing for investments consisting of TruPS issued by REITs and real estate operating companies, senior and subordinated notes issued by real estate entities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, other real estate interests, senior loans and CDOs issued by special purpose issuers that own a portfolio of commercial real estate loans. The investments that are owned by Taberna VIII are pledged as collateral to secure its debt and, as a result, are not available to us, our creditors or our shareholders. Taberna VIII received commitments for $712.0 million of CDO notes payable, all of which were issued at par to investors. As of December 31, 2008, we have retained $18.0 million of notes rated AA by Standard & Poors, $55.0 million of the notes rated between BBB and BB and all $60.0 million of the preference shares. The notes issued to
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investors bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.34% to LIBOR plus 4.90%. All of the notes mature in 2037, although Taberna VIII may call the notes at par at any time after May 2017. The notes rated AA that we have retained, bear interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 0.70% and the notes rated between BBB and BB that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 2.85% to LIBOR plus 4.90%.
On June 28, 2007, we closed Taberna IX, a $757.5 million CDO transaction that provides financing for investments consisting of TruPS issued by REITs and real estate operating companies, senior and subordinated notes issued by real estate entities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, other real estate interests, senior loans and CDOs issued by special purpose issuers that own a portfolio of commercial real estate loans. The investments that are owned by Taberna IX are pledged as collateral to secure its debt and, as a result, are not available to us, our creditors or our shareholders. Taberna IX received commitments for $705.0 million of CDO notes payable, all of which were issued at par to investors. As of December 31, 2008, we retained $45.0 million of the notes rated between AAA and A- by Standard & Poors, $89.0 million of the notes rated between BBB and BB by Standard & Poors and all $52.5 million of the preference shares. The notes issued to investors bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.34% to LIBOR plus 5.50%. All of the notes mature in 2038, although Taberna IX may call the notes at par at any time after May 2017. The notes rated between AAA and A- that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.65% to LIBOR plus 1.90% and the notes rated between BBB and BB that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 3.25% to LIBOR plus 5.50%.
As of January 1, 2008, we adopted the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 and elected to record CDO notes payable at fair value. These CDO notes payable are collateralized by trading securities, security-related receivables and loans. At adoption, we decreased the carrying amount of these CDO notes payable by $1.5 billion to reflect these liabilities at fair value in our financial statements. The change in fair value of these CDO notes payable was a decrease of $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2008 and was included in our consolidated statements of operations.
During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, several of our consolidated CDOs failed overcollateralization, or OC, trigger tests which resulted in a change to the priority of payments to the debt and equity holders of the respective securitizations. Upon the failure of an OC test, the indenture of each CDO requires cash flows that would otherwise have been distributed to us as equity distributions, or in some cases interest payments on our retained CDO notes payable, to be used to sequentially pay down the outstanding principal balance of the most senior note holders. The OC tests failures were due to defaulted collateral assets and credit risk securities. During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, $53.6 million and $19.4 million of cash flows were re-directed from our retained interests in these CDOs and were used to repay the most senior holders of our CDO notes payable.
Convertible Senior Notes
On April 18, 2007, we issued and sold in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers, $425.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.875% convertible senior notes due 2027, or the senior notes. After deducting the initial purchasers discount and the estimated offering expenses, we received approximately $414.3 million of net proceeds. Interest on the senior notes is paid semi-annually and the senior notes mature on April 15, 2027.
Prior to April 20, 2012, the senior notes will not be redeemable at RAITs option, except to preserve RAITs status as a REIT. On or after April 20, 2012, RAIT may redeem all or a portion of the senior notes at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional interest), if any. Senior note holders may require RAIT to repurchase all or a portion of the senior notes at a purchase price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional interest), if any, on the senior notes on April 15, 2012, April 15, 2017, and April 15, 2022, or upon the occurrence of certain change in control transactions prior to April 20, 2012.
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Prior to April 15, 2026, upon the occurrence of specified events, the Senior Notes will be convertible at the option of the holder at an initial conversion rate of 28.6874 shares per $1,000 principal amount of Senior Notes. The initial conversion price of $34.86 represents a 27.5% premium to the per share closing price of $27.34 on the date the offering was priced. Upon conversion of Senior Notes by a holder, the holder will receive cash up to the principal amount of such Senior Notes and, with respect to the remainder, if any, of the conversion value in excess of such principal amount, at the option of RAIT in cash or RAITs common shares. The initial conversion rate is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances. We include the senior notes in earnings per share using the treasury stock method if the conversion value in excess of the par amount is considered in the money during the respective periods.
During the year ended December 31, 2008, we repurchased, from the market, a total of $40.8 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes for a total purchase price of $18.7 million. As a result, we recorded gains on extinguishment of debt of $21.2 million, net of $0.9 million deferred financing costs that were written off associated with the convertible senior notes. As of December 31, 2008, we have $384.2 million unpaid principal balance of convertible senior notes outstanding.
Equity Financing.
Preferred Shares
In 2004, we issued 2,760,000 shares of our 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest, or Series A Preferred Shares, for net proceeds of $66.6 million. The Series A Preferred Shares accrue cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 7.75% per year of the $25.00 liquidation preference, equivalent to $1.9375 per year per share. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears at the end of each March, June, September and December. The Series A Preferred Shares have no maturity date and we are not required to redeem the Series A Preferred Shares at any time. We may not redeem the Series A Preferred Shares before March 19, 2009, except in limited circumstances relating to the ownership limitations necessary to preserve our tax qualification as a real estate investment trust. On or after March 19, 2009, we may, at our option, redeem the Series A Preferred Shares, in whole or part, at any time and from time to time, for cash at $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, to the redemption date.
In 2004, we issued 2,258,300 shares of our 8.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest, or Series B Preferred Shares, for net proceeds of $54.4 million. The Series B Preferred Shares accrue cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 8.375% per year of the $25.00 liquidation preference, equivalent to $2.09375 per year per share. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears at the end of each March, June, September and December. The Series B Preferred Shares have no maturity date and we are not required to redeem the Series B Preferred Shares at any time. We may not redeem the Series B Preferred Shares before October 5, 2009, except in limited circumstances relating to the ownership limitations necessary to preserve our tax qualification as a real estate investment trust. On or after October 5, 2009, we may, at our option, redeem the Series B Preferred Shares, in whole or part, at any time and from time to time, for cash at $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, to the redemption date.
On July 5, 2007, we issued 1,600,000 shares of our 8.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest, or the Series C Preferred Shares, in a public offering at an offering price of $25.00 per share. After offering costs, including the underwriters discount, and expenses of $1.7 million, we received $38.3 million of net proceeds. The Series C Preferred Shares accrue cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 8.875% per year of the $25.00 liquidation preference and are paid on a quarterly basis. The Series C Preferred Shares have no maturity date and we are not required to redeem the Series C Preferred Shares at any time. We may not redeem the Series C Preferred Shares before July 5, 2012, except for the special optional redemption to preserve our tax qualification as a REIT. On or after July 5, 2012, we may, at our option, redeem the Series C Preferred Shares, in whole or part, at any time and from time to time, for cash at $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, to the redemption date.
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On January 29, 2008, our board of trustees declared a first quarter 2008 cash dividend of $0.484375 per share on our 7.75% Series A Preferred Shares, $0.5234375 per share on our 8.375% Series B Preferred Shares and $0.5546875 per share on our 8.875% Series C Preferred Shares. The dividends were paid on March 31, 2008 to holders of record on March 3, 2008 and totaled $3.4 million.
On April 17, 2008, our board of trustees declared a second quarter 2008 cash dividend of $0.484375 per share on our 7.75% Series A Preferred Shares, $0.5234375 per share on our 8.375% Series B Preferred Shares and $0.5546875 per share on our 8.875% Series C Preferred Shares. The dividends were paid on June 30, 2008 to holders of record on June 2, 2008 and totaled $3.4 million.
On July 29, 2008, our board of trustees declared a third quarter 2008 cash dividend of $0.484375 per share on our 7.75% Series A Preferred Shares, $0.5234375 per share on our 8.375% Series B Preferred Shares and $0.5546875 per share on our 8.875% Series C Preferred Shares. The dividends were paid on September 30, 2008 to holders of record on September 2, 2008 and totaled $3.4 million.
On October 22, 2008, our board of trustees declared a fourth quarter 2008 cash dividend of $0.484375 per share on our 7.75% Series A Preferred Shares, $0.5234375 per share on our 8.375% Series B Preferred Shares and $0.5546875 per share on our 8.875% Series C Preferred Shares. The dividends totaling $3.4 million were paid on December 31, 2008 to holders of record on December 1, 2008.
On January 27, 2009, our board of trustees declared a first quarter 2009 cash dividend of $0.484375 per share on our 7.75% Series A Preferred Shares, $0.5234375 per share on our 8.375% Series B Preferred Shares and $0.5546875 per share on our 8.875% Series C Preferred Shares. The dividends will be paid on March 31, 2009 to holders of record on March 2, 2009.
Common Shares
On January 8, 2008, the compensation committee of our board of trustees, or the Compensation Committee, awarded 324,200 phantom units, valued at $2.4 million using our closing stock price of $7.55, to various non-executive employees. The awards generally vest over four year periods.
On January 14, 2008, we paid a quarterly distribution of $0.46 per common share totaling $28.1 million to shareholders of record as of December 17, 2007.
On January 24, 2008, 14,457 of our phantom unit awards were redeemed for our common shares. These phantom units were fully vested at the time of redemption.
On March 5, 2008, the Compensation Committee awarded 26,712 phantom units, valued at $0.2 million using our closing stock price of $6.55, to trustees. These awards vest immediately.
On March 25, 2008, our board of trustees declared a quarterly distribution of $0.46 per common share totaling $28.1 million that was paid on May 15, 2008 to shareholders of record as of April 4, 2008.
On June 30, 2008, our board of trustees declared a quarterly distribution of $0.46 per common share totaling $29.4 million that was paid on August 12, 2008 to shareholders of record as of July 16, 2008.
On August 7, 2008, the Compensation Committee awarded 24,927 phantom units, valued at $0.2 million using our closing stock price of $7.02, to trustees. These awards vested immediately.
On October 10, 2008, our board of trustees declared a distribution of $0.35 per common share totaling $22.7 million that was paid on December 5, 2008 to shareholders of record as of October 31, 2008.
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We implemented an amended and restated dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan, or DRSPP, effective as of March 13, 2008, pursuant to which we registered and reserved for issuance 10,000,000 common shares. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we issued a total of 3,666,558 common shares pursuant to the DRSPP at a weighted-average price of $7.75 per share and we received $28.4 million of net proceeds.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Commitments
We had warehouse arrangements with various investment banks. These warehouse arrangements were free-standing derivatives under SFAS No. 133. As such, our investment, or first-dollar risk of loss, was recorded at fair value each period with the change in fair value recorded in earnings.
During the year ended December 31, 2008, our two warehouse facilities were terminated and $32.1 million was charged to earnings through the change in fair value of free-standing derivatives. The write-off of these warehouse deposits was our only exposure under our warehouse agreements and we have no further obligations thereunder. We are not party to any warehouse facilities as of December 31, 2008.
On June 25, 2007, one of our subsidiaries provided an option to a warehouse provider for us to provide credit default protection on two reference
Contractual Commitments
The table below summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2008:
Payment due by Period | |||||||||||||||
Total |
Less Than
1 Year |
1-3
Years |
3-5
Years |
More Than
5 Years |
|||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
$ | 202,092 | $ | 33,042 | $ | 86,399 | $ | | $ | 82,651 | |||||
Mortgage-backed securities issued, unpaid principal balance |
3,388,199 | | | | 3,388,199 | ||||||||||
Trust preferred obligations |
359,459 | | | | 359,459 | ||||||||||
CDO notes payable |
5,057,178 | | | | 5,057,178 | ||||||||||
Convertible senior notes |
384,168 | | | 384,168 | | ||||||||||
Operating lease agreements |
9,815 | 2,072 | 3,277 | 2,221 | 2,245 | ||||||||||
Funding commitments to borrowers (a) |
98,670 | 31,969 | 32,624 | | 34,077 | ||||||||||
Total |
$ | 9,499,581 | $ | 67,083 | $ | 122,300 | $ | 386,389 | $ | 8,923,809 | |||||
(a) | Amounts represent the commitments we have made to fund borrowers in our existing lending arrangements as of December 31, 2008. |
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |
Our exposure to market risk results primarily from changes in the credit risks of our portfolio and changes in interest rates. We are exposed to credit risk and interest rate risk related to our investments in residential mortgages and commercial and mezzanine loans, debt instruments and TruPS.
Credit Risk Management
Credit risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in a borrowers ability to meet its financial obligations under agreed-upon terms. The degree of credit risk varies based on many factors including the concentration of the asset or transaction relative to our entire portfolio, the credit characteristics of the borrower, the contractual terms of a borrowers agreements and the availability and quality of collateral.
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Our senior management regularly evaluates and approves credit standards and oversees the credit risk management function related to our portfolio of investments. Our senior managements responsibilities include ensuring the adequacy of our credit risk management infrastructure, overseeing credit risk management strategies and methodologies, monitoring conditions in real estate and other markets having an impact on our lending activities and evaluating and monitoring overall credit risk.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
In our normal course of business, we engage in lending activities with borrowers primarily throughout the United States and Europe. As of December 31, 2008, no single borrower or collateral issuer represented greater than 10% of our entire portfolio. The largest concentration by property type in our commercial and mezzanine portfolio was multi-family property, which made up approximately 46.2% of our commercial and mezzanine loan portfolio. The largest concentration by borrower type in our TruPS and subordinated debt portfolio was to issuers in the commercial mortgage industry, which made up approximately 31.0% of our TruPS and subordinated debt portfolio. The largest geographic concentration in our residential mortgage loan portfolio was to borrowers in the State of California, which made up 45.3% of the residential mortgage loan portfolio. For further information on each of our portfolios, please refer to the portfolio summaries in Item 1Business.
Credit Summary
The table below summarizes the carrying value of our investments, non-accrual status investments and our allowance for losses at December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
Carrying
Value of Investments (1) |
Number
of Non-Accrual Status Investments |
Carrying
Value of Non-Accrual Status Investments |
Percentage
of Asset Class(es) |
Allowance for
Losses |
||||||||||||
Commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and investments in real estate interests |
$ | 2,415,972 | 18 | $ | 186,040 | 7.7 | % | $ | 117,737 | (2) | ||||||
Residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables |
3,598,925 | 586 | 231,044 | (3) | 6.4 | % | 54,236 | (3) | ||||||||
Investments in securities and security-related receivables (4) |
1,920,883 | 13 | 16,897 | 0.9 | % | N/A | (5) | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 7,935,780 | 616 | $ | 427,981 | 5.4 | % | $ | 171,973 | |||||||
(1) | Carrying value represents the value at which the respective asset class is recorded on our balance sheet in accordance with GAAP. |
(2) | Pertains to 25 loans with a $205.1 million aggregate unpaid principal balance. |
(3) | Includes loans delinquent over 60 days, in foreclosure, bankrupt or real estate owned as of December 31, 2008. |
(4) | Investments in securities and security-related receivables are recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheet in accordance with GAAP. The unpaid principal value of these investments as of December 31, 2008 is $4.1 billion. The unpaid principal balance of the non-accrual investments in this category is $457.6 million, or 11.2% of the total unpaid principal balance. |
(5) | An allowance for loan losses is not applicable for investments in securities and security-related receivables, including our investments in European, U.S. TruPS or other securities, as these items are carried at fair value in our consolidated financial statements. The estimated fair value adjustment for our U.S. TruPS portfolio is recorded as a component of GAAP net income. The estimated fair value adjustments for our investments in European securitizations and other securities are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income within shareholders equity. A charge to GAAP net income is recorded only if an other-than-temporary impairment is identified within our European portfolio or other investments. While we believe the estimated fair values of these asset classes are affected by any related credit quality issues, under GAAP, no separate allowance for loan losses is established. |
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Interest Rate Risk Management
Interest rates may be affected by economic, geo-political, monetary and fiscal policy, market supply and demand and other factors generally outside our control, and such factors may be highly volatile. Our interest rate risk sensitive assets and liabilities and financial derivatives will be typically held for long-term investment and not held for sale purposes. Historically, we have used securitizations, primarily CDOs, to finance our investments is to limit interest rate risk by matching the terms of our investment assets with the terms of our liabilities and, to the extent necessary, through the use of hedging instruments. We intend to reduce interest rate and funding risk, allowing us to focus on managing credit risk through our underwriting process and continual credit analysis.
We make investments that are either floating rate or fixed rate. Our floating rate investments will generally be priced at a fixed spread over an index such as LIBOR that re-prices either quarterly or every 30 days. Given the frequency of future price changes in our floating rate investments, changes in interest rates are not expected to have a material effect on the value of these investments. Increases or decreases in LIBOR will have a corresponding increase or decrease in our interest income and the match-funded interest expense, thereby reducing the net earnings impact on our overall portfolio. Our net investment income is also protected from decreases in interest rates due to interest rate floors on our investments in commercial and mezzanine loans. In the event that long-term interest rates increase, the value of our fixed-rate investments would be diminished. We may consider hedging this risk in the future if the benefit outweighs the cost of the hedging strategy. Such changes in interest rates would not have a material effect on the income from these investments.
As of December 31, 2008, we entered into various interest rate swap agreements to hedge variable cash flows associated with CDO notes payable. These cash flow hedges have an aggregate notional value of $3.8 billion and are used to swap the variable cash flows associated with variable rate CDO notes payable into fixed-rate payments for five- and ten-year periods. As of December 31, 2008, the interest rate swaps had an aggregate liability fair value of $613.0 million. Changes in the fair value of the ineffective portions of interest rate swaps and interest rate swaps that were not designated as hedges under SFAS No. 133 are recorded in earnings.
The following table summarizes the net investment income for a 12-month period, and the change in the net fair value of our investments and indebtedness assuming an instantaneous increase or decrease of 100 basis points in the LIBOR interest rate curve, both adjusted for the effects of our interest rate hedging activities (dollars in thousands):
Assets (Liabilities)
Subject to Interest Rate Sensitivity (Par Amount) |
100 Basis Point
Increase |
100 Basis Point
Decrease |
||||||||||
Investment income from variable-rate investments |
$ | 2,083,100 | $ | 14,416 | $ | (14,132 | ) | |||||
Investment expense from variable-rate indebtedness |
(1,343,935 | ) | (13,439 | ) | 13,439 | |||||||
Net investment income from variable-rate instruments |
$ | 739,165 | $ | 977 | $ | (693 | ) | |||||
Fair value of fixed-rate investments |
$ | 7,783,546 | $ | (135,426 | ) | $ | 138,211 | |||||
Fair value of fixed-rate indebtedness |
(8,329,638 | ) | 338,020 | (351,386 | ) | |||||||
Net fair value of fixed-rate instruments |
$ | (546,092 | ) | $ | 202,594 | $ | (213,175 | ) | ||||
We make investments that are denominated in U.S. dollars, or if made in another currency we may enter into currency swaps to convert the investment into a U.S. dollar equivalent. We may be unable to match the payment characteristics of the investment with the terms of the currency swap to fully eliminate all currency risk and such currency swaps may not be available on acceptable terms and conditions based upon a cost/benefit analysis.
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Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. |
RAIT FINANCIAL TRUST
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Trustees
RAIT Financial Trust
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of RAIT Financial Trust (a Maryland real estate investment trust) and subsidiaries (collectively RAIT Financial Trust or the Company) as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. Our audits of the basic financial statements included the financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under item 8. These financial statements and financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of RAIT Financial Trust and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has adopted FASB No. 157, Fair Value Measurements , and No. 159, the Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial LiabilitiesIncluding an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 , on January 1, 2008.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), RAIT Financial Trusts internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated February 27, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 27, 2009
88
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Trustees
RAIT Financial Trust
We have audited RAIT Financial Trust (a Maryland real estate investment trust) and subsidiaries (collectively RAIT Financial Trust or the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). RAIT Financial Trusts management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Managements Annual Report on the Companys internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating managements assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A companys internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. A companys internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Companys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, RAIT Financial Trust maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the COSO. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of RAIT Financial Trust and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 and our report dated February 27, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 27, 2009
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RAIT Financial Trust
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share information)
As of December 31 | ||||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||||
Assets |
||||||||
Investments in mortgages and loans, at amortized cost: |
||||||||
Commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests |
$ | 2,041,112 | $ | 2,339,356 | ||||
Residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables |
3,598,925 | 4,065,083 | ||||||
Allowance for losses |
(171,973 | ) | (26,389 | ) | ||||
Total investments in mortgages and loans |
5,468,064 | 6,378,050 | ||||||
Investments in securities and security-related receivables ($1,920,883 and $2,776,833, respectively, at fair value) |
1,920,883 | 3,827,800 | ||||||
Investments in real estate interests |
367,739 | 134,835 | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
27,463 | 127,987 | ||||||
Restricted cash |
197,366 | 298,433 | ||||||
Accrued interest receivable |
99,609 | 110,287 | ||||||
Other assets |
29,464 | 70,725 | ||||||
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $5,781 and $3,800, respectively |
30,875 | 53,340 | ||||||
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $81,522 and $64,444, respectively |
9,987 | 56,123 | ||||||
Total assets |
$ | 8,151,450 | $ | 11,057,580 | ||||
Liabilities and Shareholders equity |
||||||||
Indebtedness: |
||||||||
Repurchase agreements |
$ | | $ | 138,788 | ||||
Secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
178,625 | 146,916 | ||||||
Mortgage-backed securities issued |
3,364,151 | 3,801,959 | ||||||
Trust preferred obligations ($162,050 at fair value as of December 31, 2008) |
162,050 | 450,625 | ||||||
CDO notes payable ($577,750 at fair value as of December 31, 2008) |
2,029,500 | 5,093,833 | ||||||
Convertible senior notes |
384,168 | 425,000 | ||||||
Total indebtedness |
6,118,494 | 10,057,121 | ||||||
Accrued interest payable |
80,099 | 65,947 | ||||||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |
20,488 | 19,197 | ||||||
Derivative liabilities |
613,852 | 201,581 | ||||||
Deferred taxes, borrowers escrows and other liabilities |
50,565 | 104,821 | ||||||
Distributions payable |
| 28,068 | ||||||
Total liabilities |
6,883,498 | 10,476,735 | ||||||
Minority interest |
190,257 | 1,602 | ||||||
Shareholders equity |
||||||||
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 25,000,000 shares authorized; |
||||||||
7.75% Series A cumulative redeemable preferred shares, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, 2,760,000 shares issued and outstanding |
28 | 28 | ||||||
8.375% Series B cumulative redeemable preferred shares, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, 2,258,300 shares issued and outstanding |
23 | 23 | ||||||
8.875% Series C cumulative redeemable preferred shares, liquidation preference $25.00 per share, 1,600,000 shares issued and outstanding |
16 | 16 | ||||||
Common shares, $0.01 par value per share, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 64,842,571 and 61,018,231 issued and outstanding, including 76,690 and 225,440 unvested restricted share awards, respectively |
648 | 607 | ||||||
Additional paid in capital |
1,611,857 | 1,575,979 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |
(231,425 | ) | (440,039 | ) | ||||
Retained earnings (deficit) |
(303,452 | ) | (557,371 | ) | ||||
Total shareholders equity |
1,077,695 | 579,243 | ||||||
Total liabilities and shareholders equity |
$ | 8,151,450 | $ | 11,057,580 | ||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
90
RAIT Financial Trust
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share information)
For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
Revenue: |
||||||||||||
Investment interest income |
$ | 691,287 | $ | 893,212 | $ | 138,639 | ||||||
Investment interest expense |
(484,922 | ) | (698,347 | ) | (61,833 | ) | ||||||
Net interest margin |
206,365 | 194,865 | 76,806 | |||||||||
Rental income |
21,408 | 12,044 | 12,639 | |||||||||
Fee and other income |
21,357 | 25,725 | 14,387 | |||||||||
Total revenue |
249,130 | 232,634 | 103,832 | |||||||||
Expenses: |
||||||||||||
Compensation expense |
29,804 | 34,739 | 12,736 | |||||||||
Real estate operating expense |
19,578 | 11,691 | 9,198 | |||||||||
General and administrative expense |
21,930 | 26,099 | 5,675 | |||||||||
Stock forfeitures |
| 9,708 | | |||||||||
Provision for losses |
162,783 | 21,721 | 2,499 | |||||||||
Depreciation expense |
7,501 | 6,089 | 1,437 | |||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets |
17,077 | 61,269 | 3,175 | |||||||||
Total expenses |
258,673 | 171,316 | 34,720 | |||||||||
Income (loss) before other income (expense), taxes and discontinued operations |
(9,543 | ) | 61,318 | 69,112 | ||||||||
Interest and other income |
1,379 | 13,811 | 1,961 | |||||||||
Gains (losses) on sale of assets |
806 | (109,889 | ) | (6 | ) | |||||||
Gains on extinguishment of debt |
42,572 | | | |||||||||
Gains on deconsolidation of VIEs |
| 117,158 | | |||||||||
Change in fair value of free-standing derivatives |
(37,203 | ) | (4,987 | ) | 788 | |||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
(552,437 | ) | | | ||||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedges |
(407 | ) | (7,789 | ) | 1,925 | |||||||
Equity in income (loss) of equity method investments |
927 | (56 | ) | (259 | ) | |||||||
Asset impairments |
(67,052 | ) | (517,452 | ) | | |||||||
(Income) loss allocated to minority interest |
189,580 | 69,707 | (2,668 | ) | ||||||||
Income (loss) before taxes and discontinued operations |
(431,378 | ) | (378,179 | ) | 70,853 | |||||||
Income tax benefit |
2,137 | 10,784 | 1,183 | |||||||||
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
(429,241 | ) | (367,395 | ) | 72,036 | |||||||
Income (loss) from discontinued operations |
| (132 | ) | 5,882 | ||||||||
Net income (loss) |
(429,241 | ) | (367,527 | ) | 77,918 | |||||||
Income allocated to preferred shares |
(13,641 | ) | (11,817 | ) | (10,079 | ) | ||||||
Net income (loss) available to common shares |
$ | (442,882 | ) | $ | (379,344 | ) | $ | 67,839 | ||||
Earnings (loss) per shareBasic: |
||||||||||||
Continuing operations |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.12 | ||||
Discontinued operations |
| | 0.20 | |||||||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareBasic |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.32 | ||||
Weighted-average shares outstandingBasic |
63,024,154 | 60,633,833 | 29,294,642 | |||||||||
Earnings (loss) per shareDiluted: |
||||||||||||
Continuing operations |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.10 | ||||
Discontinued operations |
| | 0.20 | |||||||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareDiluted |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.30 | ||||
Weighted-average shares outstandingDiluted |
63,024,154 | 60,633,833 | 29,553,403 | |||||||||
Distributions declared per common share |
$ | 1.27 | $ | 2.56 | $ | 2.70 | ||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
91
RAIT Financial Trust
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Dollars in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (429,241 | ) | $ | (367,527 | ) | $ | 77,918 | ||||
Other comprehensive income (loss): |
||||||||||||
Change in fair value of interest rate hedges |
(88,876 | ) | (201,029 | ) | 32,249 | |||||||
Reclassification adjustments associated with unrealized losses (gains) from interest rate hedges included in net income |
407 | 7,789 | (1,925 | ) | ||||||||
Realized (gains) losses on interest rate hedges reclassified to earnings |
9,849 | (4,004 | ) | (1,327 | ) | |||||||
Change in fair value of available-for-sale securities |
(42,460 | ) | (698,793 | ) | (34,710 | ) | ||||||
Realized (gains) losses on available-for-sale securities reclassified to earnings, including asset impairments |
20,961 | 348,005 | | |||||||||
Realized gains from deconsolidation of VIEs |
| 80,722 | | |||||||||
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before minority interest allocation |
(100,119 | ) | (467,310 | ) | (5,713 | ) | ||||||
Allocation to minority interest |
(1,787 | ) | 30,356 | 2,628 | ||||||||
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |
(101,906 | ) | (436,954 | ) | (3,085 | ) | ||||||
Comprehensive income (loss) |
$ | (531,147 | ) | $ | (804,481 | ) | $ | 74,833 | ||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
92
RAIT Financial Trust
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except share information)
Preferred
Shares Series A |
Par Value
Preferred Shares Series A |
Preferred
Shares Series B |
Par Value
Preferred Shares Series B |
Preferred
Shares Series C |
Par Value
Preferred Shares Series C |
Common
Shares |
Par
Value Common Shares |
Additional
Paid In Capital |
Accumulated
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Retained
Earnings (Deficit) |
Total
Shareholders Equity |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, January 1, 2006 |
2,760,000 | $ | 28 | 2,258,300 | $ | 23 | | $ | | 27,899,065 | $ | 279 | $ | 602,655 | $ | | $ | 6,250 | $ | 609,235 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income |
| | | | | | | | | | 77,918 | 77,918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred dividends |
| | | | | | | | | | (10,079 | ) | (10,079 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividends declared |
| | | | | | 14,449 | | 405 | | (93,835 | ) | (93,430 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net |
| | | | | | | | | (3,085 | ) | | (3,085 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock options exercised |
| | | | | | 246,918 | 2 | 3,861 | | | 3,863 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock compensation expense |
| | | | | | 69,422 | 1 | 874 | | | 875 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares issued, net |
| | | | | | 23,491,042 | 235 | 610,872 | | | 611,107 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2006 |
2,760,000 | 28 | 2,258,300 | 23 | | | 51,720,896 | 517 | 1,218,667 | (3,085 | ) | (19,746 | ) | 1,196,404 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss |
| | | | | | | | | | (367,527 | ) | (367,527 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred dividends |
| | | | | | | | | | (11,817 | ) | (11,817 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividends declared |
| | | | | | | | | | (158,281 | ) | (158,281 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net |
| | | | | | | | | (436,954 | ) | | (436,954 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock options exercised |
| | | | | | 7,377 | | 59 | | | 59 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock compensation expense |
| | | | | | 282,118 | 2 | 21,135 | | | 21,137 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred shares issued, net |
| | | | 1,600,000 | 16 | | | 38,659 | | | 38,675 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares issued, net |
| | | | | | 11,500,000 | 115 | 371,813 | | | 371,928 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of common shares, net |
| | | | | | (2,717,600 | ) | (27 | ) | (74,354 | ) | | | (74,381 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2007 |
2,760,000 | $ | 28 | 2,258,300 | $ | 23 | 1,600,000 | $ | 16 | 60,792,791 | $ | 607 | $ | 1,575,979 | $ | (440,039 | ) | $ | (557,371 | ) | $ | 579,243 | ||||||||||||||||
Adjustment for adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008 |
| | | | | | | | | 310,520 | 776,874 | 1,087,394 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss |
| | | | | | | | | | (429,241 | ) | (429,241 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred dividends |
| | | | | | | | | | (13,641 | ) | (13,641 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividends declared |
| | | | | | | | | | (80,073 | ) | (80,073 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss, net |
| | | | | | | | | (101,906 | ) | | (101,906 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock compensation expense |
| | | | | | 306,532 | 4 | 7,515 | | | 7,519 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common shares issued, net |
| | | | | | 3,666,558 | 37 | 28,363 | | | 28,400 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2008 |
2,760,000 | $ | 28 | 2,258,300 | $ | 23 | 1,600,000 | $ | 16 | 64,765,881 | $ | 648 | $ | 1,611,857 | $ | (231,425 | ) | $ | (303,452 | ) | $ | 1,077,695 | ||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
93
RAIT Financial Trust
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Dollars in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
Operating activities: |
||||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (429,241 | ) | $ | (367,527 | ) | $ | 77,918 | ||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash flow from operating activities: |
||||||||||||
Minority interest |
(189,580 | ) | (69,707 | ) | 2,668 | |||||||
Provision for losses |
162,783 | 21,721 | 2,499 | |||||||||
Amortization of share-based compensation |
7,206 | 20,402 | 3,960 | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
24,578 | 67,358 | 5,167 | |||||||||
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts |
14,682 | 31,459 | 3,549 | |||||||||
Accretion of discounts on investments |
(6,448 | ) | (8,331 | ) | (2,948 | ) | ||||||
(Gains) losses on sale of assets |
(806 | ) | 110,245 | (5,111 | ) | |||||||
Gains on extinguishment of debt |
(42,572 | ) | | | ||||||||
(Gains) losses on deconsolidation of VIEs |
| (117,158 | ) | | ||||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
552,437 | | | |||||||||
Unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate hedges |
407 | 7,789 | (1,925 | ) | ||||||||
Equity in (income) loss of equity method investments |
(927 | ) | 56 | 259 | ||||||||
Asset impairments |
67,052 | 517,452 | | |||||||||
Unrealized foreign currency gains on investments |
(5 | ) | (191 | ) | | |||||||
Changes in assets and liabilities: |
||||||||||||
Accrued interest receivable |
10,199 | (15,437 | ) | (25,730 | ) | |||||||
Other assets |
30,091 | (208,186 | ) | 28,492 | ||||||||
Accrued interest payable |
14,152 | 11,495 | 12,291 | |||||||||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |
578 | 2,377 | 4,715 | |||||||||
Deferred taxes, borrowers escrows and other liabilities |
(72,588 | ) | 179,226 | (31,163 | ) | |||||||
Cash flow from operating activities |
141,998 | 183,043 | 74,641 | |||||||||
Investing activities: |
||||||||||||
Purchase and origination of securities for investment |
(60,375 | ) | (2,017,760 | ) | (122,593 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from sale of other securities |
| 914,708 | | |||||||||
Purchase and origination of loans for investment |
(148,762 | ) | (1,285,824 | ) | (950,902 | ) | ||||||
Principal repayments on loans |
656,916 | 967,546 | 536,896 | |||||||||
Cash obtained from Taberna upon acquisition |
| | 31,675 | |||||||||
Investment in real estate interests |
4,959 | (157,840 | ) | (41,660 | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate interests |
28,028 | 12,372 | 48,176 | |||||||||
(Increase) decrease in restricted cash |
61,759 | 29,504 | (7,107 | ) | ||||||||
(Increase) decrease in warehouse deposits |
| 13,042 | (5,835 | ) | ||||||||
Cash flow from investing activities |
542,525 | (1,524,252 | ) | (511,350 | ) | |||||||
Financing activities: |
||||||||||||
Proceeds from repurchase agreements, secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
68,251 | 1,215,728 | 122,536 | |||||||||
Repayments on repurchase agreements, secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
(184,098 | ) | (2,185,542 | ) | (314,256 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from issuance of residential mortgage-backed securities |
| 616,542 | | |||||||||
Repayments on residential mortgage-backed securities |
(448,154 | ) | (525,187 | ) | (43,874 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from issuance of CDO notes payable |
80,007 | 1,878,034 | 773,205 | |||||||||
Repayments on CDO notes payable |
(188,151 | ) | (120,323 | ) | | |||||||
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes |
| 425,000 | | |||||||||
Repayments on convertible senior notes |
(18,664 | ) | | | ||||||||
Acquisition of minority interest in CDOs |
(70 | ) | (19,963 | ) | | |||||||
Distributions to minority interest holders in CDOs |
(138 | ) | (13,083 | ) | | |||||||
Payments for deferred costs |
(989 | ) | (54,514 | ) | (12,990 | ) | ||||||
Proceeds from cash flow hedges |
| 2,280 | | |||||||||
Preferred share issuance, net of costs incurred |
| 38,675 | 76 | |||||||||
Common share issuance, net of costs incurred |
28,741 | 367,511 | 4,350 | |||||||||
Repurchase of common shares |
| (74,381 | ) | | ||||||||
Distributions paid to preferred shares |
(13,641 | ) | (11,817 | ) | (10,079 | ) | ||||||
Distributions paid to common shares |
(108,141 | ) | (169,131 | ) | (54,312 | ) | ||||||
Cash flow from financing activities |
(785,047 | ) | 1,369,829 | 464,656 | ||||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
(100,524 | ) | 28,620 | 27,947 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period |
127,987 | 99,367 | 71,420 | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period |
$ | 27,463 | $ | 127,987 | $ | 99,367 | ||||||
Supplemental cash flow information: |
||||||||||||
Cash paid for interest |
$ | 409,400 | $ | 637,615 | $ | 47,932 | ||||||
Cash paid for taxes |
2,721 | 12,428 | 780 | |||||||||
Non-cash increase (decrease) in TruPS obligations |
(91,166 | ) | (92,044 | ) | 100,000 | |||||||
Non-cash decrease in convertible senior notes from extinguishment of debt |
(22,168 | ) | | | ||||||||
Non-cash decrease in other indebtedness from extinguishment of debt |
(19,750 | ) | | | ||||||||
Non-cash increase in net assets from deconsolidation of VIEs |
| 99,537 | | |||||||||
Non-cash decrease in goodwill |
| (56,753 | ) | | ||||||||
Distributions payable |
| 28,068 | 39,118 | |||||||||
Stock issued to acquire net assets of Taberna Realty Finance Trust |
| | 610,628 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
94
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 1: THE COMPANY
RAIT Financial Trust manages a portfolio of real-estate related assets, provides a comprehensive set of debt financing options to the real estate industry and invests in real estate-related assets. References to RAIT, we, us, and our refer to RAIT Financial Trust and its subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. We conduct our business through our subsidiaries, RAIT Partnership, L.P. and Taberna Realty Finance Trust, as well as through their respective subsidiaries. RAIT is a self-managed and self-advised Maryland real estate investment trust, or REIT. Taberna is also a Maryland REIT.
We finance a substantial portion of our investments through borrowing and securitization strategies seeking to match the maturities and re-pricing dates of our financings with the maturities and re-pricing dates of those investments, and to mitigate interest rate risk through derivative instruments.
We are subject to significant competition in all aspects of our business. Existing industry participants and potential new entrants compete with us for the available supply of investments suitable for origination or acquisition, as well as for debt and equity capital. We compete with many third parties engaged in real estate finance and investment activities, including other REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, lenders, governmental bodies and other entities.
NOTE 2: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
a. Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations, shareholders equity and cash flows are included. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation.
b. Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements reflect our accounts and those accounts of our majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries and those entities for which we are determined to be the primary beneficiary in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board, or FASB, Interpretation No. 46R, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, or FIN 46R. The portions of these entities that we do not own are presented as minority interest as of the dates and for the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. We allocate income (loss) to minority interest based on their respective ownership of our underlying subsidiaries. Losses are allocated to minority interest to the extent their capital accounts can absorb their allocated losses, any excess losses over their capital accounts are allocated to us. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
When we obtain an explicit or implicit interest in an entity, we evaluate the entity to determine if the entity is a variable interest entity, or VIE, and, if so, whether or not we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE, in accordance with FIN 46R. Generally, we consolidate VIEs that we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of or non-VIEs which we control. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the variable interest holder that absorbs the majority of the variability in the expected losses or the residual returns of the VIE. When determining
95
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider our aggregate explicit and implicit variable interests as a single variable interest. If our single variable interest absorbs the majority of the variability in the expected losses or the residual returns of the VIE, we are considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE. In the case of non-VIEs or VIEs where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary and we do not control the entity, but we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the entity, we account for our investment under the equity method. We reconsider our determination of whether an entity is a VIE and whether we are the primary beneficiary of such VIE if certain events occur.
We have determined that certain special purpose trusts formed by issuers of trust preferred securities, or TruPS, to issue such securities are VIEs, or Trust VIEs, and that the holder of the majority of the TruPS issued by the Trust VIEs would be the primary beneficiary. In most instances, we are the primary beneficiary of the Trust VIEs because it holds, either explicitly or implicitly, the majority of the TruPS issued by the Trust VIEs. Certain TruPS issued by Trust VIEs are initially financed directly by CDOs or through our warehouse facilities. Under the warehouse agreements, we deposit cash collateral with an bank and bear the first dollar risk of loss, up to our collateral deposit, if an investment held under the warehouse facility is liquidated at a loss. This arrangement causes us to hold an implicit interest in the Trust VIEs that issued TruPS held by warehouse providers. The primary assets of the Trust VIEs are subordinated debentures issued by the sponsors of the Trust VIEs in exchange for the TruPS proceeds. These subordinated debentures have terms that mirror the TruPS issued by the Trust VIEs. Upon consolidation of the Trust VIEs, these subordinated debentures, which are assets of the Trust VIEs, are included in our financial statements and the related TruPS are eliminated. Pursuant to Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 85-1: Classifying Notes Received for Capital Stock, subordinated debentures issued to Trust VIEs as payment for common equity securities issued by Trust VIEs are recorded net of the common equity securities issued.
We consolidate various CDO entities and residential mortgage securitizations that are VIE entities when we are determined to be the primary beneficiary. The following CDO entities are consolidated as of December 31, 2008: Taberna Preferred Funding III, Ltd., or Taberna III, Taberna Preferred Funding IV, Ltd., or Taberna IV, Taberna Preferred Funding VI, Ltd., or Taberna VI, Taberna Preferred Funding VII, Ltd., or Taberna VII, Taberna Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd., or Taberna VIII, Taberna Preferred Funding IX, Ltd., or Taberna IX, RAIT CRE CDO I, Ltd., or RAIT I, and RAIT Preferred Funding II, Ltd., or RAIT II. The following residential mortgage securitizations are consolidated as of December 31, 2008: Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-7, Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-9, Citigroup Mortgage Loan Trust 2005-1, CWABS Trust 2005 HYB9, Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors Trust, Series 2005-A9 and Merrill Lynch Mortgage Backed Securities Trust, Series 2007-2. We have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of these entities.
c. Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
d. Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks and highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased.
96
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
e. Restricted Cash
Restricted cash consists primarily of proceeds from the issuance of CDO notes payable by CDO securitization entities that are restricted for the purpose of funding additional investments in securities subsequent to the balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we had $126,638 and $186,876, respectively, held by CDO securitization entities. As of December 31, 2007, we also had $1,521 of restricted cash held by investment banks as collateral for derivative contracts.
Restricted cash also includes tenant escrows and borrowers funds held by us to fund certain expenditures or to be released at our discretion upon the occurrence of certain pre-specified events, and to serve as additional collateral for borrowers loans. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we had $70,728 and $110,036, respectively, of tenant escrows and borrowers funds.
f. Investments
We invest in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables, debt securities and other types of real estate-related assets. We account for our investments in securities under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, as amended and interpreted, or SFAS No. 115, and designate each investment as a trading security, an available-for-sale security, or a held-to-maturity security based on our intent at the time of acquisition. Under SFAS No. 115, trading securities are recorded at their fair value each reporting period with fluctuations in fair value reported as a component of earnings. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). See l. Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Upon the sale of an available-for-sale security, the realized gain or loss on the sale will be recorded as a component of earnings in the respective period. Held-to-maturity investments are carried at amortized cost at each reporting period.
On January 1, 2008, we adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, or SFAS No. 159. See p. Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In applying SFAS No. 159, we classified certain of our available-for-sale securities as trading securities on January 1, 2008. Trading securities are carried at their estimated fair value, with changes in fair value reported in earnings.
We account for our investments in subordinated debentures owned by trust VIEs that we consolidate as available-for-sale securities. These VIEs have no ability to sell, pledge, transfer or otherwise encumber the trust or the assets of the trust until such subordinated debentures maturity. We account for investments in securities where the transfer meets the criteria as a financing under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140, Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities, or SFAS No. 140, at amortized cost. Our investments in security-related receivables represent securities that were transferred to issuers of collateralized debt obligations, or CDOs, in which the transferors maintained some level of continuing involvement.
We use our judgment to determine whether an investment in securities has sustained an other-than-temporary decline in value. If management determines that an investment in securities has sustained an other-than-temporary decline in its value, the investment is written down to its fair value by a charge to earnings, and we establish a new cost basis for the investment. Our evaluation of an other-than-temporary decline is dependent on the specific facts and circumstances. Factors that we consider in determining whether an other-than-temporary decline in value has occurred include: the estimated fair value of the investment in relation to our cost basis; the
97
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
financial condition of the related entity; and the intent and ability to retain the investment for a sufficient period of time to allow for recovery of the fair value of the investment.
We account for our investments in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables at amortized cost. The carrying value of these investments is adjusted for origination discounts/premiums, nonrefundable fees and direct costs for originating loans which are amortized into income on a level yield basis over the terms of the loans. Mortgage-related receivables represent loan receivables secured by residential mortgages, the legal title to which is held by our consolidated securitizations. These residential mortgages were transferred to the consolidated securitizations in transactions accounted for as financings under SFAS No. 140. Mortgage-related receivables maintain all of the economic attributes of the underlying residential mortgages and all benefits or risks of that ownership inure to the trust subsidiary.
g. Allowance for Losses
We maintain an allowance for losses on our investments in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables. Our allowance for losses is based on managements evaluation of known losses and inherent risks, for example, historical and industry loss experience, economic conditions and trends, estimated fair values, the quality of collateral and other relevant factors. Specific allowances for losses on our commercial and mezzanine loans are established for impaired loans based on a comparison of the recorded carrying value of the loan to either the present value of the loans expected cash flow, the loans estimated market price or the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral. Our allowance for loss on residential mortgage loans is evaluated collectively for impairment as the mortgage loans are homogenous pools of residential mortgages. The allowance is increased by charges to operations and decreased by charge-offs (net of recoveries).
h. Transfers of Financial Assets
We account for transfers of financial assets under SFAS No. 140 as either sales or financings. Transfers of financial assets that result in sales accounting are those in which (1) the transfer legally isolates the transferred assets from the transferor, (2) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and no condition both constrains the transferees right to pledge or exchange the assets and provides more than a trivial benefit to the transferor, and (3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If the transfer does not meet these criteria, the transfer is accounted for as a financing. Financial assets that are treated as sales are removed from our accounts with any realized gain (loss) reflected in earnings during the period of sale. Financial assets that are treated as financings are maintained on the balance sheet with proceeds received from the legal transfer reflected as securitized borrowings, or security-related receivables.
i. Revenue Recognition
1) |
Net investment incomeWe recognize interest income from investments in debt and other securities, residential mortgages, commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans on a yield to maturity basis. Upon the acquisition of a loan at a discount, we assess the portions of the discount that constitutes accretable yields and non-accretable differences. The accretable yield represents the excess of our expected cash flows from the loan over the amount we paid for the loan. That amount, the accretable yield, is accreted to interest income over the remaining life of the loan. Many of our commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans provide for the accrual of interest at specified rates which differ from current payment terms. Interest income is recognized on such loans at the accrual rate subject to managements |
98
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
determination that accrued interest and outstanding principal are ultimately collectible. Management evaluates loans for non-accrual status each reporting period. Payments received for loans on non-accrual status are applied to principal until the loan is removed from non-accrual status. Past due interest is recognized on non-accrual loans when they are removed from non-accrual status and are making current interest payments. Origination fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized to net investment income, using the effective interest method, over the contractual life of the underlying loan security or loan, in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Origination or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases, or SFAS No. 91. We recognize interest income from interests in certain securitized financial assets on an estimated effective yield to maturity basis. Management estimates the current yield on the amortized cost of the investment based on estimated cash flows after considering prepayment and credit loss experience. |
2) | Structuring feesWe receive structuring fees for services rendered in connection with the formation of CDO securitization entities. The structuring fee is a contractual fee paid when the related services are completed. The structuring fee is a negotiated fee with the investment bank acting as placement agent for the CDO securities and is capitalized by the securitization entity as a deferred financing cost. We may decide to invest in the debt or equity securities issued by securitization entities. We evaluate our investment in these entities under FIN 46R to determine whether the entity is a VIE, and, if so, whether or not we are the primary beneficiary. If we are determined to be the primary beneficiary, we will consolidate the accounts of the securitization entity and, upon consolidation, we eliminate intercompany transactions, specifically the structuring fees and deferred financing costs paid. During the year ended December 31, 2007, structuring fees totaling $11,413 were eliminated upon consolidation of securitization entities. |
3) | Fee and other incomeWe generate fee and other income through our various subsidiaries by providing (a) ongoing asset management services to investment portfolios under cancelable management agreements, (b) providing or arranging to provide financing to our borrowers, and (c) providing financial consulting to our borrowers. We recognize revenue for these activities when the fees are fixed or determinable, are evidenced by an arrangement, collection is reasonably assured and the services under the arrangement have been provided. Asset management fees are an administrative cost of a securitization entity and are paid by the administrative trustee on behalf of its investors. These asset management fees are recognized when earned and are paid quarterly. Asset management fees from consolidated CDOs are eliminated in consolidation. During the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, we earned $23,228, $26,036 and $1,143, respectively, of asset management fees, of which we eliminated $12,158, $19,069 and $987, respectively, upon consolidation of CDOs of which we are the primary beneficiary. |
j. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We had maintained warehouse financing arrangements with various investment banks and engage in CDO securitizations. Prior to the completion of a CDO securitization, our warehouse providers acquire investments in accordance with the terms of the warehouse facilities. We are paid the difference between the interest earned on the investments and the interest charged by the warehouse providers from the dates on which the respective investments were acquired. We bear the first dollar risk of loss, up to our warehouse deposit amount, if (i) an investment funded through the warehouse facility becomes impaired or (ii) a CDO is not completed by the end of the warehouse period, and in either case, the warehouse provider is required to liquidate the securities at a loss. These off-balance sheet arrangements are not consolidated because our risk of loss is generally limited to the
99
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
cash collateral held by the warehouse providers and our warehouse facilities are not special purpose vehicles. However, since we hold an implicit variable interest in many entities funded under our warehouse facilities, we often consolidate the Trust VIEs while the trust preferred securities, or TruPS, they issue are held on the warehouse lines. These warehouse facilities are considered free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value in our financial statements. Changes in fair value are reflected in earnings in the respective period.
k. Derivative Instruments
We may use derivative financial instruments to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with our borrowings. Certain of the techniques used to hedge exposure to interest rate fluctuations may also be used to protect against declines in the market value of assets that result from general trends in debt markets. The principal objective of such agreements is to minimize the risks and/or costs associated with our operating and financial structure as well as to hedge specific anticipated transactions.
In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, as amended and interpreted, or SFAS No. 133, we measure each derivative instrument (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts) at fair value and record such amounts in our consolidated balance sheet as either an asset or liability. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, derivatives not designated as hedges, or for derivatives designated as cash flow hedges associated with debt for which we elected the fair value option under SFAS No. 159, the changes in fair value of the derivative instrument are recorded in earnings. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the changes in the fair value of the effective portions of the derivative are reported in other comprehensive income. Changes in the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings.
l. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Effective January 1, 2008, we adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS No. 157, which requires additional disclosures about our assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value. As defined in SFAS No. 157, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Where available, fair value is based on observable market prices or parameters or derived from such prices or parameters. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, valuation models are applied. These valuation techniques involve management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency for the instruments or market and the instruments complexity for disclosure purposes. Beginning in January 2008, assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their value. Hierarchical levels, as defined in SFAS No. 157 and directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuations of these assets and liabilities are as follows:
|
Level 1 : Valuations are based on unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. The types of assets carried at level 1 fair value generally are equity securities listed in active markets. As such, valuations of these investments do not entail a significant degree of judgment. |
|
Level 2 : Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. |
100
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Fair value assets and liabilities that are generally included in this category are unsecured REIT note receivables, commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS, receivables and certain financial instruments classified as derivatives where the fair value is based on observable market inputs.
|
Level 3 : Inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset. Generally, assets and liabilities carried at fair value and included in this category are TruPS and subordinated debentures, trust preferred obligations and CDO notes payable where observable market inputs do not exist. |
The availability of observable inputs can vary depending on the financial asset or liability and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of investment, whether the investment is new, whether the investment is traded on an active exchange or in the secondary market, and the current market condition. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by us in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, our own assumptions are set to reflect those that management believes market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. We use prices and inputs that management believes are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be transferred from Level 1 to Level 2 or Level 2 to Level 3.
Many financial institutions have bid and ask prices that can be observed in the marketplace. Bid prices reflect the highest price that we and others are willing to pay for an asset. Ask prices represent the lowest price that we and others are willing to accept for an asset. For financial instruments whose inputs are based on bid-ask prices, we do not require that fair value always be a predetermined point in the bid-ask range. Our policy is to allow for mid-market pricing and adjusting to the point within the bid-ask range that results in our best estimate of fair value.
Fair value for certain of our Level 3 financial instruments is derived using internal valuation models. These internal valuation models include discounted cash flow analyses developed by management using current interest rates, estimates of the term of the particular instrument, specific issuer information and other market data for securities without an active market. In accordance with SFAS No. 157, the impact of our own credit spreads is also considered when measuring the fair value of financial assets or liabilities, including derivative contracts. Where appropriate, valuation adjustments are made to account for various factors, including bid-ask spreads, credit quality and market liquidity. These adjustments are applied on a consistent basis and are based on observable inputs where
101
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
available. Managements estimate of fair value requires significant management judgment and is subject to a high degree of variability based upon market conditions, the availability of specific issuer information and managements assumptions.
m. Income Taxes
RAIT and Taberna have each elected to be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code. Accordingly, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of our distributions to shareholders and as long as certain asset, income and share ownership tests are met. If we were to fail to meet these requirements, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and amounts available for distributions to our shareholders. Management believes that all of the criteria to maintain RAITs and Tabernas REIT qualification have been met for the applicable periods, but there can be no assurances that these criteria will continue to be met in subsequent periods.
We maintain various taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, which may be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and foreign taxes. Current and deferred taxes are provided on the portion of earnings (losses) recognized by us with respect to our interest in domestic TRSs. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed based on temporary differences between our GAAP consolidated financial statements and the federal and state income tax basis of assets and liabilities as of the consolidated balance sheet date. We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets (e.g., net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards) and recognize a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of our deferred tax assets, we consider estimates of expected future taxable income, existing and projected book/tax differences, tax planning strategies available, and the general and industry specific economic outlook. This realizability analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires management to forecast our business and general economic environment in future periods. Changes in estimate of deferred tax asset realizability, if any, are included in income tax expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
From time to time, our TRSs generate taxable income from intercompany transactions. The TRS entities generate taxable revenue from fees for services provided to CDO entities. Some of these fees paid to the TRS entities are capitalized as deferred financing costs by the CDO entities. Certain CDO entities may be consolidated in our financial statements pursuant to FIN 46R. In consolidation, these fees are eliminated when the CDO entity is included in the consolidated group. Nonetheless, all income taxes are accrued by the TRSs in the year in which the taxable revenue is received. These income taxes are not eliminated when the related revenue is eliminated in consolidation.
Certain TRS entities are domiciled in the Cayman Islands and, accordingly, taxable income generated by these entities may not be subject to local income taxation, but generally will be included in our income on a current basis, whether or not distributed. Upon distribution of any previously included income, no incremental U.S. federal, state, or local income taxes would be payable by us. We maintain a TRS entity in the UK that is subject to income tax in that jurisdiction. In addition, in April 2008, we formed a TRS entity in Ireland which will be subject to income tax in Ireland. The income from these entities is not included in our income for U.S. tax purposes until it is distributed.
n. Share-Based Compensation
We account for our share-based compensation in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123R, Share-Based Payment, or SFAS No. 123R. We measure the cost of employee and trustee
102
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award and record compensation expense over the related vesting period.
o. Deferred Financing Costs, Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Costs incurred in connection with debt financing are capitalized as deferred financing costs and charged to interest expense over the terms of the related debt agreements, under the effective interest method.
Intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheets represent identifiable intangible assets acquired in business acquisitions. We amortize identified intangible assets to expense over their estimated lives using the straight-line method. We evaluate intangible assets for impairment as events and circumstances change, in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, or SFAS No. 144. Due to market and economic conditions during 2008 and 2007, management evaluated the carrying value of our intangible assets. Based upon that evaluation, management concluded certain intangible assets were impaired and recorded asset impairment expense of $29,059 and $13,180 during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. This charge was included in asset impairment expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. We expect to record amortization expense of intangible assets of $1,257 each fiscal year for the period from 2009 through 2013 and $3,702 thereafter.
Goodwill on our consolidated balance sheet represented the amounts paid in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired from business acquisitions accounted for under SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations. Pursuant to SFAS No. 142, goodwill is not amortized to expense but rather is analyzed for impairment. We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and as events and circumstances change, in accordance with SFAS 142. As of December 31, 2007, management concluded goodwill was impaired and charged all of the goodwill balance to asset impairment expense.
On December 11, 2006, we acquired all of the outstanding common shares of Taberna. Refer to Note 16 for additional information regarding this acquisition. As part of purchase accounting, we allocated the purchase price to the net assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets. As of December 31, 2006, we made a preliminary purchase price accounting allocation and were in the process of obtaining appraisals from third party valuation specialists and finalizing the allocation of the purchase price. During the one-year period following the acquisition of Taberna, we reallocated approximately $56,753 of the original purchase price amongst Tabernas goodwill, intangible assets, deferred taxes, investments in securities, investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables and accrued expenses. Ultimately, these reallocations caused a reduction in goodwill of $56,753, an increase in intangible assets of $9,526, a decrease in deferred tax liabilities of $41,558, an increase in the amortized cost basis of investments in securities of $2,761, an increase in the amortized cost basis of residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables of $1,058 and a decrease in accrued expenses of $1,850. The effect of these adjustments were reflected in the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007.
p. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, which provides entities with an irrevocable option to report certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value reported in earnings. The election can be applied on an instrument-by-instrument basis. SFAS No. 159 establishes presentation and disclosure requirements designed to facilitate comparisons between entities that choose different measurement attributes for similar types of assets and liabilities. As of January 1, 2008, we adopted
103
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
SFAS No. 159 and we recorded, at fair value, certain of our investments in securities, CDO notes payable and trust preferred obligations used to finance those investments and any related interest rate derivatives. Subsequent to January 1, 2008, all changes in the fair value of such investments in securities, CDO notes payable, trust preferred obligations and related interest rate derivatives are recorded in earnings. Upon adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008, we recognized an increase in shareholders equity of $1,087,394.
The following table presents information about the eligible instruments for which we elected the fair value option and for which adjustments were recorded as of January 1, 2008:
Carrying
Amount as of December 31, 2007 |
Effect from
adoption of SFAS No. 159 |
Carrying
Amount as of January 1, 2008 (After adoption of SFAS No. 159) |
||||||||||
Assets: |
||||||||||||
Trading securities (1) |
$ | 2,721,360 | $ | | $ | 2,721,360 | ||||||
Security-related receivables |
1,050,967 | (99,991 | ) | 950,976 | ||||||||
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization |
18,047 | (18,047 | ) | | ||||||||
Liabilities: |
||||||||||||
Trust preferred obligations |
(450,625 | ) | 52,070 | (398,555 | ) | |||||||
CDO notes payable |
(3,695,858 | ) | 1,520,616 | (2,175,242 | ) | |||||||
Derivative liabilities |
(155,080 | ) | | (155,080 | ) | |||||||
Deferred taxes and other liabilities |
(6,103 | ) | 6,103 | | ||||||||
Fair value adjustments before allocation to minority interest |
1,460,751 | |||||||||||
Allocation of fair value adjustments to minority interest |
| (373,357 | ) | (373,357 | ) | |||||||
Cumulative effect on shareholders equity from adoption of SFAS No. 159 (2) |
$ | 1,087,394 | ||||||||||
(1) | Prior to January 1, 2008, trading securities were classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value. Accordingly, the election of the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 for trading securities did not change their carrying value and resulted in a reclassification of $310,520 from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings (deficit) on January 1, 2008. |
(2) | The $1,087,394 cumulative effect on shareholders equity from the adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008 was comprised of a $310,520 increase to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and a $776,874 increase to retained earnings (deficit). |
In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statementsan amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, or SFAS No. 160. SFAS No. 160 establishes accounting and reporting standards for ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the parent, the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and to the noncontrolling interest, changes in a parents ownership interest and the valuation of retained noncontrolling equity investments when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. SFAS No. 160 also establishes disclosure requirements that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent and the interests of the noncontrolling owners. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. The anticipated adoption of SFAS No.160 is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
104
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position, or FSP, No. 140-3, Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets and Repurchase Financing Transactions, or FSP No. 140-3. FSP No. 140-3 provides guidance on accounting for a transfer of a financial asset and a repurchase financing. FSP No. 140-3 presumes that an initial transfer of a financial asset and a repurchase financing are considered part of the same arrangement (linked transaction) under SFAS No. 140. However, if certain criteria are met, the initial transfer and repurchase financing are not evaluated as a linked transaction and shall be evaluated separately under SFAS No. 140. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. The anticipated adoption of FSP No. 140-3 is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activitiesan amendment of SFAS No. 133, or SFAS No. 161. SFAS No. 161 requires enhanced disclosure related to derivatives and hedging activities and thereby seeks to improve the transparency of financial reporting. Under SFAS No. 161, entities are required to provide enhanced disclosures relating to: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments; (b) how derivative instruments and related hedge items are accounted for under SFAS No. 133 and its related interpretations; and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entitys financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. The anticipated adoption of SFAS No. 161 is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In May 2008, the FASB issued FSP No. Accounting Principles Board 14-1, Accounting for Convertible Debt Instruments That May Be Settled in Cash upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement), or APB 14-1, which clarifies the accounting for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash (including partial cash settlement) upon conversion. APB 14-1 requires issuers to account separately for the liability and equity components of certain convertible debt instruments in a manner that reflects the issuers nonconvertible debt (unsecured debt) borrowing rate when interest cost is recognized. The equity component is presented in shareholders equity and the accretion of the resulting discount on the debt is recognized as part of interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. APB 14-1 requires retrospective application to the terms of instruments as they existed for all periods presented. The statement is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this statement may have on our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 157-3, Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active, or FSP FAS 157-3. FSP FAS 157-3 clarifies the application of SFAS No. 157 in a market that is not active. FSP FAS 157-3 is effective October 10, 2008, and for prior periods for which financial statements have not been issued. The adoption of FSP FAS 157-3 has been reflected in our determination of fair value in our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8, which amends SFAS No. 140 Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities, or SFAS No. 140, to require additional disclosures about transfers of financial assets and FIN 46, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, or FIN 46, to require additional disclosures about variable interest entities for both public enterprises and sponsors that have a variable interest in a variable interest entity. The disclosures required are intended to provide greater transparency to financial statement users about a transferors continuing involvement with transferred financial assets and an enterprises involvement with variable interest entities and qualifying special purpose entities. The provisions of this FASB staff position are effective for reporting periods ending after November 15, 2008. The adoption of this FASB staff position did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
105
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
In January 2009, the FASB issued FSP EITF 99-20-1, which amends FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, No. 99-20 Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased Beneficial Interest and Beneficial Interests That Continue to Be Held by a Transferor or in Securitized Financial Assets, or EITF 99-20, to align the impairment guidance in EITF 99-20 with the impairment guidance and related implementation guidance in SFAS No. 115. The provisions of this FASB staff position are effective for reporting periods ending after December 15, 2008. The adoption of this FASB staff position did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No.
141R which replaces SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations, or SFAS No. 141. Among other things, SFAS No. 141R broadens the scope of SFAS No. 141 to include all transactions where an acquirer obtains control of one or more other
businesses; retains the guidance to recognize intangible assets separately from goodwill; requires, with limited exceptions, that all assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain of those that arise from contractual contingencies, be
measured at their acquisition date fair values; requires most acquisition and restructuring-related costs to be expensed as incurred; requires that step acquisitions, once control is acquired, be recorded at the full amounts of the fair values of
the identifiable assets, liabilities and the noncontrolling interest in the acquiree; and replaces the reduction of asset values and recognition of negative goodwill with a requirement to recognize a gain in earnings. The provisions of SFAS No. 141R
are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008 and are to be applied prospectively only. Early adoption is not permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this statement may have on our consolidated financial
NOTE 3: INVESTMENTS IN LOANS
Our investments in mortgages and loans are accounted for at amortized cost.
Investments in Commercial Mortgages, Mezzanine Loans, Other Loans and Preferred Equity Interests
The following table summarizes our investments in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests as of December 31, 2008:
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Unamortized
(Discounts) Premiums |
Carrying
Amount |
Number of
Loans |
Weighted-
Average Coupon |
Range of
Maturity Dates |
||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgages |
$ | 1,246,446 | $ | | $ | 1,246,446 | 95 | 7.7 | % | Mar. 2009 to Dec. 2013 | |||||||||
Mezzanine loans |
455,222 | (2,850 | ) | 452,372 | 136 | 10.1 | % | Mar. 2009 to Aug. 2021 | |||||||||||
Other loans |
178,696 | (2,669 | ) | 176,027 | 12 | 5.9 | % | Apr. 2010 to Oct. 2016 | |||||||||||
Preferred equity interests |
173,388 | | 173,388 | 37 | 11.9 | % | Mar. 2009 to Sept. 2021 | ||||||||||||
Total |
2,053,752 | (5,519 | ) | 2,048,233 | 280 | 8.5 | % | ||||||||||||
Deferred fees |
(7,121 | ) | | (7,121 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total |
$ | 2,046,631 | $ | (5,519 | ) | $ | 2,041,112 | ||||||||||||
106
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following table summarizes our investments in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests as of December 31, 2007:
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Unamortized
(Discounts) Premiums |
Carrying
Amount |
Number of
Loans |
Weighted-
Average Coupon |
Range of
Maturity Dates |
||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgages |
$ | 1,477,153 | $ | | $ | 1,477,153 | 126 | 8.1 | % | Mar. 2008 to Aug. 2012 | |||||||||
Mezzanine loans |
547,715 | (3,520 | ) | 544,195 | 168 | 10.6 | % | Mar. 2008 to Aug. 2021 | |||||||||||
Other loans |
182,637 | 841 | 183,478 | 11 | 7.3 | % | Dec. 2008 to Oct. 2016 | ||||||||||||
Preferred equity interests |
149,417 | | 149,417 | 31 | 12.3 | % | Mar. 2008 to Sept. 2021 | ||||||||||||
Total |
2,356,922 | (2,679 | ) | 2,354,243 | 336 | 8.9 | % | ||||||||||||
Deferred fees |
(14,887 | ) | | (14,887 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total |
$ | 2,342,035 | $ | (2,679 | ) | $ | 2,339,356 | ||||||||||||
The following table summarizes the delinquency statistics of our commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests as of December 31, 2008 and 2007:
Delinquency Status |
As of
December 31, 2008 |
As of
December 31, 2007 |
||||
30 to 59 days |
$ | 610 | $ | 41,317 | ||
60 to 89 days |
8,360 | 600 | ||||
90 days or more |
95,523 | 38,816 | ||||
In foreclosure or bankruptcy proceedings |
101,054 | | ||||
Total |
$ | 205,547 | $ | 80,733 | ||
As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, approximately $186,040 and $41,858, respectively, of our commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans were on non-accrual status and had a weighted-average interest rate of 12.1% and 12.5%, respectively.
The following table displays the maturities of our investments in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests by year:
2009 |
$ | 618,842 | |
2010 |
522,763 | ||
2011 |
279,630 | ||
2012 |
148,200 | ||
2013 |
53,663 | ||
Thereafter |
430,654 | ||
Total |
$ | 2,053,752 | |
107
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Investments in Residential Mortgages and Mortgage-Related Receivables
The following tables summarize our investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables as of December 31, 2008:
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Unamortized
(Discount) |
Carrying
Amount |
Number of
Loans and Mortgage- Related Receivables |
Weighted-
Average Interest Rate |
Weighted-
Average Contractual Maturity Date |
||||||||||||
3/1 Adjustable rate |
$ | 90,125 | $ | (636 | ) | $ | 89,489 | 241 | 5.6 | % | August 2035 | ||||||
5/1 Adjustable rate |
2,962,164 | (9,506 | ) | 2,952,658 | 6,158 | 5.6 | % | September 2035 | |||||||||
7/1 Adjustable rate |
503,535 | (2,396 | ) | 501,139 | 1,107 | 5.7 | % | July 2035 | |||||||||
10/1 Adjustable rate |
56,036 | (397 | ) | 55,639 | 66 | 5.7 | % | June 2035 | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 3,611,860 | $ | (12,935 | ) | $ | 3,598,925 | 7,572 | 5.6 | % | |||||||
The following tables summarize our investments in residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables as of December 31, 2007:
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Unamortized
(Discount) |
Carrying
Amount |
Number of
Loans and Mortgage- Related Receivables |
Weighted-
Average Interest Rate |
Weighted-
Average Contractual Maturity Date |
||||||||||||
3/1 Adjustable rate |
$ | 116,948 | $ | (989 | ) | $ | 115,959 | 295 | 5.6 | % | August 2035 | ||||||
5/1 Adjustable rate |
3,351,275 | (14,491 | ) | 3,336,784 | 6,918 | 5.6 | % | September 2035 | |||||||||
7/1 Adjustable rate |
551,076 | (3,889 | ) | 547,187 | 1,205 | 5.7 | % | July 2035 | |||||||||
10/1 Adjustable rate |
65,729 | (576 | ) | 65,153 | 73 | 5.7 | % | June 2035 | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 4,085,028 | $ | (19,945 | ) | $ | 4,065,083 | 8,491 | 5.6 | % | |||||||
Our residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables are pledged as collateral with mortgage securitizations. These mortgage securitizations have issued mortgage-backed securities to finance these obligations with a principal balance outstanding of $3,388,199 and $3,836,352 as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. These securitization transactions occurred after the residential mortgages were acquired in whole-loan portfolio transactions. In each of these residential mortgage securitizations, we retained all of the subordinated and non-rated mortgage-backed securities issued. These securitization entities are non-qualified special purpose entities and are considered VIEs. Because we retained all of the subordinated and non-rated residential mortgage-backed securities, or RMBS, issued, we are the primary beneficiary of these entities and consolidate each of the residential mortgage securitization trusts. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the estimated fair value of our residential mortgage loans and mortgage-related receivables was $1,587,731 and $3,927,677, respectively. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, approximately 45.3% and 44.7%, respectively, of our residential mortgage loans were in the state of California.
108
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following table summarizes the delinquency statistics of our residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables as of December 31, 2008 and 2007:
Delinquency Status |
As of
December 31, 2008 |
As of
December 31, 2007 |
||||
30 to 59 days |
$ | 68,239 | $ | 42,340 | ||
60 to 89 days |
42,148 | 17,556 | ||||
90 days or more |
69,363 | 22,204 | ||||
In foreclosure, bankrupt or real estate owned |
124,517 | 37,843 | ||||
Total |
$ | 304,267 | $ | 119,943 | ||
As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables with an unpaid principal balance of $236,027 and $77,184, respectively, and a carrying amount of $231,044 and $74,840, respectively, were on non-accrual status and had a weighted-average coupon of 6.0% and 6.2%, respectively.
Asset Impairments
For the year ended December 31, 2008, we recorded asset impairments of $8,509 associated with certain investments in commercial and residential loans. In making this determination, management considered the estimated fair value of the investments to our cost basis, the financial condition of the related entity and our intent and ability to hold the investments for a sufficient period of time to recover our investments. For the identified investments, management believes full recovery is not likely and wrote down the investments to their estimated fair value.
Allowance For Losses
We maintain an allowance for losses on our investments in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables and other real estate related assets. Specific allowances for losses are established for impaired loans based on a comparison of the recorded carrying value of the loan to either the present value of the loans expected cash flow, the loans estimated market price or the estimated net realizable value of the underlying collateral. The allowance is increased by charges to operations and decreased by charge-offs (net of recoveries). Managements periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based upon expected and inherent risks in the portfolio, historical trends in adjustable rate residential mortgages (if applicable), the estimated value of underlying collateral, and current and expected future economic conditions.
As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we maintained an allowance for losses as follows:
As of
December 31, 2008 |
As of
December 31, 2007 |
|||||
Commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and other real estate related assets |
$ | 117,737 | $ | 14,575 | ||
Residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables |
54,236 | 11,814 | ||||
Total allowance for losses |
$ | 171,973 | $ | 26,389 | ||
109
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following table provides a roll-forward of our allowance for losses for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007:
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2007 |
|||||||
Balance, beginning of period |
$ | 26,389 | $ | 5,345 | ||||
Additions |
162,783 | 21,721 | ||||||
Deductions for charge-offs |
(17,199 | ) | (677 | ) | ||||
Balance, end of period |
$ | 171,973 | $ | 26,389 | ||||
NOTE 4: INVESTMENTS IN SECURITIES
Our investments in securities and security-related receivables are accounted for at fair value. The following table summarizes our investments in securities as of December 31, 2008:
Investment Description |
Amortized
Cost |
Net Fair
Value Adjustments |
Estimated
Fair Value |
Weighted
Average Coupon |
Weighted
Average Years to Maturity |
||||||||||
Trading securities (1) |
|||||||||||||||
TruPS and subordinated debentures |
$ | 3,026,321 | $ | (1,553,710 | ) | $ | 1,472,611 | 6.6 | % | 25.9 | |||||
Other securities |
10,000 | (9,300 | ) | 700 | 8.0 | % | 43.9 | ||||||||
Total trading securities |
3,036,321 | (1,563,010 | ) | 1,473,311 | 6.6 | % | 25.9 | ||||||||
Available-for-sale securities |
48,285 | (32,488 | ) | 15,797 | 8.4 | % | 33.0 | ||||||||
Security-related receivables (2) |
|||||||||||||||
TruPS and subordinated debenture receivables |
369,734 | (197,679 | ) | 172,055 | 7.6 | % | 21.4 | ||||||||
Unsecured REIT note receivables |
372,688 | (154,804 | ) | 217,884 | 6.0 | % | 7.9 | ||||||||
CMBS receivables (3) |
224,434 | (184,447 | ) | 39,987 | 5.9 | % | 34.8 | ||||||||
Other securities |
43,493 | (41,644 | ) | 1,849 | 5.4 | % | 41.2 | ||||||||
Total security-related receivables |
1,010,349 | (578,574 | ) | 431,775 | 6.6 | % | 15.9 | ||||||||
Total investments in securities |
$ | 4,094,955 | $ | (2,174,072 | ) | $ | 1,920,883 | 6.6 | % | 23.7 | |||||
(1) | On January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 159 and transferred certain of our investments in securities from available-for-sale to trading in accordance with SFAS No. 115 and SFAS No. 159. Subsequent to January 1, 2008, all changes in fair value associated with our trading securities are recorded in earnings as part of our change in fair value of financial instruments. See note 8. |
(2) | Our investments in security-related receivables represent securities owned by CDO entities that we account for as financings under SFAS No. 140. We elected to record security-related receivables at fair value in accordance with SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008. All changes in fair value of our security related receivables were recorded in earnings as part of the change in fair value of financial instruments. See notes 2 and 8. |
(3) | CMBS receivables include securities with a fair value totaling $22,464 that are rated BBB+ and BB- by Standard & Poors and securities with a fair value totaling $17,523 that are rated between AAA and A- by Standard & Poors. |
110
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
A substantial portion of our gross unrealized losses are greater than 12 months.
The following table summarizes our investments in available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2007:
Investment Description |
Amortized
Cost |
Gross
Unrealized Gains |
Gross
Unrealized Losses |
Estimated
Fair Value |
Weighted
Average Coupon |
Weighted
Average Years to Maturity |
||||||||||||
TruPS and subordinated debentures |
$ | 3,024,120 | $ | 4,419 | $ | (313,384 | ) | $ | 2,715,155 | 7.7 | % | 27.0 | ||||||
Other securities |
76,089 | 4,671 | (19,082 | ) | 61,678 | 11.2 | % | 32.5 | ||||||||||
Total available-for-sale securities |
$ | 3,100,209 | $ | 9,090 | $ | (332,466 | ) | $ | 2,776,833 | 7.8 | % | 27.1 | ||||||
The following table summarizes our investments in security-related receivables, as of December 31, 2007:
Investment Description |
Amortized
Cost |
Weighted
Average Coupon |
Weighted
Average Years to Maturity |
Estimated
Fair Value |
|||||||
TruPS and subordinated debenture receivables |
$ | 425,643 | 7.8 | % | 22.3 | $ | 405,117 | ||||
Unsecured REIT note receivables |
367,889 | 6.0 | % | 8.9 | 347,317 | ||||||
CMBS receivables (1) |
213,921 | 5.9 | % | 35.7 | 173,441 | ||||||
Other securities |
43,514 | 6.9 | % | 42.2 | 27,382 | ||||||
Total |
$ | 1,050,967 | 6.7 | % | 21.2 | $ | 953,257 | ||||
(1) | CMBS receivables include securities with a fair value totaling $126,616 that are rated between BBB+ and BBB- by Standard & Poors and securities with a fair value totaling $46,825 that are rated between AAA and A- by Standard & Poors. |
TruPS included above as trading securities include (a) investments in TruPS issued by VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary and which we do not consolidate and (b) transfers of investments in TruPS securities to us that were accounted for as a sale pursuant to SFAS No. 140. Subordinated debentures included above represent the primary assets of VIEs that we consolidate pursuant to FIN 46R.
As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, $413,625 and $156,875, respectively, in principal amount of TruPS, subordinated debentures and subordinated debenture receivables were on non-accrual status and had a weighted-average coupon of 7.0% and 8.2%, respectively, and a fair value of $16,589 and $37,804, respectively. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, $43,982 and $12,000, respectively, in principal amount available-for-sale securities were on non-accrual status and had a weighted-average coupon of 7.0% and 9.4%, respectively, and a fair value of $308 and $320, respectively.
Some of our investments in securities collateralize debt issued through CDO entities. Our TruPS CDO entities are static pools and prohibit, in most cases, the sale of such securities until the mandatory auction call period, typically 10 years from the CDO entitys inception. At or subsequent to the mandatory auction call date, the remaining securities will be offered for sale and the proceeds will be used to repay outstanding indebtedness and liquidate the CDO entity. The assets of our consolidated CDOs collateralize the debt of such entities and are not available to our creditors. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, investment in securities of $3,204,360 and $3,176,067, respectively, principal amount of TruPS and subordinated debentures and $605,445 and $588,432, respectively, principal amount of unsecured REIT note receivables and CMBS receivables collateralized our consolidated CDO notes payable of such entities. Some of these investments were eliminated upon the
111
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
consolidation of various VIEs that we consolidate and the corresponding subordinated debentures of the VIEs are included as assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
Management evaluates investments in securities for impairment as events and circumstances warrant and concluded that certain of these securities were other than temporarily impaired as management does not expect full recovery of our investment. Asset impairment expense of $28,234 was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2008 related to available-for-sale securities and was included in asset impairments in our consolidated statements of operations. This impairment reduced the amortized cost basis of these available-for-sale securities. Asset impairment expense of $428,653 was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2007 related to investments in securities and was included in asset impairment expense in our consolidated statements of operations. This impairment reduced the amortized cost basis of these available-for-sale securities and security-related receivables by $354,347 and $74,306, respectively.
NOTE 5: INVESTMENTS IN REAL ESTATE INTERESTS
We maintain investments in consolidated real estate interests. Consolidated real estate interests are generally instances where we own a majority of the underlying equity interests, or we are considered to be the primary beneficiary under FIN 46R of such entity, in a real estate property, multi-family, office, or other property. In these instances, we record the gross assets and liabilities of the underlying real estate in our financial statements. As of December 31, 2008, we maintained investments in 15 consolidated real estate properties and two parcels of land. As of December 31, 2007, we maintained investments in six consolidated real estate properties and two parcels of land.
The table below summarizes the book value amounts included in our financial statements for our investments in real estate interests:
As of
December 31, 2008 |
As of
December 31, 2007 |
|||||||
Multi-family real estate properties |
$ | 243,198 | $ | 17,609 | ||||
Office real estate properties |
131,285 | 118,982 | ||||||
Parcels of land |
614 | 614 | ||||||
Subtotal |
375,097 | 137,205 | ||||||
Plus: Escrows and reserves |
4,404 | 3,358 | ||||||
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization |
(11,762 | ) | (5,728 | ) | ||||
Investments in real estate interests |
$ | 367,739 | $ | 134,835 | ||||
During the year ended December 31, 2008, we entered into two joint ventures with unaffiliated real estate management companies for the purpose of acquiring and redeveloping certain multi-family real estate properties located primarily in southern U.S. submarkets. During July 2008, and in return for 80% of the Class A interests and 100% of the Class B interests in the first joint venture, we converted certain secured loans into preferred equity interests and contributed our interest in a multi-family real estate property, which has a carrying value of $28,872 as of December 31, 2008. During October 2008, and in return for a 95% interest in the second joint venture, we converted certain secured loans into preferred equity interests and contributed our interest in eight multi-family real estate properties, which has a carrying value of $196,983 as of December 31, 2008.
112
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 6: INDEBTEDNESS
We maintain various forms of short-term and long-term financing arrangements. Generally, these financing agreements are collateralized by assets within CDOs or mortgage securitizations. The following table summarizes our indebtedness as of December 31, 2008:
Description |
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Carrying
Amount |
Interest Rate
|
Weighted-
Average Interest Rate |
Contractual
Maturity |
||||||||
Secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
$ | 202,092 | $ | 178,625 | 2.4% to 13.0% | 5.7 | % | 2009 to 2037 | |||||
Mortgage-backed securities issued (1)(2)(3) |
3,388,199 | 3,364,151 | 4.5% to 5.8% | 5.1 | % | 2035 | |||||||
Trust preferred obligations (4) |
359,459 | 162,050 | 2.9% to 10.1% | 5.9 | % | 2035 | |||||||
CDO notes payableamortized cost (1)(5) |
1,451,750 | 1,451,750 | 0.8% to 3.5% | 1.0 | % | 2036 to 2045 | |||||||
CDO notes payablefair value (1)(4)(6) |
3,605,428 | 577,750 | 2.9% to 10.0% | 3.6 | % | 2035 to 2038 | |||||||
Convertible senior notes (7) |
384,168 | 384,168 | 6.9% | 6.9 | % | 2027 | |||||||
Total indebtedness |
$ | 9,391,096 | $ | 6,118,494 | 4.0 | % | |||||||
(1) | Excludes mortgage-backed securities and CDO notes payable purchased by us which are eliminated in consolidation. |
(2) | Collateralized by $3,611,860 principal amount of residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
(3) | Rates generally follow the terms of the underlying mortgages, which are fixed for a period of time and variable thereafter. |
(4) | Relates to liabilities for which we elected to record at fair value under SFAS No. 159. See note 8. |
(5) | Collateralized by $1,733,822 principal amount of commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
(6) | Collateralized by $4,158,407 principal amount of investments in securities and security-related receivables and loans, before fair value adjustments. The fair value of these investments as of December 31, 2008 was $2,037,374. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
(7) | Our convertible senior notes are redeemable, at the option of the holder, in April 2012. |
113
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following table summarizes our indebtedness as of December 31, 2007:
Description |
Carrying
Amount |
Interest Rate
|
Weighted-
Average Interest Rate |
Contractual
Maturity |
||||||
Repurchase agreements |
$ | 138,788 | 5.0% to 5.8% | 5.6 | % | Mar. 2008 | ||||
Secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
146,916 | 5.4% to 8.1% | 7.3 | % | Mar. 2008 to 2037 | |||||
Mortgage-backed securities issued (1)(2)(3) |
3,801,959 | 4.6% to 5.8% | 5.1 | % | 2035 | |||||
Trust preferred obligations |
450,625 | 5.6% to 10.1% | 7.4 | % | 2035 | |||||
CDO notes payable (1)(4) |
5,093,833 | 4.7% to 10.4% | 5.7 | % | 2035 to 2046 | |||||
Convertible senior notes |
425,000 | 6.9% | 6.9 | % | 2027 | |||||
Total indebtedness |
$ | 10,057,121 | 5.6 | % | ||||||
(1) | Excludes mortgage-backed securities and CDO notes payable purchased by us which are eliminated in consolidation. |
(2) | Collateralized by $4,085,028 principal amount of residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
(3) | Rates generally follow the terms of the underlying mortgages, which are fixed for a period of time and variable thereafter. |
(4) | Collateralized by $5,645,597 principal amount of investments in securities and security-related receivables, commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests before any fair value adjustments. These obligations were issued by separate legal entities and consequently the assets of the special purpose entities that collateralize these obligations are not available to our creditors. |
Financing arrangements we entered into or terminated during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 were as follows:
Repurchase Agreements
We have used repurchase agreements to finance our retained interests in mortgage securitizations that we sponsor, residential mortgages prior to their long-term financing, retained interests in our CDOs, and other securities, including REMIC interests. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we repaid $138,788 associated with our repurchase agreements. As of December 31, 2008, we have no short-term repurchase agreement indebtedness outstanding.
114
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Secured Credit Facilities and Other Indebtedness
The following table summarizes our secured credit facilities and other indebtedness as of December 31, 2008:
Description |
Unpaid
Principal Balance |
Carrying
Amount |
Current
Weighted- Average Interest Rate |
Contractual Maturity | |||||||
Loans payable on real estate interests |
$ | 66,466 | $ | 66,466 | 5.0 | % | Apr. 2010 to Sep. 2015 | ||||
Secured credit facilities |
53,494 | 53,494 | 2.4 | % | Jun. 2009 to Jan. 2010 | ||||||
Junior subordinates notes, at fair value |
38,051 | 15,221 | 8.7 | % | 2035 | ||||||
Junior subordinated notes, at amortized cost |
25,100 | 25,100 | 7.7 | % | 2037 | ||||||
Term loan indebtedness |
18,981 | 18,344 | 13.0 | % | May 2009 to Aug. 2010 | ||||||
Total |
$ | 202,092 | $ | 178,625 | 5.7 | % | |||||
Loans payable on real estate interests. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we had $66,466 and $53,222, respectively, of other indebtedness outstanding relating to loans payable on consolidated real estate interests and other loans. These loans are secured by specific consolidated real estate interests and commercial loans included in our consolidated balance sheet.
Secured credit facilities. As of December 31, 2008, we have secured credit facilities with three financial institutions pursuant to which we have borrowed $53,494. Two secured credit facilities mature in 2009 and one secured credit facility matures in 2010, at which time the amounts borrowed become due and payable. Our credit facilities are secured by commercial mortgages and mezzanine loans.
As of December 31, 2007, we were not in compliance with a financial covenant on one of our secured credit facilities with $22,100 in borrowings. We obtained a waiver as of December 31, 2007 and subsequently amended this secured credit facility to be in compliance. As of December 31, 2008, we were in compliance with all financial covenants on our secured credit facilities.
On April 16, 2007, we terminated our $335,000 secured line of credit led by KeyBanc Capital Markets, as syndication agent. All amounts outstanding under this facility were repaid prior to April 16, 2007. We expensed $2,985 of deferred financing costs associated with the line of credit upon termination.
Junior subordinates notes, at fair value. On October 16, 2008, we issued $38,051 principal amount of junior subordinated notes to a third party and received $15,459 of net cash proceeds. Of the total amount of junior subordinated notes issued, $18,671 has a fixed interest rate of 8.65% through March 30, 2015 with a floating rate of LIBOR plus 400 basis points thereafter and a maturity date of March 30, 2035. The remaining $19,380 has a fixed interest rate of 9.64% and a maturity date of October 30, 2015. At issuance, we elected to record these junior subordinated notes at fair value under SFAS No. 159, with all subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. As of December 31, 2008, we have $38,051 unpaid principal associated with this indebtedness. The fair value, or carrying amount, of this indebtedness was $15,221 as of December 31, 2008.
Junior subordinated notes, at amortized cost. On February 12, 2007, we formed Taberna Funding Capital Trust I which issued $25,000 of trust preferred securities to investors and $100 of common securities to us. The combined proceeds were used by Taberna Funding Capital Trust I to purchase $25,100 of junior subordinated notes issued by us. The junior subordinated notes are the sole assets of Taberna Funding Capital Trust I and mature on April 30, 2037, but are callable, at our option, on or after April 30, 2012. Interest on the junior
115
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
subordinated notes is payable quarterly at a fixed rate of 7.69% through April 2012 and thereafter at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.50%. These $25,100 of junior subordinated notes issued by us are outstanding as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.
On July 12, 2007, we formed Taberna Funding Capital Trust II which issued $25,000 of trust preferred securities to investors and $100 of common securities to us. The combined proceeds were used by Taberna Funding Capital Trust II to purchase $25,100 of junior subordinated notes issued by us. The junior subordinated notes are the sole assets of Taberna Funding Capital Trust II and mature on July 30, 2037, but are callable, at our option, on or after July 30, 2012. Interest on the junior subordinated notes is payable quarterly at a fixed rate of 8.06% through July 2012 and thereafter at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.50%. On October 21, 2008, we repurchased, from the market, all of these trust preferred securities for a purchase price of $5,250. As a result, we recorded gains on extinguishment of debt of $19,150, net of $600 deferred financing costs that were written off associated with the junior subordinated issued by us.
Term loan indebtedness. On September 19, 2008, we entered into a series of transactions with a lender enabling us to replace all of our existing short-term repurchase obligations with two longer-term master repurchase agreements, which are long-term secured credit facilities. The first master repurchase agreement provided for the lender to purchase RMBS from us for an adjusted purchase price of $24,500. We pay interest monthly beginning September 30, 2008 equal to 13.0% per annum on the then outstanding amount of the purchase price under this agreement which equaled $25,425 at September 19, 2008. We also make mandatory payments monthly for nine months and thereafter quarterly which are applied to the amount outstanding. We may also be required to pay a performance amount monthly applied to the then outstanding purchase price if losses in the purchased assets exceed agreed-upon limits. This agreement provides that we will repurchase these RMBS on August 31, 2010, or an earlier date selected by us, for the sum of the then outstanding purchase price, a minimum financing cost of $3,075 (less any interest previously paid) and the amount of any accrued and unpaid interest. The second master repurchase agreement provided for the lender to purchase commercial real estate CDO securities from us for a purchase price of $3,000. We pay interest monthly beginning September 30, 2008 equal to 13.0% per annum on the then outstanding amount. We must pay mandatory payments monthly applied to the purchase price. This agreement provides that we will repurchase the commercial real estate CDO securities on May 29, 2009, or an earlier date selected by us, for the sum of the then outstanding purchase price and the amount of any accrued and unpaid interest. As of December 31, 2008, we have $18,981 unpaid principal and $18,344 carrying amount associated with this indebtedness.
As partial consideration to the lender for entering into these master repurchase agreements, we issued a Series A Warrant Agreement, or the Warrant Agreement, to the lender exercisable to purchase 250,000 common shares of RAIT for an exercise price of $6.00 per common share for an exercise period starting December 19, 2008 and ending September 19, 2011. On December 5, 2008, we entered into an agreement with the lender whereby we paid a settlement amount of $115 to the lender as consideration for the termination of the Warrant Agreement and we have no further obligations thereunder.
Mortgage-Backed Securities Issued
We finance our investments in residential mortgages through the issuance of mortgage-backed securities by non-qualified special purpose securitization entities that are owner trusts. The mortgage-backed securities issued maintain the identical terms of the underlying residential mortgage loans with respect to maturity, duration of the fixed-rate period and floating rate reset provision after the expiration of the fixed-rate period. Principal payments on the mortgage-backed securities issued are match-funded by the receipt of principal payments on the residential mortgage loans. Although residential mortgage loans which have been securitized, are consolidated on
116
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
our balance sheet, the non-qualified special purpose entities that hold such residential mortgage loans are separate legal entities. Consequently, the assets of these non-qualified special purpose entities collateralize the debt of such entities and are not available to our creditors. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, $3,611,860 and $4,085,028, respectively, of principal amount residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables collateralized our mortgage-backed securities issued.
On June 27, 2007, we issued $619,000 of AAA rated RMBS, issued $27,000 of subordinated notes and paid approximately $1,500 of transaction costs. The securitization was completed via an owners trust structure and we retained 100% of the owners trust certificates and subordinated notes of the securitization with a par amount of $27,000. At the time of closing, the securitization owners trust purchased approximately $645,000 of residential mortgage loans from us. The securitization owners trust is a non-qualified special purpose entity and we consolidate the securitization owners trust.
Trust Preferred Obligations
Trust preferred obligations finance subordinated debentures acquired by Trust VIEs that are consolidated by us for the portion of the total TruPS that are owned by entities outside of the consolidated group. These trust preferred obligations bear interest at either variable or fixed rates until maturity, generally 30 years from the date of issuance. The Trust VIE has the ability to prepay the trust preferred obligation at any time, without prepayment penalty, after five years. We do not control the timing or ultimate payment of the trust preferred obligations.
As of January 1, 2008, we adopted the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 and elected to record trust preferred obligations at fair value. At adoption, we decreased the carrying amount of the trust preferred obligations by $52,070 to reflect these liabilities at fair value in our financial statements. The change in fair value of the trust preferred obligations was a decrease of $145,339 for the year ended December 31, 2008, respectively, and was included in our consolidated statements of operations.
CDO Notes Payable
CDO notes payable represent notes issued by CDO entities which are used to finance the acquisition of TruPS, unsecured REIT notes, CMBS securities, commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, and other loans. Generally, CDO notes payable are comprised of various classes of notes payable, with each class bearing interest at variable or fixed rates.
CDO notes payable, at amortized cost. On June 7, 2007, we closed RAIT Preferred Funding II, Ltd., a $832,923 CDO transaction that provided financing for commercial and mezzanine loans. RAIT Preferred Funding II received commitments for $722,700 of CDO notes payable, all of which were issued at par to investors. As of December 31, 2008, we retained $20,025 of the notes rated between A and A- by Standard & Poors, $65,925 of the notes rated between BBB+ and BB by Standard & Poors and all $110,223 of the preference shares. The investments that are owned by RAIT Preferred Funding II are pledged as collateral to secure its debt and, as a result, are not available to us, our creditors or our shareholders. The notes issued to investors bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.29% to LIBOR plus 4.00%. All of the notes mature in 2045, although RAIT Preferred Funding II may call the notes at par at any time after June 2017. The notes rated between A and A- that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 1.15% to LIBOR plus 1.40% and the notes rated between BBB+ and BB that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 2.10% to LIBOR plus 4.00%.
117
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
During the year ended December 31, 2008, we repurchased, from the market, a total of $3,000 in aggregate principal amount of CDO notes payable associated with RAIT CRE CDO I, Ltd. The total purchase price was $759 and we recorded gains on extinguishment of debt of $2,241.
CDO notes payable, at fair value. On March 29, 2007, we closed Taberna Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd., a $772,000 CDO transaction that provided financing for investments consisting of TruPS issued by REITs and real estate operating companies, senior and subordinated notes issued by real estate entities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, other real estate interests, senior loans and CDOs issued by special purpose issuers that own a portfolio of commercial real estate loans. The investments that are owned by Taberna Preferred Funding VIII are pledged as collateral to secure its debt and, as a result, are not available to us, our creditors or our shareholders. Taberna Preferred Funding VIII received commitments for $712,000 of CDO notes payable, all of which were issued at par to investors. As of December 31, 2008, we have retained $18,000 of notes rated AA by Standard & Poors, $55,000 of the notes rated between BBB and BB and all $60,000 of the preference shares. The notes issued to investors bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.34% to LIBOR plus 4.90%. All of the notes mature in 2037, although Taberna Preferred Funding VIII may call the notes at par at any time after May 2017. The notes rated AA that we have retained, bear interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 0.70% and the notes rated between BBB and BB that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 2.85% to LIBOR plus 4.90%.
On June 28, 2007, we closed Taberna Preferred Funding IX, Ltd., a $757,500 CDO transaction that provided financing for investments consisting of TruPS issued by REITs and real estate operating companies, senior and subordinated notes issued by real estate entities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, other real estate interests, senior loans and CDOs issued by special purpose issuers that own a portfolio of commercial real estate loans. The investments that are owned by Taberna Preferred Funding IX are pledged as collateral to secure its debt and, as a result, are not available to us, our creditors or our shareholders. Taberna Preferred Funding IX received commitments for $705,000 of CDO notes payable, all of which were issued at par to investors. As of December 31, 2008, we retained $45,000 of the notes rated between AAA and A- by Standard & Poors, $89,000 of the notes rated between BBB and BB by Standard & Poors and all $52,500 of the preference shares. The notes issued to investors bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.34% to LIBOR plus 5.50%. All of the notes mature in 2038, although Taberna Preferred Funding IX may call the notes at par at any time after May 2017. The notes rated between AAA and A- that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 0.65% to LIBOR plus 1.90% and the notes rated between BBB and BB that we have retained, bear interest at rates ranging from LIBOR plus 3.25% to LIBOR plus 5.50%.
As of January 1, 2008, we adopted the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 and elected to record CDO notes payable at fair value. These CDO notes payable are collateralized by trading securities, security-related receivables and loans. At adoption, we decreased the carrying amount of these CDO notes payable by $1,520,616 to reflect these liabilities at fair value in our financial statements. The change in fair value of these CDO notes payable was a decrease of $1,434,175 for the year ended December 31, 2008 and was included in our consolidated statements of operations.
During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, several of our consolidated CDOs failed overcollateralization, or OC, trigger tests which resulted in a change to the priority of payments to the debt and equity holders of the respective securitizations. Upon the failure of an OC test, the indenture of each CDO requires cash flows that would otherwise have been distributed to us as equity distributions, or in some cases interest payments on our retained CDO notes payable, to be used to sequentially pay down the outstanding principal balance of the most senior note holders. The OC tests failures were due to defaulted collateral assets
118
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
and credit risk securities. During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, $53,576 and $19,374 of cash flows were re-directed from our retained interests in these CDOs and were used to repay the most senior holders of our CDO notes payable.
Convertible Senior Notes
On April 18, 2007, we issued and sold in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers, $425,000 aggregate principal amount of 6.875% convertible senior notes due 2027, or the senior notes. After deducting the initial purchasers discount and the estimated offering expenses, we received approximately $414,250 of net proceeds. Interest on the senior notes is paid semi-annually and the senior notes mature on April 15, 2027.
Prior to April 20, 2012, the senior notes will not be redeemable at RAITs option, except to preserve RAITs status as a REIT. On or after April 20, 2012, RAIT may redeem all or a portion of the senior notes at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional interest), if any. Senior note holders may require RAIT to repurchase all or a portion of the senior notes at a purchase price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional interest), if any, on the senior notes on April 15, 2012, April 15, 2017, and April 15, 2022, or upon the occurrence of certain change in control transactions prior to April 20, 2012.
Prior to April 15, 2026, upon the occurrence of specified events, the senior notes will be convertible at the option of the holder at an initial conversion rate of 28.6874 shares per $1,000 principal amount of senior notes. The initial conversion price of $34.86 represents a 27.5% premium to the per share closing price of $27.34 on the date the offering was priced. Upon conversion of senior notes by a holder, the holder will receive cash up to the principal amount of such senior notes and, with respect to the remainder, if any, of the conversion value in excess of such principal amount, at the option of RAIT in cash or RAITs common shares. The initial conversion rate is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances. We include the senior notes in earnings per share using the treasury stock method if the conversion value in excess of the par amount is considered in the money during the respective periods.
During the year ended December 31, 2008, we repurchased, from the market, a total of $40,832 in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes for a total purchase price of $18,664. As a result, we recorded gains on extinguishment of debt of $21,181, net of $987 deferred financing costs that were written off associated with the convertible senior notes. As of December 31, 2008, we have $384,168 unpaid principal balance of convertible senior notes outstanding.
Maturity of Indebtedness
Generally, the majority of our indebtedness is payable in full upon the maturity or termination date of the underlying indebtedness. The following table displays the aggregate maturities of our indebtedness by year:
2009 |
$ | 33,042 | |
2010 |
86,399 | ||
2011 |
| ||
2012 |
384,168 | ||
2013 |
| ||
Thereafter |
8,887,487 | ||
Total |
$ | 9,391,096 | |
119
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 7: DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
We may use derivative financial instruments to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with our borrowings. The principal objective of such arrangements is to minimize the risks and/or costs associated with our operating and financial structure as well as to hedge specific anticipated transactions. The counterparties to these contractual arrangements are major financial institutions with which we and our affiliates may also have other financial relationships. In the event of nonperformance by the counterparties, we are potentially exposed to credit loss. However, because of the high credit ratings of the counterparties, we do not anticipate that any of the counterparties will fail to meet their obligations.
Cash Flow Hedges
We have entered into various interest rate swap contracts to hedge interest rate exposure on floating rate indebtedness. We designate interest rate hedge agreements at inception and determine whether or not the interest rate hedge agreement is highly effective in offsetting interest rate fluctuations associated with the identified indebtedness. At designation, certain of these interest rate swaps had a fair value not equal to zero. However, we concluded, at designation, that these hedging arrangements were highly effective during their term using regression analysis and determined that the hypothetical derivative method would be used in measuring any ineffectiveness. At each reporting period, we update our regression analysis and, as of December 31, 2008, we concluded that these hedging arrangements were highly effective during their remaining term and used the hypothetical derivative method in measuring the ineffective portions of these hedging arrangements.
Foreign Currency Derivatives
We have entered into various foreign currency derivatives to hedge our exposure to changes in the value of a U.S. dollar as compared to foreign currencies, primarily the Euro. Our foreign currency derivatives are recorded at fair value in our financial statements, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings.
The following table summarizes the aggregate notional amount and estimated net fair value of our derivative instruments as of December 31, 2008 and 2007:
As of December 31, 2008 | As of December 31, 2007 | |||||||||||||
Notional | Fair Value | Notional | Fair Value | |||||||||||
Cash flow hedges: |
||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps |
$ | 3,685,692 | $ | (613,852 | ) | $ | 3,593,055 | $ | (192,659 | ) | ||||
Interest rate caps |
51,000 | 863 | 51,000 | 799 | ||||||||||
Basis swaps |
50,000 | | 50,000 | (164 | ) | |||||||||
Foreign currency derivatives: |
||||||||||||||
Currency options |
2,127 | 21 | 8,617 | 16 | ||||||||||
Net fair value |
$ | 3,788,819 | $ | (612,968 | ) | $ | 3,702,672 | $ | (192,008 | ) | ||||
120
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following table summarizes the effect on income by derivative instrument type for the following periods:
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2008 |
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2007 |
||||||||||||||
Type of Derivative |
Amounts
Reclassified to Earnings for Effective Hedges Gains (Losses) |
Amounts
Reclassified to Earnings for Hedge Ineffectiveness Gains (Losses) |
Amounts
Reclassified to Earnings for Effective Hedges Gains (Losses) |
Amounts
Reclassified to Earnings for Hedge Ineffectiveness Gains (Losses) |
|||||||||||
Interest rate swaps |
$ | (9,849 | ) | $ | (432 | ) | $ | 3,975 | $ | (7,490 | ) | ||||
Interest rate caps |
| | | (191 | ) | ||||||||||
Basis swaps |
| | 29 | (123 | ) | ||||||||||
Currency options |
| 25 | | 15 | |||||||||||
Total |
$ | (9,849 | ) | $ | (407 | ) | $ | 4,004 | $ | (7,789 | ) | ||||
On January 1, 2008, we adopted SFAS No. 159 for certain of our CDO notes payable. Upon the adoption of SFAS No. 159, hedge accounting for any previously designated cash flow hedges associated with these CDO notes payable was discontinued and all changes in fair value of these cash flow hedges are recorded in earnings. At the time of hedge accounting discontinuance on January 1, 2008 for these cash flow hedges, the balance included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) that will be reclassified to earnings over the remaining term of the related hedges was $102,532. As of December 31, 2008, the notional value associated with these cash flow hedges where hedge accounting was discontinued was $2,855,261 and had a liability balance with a fair value of $481,267. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the change in value of these hedges was a decrease of $394,112 and was recorded as a component of the change in fair value of financial instruments in our consolidated statement of operations.
Amounts reclassified to earnings associated with effective cash flow hedges are reported in investment interest expense and the fair value of these hedge agreements is included in other assets or derivative liabilities.
Free-Standing Derivatives
We had maintained warehouse arrangements with various investment banks. These warehouse arrangements were free-standing derivatives under SFAS No. 133. As such, our investment, or first-dollar risk of loss, is recorded at fair value each period with the change in fair value recorded in earnings.
During the year ended December 31, 2008, our two warehouse facilities were terminated and $32,059 was charged to earnings through the change in fair value of free-standing derivatives. The write-off of these warehouse deposits was our only exposure under our warehouse agreements and we have no further obligations thereunder. We are not party to any warehouse facilities as of December 31, 2008.
On June 25, 2007, one of our subsidiaries provided an option to a warehouse provider for us to provide credit default protection on two reference securities. This option was terminated in May 2008 and we have no further obligation thereunder.
121
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 8: FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 107, Disclosure About Fair Value of Financial Instruments, or SFAS No. 107, requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The fair value of investments in mortgages and loans, investments in securities, mortgage-backed securities issued, trust preferred obligations, CDO notes payable, convertible senior notes and derivative liabilities is based on significant observable and unobservable inputs. The fair value of investments in real estate interests, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, repurchase agreements, secured credit facilities and other indebtedness approximates cost due to the nature of these instruments.
The following table summarizes the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of our financial instruments as of December 31, 2008:
Financial Instrument |
Carrying
Amount |
Estimated
Fair Value |
||||
Assets |
||||||
Investments in mortgages and loans: |
||||||
Commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and other loans |
$ | 2,041,112 | $ | 1,919,490 | ||
Residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables |
3,598,925 | 1,587,731 | ||||
Investments in securities and security-related receivables |
1,920,883 | 1,920,883 | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
27,463 | 27,463 | ||||
Restricted cash |
197,366 | 197,366 | ||||
Derivative assets |
884 | 884 | ||||
Liabilities |
||||||
Indebtedness: |
||||||
Secured credit facilities and other indebtedness |
178,625 | 163,565 | ||||
Mortgage-backed securities issued |
3,364,151 | 1,553,094 | ||||
Trust preferred obligations |
162,050 | 162,050 | ||||
CDO notes payableat amortized cost |
1,451,750 | 501,568 | ||||
CDO notes payableat fair value |
577,750 | 577,750 | ||||
Convertible senior notes |
384,168 | 117,171 | ||||
Derivative liabilities |
613,852 | 613,852 |
122
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables summarize information about our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value:
Assets: |
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |
Significant Other
Observable Inputs (Level 2) |
Significant
Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Balance as of
December 31, 2008 |
||||||||
Trading securities |
||||||||||||
TruPS and subordinated debentures |
$ | | $ | | $ | 1,472,611 | $ | 1,472,611 | ||||
Other securities |
| 700 | | 700 | ||||||||
Available-for-sale securities |
| 15,797 | | 15,797 | ||||||||
Security-related receivables |
||||||||||||
TruPS and subordinated debenture receivables |
| | 172,055 | 172,055 | ||||||||
Unsecured REIT note receivables |
| 217,884 | | 217,884 | ||||||||
CMBS receivables |
| 39,987 | | 39,987 | ||||||||
Other securities |
| 1,849 | | 1,849 | ||||||||
Total assets |
$ | | $ | 276,217 | $ | 1,644,666 | $ | 1,920,883 | ||||
Liabilities: |
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |
Significant Other
Observable Inputs (Level 2) |
Significant
Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Balance as of
December 31, 2008 |
||||||||
Junior subordinates notes, at fair value (1) |
$ | | $ | 15,221 | $ | | $ | 15,221 | ||||
Trust preferred obligations |
| | 162,050 | 162,050 | ||||||||
CDO notes payable, at fair value (2) |
| | 577,750 | 577,750 | ||||||||
Derivative liabilities |
| 613,852 | | 613,852 | ||||||||
Total liabilities |
$ | | $ | 629,073 | $ | 739,800 | $ | 1,368,873 | ||||
(1) | On October 16, 2008, we issued $38,051 principal amount of junior subordinated notes to a third party and elected to record these junior subordinated notes at fair value under SFAS No. 159. |
(2) | As of January 1, 2008, we adopted the fair value option under SFAS No. 159 and elected to record CDO notes payable that are collateralized by TruPS, subordinated debentures, unsecured REIT notes receivables, CMBS receivables and other securities at fair value. |
123
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following tables summarize additional information about assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which we have utilized level 3 inputs to determine fair value for the year ended December 31, 2008:
Assets |
Trading Securities
TruPS and Subordinated Debentures |
Security-Related
ReceivablesTruPS and Subordinated Debenture Receivables |
Total
Level 3 Assets |
|||||||||
Balance, as of December 31, 2007 |
$ | 2,715,155 | $ | 425,643 | $ | 3,140,798 | ||||||
Cumulative effect from adoption of SFAS No. 159 |
| (17,599 | ) | (17,599 | ) | |||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
(1,235,580 | ) | (180,080 | ) | (1,415,660 | ) | ||||||
Purchases and sales, net |
(6,964 | ) | (55,909 | ) | (62,873 | ) | ||||||
Balance, as of December 31, 2008 |
$ | 1,472,611 | $ | 172,055 | $ | 1,644,666 | ||||||
Assets |
Trust Preferred
Obligations |
CDO Notes
Payable, at Fair Value |
Total
Level 3 Liabilities |
|||||||||
Balance, as of December 31, 2007 |
$ | 450,625 | $ | | $ | 450,625 | ||||||
Cumulative effect from adoption of SFAS No. 159 |
(52,070 | ) | | (52,070 | ) | |||||||
Transfer in from Level 2 to Level 3 (1) |
| 841,546 | 841,546 | |||||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
(145,339 | ) | (253,533 | ) | (398,872 | ) | ||||||
Purchases and sales, net |
(91,166 | ) | (10,263 | ) | (101,429 | ) | ||||||
Balance, as of December 31, 2008 |
$ | 162,050 | $ | 577,750 | $ | 739,800 | ||||||
Change in Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes realized and unrealized gains and losses on assets and liabilities for which we elected the fair value option of SFAS No. 159 as reported in change in fair value of financial instruments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as follows:
Description |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
|||
Change in fair value of trading securities and security-related receivables |
$ | (1,737,305 | ) | |
Change in fair value of CDO notes payable, trust preferred obligations and other liabilities |
1,579,689 | |||
Change in fair value of derivatives |
(394,821 | ) | ||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
$ | (552,437 | ) | |
As of December 31, 2008, we did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
124
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 9: MINORITY INTEREST
Minority interest represents the interests of third-party investors in each of our consolidated CDO entities as well as third party holders of preferred shares issued by Taberna. During the year ended December 31, 2006, Taberna issued 125 Series A cumulative non-voting Preferred Shares (Taberna Preferred Shares) to third party investors with a liquidation value of $1,000 per share. The Taberna Preferred shares will accrue a dividend at the rate of 12.5% per annum.
The following table summarizes our minority interest activity:
For the Year Ended
December 31 |
||||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||||
Beginning Balance |
$ | 1,602 | $ | 124,273 | ||||
Adjustment for adoption of SFAS No. 159 on January 1, 2008 |
373,357 | | ||||||
Minority interest expense |
(189,580 | ) | (69,707 | ) | ||||
Allocation to other comprehensive loss |
1,787 | (30,356 | ) | |||||
Acquisition of minority interest in investments in real estate interests |
3,299 | | ||||||
Acquisition of minority interest in CDOs |
(70 | ) | (19,963 | ) | ||||
Distributions to minority interest holders in CDOs |
(138 | ) | (13,083 | ) | ||||
Deconsolidation of VIEs |
| 10,438 | ||||||
Ending Balance |
$ | 190,257 | $ | 1,602 | ||||
NOTE 10: SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY
Preferred Shares
In 2004, we issued 2,760,000 shares of our 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest, or the Series A Preferred Shares, for net proceeds of $66,600. The Series A Preferred Shares accrue cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 7.75% per year of the $25.00 liquidation preference, equivalent to $1.9375 per year per share. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears at the end of each March, June, September and December. The Series A Preferred Shares have no maturity date and we are not required to redeem the Series A Preferred Shares at any time. We may not redeem the Series A Preferred Shares before March 19, 2009, except in limited circumstances relating to the ownership limitations necessary to preserve our tax qualification as a real estate investment trust. On or after March 19, 2009, we may, at our option, redeem the Series A Preferred Shares, in whole or part, at any time and from time to time, for cash at $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, to the redemption date.
In 2004, we issued 2,258,300 shares of our 8.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest, or the Series B Preferred Shares, for net proceeds of $54,400. The Series B Preferred Shares accrue cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 8.375% per year of the $25.00 liquidation preference, equivalent to $2.09375 per year per share. Dividends are payable quarterly in arrears at the end of each March, June, September and December. The Series B Preferred Shares have no maturity date and we are not required to redeem the Series B Preferred Shares at any time. We may not redeem the Series B Preferred Shares before October 5, 2009, except in limited circumstances relating to the ownership limitations necessary to preserve our tax qualification as a real estate investment trust. On or after October 5, 2009, we may, at our option, redeem the Series B Preferred Shares, in whole or part, at any time and from time to time, for cash at $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, to the redemption date.
125
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
On July 5, 2007, we issued 1,600,000 shares of our 8.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest, or the Series C Preferred Shares, in a public offering at an offering price of $25.00 per share. After offering costs, including the underwriters discount, and expenses of approximately $1,660, we received approximately $38,340 of net proceeds. The Series C Preferred Shares accrue cumulative cash dividends at a rate of 8.875% per year of the $25.00 liquidation preference and are paid on a quarterly basis. The Series C Preferred Shares have no maturity date and we are not required to redeem the Series C Preferred Shares at any time. We may not redeem the Series C Preferred Shares before July 5, 2012, except for the special optional redemption to preserve our tax qualification as a REIT. On or after July 5, 2012, we may, at our option, redeem the Series C Preferred Shares, in whole or part, at any time and from time to time, for cash at $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, to the redemption date.
Common Shares
On December 11, 2006, we acquired all of the outstanding common shares of Taberna Realty Finance Trust. The acquisition was a stock for stock merger in which we issued 0.5389 common shares for each Taberna common share. We issued 23,904,309 common shares, including 481,785 unvested restricted shares issued to employees of Taberna.
On January 24, 2007, we issued 11,500,000 common shares in a public offering at an offering price of $34.00 per share. After deducting offering costs, including the underwriters discount, and expenses of approximately $24,070, we received approximately $366,894 of net proceeds.
On January 24, 2007, 6,010 of our phantom unit awards were redeemed for our common shares. These phantom units were fully vested at the time of redemption.
On April 18, 2007, in connection with our senior notes offering referred to above, we used a portion of the net proceeds to repurchase 2,717,600 of our common shares at a price of $27.34 per share (the closing price on April 12, 2007) for an aggregate purchase price of $74,381, including costs.
On July 24, 2007, our board of trustees adopted a share repurchase plan that authorizes us to purchase up to $75,000 of RAIT common shares. Under the plan, we may make purchases, from time to time, through open market or privately negotiated transactions. We have not repurchased any common shares under this plan as of December 31, 2008.
On January 24, 2008, 14,457 of our phantom unit awards were redeemed for our common shares. These phantom units were fully vested at the time of redemption.
We implemented an amended and restated dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan, or DRSPP, effective as of March 13, 2008, pursuant to which we registered and reserved for issuance 10,000,000 common shares. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we issued a total of 3,666,558 common shares pursuant to the DRSPP at a weighted-average price of $7.75 per share and we received $28,400 of net proceeds.
126
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following tables summarize the dividends we declared or paid during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007:
March 31,
2008 |
June 30,
2008 |
September 30,
2008 |
December 31,
2008 |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
|||||||||||
Series A Preferred Shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
1/29/08 | 4/17/08 | 7/29/08 | 10/22/08 | |||||||||||
Record date |
3/3/08 | 6/2/08 | 9/2/08 | 12/1/08 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
3/31/08 | 6/30/08 | 9/30/08 | 12/31/08 | |||||||||||
Total dividend amount |
$ | 1,337 | $ | 1,337 | $ | 1,337 | $ | 1,337 | $ | 5,348 | |||||
Series B Preferred Shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
1/29/08 | 4/17/08 | 7/29/08 | 10/22/08 | |||||||||||
Record date |
3/3/08 | 6/2/08 | 9/2/08 | 12/1/08 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
3/31/08 | 6/30/08 | 9/30/08 | 12/31/08 | |||||||||||
Total dividend amount |
$ | 1,182 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 4,728 | |||||
Series C Preferred Shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
1/29/08 | 4/17/08 | 7/29/08 | 10/22/08 | |||||||||||
Record date |
3/3/08 | 6/2/08 | 9/2/08 | 12/1/08 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
3/31/08 | 6/30/08 | 9/30/08 | 12/31/08 | |||||||||||
Total dividend amount |
$ | 888 | $ | 888 | $ | 888 | $ | 888 | $ | 3,552 | |||||
Common shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
3/25/08 | 6/30/08 | | 10/10/08 | |||||||||||
Record date |
4/4/08 | 7/16/08 | | 10/31/08 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
5/15/08 | 8/12/08 | | 12/5/08 | |||||||||||
Dividend per share |
$ | 0.46 | $ | 0.46 | $ | | $ | 0.35 | $ | 1.27 | |||||
Total dividend declared |
$ | 28,083 | $ | 29,350 | $ | | $ | 22,675 | $ | 80,108 |
March 31,
2007 |
June 30,
2007 |
September 30,
2007 |
December 31,
2007 |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2007 |
|||||||||||
Series A Preferred Shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
1/23/07 | 4/17/07 | 7/24/07 | 10/23/07 | |||||||||||
Record date |
3/1/07 | 6/1/07 | 9/4/07 | 12/3/07 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
4/2/07 | 7/2/07 | 10/1/07 | 12/31/07 | |||||||||||
Total dividend amount |
$ | 1,337 | $ | 1,337 | $ | 1,337 | $ | 1,337 | $ | 5,348 | |||||
Series B Preferred Shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
1/23/07 | 4/17/07 | 7/24/07 | 10/23/07 | |||||||||||
Record date |
3/1/07 | 6/1/07 | 9/4/07 | 12/3/07 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
4/2/07 | 7/2/07 | 10/1/07 | 12/31/07 | |||||||||||
Total dividend amount |
$ | 1,182 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 4,728 | |||||
Series C Preferred Shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
| | 7/24/07 | 10/23/07 | |||||||||||
Record date |
| | 9/4/07 | 12/3/07 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
| | 10/1/07 | 12/31/07 | |||||||||||
Total dividend amount |
| | $ | 838 | $ | 888 | $ | 1,726 | |||||||
Common shares |
|||||||||||||||
Date declared |
3/15/07 | 6/14/07 | 9/10/07 | 12/7/07 | |||||||||||
Record date |
3/29/07 | 6/28/07 | 9/21/07 | 12/17/07 | |||||||||||
Date paid |
4/13/07 | 7/13/07 | 10/12/07 | 1/14/08 | |||||||||||
Dividend per share |
$ | 0.80 | $ | 0.84 | $ | 0.46 | $ | 0.46 | $ | 2.56 | |||||
Total dividend declared |
$ | 50,938 | $ | 51,215 | $ | 28,060 | $ | 28,068 | $ | 158,281 |
127
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
On January 27, 2009, our board of trustees declared a first quarter 2009 cash dividend of $0.484375 per share on our 7.75% Series A Preferred Shares, $0.5234375 per share on our 8.375% Series B Preferred Shares and $0.5546875 per share on our 8.875% Series C Preferred Shares. The dividends will be paid on March 31, 2009 to holders
NOTE 11: STOCK BASED COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
We maintain the RAIT Financial Trust 2008 Incentive Award Plan (the Incentive Award Plan). The maximum aggregate number of common shares that may be issued pursuant to the Incentive Award Plan is 4,500,000. As of December 31, 2008, 3,076,134 common shares are available for issuance under this plan.
We have granted to our officers, trustees and employees phantom shares pursuant to the RAIT Investment Trust Phantom Share Plan and phantom units pursuant to the Incentive Award Plan. Both phantom shares and phantom units are redeemable for common shares issued under the Incentive Award Plan. Redemption occurs after a period of time of vesting set by the compensation committee of our board of trustees (Compensation Committee). All outstanding phantom shares issued to non-management trustees, vested immediately, have dividend equivalent rights and will be redeemed upon separation from service from us. In December 2008, the Compensation Committee amended the redemption terms of the remaining 3,688 phantom shares outstanding to provide that they would be redeemed on January 27, 2009. Phantom units granted to non-management trustees vest immediately, have dividend equivalent rights and will be redeemed upon the earliest to occur of (i) the first anniversary of the date of grant, or (ii) a trustees termination of service with us. Phantom units granted to officers and employees vest in varying percentages set by the Compensation Committee over four years, have dividend equivalent rights and will be redeemed between one to two years after vesting as set by the Compensation Committee.
On January 23, 2007, the Compensation Committee awarded 408,517 phantom units, valued at $14,997 using our closing stock price of $36.71, to various employees and trustees. The awards generally vest over four year periods for employees and immediately for trustees. On May 22, 2007, the Compensation Committee awarded 33,510 phantom units, valued at $965 using our closing stock price of $28.81, to various employees. The awards vest over four year periods. On July 24, 2007, the Compensation Committee awarded our trustees 9,562 phantom units, valued at $175. The awards vested immediately.
On December 7, 2007, ten of our executive officers voluntarily forfeited 322,000 phantom units awards that were granted to them on January 23, 2007 under the Incentive Award Plan. The equity incentive awards were subject to vesting periods of four or five years beginning in January 2008. The aggregate value of these awards when granted was $11,821, of which $2,113 was expensed through September 30, 2007. In accordance with SFAS No. 123R, we expensed the remaining $9,708 as non-cash compensation expense during the quarter ended December 31, 2007. If these awards had remained outstanding in accordance with their terms, we would have expensed this remaining amount over the remaining vesting periods of these awards.
On January 8, 2008, the Compensation Committee awarded 324,200 phantom units, valued at $2,448 using our closing stock price of $7.55, to various non-executive employees. The awards generally vest over four year periods. On March 5, 2008, the Compensation Committee awarded 26,712 phantom units, valued at $175 using our closing stock price of $6.55, to trustees. These awards vested immediately. On August 7, 2008, the Compensation Committee awarded 24,927 phantom units, valued at $175 using our closing stock price of $7.02, to trustees. These awards vested immediately.
128
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were 29,943 and 7,218, respectively, phantom units redeemed for common shares and 60,152 and 344,372 phantom units forfeited, respectively, including 322,000 phantom units forfeited by our executive officers discussed above. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were 455,687 and 169,943, respectively, phantom units outstanding.
We did not grant any phantom shares during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. We have been accounting for grants of phantom shares in accordance with SFAS No. 123R, which requires the recognition of compensation expense, based on the grant date fair value, over the applicable vesting period. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were 3,688 phantom shares outstanding. As described above, all of these phantom shares were redeemed in January 2009.
As part of the acquisition of Taberna on December 11, 2006, we assumed 481,785 unvested restricted shares in exchange for the unvested restricted shares of Tabernas employees that did not vest on the date of acquisition. The unvested restricted shares were accounted for under SFAS No. 123R and the grant date fair value on December 11, 2006 of $16,559 (based on the closing price of $34.37 at December 11, 2006 of our common shares) will be expensed over the remaining vesting provisions of the original awards. During the year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, unvested restricted shares totaling 126,613 and 205,076, respectively, vested and were issued to the respective employees. During the year ended December 31, 2008, there were 22,237 unvested restricted shares forfeited. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were 76,690 and 225,440 unvested restricted shares outstanding.
As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the deferred compensation cost relating to unvested awards was $5,898 and $11,122, respectively, relating to phantom units and restricted stock that had a weighted average remaining vesting period of 1.1 years and 2.1 years, respectively.
Stock Options
We have granted to our officers, trustees and employees options to acquire common shares. The vesting period is determined by the Compensation Committee and the option term is generally ten years after the date of grant. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were 178,800 and 215,300 options outstanding, respectively.
A summary of the options activity of the Incentive Award Plan is presented below.
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||||||
Shares |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
Shares |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
Shares |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
|||||||||||||
Outstanding, January 1, |
215,300 | $ | 20.68 | 225,842 | $ | 20.49 | 477,360 | $ | 17.51 | |||||||||
Expired |
(36,500 | ) | 15.00 | | | | | |||||||||||
Exercised |
| | (10,542 | ) | 16.53 | (251,518 | ) | 15.02 | ||||||||||
Outstanding, December 31, |
178,800 | $ | 21.84 | 215,300 | $ | 20.68 | 225,842 | $ | 20.49 | |||||||||
Options exercisable at December 31, |
178,800 | 180,300 | 170,842 | |||||||||||||||
129
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable | |||||||||||
Range of Exercise Prices |
Number
Outstanding at December 31, 2008 |
Weighted
Average Remaining Contractual Life |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
Number
Outstanding at December 31, 2008 |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
|||||||
$10.75 - 13.65 |
17,000 | 1.4 years | $ | 11.94 | 17,000 | $ | 11.94 | |||||
$19.21 - 19.85 |
20,000 | 3.4 years | $ | 19.50 | 20,000 | $ | 19.50 | |||||
$21.81 - 26.40 |
141,800 | 4.7 years | $ | 23.36 | 141,800 | $ | 23.36 | |||||
178,800 | 4.3 years | $ | 21.84 | 178,800 | $ | 21.84 | ||||||
We did not grant options during the three years ended December 31, 2008.
During the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, we recorded compensation expense of $7,206, $20,891 and $1,141 associated with our stock based compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2007 includes $9,708 of stock forfeitures discussed above.
Employee Benefits
401(k) Profit Sharing Plan
During 2007, we maintained the RAIT Investment Trust 401(k) profit sharing plan, or the former RAIT 401(k) plan, for our employees and assumed the Taberna Capital Management LLC 401(k) profit sharing plan in connection with the Taberna merger because we wish to encourage our employees to save some percentage of their cash compensation, through voluntary deferrals, for their eventual retirement. Effective January 1, 2008, the former RAIT 401(k) plan and Taberna 401(k) plan were combined into the RAIT Financial Trust 401(k) profit sharing plan, or the RAIT 401(k) plan, in order to provide consistent benefits to all employees.
The former RAIT 401(k) plan offered eligible employees the opportunity to make long-term investments on a regular basis through salary contributions, which we supplemented with matching contributions. Any matching contribution made by RAIT pursuant to this plan vests 20% per year of service. Until August 2006, matching contributions were made in RAIT common shares.
The Taberna 401(k) plan also offered eligible employees the opportunity to make long-term investments on a regular basis through salary contributions, which are supplemented by our matching cash contributions and potential profit sharing payments. During 2007, RAIT provided a 4% cash match of the employee contributions and paid an additional 2% of eligible compensation as discretionary cash profit sharing payments. Any matching contribution made by RAIT pursuant to the Taberna 401(k) plan vests 33% per year of service. No common shares were issued pursuant to the Taberna 401(k) plan.
The RAIT 401(k) plan offers eligible employees the opportunity to make long-term investments on a regular basis through salary contributions, which are supplemented by our matching cash contributions and potential profit sharing payments. Since January 1, 2008, RAIT provides a 4% cash match of the employee contributions and may pay an additional 2% of eligible compensation as discretionary cash profit sharing payments. Any matching contribution made by RAIT pursuant to the RAIT 401(k) plan vests 33% per year of service, provided that amounts carried over from the former RAIT 401(k) plan retain the vesting schedule of that plan. No common shares are issued pursuant to the RAIT 401(k) plan.
130
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Deferred Compensation
In June 2002, we established a supplemental executive retirement plan, or SERP, providing for retirement benefits to Betsy Z. Cohen, our Chairman, as required by her employment agreement with us. We amended this SERP plan on December 11, 2006 in connection with the acquisition of Taberna. Under the terms of the SERP Plan, Mrs. Cohens benefit consists of two components, a share component and a cash component. On July 1, 2007, the share component was distributed to Mrs. Cohen in the form of 158,101 common shares in a single lump sum. The cash component commenced distribution to Mrs. Cohen in a 50% joint and survivor annuity on July 1, 2007. We established a trust to serve as the funding vehicle for the SERP benefit. During the year ended December 31, 2008, $433 of the cash component was distributed to Mrs. Cohen through monthly payments. During the period from July 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007, $216 of the cash component was distributed to Mrs. Cohen through monthly payments. As of December 31, 2008, the remaining cash benefit obligation of $4,390 was eligible for a lump-sum distribution and was paid to Mrs. Cohen in January 2009. We recognized SERP compensation expense (benefit) of $798, $(621) and $6,458 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
NOTE 12: EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE
The following table presents a reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three years ended December 31, 2008:
For the Years Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
$ | (429,241 | ) | $ | (367,395 | ) | $ | 72,036 | ||||
Income allocated to preferred shares |
(13,641 | ) | (11,817 | ) | (10,079 | ) | ||||||
Income (loss) from continuing operations available to common shares |
(442,882 | ) | (379,212 | ) | 61,957 | |||||||
Income (loss) from discontinued operations |
| (132 | ) | 5,882 | ||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common shares |
$ | (442,882 | ) | $ | (379,344 | ) | $ | 67,839 | ||||
Weighted-average shares outstandingBasic |
63,024,154 | 60,633,833 | 29,294,642 | |||||||||
Dilutive securities under the treasury stock method |
| | 258,761 | |||||||||
Weighted-average shares outstandingDiluted |
63,024,154 | 60,633,833 | 29,553,403 | |||||||||
Earnings (loss) per shareBasic: |
||||||||||||
Continuing operations |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.12 | ||||
Discontinued operations |
| | 0.20 | |||||||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareBasic |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.32 | ||||
Earnings (loss) per shareDiluted: |
||||||||||||
Continuing operations |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.10 | ||||
Discontinued operations |
| | 0.20 | |||||||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareDiluted |
$ | (7.03 | ) | $ | (6.26 | ) | $ | 2.30 | ||||
We include restricted shares issued and outstanding in our earnings per share computation as follows: vested restricted shares are included in basic weighted-average common shares and unvested restricted shares are included in the diluted weighted-average shares under the treasury stock method, if dilutive. For the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, securities convertible into 13,109,658, 8,834,726 and 156,031 common shares, respectively, were excluded from the earnings per share computations because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
131
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 13: INCOME TAXES
RAIT and Taberna have elected to be taxed as REITs under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code. To maintain qualification as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income to shareholders. We generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on taxable income that is distributed to our shareholders. If RAIT or Taberna fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will then be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and we will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes for four years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect our net income and cash available for distributions to shareholders. However, we believe that both RAIT and Taberna will be organized and operated in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT, and both intend to operate in the foreseeable future in a manner so that both will qualify as a REIT. We may be subject to certain state and local taxes.
The TRS entities generate taxable revenue from fees for services provided to CDO entities. Some of these fees paid to the TRS entities are capitalized as deferred costs by the CDO entities. In consolidation, these fees are eliminated when the CDO entity is included in the consolidated group. Nonetheless, all income taxes are expensed and are paid by the TRSs in the year in which the revenue is received. These income taxes are not eliminated when the related revenue is eliminated in consolidation.
The components of the provision for income taxes as it relates to our taxable income from domestic TRSs during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 includes the effects of our performance of a portion of its TRS services in a foreign jurisdiction that does not incur income taxes.
Certain TRS entities are domiciled in the Cayman Islands and, accordingly, taxable income generated by these entities may not be subject to local income taxation, but generally will be included in our income on a current basis as SubPart F income, whether or not distributed. Upon distribution of any previously included SubPart F income by these entities, no incremental U.S. federal, state, or local income taxes would be payable by us. Accordingly, no provision for income taxes has been recorded for these foreign TRS entities for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
The components of the income tax benefit (provision) as it relates to our taxable income (loss) from domestic TRSs during the year ended December 31, 2008 were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2008 | |||||||||||||||
Federal | State and Local | Foreign | Total | ||||||||||||
Current benefit (provision) |
$ | 4,126 | $ | 231 | (982 | ) | $ | 3,375 | |||||||
Deferred benefit (provision) |
(1,004 | ) | (234 | ) | | (1,238 | ) | ||||||||
Income tax benefit (provision) |
$ | 3,122 | $ | (3 | ) | (982 | ) | $ | 2,137 | ||||||
132
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The components of the income tax benefit (provision) as it relates to our taxable income (loss) from domestic TRSs during the year ended December 31, 2007 were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2007 | |||||||||||||||
Federal | State and Local | Foreign | Total | ||||||||||||
Current benefit (provision) |
$ | (2,708 | ) | $ | (1,239 | ) | (1,104 | ) | $ | (5,051 | ) | ||||
Deferred benefit (provision) |
12,699 | 3,089 | | 15,788 | |||||||||||
Income tax benefit (provision) |
$ | 9,991 | $ | 1,850 | (1,104 | ) | $ | 10,737 | |||||||
The components of the income tax benefit (provision) as it relates to our taxable income (loss) from domestic TRSs during the year ended December 31, 2006 were as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2006 | ||||||||||||
Federal | State and Local | Total | ||||||||||
Current benefit (provision) |
$ | (1,259 | ) | $ | (370 | ) | $ | (1,629 | ) | |||
Deferred benefit (provision) |
2,201 | 611 | 2,812 | |||||||||
Income tax benefit (provision) |
$ | 942 | $ | 241 | $ | 1,183 | ||||||
A reconciliation of the statutory tax rates to the effective rates is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006:
For the Years Ended
December 31 |
|||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Federal statutory rate |
35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | |||
State statutory, net of federal benefit |
| 6.6 | % | 10.0 | % | ||||
Change in valuation allowance |
(40.0 | )% | (16.8 | )% | | ||||
Permanent items |
(1.9 | )% | (10.9 | )% | | ||||
Foreign tax effects |
11.6 | % | 17.6 | % | 12.6 | % | |||
Effective tax rate for domestic TRSs |
4.7 | % | 31.5 | % | 57.6 | % | |||
Significant components of our deferred tax assets (liabilities), at our TRSs, are as follows as of December 31, 2008 and 2007:
Deferred tax assets (liabilities): |
As of
December 31, 2008 |
As of
December 31, 2007 |
||||||
Net operating losses, at TRSs |
$ | 10,356 | $ | 1,216 | ||||
Capital losses |
6,144 | 6,114 | ||||||
Unrealized losses |
12,651 | | ||||||
Deferred origination fees |
| 2,867 | ||||||
Other |
318 | 1,236 | ||||||
Total deferred tax assets (liabilities) |
29,469 | 11,433 | ||||||
Valuation allowance |
(29,469 | ) | (7,330 | ) | ||||
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) |
$ | | $ | 4,103 | ||||
133
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
As of December 31, 2008, we had $58,950 of federal and state net operating losses and $15,874 of capital losses. The federal net operating losses will expire in 2028 and the state net operating losses will begin to expire in 2017. The capital losses will expire in 2012. We have concluded that it is more likely that not the federal and state net operating losses and the capital losses will not be utilized during their respective carry forward periods; and as such, we have established a valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2007, deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, are included in other assets in the accompanying financial statements.
During 2007, we adopted the provisions of FIN 48 and the adoption of FIN 48 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements as we do not maintain any uncertain tax contingencies. Since the adoption, we have not identified any uncertain tax contingencies. In the future, should we identify any uncertain tax contingencies, it is our intention that any related interest and penalties will be reflected as a part of our income tax expense.
NOTE 14: RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
In the ordinary course of our business operations, we have ongoing relationships and have engaged in transactions with several related entities described below. All of these relationships and transactions were approved or ratified by a majority of our independent board of trustees as being on terms comparable to those available on an arms-length basis from an unaffiliated third party or otherwise not creating a conflict of interest.
Our Chief Executive Officer as of December 31, 2008 and current Trustee, Daniel G. Cohen, holds controlling positions in various companies with which we conduct business. Daniel G. Cohen is the majority member of Cohen Brothers LLC d/b/a Cohen & Company, or Cohen & Company, a registered broker-dealer. Each transaction with Cohen & Company is described below:
a). Shared Services For services relating to structuring and managing our investments in CMBS and RMBS, we pay an annual fee to Cohen & Company ranging from 2 to 20 basis points on the amount of the investments, based on the rating of the security. For investments in residential whole loans, we pay an annual fee of 1.5 basis points on the amount of the investments. In respect of other administrative services, we pay an amount equal to the cost of providing those services plus 10% of such cost. The agreement with Cohen & Company for these services terminated on July 1, 2008 and we did not renew or extend this agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, we incurred total shared service expenses of $519, $1,138 and $80, respectively. Shared service expenses has been included in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
b) . Office Leases We maintain sub-lease agreements for shared office space and facilities with Cohen & Company. Rent expense during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 relating to these leases was $50, $76 and $4, respectively and has been included in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Future minimum lease payments due over the remaining term of the lease are $358.
c). Non-Competition Agreement As part of the spin-off of Taberna from Cohen & Company in April 2005 and before our acquisition of Taberna in December 2006, Taberna and Cohen & Company entered into a three-year non-competition agreement that ended in April 2008. As part of this agreement, Cohen & Company agreed not to engage in purchasing from, or acting as a placement agent for, issuers of TruPS or other preferred equity securities of real estate investment trusts and other real estate operating companies. Cohen & Company agreed to refrain from acting as asset manager for any such securities. As part of our acquisition of Taberna, we valued this non-competition agreement as an amortizing intangible asset. As of December 31, 2008, the intangible asset has been fully amortized.
134
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
d). Common Shares As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, Cohen & Company and its affiliate entities owned 510,434 of our common shares.
e). EuroDekania EuroDekania is an affiliate of Cohen & Company. In September 2007, EuroDekania purchased approximately 10,000 ($13,892) of the subordinated notes and all of the 32,250 ($44,802) BBB-rated debt securities in Taberna Europe CDO II. We invested 17,500 ($24,311) in the total subordinated notes and earn management fees of 35 basis points on the collateral assets owned by this entity. EuroDekania will receive a fee equal to 3.5 basis points of our subordinated collateral management fee which is payable to EuroDekania only if we collect a subordinate management fee and EuroDekania retains an investment in the subordinated notes. During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, we incurred collateral management fees of $376 and $152, respectively, payable to EuroDekania, which have been included in fee and other income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
f). Trust Preferred Securities In October 2008, we re-purchased $25,000 principal amount of our TruPS that we issued from a third party using the broker-dealer services of Cohen & Company, for which Cohen & Company received $70 in principal transaction income.
g). Fees Cohen & Company provided origination services for our investments and placement and structuring services for certain debt and equity securities issued by our CDO securitizations. For these services, during the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, Cohen & Company received approximately $6,486 and $5,273, respectively, in origination, structuring and placement fees.
h). CDO Notes Payable During the year ended December 31, 2007, we sold $20,000 of our Taberna Preferred Funding VIII CDO notes payable rated AAA to third parties using the broker-dealer services of Cohen & Company, for which Cohen & Company received $183 in principal transaction income. During the year ended December 31, 2007, we sold $12,750 of our RAIT Preferred Funding II CDO notes payable rated AA to a third party using the broker-dealer services of Cohen & Company. Cohen & Company did not receive any principal transaction income or loss in connection with this transaction. During the year ended December 31, 2007, we sold $15,000 of our Taberna Preferred Funding VIII CDO notes payable rated AA to an affiliate of Cohen & Company. Cohen & Company did not receive any principal transaction income in connection with this transaction.
i). Strategos Capital Management Strategos Capital Management, or Strategos, is an affiliate of Cohen & Company. In October 2006, Taberna engaged Strategos to create and manage a $1.0 billion high-grade asset backed CDO. During 2007, we decided not to complete this securitization and terminated this agreement in July 2007 at no cost to us.
j). Kleros Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd. Kleros Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd., or Kleros VIII, is a securitization managed by Cohen & Company. In June 2007, we purchased approximately $26,400 in par amount of bonds rated A through BBB issued by Kleros VIII, for a purchase price of approximately $23,997. As of December 31, 2008, the bonds have a current fair value of $0 and have been placed on non-accrual status.
Our Chairman, Betsy Z. Cohen, is the Chief Executive Officer and a director of The Bancorp, Inc., or Bancorp, and Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of its wholly-owned subsidiary, The Bancorp Bank, a commercial bank. Daniel G. Cohen is the Chairman of the Board of Bancorp and Vice-Chairman of the Board of Bancorp Bank. Each transaction with Bancorp is described below:
a). Cash and Restricted Cash We maintain checking and demand deposit accounts at Bancorp. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, we had $1,985 and $6,352, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents and
135
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
$7,287 and $97,677, respectively, of restricted cash on deposit at Bancorp. We earn interest on our cash and cash equivalents at an interest rate of approximately 3.0% per annum. During the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, we received $123, $801 and $1,110, respectively, of interest income from Bancorp. Restricted cash held at Bancorp relates to borrowers escrows for taxes, insurance and capital reserves. Any interest earned on these deposits inures to the benefit of the specific borrower and not to us.
b). Office Leases and Other Services We sublease a portion of a downtown Philadelphia office from Bancorp at an annual rental expense based upon the amount of square footage occupied. We are currently in the process of terminating this sublease agreement at final terms that have not yet been determined. Rent paid to Bancorp was $340, $445 and $387 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and has been included in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, we paid fees of $72 and $69, respectively, to Bancorp for information system technical support services.
c). Participation Interests We funded a $54,000 commercial mortgage during January 2008. At closing, Bancorp purchased a participation interest in this loan for a total commitment of $24,300. We also funded a $70,000 commercial mortgage during January 2008. At closing, Bancorp purchased a participation interest in this loan for a total commitment of $26,500, of which $22,500 was funded at closing. In November 2008, RAIT CRE CDO I, Ltd. purchased $19,268 of the outstanding loan balance from Bancorp and RAIT Preferred Funding II, Ltd. purchased the remaining $3,232 outstanding from Bancorp. We paid Bancorp fees of $321 for their services in connection with the closing of these loans.
We had a $3,369 first mortgage loan secured by Pennsview Apartments that has junior lien against it that is held by an entity controlled by Daniel G. Cohen. Our loan bore interest at a fixed rate of 8.0%, was to mature on March 29, 2008 and was paying in accordance with its terms. In March 2008, we transferred our first mortgage loan to another entity controlled by Mr. Cohen for $3,500, representing the outstanding principal balance of, and accrued interest on, the loan and an exit fee.
Brandywine Construction & Management, Inc., or Brandywine, is an affiliate of Edward E. Cohen, the spouse of Betsy Z. Cohen and father of Daniel G. Cohen. Brandywine provides real estate management services to certain properties underlying our real estate interests. Management fees of $123, $145 and $580 were paid to Brandywine during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, relating to those interests. We believe that the management fees charged by Brandywine are comparable to those that could be obtained from unaffiliated third parties.
Eton Park Fund, L.P. and its affiliatesIn connection with our sponsorship of Taberna Euro CDO I during January 2007, we paid Eton Park Fund L.P., or Eton Park, a standby equity commitment fee of $1,000. In exchange for this fee, they agreed to purchase up to 5,500 of the Class F subordinated notes issued by Taberna Euro CDO I. Eton Park owned approximately 6.4% of our common shares when the commitment fee was paid.
Mercury Real Estate Advisors LLCIn March 2007, we purchased approximately $9,000 in par amount of preference shares issued by various CDOs sponsored by Taberna from Mercury Real Estate Advisors LLC, or Mercury, for a purchase price of approximately $8,685. Mercury and its affiliates owned approximately 6.9% of our common shares when we purchased the preference shares.
136
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 15: DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, income (loss) from discontinued operations relates to five real estate properties that we have sold since January 1, 2006. As of December 31, 2008, we had no properties designated as held-for-sale.
The following table summarizes revenue and expense information for the five properties sold since January 1, 2006:
For the Years Ended
December 31 |
|||||||
2007 | 2006 | ||||||
Rental income |
$ | 1,481 | $ | 8,171 | |||
Expenses: |
|||||||
Real estate operating expenses |
1,104 | 6,129 | |||||
Depreciation expense |
153 | 569 | |||||
Total expenses |
1,257 | 6,698 | |||||
Income (loss) from discontinued operations |
224 | 1,473 | |||||
Gain (loss) from discontinued operations |
(356 | ) | 4,409 | ||||
Total income (loss) from discontinued operations |
$ | (132 | ) | $ | 5,882 | ||
Discontinued operations have not been segregated in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Therefore, amounts for certain captions will not agree with respective data in the consolidated statements of operations.
NOTE 16: ACQUISITION OF TABERNA REALTY FINANCE TRUST
On December 11, 2006, we acquired all of the outstanding common shares of Taberna Realty Finance Trust. The total purchase price consideration for the acquisition was $619,128, including approximately $8,500 in expenses, and was paid through the exchange of each Taberna common share for 0.5389 of our common shares. We issued 23,904,309 common shares, including 481,785 unvested restricted shares issued to employees of Taberna in exchange for their unvested restricted shares that did not fully vest upon the completion of the merger. The value of the unvested restricted shares was $16,559, based on the stock price of our common shares on the date of merger, or $34.37 per share, and was excluded from the total purchase price consideration. This cost will be amortized to compensation expense as the shares vest over the remaining terms of the individual awards. The results of Tabernas operations have been included in our financial statements from the date of acquisition.
For purposes of computing the total purchase price, the common shares issued in the transactions were valued based on the average trading price of our common shares of $26.07. The average trading price was based on the average of the closing prices for each of the two trading days before, the day of and the two trading days after the merger was announced in June 2006.
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RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
The following table summarizes the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including purchase price reallocation adjustments, from the acquisition of Taberna.
Description |
Estimated
Fair Value |
||
Assets acquired: |
|||
Investments in securities |
$ | 5,040,737 | |
Investments in real estate loans and related receivables |
4,845,970 | ||
Cash and cash equivalents |
31,675 | ||
Restricted cash |
221,558 | ||
Accrued interest receivable |
74,185 | ||
Warehouse deposits |
38,783 | ||
Other assets |
28,623 | ||
Goodwill |
74,732 | ||
Intangible assets |
133,747 | ||
Total assets acquired |
10,490,010 | ||
Liabilities assumed: |
|||
Repurchase agreements and other indebtedness |
1,117,632 | ||
Mortgage-backed securities issued |
3,740,041 | ||
Trust preferred obligations |
543,649 | ||
CDO notes payable |
4,081,839 | ||
Total indebtedness assumed |
9,483,161 | ||
Accrued interest payable |
52,836 | ||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |
9,652 | ||
Deferred taxes and other liabilities |
201,066 | ||
Total liabilities assumed |
9,746,715 | ||
Minority interests in consolidated entities assumed |
124,167 | ||
Fair value of net assets acquired |
$ | 619,128 | |
Unaudited pro forma information relating to the acquisition of Taberna is presented below as if the acquisition occurred on January 1 of the period presented. These pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of the results which actually would have occurred if the acquisition had occurred on the first day of the periods presented, nor does the pro forma financial information purport to represent the results of operations for future periods:
Description |
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2006 (unaudited) |
||
Pro forma revenue |
$ | 155,904 | |
Pro forma income from continuing operations |
89,262 | ||
Pro forma income available to common shareholders |
85,003 | ||
Earnings per share from continuing operations: |
|||
Basic, as reported |
$ | 2.12 | |
Basic, as pro forma |
1.54 | ||
Diluted, as reported |
2.10 | ||
Diluted, as pro forma |
1.53 |
138
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Description |
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2006 (unaudited) |
||
Earnings per share: |
|||
Basic, as reported |
$ | 2.32 | |
Basic, as pro forma |
1.65 | ||
Diluted, as reported |
2.30 | ||
Diluted, as pro forma |
1.65 |
NOTE 17: DECONSOLIDATION OF VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
We consolidate VIEs if we are determined to be the primary beneficiary, in accordance with FIN 46R. Specifically, we previously consolidated Taberna Preferred Funding II, Ltd and Taberna Preferred Funding V, Ltd., two CDOs in which we are determined to be the primary beneficiary primarily due to our majority ownership of the preferred shares issued by the CDOs. During the year ended December 31, 2007, we sold a portion of the preferred shares and non-investment grade debt that we retained in these two CDOs and concluded that we are no longer the primary beneficiary of these two CDOs. We deconsolidated the CDOs in accordance with FIN 46R and treated the deconsolidation of the CDOs as sales of the net assets of the entities and recorded losses on sales of assets of $99,537. Additionally, the losses we recorded on the sales of the net assets were in excess of our cost basis and we recorded gains on deconsolidation of VIEs of $117,158. The losses on the sales of the net assets of the VIEs was in excess of our cost basis due to other-than-temporary impairments we recorded on investments in securities held by these CDOs.
The following tables summarize the balance sheet and statement of operations of the deconsolidated VIEs as of the dates of their respective deconsolidation during 2007 and their income statements for historical periods. The statements of operations for the respective VIEs were included in our consolidated statement of operations during 2007 whereas the assets of the consolidated balance sheet below have been removed from our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2007. The following table also describes the non-cash changes in our assets and liabilities during 2007 caused by the deconsolidation of these VIEs.
139
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
For the Years Ended
December 31 |
||||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Revenue: |
||||||||
Investment interest income |
$ | 120,084 | $ | 7,367 | ||||
Investment interest expense |
(94,143 | ) | (5,173 | ) | ||||
Net investment income |
25,941 | 2,194 | ||||||
General and administrative expense |
853 | 8 | ||||||
Income before other income (expense) |
25,088 | 2,186 | ||||||
Losses on sales of assets |
(99,537 | ) | | |||||
Gains on deconsolidation of VIEs |
117,158 | | ||||||
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate hedges |
(552 | ) | 312 | |||||
Asset impairments |
(156,873 | ) | | |||||
Minority interest |
35,613 | (912 | ) | |||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (79,103 | ) | $ | 1,586 | |||
NOTE 18: QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
The following table summarizes our quarterly financial data which, in the opinion of management, reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations:
For the Three-Month Periods Ended | ||||||||||||||
March 31 | June 30 | September 30 | December 31 | |||||||||||
2008: |
||||||||||||||
Total revenue (loss) |
$ | 63,522 | $ | 65,949 | $ | 62,231 | $ | 57,428 | ||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
255,850 | 97,056 | (302,245 | ) | (603,098 | ) | ||||||||
Net income (loss) |
133,522 | 117,865 | (178,284 | ) | (502,344 | ) | ||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common shares |
130,116 | 114,450 | (181,690 | ) | (505,758 | ) | ||||||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareBasic (b) |
$ | 2.14 | $ | 1.84 | $ | (2.83 | ) | $ | (7.82 | ) | ||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareDiluted (b) |
$ | 2.14 | $ | 1.83 | $ | (2.83 | ) | $ | (7.82 | ) | ||||
2007: |
||||||||||||||
Total revenue (a) |
$ | 55,886 | $ | 57,424 | $ | 60,445 | $ | 58,436 | ||||||
Change in fair value of financial instruments |
| | | | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
22,867 | 29,915 | (240,234 | ) | (180,075 | ) | ||||||||
Net income (loss) available to common shares |
20,348 | 27,388 | (243,591 | ) | (183,489 | ) | ||||||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareBasic (b) |
$ | 0.34 | $ | 0.45 | $ | (4.02 | ) | $ | (3.02 | ) | ||||
Total earnings (loss) per shareDiluted (b) |
$ | 0.34 | $ | 0.45 | $ | (4.02 | ) | $ | (3.02 | ) |
(a) | Certain quarterly revenue has been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. |
(b) | The summation of quarterly per share amounts do not equal the full year amounts. |
140
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
NOTE 19: OTHER DISCLOSURES
Segments
We have identified that we have one operating segment; accordingly we have determined that it has one reportable segment. As a group, our executive officers act as the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). The CODM reviews operating results to make decisions about all investments and resources and to assess performance for the entire company. Our portfolio consists of one reportable segment, investments in real estate through the mechanism of lending and/or ownership. The CODM manages and reviews our operations as one unit. Resources are allocated without regard to the underlying structure of any investment, but rather after evaluating such economic characteristics as returns on investment, leverage ratios, current portfolio mix, degrees of risk, income tax consequences and opportunities for growth. We have no single customer that accounts for 10% or more of revenue.
Commitments and Contingencies
Unfunded Loan Commitments
Certain of our commercial mortgages and mezzanine loan agreements contain provisions whereby we are required to advance additional funds to our borrowers for capital improvements and upon the achievement of certain property operating hurdles. As of December 31, 2008, our incremental loan commitments are $98,670, which will be funded from either restricted cash held on deposit or revolving debt capacity dedicated for these purposes.
Employment Agreements
We are party to employment agreements with certain executives that provide for compensation and certain other benefits. The agreements also provide for severance payments under certain circumstances.
Litigation
We are involved from time to time in litigation on various matters, including disputes with tenants of owned properties, disputes arising out of agreements to purchase or sell properties and disputes arising out of our loan portfolio. Given the nature of our business activities, these lawsuits are considered routine to the conduct of our business. The result of any particular lawsuit cannot be predicted, because of the very nature of litigation, the litigation process and its adversarial nature, and the jury system. We do not expect that the liabilities, if any, that may ultimately result from such routine legal actions will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Putative Consolidated Class Action Securities Lawsuit
RAIT, certain of our executive officers and trustees and the lead underwriters involved in our public offering of common shares in January 2007 were named defendants in one or more of nine putative class action securities lawsuits filed in August and September 2007 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. By Order dated November 17, 2007, the court consolidated these cases under the caption In re RAIT Financial Trust Securities Litigation (No. 2:07-cv-03148), and appointed a lead plaintiff and lead counsel. On January 4, 2008, lead plaintiff filed a consolidated class action complaint, or the complaint, on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of our securities between June 8, 2006 and August 3, 2007. The complaint names as
141
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
defendants RAIT, eleven current and former officers and trustees of RAIT, ten underwriters who participated in certain of our securities offerings in 2007 and our independent accounting firm. The complaint alleges, among other things, that certain defendants violated Sections 11, 12(a)(2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 by making materially false and misleading statements and material omissions in registration statements and prospectuses about our credit underwriting, our exposure to certain issuers through investments in debt securities, and our loan loss reserves and other financial items. The complaint further alleges that certain defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, by making materially false and misleading statements and material omissions during the putative class period about our credit underwriting, our exposure to certain issuers through investments in debt securities, and our loan loss reserves and other financial items. The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages, the right to rescind the purchases of securities in the public offerings, interest, and plaintiffs reasonable costs and expenses, including attorneys fees and expert fees. On December 23, 2008, the Court granted defendants motions to dismiss in part, on the ground that the named plaintiffs lack standing to pursue claims related to the companys July 2007 offering. The Court otherwise denied all defendants motions to dismiss. The Court granted plaintiffs until January 30, 2009 to file a new amended complaint. By letter to the Court dated January 29, 2009, lead plaintiff advised that it did not intend to file an amended complaint. An adverse resolution of the litigation could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Shareholders Derivative Actions
On August 17, 2007, a putative shareholders derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania naming RAIT, as nominal defendant, and certain of our executive officers and trustees as defendants. The complaint in this action alleges that certain of our executive officers and trustees breached their duties to RAIT in connection with the matters that are the subject of the securities litigation described above. The board of trustees has established a special litigation committee to investigate the allegations made in the derivative action complaint and in shareholder demands asserting similar allegations, and to determine what action, if any, RAIT should take concerning them. On October 25, 2007, pursuant to a stipulation of the parties, the court ordered the derivative action stayed pending the completion of the special committees investigation, subject to quarterly status reports by the special litigation committee beginning March 31, 2008. On August 22, 2008, the special litigation committee advised the court that it had completed its investigation, had found no merit to the allegations of wrongdoing asserted against RAITs officers and trustees and concluded that prosecution of the claims asserted in the shareholders derivative action would not serve RAITs best interests. The special litigation committee accordingly moved on behalf of RAIT to dismiss that action. That motion remains pending, but on February 11, 2009, the court entered an order suspending the action while the parties engage in settlement discussions and requiring the parties to report to the court on the status of such discussions on or before March 15, 2009. An adverse resolution of this matter could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
On February 10, 2009, a putative shareholders derivative action was filed in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County naming RAIT, as nominal defendant, and certain of our executive officers and trustees as defendants. The complaint in this action alleges that certain of our executive officers and trustees breached their duties to RAIT in connection with the matters that are the subject of the securities litigation described above. An adverse resolution of this matter could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
142
RAIT Financial Trust
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements(continued)
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Lease Obligations
We lease office space in Philadelphia, New York City and other locations. The annual minimum rent due pursuant to the leases for each of the next five years and thereafter is estimated to be as follows as of December 31, 2008:
2009 |
$ | 2,072 | |
2010 |
1,958 | ||
2011 |
1,319 | ||
2012 |
1,127 | ||
2013 |
1,094 | ||
Thereafter |
2,245 | ||
Total |
$ | 9,815 | |
Rent expense was $1,977, $2,271 and $384 for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, respectively, and has been included in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
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RAIT Financial Trust
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands)
Balance, Beginning
of Period |
Additions | Deductions |
Balance, End
of Period |
|||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, 2008 |
$ | 26,389 | $ | 162,783 | $ | (17,199 | ) | $ | 171,973 | |||||
For the year ended December 31, 2007 |
$ | 5,345 | $ | 21,721 | $ | (677 | ) | $ | 26,389 | |||||
For the year ended December 31, 2006 |
$ | 226 | $ | 5,119 | (1) | $ | | $ | 5,345 | |||||
(1) | Includes approximately $2,620 of a loan loss provision acquired from Taberna on December 11, 2006. |
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RAIT Financial Trust
Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands)
Property Name |
Description |
Location |
Initial Cost |
Cost of
Improvements, net of Retirements |
Gross Carrying
Amount |
Accumulated
Depreciation- Building |
Encumbrance
(2) |
Year of
Acquisition |
Life of
Depreciation |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Land | Building | Land | Building | Land (1) | Building (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Willow Grove |
Land | Pennsylvania | $ | 307 | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | 307 | $ | | $ | | $ | | 2001 | N/A | ||||||||||||||||
Cherry Hill |
Land | New Jersey | 307 | | | | 307 | | | | 2001 | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reuss |
Office | Wisconsin | 4,080 | 36,720 | 10 | 11,123 | 4,090 | 47,843 | (5,806 | ) | (22,500 | ) | 2004 | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
McDowell |
Office | Arizona | 9,803 | 55,523 | 5 | 818 | 9,808 | 56,341 | (2,897 | ) | | 2007 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Aslan Centerpoint |
Multi-Family | Alabama | 1,290 | 7,923 | | 323 | 1,290 | 8,246 | (636 | ) | (14,215 | ) | 2007 | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Aslan Chalkville |
Multi-Family | Alabama | 400 | 3,598 | | 202 | 400 | 3,800 | (268 | ) | | 2007 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Aslan Terrace |
Multi-Family | Alabama | 542 | 3,629 | | 237 | 542 | 3,866 | (301 | ) | | 2007 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Northpoint |
Office | Georgia | 2,715 | 10,859 | (75 | ) | (295 | ) | 2,640 | 10,564 | (147 | ) | (10,170 | ) | 2008 | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Stonecrest |
Multi-Family | Alabama | 5,858 | 23,433 | (62 | ) | (250 | ) | 5,796 | 23,183 | (339 | ) | (19,500 | ) | 2008 | 30 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Crestmont |
Multi-Family | Georgia | 3,207 | 12,828 | 41 | 166 | 3,248 | 12,994 | (117 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Copper Mill |
Multi-Family | Texas | 3,420 | 13,681 | 20 | 79 | 3,440 | 13,760 | (126 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumberland |
Multi-Family | Georgia | 3,194 | 12,776 | 60 | 239 | 3,254 | 13,015 | (118 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Heritage Trace |
Multi-Family | Virginia | 2,642 | 10,568 | (7 | ) | (28 | ) | 2,635 | 10,540 | (97 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mandalay Bay |
Multi-Family | Texas | 5,363 | 21,453 | 27 | 108 | 5,390 | 21,561 | (197 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Oyster Point |
Multi-Family | Virginia | 3,920 | 15,680 | (37 | ) | (146 | ) | 3,883 | 15,534 | (144 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tuscany Bay |
Multi-Family | Florida | 7,002 | 28,009 | 43 | 171 | 7,045 | 28,180 | (257 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Autumn Grove |
Multi-Family | Illinois | 10,166 | 40,665 | 153 | 611 | 10,319 | 41,276 | (312 | ) | | 2008 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
$ | 64,216 | $ | 297,345 | $ | 178 | $ | 13,358 | $ | 64,394 | $ | 310,703 | $ | (11,762 | ) | $ | (66,385 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
(1) | The aggregate cost basis for federal income tax purposes of our investments in real estate interests approximates the carrying amount at December 31, 2008. |
Investments in Real Estate Interests |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2007 |
||||||
Balance, beginning of period |
$ | 137,205 | $ | 64,270 | ||||
Additions during period: |
||||||||
Acquisitions through foreclosure |
237,439 | 82,708 | ||||||
Improvements to land and building |
2,110 | 3,062 | ||||||
Deductions during period: |
||||||||
Dispositions of real estate |
(1,657 | ) | (12,835 | ) | ||||
Balance, end of period: |
$ | 375,097 | $ | 137,205 | ||||
Accumulated Depreciation |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
For the
Year Ended December 31, 2007 |
||||||
Balance, beginning of period |
$ | 5,728 | $ | 2,838 | ||||
Depreciation expense |
6,620 | 3,061 | ||||||
Dispositions of real estate |
(586 | ) | (171 | ) | ||||
Balance, end of period: |
$ | 11,762 | $ | 5,728 | ||||
145
RAIT Financial Trust
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
As of December 31, 2008
(Dollars in thousands)
(1) Summary of Commercial Mortgages, Mezzanine Loans, Other Loans and Preferred Equity Interests
Description of mortgages |
Number
of Loans |
Interest Rate | Maturity Date | Principal |
Carrying
Amount of Mortgages |
||||||||||||||||
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | ||||||||||||||||
Commercial mortgages |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Multi-family |
60 | 4.7 | % | 12.3 | % | 3/1/09 | 12/8/13 | $ | 610 | $ | 36,675 | $ | 676,445 | ||||||||
Office |
19 | 3.7 | % | 8.7 | % | 3/1/09 | 5/30/12 | 4,415 | 41,753 | 246,753 | |||||||||||
Retail |
12 | 6.5 | % | 10.4 | % | 3/1/09 | 2/1/12 | 2,496 | 74,000 | 251,314 | |||||||||||
Other |
4 | 7.0 | % | 12.0 | % | 3/1/09 | 7/30/10 | 2,225 | 36,299 | 71,934 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
95 | 3.7 | % | 12.3 | % | 3/1/09 | 12/8/13 | 610 | 74,000 | 1,246,446 | |||||||||||
Mezzanine loans |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Multi-family |
62 | 6.0 | % | 15.0 | % | 3/1/09 | 9/30/18 | 120 | 11,352 | 140,198 | |||||||||||
Office |
42 | 4.4 | % | 12.5 | % | 7/16/09 | 5/1/21 | 250 | 29,166 | 193,605 | |||||||||||
Retail |
23 | 8.0 | % | 14.0 | % | 12/15/09 | 6/11/17 | 210 | 25,860 | 90,246 | |||||||||||
Other |
9 | 5.2 | % | 12.5 | % | 3/1/09 | 8/31/21 | 248 | 18,413 | 28,323 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
136 | 4.4 | % | 15.0 | % | 3/1/09 | 8/31/21 | 120 | 29,166 | 452,372 | |||||||||||
Other loans |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Multi-family |
2 | 7.2 | % | 7.2 | % | 12/7/10 | 12/7/10 | 16,435 | 16,636 | 33,070 | |||||||||||
Office |
6 | 4.3 | % | 9.1 | % | 3/1/09 | 10/30/16 | 4,862 | 21,997 | 77,256 | |||||||||||
Retail |
2 | 3.9 | % | 4.8 | % | 8/30/12 | 8/31/12 | 24,375 | 24,375 | 48,750 | |||||||||||
Other |
2 | 3.9 | % | 5.8 | % | 4/9/10 | 8/1/13 | 5,500 | 15,000 | 16,951 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
12 | 3.9 | % | 9.1 | % | 3/1/09 | 10/30/16 | 4,862 | 24,375 | 176,027 | |||||||||||
Preferred equity interests |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Multi-family |
18 | 9.0 | % | 17.5 | % | 3/1/09 | 4/1/15 | 884 | 35,232 | 98,626 | |||||||||||
Office |
14 | 9.0 | % | 11.0 | % | 6/11/09 | 1/1/17 | 92 | 19,500 | 61,087 | |||||||||||
Retail |
4 | 9.9 | % | 12.5 | % | 1/1/14 | 10/11/16 | 650 | 5,000 | 7,675 | |||||||||||
Other |
1 | 17.0 | % | 17.0 | % | 9/4/21 | 9/4/21 | 6,000 | 6,000 | 6,000 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
37 | 9.0 | % | 17.5 | % | 3/1/09 | 9/4/21 | 92 | 35,232 | 173,388 | |||||||||||
Total commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests |
280 | 3.7 | % | 17.5 | % | 3/1/09 | 9/4/21 | $ | 92 | $ | 74,000 | $ | 2,048,233 | ||||||||
(a) | The tax basis of the commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests approximates the carrying amount. |
146
(b) | Reconciliation of carrying amount of commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, other loans and preferred equity interests: |
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2008 |
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2007 |
|||||||
Balance, beginning of period |
$ | 2,354,243 | $ | 1,330,334 | ||||
Additions during period: |
||||||||
New mortgage loans and preferred equity interests |
107,509 | 1,355,591 | ||||||
Additional advances |
25,271 | 14,867 | ||||||
Accretion of discount |
704 | 475 | ||||||
Deductions during period: |
||||||||
Collections of principal |
(250,806 | ) | (347,024 | ) | ||||
Loans acquired through foreclosure |
(188,688 | ) | | |||||
Balance, end of period: |
$ | 2,048,233 | $ | 2,354,243 | ||||
(a) Summary of Commercial Mortgages, Mezzanine Loans, Other Loans and Preferred Equity by Geographic Location:
Location by State |
Number of
Loans |
Interest Rate | Principal |
Total Carrying
Amount of Mortgages (a) |
|||||||||||||
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | ||||||||||||||
Texas |
45 | 3.9 | % | 14.5 | % | 350 | 31,695 | $ | 299,390 | ||||||||
Florida |
26 | 7.1 | % | 14.5 | % | 496 | 41,753 | 285,179 | |||||||||
Various States |
10 | 4.3 | % | 17.5 | % | 4,862 | 59,263 | 211,653 | |||||||||
California |
28 | 4.4 | % | 12.5 | % | 250 | 20,000 | 200,745 | |||||||||
Arizona |
18 | 7.1 | % | 12.0 | % | 1,329 | 36,675 | 153,242 | |||||||||
Pennsylvania |
14 | 3.7 | % | 15.0 | % | 600 | 74,000 | 137,217 | |||||||||
New York |
20 | 6.0 | % | 12.5 | % | 248 | 25,037 | 134,442 | |||||||||
Colorado |
12 | 7.0 | % | 12.0 | % | 1,217 | 21,890 | 87,015 | |||||||||
Ohio |
8 | 3.9 | % | 12.5 | % | 435 | 24,375 | 70,726 | |||||||||
Nevada |
7 | 4.7 | % | 11.0 | % | 3,251 | 19,271 | 61,211 | |||||||||
North Carolina |
3 | 7.0 | % | 10.9 | % | 5,346 | 28,102 | 55,244 | |||||||||
Minnesota |
6 | 7.0 | % | 12.5 | % | 425 | 15,752 | 42,082 | |||||||||
Tennessee |
6 | 7.5 | % | 17.0 | % | 1,110 | 22,033 | 39,273 | |||||||||
Massachusetts |
3 | 5.2 | % | 12.0 | % | 1,000 | 18,413 | 37,618 | |||||||||
Wisconsin |
19 | 5.3 | % | 12.5 | % | 92 | 8,409 | 29,483 | |||||||||
Mississippi |
2 | 6.2 | % | 12.5 | % | 820 | 25,411 | 26,231 | |||||||||
Illinois |
3 | 9.0 | % | 12.5 | % | 210 | 19,500 | 23,305 | |||||||||
South Carolina |
3 | 7.5 | % | 12.5 | % | 1,000 | 11,765 | 17,305 | |||||||||
New Jersey |
6 | 7.0 | % | 12.5 | % | 550 | 7,700 | 15,773 | |||||||||
Arkansas |
2 | 7.4 | % | 9.0 | % | 6,441 | 9,172 | 15,613 | |||||||||
Indiana |
5 | 7.5 | % | 12.5 | % | 373 | 7,520 | 13,399 | |||||||||
Georgia |
5 | 6.8 | % | 12.5 | % | 300 | 5,750 | 12,860 | |||||||||
Virginia |
6 | 8.5 | % | 12.5 | % | 120 | 9,862 | 12,702 | |||||||||
Michigan |
5 | 8.3 | % | 12.8 | % | 593 | 4,956 | 10,474 | |||||||||
Nebraska |
1 | 11.0 | % | 11.0 | % | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | |||||||||
Connecticut |
2 | 11.0 | % | 12.0 | % | 2,250 | 7,748 | 9,998 | |||||||||
Alabama |
2 | 7.8 | % | 12.0 | % | 2,450 | 7,195 | 9,645 | |||||||||
Missouri |
1 | 6.0 | % | 6.0 | % | 8,845 | 8,845 | 8,845 | |||||||||
Idaho |
1 | 7.5 | % | 7.5 | % | 5,895 | 5,895 | 5,895 | |||||||||
Maryland |
3 | 11.0 | % | 14.5 | % | 340 | 2,500 | 4,213 | |||||||||
Kentucky |
3 | 11.5 | % | 12.5 | % | 248 | 2,360 | 3,885 | |||||||||
Vermont |
1 | 11.5 | % | 11.5 | % | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | |||||||||
South Dakota |
1 | 12.5 | % | 12.5 | % | 746 | 746 | 746 | |||||||||
District of Columbia |
1 | 12.0 | % | 12.0 | % | 676 | 676 | 676 | |||||||||
Delaware |
1 | 12.5 | % | 12.5 | % | 670 | 670 | 670 | |||||||||
Louisiana |
1 | 12.5 | % | 12.5 | % | 347 | 347 | 347 | |||||||||
280 | 3.7 | % | 17.5 | % | $ | 92 | $ | 74,000 | $ | 2,048,233 | |||||||
147
(2) Summary of Residential Mortgages and Mortgage-Related Receivables:
Description of mortgages |
Number
of Loans |
Interest Rate | Maturity Date |
Original
Principal |
Carrying
Amount of Mortgages (a), (b) |
||||||||||||||||
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | ||||||||||||||||
Residential mortgages (c) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
3/1 Adjustable Rate |
|||||||||||||||||||||
2-4 Family |
1 | 6.0 | % | 6.0 | % | 9/1/35 | 9/1/35 | $ | 408 | $ | 408 | $ | 389 | ||||||||
Condominium |
53 | 4.8 | % | 6.6 | % | 5/1/35 | 11/1/35 | 120 | 1,000 | 18,965 | |||||||||||
PUD |
49 | 4.5 | % | 7.0 | % | 3/1/35 | 10/1/35 | 104 | 1,000 | 15,412 | |||||||||||
Single Family |
138 | 4.5 | % | 7.0 | % | 4/1/35 | 11/1/35 | 73 | 2,000 | 54,723 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
241 | 4.5 | % | 7.0 | % | 3/1/35 | 11/1/35 | 73 | 2,000 | 89,489 | |||||||||||
5/1 Adjustable Rate |
|||||||||||||||||||||
2-4 Family |
118 | 4.9 | % | 8.4 | % | 10/1/32 | 6/1/36 | 59 | 1,450 | 53,958 | |||||||||||
Condominium |
1,084 | 3.9 | % | 8.6 | % | 10/1/32 | 7/1/36 | 34 | 2,000 | 452,074 | |||||||||||
CO-OP |
20 | 5.0 | % | 6.1 | % | 6/1/35 | 7/1/36 | 139 | 1,000 | 11,278 | |||||||||||
PUD |
680 | 4.1 | % | 7.9 | % | 9/1/34 | 7/1/36 | 79 | 3,000 | 268,432 | |||||||||||
Single Family |
4,256 | 2.4 | % | 8.6 | % | 10/1/32 | 7/1/36 | 41 | 3,195 | 2,166,916 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
6,158 | 2.4 | % | 8.6 | % | 10/1/32 | 7/1/36 | 34 | 3,195 | 2,952,658 | |||||||||||
7/1 Adjustable Rate |
|||||||||||||||||||||
2-4 Family |
20 | 5.0 | % | 7.8 | % | 9/1/34 | 10/1/35 | 128 | 1,500 | 9,725 | |||||||||||
Condominium |
161 | 5.0 | % | 7.0 | % | 2/1/35 | 11/1/35 | 88 | 1,000 | 61,417 | |||||||||||
CO-OP |
8 | 5.1 | % | 5.6 | % | 6/1/35 | 9/1/35 | 69 | 1,302 | 5,251 | |||||||||||
PUD |
247 | 4.9 | % | 6.8 | % | 12/1/34 | 11/1/35 | 112 | 1,980 | 125,422 | |||||||||||
Single Family |
671 | 4.1 | % | 7.9 | % | 9/1/33 | 11/1/35 | 68 | 2,280 | 299,324 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
1,107 | 4.1 | % | 7.9 | % | 9/1/33 | 11/1/35 | 68 | 2,280 | 501,139 | |||||||||||
10/1 Adjustable Rate |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Condominium |
1 | 5.0 | % | 5.0 | % | 8/1/35 | 8/1/35 | 644 | 644 | 639 | |||||||||||
CO-OP |
1 | 5.4 | % | 5.4 | % | 7/1/35 | 7/1/35 | 655 | 655 | 650 | |||||||||||
PUD |
18 | 5.4 | % | 6.1 | % | 2/1/35 | 9/1/35 | 480 | 2,250 | 17,632 | |||||||||||
Single Family |
46 | 5.1 | % | 6.3 | % | 4/1/35 | 9/1/35 | 225 | 2,870 | 36,718 | |||||||||||
Subtotal |
66 | 5.0 | % | 6.3 | % | 2/1/35 | 9/1/35 | 225 | 2,870 | 55,639 | |||||||||||
Total residential mortgages |
7,572 | 2.4 | % | 8.6 | % | 10/1/32 | 7/1/36 | $ | 34 | $ | 3,195 | $ | 3,598,925 | ||||||||
(a) | The tax basis of the residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables approximates the carrying amount. |
(b) | Reconciliation of carrying amount of residential mortgages and mortgage-related receivables: |
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2008 |
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2007 |
|||||||
Balance, beginning of period |
$ | 4,065,950 | $ | 4,676,950 | ||||
Additions during period: |
||||||||
Accretion of discounts |
6,143 | 7,646 | ||||||
Purchase price reallocation from Taberna acquisition |
| 1,058 | ||||||
Deductions during period: |
||||||||
Collections of principal |
(469,663 | ) | (620,571 | ) | ||||
Asset impairments |
(3,505 | ) | | |||||
Balance, end of period: |
$ | 3,598,925 | $ | 4,065,083 | ||||
148
(c) Summary of Residential Mortgages and Mortgage-Related Receivables by Geographic Location:
Location by State |
Number of Loans | Interest Rate |
Original
Principal |
Total Carrying
Amount of Mortgages (a) |
|||||||||||||
Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | ||||||||||||||
California |
3,021 | 3.9 | % | 8.1 | % | $ | 88 | $ | 3,000 | $ | 1,629,491 | ||||||
Florida |
667 | 3.8 | % | 8.6 | % | 60 | 2,350 | 262,565 | |||||||||
Virginia |
441 | 3.9 | % | 8.3 | % | 105 | 1,750 | 200,620 | |||||||||
New Jersey |
262 | 4.4 | % | 7.0 | % | 94 | 2,000 | 127,331 | |||||||||
Maryland |
240 | 4.3 | % | 8.4 | % | 90 | 1,848 | 118,364 | |||||||||
New York |
191 | 4.5 | % | 7.9 | % | 69 | 2,500 | 111,785 | |||||||||
Arizona |
292 | 4.5 | % | 7.5 | % | 73 | 3,000 | 110,941 | |||||||||
Nevada |
266 | 4.1 | % | 7.1 | % | 76 | 2,250 | 108,601 | |||||||||
Illinois |
184 | 4.3 | % | 7.0 | % | 77 | 2,000 | 87,697 | |||||||||
Washington |
207 | 4.3 | % | 7.1 | % | 120 | 1,115 | 87,444 | |||||||||
Colorado |
173 | 4.5 | % | 7.4 | % | 34 | 2,000 | 76,498 | |||||||||
Massachusetts |
132 | 4.3 | % | 8.4 | % | 164 | 1,295 | 64,756 | |||||||||
Georgia |
168 | 4.4 | % | 6.9 | % | 85 | 1,560 | 62,415 | |||||||||
North Carolina |
125 | 4.3 | % | 7.8 | % | 100 | 1,512 | 57,967 | |||||||||
Minnesota |
132 | 4.4 | % | 7.3 | % | 110 | 1,470 | 55,844 | |||||||||
Michigan |
170 | 4.0 | % | 7.3 | % | 75 | 2,657 | 47,950 | |||||||||
Connecticut |
70 | 4.1 | % | 6.8 | % | 126 | 3,195 | 47,433 | |||||||||
Texas |
93 | 4.1 | % | 7.4 | % | 72 | 1,549 | 37,145 | |||||||||
Oregon |
90 | 4.4 | % | 6.9 | % | 68 | 1,600 | 29,731 | |||||||||
Ohio |
82 | 2.4 | % | 8.6 | % | 41 | 1,400 | 28,379 | |||||||||
South Carolina |
51 | 4.5 | % | 6.9 | % | 79 | 3,000 | 27,798 | |||||||||
District of Columbia |
55 | 4.4 | % | 6.9 | % | 158 | 1,000 | 27,713 | |||||||||
Pennsylvania |
69 | 4.0 | % | 7.8 | % | 59 | 1,700 | 26,653 | |||||||||
Hawaii |
36 | 4.5 | % | 6.6 | % | 90 | 1,400 | 21,951 | |||||||||
Utah |
50 | 4.5 | % | 6.9 | % | 88 | 3,000 | 21,178 | |||||||||
Missouri |
40 | 4.4 | % | 7.4 | % | 63 | 1,500 | 14,099 | |||||||||
Wisconsin |
25 | 4.8 | % | 7.1 | % | 112 | 1,311 | 12,319 | |||||||||
Idaho |
29 | 4.9 | % | 7.6 | % | 96 | 1,100 | 12,214 | |||||||||
Tennessee |
33 | 4.5 | % | 7.0 | % | 81 | 979 | 11,346 | |||||||||
Delaware |
18 | 4.8 | % | 7.9 | % | 103 | 1,365 | 7,882 | |||||||||
New Hampshire |
18 | 4.6 | % | 6.4 | % | 70 | 1,591 | 7,028 | |||||||||
Indiana |
19 | 4.0 | % | 6.4 | % | 92 | 680 | 6,637 | |||||||||
Alabama |
21 | 4.5 | % | 6.1 | % | 94 | 1,127 | 6,522 | |||||||||
Rhode Island |
16 | 4.5 | % | 7.9 | % | 120 | 1,000 | 6,376 | |||||||||
New Mexico |
7 | 5.3 | % | 6.0 | % | 179 | 1,250 | 4,404 | |||||||||
Kentucky |
14 | 4.5 | % | 6.3 | % | 111 | 892 | 4,262 | |||||||||
Montana |
6 | 5.1 | % | 6.0 | % | 141 | 1,500 | 4,107 | |||||||||
Wyoming |
3 | 5.5 | % | 5.9 | % | 683 | 2,585 | 4,008 | |||||||||
Iowa |
9 | 4.8 | % | 6.0 | % | 104 | 650 | 3,132 | |||||||||
West Virginia |
9 | 5.1 | % | 6.6 | % | 169 | 479 | 2,786 | |||||||||
Vermont |
4 | 5.0 | % | 5.5 | % | 120 | 1,000 | 2,469 | |||||||||
Nebraska |
3 | 5.0 | % | 6.0 | % | 92 | 935 | 1,757 | |||||||||
Oklahoma |
3 | 5.4 | % | 6.1 | % | 332 | 825 | 1,613 | |||||||||
Kansas |
6 | 4.6 | % | 6.9 | % | 96 | 615 | 1,458 | |||||||||
Louisiana |
4 | 5.6 | % | 6.5 | % | 107 | 615 | 1,372 | |||||||||
North Dakota |
4 | 4.8 | % | 5.6 | % | 128 | 520 | 1,145 | |||||||||
Arkansas |
4 | 5.4 | % | 5.6 | % | 99 | 550 | 1,082 | |||||||||
Maine |
3 | 5.5 | % | 5.9 | % | 108 | 713 | 1,024 | |||||||||
South Dakota |
2 | 5.3 | % | 5.8 | % | 133 | 620 | 712 | |||||||||
Alaska |
3 | 4.8 | % | 5.4 | % | 200 | 700 | 698 | |||||||||
Mississippi |
2 | 6.0 | % | 6.5 | % | 109 | 116 | 223 | |||||||||
7,572 | 2.4 | % | 8.6 | % | $ | 34 | $ | 3,195 | $ | 3,598,925 | |||||||
149
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |
None.
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures |
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SECs rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Under the supervision of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer and with the participation of our disclosure committee, we have carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Managements Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2008, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting. This report is included in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three-month period ended December 31, 2008 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. | Other Information |
On February 23, 2009, we filed a current report on Form 8-K, or the 2/23/09 8-K, which reported information pursuant to Item 5.02- Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers. We summarize this information below and this summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the 2/23/09 8-K which is incorporated herein by reference.
150
Effective February 22, 2009, Daniel G. Cohen resigned as chief executive officer of RAIT Financial Trust, or RAIT. Mr. Cohen will continue to serve as a trustee on the board of trustees of RAIT, or the board. In connection with his resignation, Mr. Cohen and RAIT entered into a letter of separation dated as of February 22, 2009. Effective February 22, 2009, the board promoted Scott F. Schaeffer to serve as RAITs chief executive officer. Mr. Schaeffer will also continue to serve as RAITs president. Prior to this promotion, Mr. Schaeffer had served as RAITs president and chief operating officer. In connection with Mr. Schaeffers promotion, on February 22, 2009, the compensation committee of the board approved an amendment to Mr. Schaeffers employment agreement, or the Schaeffer amendment, with RAIT and RAIT and Mr. Schaeffer entered into the Schaeffer amendment. Effective February 22, 2009, the board promoted Raphael Licht to serve as RAITs chief operating officer. Mr. Licht will also continue to serve as RAITs secretary. Prior to this promotion, Mr. Licht had served as RAITs chief legal officer, chief administrative officer and secretary. In connection with Mr. Lichts promotion, on February 22, 2009, the compensation committee of the board approved an amendment to Mr. Lichts employment agreement, or the Licht amendment, with RAIT and RAIT and Mr. Licht entered into the Licht amendment.
151
Item 10. | Trustees, Executive Officers and Trust Governance |
The information required by this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2009 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed on or before April 30, 2009, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. | Executive Compensation |
The information required by this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2009 annual meeting of shareholders, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters |
The information required by this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2009 annual meeting of shareholders, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Trustee Independence |
The information required by this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2009 annual meeting of shareholders, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services |
The information required by this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2009 annual meeting of shareholders, and is incorporated herein by reference.
152
Item15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules |
(a) Listed below are all financial statements, financial statement schedules, and exhibits filed as part of this 10-K and herein included.
(1) | Financial Statements |
All other schedules are not applicable or are omitted since either (i) the required information is not material or (ii) the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
(2) | Exhibits |
The Exhibits furnished as part of this annual report on Form 10-K are identified in the Exhibit Index immediately following the signature pages of this annual report. Such Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.
153
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
R AIT F INANCIAL T RUST | ||
By: |
/ S / B ETSY Z. C OHEN |
|
Betsy Z. Cohen Chairman of the Board and Trustee |
March 2, 2009
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Name |
Capacity With RAIT Financial Trust |
Date |
||||||
By: | / S / B ETSY Z. C OHEN | Chairman of the Board and Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
Betsy Z. Cohen | ||||||||
By: | / S / S COTT F. S CHAEFFER |
Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer) |
March 2, 2009 | |||||
Scott F. Schaeffer | ||||||||
By: | / S / J ACK E. S ALMON |
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) |
March 2, 2009 | |||||
Jack E. Salmon | ||||||||
By: | / S / J AMES J. S EBRA |
Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |
March 2, 2009 | |||||
James J. Sebra | ||||||||
By: | / S / E DWARD S. B ROWN | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
Edward S. Brown | ||||||||
By: | / S / D ANIEL G. C OHEN | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
Daniel G. Cohen | ||||||||
By: | / S / F RANK A. F ARNESI | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
Frank A. Farnesi | ||||||||
By: | / S / S. K RISTIN K IM | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
S. Kristin Kim | ||||||||
By: | / S / A RTHUR M AKADON | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
Arthur Makadon | ||||||||
By: | / S / D ANIEL P ROMISLO | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
Daniel Promislo | ||||||||
By: | / S / J OHN F. Q UIGLEY , III | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
John F. Quigley, III | ||||||||
By: | / S / M URRAY S TEMPEL , III | Trustee | March 2, 2009 | |||||
Murray Stempel, III |
154
Exhibit
|
Description of Documents |
|
3.1 | Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust. (1) | |
3.1.1 | Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust. (2) | |
3.1.2 | Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust. (3) | |
3.1.3 | Certificate of Correction to the Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust. (4) | |
3.1.4 | Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust. (5) | |
3.1.5 | Articles Supplementary relating to the 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest (the Series A Articles Supplementary). (6) | |
3.1.6 | Certificate of Correction to the Series A Articles Supplementary. (6) | |
3.1.7 | Articles Supplementary relating to the 8.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest. (7) | |
3.1.8 | Articles Supplementary relating to the 8.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest. (8) | |
3.2 | By-laws (9). | |
4.1 | Form of Certificate for Common Shares of Beneficial Interest. (5) | |
4.2 | Form of Certificate for 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest. (10) | |
4.3 | Form of Certificate for 8.375% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest. (7) | |
4.4 | Form of Stock Certificate for 8.875% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Shares of Beneficial Interest. (8) | |
4.5 | Indenture dated as of April 18, 2007 among RAIT Financial Trust (RAIT), as issuer, RAIT Partnership, L.P. and RAIT Asset Holdings, LLC, as guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trustee. (11) | |
4.6 | Registration Rights Agreement dated as of April 18, 2007 between RAIT and Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. (11) | |
10.1 | Form of Indemnification Agreement. (1) | |
10.2.1 | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of December 11, 2006 between RAIT and Betsy Z. Cohen. (5) | |
10.2.2 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Betsy Z. Cohen. (12) | |
10.3.1 | RAIT Executive Pension Plan for Betsy Z. Cohen as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2005. (5) | |
10.3.2 | Letter Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to RAIT Executive Pension Plan for Betsy Z. Cohen. (12) | |
10.4.1 | Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of December 11, 2006 between RAIT and Scott F. Schaeffer. (5) |
155
Exhibit
|
Description of Documents |
|
10.4.2 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Scott F. Schaeffer. (12) | |
10.4.3 | Amendment dated as of February 22, 2009 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Scott F. Schaeffer. (13) | |
10.5.1 | Employment Agreement dated as of June 8, 2006 by and between RAIT, Daniel G. Cohen and, as to Section 7.14 thereof, Taberna. (14) | |
10.5.2 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Daniel G. Cohen. (12) | |
10.5.3 | Letter of Separation dated as of February 22, 2009 between RAIT and Daniel G. Cohen. (13) | |
10.6.1 | Employment Agreement dated as of June 8, 2006 by and between RAIT, Jack E. Salmon and, as to Section 7.14 thereof, Taberna. (14) | |
10.6.2 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Jack E. Salmon. (12) | |
10.7.1 | Employment Agreement dated as of June 8, 2006 by and between RAIT, Plamen Mitrikov and, as to Section 7.14 thereof, Taberna. (14) | |
10.7.2 | Letter Agreement dated as of August 7, 2008 by and between RAIT and Plamen M. Mitrikov. (15) | |
10.7.3 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Plamen Mitrikov. (12) | |
10.8.1 | Employment Agreement dated as of June 8, 2006 by and between RAIT, Raphael Licht and, as to Section 7.14 thereof, Taberna. (14) | |
10.8.2 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Raphael Licht.* | |
10.8.3 | Amendment dated as of February 22, 2009 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Raphael Licht. (13) | |
10.9.1 | Employment Agreement dated as of May 22, 2007, by and between RAIT and James J. Sebra. (16) | |
10.9.2 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and James J. Sebra.* | |
10.10.1 | Employment Agreement dated as of February 5, 2008 by and between RAIT and Ken R. Frappier. (17) | |
10.10.2 | Amendment dated as of December 15, 2008 to Employment Agreement between RAIT and Ken R. Frappier.* | |
10.11 | RAIT Phantom Share Plan (As Amended and Restated, Effective July 20, 2004) (the PSP). (18) | |
10.12 | RAIT Financial Trust 2008 Incentive Award Plan, as Amended and Restated May 20, 2008 (the IAP). (19) | |
10.13 | IAP Form of 2008 Cash Award Program Agreement. (19) | |
10.14 | IAP Form for Employee Non-Qualified Grants. (20) | |
10.15 | IAP Form for Employee Incentive Stock Option Grants. (20) | |
10.16 | IAP Form for Non-Employee Trustee Grants. (20) | |
10.17 | PSP Form for Non-Employee Trustee Grants. (20) |
156
Exhibit
|
Description of Documents |
|
10.18 | PSP Form of Letter to Trustees regarding the redemption of Phantom Shares. (21) | |
10.19 | PSP Form of Letter to Trustees regarding the redemption of Phantom Shares* | |
10.20 | IAP Form of Share Award Agreement with full vesting. (21) | |
10.21 | IAP Form of Unit Award to Cover Grants to Section 16 Officers adopted January 24, 2006. (22) | |
10.22 | IAP Form of Unit Award to Cover Grants to Certain Section 16 Officers granted October 24, 2006. (23) | |
10.23 | IAP Form of Unit Award to Cover Grants to Section 16 Officers adopted January 24, 2007. (24) | |
10.24 | IAP Form of Unit Award to Cover Grants to Non-Employee Trustees adopted July 19, 2005. (21) | |
10.25 | Taberna 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (Taberna EIP). (5) | |
10.26 | Taberna EIP Form of Restricted Share Award. (25) | |
10.27 | Form of Forfeiture Letters dated December 7, 2007. (26) | |
10.28 | Letter Amendment to Grants of Phantom Units to Executive Officers of RAIT under IAP. (12) | |
10.29 | Letter Amendment to Grants of Phantom Units to Non-Management Trustees under IAP.* | |
10.30 | Assignment of Lease dated December 11, 2006 between RAIT and Taberna Capital Management, LLC. (25) | |
10.31 | Amendment No. 2 to lease dated as of November 1, 2005 between 450 Park LLC and Taberna. (25) | |
10.32 | Sublease Agreement dated as of April 1, 2006 between Cohen Brothers, LLC and Taberna Capital Management, LLC. (25) | |
10.33 | Notation of Guarantee by RAIT Partnership, L.P. and RAIT Asset Holdings, LLC as guarantors. (11) | |
10.34 | Master Repurchase Agreement dated as of September 19, 2008, as amended and restated as of October 27, 2008, between Wilmington Trust Company, as agent for Cedric LLC, as buyer, and Taberna Loan Holdings I, LLC, as seller (the TLHI Agreement). (27) | |
10.35 | Master Repurchase Agreement dated as of September 19, 2008 between Wilmington Trust Company, as agent for Cedric LLC, as buyer, and RAIT CRE Holdings, LLC, as seller (the RAIT CRE Agreement). (28) | |
10.36 | Parent Guarantee dated as of September 19, 2008 made by RAIT and Taberna in favor of Wilmington Trust Company, as agent for Cedric LLC relating to the TLHI Agreement. (28) | |
10.37 | Parent Guarantee dated as of September 19, 2008 made by RAIT and Taberna in favor of Wilmington Trust Company, as agent for Cedric LLC relating to the RAIT CRE Agreement. (28) | |
12.1 | Statements regarding computation of ratios as of December 31, 2008.* | |
12.2 | Statements regarding computation of ratios as of June 30, 2008.* | |
21.1 | List of Subsidiaries.* | |
23.1 | Consent of Grant Thornton LLP.* | |
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by the Chief Executive Officer of RAIT Financial Trust.* | |
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification by the Chief Financial Officer of RAIT Financial Trust.* | |
32.1 | Section 1350 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer of RAIT Financial Trust.* | |
32.2 | Section 1350 Certification by the Chief Financial Officer of RAIT Financial Trust.* | |
99.1 | Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.* |
157
* | Filed herewith |
(1) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-35077). |
(2) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-53067). |
(3) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Registration Statement on Form S-2 (Registration No. 333-55518). |
(4) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period ended March 31, 2002 (File No. 1-14760). |
(5) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on December 15, 2006 (File No. 1-14760). |
(6) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on March 18, 2004 (File No. 1-14760). |
(7) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on October 1, 2004 (File No. 1-14760). |
(8) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-A as filed with the SEC on June 29, 2007 (File No. 1-14760). |
(9) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on November 21, 2008 (File No. 1-14760). |
(10) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on March 22, 2004 (File No. 1-14760). |
(11) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on April 18, 2007 (File No. 1-14760). |
(12) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on December 19, 2008 (File No. 1-14760). |
(13) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on February 23, 2009 (File No. 1-14760). |
(14) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on June 13, 2006 (File No. 1-14760). |
(15) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on August 13, 2008 (File No. 1-14760). |
(16) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on May 24, 2007 (File No. 1-14760). |
(17) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on February 11, 2008 (File No. 1-14760). |
(18) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period ended June 30, 2004 (File No. 1-14760). |
(19) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on May 27, 2008 (File No. 1-14760). |
(20) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period ended September 30, 2004 (File No. 1-14760). |
(21) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on July 25, 2005 (File No. 1-14760). |
(22) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on January 27, 2006 (File No. 1-14760). |
(23) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on October 30, 2006 (File No. 1-14760). |
(24) | Incorporated herein by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on January 27, 2007 (File No. 1-14760). |
(25) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006 (File No. 1-14760). |
(26) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007 (File No. 1-14760) |
(27) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on October 31, 2008 (File No. 1-14760). |
(28) | Incorporated by reference to RAITs Form 8-K as filed with the SEC on September 25, 2008 (File No. 1-14760). |
158
Exhibit 10.8.2
R. Licht
AMENDMENT 2008-1
TO THE
EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDMENT , dated as of December 15, 2008, between RAIT Financial Trust, a Maryland real estate investment trust, (the Company ) and Raphael Licht ( Executive ).
RECITALS
WHEREAS , the Company and Executive previously entered into that certain Employment Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2006, (the Employment Agreement ), which sets forth the terms and conditions of Executives employment with the Company;
WHEREAS , the Company and Executive desire to amend the Employment Agreement to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the final regulations issued thereunder; and
WHEREAS , Section 7.6 of the Employment Agreement provides that the Employment Agreement may be amended pursuant to a written agreement between the Company and Executive.
NOW, THEREFORE , the Company and the Executive hereby agree that, effective December 15, 2008, the Employment Agreement shall be amended as follows:
1. The third sentence of Section 4 of the Employment Agreement is hereby amended in its entirety, and a new sentence is hereby added after the third sentence of such Section, to read as follows:
Upon termination of employment due to death or disability, (i) the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall be entitled to receive any Annual Salary and other benefits earned and accrued under this Agreement prior to the date of termination (and reimbursement under this Agreement for expenses incurred prior to the date of termination); (ii) the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall be entitled to receive a single-sum payment equal to the value of his Annual Salary that would have been paid to him for the remainder of the year in which the termination occurs; (iii) without duplication of any amounts due under clauses (i) and (ii), the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall receive a single-sum payment equal to the value of the highest bonus earned by the Executive in the one year period preceding the date of termination, multiplied by a fraction (x) the numerator of which is the number of days in the fiscal year preceding the termination and (y) the denominator of which is 365; (iv) all outstanding unvested equity-based awards pursuant to the Plan held by the Executive shall fully vest and become immediately exercisable, as applicable, and subject to the terms of such awards; and (v) the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall have no further rights to any other
1
compensation or benefits hereunder, or any other rights hereunder (but, for the avoidance of doubt, shall receive such disability and death benefits as may be provided under the Companys plans and arrangements in accordance with their terms). Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.16(b) below, the cash amounts payable pursuant to clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) above shall be paid to the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) within 60 days following the date of his termination of employment on account of death or disability.
2. A new sentence is hereby added to the end of Section 5.1(b) of the Employment Agreement to read in its entirety as follows:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.16(b) below, the cash amounts payable to the Executive under this Section 5.1(b) shall be paid to the Executive in a single-sum payment within 60 days following the date of his termination of employment with the Company pursuant to this Section 5.1(b).
3. The last sentence of Section 5.2(b) of the Employment Agreement is hereby deleted and replaced in its entirety with the following:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.16(b) below, the cash amounts payable to the Executive under this Section 5.2(b) shall be paid to the Executive within 60 days following the date of his termination of employment with the Company pursuant to this Section 5.2(b).
4. A new sentence is hereby added to the end of Section 5.4 of the Employment Agreement to read as follows:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.16(b) below, any additional payment payable to the Executive pursuant to this Section shall be paid by the Company to the Executive within 5 days of receipt of the Companys accountants determination, which such determination shall be made to the Company within 30 days of any event requiring payment to the Executive hereunder.
5. A new Section 7.16 is hereby added to the Employment Agreement to read in its entirety as follows:
7.16. Section 409A .
(a) Interpretation . Notwithstanding the other provisions hereof, this Agreement is intended to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Code, to the extent applicable, and this Agreement shall be interpreted to avoid any penalty sanctions under section 409A of the Code. Accordingly, all provisions herein, or incorporated by reference, shall be construed and interpreted to comply with section 409A and, if necessary, any such provision shall be deemed amended to comply with section 409A of the Code and regulations thereunder. If any payment or benefit cannot be provided or made at the time
2
specified herein without incurring sanctions under section 409A of the Code, then such benefit or payment shall be provided in full at the earliest time thereafter when such sanctions will not be imposed. For purposes of section 409A of the Code, each payment made under this Agreement shall be treated as a separate payment. In no event may the Executive, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of payment.
(b) Payment Delay . Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in this Agreement, if on the date of the Executives termination of employment, the Executive is a specified employee (as such term is defined in section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code and its corresponding regulations) as determined by the Board (or its delegate) in its sole discretion in accordance with its specified employee determination policy, then all cash severance payments payable to the Executive under this Agreement that are deemed as deferred compensation subject to the requirements of section 409A of the Code shall be postponed for a period of six months following the Executives separation from service with the Company (or any successor thereto). The postponed amounts shall be paid to the Executive in a lump sum within 30 days after the date that is 6 months following the Executives separation from service with the Company (or any successor thereto). If the Executive dies during such six-month period and prior to payment of the postponed cash amounts hereunder, the amounts delayed on account of section 409A of the Code shall be paid to the personal representative of the Executives estate within 60 days after Executives death. If any of the cash payments payable pursuant to this Agreement are delayed due to the requirements of section 409A of the Code, there shall be added to such payments interest during the deferral period at an annualized rate of interest equal to 5%.
(c) Reimbursements . All reimbursements provided under this Agreement shall be made or provided in accordance with the requirements of section 409A, including, where applicable, the requirement that (i) any reimbursement is for expenses incurred during the Executives lifetime (or during a shorter period of time specified in this Agreement), (ii) the amount of expenses eligible for reimbursement during a calendar year may not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement in any other calendar year, (iii) the reimbursement of an eligible expense will be made on or before the last day of the taxable year following the year in which the expense is incurred, and (iv) the right to reimbursement is not subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit. Any tax gross up payments to be made hereunder shall be made not later than the end of the Executives taxable year next following the Executives taxable year in which the related taxes are remitted to the taxing authority.
6. In all respects not modified by this Amendment 2008-1, the Employment Agreement is hereby ratified and confirmed.
[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]
3
R. Licht
IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the Company and the Executive agree to the terms of the foregoing Amendment 2008-1, effective as of the date set forth above.
RAIT FINANCIAL TRUST | ||
By: |
/s/ Jack E. Salmon |
|
Name: | Jack E. Salmon | |
Title: | Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | |
EXECUTIVE | ||
/s/ Raphael Licht |
||
Raphael Licht |
4
Exhibit 10.9.2
J. Sebra
AMENDMENT 2008-1
TO THE
EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDMENT , dated as of December 15, 2008, between RAIT Financial Trust, a Maryland real estate investment trust, (the Company ) and James J. Sebra ( Executive ).
RECITALS
WHEREAS , the Company and Executive previously entered into that certain Employment Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2007, (the Employment Agreement ), which sets forth the terms and conditions of Executives employment with the Company;
WHEREAS , the Company and Executive desire to amend the Employment Agreement to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the final regulations issued thereunder; and
WHEREAS , Section 7.6 of the Employment Agreement provides that the Employment Agreement may be amended pursuant to a written agreement between the Company and Executive.
NOW, THEREFORE , the Company and the Executive hereby agree that, effective December 15, 2008, the Employment Agreement shall be amended as follows:
1. The third sentence of Section 4 of the Employment Agreement is hereby amended in its entirety, and a new sentence is hereby added after the third sentence of such Section, to read as follows:
Upon termination of employment due to death or disability, (i) the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall be entitled to receive any Annual Salary and other benefits earned and accrued under this Agreement prior to the date of termination (and reimbursement under this Agreement for expenses incurred prior to the date of termination); (ii) the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall be entitled to receive a single-sum payment equal to the value of his Annual Salary that would have been paid to him for the remainder of the year in which the termination occurs; (iii) without duplication of any amounts due under clauses (i) and (ii), the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall receive a single-sum payment equal to the value of the highest bonus earned by the Executive in the one year period preceding the date of termination, multiplied by a fraction (x) the numerator of which is the number of days in the fiscal year preceding the termination and (y) the denominator of which is 365; (iv) all outstanding unvested equity-based awards pursuant to the Plan held by the Executive shall fully vest and become immediately exercisable, as applicable, and subject to the terms of such awards; and (v) the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) shall have no further rights to any other
1
compensation or benefits hereunder, or any other rights hereunder (but, for the avoidance of doubt, shall receive such disability and death benefits as may be provided under the Companys plans and arrangements in accordance with their terms). Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.15(b) below, the cash amounts payable pursuant to clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) above shall be paid to the Executive (or the Executives estate or beneficiaries in the case of the death of the Executive) within 60 days following the date of his termination of employment on account of death or disability.
2. A new sentence is hereby added to the end of Section 5.1(b) of the Employment Agreement to read in its entirety as follows:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.15(b) below, the cash amounts payable to the Executive under this Section 5.1(b) shall be paid to the Executive in a single-sum payment within 60 days following the date of his termination of employment with the Company pursuant to this Section 5.1(b).
3. The last sentence of Section 5.2(b) of the Employment Agreement is hereby deleted and replaced in its entirety with the following:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.15(b) below, the cash amounts payable to the Executive under this Section 5.2(b) shall be paid to the Executive within 60 days following the date of his termination of employment with the Company pursuant to this Section 5.2(b).
4. A new sentence is hereby added to the end of Section 5.4 of the Employment Agreement to read as follows:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 7.15(b) below, any additional payment payable to the Executive pursuant to this Section shall be paid by the Company to the Executive within 5 days of receipt of the Companys accountants determination, which such determination shall be made to the Company within 30 days of any event requiring payment to the Executive hereunder.
5. A new Section 7.15 is hereby added to the Employment Agreement to read in its entirety as follows:
7.15. Section 409A .
(a) Interpretation . Notwithstanding the other provisions hereof, this Agreement is intended to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Code, to the extent applicable, and this Agreement shall be interpreted to avoid any penalty sanctions under section 409A of the Code. Accordingly, all provisions herein, or incorporated by reference, shall be construed and interpreted to comply with section 409A and, if necessary, any such provision shall be deemed amended to comply with section 409A of the Code and regulations thereunder. If any payment or benefit cannot be provided or made at the time
2
specified herein without incurring sanctions under section 409A of the Code, then such benefit or payment shall be provided in full at the earliest time thereafter when such sanctions will not be imposed. For purposes of section 409A of the Code, each payment made under this Agreement shall be treated as a separate payment. In no event may the Executive, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of payment.
(b) Payment Delay . Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in this Agreement, if on the date of the Executives termination of employment, the Executive is a specified employee (as such term is defined in section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code and its corresponding regulations) as determined by the Board (or its delegate) in its sole discretion in accordance with its specified employee determination policy, then all cash severance payments payable to the Executive under this Agreement that are deemed as deferred compensation subject to the requirements of section 409A of the Code shall be postponed for a period of six months following the Executives separation from service with the Company (or any successor thereto). The postponed amounts shall be paid to the Executive in a lump sum within 30 days after the date that is 6 months following the Executives separation from service with the Company (or any successor thereto). If the Executive dies during such six-month period and prior to payment of the postponed cash amounts hereunder, the amounts delayed on account of section 409A of the Code shall be paid to the personal representative of the Executives estate within 60 days after Executives death. If any of the cash payments payable pursuant to this Agreement are delayed due to the requirements of section 409A of the Code, there shall be added to such payments interest during the deferral period at an annualized rate of interest equal to 5%.
(c) Reimbursements . All reimbursements provided under this Agreement shall be made or provided in accordance with the requirements of section 409A, including, where applicable, the requirement that (i) any reimbursement is for expenses incurred during the Executives lifetime (or during a shorter period of time specified in this Agreement), (ii) the amount of expenses eligible for reimbursement during a calendar year may not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement in any other calendar year, (iii) the reimbursement of an eligible expense will be made on or before the last day of the taxable year following the year in which the expense is incurred, and (iv) the right to reimbursement is not subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit. Any tax gross up payments to be made hereunder shall be made not later than the end of the Executives taxable year next following the Executives taxable year in which the related taxes are remitted to the taxing authority.
6. In all respects not modified by this Amendment 2008-1, the Employment Agreement is hereby ratified and confirmed.
[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]
3
J. Sebra
IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the Company and the Executive agree to the terms of the foregoing Amendment 2008-1, effective as of the date set forth above.
RAIT FINANCIAL TRUST | ||
By: |
/s/ Jack E. Salmon |
|
Name: | Jack E. Salmon | |
Title: | Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | |
EXECUTIVE | ||
/s/ James J. Sebra |
||
James J. Sebra |
4
Exhibit 10.10.2
K. Frappier
AMENDMENT 2008-1
TO THE
EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT
THIS AMENDMENT , dated as of December 15, 2008, between RAIT Financial Trust, a Maryland real estate investment trust, (the Company ) and Kenneth R. Frappier ( Executive ).
RECITALS
WHEREAS , the Company and Executive previously entered into that certain Employment Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2008, (the Employment Agreement ), which sets forth the terms and conditions of Executives employment with the Company;
WHEREAS , the Company and Executive desire to amend the Employment Agreement to make certain changes to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and the final regulations issued thereunder; and
WHEREAS , Section 11.1 of the Employment Agreement provides that the Employment Agreement may be amended pursuant to a written amendment approved by the Board of Trustees of the Company and executed by the Company and the Executive.
NOW, THEREFORE , the Company and the Executive hereby agree that, effective December 15, 2008, the Employment Agreement shall be amended as follows:
1. The first sentence of Section 2.1(a) of the Employment Agreement is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:
The Company may remove Executive at any time without Cause (as defined in Section 4) from the position in which Executive is employed hereunder upon not less than sixty (60) days prior written notice to Executive.
2. The last sentence of Section 2.1(c)(i) of the Employment Agreement is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 18.2 below, the payment shall be made within sixty (60) days following Executives last day of employment with the Company, provided Executive executes the Release during the sixty (60) day period and the revocation period for the Release has expired without revocation by Executive.
3. The last sentence of Section 2.1(c)(ii) of the Employment Agreement is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 18.2 below, the payment shall be made within sixty (60) days following Executives last day of employment with the Company, provided Executive executes the Release during the sixty (60) day period and the revocation period for the Release has expired without revocation by Executive.
1
4. The last sentence of Section 3.3 of the Employment Agreement is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:
Unless the payment is required to be delayed pursuant to Section 18.2 below, any additional payment payable to the Executive pursuant to this Section shall be paid by the Company to the Executive within 5 days of receipt of the Companys accountants determination, which such determination shall be made to the Company within 30 days of any event requiring payment to the Executive hereunder.
5. Section 18 of the Employment Agreement is hereby amended in its entirety to read as follows:
18. Section 409A .
18.1 Interpretation . Notwithstanding the other provisions hereof, this Agreement is intended to comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code, to the extent applicable, and this Agreement shall be interpreted to avoid any penalty sanctions under Section 409A of the Code. Accordingly, all provisions herein, or incorporated by reference, shall be construed and interpreted to comply with Section 409A and, if necessary, any such provision shall be deemed amended to comply with section 409A of the Code and regulations thereunder. If any payment or benefit cannot be provided or made at the time specified herein without incurring sanctions under section 409A of the Code, then such benefit or payment shall be provided in full at the earliest time thereafter when such sanctions will not be imposed. For purposes of section 409A of the Code, each payment made under this Agreement shall be treated as a separate payment. In no event may the Executive, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of payment.
18.2 Payment Delay . Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in this Agreement, if on the date of the Executives termination of employment, the Executive is a specified employee (as such term is defined in section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code and its corresponding regulations) as determined by the Board (or its delegate) in its sole discretion in accordance with its specified employee determination policy, then all cash severance payments payable to the Executive under this Agreement that are deemed as deferred compensation subject to the requirements of section 409A of the Code shall be postponed for a period of six months following the Executives separation from service with the Company (or any successor thereto). The postponed amounts shall be paid to the Executive in a lump sum within thirty (30) days after the date that is six (6) months following the Executives separation from service with the Company (or any successor thereto). If the Executive dies during such six-month period and prior to payment of the postponed cash amounts hereunder, the amounts
2
delayed on account of section 409A of the Code shall be paid to the personal representative of the Executives estate within sixty (60) days after Executives death. If any of the cash payments payable pursuant to this Agreement are delayed due to the requirements of section 409A of the Code, there shall be added to such payments interest during the deferral period at an annualized rate of interest equal to 5%.
18.3 Reimbursements . All reimbursements provided under this Agreement shall be made or provided in accordance with the requirements of section 409A, including, where applicable, the requirement that (i) any reimbursement is for expenses incurred during the Executives lifetime (or during a shorter period of time specified in this Agreement), (ii) the amount of expenses eligible for reimbursement during a calendar year may not affect the expenses eligible for reimbursement in any other calendar year, (iii) the reimbursement of an eligible expense will be made on or before the last day of the taxable year following the year in which the expense is incurred, and (iv) the right to reimbursement is not subject to liquidation or exchange for another benefit. Any tax gross up payments to be made hereunder shall be made not later than the end of the Executives taxable year next following the Executives taxable year in which the related taxes are remitted to the taxing authority.
6. In all respects not modified by this Amendment 2008-1, the Employment Agreement is hereby ratified and confirmed.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the Company and the Executive agree to the terms of the foregoing Amendment 2008-1, effective as of the date set forth above.
RAIT FINANCIAL TRUST | ||
By: |
/s/ Jack E. Salmon |
|
Name: | Jack E. Salmon | |
Title: | Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | |
EXECUTIVE | ||
/s/ Kenneth R. Frappier |
||
Kenneth R. Frappier |
3
Exhibit 10.19
FORM FOR NON-EMPLOYEE TRUSTEES HOLDING
HOLDING PHANTOM SHARES
[RAIT FINANCIAL TRUST LETTERHEAD]
December __, 2008
[Name of Non-Employee Trustee]
[Address]
Dear_________:
The purpose of this letter is to notify you of an amendment to your outstanding grant agreements covering your outstanding phantom shares (collectively, the Agreements) that were granted to you under the RAIT Investment Trust Phantom Share Plan (the Phantom Plan) which was recently approved by the Compensation Committee of the RAIT Financial Trust Board of Trustees (the Committee), as well as to amend such Agreements to reflect this change in the terms of your phantom shares.
Specifically, the Committee has approved an amendment to all outstanding grants covering phantom shares under the Phantom Plan to provide that such phantom shares will be redeemed in January 2009 to an equivalent number of shares of beneficial interest, par value $0.01 per share, of RAIT Financial Trust (the Shares). Prior to this amendment, phantom shares did not become redeemed until the recipient separated from service from the Board of Trustees of RAIT Financial Trust. As result of this amendment to the outstanding phantom shares, all outstanding phantom shares under the Phantom Plan will be subject to the requirements of section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), irrespective of whether such phantom shares were subject to such requirements prior to such amendment. This redemption of the phantom shares in January 2009 is being made in accordance with the transition relief set forth in the Proposed Regulations under Section 409A of the Code and IRS Notice 2007-86.
This letter serves as the amendment to all of your Agreements covering your outstanding phantom shares, and, as of the date of this letter, all of your outstanding Agreements are hereby amended to provide that the phantom shares subject to such Agreements shall be redeemed in January 2009, as opposed to the original redemption date set forth in your Agreements, to a single sum payment of an equivalent number of Shares. In addition, your Agreements are also amended to provide that they are intended to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Code and shall in all respects be administered in accordance with section 409A of the Code.
* * * *
As this letter amends the terms of your Agreements, you should retain this letter with your Agreements. Should you have any questions regarding this letter, please contact __________ at ________. Should you have any questions about how section 409A of the Code applies to you and your Agreements you should contact your personal tax advisor.
Sincerely,
Exhibit 10.29
FORM FOR NON-EMPLOYEE TRUSTEES HOLDING
RSUS SUBJECT TO 409A
(NO SUBSEQUENT DEFERRAL ELECTION)
[RAIT FINANCIAL TRUST LETTERHEAD]
As of December 15, 2008
To Non-Employee Trustees Holding Phantom Units:
As you are aware, the phantom units that have been awarded to you as Restricted Units under the RAIT Financial Trust 2008 Incentive Award Plan (previously known as the RAIT Investment Trust 2005 Equity Compensation Plan) (the Plan ) are subject to the requirements of section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code ) because they constitute deferred compensation. As a consequence, in order to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Code and its corresponding regulations, the terms of the Unit Award Agreements (collectively, the Agreements ) covering your currently outstanding Restricted Units (collectively, the Grants ) must be amended by December 31, 2008 to be in documentary compliance with such requirements. As a result, the purpose of this letter is to amend the Agreements covering these outstanding Grants so that they will be in compliance with such requirements.
Specifically, as of the date of this letter, each Agreement is hereby amended as follows, except to the extent already provided in your Agreement for such Grant (all capitalized terms not defined in this letter, shall have the meaning set forth in the Agreements):
|
The redemption of Restricted Units to an equivalent number of Common Shares shall occur within thirty (30) days following the designated Redemption Date. |
|
Since your Agreements provide that dividend equivalents will be paid to you when dividends are declared with respect to the Common Shares, the cash payment for such dividend equivalents will be paid to you at the same time that the dividends are paid to the shareholders holding Common Shares. |
|
If a Change of Control occurs, upon such occurrence, unless the Committee determines otherwise in accordance with the requirements of section 409A of the Code, your outstanding Restricted Units shall be distributed to you in accordance with the terms of your Agreement. |
|
You Agreements are intended to comply with the requirements of section 409A of the Code and shall in all respects be administered in accordance with section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding any provision in your Agreements to the contrary, conversion of Restricted Units and payment of dividend equivalents may only be made under the Agreements upon an event and in a manner permitted by section 409A of the Code or an applicable exemption. Each conversion and payment made under the Agreements shall be treated as a separate conversion and payment for purposes of section 409A of the Code. In no event may you, directly or indirectly, designate the calendar year of a conversion or payment. |
|
In all respects not modified herein, your Agreements are hereby ratified and confirmed. |
* * * *
FORM FOR NON-EMPLOYEE TRUSTEES HOLDING
RSUS SUBJECT TO 409A
(NO SUBSEQUENT DEFERRAL ELECTION)
As this letter amends the terms of your Agreements, you should retain this letter with your Agreements. Should you have any questions regarding this letter, please contact Jack E. Salmon, RAITs Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, at (215) 243-9032. Should you have any questions about how section 409A of the Code applies to you and your Grants you should contact your personal tax advisor.
Sincerely,
Jack E. Salmon
Exhibit 12.1
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED SHARE DIVIDENDS
Our ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends for the periods indicated are set forth below. For purposes of calculating the ratios set forth below, earnings represent net income from continuing operations before minority interests from our consolidated statements of operations, as adjusted for fixed charges; and fixed charges represent interest expense and preferred share dividends from our consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents our ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends for the five years ended December 31, 2008 (dollars in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31 | |||||||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) from continuing operations as adjusted for minority interest |
$ | (610,969 | ) | $ | (437,102 | ) | $ | 74,704 | $ | 75,074 | $ | 63,098 | |||||
Add back fixed charges: |
|||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
489,625 | 700,953 | 63,410 | 13,011 | 5,435 | ||||||||||||
Earnings before fixed charges and preferred share dividends |
(121,344 | ) | 263,851 | 138,114 | 88,085 | 68,533 | |||||||||||
Fixed charges and preferred share dividends: |
|||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
489,625 | 700,953 | 63,410 | 13,011 | 5,435 | ||||||||||||
Preferred share dividends |
13,641 | 11,817 | 10,079 | 10,076 | 5,279 | ||||||||||||
Total fixed charges and preferred share dividends |
$ | 503,266 | $ | 712,770 | $ | 73,489 | $ | 23,087 | $ | 10,714 | |||||||
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends |
| (1) | | (1) | 1.9x | 3.8x | 6.4x | ||||||||||
(1) | The dollar amount of the deficiency for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 is $624.6 million and $448.9 million, respectively. |
Exhibit 12.2
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED SHARE DIVIDENDS
Our ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends for the periods indicated are set forth below. For purposes of calculating the ratios set forth below, earnings represent net income from continuing operations before minority interests from our consolidated statements of operations, as adjusted for fixed charges; and fixed charges represent interest expense and preferred share dividends from our consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents our ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends for the six-month period ended June 30, 2008 and for the five years ended December 31, 2007 (dollars in thousands):
For the
Six-Month Period Ended June 30, 2008 |
For the Years Ended December 31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) from continuing operations as adjusted for minority interest |
$ | 350,734 | $ | (437,102 | ) | $ | 74,704 | $ | 75,074 | $ | 63,098 | $ | 45,379 | |||||||||||
Add back fixed charges: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
254,231 | 700,953 | 63,410 | 13,011 | 5,435 | 4,642 | ||||||||||||||||||
Earnings before fixed charges and preferred share dividends |
604,965 | 263,851 | 138,114 | 88,085 | 68,533 | 50,021 | ||||||||||||||||||
Fixed charges and preferred share dividends: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
254,231 | 700,953 | 63,410 | 13,011 | 5,435 | 4,642 | ||||||||||||||||||
Preferred share dividends |
6,821 | 11,817 | 10,079 | 10,076 | 5,279 | | ||||||||||||||||||
Total fixed charges and preferred share dividends |
$ | 261,052 | $ | 712,770 | $ | 73,489 | $ | 23,087 | $ | 10,714 | $ | 4,642 | ||||||||||||
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred share dividends |
2.3 | x | | (1) | 1.9 | x | 3.8 | x | 6.4 | x | 10.8 | x | ||||||||||||
(1) | The dollar amount of the deficiency for the year ended December 31, 2007 is $448.9 million. |
Exhibit 21.1
Name of Subsidiary |
State of Formation |
Other Names Used |
||
175 Remsen PE Investors, LLC | Delaware | |||
175 Remsen PE Investors II, LLC | Delaware | |||
990 Stewart Avenue Investors, LLC | Delaware | |||
1805 Old Alabama Road, LLC | Georgia | |||
1805 Old Alabama Road Manager, LLC | Georgia | |||
7500 Bellair Mall LP | Texas | |||
AI-Hartford, LLC | Delaware | |||
AI-Neenah, LLC | Delaware | |||
AI-Two Rivers, LLC | Delaware | |||
Advenir@Promontory, LLC | Florida | |||
Amarillo Dunhill, LLC | Delaware | |||
Argyle Corridor Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Ascot Park Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Aslan Centerpoint, LLC | Kentucky | |||
Aslan Chalkville, LLC | Kentucky | |||
Aslan Terrace, LLC | Kentucky | |||
Aurora Lake Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Autumn Grove Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-9 | Delaware | |||
Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-7 | Delaware | |||
Belle Creek Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Blackstone Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Braden Lakes Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Broadstone I Partner, LLC | Delaware | |||
Brook of Willows Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Buckner-Beckley, L.L.C. | Texas | |||
Citigroup Mortgage Loan Trust 2005-11 | Delaware | |||
Collins West Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Colonial Parc Apartments Arkansas, LLC | Delaware | |||
Colonial Parc Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Copper Mill Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Cornerstone Member, LLC | Washington | |||
Creekstone Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Crestmont Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Cumberland Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
CWABS Trust 2005 HYB9 | Delaware | |||
Desert Wind Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Diversified Historic Investors III: | ||||
Lincoln Court Apartments Trust | Pennsylvania | |||
E Pointe Properties I, Ltd. | Texas | |||
Eagle Ridge Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Emerald Bay Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
First Wyoming Plaza, LLC | Illinois | |||
Fourth & Plum, LLC | Delaware | |||
Fox Crest Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Grand Terrace Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Gulf Pointe Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Heritage Trace Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Hillwood Pointe Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
ICP 3400, LLC | Delaware | |||
JPG Hartford, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
JPG Neenah, LLC | Delaware | |||
JPG Two Rivers, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
Las Vistas Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Lee Member, LLC | Delaware |
Loma Vista Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Mandalay Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors | ||||
Trust, Series 2005-A9 | Delaware | |||
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Backed | ||||
Securities Trust, Series MLMBS 2007-2 | Delaware | |||
Mountain Vista Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
NP Dunhill, Ltd. | Texas | |||
New Stonecrest Associates, L.P. | Pennsylvania | |||
New Stonecrest Preferred, LLC | Delaware | |||
Oyster Point Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Palm Isle Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Palms of Avalon Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Park Heights Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Penny Lane Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
PMZ Hartford, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
PMZ Neenah, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
PMZ Two Rivers, LLC | Delaware | |||
PRG-RAIT Portfolio Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Quito Village Associates, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT-401 Michigan, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT 500 Michigan, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Amarillo, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Aslan Centerpoint, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Aslan Chalkville, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Aslan Terrace, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Asset Holdings, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Atria, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Braden Lakes, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Broadstone, Inc. | Delaware | |||
RAIT Buckner, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Capital Corp. | Delaware | Pinnacle Capital Group | ||
RAIT Cornerstone, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT CRE CDO I, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT CRE CDO I, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
RAIT CRE Holdings, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT-CVI III, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT-CVI III Belle Creek, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT-CVI IV, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Emerald Pointe, Inc. | Delaware | |||
RAIT Enterprises, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT General, Inc. | Maryland | |||
RAIT-Hartford, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
RAIT Limited, Inc. | Maryland | |||
RAIT Lincoln Court, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT McDowell, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Milwaukee, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT-Neenah, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
RAIT North Park, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT North Park Place, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Old Alabama Road, LLC | Georgia | |||
RAIT Old Town Investor, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Partnership, L.P. | Delaware | |||
RAIT-PRG Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Preferred Funding II, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
RAIT Preferred Funding II, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Preferred Holdings I, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Preferred Holdings II, LLC | Delaware |
RAIT Promontory Point, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Quito-B, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Quito-C, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Reuss B Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Reuss C Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Reuss Federal Plaza, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Rogers Plaza, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT SAAR Company, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Sabel Key Manager, Inc. | Delaware | |||
RAIT Securities (UK), Ltd. | United Kingdom | |||
RAIT Sharpstown, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Sharpstown Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Stonecrest, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Towne Square, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT-Two Rivers, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
RAIT Urban Holdings, LLC | Delaware | |||
RAIT Ventures, LLC | Delaware | |||
REM-Cherry Hill, LLC | New Jersey | |||
REM-Willow Grove, Inc. | Pennsylvania | |||
REM-Willow Grove, L.P. | Pennsylvania | |||
Rosedown Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Rutherford Plaza Manager, Inc. | Delaware | |||
SAAR Company, LLC | New York | |||
Sabel Key Southwest, LLC | Delaware | |||
Sandal Ridge Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
St. Pete Beach Holdings, LLC | Delaware | |||
Stone Creek Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Summit Place Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
TS Dunhill, Ltd. | Texas | |||
Taberna Capital Management, LLC | Delaware | |||
Taberna Capital (Ireland) Ltd. | Ireland | |||
Taberna Equity Funding, Ltd | Cayman Island | |||
Taberna Europe CDO I p.l.c. | Ireland | |||
Taberna Europe CDO II p.l.c. | Ireland | |||
Taberna Funding LLC | Delaware | |||
Taberna Funding Capital Trust I | Delaware | |||
Taberna Funding Capital Trust II | Delaware | |||
Taberna Loan Holdings I, LLC | Delaware | |||
Taberna Loan Holdings II, LLC | Delaware | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding III, Inc. | Delaware | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding IV, Inc. | Delaware | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding VI, Inc. | Delaware | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding VII, Inc. | Delaware | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding VIII, Inc. | Delaware | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding IX, Inc. | Delaware | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding III, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding IV, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding VI, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding VII, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
Taberna Preferred Funding IX, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
Taberna Real Estate CDO I, Ltd. | Cayman Islands | |||
Taberna Realty Finance Trust | Maryland | |||
Taberna Realty Holdings Trust | Maryland | |||
Taberna Securities, LLC | Delaware | |||
Treeline Boro Hall LLC | New York | |||
Tuscany Bay Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Urban Retail Properties Co., LLC |
Ventura Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
West Argyle Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Woodmeade Member, LLC | Delaware | |||
Zeller-401 RAIT, L.L.C. | Delaware | |||
Zeller-500 RAIT, L.L.C. | Delaware |
Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We have issued our reports dated February 27, 2009 with respect to the consolidated financial statements, schedules and internal control over financial reporting included in the Annual Report of RAIT Financial Trust and subsidiaries on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statements of RAIT Financial Trust on Form S-3 (File No. 333-152351, effective on August 6, 2008; File No. 333-149340, effective on March 13, 2008; File No. 333-144603, effective on July 16, 2007 and post effective amendment effective April 25, 2008; File No. 333-139948, effective on January 12, 2007; File No. 333-139889, effective on January 10, 2007;) and Form S-8 (File No. 333-151627, effective June 13, 2008; File No. 333-125480, effective on June 3, 2005; File No. 333-100766, effective on October 25, 2002; and File No. 333-67452, effective on August 14, 2001).
/S/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
February 27, 2009
Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, Scott F. Schaeffer, certify that:
1. | I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 of RAIT Financial Trust; |
2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
4. | The registrants other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
(a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
(b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
(c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrants disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
(d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrants internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrants most recent fiscal quarter (the registrants fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrants internal control over financial reporting; and |
5. | The registrants other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrants auditors and the audit committee of the registrants board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
(a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrants ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
(b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrants internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: March 2, 2009 |
/s/ Scott F. Schaeffer |
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Name: | Scott F. Schaeffer | |||||
Title: | Chief Executive Officer and President |
Exhibit 31.2
CERTIFICATION
I, Jack E. Salmon, certify that:
1. | I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 of RAIT Financial Trust; |
2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; |
3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; |
4. | The registrants other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: |
(a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
(b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
(c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrants disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
(d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrants internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrants most recent fiscal quarter (the registrants fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrants internal control over financial reporting; and |
5. | The registrants other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrants auditors and the audit committee of the registrants board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): |
(a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrants ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
(b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrants internal control over financial reporting. |
Date: March 2, 2009 |
/s/ Jack E. Salmon |
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Name: | Jack E. Salmon | |||||
Title: | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of RAIT Financial Trust (the Company) on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, Scott F. Schaeffer, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) | The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and |
(2) | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
/s/ Scott F. Schaeffer |
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Name: | Scott F. Schaeffer | |
Title: | Chief Executive Officer and President |
Date: March 2, 2009
Exhibit 32.2
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Annual Report of RAIT Financial Trust (the Company) on Form 10-K for the fiscal ended December 31, 2008 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, Jack E. Salmon, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
(1) | The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
(2) | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
/s/ Jack E. Salmon |
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Name: | Jack E. Salmon | |
Title: | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |
Date: March 2, 2009
Exhibit 99.1
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to RAITs and Tabernas qualification and taxation as REITs and the acquisition, holding, and disposition of RAIT common shares. For purposes of this section, under the heading Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations, references to we, us, and our refer to RAIT only and not its subsidiaries or other lower-tier entities, except as otherwise indicated and Taberna means only Taberna Realty Finance Trust and not its subsidiaries or other lower-tier entities, except as otherwise indicated. Where any description is relevant exclusively to RAIT or Taberna, or applies differently to RAIT or Taberna, the name of the specific entity being described is used for purposes of such description. This summary is based upon the Internal Revenue Code, the Treasury regulations, current administrative interpretations and practices of the IRS (including administrative interpretations and practices expressed in private letter rulings which are binding on the IRS only with respect to the particular taxpayers who requested and received those rulings) and judicial decisions, all as currently in effect and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. No advance ruling has been or will be sought from the IRS regarding any matter discussed in this summary. The summary is also based upon the assumption that the operation of the company, and of its subsidiaries and other lower-tier and affiliated entities, will, in each case, be in accordance with its applicable organizational documents. This summary is for general information only, and does not purport to discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to a particular shareholder in light of its investment or tax circumstances or to shareholders subject to special tax rules, such as:
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U.S. expatriates; |
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persons who mark-to-market our common shares; |
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subchapter S corporations; |
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U.S. shareholders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar; |
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financial institutions; |
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insurance companies; |
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broker-dealers; |
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regulated investment companies; |
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trusts and estates; |
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holders who receive our common shares through the exercise of employee shares options or otherwise as compensation; |
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persons holding our common shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction, synthetic security or other integrated investment; |
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persons subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code; |
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persons holding our common shares through a partnership or similar pass-through entity; |
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persons holding a 10% or more (by vote or value) beneficial interest in RAIT; |
and, except to the extent discussed below:
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tax-exempt organizations; and |
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non-U.S. shareholders (as defined below). |
This summary assumes that shareholders will hold our common shares as capital assets, which generally means as property held for investment.
THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF HOLDERS OF OUR COMMON SHARES DEPENDS IN SOME INSTANCES ON DETERMINATIONS OF FACT AND INTERPRETATIONS OF COMPLEX PROVISIONS OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAW FOR WHICH NO CLEAR PRECEDENT OR AUTHORITY MAY BE AVAILABLE. IN ADDITION, THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF HOLDING OUR COMMON SHARES FOR ANY PARTICULAR SHAREHOLDER WILL DEPEND ON THE SHAREHOLDERS PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND FOREIGN INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU, IN LIGHT OF YOUR PARTICULAR INVESTMENT OR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES, OF ACQUIRING, HOLDING, AND DISPOSING OF OUR COMMON SHARES.
Taxation
We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1998. Taberna elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with its taxable year ended December 31,
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2005. We believe that both RAIT and Taberna have been organized and operated in a manner that will allow each of them to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, and RAIT and Taberna intend to continue to be organized and operated in such a manner.
While each of RAIT and Taberna believe that it has been organized and operated so that it will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations and the possibility of future changes in RAITs or Tabernas circumstances, applicable law, or interpretations thereof, no assurance can be given by RAIT or Taberna that RAIT or Taberna, respectively, will qualify as a REIT for any particular year. RAIT shareholders should be aware that the foregoing is not binding on the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the foregoing.
Each of RAITs and Tabernas qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on its separate ability to meet, on a continuing basis, through actual results of operations, distribution levels and diversity of share ownership, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code. In addition, RAITs and Tabernas ability to qualify as a REIT may depend in part upon the operating results, organizational structure and entity classification for U.S. federal income tax purposes of certain entities in which RAIT and Taberna invest, which could include entities that have made elections to be taxed as REITs. RAITs and Tabernas ability to qualify as a REIT also requires that RAIT and Taberna satisfy certain asset and income tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets directly or indirectly owned by RAIT and Taberna or which serve as security for loans made by RAIT and Taberna. Such values may not be susceptible to a precise determination. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of RAITs and Tabernas operations for any taxable year will satisfy the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. In addition, because of RAITs ownership of all of the common, but not preferred, equity of Taberna and because it is expected that RAIT will receive substantial dividend income from Taberna, if Taberna fails to qualify as a REIT, it is very likely that RAIT will also fail to qualify as a REIT.
Taxation of REITs in General
As indicated above, qualification and taxation of each of RAIT and Taberna as a REIT depends upon RAITs and Tabernas ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Internal Revenue Code. The material qualification requirements are summarized below, under Requirements for QualificationGeneral. While RAIT and Taberna intend to operate so that each qualifies as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge RAITs or Tabernas qualification as a REIT or that either RAIT or Taberna will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements in the future. See Failure to Qualify. In addition, the failure of Taberna to qualify as a REIT would very likely result in RAITs failure to qualify as a REIT.
An entity that qualifies as a REIT will generally be entitled to a deduction for dividends paid to its shareholders and, therefore, will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on net taxable income that is currently distributed to its shareholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the double taxation at the corporate and shareholder levels that results generally from investment in a corporation. Rather, income generated by a REIT generally is taxed only at the shareholder level, upon a distribution of dividends by the REIT.
For tax years through 2010, shareholders who are individual U.S. shareholders (as defined below) are generally taxed on corporate dividends at a maximum rate of 15% (the same as long-term capital gains), thereby substantially reducing, though not completely eliminating, the double taxation that has historically applied to corporate dividends. With limited exceptions, however, dividends received by individual U.S. shareholders (as defined below) from us or from other entities that are taxed as REITs will continue to be taxed at rates applicable to ordinary income, which will be as high as 35% through 2010.
Net operating losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attributes of a REIT generally do not pass through to the shareholders of the REIT, subject to special rules for certain items, such as capital gains, recognized by REITs. See Taxation of Shareholders.
If we and Taberna qualify as REITs, we and Taberna will nonetheless be subject to U.S. federal income tax in the following circumstances:
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Each of Taberna and RAIT will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed income, including undistributed net capital gains. |
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We and Taberna may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on its items of tax preference, if any. |
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If we or Taberna have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in general, sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax. See Prohibited Transactions and Foreclosure Property, below. |
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If we or Taberna elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of a mortgage loan or from certain leasehold terminations as foreclosure property. We or Taberna may thereby avoid (a) the 100% tax on gain from a resale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a prohibited transaction) and (b) the inclusion of any income from such property not qualifying for purposes of the REIT gross income tests discussed below, but the income from the sale or operation of the property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate (currently 35%). |
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If we or Taberna fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as discussed below, but our failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and we or Taberna, as the case may be, nonetheless maintain our or its REIT qualification because other requirements are met, we or Taberna will be subject to a 100% tax on an amount equal to (a) the greater of (1) the amount by which we or Taberna fail the 75% gross income test or (2) the amount by which we or Taberna fail the 95% gross income test, as the case may be, multiplied by (b) a fraction intended to reflect our or Tabernas profitability. |
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If we or Taberna fail to satisfy any of the REIT asset tests, as described below, other than in the case of a de minimis failure of the 5% or 10% asset tests, but such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and we or Taberna nonetheless maintain our or its REIT qualification because of specified cure provisions, we or Taberna will be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate (currently 35%) of the net income generated by the non-qualifying assets during the period in which we or Taberna failed to satisfy the asset tests. |
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If we or Taberna fail to satisfy any provision of the Internal Revenue Code that would result in our or its failure to qualify as a REIT (other than a gross income or asset test requirement) and the violation is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we or Taberna may retain our REIT qualification but we or Taberna will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. |
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If we or Taberna fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (a) 85% of our or its respective REIT ordinary income for such year, (b) 95% of our or Tabernas REIT capital gain net income for such year and (c) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, or the required distribution, we or Taberna, as the case may be, will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the sum of (1) the amounts actually distributed (taking into account excess distributions from prior years), plus (2) retained amounts on which income tax is paid at the corporate level. |
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We or Taberna may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we or Taberna fail to meet record-keeping requirements intended to monitor our and Tabernas compliance with rules relating to the composition of our and Tabernas shareholders, as described below in Requirements for QualificationGeneral. |
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A 100% excise tax may be imposed on some items of income and expense that are directly or constructively paid between us and our TRSs and between Taberna and its TRSs (as described below) if and to the extent that the IRS successfully adjusts the reported amounts of these items. |
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If we or Taberna acquire appreciated assets from a corporation that is not a REIT in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of the assets in our or Tabernas hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax basis of the assets in the hands of the non-REIT corporation, we or Taberna, as the case may be, will be subject to tax on such appreciation at the highest corporate income tax rate then applicable if we subsequently recognize gain on a disposition of any such assets during the 10-year period following their acquisition from the non-REIT corporation. The results described in this paragraph assume that the non-REIT corporation will not elect, in lieu of this treatment, to be subject to an immediate tax when the asset is acquired by us or Taberna. |
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We will generally be subject to tax on the portion of any excess inclusion income derived from an investment by us or Taberna in residual interests in REMICs to the extent our shares are held in record name by specified tax-exempt organizations not subject to tax on UBTI. Similar rules apply if we or Taberna own an equity interest in a taxable mortgage pool. To the extent that we own a REMIC residual interest or a taxable mortgage pool through a TRS, we will not be subject to this tax. For a discussion of excess inclusion income, see Effect of Subsidiary Entities Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income . |
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We may elect to retain and pay income tax on its net long-term capital gain. In that case, a shareholder would include its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent we make a timely designation of such gain to the shareholder) in its income, would be deemed to have paid the tax that we paid on such gain, and would be allowed a credit for its proportionate share of the tax deemed to have been paid, and an adjustment would be made to increase the shareholders basis in its common shares. |
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We or Taberna may have subsidiaries or own interests in other lower-tier entities that are C corporations, including our or Tabernas domestic TRSs, the earnings of which will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax. |
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In addition, we, Taberna and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes other than U.S. federal income tax, including payroll taxes and state, local, and foreign income, property and other taxes on assets, income and operations. As further described below, RAIT Advisors, Inc., Taberna Securities, LLC, or Taberna Securities, Taberna Capital Management , LLC, or Taberna Capital, and Taberna Funding LLC, or Taberna Funding, will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on their taxable income. We and Taberna could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated. |
Requirements for QualificationGeneral
The Internal Revenue Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:
(1) that is managed by one or more trustees or directors;
(2) the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;
(3) that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for the special Internal Revenue Code provisions applicable to REITs;
(4) that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to specific provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;
(5) the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;
(6) in which, during the last half of each taxable year, not more than 50% in value of the outstanding shares is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include specified entities);
(7) which meets other tests described below, including with respect to the nature of its income and assets and the amount of its distributions; and
(8) that makes an election to be a REIT for the current taxable year or has made such an election for a previous taxable year that has not been terminated or revoked.
The Internal Revenue Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must be met during the entire taxable year, and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Conditions (5) and (6) do not need to be satisfied for the first taxable year for which an election to become a REIT has been made. Our and Tabernas declarations of trust provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfer of shares, which are intended to assist in satisfying the share ownership requirements described in conditions (5) and (6) above. For purposes of condition (6), an individual generally includes a supplemental unemployment compensation benefit plan, a private foundation or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes, but does not include a qualified pension plan or profit sharing trust.
To monitor compliance with the share ownership requirements, we and Taberna are generally required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our and its shares. To do so, we and it must demand written statements each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our and Tabernas shares, in which the record holders are to disclose the actual owners of the shares ( i.e. , the persons required to include in gross income the dividends paid by us). A list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with this demand must be maintained as part of our and Tabernas records. Failure by us or Taberna to comply with these record-keeping requirements could subject us or Taberna to monetary penalties. If we and Taberna satisfy these requirements and have no reason to know that condition (6) is not satisfied, we and Taberna will be deemed to have satisfied such condition. A shareholder that fails or refuses to comply with the demand is required by the Treasury regulations to submit a statement with its tax return disclosing the actual ownership of the shares and other information.
In addition, a corporation generally may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar year. We and Taberna satisfy this requirement.
Effect of Subsidiary Entities
Ownership of Partnership Interests. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership, the Treasury regulations provide that the REIT is deemed to own its proportionate share of the partnerships assets and to earn its proportionate share of the partnerships gross income based on its pro rata share of its capital interest in the partnership for purposes of the asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs, as described below. However, solely for purposes of the 10% value test, described below, the determination of a REITs interest in partnership assets will be based on the REITs proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership, excluding for these purposes, certain excluded securities as described in the Internal Revenue Code. In addition, the assets and gross income of the partnership generally are deemed to retain the same character in the hands of the REIT. Thus, our and Tabernas proportionate shares of the assets and items of income of partnerships in which we or it own an equity interest are treated as assets and items of income for purposes of applying the REIT requirements described below. Consequently, to the extent that we or Taberna directly or indirectly hold a preferred or other equity interest in a partnership, the partnerships assets and operations may affect our or Tabernas ability to qualify as a REIT, even though we or Taberna may have no control or only limited influence over the partnership.
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Disregarded Subsidiaries. If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary that is a qualified REIT subsidiary, that subsidiary is disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT, including for purposes of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs, as summarized below. A qualified REIT subsidiary is any corporation, other than a TRS (as described below), that is wholly owned by a REIT, by other disregarded subsidiaries or by a combination of the two. Single member limited liability companies that are wholly owned by a REIT are also generally disregarded as separate entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of the REIT gross income and asset tests. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with partnerships in which a REIT holds an equity interest, are sometimes referred to herein as pass-through subsidiaries. We expect that we and Taberna will each hold assets and conduct operations, in part, through qualified REIT subsidiaries and disregarded subsidiaries. Accordingly, all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction and credit of each such subsidiary will be treated as assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of ours or Tabernas, as the case may be.
In the event that a disregarded subsidiary ceases to be wholly owned by us or Tabernafor example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or Taberna or another disregarded subsidiary of us or Tabernathe subsidiarys separate existence would no longer be disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Instead, it would have multiple owners and would be treated as either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our or Tabernas ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the value or voting power of the outstanding securities of another corporation. See Asset Tests and Gross Income Tests.
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries. A REIT may jointly elect with a non-REIT subsidiary corporation, whether or not wholly owned, to treat the subsidiary corporation as a TRS. The separate existence of a TRS or other taxable corporation, unlike a disregarded subsidiary as discussed above, is not ignored for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, such an entity would generally be subject to corporate income tax on its earnings, which may reduce the cash flow generated by us and our subsidiaries (including Taberna) in the aggregate and its ability to make distributions to its shareholders.
We have made a TRS election with respect to RAIT Advisors, Inc., and Taberna has made a TRS election with respect to Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities, Taberna Funding, Taberna Funding Capital Trust I, Taberna Funding Capital Trust II, Taberna Equity Funding, Ltd., or Taberna Equity, Taberna Bermuda, Taberna Ireland, Taberna Preferred Funding II, Ltd., or Taberna II, Taberna Preferred Funding III, Ltd., or Taberna III, Taberna Preferred Funding IV, Ltd., or Taberna IV, Taberna Preferred Funding V, Ltd., or Taberna V, Taberna Preferred Funding VI, Ltd., or Taberna VI, Taberna Preferred Funding VII, Ltd., or Taberna VII, Taberna Preferred Funding VIII, Ltd., or Taberna VIII, Taberna Preferred Funding IX, Ltd., or Taberna IX, Taberna Europe CDO I PLC, or Taberna Europe, Taberna Europe CDO II PLC, or Taberna Europe II and RAIT Securities UK. It is expected that we and Taberna will make additional TRS elections, including with respect to future non-U.S. entities that issue equity interests to us or Taberna pursuant to CDO securitizations. The Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury regulations provide a specific exemption from U.S. federal income tax to non-U.S. corporations that restrict their activities in the United States to trading in shares and securities (or any activity closely related thereto) for their own account whether such trading (or such other activity) is conducted by the corporation or its employees through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian or other agent. Certain U.S. shareholders (as defined below) of such a non-U.S. corporation are required to include in their income currently their proportionate share of the earnings of such a corporation, whether or not such earnings are distributed. Taberna Equity, Taberna II, Taberna III, Taberna IV, Taberna V, Taberna VI, Taberna VII, Taberna VIII and Taberna IX, and certain additional CDO entities in which we or Taberna may invest and with which we or Taberna will jointly make a TRS election will be organized as Cayman Islands companies and will either rely on such exemption or otherwise operate in a manner so that they will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on their net income. Taberna Bermuda and Taberna Ireland each also has operated and intends to operate in a manner so that it will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its net income. Therefore, despite such contemplated status of such CDO entities, RAIT Securities UK, Taberna Bermuda, Taberna Ireland, Taberna Europe and Taberna Europe II as TRSs, we expect that such entities should generally not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on their earnings. However, Taberna will be required to include in its income, in certain cases, even without the receipt of actual distributions, on a current basis, the earnings of such CDO entities. This could affect Tabernas, and thus our ability to comply with the REIT gross income tests and distribution requirement. See Gross Income Tests and Annual Distribution Requirements.
A REIT is not considered the owner of the assets of a TRS or other subsidiary corporation or (until dividends are paid by the TRS to the REIT) the recipient of any income that a domestic TRS earns. Rather, the shares issued by the subsidiary are an asset in the hands of the REIT, and the REIT generally recognizes as income the dividends, if any, that it receives from a domestic TRS. However, we or Taberna, as the case may be, will generally be required to include in income on a current basis the earnings of a CDO entity that is a non-U.S. TRS as described in the preceding paragraph. This treatment can affect the gross income and asset test calculations that apply to us or Taberna, as described below. Because a REIT does not include the assets and, in the case of a domestic TRS, income of such subsidiary corporations in determining the REITs compliance with the REIT requirements, such entities may be used by a REIT to undertake indirectly activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude it from doing directly or through pass-through subsidiaries or render commercially unfeasible (for example, activities that give rise to certain categories of income such as non-qualifying hedging or prohibited transaction income). If dividends are paid to us or Taberna by one or more of our or its TRSs, other than a non-U.S. TRS as described in the preceding paragraph, then a portion of the dividends that we distribute to U.S. individual shareholders generally will be eligible for taxation at preferential qualified dividend income tax rates rather than at ordinary income rates. See Taxation of ShareholdersTaxation of Taxable U.S. Shareholders and Taxation of ShareholdersDistributions.
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Certain restrictions imposed on TRSs are intended to ensure that such entities will be subject to appropriate levels of U.S. federal income taxation. First, a TRS may not deduct interest payments made in any year to an affiliated REIT to the extent that such payments exceed, generally, 50% of the TRSs adjusted taxable income for that year (although the TRS may carry forward to, and deduct in, a succeeding year the disallowed interest amount if the 50% test is satisfied in that year). In addition, if amounts are paid to a REIT or deducted by a TRS due to transactions between a REIT, its tenants and/or a TRS, that exceed the amount that would be paid to or deducted by a party in an arms-length transaction, the REIT generally will be subject to an excise tax equal to 100% of such excess. Rents we or Taberna receive that include amounts for services furnished by one of our or Tabernas TRSs to any of its tenants will not be subject to the excise tax if such amounts qualify for the safe harbor provisions contained in the Internal Revenue Code. Safe harbor provisions are provided where (1) amounts are excluded from the definition of impermissible tenant service income as a result of satisfying the 1% de minimis exception; (2) a TRS renders a significant amount of similar services to unrelated parties and the charges for such services are substantially comparable; (3) rents paid to its REIT shareholder from tenants that are not receiving services from the TRS are substantially comparable to the rents paid by the REITs tenants leasing comparable space that are receiving such services from the TRS and the charge for the services is separately stated; or (4) the TRSs gross income from the service is not less than 150% of the TRSs direct cost of furnishing the service.
Taberna has elected with each of Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities, Taberna Funding, Taberna Equity, Taberna Bermuda, Taberna Ireland, Taberna III, Taberna IV, Taberna V, Taberna VI, Taberna VII, Taberna VIII, Taberna IX, Taberna Europe, Taberna Europe II and RAIT Securities UK, for those subsidiaries to be treated as TRSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, Taberna II, which is a subsidiary of Taberna Equity, is therefore also a TRS of Taberna. RAIT has elected with RAIT Advisors, Inc. to treat RAIT Advisors, Inc. as a TRS for U.S. federal tax purposes. We and Taberna may form additional TRSs in the future. To the extent that any such TRSs pay any taxes, they will have less cash available for distribution to Taberna or us. If dividends are paid by a taxable domestic TRS, such as Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities or Taberna Funding, to Taberna, then the dividends we designate and pay to our shareholders who are individuals, up to the amount of dividends we receive from such entities, generally will be eligible to be taxed at the reduced 15% maximum U.S. federal rate applicable to qualified dividend income. See Taxation of ShareholdersTaxation of Taxable U.S. Shareholders. Currently, we anticipate that each of Taberna Capital, Taberna Securities and Taberna Funding will retain its after tax income, if any, subject to compliance with the 20% (25% for 2009 and subsequent tax years) asset test applicable to Tabernas aggregate ownership of TRSs. See Asset Tests.
The shares that Taberna holds in Taberna Capital have a tax basis below the basis such shares would have had if Taberna purchased such shares at their agreed value in connection with the completion of its initial private placement of common shares and related transactions, which we refer to as Tabernas formation transactions. If Taberna were to sell these shares, the gain that it would recognize would be in excess of the amount of gain that would have been recognized had it purchased such shares in a taxable transaction. Accordingly, such a sale could result in the generation of a significant amount of income that would not qualify for the REIT 75% gross income test and an increased distribution requirement and, accordingly, could adversely affect Tabernas ability to qualify as a REIT. See the discussion under Gross Income Tests and Annual Distribution Requirements. In addition, such a sale would result in a larger portion of RAITs dividend being subject to tax as a capital gain dividend as opposed to a return of capital.
Taxable Mortgage Pools. An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a taxable mortgage pool under the Internal Revenue Code if:
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substantially all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations; |
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more than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgage loans or interests in real estate mortgage loans as of specified testing dates; |
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the entity has issued debt obligations that have two or more maturities; and |
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the payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations bear a relationship to the payments to be received by the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets. |
Under the Treasury regulations, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consist of debt obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise substantially all of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated as a taxable mortgage pool.
Tabernas securitizations of mortgage loans are likely classified as taxable mortgage pool securitizations. If we and Taberna continue to make significant investments in mortgage loans, CMBS or RMBS securities, we both would likely continue to engage in securitization structures, similar to these securitizations whereby we or Taberna convey one or more pools of real estate mortgage loans to a trust, which issues several classes of mortgage-backed bonds having different maturities, and the cash flow on the real estate mortgage loans will be the sole source of payment of principal and interest on the several classes of mortgage-backed bonds. As with Tabernas securitizations through December 31, 2008, neither we nor Taberna would likely not make a REMIC election with respect to such securitization transactions, and, as a result, each such similar transaction would also be a taxable mortgage pool securitization.
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A taxable mortgage pool generally is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, special rules apply to a REIT, a portion of a REIT, or a qualified REIT subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool. If a REIT owns directly, or indirectly through one or more qualified REIT subsidiaries or other entities that are disregarded as a separate entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, 100% of the equity interest in the taxable mortgage pool, the taxable mortgage pool will be a qualified REIT subsidiary and, therefore, ignored as an entity separate from the parent REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and would not generally affect the qualification of the REIT. Rather, the consequences of the taxable mortgage pool classification would generally, except as described below, be limited to the REITs shareholders. See Excess Inclusion Income.
If we or Taberna own less than 100% of the ownership interests in a subsidiary that is a taxable mortgage pool or fail to qualify as a REIT, the foregoing rules would not apply. Rather, the subsidiary would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and would potentially be subject to corporate income tax. In addition, this characterization would alter our or Tabernas REIT income and asset test calculations and could adversely affect our or Tabernas compliance with those requirements. We do not expect that we or Taberna will form any subsidiary in which we or Taberna own some, but less than all, of the ownership interests that would become a taxable mortgage pool, and we intend to monitor the structure of any taxable mortgage pools in which we or Taberna have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our or Tabernas REIT qualification.
Gross Income Tests
In order to maintain each of our and Tabernas qualification as REITs, each entity must satisfy two gross income tests annually. First, at least 75% of our and Tabernas gross income for each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, must be derived from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including rents from real property, dividends received from other REITs (including, in RAITs case, dividends from Taberna, provided Taberna qualifies as a REIT), interest income derived from mortgage loans secured by real property (including certain types of mortgage-backed securities), and gains from the sale of real estate assets, as well as income from certain kinds of temporary investments. Second, at least 95% of each of our and Tabernas gross income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, must be derived from some combination of income that qualifies under the 75% gross income test described above, as well as other dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or disposition of shares or securities, which need not have any relation to real property.
For purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a REIT is deemed to have earned a proportionate share of the income earned by any partnership, or any limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in which it owns an interest, which share is determined by reference to its capital interest in such entity, and is deemed to have earned the income earned by any qualified REIT subsidiary.
Interest Income . Interest income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that the obligation is secured by a mortgage on real property. If a REIT receives interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real property and other property and the highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that such REIT acquired or originated the mortgage loan, the interest income will be apportioned between the real property and the other property, and its income from the loan will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the real property. Even if a loan is not secured by real property or is under-secured, the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test.
To the extent that the terms of a loan provide for contingent interest that is based on the cash proceeds realized upon the sale of the property securing the loan (a shared appreciation provision), income attributable to the participation feature will be treated as gain from sale of the underlying property, which generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, provided that the property is not inventory or dealer property in the hands of the borrower or the lender.
To the extent that a REIT derives interest income from a loan where all or a portion of the amount of interest payable is contingent, such income generally will qualify for purposes of the gross income tests only if it is based upon the gross receipts or sales and not the net income or profits of any person. This limitation does not apply, however, to a mortgage loan where the borrower derives substantially all of its income from the property from the leasing of substantially all of its interest in the property to tenants, to the extent that the rental income derived by the borrower would qualify as rents from real property had it been earned directly by the lender.
Any amount includible in a REITs gross income with respect to a regular or residual interest in a REMIC generally is treated as interest on an obligation secured by a mortgage on real property. If, however, less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC consists of real estate assets (determined as if such REIT held such assets), such REIT will be treated as receiving directly its proportionate share of the income of the REMIC.
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Among the assets that we hold are mezzanine loans secured by equity interests in a pass-through entity that directly or indirectly owns real property, rather than a direct mortgage on the real property. IRS Revenue Procedure 2003-65 provides a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan, if it meets each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from it will be treated as qualifying real estate income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover, the mezzanine loans that we hold and that we may acquire in the future do not and may not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor. Hence, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the qualification of our mezzanine loans as real estate assets or the interest generated by these loans as qualifying income under the 75% gross income test. To the extent we have made or make corporate mezzanine loans, such loans will not qualify as real estate assets and interest income with respect to such loans will not be qualifying income for the 75% gross income test.
We believe that the interest, original issue discount, and market discount income that we and Taberna receive from mortgage-related securities generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. However, to the extent that we or Taberna own non-REMIC collateralized mortgage obligations or other debt instruments secured by mortgage loans (rather than by real property) or secured by non-real estate assets, or debt securities that are not secured by mortgages on real property or interests in real property, the interest income received with respect to such securities generally will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. In addition, the loan amount of a mortgage loan that we or Taberna own may exceed the value of the real property securing the loan. In that case, a portion of the income from the loan will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test.
Dividend Income . We and Taberna may receive distributions from TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries. These distributions will generally be classified as dividend income to the extent of the earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Such distributions will generally constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. Any dividends received by us or Taberna from a REIT (including dividends RAIT receives from Taberna, provided Taberna qualifies as a REIT) will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 95% and 75% gross income tests. We and Taberna likely will be required to include in its income, even without the receipt of actual distributions, earnings from its foreign TRSs which are CDOs. We and Taberna treat certain of these income inclusions as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test. The provisions that set forth what income is qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test provide that gross income derived from dividends, interest and certain other enumerated classes of passive income qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test. Income inclusions from equity investments in foreign TRSs which are CDOs are technically neither dividends nor any of the other enumerated categories of income specified in the 95% gross income test for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and there is no other clear precedent with respect to the qualification of such income. However, based on advice of counsel, we and Taberna treat such income inclusions, to the extent distributed by a foreign TRS which are CDOs in the year accrued, as qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test. Nevertheless, because this income does not meet the literal requirements of the REIT provisions, it is possible that the IRS could successfully take the position that such income is not qualifying income. In the event that such income was determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we and Taberna would be subject to a penalty tax with respect to such income to the extent it and other nonqualifying income exceeds 5% of gross income and/or we or Taberna could fail to qualify as a REIT. In addition, if such income was determined not to qualify for the 95% gross income test, we or Taberna would need to invest in sufficient qualifying assets, or sell some interests in foreign TRSs which are CDOs to ensure that the income recognized from foreign TRSs which are CDOs or such other corporations does not exceed 5% of gross income, or cease to qualify as a REIT. See Failure to Satisfy the Gross Income Tests.
Hedging Transactions. We and Taberna may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swaps or cap agreements, options, futures contracts, forward rate agreements or similar financial instruments. Except to the extent provided by the Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction we enter into in the normal course of its business primarily to manage risk of interest rate or price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets, which is clearly identified as specified in the Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test (and will generally constitute non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test if the hedging transaction was entered into on or before July 30, 2008, but will not constitute non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test if the hedging transaction was entered into after July 30, 2008). To the extent that we or Taberna enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both of the gross income tests. We and Taberna intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our or Tabernas qualification as a REIT.
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Rents from Real Property . To the extent that a REIT owns real property or interests therein, rents it receives will qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income tests described above only if several conditions are met, including the following. If rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with real property is greater than 15% of the total rent received under any particular lease, then all of the rent attributable to such personal property will not qualify as rents from real property. The determination of whether an item of personal property constitutes real or personal property under the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code is subject to both legal and factual considerations and is therefore subject to different interpretations.
In addition, in order for rents received by a REIT to qualify as rents from real property, the rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of sales or if it is based on the net income of a tenant which derives substantially all of its income with respect to such property from subleasing of substantially all of such property, to the extent that the rents paid by the subtenants would qualify as rents from real property, if earned directly by the REIT. Moreover, for rents received to qualify as rents from real property, a REIT generally must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render certain services to the tenants of such property, other than through an independent contractor who is adequately compensated and from which we derive no income, or through a TRS, as discussed below. A REIT is permitted, however, to perform services that are usually or customarily rendered in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not otherwise considered rendered to the occupant of the property. In addition, a REIT may directly or indirectly provide non-customary services to tenants of its properties without disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payment for such services does not exceed 1% of the total gross income from the property. In such a case, only the amounts for non-customary services are not treated as rents from real property and the provision of the services does not disqualify the related rent. Moreover, a REIT is permitted to provide services to tenants through a TRS without disqualifying the rental income received from tenants for purposes of the REIT gross income tests.
Rental income will qualify as rents from real property only to the extent that we a REIT does not directly or constructively own, (1) in the case of any tenant which is a corporation, shares possessing 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of shares entitled to vote, or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of shares of such tenant, or (2) in the case of any tenant which is not a corporation, an interest of 10% or more in the assets or net profits of such tenant. However, rental payments from a TRS will qualify as rents from real property even if a REIT owns more than 10% of the combined voting power of the TRS if at least 90% of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the TRS is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space.
Failure to Satisfy the Gross Income Tests . We intend to monitor our and Tabernas sources of income, including any non-qualifying income received by us or Taberna, so as to ensure our and Tabernas compliance with the gross income tests. If we or Taberna fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we or Taberna, as the case may be, may still qualify as a REIT for the year if entitled to relief under applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. These relief provisions will generally be available if the failure to meet these tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and, following the identification of such failure, we or Taberna set forth a description of each item of our or Tabernas gross income that satisfies the gross income tests in a schedule for the taxable year filed in accordance with the Treasury regulations. It is not possible to state whether we or Taberna would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances, we or Taberna will not qualify as a REIT. As discussed above under Taxation of REITs in General, even where these relief provisions apply, a tax would be imposed upon the profit attributable to the amount by which we or Taberna fail to satisfy the particular gross income test multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our or its profitability. If the IRS were to determine that Taberna failed the 95% gross income test because income inclusions with respect to its equity investments in foreign TRSs which are CDOs that were distributed by the foreign TRSs during the year such income was accrued are not qualifying income, it is possible that the IRS would not consider Tabernas position taken with respect to such income, and accordingly its failure to satisfy the 95% gross income test, to be considered to be due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. If the IRS were to successfully assert this position, Taberna, and therefore very likely RAIT, would fail to qualify as a REIT. See Failure to Qualify.
Asset Tests
A REIT, at the close of each calendar quarter, must also satisfy four tests relating to the nature of its assets. First, at least 75% of the value of the REITs total assets must be represented by some combination of real estate assets, cash, cash items, U.S. government securities and, under some circumstances, shares or debt instruments purchased with new capital. For this purpose, real estate assets include interests in real property, such as land, buildings, leasehold interests in real property, shares of other corporations that qualify as REITs (including Taberna shares owned by RAIT, provided Taberna qualifies as a REIT) and certain kinds of mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans. Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the 75% test are subject to the additional asset tests described below.
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Second, the value of any one issuers securities owned by the REIT may not exceed 5% of the value of the REITs gross assets. Third, the REIT may not own more than 10% of any one issuers outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power or value. Fourth, the aggregate value of all securities of TRSs held by a REIT may not exceed 20% (25% for 2009 and subsequent tax years) of the value of such REITs gross assets.
The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply to securities of TRSs and qualified REIT subsidiaries. The 10% value test does not apply to certain straight debt and other excluded securities, as described in the Internal Revenue Code, including but not limited to any loan to an individual or an estate, any obligation to pay rents from real property and any security issued by a REIT. In addition, (a) a REITs interest as a partner in a partnership is not considered a security for purposes of applying the 10% value test; (b) any debt instrument issued by a partnership (other than straight debt or other excluded security) will not be considered a security issued by the partnership if at least 75% of the partnerships gross income is derived from sources that would qualify for the 75% REIT gross income test; and (c) any debt instrument issued by a partnership (other than straight debt or other excluded security) will not be considered a security issued by the partnership to the extent of the REITs interest as a partner in the partnership.
For purposes of the 10% value test, straight debt means a written unconditional promise to pay on demand on a specified date a sum certain in money if (i) the debt is not convertible, directly or indirectly, into shares, (ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates are not contingent on profits, the borrowers discretion, or similar factors other than certain contingencies relating to the timing and amount of principal and interest payments, as described in the Internal Revenue Code and (iii) in the case of an issuer which is a corporation or a partnership, securities that otherwise would be considered straight debt will not be so considered if the REIT, and any of its controlled TRSs as defined in the Internal Revenue Code, hold any securities of the corporate or partnership issuer which: (a) are not straight debt or other excluded securities (prior to the application of this rule), and (b) have an aggregate value greater than 1% of the issuers outstanding securities (including, for the purposes of a partnership issuer, the REITs interest as a partner in the partnership).
After initially meeting the asset tests at the close of any quarter, a REIT will not lose its qualification as such for failure to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter solely by reason of changes in asset values. If a REIT fails to satisfy the asset tests because it acquires securities during a quarter, it can cure this failure by disposing of sufficient non-qualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that quarter. If a REIT fails the 5% asset test, or the 10% vote or value asset tests at the end of any quarter and such failure is not cured within 30 days thereafter, the REIT may dispose of sufficient assets (generally within six months after the last day of the quarter in which such REITs identification of the failure to satisfy these asset tests occurred) to cure such a violation that does not exceed the lesser of 1% of its assets at the end of the relevant quarter or $10,000,000. If a REIT fails any of the other asset tests or its failure of the 5% and 10% asset tests is in excess of the de minimis amount described above, as long as such failure was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, the REIT is permitted to avoid disqualification as a REIT, after the 30 day cure period, by taking steps including the disposition of sufficient assets to meet the asset test (generally within six months after the last day of the quarter in which the identification of the failure to satisfy the REIT asset test occurred) and paying a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate income tax rate (currently 35%) of the net income generated by the non-qualifying assets during the period in which the REIT fails to satisfy the asset test.
We expect that the assets and mortgage-related securities that we and Taberna own generally will be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. However, to the extent that we or Taberna own non-REMIC collateralized mortgage obligations or other debt instruments secured by mortgage loans (rather than by real property) or secured by non-real estate assets, or debt securities issued by corporations that are not secured by mortgages on real property, those securities may not be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. In addition, to the extent we or Taberna own the equity of a TruPS securitization and do not make a TRS election with respect to such entity, we or Taberna, as the case may be, will be deemed to own such TruPS, which will not be a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the 75% asset test described above. We believe that our and Tabernas holdings of securities and other assets will be structured in a manner that will comply with the foregoing REIT asset requirements and intend to monitor compliance on an ongoing basis. Moreover, values of some assets may not be susceptible to a precise determination and are subject to change in the future. Furthermore, the proper classification of an instrument as debt or equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset tests. As an example, if we or Taberna were to make an investment in preferred securities or other equity securities of a REIT issuer that were determined by the IRS to represent debt securities of such issuer, such securities would also not qualify as real estate assets. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that interests in subsidiaries or in the securities of other issuers (including REIT issuers) cause a violation of the REIT asset tests.
We have acquired and Taberna and we may acquire mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in a partnership or limited liability company that directly or indirectly owns real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the IRS provided a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan, if it meets each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be treated as qualifying real estate income for purposes of the REIT 75% income test. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a
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safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. RAIT has acquired and we and Taberna may acquire mezzanine loans that may not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor. In the event we or Taberna own a mezzanine loan that does not meet the safe harbor, the IRS could challenge such loans treatment as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests, and if such a challenge were sustained, we or Taberna could fail to qualify as a REIT.
We and Taberna have entered into and intend to enter into sale and repurchase agreements under which we and Taberna nominally sell certain of their mortgage assets to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to repurchase the sold assets. We and Taberna believe that they have been and will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the owner of the mortgage assets that are the subject of any such agreement notwithstanding that they may transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could assert that we or Taberna did not own the mortgage assets during the term of the sale and repurchase agreement, in which case our or Tabernas ability to qualify as a REIT would be adversely affected.
Annual Distribution Requirements
In order to qualify as REITs, we and Taberna are required to make distributions, other than capital gain dividends, to our respective shareholders (principally us, in the case of Taberna) in an amount at least equal to:
(a) the sum of:
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90% of our REIT taxable income (computed without regard to its deduction for dividends paid and our net capital gains); and |
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90% of the net income (after tax), if any, from foreclosure property (as described below); minus |
(b) the sum of specified items of non-cash income that exceeds a percentage of its income.
These distributions must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate or in the following taxable year if such distributions are declared in October, November or December of the taxable year, are payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in any such month and are actually paid before the end of January of the following year. Such distributions are treated as both paid by us and received by each shareholder on December 31 of the year in which they are declared. In addition, at its election, a distribution for a taxable year may be declared before a REIT timely files its tax return for the year and be paid with or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration, provided that such payment is made during the 12-month period following the close of such taxable year. These distributions are taxable to the REITs shareholders in the year in which paid, even though the distributions relate to its prior taxable year for purposes of the 90% distribution requirement.
Generally, dividends payable in stock are not treated as dividends for purposes of the deduction for dividends, or as taxable dividends to the recipient. A complex set of rules applies when a distribution is made partially in stock and partially in cash and different shareholders receive different proportions of each. The Internal Revenue Service, in Revenue Procedure 2009-15, has given guidance with respect to certain stock distributions by publicly traded REITS (and RICs). That Revenue Procedure applies to distributions made on or after January 1, 2008 and declared with respect to a taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2009. It provides that publicly-traded REITS can distribute stock (common shares in our case) to satisfy their REIT distribution requirements if stated conditions are met. These conditions include that at least 10% of the aggregate declared distributions be paid in cash and the shareholders be permitted to elect whether to receive cash or stock, subject to the limit set by the REIT on the cash to be distributed in the aggregate to all shareholders. RAIT did not use this Revenue Procedure with respect to any distributions for its 2008 taxable year, but may do so for distributions with respect to 2009.
In order for distributions to be counted towards our distribution requirement and to provide us with a tax deduction, they must not be preferential dividends. A dividend is not a preferential dividend if it is pro rata among all outstanding shares within a particular class and is in accordance with the preferences among different classes of shares as set forth in our organizational documents.
To the extent that we or Taberna distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our or its REIT taxable income, as adjusted, we or it, as the case may be, will be subject to tax at ordinary corporate tax rates on the retained portion. In addition, we or Taberna may elect to retain, rather than distribute, our or its net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In this case, we or Taberna, as the case may be, could elect to have our or its shareholders include their proportionate share of such undistributed long-term capital gains in income and receive a corresponding credit for their proportionate share of the tax paid by us or Taberna. Our or Tabernas shareholders would then increase the adjusted basis of their shares in us or Taberna by the difference between the designated amounts included in their long-term capital gains and the tax deemed paid with respect to their proportionate shares.
If we or Taberna fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (a) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (b) 95% of our or its REIT capital gain net income for such year and (c) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we or Taberna, as the case may be, will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (x) the amounts actually distributed (taking into account excess distributions from prior periods) and (y) the amounts of income retained on which we or Taberna, as the case may be, have paid corporate income tax. We intend to make and to have Taberna make timely distributions so that neither we nor Taberna are not subject to the 4% excise tax.
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It is possible that we or Taberna, from time to time, may not have sufficient cash to meet the distribution requirements due to timing differences between (a) the actual receipt of cash, including receipt of distributions from our or Tabernas subsidiaries and (b) the inclusion of items in income by us or Taberna for U.S. federal income tax purposes including the inclusion of items of income from CDO entities in which we or Taberna, as the case may be, hold an equity interest. See Effect of Subsidiary EntitiesTaxable REIT Subsidiaries. In the event that such timing differences occur, in order to meet the distribution requirements, it might be necessary to arrange for short-term, or possibly long-term, borrowings or to pay dividends in the form of taxable in-kind distributions of property.
A REIT is also treated as having paid a dividend if it and its shareholders elect to treat certain amounts as distributed, although no actual distribution is made. The election may be filed at any time not later than the date (including extensions) of the REITs income tax return for the taxable year for which the dividend paid deduction is claimed. Taberna used this consent dividend election to comply with its distribution requirement for 2007 and 2008 and may do so in 2009 and subsequent years. It, and we, as the holder of all of the common shares of Taberna filed such an election with Tabernas 2007 tax return and intend to do so for 2008. As a result, we had dividend income from Taberna for 2007 and 2008 in amounts equal to such consent dividends. We believe we have distributed to our shareholders sufficient dividends for 2007 and 2008 so that we were in compliance with our distribution requirements even after including the consent dividends from Taberna in our income.
We or Taberna may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirements for a year by paying deficiency dividends to shareholders in a later year, which may be included in our or Tabernas deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. In this case, we or Taberna, as the case may be, may be able to avoid losing our or its qualification as a REIT or being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends. However, we or Taberna, as the case may be, will be required to pay interest and a penalty based on the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
Excess Inclusion Income
If we or Taberna own a residual interest in a REMIC, we or Taberna may realize excess inclusion income. If we or Taberna are deemed to have issued debt obligations having two or more maturities, the payments on which correspond to payments on mortgage loans owned by us or Taberna, such arrangement will be treated as a taxable mortgage pool for U.S. federal income tax purposes. See Effect of Subsidiary EntitiesTaxable Mortgage Pools. If all or a portion of us or Taberna is treated as a taxable mortgage pool, our or Tabernas qualification as a REIT generally should not be impaired. However, to the extent that all or a portion of us or Taberna is treated as a taxable mortgage pool, or we or Taberna make investments or enter into financing and securitization transactions, such as Tabernas mortgage loan securitizations, that give rise to Taberna being considered to own an interest in one or more taxable mortgage pools, a portion of our or Tabernas REIT taxable income may be characterized as excess inclusion income and allocated to our or Tabernas shareholders (principally RAIT), generally in a manner set forth under the applicable Treasury regulations. Such financing and securitization transactions resulted in a significant portion of Tabernas income being considered excess inclusion income in years prior to 2008. Because of deterioration of some of the assets in Tabernas securitization transactions, there was no excess inclusion income in 2008. Depending on the performance of these assets in future years, Taberna might again have excess inclusion income The U.S. Treasury Department has issued guidance on the tax treatment of shareholders of a REIT that owns an interest in a taxable mortgage pool. Excess inclusion income is an amount, with respect to any calendar quarter, equal to the excess, if any, of (i) income allocable to the holder of a residual interest in a REMIC during such calendar quarter over (ii) the sum of amounts allocated to each day in the calendar quarter equal to its ratable portion of the product of (a) the adjusted issue price of the interest at the beginning of the quarter multiplied by (b) 120% of the long term federal rate (determined on the basis of compounding at the close of each calendar quarter and properly adjusted for the length of such quarter). Tabernas excess inclusion income would be largely allocated to us, and our excess inclusion income, if any, would be allocated among our shareholders that hold our stock in record name in proportion to dividends paid to such shareholders. A shareholders share of any excess inclusion income:
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could not be offset by net operating losses of a shareholder; |
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in the case of a shareholder that is a REIT, RIC, common trust fund or other pass-through entity, would be considered excess inclusion income of such entity to the extent allocated to their owners that are disqualified organizations; |
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would be subject to tax as UBTI to a tax-exempt holder; |
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would be subject to the application of the U.S. federal income tax withholding (without reduction pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty) with respect to amounts allocable to non-U.S. shareholders (as defined below); and |
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would be taxable (at the highest corporate tax rates) to us, rather than our shareholders, to the extent allocable to our shares held in record name by disqualified organizations (generally, tax-exempt entities not subject to unrelated business income tax, including governmental organizations). Nominees or other broker/dealers who hold our shares on behalf of disqualified organizations are subject to this tax on the portion of our excess inclusion income allocable to the common stock held on behalf of disqualified organizations. |
Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors and taxpayers with net operating losses should carefully consider the tax consequences described above and should consult their tax advisors with respect to excess inclusion income.
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Prohibited Transactions
Net income derived from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% tax. The term prohibited transaction generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property) that is held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business by a REIT, by a pass-through entity in which the REIT holds an equity interest or by a borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt instrument to the REIT. We intend to conduct our operations so that no asset owned by us, Taberna or our pass-through subsidiaries will be held as inventory or for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. However, whether property is held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any particular property in which we or Taberna hold a direct or indirect interest will not be treated as property held for sale to customers or that certain safe-harbor provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that prevent such treatment will apply. The 100% tax will not apply to gains from the sale of property by a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular U.S. federal corporate income tax rates.
Foreclosure Property
Foreclosure property is real property and any personal property incident to such real property (1) that is acquired by a REIT as a result of the REIT having bid on the property at foreclosure or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law after there was a default (or default was imminent) on a lease of the property or a mortgage loan held by the REIT and secured by the property, (2) for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated and (3) for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. REITs generally are subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate (currently 35%) on any net income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the property would otherwise constitute inventory or property held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business in the hands of the selling REIT. We do not anticipate that we or Taberna will receive any income from foreclosure property that is not qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, but, if we or Taberna do receive any such income, we intend to elect, or to have Taberna elect, to treat the related property as foreclosure property.
Failure to Qualify
In the event that we or Taberna violate a provision of the Internal Revenue Code that would result in our or its failure to qualify as a REIT, specified relief provisions will be available to us or Taberna to avoid such disqualification if (1) the violation is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, (2) we or Taberna pay a penalty of $50,000 for each failure to satisfy the provision and (3) the violation does not include a violation under the gross income or asset tests described above (for which other specified relief provisions are available). This cure provision reduces the instances that could lead to our or Tabernas disqualification as a REIT for violations due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. If we or Taberna fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year and none of the relief provisions of the Internal Revenue Code apply, we or Taberna will be subject to tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our or Tabernas taxable income at regular corporate rates. Distributions to our shareholders in any year in which we are not a REIT will not be deductible by us or Taberna, nor will they be required to be made. In this situation, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, and, subject to limitations of the Internal Revenue Code, distributions to our or Tabernas shareholders will generally be taxable in the case of our shareholders who are individual U.S. shareholders (as defined below), at a maximum rate of 15%, and dividends in the hands of our corporate U.S. shareholders may be eligible for the dividends received deduction. In addition, our or Tabernas taxable mortgage pool securitizations will be treated as separate taxable corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Unless we are entitled to relief under the specific statutory provisions, we or Taberna will also be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following a year during which qualification was lost. It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances, we or Taberna will be entitled to statutory relief.
Taxation of Shareholders
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Shareholders. This section summarizes the taxation of U.S. shareholders that are not tax-exempt organizations. For these purposes, a U.S. shareholder is a beneficial owner of either our common shares that for U.S. federal income tax purposes is:
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a citizen or resident of the United States; |
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a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or of a political subdivision thereof (including the District of Columbia); |
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or |
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any trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S. person. |
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If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our common shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partner of a partnership holding our common shares should consult its tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to the partner of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares by the partnership.
Distributions. Provided that we qualify as a REIT, distributions made to our taxable U.S. shareholders out of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, and not designated as capital gain dividends, will generally be taken into account by them as ordinary dividend income and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally available to corporate U.S. shareholders. In determining the extent to which a distribution with respect to our common shares constitutes a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our earnings and profits will be allocated first to distributions with respect to our preferred shares of beneficial interest and then to its common shares. Dividends received from REITs generally are not eligible to be taxed at the preferential qualified dividend income rates applicable to individual U.S. shareholders who receive dividends from regular corporations. Note that any distributions of our shares in accordance with the requirements of Revenue Procedure 2009-15 (see Annual Distribution Requirements), will be treated as a distribution of cash equal to the amount of cash that could have been received instead (had other shareholders not elected to receive cash) based on a formula using market prices.
In addition, distributions from us that are designated as capital gain dividends will be taxed to U.S. shareholders as long-term capital gains, to the extent that they do not exceed the actual net capital gain of us for the taxable year, without regard to the period for which the U.S. shareholder has held its shares. To the extent that we elect under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code to retain its net capital gains, U.S. shareholders will be treated as having received, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our undistributed capital gains as well as a corresponding credit for taxes paid by us on such retained capital gains. U.S. shareholders will increase their adjusted tax basis in our common shares by the difference between their allocable share of such retained capital gain and their share of the tax paid by us. Corporate U.S. shareholders may be required to treat up to 20% of some capital gain dividends as ordinary income. Long-term capital gains are generally taxable at maximum U.S. federal income tax rates of 15% (through 2010) in the case of U.S. shareholders who are individuals, and 35% for corporations. Capital gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real property held for more than 12 months are subject to a 25% maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for individual U.S. shareholders, to the extent of previously claimed depreciation deductions.
Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to a U.S. shareholder to the extent that they do not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. shareholders shares in respect of which the distributions were made, but rather will reduce the adjusted tax basis of these shares. To the extent that such distributions exceed the adjusted tax basis of an individual U.S. shareholders shares, they will be included in income as long-term capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the shares have been held for one year or less. In addition, any dividend declared by us in October, November or December of any year and payable to a U.S. shareholder of record on a specified date in any such month will be treated as both paid by us and received by the U.S. shareholder on December 31 of such year, provided that the dividend is actually paid by us before the end of January of the following calendar year.
With respect to individual U.S. shareholders, we may elect to designate a portion of its distributions paid to such U.S. shareholders as qualified dividend income. A portion of a distribution that is properly designated as qualified dividend income is taxable to non-corporate U.S. shareholders as capital gain, provided that the U.S. shareholder has held the common shares with respect to which the distribution is made for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which such common shares became ex-dividend with respect to the relevant distribution. The maximum amount of our distributions eligible to be designated as qualified dividend income for a taxable year is equal to the sum of:
(a) the qualified dividend income received by us during such taxable year from non-REIT corporations that are subject to U.S. federal income tax;
(b) the excess of any undistributed REIT taxable income recognized during the immediately preceding year over the U.S. federal income tax paid by us with respect to such undistributed REIT taxable income; and
(c) the excess of any income recognized during the immediately preceding year attributable to the sale of a built-in-gain asset that was acquired in a carry-over basis transaction from a non-REIT C corporation over the U.S. federal income tax paid by us with respect to such built-in gain.
In addition, to the extent Taberna pays dividends to us comprised of the above items, our dividends should generally be treated as qualified dividend income.
Generally, dividends that we receive will be treated as qualified dividend income for purposes of (a) above if the dividends are received from a domestic corporation (other than a REIT or a RIC), which are subject to U.S. federal income tax, or a qualifying foreign corporation and specified holding period requirements and other requirements are met. We expect that any foreign corporate CDO entity in which we or Taberna invest would not be a qualifying foreign corporation, and accordingly our distribution of any income with respect to such entities will not constitute qualified dividend income.
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To the extent that we or Taberna have available net operating losses and capital losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that must be made in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. See Taxation of REITs in General and Annual Distribution Requirements . Such losses, however, are not passed through to our shareholders (and, in the case of Taberna, are not passed through to us) and do not offset income of our shareholders from other sources, nor do they affect the character of any distributions that are actually made by us, which are generally subject to tax in the hands of our shareholders to the extent that we have current or accumulated earnings and profits.
Dispositions of Our Common Shares. In general, a U.S. shareholder will realize gain or loss upon the sale, redemption or other taxable disposition of our common shares in an amount equal to the difference between the sum of the fair market value of any property and the amount of cash received in such disposition and the U.S. shareholders adjusted tax basis in the common shares at the time of the disposition. In general, a U.S. shareholders adjusted tax basis will equal the U.S. shareholders acquisition cost, increased by the excess of net capital gains deemed distributed to the U.S. shareholder (discussed above) less tax deemed paid on it and reduced by returns of capital. In general, capital gains recognized by individual U.S. shareholders upon the sale or disposition of our common shares will be subject to a maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 15% for taxable years through 2010, if our common shares are held for more than 12 months, and will be taxed at ordinary income rates (of up to 35% through 2010) if our common shares are held for 12 months or less. Gains recognized by U.S. shareholders that are corporations are subject to U.S. federal income tax at a maximum rate of 35%, whether or not classified as long-term capital gains. The IRS has the authority to prescribe, but has not yet prescribed, regulations that would apply a U.S. federal income tax rate of 25% (which is generally higher than the long-term capital gain tax rates for non-corporate holders) to a portion of capital gain realized by an individual holder on the sale of REIT shares that would correspond to the REITs unrecaptured Section 1250 gain. Capital losses recognized by a U.S. shareholder upon the disposition of our common shares held for more than one year at the time of disposition will be considered long-term capital losses, and are generally available only to offset capital gain income of the U.S. shareholder but not ordinary income (except in the case of individuals, who may offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year). In addition, any loss upon a sale or exchange of our common shares by a U.S. shareholder who has held the shares for six months or less, after applying holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of distributions received from us that were required to be treated by the U.S. shareholder as long-term capital gain.
Passive Activity Losses and Investment Interest Limitations. Distributions made by us and gain arising from the sale or exchange by a U.S. shareholder of our common shares will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, U.S. shareholders will not be able to apply any passive losses against income or gain relating to its ownership of our common shares. Distributions made by us, to the extent they do not constitute a return of capital, generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of computing the investment interest limitation. A U.S. shareholder that elects to treat capital gain dividends, capital gains from the disposition of shares or qualified dividend income as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitation will be taxed at ordinary income rates on such amounts.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt U.S. Shareholders. U.S. tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation. However, they are subject to taxation on their UBTI. While many investments in real estate may generate UBTI, the IRS has ruled that dividend distributions from a REIT to a tax-exempt entity do not constitute UBTI. Based on that ruling, and provided that (1) a tax-exempt U.S. shareholder has not held our common shares as debt financed property within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code ( i.e., where the acquisition or holding of the property is financed through a borrowing by the tax-exempt shareholder), (2) the common shares of us are not otherwise used in an unrelated trade or business, and (3) we and Taberna do not hold an asset that generates excess inclusion income (See Effect of Subsidiary EntitiesTaxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income), distributions from us and income from the sale of our common shares should generally not be treated as UBTI to a tax-exempt U.S. shareholder. We and Taberna expect to engage in transactions that result in a portion of our dividend income being considered excess inclusion income, and accordingly, it is likely that a significant portion of our dividends received by a tax-exempt shareholder will be treated as UBTI.
Tax-exempt U.S. shareholders that are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Internal Revenue Code, respectively, are subject to different UBTI rules, which generally will require them to characterize distributions from us as UBTI.
In certain circumstances, a pension trust (1) that is described in Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, (2) is tax exempt under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, and (3) that owns more than 10% of our shares could be required to treat a percentage of the dividends from us as UBTI if we are a pension-held REIT. We will not be a pension-held REIT unless (1) either (A) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our shares, or (B) a group of pension trusts, each individually holding more than 10% of the value of our shares, collectively owns more than 50% of such shares; and (2) we would not have qualified as a REIT but for the fact that Section 856(h)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code provides that shares owned by such trusts shall be treated, for purposes of the requirement that not more than 50% of the value of the outstanding shares of a REIT is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) by the beneficiaries of such trusts.
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Certain restrictions on ownership and transfer of our shares should generally prevent a tax-exempt entity from owning more than 10% of the value of our shares, or us from becoming a pension-held REIT.
Tax-exempt U.S. shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of owning our shares.
Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders. The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares applicable to non-U.S. shareholders of our common shares. For purposes of this summary, a non-U.S. shareholder is a beneficial owner of our common shares that is not a U.S. shareholder. The discussion is based on current law and is for general information only. It addresses only selective and not all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation.
Ordinary Dividends. The portion of dividends received by non-U.S. shareholders payable out of our earnings and profits that are not attributable to gains from sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests, or USRPIs, and which are not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. shareholder will generally be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at the rate of 30%, unless reduced or eliminated by an applicable income tax treaty. Under some treaties, however, lower rates generally applicable to dividends do not apply to dividends from REITs. In addition, any portion of the dividends paid to non-U.S. shareholders that are treated as excess inclusion income will not be eligible for exemption from the 30% withholding tax or a reduced treaty rate. As previously noted, we and Taberna expect to engage in transactions that result in a portion of our dividends being considered excess inclusion income, and accordingly, it is likely that a significant portion of our dividends received by a non-U.S. shareholder will not be eligible for exemption from the 30% withholding tax or a reduced treaty rate.
In general, non-U.S. shareholders will not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business solely as a result of their ownership of our common shares. In cases where the dividend income from a non-U.S. shareholders investment in RAIT common shares is, or is treated as, effectively connected with the non-U.S. shareholders conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. shareholder generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. shareholders are taxed with respect to such dividends, and may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax, after the application of the U.S. federal income tax, in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder-that is a corporation.
Non-Dividend Distributions. Unless (A) our common shares constitute a USRPI or (B) either (1) if the non-U.S. shareholders investment in our common shares is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S. shareholder (in which case the non-U.S. shareholder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. shareholders with respect to such gain) or (2) if the non-U.S. shareholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States (in which case the non-U.S. shareholder will be subject to a 30% tax on the individuals net capital gain for the year), distributions by us which are not dividends out of our earnings and profits will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. If it cannot be determined at the time at which a distribution is made whether or not the distribution will exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits, the distribution will be subject to withholding at the rate applicable to dividends. However, the non-U.S. shareholder may seek a refund from the IRS of any amounts withheld if it is subsequently determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. If our common shares constitute a USRPI, as described below, distributions by us in excess of the sum of our earnings and profits plus the non-U.S. shareholders adjusted tax basis in our common shares will be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, or FIRPTA, at the rate of tax, including any applicable capital gains rates, that would apply to a U.S. shareholder of the same type ( e.g. , an individual or a corporation), and the collection of the tax will be enforced by a withholding at a rate of 10% of the amount by which the distribution exceeds the shareholders share of our earnings and profits.
Capital Gain Dividends. Under FIRPTA, a distribution made by us to a non-U.S. shareholder, to the extent attributable to gains from dispositions of USRPIs held by us directly or through pass-through subsidiaries, or USRPI capital gains, will be considered effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. shareholder and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. shareholders, without regard to whether the distribution is designated as a capital gain dividend. In addition, we will be required to withhold tax equal to 35% of the amount of capital gain dividends to the extent the dividends constitute USRPI capital gains. Moreover, if a non-U.S. shareholder disposes of our common shares during the 30-day period preceding a dividend payment by us, and such non-U.S. shareholder (or a person related to such non-U.S. shareholder) acquires or enters into a contract or option to acquire our common shares within 61 days of the first day of the 30-day period described above, and any portion of such dividend payment would, but for the disposition, be treated as a USRPI capital gain to such non-U.S. shareholder, then such non-U.S. shareholder shall be treated as having USRPI capital gain in an amount that, but for the disposition, would have been treated as USRPI capital gain. Distributions subject to FIRPTA may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax when received by a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation. However, the 35% withholding tax will not apply to any capital gain dividend with respect to any class of our shares which is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States if the non-U.S. shareholder did not own more than 5% of such class of shares at any time during the taxable year. Instead any capital gain dividend will be treated as a distribution subject to the rules discussed above under Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders and Ordinary Dividends. Also, the branch profits tax will not apply to such a distribution. A distribution is not a USRPI capital gain if we held the underlying asset solely as a
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creditor, although the holding of a shared appreciation mortgage loan would not be solely as a creditor. Capital gain dividends received by a non-U.S. shareholder from a REIT that are not USRPI capital gains generally are not subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax, unless either (1) if the non-U.S. shareholders investment in our common shares is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S. shareholder (in which case the non-U.S. shareholder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. shareholders with respect to such gain) or (2) if the non-U.S. shareholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States (in which case the non-U.S. shareholder will be subject to a 30% tax on the individuals net capital gain for the year).
Dispositions of Our Common Shares. Unless our common shares constitute a USRPI, a sale of the shares by a non-U.S. shareholder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation under FIRPTA. The shares will not be treated as a USRPI if less than 50% of our assets throughout a prescribed testing period consist of interests in real property located within the United States, excluding, for this purpose, interests in real property solely in a capacity as a creditor. We do not expect that more than 50% of our assets (including our proportionate share of Tabernas assets) will consist of interests in real property located in the United States.
In addition, our common shares will not constitute a USRPI if we are a domestically controlled REIT. A domestically controlled REIT is a REIT in which, at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value of its outstanding shares is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. shareholders. We believe that we are, and expect us to continue to be, a domestically controlled REIT and, therefore, the sale of our common shares should not be subject to taxation under FIRPTA. However, because our shares are widely held and publicly traded, we cannot assure investors that we are or will remain a domestically controlled REIT. Even if we do not qualify as a domestically controlled REIT, a non-U.S. shareholders sale of our common shares nonetheless will generally not be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI, provided that (a) our common shares owned are of a class that is regularly traded, as defined by the applicable Treasury regulations, on an established securities market, and (b) the selling non-U.S. shareholder owned, actually or constructively, 5% or less of our outstanding shares of that class at all times during a specified testing period.
If gain on the sale of our common shares were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the non-U.S. shareholder would be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. shareholder with respect to such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of non-resident alien individuals, and the purchaser of the shares could be required to withhold 10% of the purchase price and remit such amount to the IRS.
Gain from the sale of our common shares that would not otherwise be subject to FIRPTA will nonetheless be taxable in the United States to a non-U.S. shareholder in two cases: (a) if the non-U.S. shareholders investment in our common shares is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S. shareholder, the non-U.S. shareholder will be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. shareholder with respect to such gain, or (b) if the non-U.S. shareholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States, the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individuals capital gain.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
We will report to our U.S. shareholders and the IRS the amount of dividends paid during each calendar year and the amount of any tax withheld. Under the backup withholding rules, a U.S. shareholder may be subject to backup withholding with respect to dividends paid unless the holder is a corporation or comes within other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact or provides a taxpayer identification number or social security number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. A U.S. shareholder that does not provide his or her correct taxpayer identification number or social security number may also be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain distribution to any U.S. shareholder who fails to certify its non-foreign status.
We must report annually to the IRS and to each non-U.S. shareholder the amount of dividends paid to such holder and the tax withheld with respect to such dividends, regardless of whether withholding was required. Copies of the information returns reporting such dividends and withholding may also be made available to the tax authorities in the country in which the non-U.S. shareholder resides under the provisions of an applicable income tax treaty. A non-U.S. shareholder may be subject to backup withholding unless applicable certification requirements are met.
Payment of the proceeds of a sale of our common shares within the United States is subject to both backup withholding and information reporting unless the beneficial owner certifies under penalties of perjury that it is a non-U.S. shareholder (and the payor does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that the beneficial owner is a U.S. person) or the holder otherwise establishes an exemption. Payment of the proceeds of a sale of our common shares conducted through certain United States related financial intermediaries is subject to information reporting (but not backup withholding) unless the financial intermediary has documentary evidence in its records that the beneficial owner is a non-U.S. shareholder and specified conditions are met or an exemption is otherwise established.
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Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be claimed as a refund or a credit against such holders U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is furnished to the IRS.
State, Local and Foreign Taxes
We and our subsidiaries (including Taberna and its subsidiaries) and our shareholders may be subject to state, local or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions, including those in which we or they transact business, own property or reside. We and Taberna may own interests in properties located in a number of jurisdictions, and may be required to file tax returns in certain of those jurisdictions. The state, local or foreign tax treatment of Taberna, us and our shareholders may not conform to the U.S. federal income tax treatment discussed above. Any foreign taxes incurred by us or Taberna would not pass through to our shareholders as a credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability. Prospective shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application and effect of state, local and foreign income and other tax laws on an investment in our common shares.
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