1933 Act File No. 333-169361
1940 Act File No. 811-22473
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM N-2
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
| THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 | x | |||||
| Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 | x | |||||
| Post-Effective Amendment No. | ¨ | |||||
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 |
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| Amendment No. 2 | x |
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
1290 Broadway, Suite 1100
Denver, CO 80203
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(303) 623-2577
(Registrants Telephone Number)
JoEllen Legg
ALPS Fund Services, Inc.
1290 Broadway, Suite 1100
Denver, CO 80203
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
Copy to:
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Michael G. Doherty Ropes & Gray LLP 1211 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10036 |
Adam J. Shapiro Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP 31 West 52nd Street, 16th Floor New York, NY 10019 |
Sarah E. Cogan Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP 425 Lexington Avenue New York, NY 10017 |
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| (212) 497-3612 | (212) 548-1021 | (212) 455-3575 |
Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering : As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If any of the securities being registered on this form will be offered on a delayed or continuous basis in reliance on Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered in connection with a dividend reinvestment plan, check the following box: ¨
It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):
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when declared effective pursuant to Section 8(c). |
If appropriate, check the following box:
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This post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed registration statement. |
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This form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act and the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering is . |
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Title of Securities Being Registered |
Amount
Being
Registered (1) |
Proposed
Maximum
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Proposed
Maximum
Offering Price (1) |
Amount of
Fee (2) |
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Common Shares of Beneficial Interest, par value $.00001 |
40,000 shares | $25.00 | $1,000,000 | $71.30 | ||||
| (1) |
Estimated solely for purposes of calculating the registration fee. |
| (2) |
A registration fee of $71.30 was previously paid in connection with the initial filing on September 14, 2010. |
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. The prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
| PROSPECTUS |
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS DATED NOVEMBER 23, 2010 |
Shares
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund
Common Shares
$25.00 per Share
Investment Objective . Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund) is a newly organized, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company. The Funds investment objective is to maximize total return, which consists of income on its investments and capital appreciation. There is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
No Prior Trading History . Because the Fund is newly organized, its shares have no history of public trading. Shares of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value and initial offering prices. Such risks may be greater for investors expecting to sell their shares in a relatively short period after completion of the initial public offering. The Funds common shares of beneficial interest (Common Shares) have been approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange, subject to notice of issuance, under the symbol EDF.
Portfolio Contents . The Fund will normally invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings made for investment purposes) in Emerging Markets Securities. Emerging Markets Securities include fixed income securities and other instruments (including derivatives) that are economically tied to emerging market countries, that are denominated in the predominant currency of the local market of an emerging market country or whose performance is linked to those countries markets, currencies, economies or ability
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An investment in the Funds Common Shares involves certain risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 47 of this prospectus. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
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Public Offering Price |
$25.000 | $ | ||||
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Sales Load 2 |
$1.125 | $ | ||||
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Estimated Offering Expenses 3 |
$0.050 | $ | ||||
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Proceeds, After Expenses, to the Fund |
$23.825 | $ | ||||
(notes continued on following page)
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The Underwriters expect to deliver the Funds common shares to purchasers on or about , 2010.
Wells Fargo Securities
BofA Merrill Lynch
Citi
Morgan Stanley
UBS Investment Bank
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J.J.B. Hilliard, W.L. Lyons, LLC Maxim Group LLC Wedbush Securities Inc. |
Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. RBC Capital Markets Wunderlich Securities |
Prospectus dated , 2010.
(notes continued from previous page)
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The Fund has granted underwriters an option to purchase up to additional Common Shares at the public offering price less the sales load within 45 days of the date of this prospectus, solely to cover overallotments, if any. If this option is exercised in full, the total Public Offering Price, Sales Load, Estimated Offering Expenses and Proceeds, After Expenses, to the Fund, will be $ , $ , $ and $ , respectively. See Underwriting. |
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The Investment Manager (and not the Fund) has agreed to pay from its own assets a structuring fee to each of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and UBS Securities LLC. The Investment Manager (and not the Fund) may also pay certain qualifying underwriters a structuring fee, a sales incentive fee, or other additional compensation in connection with the offering. See Underwriting. These fees are not reflected in the table above. |
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Total offering expenses in connection with the Common Shares (other than the sales load, but inclusive of the distribution assistance payment described below) are estimated to be $950,000, of which $ is payable by the Fund, which represents $0.05 per Common Share. Actual offering expenses may vary substantially from this amount. Stone Harbor has agreed to pay all of the Funds organizational expenses, as well as the offering expenses of the Fund (other than the sales load, but inclusive of the distribution assistance payment to ALPS Distributors, Inc.) that exceed $0.05 per Common Share (0.20% of the offering price). As compensation for providing certain distribution-related services, ALPS Distributors, Inc., an affiliate of ALPS Fund Services, Inc., the Funds administrator, will receive 0.10% of the total Public Offering Price. |
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to repay loans. A security or instrument is economically tied to an emerging market country if it is principally traded on the countrys securities markets or if the issuer is organized or principally operates in the country, derives a majority of its income from its operations within the country or has a majority of its assets within the country. Emerging Markets Securities may be denominated in non-U.S. currencies or the U.S. dollar. The Fund may use derivatives to a significant extent for hedging, investment or leverage purposes. Although the Fund is not limited in the types of derivatives it can use, the Fund currently expects that its derivatives use will consist primarily of the following instruments and transactions: credit linked notes, foreign currency forward contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on individual securities or groups or indices of securities, and interest rate futures contracts and options. The Fund may invest, without limitation, in debt securities that are rated below investment grade by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization or unrated securities that are deemed to be of comparable quality by the Investment Manager, including defaulted securities.
Use of Leverage . The Fund may borrow from banks and other financial institutions and may also borrow additional funds through reverse repurchase agreements or the issuance of debt securities (collectively, Borrowings) in an amount that, when combined with the value of any preferred shares issued by the Fund (Preferred Shares), does not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds total assets immediately after such Borrowings and/or issuances of Preferred Shares. It is possible that following such Borrowings and/or issuances of Preferred Shares, the assets of the Fund will decline due to market conditions such that this 33 1 / 3 % threshold will be exceeded. In that case, the leverage risk to holders of the Common Shares will increase. See Use of Leverage and Risk FactorsLeverage Risk. The Fund may also enter into other transactions that are not subject to this 33 1 / 3 % threshold but that may give rise to a form of leverage including, among others, credit default swaps and other derivatives transactions, loans of portfolio securities and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. At all times, however, the Funds use of these transactions will be limited by the Funds policies relating to asset segregation and coverage of these types of transactions.
For more information on the Funds investment strategies, see Investment Objective and Policies.
Investment Manager . Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (Stone Harbor or the Investment Manager) will act as the Funds investment manager. As of October 31, 2010, Stone Harbor had approximately $29.2 billion of assets under management. Stone Harbors address is 31 West 52nd Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10019. See Management of the FundInvestment Manager.
This prospectus sets forth concisely the information about the Fund that a prospective investor ought to know before investing. You should read this prospectus, which contains important information about the Fund, before deciding whether to invest in the Common Shares, and you should retain this prospectus for future reference. A Statement of Additional Information, dated , 2010 (the Statement of
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Additional Information), containing additional information about the Fund, has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) and is incorporated by reference in its entirety into this prospectus, which means that it is part of this prospectus for legal purposes. You may request a free copy of the Statement of Additional Information, the table of contents of which is on page 82 of this prospectus, by calling (877) 206-0791 (toll-free) or by writing to ALPS Fund Services, Inc., 1290 Broadway, Suite 1100, Denver, Colorado 80203, or obtain a copy (and other information regarding the Fund) from the SECs web site (http://www.sec.gov) or from the SECs Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 942-8090. To obtain annual and semi-annual shareholder reports electronically (when available), please visit the Funds web site (www.shipcef.com), which also provides a link to the SECs website where the Funds Statement of Additional Information can be obtained, or call (877) 206-0791 (toll-free). You may also call this number to request additional information or to make other inquiries pertaining to the Fund.
The Common Shares do not represent a deposit or obligation of, and are not guaranteed or endorsed by, any bank or other insured depository institution, and are not federally insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Federal Reserve Board or any other government agency.
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Table of Contents of The Statement of Additional Information |
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You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. The Fund has not, and the underwriters have not, authorized any person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with information that differs from or is inconsistent with the information in this prospectus, you should not rely on it. The Fund is not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information contained or the representations made herein are accurate only as of the date on the cover page of this prospectus. The Fund will amend this prospectus if, during the period this prospectus is required to be delivered, there are any material changes to the Fund subsequent to the date of this prospectus.
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This is only a summary. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in the Funds common shares. You should review the more detailed information contained in this prospectus and in the Statement of Additional Information, especially the information set forth under the heading Risk Factors.
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The Fund |
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund) is a newly organized, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company. See The Fund. |
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The Offering |
The Fund is offering common shares of beneficial interest (Common Shares) through a group of underwriters led by Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and UBS Securities LLC. You must purchase at least 100 Common Shares ($2,500) if you wish to participate in this offering. The Fund has granted the underwriters (the Underwriters) an option to purchase up to additional Common Shares to cover overallotments. The initial public offering price is $25.00 per share. See Underwriting. |
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Listing and Symbol |
The Funds Common Shares have been approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), subject to notice of issuance, under the symbol EDF. |
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Investment Objective and Policies |
The Funds investment objective is to maximize total return, which consists of income on its investments and capital appreciation. There is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. The Fund normally will invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in Emerging Markets Securities (the 80% policy). Emerging Markets Securities include fixed income securities and other instruments (including derivatives) that are economically tied to emerging market countries, that are denominated in the predominant currency of the local market of an emerging market country or whose performance is linked to those countries markets, currencies, economies or ability to repay loans. A security or instrument is economically tied to an emerging market country if it is principally traded on the countrys securities markets or if the issuer is organized or principally operates in the country, derives a majority of its income from its operations within the country or has a majority of its assets within the country. |
The Fund may use derivatives to a significant extent for hedging, investment or leverage purposes. Although Emerging Markets Securities may include any derivative or other instrument that provides the Fund exposure to emerging markets, the Fund currently expects that its derivatives transactions will consist primarily of the following instruments and transactions: credit linked notes, foreign currency forward
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contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on individual securities and groups or indices of securities, and interest rate futures contracts and options. The Fund may use these instruments for hedging purposes, for leverage or otherwise to gain, or reduce, long or short exposure to emerging securities markets (for example, credit linked notes may be used to gain exposure to certain emerging markets fixed income securities). Emerging Markets Securities may be denominated in non-U.S. currencies or the U.S. dollar. |
The Fund considers emerging market countries as those countries identified by the World Bank Group as being low income economies or which are included in a J.P. Morgan emerging market bond index. It is anticipated that the Fund will focus most of its investments in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the developing countries of Europe. The Funds investments may include, among other things, sovereign debt obligations, corporate debt securities, structured notes, convertible securities, securities issued by supranational organizations, floating rate commercial loans, securitized loan participations, Rule 144A securities, non-U.S. currencies, currency forward contracts and other foreign currency transactions, and derivatives related to or referencing these types of securities and instruments. The Fund seeks income and capital appreciation through country selection, sector selection, security selection and currency selection.
The Fund initially intends to invest less than 25% of its assets in a single country, and thereafter less than 50% of its assets in a single country.
In selecting Emerging Markets Securities for investment, Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (Stone Harbor or the Investment Manager) will apply a market risk analysis contemplating the assessment of various factors, such as liquidity, volatility, tax implications, interest rate sensitivity, counterparty risks, economic factors, currency exchange rates and technical market considerations.
The Fund may invest, without limitation, in debt securities that are rated below investment grade by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization or unrated securities that are deemed to be of comparable quality by the Investment Manager, including defaulted securities. Debt securities rated below investment grade are commonly known as junk bonds and are regarded as predominantly speculative with respect to the issuers capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations and involve major risk exposure to adverse conditions.
The Funds holdings may range in maturity from overnight to 30 years or more. The Investment Manager does not manage the Fund to have a specific average maturity or duration. The Fund
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may also invest in currencies, money market and short-term debt securities and cash equivalents, warrants, structured investments or other derivatives, which may be used to maintain exposure of at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) to Emerging Markets Securities. Under certain limited circumstances, the Fund may obtain substantially all of its investment exposure to Emerging Markets Securities through the use of derivatives. As noted above, the Fund expects that its derivatives transactions or instruments will consist primarily of credit linked notes, foreign currency forward contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on individual securities and groups or indices of securities, and interest rate futures contracts and options. |
In addition, the Fund may invest the remainder of its assets in securities which will not be used to achieve the Funds 80% policy, such as shares of open- and closed-end investment companies, common stocks, bonds and convertible securities.
The Funds investment objective and 80% policy are non-fundamental, and may be changed without shareholder approval; however, shareholders will be notified in writing of any material changes to the investment objective or the 80% policy at least 60 days prior to any change.
Under normal market conditions, the Fund intends to leverage the Fund by engaging in Borrowings (as defined in Prospectus Summary Leverage on page 5 of this prospectus) and/or issuing preferred shares (Preferred Shares). The aggregate amount of the Funds Borrowings and the liquidation value of any Preferred Shares will generally not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets (as defined in Prospectus Summary Investment Manager), measured immediately after the transaction giving rise to the leverage. See Leverage below and Use of Leverage in this prospectus. The Fund may also enter into other transactions that are not subject to this 33 1 / 3 % threshold but that may give rise to a form of leverage including, among others, credit default swaps and other derivatives transactions, loans of portfolio securities and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions.
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Investment Strategy |
The Investment Manager analyzes emerging markets countries to identify potential investments for the Fund. The Investment Manager analyzes a number of factors to determine the creditworthiness of each issuer it considers for investment. In allocating the Funds investments among emerging markets countries, the Investment Manager may consider a number of factors, including, without limitation: |
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Currency, inflation and interest rates and trends; |
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Growth rate forecasts; |
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Liquidity of a countrys debt markets; |
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Fiscal policies and balances; |
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Political outlook; |
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Tax environment; |
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Amount of debt outstanding; and |
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For corporate issuers: |
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The strength of the issuers financial resources and sensitivity to economic conditions and trends; |
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The issuers operating history; and |
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The experience and track record of the issuers management. |
The Investment Manager then selects the available securities in each country that it considers to offer the highest potential return relative to the risks presented.
The Investment Manager will look to sell or reduce exposure to securities or country allocations that, in its opinion, do not offer enough potential return relative to the risks presented.
When the Investment Manager anticipates unusual market or other conditions, the Fund may temporarily depart from its principal investment strategies as a defensive measure. To the extent that the Fund invests defensively, it likely will not achieve its investment objective.
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Investment Manager |
Stone Harbor is the Funds investment manager. The Investment Manager was established in 2006 and provides investment advisory services to clients located throughout the world. The Investment Managers principal address is 31 West 52 nd Street, 16 th Floor, New York, New York 10019. As of October 31, 2010, the Investment Manager managed approximately $29.2 billion in assets. The Investment Manager is 100% employee owned. |
Subject to the general supervision of the Funds Board of Trustees (the Board), the Investment Manager is responsible for making investment decisions for the Fund. For these services the Investment Manager will receive an annual fee (the Management Fee), payable monthly, in an amount equal to 1.00% of the Funds average daily total assets, including assets attributable to any Borrowings (as defined in Prospectus Summary Leverage on page 5 of this prospectus) and to any Preferred Shares issued by the Fund that may be outstanding (collectively, Total Assets). With respect to any reverse repurchase agreements, Total Assets also includes the value as of the relevant measuring date of the underlying assets sold to the counterparty.
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Administrator |
ALPS Fund Services, Inc. (ALPS or the Administrator) is the Funds administrator. Pursuant to an Administration Agreement with the Fund, ALPS, with principal offices at 1290 Broadway, |
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Suite 1100, Denver, Colorado 80203, serves as administrator to the Fund and pays expenses incurred in connection with its administrative activities. As Administrator, ALPS provides certain services, including: assisting in maintaining the Funds office; furnishing the Fund with clerical and certain other services required by it; compiling data for and preparing notices and shareholder reports to the SEC; calculating the Funds daily net asset value (NAV); preparing any reports that are required by the securities, investment, tax or other laws and regulations of the United States; preparing filings with state securities commissions; coordinating federal and state tax returns; monitoring the Funds expense accruals; monitoring compliance with the Funds investment policies and limitations; and generally assisting in the Funds operations. |
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Leverage |
The Fund may borrow from banks and other financial institutions and may also borrow additional funds by entering into reverse repurchase agreements or the issuance of debt securities (collectively, Borrowings) in an amount that, when combined with the value of any Preferred Shares issued by the Fund, does not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets immediately after such transactions. It is possible that following such Borrowings and/or issuances of Preferred Shares, the assets of the Fund will decline due to market conditions such that this 33 1 / 3 % limit will be exceeded. In that case, the leverage risk to Common Shareholders will increase. See Use of Leverage and Risk Factors Leverage Risk. The Fund may also enter into other transactions that are not subject to this 33 1 / 3 % threshold but that may give rise to a form of leverage including, among others, credit default swaps and other derivatives transactions, loans of portfolio securities and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. At all times, however, the Funds use of these transactions will be limited by the Funds policies relating to asset segregation and coverage of these types of transactions. |
The Fund may choose not to use leverage at all times. The amount and composition of leverage used may vary depending upon a number of factors, including economic and market conditions in the relevant emerging markets countries, the availability of relatively attractive investment opportunities not requiring leverage and the costs and risks that the Fund would incur as a result of leverage.
Leverage creates risks for Common Shareholders, including the likelihood of greater volatility of NAV per share and market price of, and dividends paid on, the Common Shares. There is a risk that fluctuations in the interest rates on any Borrowings or the dividend rates on any Preferred Shares issued by the Fund may adversely affect the return to the Common Shareholders. If the income from the securities purchased with the proceeds of
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leverage is not sufficient to cover the cost of leverage, the return on the Fund will be less than if leverage had not been used, and therefore the amount available for distribution to the Common Shareholders as dividends and other distributions will be reduced. |
During periods in which the Fund is using leverage, the fees paid to the Investment Manager for investment advisory services and to the Administrator for administrative services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid will be calculated on the basis of the Funds Total Assets, which may create an incentive for the Investment Manager to leverage the Fund or to leverage using strategies that increase the Investment Managers fee.
To qualify for U.S. federal income taxation as a regulated investment company, the Fund must satisfy certain requirements relating to sources of its income and diversification of its assets, and must distribute in each taxable year at least 90% of its net investment income (including net interest income and net short-term gain). The Fund also will be required to distribute annually substantially all of its income and capital gain, if any, to avoid imposition of a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters below.
The Funds willingness to incur leverage for investment purposes, and the amount of leverage the Fund may incur, will depend on many factors, the most important of which are market conditions and the cost of such leverage. There is no assurance that any leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which such strategy is employed.
Unless and until the Fund issues Preferred Shares, makes Borrowings, or enters into other transactions that generate leverage, the Common Shares will not be leveraged, and the risks and special considerations related to leverage described in this prospectus will not apply. It will not be possible to seek to achieve any potential returns from such leveraging of the Common Shares until the proceeds resulting from the use of leverage have been invested in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies.
Non-Diversified Status. As a non-diversified investment company under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not limited in the proportion of its assets that may be invested in securities of a
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single issuer, and accordingly, the Fund may invest a greater portion of its assets in a more limited number of issuers than a diversified fund. Because the Fund, as a non-diversified investment company, may invest in a smaller number of individual issuers than a diversified investment company, an investment in the Fund may, under certain circumstances, present greater risk to an investor than an investment in a diversified company because changes in the financial condition or market assessment of a single issuer may cause greater fluctuations in the Funds NAV. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund intends to conduct its operations so as to meet the diversification requirements for regulated investment companies for purposes of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code). See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters. |
No Operating History. The Fund is a newly organized, non-diversified closed-end investment company with no history of operations and is subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business. An investment in the Funds Common Shares is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire amount that you invest. See also Risk Factors Investment and Market Risk.
Management Risk. The Funds ability to identify and invest in attractive opportunities is dependent upon the Investment Manager, Stone Harbor. If one or more key individuals leave the Investment Manager, it may not be able to hire qualified replacements, or may require an extended time to do so. This could prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective. Although the Investment Manager is the adviser to several registered open-end funds, the Fund is the first closed-end fund to be managed by the Investment Manager. As with any managed fund, the Investment Manager may not be successful in selecting the best-performing securities, leverage strategy or investment techniques, and the Funds performance may lag behind that of similar funds as a result.
Investment and Market Risk . An investment in Common Shares is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount invested. An investment in Common Shares represents an indirect investment in the securities and other financial assets owned by the Fund. Securities held by the Fund are generally traded in over-the-counter markets. The value of these securities and financial assets, like other market investments, may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. The Common Shares at any point in time may be worth less than their original cost, even after taking into account any reinvestment of dividends and distributions. Further, the value of securities held by the Fund may decline in value due to factors affecting securities markets generally or particular industries.
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Investments in Foreign Securities. Investing in foreign securities involves certain special considerations that are not typically associated with investments in the securities of U.S. issuers. Foreign issuers are not generally subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and may have policies that are not comparable to those of domestic issuers. As a result, there may be less information available about foreign issuers than about domestic issuers. Securities of some foreign issuers may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of securities markets, brokers and issuers than in the United States. In addition, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is a possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political and social instability, or diplomatic developments, which could affect the value of investments in those countries. The costs of investing in foreign countries frequently are higher than the costs of investing in the United States. Although the Investment Manager endeavors to achieve the most favorable execution costs in portfolio transactions, trading costs in non-U.S. securities markets are generally higher than trading costs in the United States.
Investments in securities of foreign issuers often will be denominated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, the value of the Funds assets, as measured in U.S. dollars, may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates and in exchange control regulations. The Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. See Risk Factors Foreign Currency Risk.
Certain foreign governments levy withholding or other taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion of foreign withholding taxes will reduce the income received from investments in such countries.
From time to time, the Fund may have invested in certain sovereign debt obligations that are issued by, or certain companies that operate in or have dealings with, countries that become subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. Investments in such countries may be adversely affected because, for example, the credit rating of the sovereign debt security may be lowered due to the countrys instability or unreliability or the company may suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates in, or has dealings with, such countries. As an investor in such companies, the Fund will be indirectly subject to those risks.
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Investments in Emerging Markets Countries . Investing in the securities of issuers located in emerging markets countries involves special considerations not typically associated with investing in the securities of other foreign or U.S. issuers, including heightened risks of expropriation and/or nationalization, armed conflict, confiscatory taxation, restrictions on transfers of assets, lack of uniform accounting and auditing standards, less publicly available financial and other information and potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations.
The economies of individual emerging markets countries may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, currency depreciation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Governments of many emerging markets countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In some cases, the government owns or controls many companies, including some of the largest in the country.
Accordingly, government actions could have a significant effect on economic conditions in an emerging markets country and on market conditions, prices and yields of securities in the Funds portfolio. Moreover, the economies of developing countries generally are heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be adversely affected by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. These economies also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade. With respect to any emerging markets country, there is the possibility of nationalization, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political changes, government regulation, overburdened and obsolete or unseasoned financial systems, environmental problems, less developed legal systems, economic or social instability or diplomatic developments (including war), which could affect adversely the economies of such countries or the value of the Funds investments in those countries. It also may be difficult to obtain and enforce a judgment in a court outside of the United States.
In addition, the inter-relatedness of the economies in emerging markets countries has deepened over the years, with the effect that economic difficulties in one country may spread throughout a region or even among all or most emerging markets countries, an effect that may vitiate any attempt by the Fund to reduce risk through geographic diversification of its portfolio investments.
Investments in emerging markets countries may entail purchasing securities issued by or on behalf of entities that are
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insolvent, bankrupt, in default or otherwise engaged in an attempt to reorganize or reschedule their obligations or in entities that have little or no proven credit rating or credit history. In any such case, the issuers poor or deteriorating financial condition may increase the likelihood that the Fund will experience losses or diminution in available gains due to bankruptcy, insolvency or fraud. |
Investments in emerging markets countries may also be exposed to an extra degree of custodial and/or market risk, especially where the securities purchased are not traded on an official exchange or where ownership records regarding the securities are maintained by an unregulated entity (or even the issuer itself).
Foreign Currency Risk. The Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in Emerging Markets Securities, which may include or be denominated in foreign currencies. The Fund is subject to the risk that those currencies will decline in value relative to the value of the U.S. dollar. The values of the currencies of the emerging markets countries in which the Fund may invest may be subject to a high degree of fluctuation due to changes in interest rates, the effects of the monetary policies of the United States, foreign governments, central banks or supranational entities, the imposition of currency controls or other national or global political or economic developments. Therefore, the Funds exposure to foreign currencies may result in losses to the Fund.
The Fund will compute, and expects to distribute, its income in U.S. dollars, and the computation of income is made on the date that the income is earned by the Fund at the foreign exchange rate in effect on that date. If the value of the foreign currencies in which the Fund receives its income falls relative to the U.S. dollar between the earning of the income and the time at which the Fund converts the foreign currencies to U.S. dollars, the Fund may be required to liquidate securities in order to make distributions if the Fund has insufficient cash in U.S. dollars to meet distribution requirements. See Distributions and Dividend Reinvestment Plan. The liquidation of investments, if required, may have an adverse impact on the Funds performance.
Since the Fund may invest in securities denominated in foreign currencies, changes in foreign currency exchange rates will affect the value of securities in the Funds portfolio and the unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments. In addition to changes in the value of the Funds portfolio investments resulting from currency fluctuations, the Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. Foreign exchange dealers realize a profit based on the difference between the prices at which they are buying and
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selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer normally will offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire immediately to resell that currency to the dealer. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency exchange transactions either on a spot ( i.e. , cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market or in the derivatives markets, including through entering into forward, futures or options contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies. |
Currency exchange rates may be negatively impacted by rates of inflation, interest rate levels, balance of payments and governmental surpluses or deficits in the emerging markets countries in which the Fund invests. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries. Governments that issue obligations may engage in certain techniques to control the value of their local currencies. Such techniques include central bank intervention, imposition of regulatory controls or the imposition of taxes that may impact the exchange rates of the local currencies in which the debt securities are denominated. Emerging markets countries may also issue a new currency to replace an existing currency or may devalue their currencies. The liquidity and market values of the Funds investments in Emerging Markets Securities may be impacted by the actions of the governments of the emerging markets countries in which the Fund invests.
The Fund may, from time to time, seek to protect the value of some portion or all of its portfolio holdings against currency risks by engaging in currency hedging transactions. Such transactions may include entering into forward currency exchange contracts, currency futures contracts and options on such futures contracts, the use of other derivatives, as well as purchasing put or call options on currencies, in U.S. or foreign markets. Currency hedging involves special risks, including possible default by the other party to the transaction, illiquidity and, to the extent the Investment Managers view as to certain market movements is incorrect, the risk that the use of hedging could result in losses greater than if they had not been used. In addition, in certain countries in which the Fund may invest, currency hedging opportunities may not be available.
Sovereign Debt Obligations Risk . Investments in emerging markets countries government debt obligations involve special risks. Certain emerging markets countries have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of
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inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate fluctuations, large amounts of external debt, balance of payments and trade difficulties and extreme poverty and unemployment. The issuer or governmental authority that controls the repayment of an emerging countrys debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A debtors willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation and, in the case of a government debtor, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the government debtors policy towards the International Monetary Fund and the political constraints to which a government debtor may be subject. Government debtors may default on their debt and may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a debtors implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtors obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties commitments to lend funds to the government debtor, which may further impair such debtors ability or willingness to service its debts on a timely basis. Holders of government debt, including the Fund, may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to government debtors. |
As a result of the foregoing, a government obligor may default on its obligations. If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign government debt securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of more senior fixed income securities, such as commercial bank debt, will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign government debt securities in the event of default under their commercial bank loan agreements.
Government obligors in emerging markets countries are among the worlds largest debtors to commercial banks, other governments, international financial organizations and other financial institutions. The issuers of the government debt securities in which the Fund may invest have in the past experienced substantial difficulties in servicing their external
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debt obligations, which led to defaults on certain obligations and the restructuring of certain indebtedness. Restructuring arrangements have included, among other things, reducing and rescheduling interest and principal payments by negotiating new or amended credit agreements, and obtaining new credit to finance interest payments. Holders of certain foreign government debt securities may be requested to participate in the restructuring of such obligations and to extend further loans to their issuers. There can be no assurance that the foreign government debt securities in which the Fund may invest will not be subject to similar restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit, which may adversely affect the Funds holdings. Furthermore, certain participants in the secondary market for such debt may be directly involved in negotiating the terms of these arrangements and may therefore have access to information not available to other market participants. |
Investments in emerging markets countries government debt securities involve currency risk. See Risk Factors Foreign Currency Risk.
Corporate Debt Risks. The Fund may invest in debt securities of non-governmental issuers. Like all debt securities, corporate debt securities generally represent an issuers obligation to repay to the investor (or lender) the amount borrowed plus interest over a specified time period. A typical corporate bond specifies a fixed date when the amount borrowed (principal) is due in full, known as the maturity date, and specifies dates when periodic interest (coupon) payments will be made over the life of the security.
Corporate debt securities come in many varieties and may differ in the way that interest is calculated, the amount and frequency of payments, the type of collateral, if any, and the presence of special features ( e.g. , conversion rights). The Funds investments in corporate debt securities may include, but are not limited to, senior, junior, secured and unsecured bonds, notes and other debt securities, and may be fixed rate, floating rate, zero coupon and inflation linked, among other things. The Fund may invest in convertible bonds and warrant structures, which are fixed income securities with imbedded warrants that are exercisable into other debt or equity securities. Upon conversion of such securities into equity securities, the equity securities will be sold.
Prices of corporate debt securities fluctuate and, in particular, are subject to several key risks including, but not limited to, interest-rate risk, credit risk, prepayment risk and spread risk. The market value of a corporate bond may be affected by the credit rating of the corporation, the corporations performance and perceptions of the corporation in the market place. There is a risk that the issuers of the corporate debt securities in which the Fund
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may invest may not be able to meet their obligations on interest or principal payments at the time called for by an instrument. |
Derivatives Risk . The Fund may use derivatives to a significant extent for hedging, investment or leverage purposes. Derivative transactions (such as futures contracts and options thereon, options, and swaps) may subject the Fund to increased risk of principal loss due to imperfect correlation between the values of the derivatives and the underlying securities or unexpected price or interest rate movements. The Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivatives contracts purchased by the Fund, in addition to the risks associated with direct investments in the underlying reference securities, currencies or other instruments. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. In addition, in the event of the insolvency of a counterparty to a derivative transaction, the derivative transaction would typically be terminated at its fair market value. To the extent the Funds claim is unsecured, the Fund will be treated as a general creditor of such counterparty, and will not have any claim with respect to the underlying security. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances. The Funds use of derivatives can affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders; the extent to which the Fund invests in derivatives may be limited by tax considerations (see discussion in U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters). Derivatives involve exposure that may exceed the original cost, and a small use of derivatives could result in a potentially unlimited loss to the Fund under certain circumstances.
The use of derivatives may expose the Fund to leverage risk. See Leverage Risk below.
It is possible that government regulation of various types of derivative instruments, including credit linked notes, foreign currency forward contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on individual securities and groups or indices of securities, and interest rate options, may limit or prevent the Fund from using such instruments as part of its investment strategy, which could negatively impact the Fund. For example, some legislative and regulatory proposals, such as those in the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Dodd-Frank Act) (which was passed into law in July 2010), would upon implementation impose limits on the maximum position that could be held by a single trader in certain contracts and would subject some derivatives transactions to new forms of regulation that could create barriers
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to some types of investment activity. Other provisions would require many derivatives transactions to be cleared and traded on an exchange, expand entity registration requirements, impose business conduct requirements on dealers, and require banks to move some derivatives trading units to a non-guaranteed affiliate separate from the deposit-taking bank or divest them altogether. While many provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act must be implemented through future rulemaking, and any regulatory or legislative activity may not necessarily have a direct, immediate effect upon the Fund, it is possible that, upon the effectiveness of these rules, they could potentially limit or completely restrict the ability of the Fund to use these instruments as a part of its investment strategy, increase the costs of using these instruments or make them less effective. Limits or restrictions applicable to the counterparties with which the Fund engages in derivative transactions could also prevent the Fund from using these instruments or affect the pricing or other factors relating to these instruments, or may change availability of certain investments. |
Short Sales Risk. To the extent the Fund makes use of short sales for investment and/or risk management purposes, the Fund may be subject to risks associated with selling short. Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells securities or other instruments that the Fund does not own. Short sales expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to cover its short position at a time when the securities have appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. The Fund may engage in short sales where it does not own or have the right to acquire the security sold short at no additional cost. The Funds loss on a short sale theoretically could be unlimited in a case where the Fund is unable, for whatever reason, to close out its short position. In addition, the Funds short selling strategies may limit its ability to benefit from increases in the markets. If the Fund engages in short sales, it will segregate liquid assets, enter into offsetting transactions or own positions covering its obligations; however, such segregation and cover requirements will not limit or offset losses on related positions. Short selling also involves a form of financial leverage that may exaggerate any losses realized by the Fund. Also, there is the risk that the counterparty to a short sale may fail to honor its contractual terms, causing a loss to the Fund.
Risks of Short Economic Exposure Through Derivatives. The use by the Fund of derivatives such as options, forwards or futures contracts for investment and/or risk management purposes may subject the Fund to risks associated with short economic exposure through such derivatives. Taking a short economic position through derivatives exposes the Fund to the risk that it will be obligated to make payments to its counterparty if the underlying asset appreciates in value, thus resulting in a
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loss to the Fund. The Funds loss on a short position using derivatives theoretically could be unlimited. |
Credit Default Swaps Risk. Credit default swaps involve greater risks than investing in the reference obligation directly. In addition to general market risks, credit default swaps are subject to liquidity risk, counterparty risk and credit risk. A buyer will lose its investment and recover nothing should no event of default occur. If an event of default were to occur, the value of the reference obligation received by the seller (if any), coupled with the periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value it pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the seller. When the Fund acts as a seller of a credit default swap, it is exposed to many of the same risks of leverage described herein since if an event of default occurs the seller must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation.
Although the Fund will seek to realize gains by writing credit default swaps that increase in value, to realize gains on writing credit default swaps, an active secondary market for such instruments must exist or the Fund must otherwise be able to close out these transactions at advantageous times. If no such secondary market exists or the Fund is otherwise unable to close out these transactions at advantageous times, writing credit default swaps may not be profitable for the Fund.
The market for credit default swaps has become more volatile in recent years as the creditworthiness of certain counterparties has been questioned and/or downgraded. If a counterpartys credit becomes significantly impaired, multiple requests for collateral posting in a short period of time could increase the risk that the Fund may not receive adequate collateral. As of the date of this prospectus, credit default swaps are not currently traded on any securities exchange, however certain credit default swaps may be cleared through swaps clearing houses. The Fund may exit its obligations under a credit default swap only by terminating the contract and paying applicable breakage fees, or by entering into an offsetting credit default swap position, which may cause the Fund to incur more losses.
Interest Rate Risk . Interest rate risk is the risk that investments, will decline in value because of changes in market interest rates. When interest rates rise the market value of fixed-income securities generally will fall. The Funds investment in such securities means that the NAV and price of the Common Shares may decline if market interest rates rise. Interest rates are currently low relative to historic levels. During periods of declining interest rates, an issuer of fixed-income securities may exercise its option to redeem or prepay securities prior to maturity, which could result in the Funds having to reinvest in lower yielding fixed-income securities or other types of
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securities. This is known as call or prepayment risk. During periods of rising interest rates, the average life of certain types of securities may be extended because of slower than expected payments. This may lock in a below market yield, increase the securitys duration, and reduce the value of the security. This is known as extension risk. Investments in debt securities with long-term maturities may experience significant price declines if long-term interest rates increase. This is known as maturity risk. The value of the Funds investments in common stock may also be influenced by changes in interest rates. |
Credit Risk. Credit risk is the risk that an issuer of, for example, a fixed income security or preferred stock, or the counterparty to a derivatives contract, will be unable to make interest, principal, dividend, or other payments when due. In general, lower rated securities carry a greater degree of credit risk. If rating agencies lower their ratings of securities in the Funds portfolio, the value of those obligations could decline. In addition, the underlying revenue source for a fixed income security, a preferred stock or a derivatives contract may be insufficient to pay dividends, interest, principal or other required payments in a timely manner. Because a significant primary source of income for the Fund is the dividend, interest, principal and other payments on the fixed-income securities, preferred stocks and derivatives in which it invests, any default by an issuer of such an instrument could have a negative impact on the Funds ability to pay dividends on Common Shares and/or cause a decline in the value of Fund assets. Even if the issuer does not actually default, adverse changes in the issuers financial condition may negatively affect its credit rating or presumed creditworthiness. These developments would adversely affect the market value of the issuers obligations or the value of credit derivatives if the Fund has sold credit protection.
Hedging Strategy Risk . Certain of the investment techniques that the Fund may employ for hedging will expose the Fund to additional or increased risks.
There may be an imperfect correlation between changes in the value of the Funds portfolio holdings and hedging positions entered into by the Fund, which may prevent the Fund from achieving the intended hedge or expose the Fund to risk of loss. In addition, the Funds success in using hedge instruments is subject to the Investment Managers ability to predict correctly changes in the relationships of such hedge instruments to the Funds portfolio holdings, and there can be no assurance that the Investment Managers judgment in this respect will be accurate. Consequently, the use of hedging transactions might result in a poorer overall performance for the Fund, whether or not adjusted for risk, than if the Fund had not hedged its portfolio holdings.
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The Investment Manager is under no obligation to engage in any hedging strategies, and may, in its discretion, choose not to. Even if the Investment Manager desires to hedge some of the Funds risks, suitable hedging transactions may not be available or, if available, attractive. A failure to hedge may result in losses to the value of the Funds investments.
Counterparty Risk . The Fund may be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivative contracts and other instruments entered into by the Fund or held by special purpose or structured vehicles in which the Fund invests. In the event that the Fund enters into a derivative transaction with a counterparty that subsequently becomes insolvent or becomes the subject of a bankruptcy case, the derivative transaction may be terminated in accordance with its terms and the Funds ability to realize its rights under the derivative instrument and its ability to distribute the proceeds could be adversely affected. To the extent the Funds claim is unsecured, the Fund will be treated as a general creditor of such counterparty, and will not have any claim with respect to the underlying security. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.
Non-Investment Grade Securities Risk. The Funds investments in fixed-income securities and preferred stocks of below investment grade quality (commonly referred to as high yield or junk bonds), if any, are predominantly speculative because of the credit risk of their issuers. While offering a greater potential opportunity for capital appreciation and higher yields, such below investment grade securities entail greater potential price volatility and may be less liquid than higher-rated securities. Issuers of below investment grade quality securities are more likely to default on their payments of interest and principal owed to the Fund, and such defaults will reduce the Funds NAV and income distributions. The prices of these lower quality securities are more sensitive to negative developments than higher rated securities. Adverse business conditions, such as a decline in the issuers revenues or an economic downturn, generally lead to a higher non-payment rate. In addition, such a security may lose significant value before a default occurs as the market adjusts to expected higher non-payment rates. The Fund may invest without limit in securities rated below investment grade. See Risk Factors Credit Risk.
Net Asset Value Discount Risk. Frequently, shares of closed-end investment companies, such as the Fund, trade at a price below their NAV, commonly referred to as a discount.
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The Fund cannot predict whether, or to what extent, its Common Shares will trade at a discount to their NAV. Immediately following this offering, the NAV of the Funds Common Shares will be reduced by offering costs paid by the Fund, creating an increased risk that the Common Shares will trade at a discount to their NAV for a period following the offering. Therefore, there is an added risk to investors who may sell their shares shortly after the offering. Before making an investment decision, a prospective investor should consider the suitability of this investment with respect to the investors investment objectives and personal situation. See Description of Shares. |
Structured Products Risk . The Fund may invest in structured investments, structured notes and other types of similarly structured products consistent with the Funds investment objective and policies. Generally, structured investments are interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of underlying investment interests or securities. These investment entities may be structured as trusts or other types of pooled investment vehicles. This type of restructuring generally involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity of the underlying investments and the issuance by that entity of one or more classes of securities backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying investments or referencing an indicator related to such investments. The cash flow or rate of return on the underlying investments may be apportioned among the newly issued securities to create different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, credit quality, payment priorities and interest rate provisions.
Structured notes are derivative securities for which the amount of principal repayment and/or interest payments is based on the movement of one or more factors. These factors may include, but are not limited to, currency exchange rates, interest rates (such as the prime lending rate or LIBOR), referenced bonds and stock indices. Some of these factors may or may not correlate to the total rate of return on one or more underlying instruments referenced in such notes. In some cases, the impact of the movements of these factors may increase or decrease through the use of multipliers or deflators.
The cash flow or rate of return on a structured investment may be determined by applying a multiplier to the rate of total return on the underlying investments or referenced indicator. Application of a multiplier is comparable to the use of financial leverage, a speculative technique. Leverage magnifies the potential for gain and the risk of loss. As a result, a relatively small decline in the value of the underlying investments or referenced indicator could result in a relatively large loss in the value of a structured product. Holders of structured products indirectly bear risks
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associated with the underlying investments, index or reference obligation, and are subject to counterparty risk. The Fund generally has the right to receive payments to which it is entitled only from the structured product, and generally does not have direct rights against the issuer. While certain structured investment vehicles enable the investor to acquire interests in a pool of securities without the brokerage and other expenses associated with directly holding the same securities, investors in structured vehicles generally pay their share of the investment vehicles administrative and other expenses. Certain structured products may be thinly traded or have a limited trading market and may have the effect of increasing the Funds illiquidity to the extent that the Fund, at a particular point in time, may be unable to find qualified buyers for these securities. |
Structured products are generally privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in structured products may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities; however, an active dealer market may exist for certain structured products allowing them to qualify for private placement transactions. In addition to the general risks associated with fixed income securities discussed herein, structured products carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from underlying investments will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the underlying investments may decline in value or default; (iii) the possibility that the security may be subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
Investments in structured notes involve risks including interest rate risk, credit risk and market risk. Where the Funds investments in structured notes are based upon the movement of one or more factors, depending on the factor used and the use of multipliers or deflators, changes in interest rates and movement of the factor may cause significant price fluctuations. Additionally, changes in the reference instrument or security may cause the interest rate on the structured note to be reduced to zero and any further changes in the reference instrument may then reduce the principal amount payable on maturity.
Warrants Risk . The Fund may invest in warrants. While the market value of a warrant tends to be more volatile than that of the securities underlying the warrant, the market value of a warrant may not necessarily change with that of the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to any expiration date to which the warrant is subject. The purchase of warrants involves a risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a warrant if the right to subscribe to additional
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shares is not exercised prior to the warrants expiration. Also, the purchase of warrants involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed securitys market price, such as when there is no movement in the level of the underlying security. |
Leverage Risk . Although the Fund presently intends to utilize leverage, there can be no assurance that the Fund will do so, or that, if utilized, it will be successful during any period in which it is employed. The use of leverage by the Fund would result in more risk to the Funds shareholders than if leverage had not been used and can magnify the effect of any losses. If the income and gains earned on securities to which the Fund has exposure through the use of leverage are greater than the Funds costs of Borrowing, the costs of derivatives transactions used to generate leverage or the related dividend on any Preferred Shares, the Funds returns will be greater than if leverage had not been used. Conversely, if the income and gains from those securities do not cover the payments due in connection with the leverage used, the return will be less than if the economic leverage had not been used. In addition, if an event of default were to occur with respect to a reference obligation on which the Fund had sold a credit default swap, the value of the reference obligation received by the Fund (if any), coupled with the periodic payments previously received from the counterparty, may be less than the full notional value the Fund pays to the buyer, in which case the investment performance of the Funds Common Shares will underperform as compared to what the performance would have been had the Fund not written any credit default swaps. See Credit Default Swaps Risk and Risk Factors Credit Default Swaps Risk for further information on the risks associated with credit default swaps. The Investment Manager nevertheless may determine to continue to use leverage if it believes that the benefits to the Fund will in the long-term outweigh the potential risk of a reduced return. The expenses of a Borrowing program, a derivatives transaction or a Preferred Shares offering will be borne by Common Shareholders and, consequently, will result in a reduction of the NAV of the Common Shares. During periods in which the Fund is using leverage, the fees paid by the Fund for investment advisory and administrative services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage, as such fees will be calculated on the basis of the Funds Total Assets, which includes assets attributable to Borrowings and Preferred Shares. In this regard, holders of debt or Preferred Shares do not bear such fees. Rather, Common Shareholders bear the portion of such fees attributable to the assets purchased with the proceeds of leverage or the investment exposure obtained through leverage, which means that Common Shareholders effectively bear the entire advisory and administrative fees.
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Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk. The wars in and continuing occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan, instability in the Middle East and terrorist attacks around the world, among other things, have resulted in market volatility and may have long-term effects on the U.S. and worldwide financial markets and may cause further economic uncertainties in the United States and worldwide. The Investment Manager does not know how long the securities markets will continue to be affected by these events and cannot predict the effects of the occupation or similar events in the future on the U.S. economy and global securities markets.
Portfolio Turnover Risk . The techniques and strategies contemplated by the Fund might result in a high degree of portfolio turnover. The Fund cannot accurately predict its securities portfolio turnover rate, but anticipates that its annual portfolio turnover rate will not exceed 150% under normal market conditions, although it could be materially higher under certain conditions. Higher portfolio turnover rates result in corresponding increases in brokerage commissions and other trading costs and generate short-term capital gains taxable as ordinary income.
Anti-Takeover Provisions. The Funds Declaration of Trust includes provisions that could have the effect of inhibiting the Funds possible conversion to open-end status and limiting the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or the Board. In certain circumstances, these provisions might also inhibit the ability of Common Shareholders to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices. See Anti-Takeover Provisions in the Declaration of Trust and Risk Factors Net Asset Value Discount Risk.
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Distributions |
The Fund intends to make a level dividend distribution each month to Common Shareholders after deduction of interest on any outstanding Borrowings or dividends on any outstanding Preferred Shares. The level dividend rate may be modified by the Board from time to time, and will be based upon the past and projected performance of the Fund. The Fund will also make a distribution during or with respect to each calendar year (which may be combined with a regular monthly distribution), which will generally include any net investment income and net realized capital gain for the year and not otherwise distributed. If the total distributions made in any calendar year exceed the sum of: (i) net investment company taxable income and net tax-exempt income (determined in each case without regard to the deduction for dividends paid), and (ii) net capital gain (defined as net long-term gains in excess of net short-term losses, including in the form of loss carryforwards), such excess distributed amount would be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as ordinary dividend income to the extent of the Funds current and accumulated earnings and profits. |
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Distributions in excess of the earnings and profits would first be a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares. After such adjusted tax basis is reduced to zero, the distribution would constitute capital gain (assuming the shares are held as capital assets). In general terms, a return of capital would involve a situation where a Fund distribution (or a portion thereof) represents a return of a portion of the Common Shareholders investment, rather than net income or capital gains generated from his or her investment during a particular period. Although return of capital distributions may not be taxable, such distributions would reduce the basis of a shareholders Common Shares and therefore may increase a shareholders tax liability for capital gains upon a sale of Common Shares. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters. The Funds distribution policy may, under certain circumstances, have certain adverse consequences to the Fund and its shareholders because it may result in a return of capital resulting in less of a shareholders assets being invested in the Fund and, over time, increase the Funds expense ratio. The distribution policy also may cause the Fund to sell a security at a time it would not otherwise do so in order to manage the distribution of income and gain. The Funds initial distribution is expected to be declared approximately 45 days after the completion of this offering and paid approximately 60 days after the completion of the offering, depending on market conditions. See Distributions. The initial distributions may consist primarily of a return of capital if the Fund is delayed in investing the proceeds of this offering.
The Fund intends to apply for an order granting an exemption from Section 19(b) of the 1940 Act and Rule 19b-1 thereunder to permit the Fund to include realized long-term capital gains as a part of its regular distributions to Common Shareholders more frequently than would otherwise be permitted by the 1940 Act (generally once per taxable year). There is no assurance that the SEC will grant the Funds request for such exemptive order. If the Fund fails to receive the requested relief and the Fund is unable to include realized capital gains in regular distributions more frequently than would otherwise be permitted by the 1940 Act, it is possible that the Funds distribution policy, as set forth above, will otherwise be adversely affected.
The level dividend distribution described above would be intended to result in the payment of approximately the same amount or percentage to Common Shareholders each month. Section 19(a) of the 1940 Act and Rule 19a-1 thereunder require the Fund to provide a written statement accompanying any such payment that adequately discloses its source or sources. Thus, if the source of the dividend or other distribution were the original capital contribution of the Common Shareholder, and the payment amounted to a return of capital, the Fund would be
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required to provide written disclosure to that effect. Nevertheless, persons who periodically receive the payment of a dividend or other distribution may be under the impression that they are receiving net profits when they are not. Common Shareholders should read any written disclosure provided pursuant to Section 19(a) and Rule 19a-1 carefully, and should not assume that the source of any distribution from the Fund is net profit. In addition, in cases where the Fund would return capital to Common Shareholders, such distribution may bear on the Funds ability to maintain its asset coverage requirements and to pay the dividends on any Preferred Shares that the Fund may issue, if ever. See Distributions. |
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Dividend Reinvestment Plan |
Unless a Common Shareholder elects otherwise, the Common Shareholders distributions will be reinvested in additional Common Shares under the Funds dividend reinvestment plan. Common Shareholders who elect not to participate in the Funds dividend reinvestment plan will receive all distributions in cash paid by check mailed directly to the shareholder of record (or, if the Common Shares are held in street or other nominee name, then to such nominee). See Dividend Reinvestment Plan. |
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Custodian and Transfer Agent |
The Bank of New York Mellon (BNYM) serves as the Funds custodian and Mellon Investor Services LLC serves as the Funds transfer agent. See Custodian and Transfer Agent. |
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The following table assumes that the Fund issues approximately 10,000,000 Common Shares, assumes Borrowings in an aggregate amount equal to 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets, and shows Fund expenses as a percentage of net assets attributable to Common Shares (Net Assets). If the Fund issues fewer Common Shares, all other things being equal, these expenses would increase as a percentage of Net Assets. Footnote (7) below shows Annual Expenses assuming no Borrowings. See Management of the Fund Investment Manager for more information about the Management Fee.
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Shareholder Transaction Expenses |
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Sales Load (as a percentage of offering price) |
4.50% | |
|
Offering Expenses Borne by the Fund (as a percentage of offering price)(1)(2) |
0.20% | |
|
Dividend Reinvestment and Cash Purchase Plan fees(3) |
None | |
|
Percentage of Net Assets
|
||
|
Annual Expenses |
||
|
Management Fees(4) |
1.50% | |
|
Administration Fees(5) |
0.23% | |
|
Interest Payments on Borrowed Funds(6) |
0.33% | |
|
Other Expenses(8) |
0.40% | |
|
Total Annual Expenses |
2.46% | |
| (1) | Total offering expenses in connection with the Common Shares (other than the sales load, but inclusive of the distribution assistance payment described below) are estimated to be $950,000. Assuming the Fund sells 10,000,000 Common Shares, total offering expenses payable by the Fund are estimated to be $500,000, which represents $0.05 per Common Share. Stone Harbor has agreed to pay all of the Funds organizational expenses, as well as the offering expenses of the Fund (other than the sales load, but inclusive of the distribution assistance payment to ALPS Distributors, Inc. (ALPS Distributors)) that exceed $0.05 per Common Share (0.20% of the offering price). As compensation for providing certain distribution-related services, ALPS Distributors, an affiliate of the Administrator, will receive 0.10% of the total public offering price (exclusive of the over-allotment option). The Fund will pay this distribution assistance fee to the extent the Funds offering expenses are less than or equal to $0.05 per Common Share, and the Investment Manager will pay this fee to the extent the Funds offering expenses exceed $0.05 per Common Share. See Underwriting. The actual size of the offering and related expenses may vary substantially from these estimates. |
Offering expenses borne by Common Shareholders will result in a reduction of capital of the Fund attributable to the Common Shares.
| (2) | The Investment Manager (and not the Fund) has agreed to pay from its own assets a structuring fee to each of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and UBS Securities LLC. The Investment Manager (and not the Fund) may also pay certain qualifying underwriters a structuring fee, a sales incentive fee, or other additional compensation in connection with the offering. See Underwriting. |
| (3) | There will be no brokerage charges with respect to Common Shares issued directly by the Fund under its dividend reinvestment plan. You will pay brokerage charges in connection with open market purchases or if you direct the Plan Administrator, as defined below, to sell your Common Shares held in a dividend reinvestment account. |
| (4) |
The Management Contract between the Fund and the Investment Manager obligates the Fund to pay the Investment Manager an annual investment advisory fee equal to 1.00% of the average daily Total |
25
|
Assets. As noted above, Total Assets includes the assets attributable to any Borrowings and to any Preferred Shares that may be outstanding. With respect to any reverse repurchase agreements, Total Assets also includes the value as of the relevant measuring date of the underlying assets sold to the counterparty. Because the costs of using leverage are borne by the Common Shareholders, the Management Fee as a percentage of Net Assets may exceed 1.00%. |
| (5) | The Administration Agreement between the Fund and the Administrator obligates the Fund to pay the Administrator an administration fee of 0.15% of the average daily Total Assets of the Fund for providing administration, bookkeeping and pricing services to the Fund. |
| (6) |
Assumes the Fund (i) utilizes leverage through Borrowings in an aggregate amount of 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds total assets less liabilities (other than such indebtedness) and (ii) the annual interest rate on the amount obtained through the use of leverage is 0.65%. |
| (7) | The table presented below in this footnote estimates what the Funds annual expenses would be stated as percentages of the Funds Net Assets but, unlike the table above, assumes that the Fund has not utilized any such leverage. In accordance with these assumptions, the Funds expenses would be estimated to be as follows: |
|
Percentage of Net Assets
Attributable to Common Shares (assuming no use of leverage) |
||||
|
Annual Expenses (as a percentage of Net Assets) |
||||
|
Management Fees |
1.00 | % | ||
|
Administration Fees |
0.15 | % | ||
|
Other Expenses(8) |
0.34 | % | ||
|
Total Annual Expenses |
1.49 | % | ||
| (8) | Other Expenses are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year. |
The purpose of the above tables is to help you understand all fees and expenses that you, as a Common Shareholder, would bear directly or indirectly. The expenses shown in the table are based on estimated amounts for the Funds first year of operations, unless otherwise indicated, and assumes that the Fund issues approximately 10,000,000 Common Shares. If the Fund issues fewer Common Shares, all other things being equal, these expenses would increase as a percentage of Net Assets. See Management of the Fund and Dividend Reinvestment Plan.
Example
The following example illustrates the expenses (including the sales load of $45 and estimated expenses of this offering of $2 that you would pay on a $1,000 investment in Common Shares, assuming (i) total annual expenses of 2.46% of the Funds Net Assets (which assumes the Fund obtains leverage through Borrowings in an amount equal to 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets) and (ii) a 5% annual return*:
| 1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | 10 Years | |||||||||||||
|
Total Expenses Incurred |
$ | 71 | $ | 121 | $ | 172 | $ | 314 | ||||||||
| * | The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those shown. The example assumes that the estimated Interest Expenses and Other Expenses set forth in the Annual Expenses table are accurate, that the rates listed under Annual Expenses remain the same each year and that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at NAV. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Funds actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% annual return. |
26
The Fund is a newly organized, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company registered under the 1940 Act. The Fund was organized as a Massachusetts business trust on September 10, 2010, pursuant to an Agreement and Declaration of Trust governed by the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts (the Declaration of Trust). As a newly organized entity, the Fund has no operating history. The Funds principal office is located at 31 West 52nd Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10019 and its telephone number is (877) 206-0791 (toll-free).
The net proceeds of this offering of Common Shares will be approximately $ ($ if the Underwriters exercise the overallotment option in full) after payment of the sales load and estimated offering expenses payable by the Fund (expected to be approximately $0.05 per Common Share).
The net proceeds of the offering will be invested in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies (as stated below) as soon as practicable after completion of the offering. The Fund currently anticipates being able to do so within one month after the completion of the offering. Pending such investment, the Fund will invest its assets in money market and short-term debt securities or money market mutual funds. Investors should expect, therefore, that before the Fund has fully invested the proceeds of the offering in accordance with its investment objective and policies, the Funds net asset value would be subject to less fluctuation than would be the case at such time as the Fund is fully invested. If the Fund is delayed in investing the proceeds of this offering, the Funds first distribution could consist principally of a return of capital.
27
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES
The Funds primary investment objective is to maximize total return, which consists of income on its investments and capital appreciation. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
The Fund normally will invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in Emerging Markets Securities. Emerging Markets Securities include fixed income securities and other instruments (including derivatives) that are economically tied to emerging market countries, that are denominated in the predominant currency of the local market of an emerging market country or whose performance is linked to those countries markets, currencies, economies or ability to repay loans. A security or instrument is economically tied to an emerging market country if it is principally traded on the countrys securities markets or if the issuer is organized or principally operates in the country, derives a majority of its income from its operations within the country or has a majority of its assets within the country.
The Fund may use derivatives to a significant extent for hedging, investment or leverage purposes. Although Emerging Markets Securities may include any derivative or other instrument that provides the Fund exposure to emerging markets, the Fund currently expects that its derivatives transactions or instruments will consist primarily of the following instruments and transactions: credit linked notes, foreign currency forward contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on individual securities and groups or indices of securities, and interest rate futures contracts and options. The Fund may use these instruments for hedging purposes, for leverage or otherwise to gain, or reduce, long or short exposure to emerging securities markets (for example, credit linked notes may be used to gain exposure to certain emerging markets fixed income securities). Emerging Markets Securities may be denominated in non-U.S. currencies or the U.S. dollar. The Fund may use derivatives to a significant extent.
The Fund considers emerging market countries as those countries identified by the World Bank Group as being low income economies or which are included in a J.P. Morgan emerging market bond index. It is anticipated that the Fund will focus most of its investments in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the developing countries of Europe. The Funds investments may include, among other things, sovereign debt obligations, corporate debt securities, structured notes, convertible securities, securities issued by supranational organizations, floating rate commercial loans, securitized loan participations, Rule 144A securities, non-U.S. currencies, currency forward contracts and other foreign currency transactions, and derivatives related to or referencing these types of securities and instruments. The Fund seeks income and capital appreciation through country selection, sector selection, security selection and currency selection.
In selecting Emerging Markets Securities for investment, the Investment Manager will apply a market risk analysis contemplating the assessment of various factors, such as liquidity, volatility, tax implications, interest rate sensitivity, counterparty risks, economic factors, currency exchange rates and technical market considerations.
The Fund may invest, without limitation, in debt securities that are rated below investment grade by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization or unrated securities that are deemed to be of comparable quality by the Investment Manager, including defaulted securities. Debt securities rated below investment grade are commonly known as junk bonds and are regarded as predominantly speculative with respect to the issuers capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations and involve major risk exposure to adverse conditions.
The Funds holdings may range in maturity from overnight to 30 years or more. The Investment Manager does not manage the Fund to have a specific average maturity or duration. The Fund may also invest in currencies, money market and short-term debt securities and cash equivalents, warrants, structured investments or other derivatives, which may be used to maintain exposure of at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) to Emerging Markets Securities. Under certain limited circumstances, the Fund may obtain substantially all of its investment exposure to Emerging Markets
28
Securities through derivatives. As noted above, the Fund expects that its investments in derivatives will consist primarily of credit linked notes, foreign currency forward contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on individual securities or groups or indices of securities, and interest rate futures contracts and options.
The Fund initially intends to invest less than 25% of its assets in a single country, and thereafter less than 50% of its assets in a single country.
In addition, the Fund may invest the remainder of its assets in securities which will not be used to achieve the Funds 80% policy, such as shares of open- and closed-end investment companies, common stocks, bonds and convertible securities.
The Funds investment objective and 80% policy are non-fundamental, and may be changed without shareholder approval; however, shareholders will be notified in writing of any material changes to the investment objective or the 80% policy at least 60 days prior to any change.
Under normal market conditions, the Fund intends to leverage the Fund by engaging in Borrowings (as defined in Prospectus Summary Leverage on page 5 of this prospectus) and/or issuing Preferred Shares. The aggregate amount of the Funds Borrowings and the liquidation value of any Preferred Shares will generally not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets (as defined in Prospectus Summary Investment Manager), measured immediately after the transaction giving rise to the leverage. The Fund may also enter into other transactions that are not subject to this 33 1 / 3 % threshold but that may give rise to a form of leverage including, among others, credit default swaps and other derivatives transactions, loans of portfolio securities and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. At all times, however, the Funds use of these transactions will be limited by the Funds policies relating to asset segregation and coverage of these types of transactions. See Use of Leverage.
Emerging Market Countries . The Fund defines emerging market countries to include countries identified by the World Bank Group as being low income economies or which are included in a J.P. Morgan emerging market bond index. As of the date of this prospectus, the countries listed below meet one or both of these criteria. The Fund expects that its investments in Emerging Markets Securities will be made primarily, but not exclusively, in some or all of the emerging markets countries included in the list below. Countries may be added to or removed from this list at any time.
|
Afghanistan |
Georgia | Nepal | ||
|
Argentina |
Ghana | Niger | ||
|
Bangladesh |
Guinea | Pakistan | ||
|
Belarus |
Guinea-Bissau | Panama | ||
|
Belize |
Haiti | Peru | ||
|
Benin |
Hungary | The Philippines | ||
|
Brazil |
Indonesia | Poland | ||
|
Bulgaria |
Iraq | Russia | ||
|
Burkina Faso |
Ivory Coast | Rwanda | ||
|
Burundi |
Jamaica | Sierra Leone | ||
|
Cambodia |
Kazakhstan | Serbia | ||
|
Central African Republic |
Kenya | Solomon Islands | ||
|
Chad |
Korea, Dem. Rep. | Somalia | ||
|
Chile |
Kyrgyz Republic | South Africa | ||
|
China |
Lao PDR | Sri Lanka | ||
|
Colombia |
Lebanon | Tajikistan | ||
|
Comoros |
Liberia | Tanzania | ||
|
Congo, Dem. Rep. |
Libya | Togo | ||
|
Croatia |
Lithuania | Tunisia | ||
|
Dominican Republic |
Madagascar | Turkey |
29
|
Ecuador |
Malaysia | Uganda | ||
|
Egypt |
Malawi | Ukraine | ||
|
El Salvador |
Mali | Uruguay | ||
|
Ethiopia |
Mauritania | Venezuela | ||
|
Eritrea |
Mexico | Vietnam | ||
|
Gabon |
Mozambique | Zambia | ||
|
Gambia, The |
Myanmar | Zimbabwe |
Investment Strategy
The Investment Manager analyzes the universe of emerging markets countries to identify potential investments for the Fund. The Investment Manager analyzes a number of factors to determine the creditworthiness of each issuer it considers for investment. In allocating the Funds investments among emerging markets countries, the Investment Manager may consider a number of factors, including, without limitation:
| |
Currency, inflation and interest rates and trends; |
| |
Growth rate forecasts; |
| |
Liquidity of a countrys debt markets; |
| |
Fiscal policies and balances; |
| |
Political outlook; |
| |
Tax environment; |
| |
Amount of debt outstanding; and |
| |
For corporate issuers: |
| |
The strength of the issuers financial resources and sensitivity to economic conditions and trends; |
| |
The issuers operating history; and |
| |
The experience and track record of the issuers management. |
The Investment Manager then selects the available securities in each country that it considers to offer the highest potential return relative to the risks presented.
The Investment Manager will look to sell or reduce exposure to securities or country allocations that, in its opinion, do not offer enough potential return relative to the risks presented.
When the Investment Manager anticipates unusual market or other conditions, the Fund may temporarily depart from its principal investment strategies as a defensive measure. To the extent that the Fund invests defensively, it likely will not achieve its investment objective.
Portfolio Composition
The Funds permitted investments include, but are not limited to:
Sovereign Debt Obligations . Sovereign debt obligations are obligations of governmental issuers in foreign developed and emerging markets countries (Sovereign Debt Obligations). Sovereign Debt Obligations include, but are not limited to, (i) debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments, government agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions, (ii) debt securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities and supranational government entities, (iii) interests in entities organized and operated for the purposes of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by any of the above issuers or (iv) participation in loans between governments and
30
financial institutions. See Loan Participations and Assignments. Supranational entities include international organizations that are organized or supported by one or more government entities to promote economic reconstruction or development and by international banking institutions and related governmental agencies. As a holder of Sovereign Debt Obligations, the Fund may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental entities. In addition, there are generally no bankruptcy proceedings similar to those in the United States by which defaulted Sovereign Debt Obligations may be collected. Investing in foreign securities involves special risks and considerations not typically associated with investing in U.S. securities. See Risk Factors Investments in Foreign Securities.
High Yield Securities . The Fund may invest without limit in debt securities that are rated below investment grade (below Baa by Moodys or below BBB by either S&P or Fitch) or unrated but judged by the Investment Manager to be of comparable quality (Non-Investment Grade Bonds). Non-Investment Grade Bonds are commonly referred to as high yield securities or junk bonds. Non-Investment Grade Bonds involve a greater degree of risk (in particular, a greater risk of default) than, and special risks in addition to the risks associated with, investment grade debt obligations. While offering a greater potential opportunity for capital appreciation and higher yields, Non-Investment Grade Bonds typically entail greater potential price volatility and may be less liquid than higher-rated securities. Non-Investment Grade Bonds may be regarded as predominantly speculative with respect to the issuers continuing ability to make timely principal and interest payments. They also may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than higher-rated securities. Debt securities in the lowest investment grade category also may be considered to possess some speculative characteristics by one or more ratings agencies.
The market values of Non-Investment Grade Bonds tend to reflect individual developments of the issuer to a greater extent than do higher-quality securities, which tend to react mainly to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. In addition, lower-quality debt securities tend to be more sensitive to general economic conditions. Certain emerging market governments that issue Non-Investment Grade Bonds in which the Fund may invest are among the largest debtors to commercial banks, foreign governments and supranational organizations, such as the World Bank, and may not be able or willing to make principal and/or interest payments as they come due.
Corporate Debt Securities . The Fund may invest in debt securities of non-governmental issuers. Like all debt securities, corporate debt securities generally represent an issuers obligation to repay to the investor (or lender) the amount borrowed plus interest over a specified time period. A typical corporate bond specifies a fixed date when the amount borrowed (principal) is due in full, known as the maturity date, and specifies dates when periodic interest (coupon) payments will be made over the life of the security.
Corporate debt securities come in many varieties and may differ in the way that interest is calculated, the amount and frequency of payments, the type of collateral, if any, and the presence of special features ( e.g. , conversion rights). The Funds investments in corporate debt securities may include, but are not limited to, senior, junior, secured and unsecured bonds, notes and other debt securities, and may be fixed rate, floating rate, zero coupon and inflation linked, among other things. The Fund may invest in convertible bonds and warrant structures, which are fixed income securities with imbedded warrants that are exercisable into other debt or equity securities.
Bonds . The Fund may invest in a wide variety of bonds of varying maturities issued by U.S. and foreign corporations and other business entities, governments and municipalities and other issuers. Bonds are fixed or variable/floating-rate debt obligations, including bills, notes, debentures, money market instruments and similar instruments and securities. Bonds generally are used by corporations as well as governments and other issuers to borrow money from investors. The issuer pays the investor a fixed or variable rate of interest and normally must repay the amount borrowed on or before maturity. Some bonds are perpetual in that they have no maturity date.
Currency . The Fund may engage in foreign currency exchange transactions in connection with its investments in Emerging Markets Securities. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency exchange
31
transactions either on a spot ( i.e. , cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market or in the derivatives markets, including through entering into forward, futures or options contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies. Additional instruments that provide exposure to currencies include, but are not limited to, currency swap contracts, currency futures contracts and options on such futures contracts, purchasing put or call options on currencies in U.S. or foreign markets and other currency derivatives.
Loan Participations and Assignments . The Fund may invest in fixed and floating rate loans arranged through private negotiations between an issuer and one or more financial institutions. The Funds investments in loans may be in the form of participations in loans or assignments of all or a portion of loans from third parties. The Funds investment in participations typically will result in the Fund having a contractual relationship only with the lender and not with the borrower. The Fund will have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the lender selling the participation and only upon receipt by the lender of the payments from the borrower.
The purchaser of an assignment acquires direct rights against the borrower on the loan. Because assignments are arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, however, the rights and obligations so acquired may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning lender. The assignability of certain loans, especially with respect to Sovereign Debt Obligations, is restricted by the governing documentation as to the nature of the assignee such that the only way in which the Fund may acquire an interest in such a loan is through a participation and not through an assignment.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts . The Fund may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts (forward contracts) for purposes of gaining exposure to the currency of an emerging markets or other foreign country or as a hedge against fluctuations in future foreign currency exchange rates. A forward contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large, commercial and investment banks) and their customers. A non-deliverable currency forward contract is a short-term forward contract on a foreign currency where the profit and loss is the difference between a specified exchange rate and the spot rate at the time of settlement.
At times, the Fund may enter into cross-currency hedging transactions involving currencies other than those in which securities are held or proposed to be purchased are denominated.
By entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale, for a fixed amount of dollars or other currency, of the amount of foreign currency involved in an underlying security transaction, the Fund may be able to protect itself against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the currency which is being used for the security transaction.
Although the Fund values its assets daily in terms of U.S. dollars, it does not intend to actually convert its holdings of foreign currencies into U.S. dollars on a daily basis. It will, however, do so with respect to a portion of the Funds assets from time to time, and investors should be aware of the costs of currency conversion. Although foreign currency exchange dealers typically do not charge a fee for conversion, they do realize a profit based on the spread between the prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire to resell that currency to the dealer.
The Fund may be limited in its ability to enter into hedging transactions involving forward contracts by the Code requirements relating to qualification as a regulated investment company.
Forward contracts may limit gains on portfolio securities that could otherwise be realized had they not been utilized and could result in losses. The contracts also may increase the Funds volatility and may involve a significant amount of risk relative to the investment of cash.
32
Options . A put option gives the purchaser of the option, upon payment of a premium, the right to sell, and the writer of the option the obligation to buy, the underlying security, commodity, index or other instrument at the exercise price. The Funds purchase of a put option on a security might be designed to protect its holdings in the underlying instrument (or, in some cases, a similar instrument) against a substantial decline in the market value by giving the Fund the right to sell such instrument at the option exercise price. A call option, upon payment of a premium, gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy, and the seller the obligation to sell, the underlying instrument at the exercise price. The Funds purchase of a call option on a security, financial future contract, index or other instrument might be intended to protect the Fund against an increase in the price of the underlying instrument that it intends to purchase in the future by fixing the price at which it may purchase such instrument. An American style put or call option may be exercised at any time during the option exercise period while a European style put or call option may be exercised only upon expiration. A Bermudan style put or call may be exercised on fixed dates occurring during the term of the option. Put options and call options typically have similar structural characteristics and operational mechanics regardless of the underlying instrument on which they are purchased or sold. For more information, see Additional Investment Activities and Risk Derivatives Options in the SAI. In addition, many derivative transactions involving options require designation or segregation of Fund assets, as described below under Use of Asset Segregation and Other Special Accounts.
Futures Contracts . The Fund may enter into contracts for the purchase or sale for future delivery of securities or foreign currencies, or contracts based on financial indices, including any stock index or index of government or other securities. A futures contract purchaser incurs an obligation to take delivery of a specified amount of the security, currency or other asset underlying the contract at a specified time in the future for a specified price. A seller of a futures contract incurs an obligation to deliver the specified amount of the underlying security, currency or other asset at a specified time in return for an agreed upon price. The purchase of a futures contract enables the Fund, during the term of the contract, to lock in a price at which it may purchase a security, currency or other asset and protect against a rise in prices pending purchase. The sale of a futures contract enables the Fund to lock in a price at which it may sell a security, currency or other asset and protect against declines pending sale.
Although most futures contracts call for actual delivery or acceptance of the underlying security, currency or other asset, the contracts usually are closed out before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery. Index futures contracts provide for the delivery of an amount of cash equal to a specified dollar amount times the difference between the index value at the open or close of the last trading day of the contract and the futures contract price. A futures contract sale is closed out by effecting a futures contract purchase for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of security, currency or other asset and the same delivery date. If the sale price exceeds the offsetting purchase price, the seller would be paid the difference and would realize a gain. If the offsetting purchase price exceeds the sale price, the seller would pay the difference and would realize a loss. Similarly, a futures contract purchase is closed out by effecting a futures contract sale for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of security, currency or other asset and the same delivery date. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price, the purchaser would realize a gain, whereas if the purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, the purchaser would realize a loss. There is no assurance that the Fund will be able to enter into a closing transaction.
Currently, securities index futures contracts can be purchased with respect to several indices on various exchanges. Differences in the securities included in the indices may result in differences in correlation of the futures contracts with movements in the value of the securities being hedged. The Fund also may invest in foreign stock index futures contracts traded outside the United States which involve additional risks, including fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, foreign currency exchange controls, political and economic instability, differences in financial reporting and securities regulation and trading, and foreign taxation issues. See Risk Factors Investments in Foreign Securities and Risk Factors Foreign Currency Risk.
In addition, the Fund may enter into financial futures contracts or purchase or sell put and call options on futures contracts as a hedge against anticipated interest rate or debt market changes, to gain exposure to
33
a market, for duration management or for risk management purposes. Futures contracts are generally bought and sold on the exchanges where they are listed with payment of initial and variation margin as described below. The purchase of a financial futures contract creates a firm obligation by the Fund, as purchaser, to take delivery from the seller the specific type of financial instrument called for in the contract at a specific future time for a specified price (or, with respect to index futures contracts and Eurodollar instruments, the net cash amount). The sale of a futures contract creates a firm obligation by the Fund, as seller, to deliver to the buyer the specific type of financial instrument called for in the contract at a specific future time for a specified price (or, with respect to index futures contracts and Eurodollar instruments, the net cash amount). Options on futures contracts are similar to options on securities except that an option on a futures contract gives the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume a position in a futures contract and obligates the seller to assume the opposite position.
Futures Contracts Strategies . When a significant market advance is anticipated, the purchase of a futures contract by the Fund affords a hedge against not participating in the advance at a time when the Fund is otherwise fully invested. Such purchase of a futures contract would serve as a temporary substitute for the purchase of individual securities, which may be purchased in an orderly fashion once the market has stabilized. As individual securities are purchased, an equivalent amount of futures contracts could be terminated by offsetting sales. The Fund may sell futures contracts in anticipation of or in a general market decline that may adversely affect the market value of the Funds securities. To the extent that the value of the Funds portfolio of securities changes in correlation with the value of the underlying security or index, the sale of futures contracts would substantially reduce the risk to the Fund of a market decline and, by so doing, provides an alternative to the liquidation of securities positions in the Fund. Ordinarily transaction costs associated with futures contracts transactions are lower than transaction costs that would be incurred in the purchase and sale of the underlying securities.
Typically, maintaining a futures contract or selling an option on a futures contract requires the Fund to deposit with a financial intermediary as security for its obligations an amount of cash or other specified assets (initial margin), which initially is typically 1% to 10% of the face amount of the contract (but may be higher in some circumstances). Additional cash or assets (variation margin) may be required to be deposited thereafter on a daily basis as the mark to market value of the contract fluctuates. The purchase of options on financial futures contracts involves payment of a premium for the option without any further obligation on the part of the Fund. If the Fund exercises an option on a futures contract it will be obligated to post initial margin (and potential subsequent variation margin) for the resulting futures contract position just as it would for any position. Futures contracts and options on futures contracts are generally settled by entering into an offsetting transaction but there can be no assurance that the position can be offset prior to settlement at an advantageous price nor that delivery will occur.
Because the initial margin required to maintain a futures contract is a fraction of the face value of the contract, the value of the contract can be much higher or lower than the value of the Funds assets used to take the position. The Fund may therefore use futures as form of leverage and may be exposed to the associated risks. See Leverage Risk below.
There currently are limited futures markets for certain currencies of emerging markets countries, securities and indexes and the nature of the strategies adopted by the Investment Manager and the extent to which those strategies are used will depend on the development of those markets. To the extent the Fund engages in transactions in options and futures, the Fund will normally transact in options and futures that are traded on a recognized securities or futures exchange, including non-U.S. exchanges. Moreover, when the Fund purchases a futures contract or a call option thereon or writes a put option thereon, an amount of cash or high quality, liquid securities, including U.S. government securities, will be designated on the Funds records or deposited in a segregated account with the Funds custodian so that the amount so designated or segregated, plus the amount of initial and variation margin held in the account of its broker, equals the market value of the futures contract.
Structured Products . The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in structured investments, structured notes and other types of similarly structured products consistent with the Funds investment objective and
34
policies. Generally, structured investments are interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of underlying investment interests or securities. These investment entities may be structured as trusts or other types of pooled investment vehicles. This type of structuring generally involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity of the underlying investments and the issuance by that entity of one or more classes of securities backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying investments or referencing an indicator related to such investments. The cash flow or rate of return on the underlying investments may be apportioned among the newly issued securities to create different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, credit quality, payment priorities and interest rate provisions.
Structured notes are derivative securities for which the amount of principal repayment and/or interest payments is based on the movement of one or more factors. These factors may include, but are not limited to, currency exchange rates, interest rates (such as the prime lending rate or LIBOR), referenced bonds and stock indices. Some of these factors may or may not correlate to the total rate of return on one or more underlying instruments referenced in such notes. In some cases, the impact of the movements of these factors may increase or decrease through the use of multipliers or deflators.
The cash flow or rate of return on a structured investment may be determined by applying a multiplier to the rate of total return on the underlying investments or referenced indicator. Application of a multiplier is comparable to the use of financial leverage, a speculative technique. Leverage magnifies the potential for gain and the risk of loss. As a result, a relatively small decline in the value of the underlying investments or referenced indicator could result in a relatively large loss in the value of a structured product.
Swaps . The Fund may enter into swap transactions, such as interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps, total return swaps, and options on swaps, caps, floors or collars. A swap is a derivative in the form of an agreement to exchange the return generated by one instrument for the return generated by another instrument. The payment streams are often calculated by reference to a specified index and agreed upon notional amount. The term specified index may include currencies, interest rates, prices, total return on interest rate indices, debt indices, stock indices and commodity indices (as well as amounts derived from arithmetic operations on these indices). For example, the Fund may agree to swap the return generated by a debt index for the return generated by a second debt index. Such swaps may involve initial and final exchanges that correspond to the agreed upon national amount.
The swaps in which the Fund may engage also include rate caps, floors, collars and other combinations of options, forwards, swaps and/or futures under which one party pays a single or periodic fixed amount(s) (or premium), and the other party pays periodic amounts based on the movement of a specified index. The swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. Caps, floors and collars are more recent innovations for which standardized documentation has not yet been fully developed and, accordingly, they are less liquid than swaps.
The Fund will usually enter into swaps on a net basis, i.e. , the two payment streams are netted out in a cash settlement on the payment date or dates specified in the instrument, with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. The Funds obligations under a swap agreement will generally be accrued daily (offset against any amounts owing to the Fund) and any accrued but unpaid net amounts owed to a swap Counterparty will be covered by the designation of cash or liquid securities in an amount equal to the Funds net obligations under the swap. These transactions are not subject to the Funds borrowing restrictions. The Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap agreement counterparty.
The Fund will engage in any swap transactions in a manner consistent with its intention to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code.
Options on Swaps . The Fund may engage in options on swaps for hedging purposes to manage and mitigate the credit and interest rate risks. A swap option (sometimes called a swaption) is a contract that
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gives a Counterparty the right (but not the obligation) to enter into a new swap agreement or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement at some designated future time on specified terms. The Fund may write (sell) and purchase put and call swap options. The use of swap options involves risks, including, among others, that (i) the changes in the market value of securities held by the Fund and in the swap options relating to those securities may not be proportionate, which could result in an imperfect hedge leaving the Fund economically over or under exposed to such securities, (ii) there may not be a liquid market to sell a swap option, which could result in difficulty closing a position, (iii) swap options can magnify the extent of losses incurred due to changes in the market value of the securities to which they relate, and (iv) counterparty risk.
Credit Default Swaps . The Fund may enter into credit default swap contracts for hedging purposes or to add investment exposure to certain securities or markets to the Fund. As the seller in a credit default swap contract, the Fund would be required to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation to the Counterparty in the event of a default by a third party, such as an emerging market corporate issuer, on the debt obligation. In return, the Fund would receive from the Counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the Fund would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. As the seller, the Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total assets, the Fund would be subject to investment exposure to the reference instrument in the amount of the notional amount of the swap.
The Fund may also purchase credit default swap contracts in order to hedge against the risk of default of debt securities held in its portfolio, in which case the Fund would function as the counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraph. This would involve the risk that the investment may expire worthless and would generate income only in the event of an actual default by the issuer of the underlying obligation (as opposed to a credit downgrade or other indication of financial instability). It would also involve credit risk that the seller may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the Fund in the event of a default.
If the Fund sells credit protection through a credit default swap, although the Fund may not be required to pay the par (or other agreed upon) value of the referenced debt instrument absent a default of the underlying debt obligation, a credit downgrade or other indication of financial distress with respect to the reference issuer may cause the value of the credit default swap to decrease, causing a loss to the Fund, and may also require the Fund to deposit additional margin with the counterparty, possibly requiring it to sell other assets at disadvantageous times or prices.
The market for credit default swaps has become more volatile recently as the creditworthiness of certain counterparties has been questioned and/or downgraded. If a counterpartys credit becomes significantly impaired, multiple requests for collateral posting in a short period of time could increase the risk that the Fund may not receive adequate collateral. Credit default swaps are not currently traded on any securities exchange. The Fund generally may exit its obligations under a credit default swap only by terminating the contract and paying applicable breakage fees, or by entering into an offsetting credit default swap position, which may cause the Fund to incur more losses.
Credit-Linked Notes. The Fund may invest in credit-linked notes, which are types of derivative instruments. A credit linked note is a synthetic obligation between two or more parties where the payment of principal and/or interest is based on the performance of some obligation (a reference obligation, such as an underlying emerging market bond). The Fund will typically be a purchaser of credit linked notes, in that it will pay the counterparty a sum of money in exchange for the right to payments corresponding to interest and principal payments actually made by the issuer of the reference obligation. In addition to credit risk and other risks of the reference obligations and interest rate risk, a purchaser of a credit linked note is subject to counterparty risk.
Use of Asset Segregation and Special Accounts . Many derivative transactions, in addition to other requirements, require that the Fund designate or segregate cash and/or liquid securities at least equal to
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the Funds daily mark-to-market obligations under the transaction. Alternatively, the Fund may cover its obligations through ownership of the underlying security, financial instrument or currency, or through other offsetting transactions.
In the case of certain derivatives, the Fund must deposit initial margin and possibly daily variation margin in addition to segregating cash and/or liquid securities sufficient to meet its obligations under the derivatives. To the extent that the Fund segregates assets to cover the daily marked-to-market obligation rather than the notional value, the Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Fund segregated assets equal to the full notional value of such contracts.
Although the Investment Manager will attempt to ensure that at all times the Fund has sufficient liquid assets to cover its obligations under its derivative contracts, these obligations will often be volatile and it is possible that the Funds liquid assets may be insufficient to support its obligations under its derivatives positions.
Derivative transactions may be covered by other means when consistent with applicable regulatory policies, such as by entering into offsetting positions. For example, the Fund could offset a put option sold by the Fund by purchasing a put option with the same or higher strike price. Moreover, instead of segregating cash and/or liquid securities with respect to a long position in a futures or forward contract, the Fund could purchase a put option on the same futures contract or forward contract with a strike price as high or higher than the price of the contract held. Derivative transactions may also be covered through a combination of offsetting transactions and the designation of liquid assets.
Leverage . The Fund may use leverage through Borrowings and possibly through issuing Preferred Shares, in an aggregate amount of up to 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets immediately after such transactions. The Fund may also engage in other transactions that result in leverage, such as credit default swaps and other derivatives, but are not subject to this restriction. See Use of Leverage for more information.
Zero Coupon Bonds . Certain debt securities purchased by the Fund may take the form of zero coupon bonds. A zero coupon bond is a bond that does not pay interest either for the entire life of the obligation or for an initial period after the issuance of the obligation. When held to its maturity, its return comes from the difference between the purchase price and its maturity value. A zero coupon bond is normally issued and traded at a discount from face value. Zero coupon bonds allow an issuer to avoid or delay the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments and, as a result, may involve greater credit risk than bonds that pay interest currently or in cash. The Fund would be required to distribute the income on any of these instruments as it accrues, even though the Fund will not receive all of the income on a current basis or in cash. Thus, the Fund may have to sell other investments, including when it may not be advisable to do so, to make income distributions to its Common Shareholders.
Yankee Dollar Obligations, Eurobonds, Global Bonds . Certain debt securities purchased by the Fund may take the forms of Yankee dollar obligations, eurobonds or global bonds. Yankee dollar obligations are dollar-denominated obligations issued in the U.S. capital markets by foreign issuers, such as corporations and banks. A eurobond is a bond issued in a currency other than the currency of the country or market in which it is issued. Global bonds are bonds that can be offered within multiple markets simultaneously. Unlike eurobonds, global bonds can be issued in the local currency of the country of issuance.
Brady Bonds . The Fund may invest in Brady Bonds, which are securities created through the exchange of existing commercial bank loans to sovereign entities for new obligations in connection with a debt restructuring. Investments in Brady Bonds may be viewed as speculative. Brady Bonds acquired by the Fund may be subject to restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit, which may cause the Fund to realize a loss of interest or principal on any of its portfolio holdings.
Repurchase Agreements . The Fund may engage in repurchase agreements with broker-dealers, banks and other financial institutions to earn incremental income on temporarily available cash which would otherwise be uninvested. A repurchase agreement is a short-term investment in which the purchaser
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( i.e. , the Fund) acquires ownership of a security and the seller agrees to repurchase the obligation at a future time and set price, thereby determining the yield during the holding period. Repurchase agreements involve risks in the event of default by the other party. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with broker-dealers, banks and other financial institutions deemed to be creditworthy by the Investment Manager. Repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days may be considered illiquid.
Repurchase agreements are fully collateralized by the underlying securities. The Fund pays for such securities only upon physical delivery or evidence of book entry transfer to the account of a custodian or bank acting as agent. The seller under a repurchase agreement will be required to maintain the value of the underlying securities marked-to-market daily at not less than the repurchase price. The underlying securities (normally securities of emerging markets countries, the U.S. government and their agencies or instrumentalities) may have maturity dates exceeding one year.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements . The Fund may generate leverage by entering into reverse repurchase agreements, under which the Fund sells portfolio securities to financial institutions such as banks and broker-dealers and agrees to repurchase them at a particular date and price. Such agreements, which are in effect collateralized borrowings by the Fund, are considered to be senior securities under the 1940 Act unless the Fund designates on its books and records an amount of assets equal to the amount of the Funds obligations under the reverse repurchase agreements.
When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Securities . The Fund may purchase and sell securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis whereby the Fund buys or sells a security with payment and delivery taking place in the future. The payment obligation and the interest rate are fixed at the time the Fund enters into the commitment. No income accrues to the Fund on securities in connection with such transactions prior to the date the Fund actually takes delivery of such securities. These transactions are subject to market risk as the value or yield of a security at delivery may be more or less than the purchase price or the yield generally available on securities when delivery occurs. In addition, the Fund is subject to counterparty risk because it relies on the buyer or seller, as the case may be, to consummate the transaction, and failure by the other party to complete the transaction may result in the Fund missing the opportunity of obtaining a price or yield considered to be advantageous. An increase in the percentage of the Funds assets committed to the purchase of securities on a when issued or delayed delivery basis may increase the volatility of the Funds NAV.
Asset-Backed Securities . Asset-backed securities are interests in pools of debt securities backed by various types of loans such as credit card, auto and home equity loans. Payment of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for certain time periods by a letter of credit issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the entities issuing the securities. These securities involve prepayment risk as well as risk that the underlying debt securities will default.
Private Placements and Restricted Securities . The Fund may invest in securities which are subject to restrictions on resale because they have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act), or which are otherwise not readily marketable. These securities are generally referred to as private placements or restricted securities. Limitations on the resale of these securities may have an adverse effect on their marketability, and may prevent the Fund from disposing of them promptly at reasonable prices. The Fund may have to bear the expense of registering the securities for resale and the risk of substantial delays in effecting the registration.
Rule 144A permits the Fund to sell certain restricted securities to qualified institutional buyers without limitation. However, investing in Rule 144A securities could have the effect of increasing the level of Fund illiquidity to the extent the Fund, at a particular point in time, may be unable to find qualified institutional buyers interested in purchasing such securities.
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Short Sales . A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells an instrument that it does not own in anticipation that the market price will decline. The Fund may use short sales for investment purposes or for hedging and risk management purposes. The Fund may also take short positions with respect to the performance of securities, indexes, interest rates, currencies and other assets or markets through the use of derivative or forward instruments. When the Fund engages in a short sale of a security, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the counterparty. The Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and would often be obligated to pay over any payments received on such borrowed securities. The Funds obligation to replace the borrowed security will be secured by collateral deposited with the lender, which is usually a broker-dealer, and/or with the Funds custodian. The Fund may not receive any payments (including interest) on its collateral. Short sales expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to cover its short position at a time when the securities have appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. The Fund may engage in so-called naked short sales when it does not own or have the immediate right to acquire the security sold short at no additional cost, in which case the Funds losses theoretically could be unlimited. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time that the Fund replaces the borrowed security, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. The successful use of short selling may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the security sold short and securities being hedged if the short sale is being used for hedging purposes. The Fund may engage in short selling to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act and the rules and interpretations thereunder and other federal securities laws. If the Fund engages in short selling in foreign (non-U.S.) jurisdictions, the Fund will do so only to the extent permitted by the laws and regulations of such jurisdiction. The Fund will not make a short sale if, after giving effect to such sale, the market value of all securities sold short by the Fund exceeds 25% of the value of its total assets.
Convertible Securities . Convertible securities are generally issued as bonds or shares preferred stock that, at the holders option, may be exchanged for a fixed number of the issuers common shares or other equity securities.
In addition to traditional convertible securities, the Fund may invest in exchangeable and synthetic convertible securities. The Fund may also invest in traditional convertible securities whose conversion values are based on the common stock of the issuer of the convertible security. Synthetic and exchangeable convertible securities are preferred stocks or debt obligations of an issuer which are combined with an equity component whose conversion value is based on the value of the common stock of a different issuer or a particular benchmark (which may include a foreign issuer or basket of foreign stocks, or a company whose stock is not yet publicly traded). In many cases, synthetic and exchangeable convertible securities are not convertible prior to maturity, at which time the value of the security is paid in cash by the issuer.
Money Market Instruments . Money market instruments are high quality short-term debt securities. Money market instruments in which the Fund may invest may include obligations of governments, government agencies, banks, corporations and special purpose entities including time deposits and certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements relating to these obligations. Certain money market instruments may be denominated in foreign currencies.
Common Stock . Common stock generally represents an ownership or equity interest in an issuer, without preference over any other class of securities, including such issuers debt securities, preferred stock and other senior equity securities. Common stocks are entitled to the income and increase in the value of the assets and business of the issuer after all its debt obligations and obligations to preferred stockholders are satisfied. Common stocks generally have voting rights. Common stocks fluctuate in price in response to many factors including historical and prospective earnings of the issuer, the value of its assets, general economic conditions, interest rates, investor perceptions and market liquidity. They may or may not pay dividends, as some issuers reinvest all of their profits back into their businesses, while others pay out some of their profits to stockholders as dividends.
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Preferred Stock . Preferred stock, like common stock, represents an equity ownership in an issuer. Generally, preferred stock has a priority of claim over common stock in dividend payments and upon liquidation of the issuer. Unlike common stock, preferred stock does not usually have voting rights. Preferred stock in some instances is convertible into common stock.
Although they are equity securities, preferred stocks have characteristics of both debt and common stock. Like debt, their promised income is contractually fixed. Like common stock, they do not have rights to precipitate bankruptcy proceedings or collection activities in the event of missed payments. Other equity characteristics are their subordinated position in an issuers capital structure and that their quality and value are heavily dependent on the profitability of the issuer rather than on any legal claims to specific assets or cash flows.
Distributions on preferred stock are declared by the board of directors of the issuer and may be subject to deferral, and thus may not be automatically payable. Income payments on preferred stocks may be cumulative, causing dividends and distributions to accrue even if not declared by the board or otherwise made payable, or non-cumulative, so that skipped dividends and distributions do not continue to accrue. There is no assurance that dividends on preferred stocks in which the Fund invests will be declared or otherwise made payable. The Fund is permitted to invest in non-cumulative preferred stock, although the Investment Manager will consider, among other factors, the non-cumulative nature in making any decision to purchase or sell such securities on behalf of the Fund.
Inflation Linked Bonds . Inflation linked bonds are government-issued debt securities that offer an investor inflationary protection, by linking yields to the inflation rate.
Warrants . Warrants give holders the right, but not the obligation, to buy common stock or fixed income securities of an issuer at a given price, usually higher than the market price at the time of issuance, during a specified period. Warrants are usually freely transferable. The risk of investing in a warrant is that the warrant may expire prior to the market value of the underlying security exceeding the price fixed by the warrant.
In particular, the Fund may seek to gain exposure to Emerging Markets Securities through warrants, the return on which is linked to one or more securities of issuers located in emerging markets countries. Purchasing warrants would entitle the Fund, upon exercise of the warrant, to receive any appreciation in the market price of its securities over approximately the market price at the time of purchase. Warrants are exercisable over specified periods.
Unrated Securities . The Fund may purchase unrated securities (which are not rated by a rating agency) if the Investment Manager determines that the securities are of comparable quality to rated securities that the Fund may purchase. Unrated securities may be less liquid than comparable rated securities and involve the risk that the Investment Manager may not accurately evaluate the securitys comparative credit rating. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of high yield securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher-quality debt obligations. The Funds success in achieving its investment objective may depend more heavily on the Investment Managers credit analysis to the extent that the Fund invests in below investment grade quality and unrated securities.
Collateralized Debt Obligations . The Fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), which include collateralized bond obligations (CBOs), collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and other similarly structured securities. CBOs and CLOs are types of asset-backed securities. A CBO is a trust which is backed by a diversified pool of high risk, below investment grade fixed income securities. A CLO is a trust typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CDOs may charge management fees and administrative expenses. For both CBOs and CLOs, the cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, varying in risk and yield. The riskiest portion is the equity tranche which bears the bulk of defaults from the bonds or loans in the trust and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default. Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CBO trust or
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CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than the underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the equity tranche, CBO or CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults and aversion to CBO or CLO securities as a class. The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CDO in which the Fund invests. Normally, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in CDOs may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities; however, an active dealer market may exist for CDOs allowing a CDO to qualify under Rule 144A under the Securities Act. In addition to the normal risks associated with fixed income securities discussed elsewhere in this prospectus and in the Statement of Additional Information ( e.g. , interest rate risk and default risk), CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the Fund may invest in CDO securities that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
Commercial Paper . Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by corporations such as banks or bank holding companies and finance companies. The rate of return on commercial paper may be linked or indexed to the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies.
U.S. Government Securities . U.S. Government securities are obligations of and, in certain cases, guaranteed by, the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities. The U.S. Government does not guarantee the NAV of the Funds shares. Some U.S. Government securities, such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and securities guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association, are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States; others, such as those of the Federal Home Loan Banks, are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the U.S. Treasury); others, such as those of the Federal National Mortgage Association , are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase the agencys obligations; and still others, such as those of the Student Loan Marketing Association, are supported only by the credit of the instrumentality. U.S. Government securities may include zero coupon securities, which do not distribute interest on a current basis and tend to be subject to greater risk than interest-paying securities of similar maturities.
Zero-Coupon Bonds, Step-Ups and Payment-In-Kind Securities. Zero-coupon bonds pay interest only at maturity rather than at intervals during the life of the security. Like zero-coupon bonds, step up bonds pay no interest initially but eventually begin to pay a coupon rate prior to maturity, which rate may increase at stated intervals during the life of the security. Payment-in-kind securities (PIKs) are debt obligations that pay interest in the form of other debt obligations, instead of in cash. Each of these instruments is normally issued and traded at a deep discount from face value. Zero-coupon bonds, step-ups and PIKs allow an issuer to avoid or delay the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments and, as a result, may involve greater credit risk than bonds that pay interest currently or in cash. The Fund would be required to distribute the income on these instruments as it accrues, even though the Fund will not receive the income on a current basis or in cash. Thus, the Fund may have to sell other investments, including when it may not be advisable to do so, to make income distributions to its shareholders.
Inflation-Indexed Bonds . Inflation-indexed bonds (other than municipal inflation-indexed bonds and certain corporate inflation-indexed bonds) are fixed income securities the principal value of which is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. If the index measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation-indexed bonds (other than municipal inflation-indexed bonds and certain corporate inflation-indexed bonds) will be adjusted downward, and consequently the interest payable on these securities (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced. Repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed in the case of U.S. Treasury inflation- indexed bonds. For bonds that do not provide a similar guarantee, the adjusted principal value of the bond
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repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal. With regard to certain corporate inflation-indexed bonds, the inflation adjustment is reflected in the semi-annual coupon payment. As a result, the principal value of such corporate inflation-indexed bonds does not adjust according to the rate of inflation.
The value of inflation-indexed bonds is expected to change in response to changes in real interest rates. Real interest rates are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. If nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates may rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-indexed bonds. Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-indexed bond will be considered taxable ordinary income, even though investors do not receive their principal until maturity. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters.
Variable- and Floating-Rate Securities . Variable- and floating-rate instruments are instruments that pay interest at rates that adjust whenever a specified interest rate (the reference rate) changes and/or that reset on predetermined dates (such as the last day of a month or calendar quarter). In addition to Floating-Rate Loans, variable- and floating-rate instruments may include, without limitation, instruments such as catastrophe and other event-linked bonds, bank capital securities, unsecured bank loans, corporate bonds, money market instruments and certain types of mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities. Due to their variable- or floating-rate features, these instruments will generally pay higher levels of income in a rising interest rate environment and lower levels of income as interest rates decline. For the same reason, the market value of a variable- or floating-rate instrument is generally expected to have less sensitivity to fluctuations in market interest rates than a fixed-rate instrument, although the value of a variable- or floating-rate instrument may nonetheless decline as interest rates rise and due to other factors, such as changes in credit quality or because of an imperfect correlation between the securities interest rate adjustment mechanism and the level of interest rates generally.
The Fund also may engage in credit spread trades. A credit spread trade is an investment position relating to a difference in the prices or interest rates of two bonds or other securities, in which the value of the investment position is determined by changes in the difference between the prices or interest rates, as the case may be, of the respective securities. The Fund may also invest in inverse floating-rate debt instruments (inverse floaters), which are floating rate instruments whose coupon rate moves in the opposite direction from the change in the reference rate. An inverse floater may exhibit greater price volatility than a fixed-rate obligation of similar credit quality.
Hybrid Instruments . A hybrid instrument is a type of potentially high-risk derivative that combines a traditional stock, bond or commodity with an option or forward contract. Generally, the principal amount, amount payable upon maturity or redemption, or interest rate of a hybrid is tied (positively or negatively) to the price of some commodity, currency or securities index or another interest rate or some other economic factor (each a benchmark). The interest rate or (unlike most fixed income securities) the principal amount payable at maturity of a hybrid security may be increased or decreased, depending on changes in the value of the benchmark. An example of a hybrid could be a bond issued by an oil company that pays a small base level of interest with additional interest that accrues in correlation to the extent to which oil prices exceed a certain predetermined level. Such a hybrid instrument would be a combination of a bond and a call option on oil.
Hybrids can be used as an efficient means of pursuing a variety of investment goals, including currency hedging, duration management and increased total return. Hybrids may not bear interest or pay dividends. The value of a hybrid or its interest rate may be a multiple of a benchmark and, as a result, may be leveraged and move (up or down) more steeply and rapidly than the benchmark. These benchmarks may be sensitive to economic and political events, such as commodity shortages and currency devaluations, which cannot be readily foreseen by the purchaser of a hybrid. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of a hybrid could be zero. Thus, an investment in a hybrid may entail significant market risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional, U.S. dollar-denominated bond that has a fixed principal amount and pays a fixed rate or floating rate of interest. The purchase of hybrids also exposes the Fund to the credit risk of the issuer of the hybrids. These risks may cause significant fluctuations in the NAV of the Funds common shares if the Fund invests in hybrid instruments.
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Certain hybrid instruments may provide exposure to the commodities markets. These are derivative securities with one or more commodity-linked components that have payment features similar to commodity futures contracts, commodity options or similar instruments. Commodity-linked hybrid instruments may be either equity or debt securities, leveraged or unleveraged, and are considered hybrid instruments because they have both security and commodity-like characteristics. A portion of the value of these instruments may be derived from the value of a commodity, futures contract, index or other economic variable.
Certain issuers of structured products such as hybrid instruments may be deemed to be investment companies as defined in the 1940 Act. As a result, the Funds investments in these products may be subject to limits applicable to investments in investment companies and may be subject to restrictions contained in the 1940 Act.
Depository Receipts . The Fund may invest in American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), European Depositary Receipts (EDRs), Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) and similar securities that represent interests in a companys securities that have been deposited with a bank or trust and that trade on an exchange or over-the-counter. For example, ADRs represent interests in a non-U.S. company but trade on a U.S. exchange or over-the-counter and are denominated in U.S. dollars. These securities represent the right to receive securities of the foreign issuer deposited with the bank or trust. ADRs, EDRs and GDRs can be sponsored by the issuing bank or trust company or the issuer of the underlying securities. Although the issuing bank or trust company may impose charges for the collection of dividends and the conversion of such securities into the underlying securities, there are generally no fees imposed on the purchase or sale of these securities, other than transaction fees ordinarily involved with trading stock. Such securities may be less liquid or may trade at a lower price than the underlying securities of the issuer. Additionally, receipt of corporate information about the underlying issuer and proxy disclosure may be untimely.
Other Investment Companies . The Fund may invest in securities of other open- or closed-end investment companies, including exchange traded funds (ETFs) and investment companies organized under non-U.S. law, to the extent that such investments are consistent with the Funds investment objective, strategies and policies and permissible under the 1940 Act. The Fund may invest in other investment companies to gain broad market, sector or geographic exposure, including during periods when it has large amounts of uninvested cash or when Stone Harbor believes share prices of other investment companies offer attractive values. The Fund may invest in investment companies that are advised by the Investment Manager, Stone Harbor or their affiliates to the extent permitted by applicable law and/or pursuant to exemptive relief from the Securities and Exchange Commission. As a shareholder in an investment company, the Fund would bear its ratable share of that investment companys expenses and would remain subject to payment of the Funds management fees and other expenses with respect to assets so invested. Common Shareholders would therefore be subject to duplicative expenses to the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies. The securities of other investment companies may be leveraged, in which case the NAV and/or market value of the investment companys shares will be more volatile than unleveraged investments. See Risk Factors Leverage Risk.
Portfolio Turnover
Although the Fund cannot accurately predict its portfolio turnover rate, it may exceed 150% (excluding turnover of securities having a maturity of one year or less) in any given year. A high turnover rate (100% or more) generally results in greater expenses to the Fund and may result in realization of net short-term capital gains.
Lending of Portfolio Securities
The Fund may lend its portfolio securities to brokers, dealers, domestic and foreign banks and other institutional investors. By lending its portfolio securities, the Fund will attempt to earn incremental income on portfolio securities through the receipt of interest on the cash collateral with respect to the loan or fees received from the borrower in connection with the loan. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities loaned that might occur during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund. The
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Fund may employ an agent to implement the securities lending program and the agent receives a fee from the Fund for its services. The Fund will not lend more than 33 1 / 3 % of the value of its total assets. The Fund may lend its portfolio securities consistent with the Funds investment objective so long as the terms, structure and the aggregate amount of such loans are not inconsistent with the 1940 Act or the rules and regulations or interpretations of the SEC thereunder, which currently require that (i) the borrower pledge and maintain with the Fund collateral consisting of liquid, unencumbered assets having a value at all times not less than 100% of the value of the securities loaned; (ii) the borrower add to such collateral whenever the price of the securities loaned rises ( i.e. , the borrower marks to market on a daily basis); (iii) the loan be made subject to termination by the Fund at any time; and (iv) the Fund receive a reasonable return on the loan (which may include the Fund investing any cash collateral in interest bearing short-term investments), any distributions on the loaned securities and any increase in their market value. In addition, voting rights may pass with the loaned securities, but the Fund will retain the right to call any security in anticipation of a vote that the Investment Manager deems material to the security on loan.
The Fund may engage in Borrowings (as defined in Prospectus Summary Leverage on page 5 of this prospectus) in an amount that, when combined with the value of any Preferred Shares issued by the Fund, does not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets immediately after such transactions. It is possible that following such Borrowings and/or issuances, the assets of the Fund will decline due to market conditions such that this 33 1 / 3 % threshold will be exceeded. In that case, the leverage risk to Common Shareholders will increase. See Risk Factors Leverage Risk. The Fund may also enter into other transactions that are not subject to this 33 1 / 3 % limit but that may give rise to a form of leverage including, among others, credit default swaps and other derivatives transactions, loans of portfolio securities and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. At all times, however, the Funds use of these transactions will be limited by the Funds policies relating to asset segregation and coverage of these types of transactions.
The Fund may choose not to use leverage at all times. The amount and composition of leverage used may vary depending upon a number of factors, including economic and market conditions in the relevant emerging markets countries, the availability of relatively attractive investment opportunities not requiring leverage and the costs and risks that the Fund would incur as a result of leverage.
Leverage creates risks for Common Shareholders, including the likelihood of greater volatility of NAV per share and market price of, and dividends paid on, the Common Shares. There is a risk that fluctuations in interest rates on Borrowings or the dividend rates on any Preferred Shares issued by the Fund may adversely affect the return to the Common Shareholders. If the income from the securities purchased with the proceeds of leverage is not sufficient to cover the cost of leverage, the return on the Fund will be less than if leverage had not been used, and therefore the amount available for distribution to the Common Shareholders as dividends and other distributions will be reduced.
During periods in which the Fund is using leverage, the fees paid to the Investment Manager for investment advisory services and to the Administrator for administrative services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid will be calculated on the basis of the Funds Total Assets, including assets attributable to Borrowings and Preferred Shares, which may create an incentive for the Investment Manager to leverage the Fund or to leverage using strategies that increase the Investment Managers management fee.
Borrowings and/or Preferred Shares may be subject to dividend or interest payments, which may exceed the income and appreciation on the assets purchased with the proceeds of such leverage. The issuance of Preferred Shares or entering into a borrowing program involves expenses and other costs and may limit the Funds freedom to pay dividends on Common Shares or to engage in other activities. Borrowings, obligations to derivatives counterparties and Preferred Shares will generally have priority over the Funds Common Shares. The use of leverage creates an opportunity for greater return per Common Share, but at the same time such leveraging is a speculative technique in that it will increase the Funds exposure to capital risk. Unless the income and appreciation, if any, on assets acquired with leverage
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proceeds exceed the associated costs of such Preferred Shares or Borrowings (and other Fund expenses), the use of leverage will diminish the investment performance of the Funds Common Shares compared with what it would have been without leverage. In addition, if an event of default were to occur with respect to a reference obligation on which the Fund had sold a credit default swap, the value of the reference obligation received by the Fund (if any), coupled with the periodic payments previously received from the counterparty, may be less than the full notional value the Fund pays to the buyer, in which case the investment performance of the Funds Common Shares will underperform as compared to what the performance would have been without the use of credit default swaps. See Risk Factors Leverage Risk and Risk Factors Credit Default Swaps Risk.
The Fund may be subject to certain restrictions on investments imposed by guidelines of one or more rating agencies that may issue ratings for any Preferred Shares issued by the Fund and by borrowing program covenants. These guidelines and covenants may impose asset coverage or Fund composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed on the Fund by the 1940 Act. It is not anticipated that these covenants or guidelines will significantly impede Stone Harbor from managing the Funds portfolio in accordance with the Funds investment objectives and policies.
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally is not permitted to have outstanding senior securities representing indebtedness (including through the use of reverse repurchase agreements, futures contracts, loans of portfolio securities, swap contracts and other derivatives, as well as when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions, but only to the extent that these instruments constitute senior securities) unless immediately after the financing giving rise to the indebtedness, the value of the Funds total assets less liabilities (other than such indebtedness) is at least 300% of the principal amount of such indebtedness ( i.e. , the principal amount may not exceed 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds total assets). In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on Common Shares unless, at the time of such declaration, the value of the Funds total assets, less liabilities other than indebtedness, is at least 300% of the principal amount of indebtedness (excluding certain privately offered and temporary indebtedness). If the Fund enters into these transactions, it intends, to the extent possible, to prepay all or a portion of the principal amount due to the extent necessary in order to maintain the required asset coverage. Failure to maintain certain asset coverage requirements could result in an event of default and entitle holders of any senior securities of the Fund to elect a majority of the Trustees of the Fund. For the purposes of the restrictions imposed by the 1940 Act, derivative instruments and reverse repurchase agreements used by the Fund will not constitute senior securities (and will not be considered indebtedness for purposes of the 300% asset coverage limit described above) to the extent that the Fund segregates or designates liquid assets at least equal in amount to its obligations under the instruments, or enters into offsetting transactions or owns positions covering its obligations.
Also under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not permitted to issue Preferred Shares unless immediately after such issuance the market value of the total assets of the Funds portfolio is at least 200% of the liquidation value of the outstanding Preferred Shares ( i.e. , such liquidation value may not exceed 50% of the Funds average daily total assets). In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Shares unless, at the time of such declaration, the Preferred Shares of the Fund have an asset coverage of at least 200% after deducting the amount of such dividend or other distribution, as the case may be. Although the Fund does not currently intend to issue Preferred Shares, if Preferred Shares are issued, the Fund intends, to the extent possible, to purchase or redeem Preferred Shares, from time to time, to maintain coverage of any Preferred Shares of at least 300%. If the Fund issues Preferred Shares, the holders of the Preferred Shares will elect two of the Trustees of the Fund. In the event the Fund failed to pay dividends on its Preferred Shares for two years, holders of Preferred Shares would be entitled to elect a majority of the Trustees until the dividends are paid.
The Funds use of certain forms of leverage could bear on or be limited by the Funds qualification for U.S. federal income taxation as a regulated investment company. To so qualify, the Fund must satisfy certain requirements relating to sources of its income and diversification of its assets, and must distribute in each taxable year at least 90% of its net investment income (including net interest income and net short-term
45
gain). The Fund also will be required to distribute annually substantially all of its income and capital gain, if any, to avoid imposition of a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters.
The Funds willingness to incur leverage for investment purposes, and the amount of leverage the Fund may incur, will depend on many factors, the most important of which are market conditions and interest rates. There is no assurance that any leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which such strategy is employed.
Assuming the utilization of leverage through Borrowings in the amount of 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets, and an annual interest rate on Borrowings of 0.65% payable on such leverage, the additional income that the Fund must earn (net of expenses) in order to cover such interest payments is 0.22%. The Funds actual cost of leverage will be based on market rates at the time the Fund undertakes a leveraging strategy, and such actual cost of leverage may be higher or lower than that assumed in the previous example.
The following table is designed to illustrate the effect on the return to a Common Shareholder of leverage through Borrowings in the amount of approximately 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds Total Assets, assuming hypothetical annual returns of the Funds portfolio of minus 10% to plus 10%. As the table shows, leverage generally increases the return to Common Shareholders when portfolio return is positive and greater than the cost of leverage and decreases the return when the portfolio return is negative or less than the cost of leverage. The figures appearing in the table are hypothetical and actual returns may be greater or less than those appearing in the table.
|
Assumed Return on Portfolio (net of expenses) |
| 10.00% | | 5.00% | 0.00% | 5.00% | 10.00% | |||||||||||||
|
Corresponding Return to Common Stockholder |
| 15.33% | | 7.83% | | 0.33% | 7.18% | 14.68% | ||||||||||||
In addition to Borrowings and issuing Preferred Shares, the Fund may use a variety of additional strategies that would be viewed as potentially adding leverage to the portfolio, subject to rating agency limitations. These include the use of credit default swaps and other derivative instruments, loans of portfolio securities and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions. By adding additional leverage, these strategies have the potential to increase returns to Common Shareholders, but also involve additional risks. Additional leverage will increase the volatility of the Funds investment portfolio and could result in larger losses than if the strategies were not used. However, to the extent that the Fund enters into offsetting transactions or owns positions covering its obligations, the leveraging effect is expected to be minimized or eliminated.
Unless and until the Fund makes Borrowings, issues Preferred Shares or enters into other transactions that generate leverage, the Common Shares will not be leveraged, and the risks and special considerations related to leverage described in this prospectus will not apply. It will not be possible to seek to achieve any potential returns from such leveraging of the Common Shares until the proceeds resulting from the use of leverage have been invested in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies.
Credit Facility
In the event the Fund leverages through Borrowings, the Fund may enter into definitive agreements with respect to a credit facility. The Fund may negotiate with commercial banks to arrange a credit facility pursuant to which the Fund would expect to be entitled to borrow an amount equal to approximately 33 1 / 3 % of the Funds total assets (including the amount borrowed), as of the closing of the offer and sale of the Common Shares offered hereby. Any such Borrowings would constitute financial leverage. Such a facility is not expected to be convertible into any other securities of the Fund. Outstanding amounts are expected to be prepayable by the Fund prior to final maturity without significant penalty and there are not expected to be any sinking fund or mandatory retirement provisions. Outstanding amounts would be payable at maturity or such earlier times as required by the agreement. The Fund may be required to prepay outstanding amounts under the facility or incur a penalty rate of interest in the event of the occurrence of certain events of default. The Fund would be expected to indemnify the lenders under the facility against liabilities they may incur in connection with the facility. The Fund may be required to pay commitment fees under the terms of any such facility.
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In addition, the Fund expects that such a credit facility would contain covenants that, among other things, likely will limit the Funds ability to pay dividends in certain circumstances, incur additional debt, change its fundamental investment policies and engage in certain transactions, including mergers and consolidations, and may require asset coverage ratios in addition to those required by the 1940 Act. The Fund may be required to pledge its assets and to maintain a portion of its assets in cash or high-grade securities as a reserve against interest or principal payments and expenses. The Fund expects that any credit facility would have customary covenant, negative covenant and default provisions. There can be no assurance that the Fund will enter into an agreement for a credit facility on terms and conditions representative of the foregoing, or that additional material terms will not apply. In addition, if entered into, any such credit facility may in the future be replaced or refinanced by one or more credit facilities having substantially different terms or by the issuance of Preferred Shares or debt securities.
Investing in the Fund involves risks, including the risk that you may receive little or no return on your investment or that you may lose part or all of your investment. You should carefully consider the risks below and other information contained in this prospectus before you decide to participate in the offering. The section below does not describe all risks associated with an investment in the Fund. Additional risks and uncertainties may also adversely affect and impair the Fund.
Non-Diversified Status
As a non-diversified investment company under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not limited in the proportion of its assets that may be invested in securities of a single issuer, and accordingly, the Fund may invest a greater portion of its assets in a more limited number of issuers than a diversified fund. Because the Fund, as a non-diversified investment company, may invest in a smaller number of individual issuers than a diversified investment company, an investment in the Fund may, under certain circumstances, present greater risk to an investor than an investment in a diversified company because changes in the financial condition or market assessment of a single issuer may cause greater fluctuations in the Funds NAV. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund intends to conduct its operations so as to meet the diversification requirements for regulated investment companies for purposes of the Code, which generally will relieve the Fund of any liability for U.S. federal income tax to the extent its earnings are distributed to shareholders. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters. To so qualify, among other requirements, the Fund will limit its investments so that at the end of each quarter of each taxable year (a) at least 50% of the market value of the Funds total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Funds total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the market value of the Funds total assets is invested in the securities (other than U.S. government securities and the securities of other regulated investment companies) of (i) any one issuer, (ii) one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined in the Code) or (iii) any two or more issuers that the Fund controls and that are determined to be engaged in the same business or similar or related trades or businesses.
No Operating History
The Fund is a newly organized, non-diversified closed-end investment company with no history of operations and is subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business. An investment in the Funds Common Shares is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire amount that you invest. See Investment and Market Risk.
Investment at the Time of Initial Offering Risk
Initial investments in the Fund at the time of offering are subject to a sales load and offering costs. There is no guarantee that the Fund will generate sufficient return to recoup the sales load and the offering costs.
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Management Risk
The Funds ability to identify and invest in attractive opportunities is dependent upon the Investment Manager, Stone Harbor. If one or more key individuals leave the Investment Manager, it may not be able to hire qualified replacements, or may require an extended time to do so. This could prevent the Fund from achieving its investment objective.
Although the Investment Manager is the adviser to several registered open-end funds, the Fund is the first closed-end fund to be managed by the Investment Manager.
As with any managed fund, the Investment Manager may not be successful in selecting the best-performing securities, leverage strategy or investment techniques, and the Funds performance may lag behind that of similar funds as a result.
Investment and Market Risk
An investment in Common Shares is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount invested. An investment in Common Shares represents an indirect investment in the securities and other financial assets owned by the Fund. Securities held by the Fund are generally traded in over-the-counter markets. The value of these securities and financial assets, like other market investments, may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. The Common Shares at any point in time may be worth less than their original cost, even after taking into account any reinvestment of dividends and distributions. Further, the value of securities held by the Fund may decline in value due to factors affecting securities markets generally or particular industries.
Investments in Foreign Securities
Investing in foreign securities involves certain special considerations that are not typically associated with investments in the securities of U.S. issuers. Foreign issuers are not generally subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and may have policies that are not comparable to those of domestic issuers. As a result, there may be less information available about foreign issuers than about domestic issuers. Securities of some foreign issuers may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of securities markets, brokers and issuers than in the United States. In addition, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is a possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political and social instability, or diplomatic developments which could affect the value of investments in those countries. The costs of investing in foreign countries frequently are higher than the costs of investing in the United States. Although the Investment Manager endeavors to achieve the most favorable execution costs in portfolio transactions, trading costs in non-U.S. securities markets are generally higher than trading costs in the United States.
Investments in securities of foreign issuers often will be denominated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, the value of the Funds assets, as measured in U.S. dollars, may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates and in exchange control regulations. The Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. See Foreign Currency Risk.
Certain foreign governments levy withholding or other taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion of foreign withholding taxes will reduce the income received from investments in such countries.
From time to time, the Fund may have invested in certain sovereign debt obligations that are issued by, or certain companies that operate in or have dealings with, countries that become subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. Investments in such countries may be adversely affected because, for example, the credit rating of the sovereign debt security may be lowered due to the countrys
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instability or unreliability or the company may suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates in, or has dealings with, such countries. As an investor in such companies, the Fund will be indirectly subject to those risks.
Investments in Emerging Markets Countries
Investing in the securities of issuers located in emerging markets countries involves special considerations not typically associated with investing in the securities of other foreign or U.S. issuers, including heightened risks of expropriation and/or nationalization, armed conflict, confiscatory taxation, restrictions on transfers of assets, lack of uniform accounting and auditing standards, less publicly available financial and other information and potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations.
The economies of individual emerging markets countries may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, currency depreciation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Governments of many emerging markets countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In some cases, the government owns or controls many companies, including some of the largest in the country.
Accordingly, government actions could have a significant effect on economic conditions in an emerging country and on market conditions, prices and yields of securities in the Funds portfolio. Moreover, the economies of developing countries generally are heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be adversely affected by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. These economies also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade. With respect to any emerging country, there is the possibility of nationalization, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political changes, government regulation, overburdened and obsolete or unseasoned financial systems, environmental problems, less developed legal systems, economic or social instability or diplomatic developments (including war) which could affect adversely the economies of such countries or the value of the Funds investments in those countries. It also may be difficult to obtain and enforce a judgment in a court outside of the United States.
In addition, the inter-relatedness of the economies in emerging markets countries has deepened over the years, with the effect that economic difficulties in one country may spread throughout a region or even among all or most emerging markets countries, an effect that may vitiate any attempt by the Fund to reduce risk through geographic diversification of its portfolio investments.
Investments in emerging markets countries may entail purchasing securities issued by or on behalf of entities that are insolvent, bankrupt, in default or otherwise engaged in an attempt to reorganize or reschedule their obligations or in entities that have little or no proven credit rating or credit history. In any such case, the issuers poor or deteriorating financial condition may increase the likelihood that the Fund will experience losses or diminution in available gains due to bankruptcy, insolvency or fraud.
Investments in emerging markets countries may also be exposed to an extra degree of custodial and/or market risk, especially where the securities purchased are not traded on an official exchange or where ownership records regarding the securities are maintained by an unregulated entity (or even the issuer itself).
Foreign Currency Risk
The Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus borrowings for investment purposes) in Emerging Markets Securities, which may include or be denominated in foreign currencies. The Fund is subject to the risk that those currencies will decline in value relative to the value of the U.S. dollar. The values of the currencies of the emerging markets countries in which the Fund may invest may be subject to a high degree of fluctuation due to changes in interest rates, the effects of the monetary policies of the
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United States, foreign governments, central banks or supranational entities, the imposition of currency controls or other national or global political or economic developments. Therefore, the Funds exposure to foreign currencies may result in losses to the Fund.
The Fund will compute, and expects to distribute, its income in U.S. dollars, and the computation of income is made on the date that the income is earned by the Fund at the foreign exchange rate in effect on that date. If the value of the foreign currencies in which the Fund receives its income falls relative to the U.S. dollar between the earning of the income and the time at which the Fund converts the foreign currencies to U.S. dollars, the Fund may be required to liquidate securities in order to make distributions if the Fund has insufficient cash in U.S. dollars to meet distribution requirements. See Distributions and Dividend Reinvestment Plan. The liquidation of investments, if required, may have an adverse impact on the Funds performance.
Since the Fund may invest in securities denominated in foreign currencies, changes in foreign currency exchange rates will affect the value of securities in the Funds portfolio and the unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments. In addition to changes in the value of the Funds portfolio investments resulting from currency fluctuations, the Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. Foreign exchange dealers realize a profit based on the difference between the prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer normally will offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire immediately to resell that currency to the dealer. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency exchange transactions either on a spot ( i.e. , cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign currency exchange market or in the derivatives markets, including through entering into forward, futures or options contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies.
Currency exchange rates may be negatively impacted by rates of inflation, interest rate levels, balance of payments and governmental surpluses or deficits in the emerging markets countries in which the Fund invests. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries. Governments that issue obligations may engage in certain techniques to control the value of their local currencies. Such techniques include central bank intervention, imposition of regulatory controls or the imposition of taxes that may impact the exchange rates of the local currencies in which the debt securities are denominated. Emerging markets countries may also issue a new currency to replace an existing currency or may devalue their currencies. The liquidity and market values of the Funds investments in Emerging Markets Securities may be impacted by the actions of the governments of the emerging markets countries in which the Fund invests.
The Fund may, from time to time, seek to protect the value of some portion or all of its portfolio holdings against currency risks by engaging in currency hedging transactions. Such transactions may include entering into forward currency exchange contracts, currency futures contracts and options on such futures contracts, the use of other derivatives, as well as purchasing put or call options on currencies, in U.S. or foreign markets. Currency hedging involves special risks, including possible default by the other party to the transaction, illiquidity and, to the extent the Investment Managers view as to certain market movements is incorrect, the risk that the use of hedging could result in losses greater than if they had not been used. In addition, in certain countries in which the Fund may invest, currency hedging opportunities may not be available.
Sovereign Debt Obligations Risk
Investments in emerging markets countries government debt obligations involve special risks. Certain emerging markets countries have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate fluctuations, large amounts of external debt, balance of payments and trade difficulties and extreme poverty and unemployment. The issuer or governmental authority that
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controls the repayment of an emerging countrys debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A debtors willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation and, in the case of a government debtor, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the government debtors policy towards the International Monetary Fund and the political constraints to which a government debtor may be subject. Government debtors may default on their debt and may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest arrearages on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a debtors implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtors obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties commitments to lend funds to the government debtor, which may further impair such debtors ability or willingness to service its debts on a timely basis. Holders of government debt, including the Fund, may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to government debtors.
As a result of the foregoing, a government obligor may default on its obligations. If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign government debt securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of more senior fixed income securities, such as commercial bank debt, will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign government debt securities in the event of default under their commercial bank loan agreements.
Government obligors in emerging markets countries are among the worlds largest debtors to commercial banks, other governments, international financial organizations and other financial institutions. The issuers of the government debt securities in which the Fund may invest have in the past experienced substantial difficulties in servicing their external debt obligations, which led to defaults on certain obligations and the restructuring of certain indebtedness. Restructuring arrangements have included, among other things, reducing and rescheduling interest and principal payments by negotiating new or amended credit agreements, and obtaining new credit to finance interest payments. Holders of certain foreign government debt securities may be requested to participate in the restructuring of such obligations and to extend further loans to their issuers. There can be no assurance that the foreign government debt securities in which the Fund may invest will not be subject to similar restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit which may adversely affect the Funds holdings. Furthermore, certain participants in the secondary market for such debt may be directly involved in negotiating the terms of these arrangements and may therefore have access to information not available to other market participants.
Investments in emerging markets countries government debt securities involve currency risk. See Foreign Currency Risk.
Derivatives Risk
The Fund may use derivatives to a significant extent for hedging, investment or leverage purposes. Derivative transactions (such as futures contracts and options thereon, options and swaps) may subject the Fund to increased risk of principal loss due to imperfect correlation between the values of the derivatives and the underlying securities or unexpected price or interest rate movements. The Fund will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivatives contracts purchased by the Fund, in addition to the risks associated with direct investments in the underlying reference securities, currencies or other instruments. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. In addition, in
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the event of the insolvency of a counterparty to a derivative transaction, the derivative transaction would typically be terminated at its fair market value. To the extent the Funds claim is unsecured, the Fund will be treated as a general creditor of such counterparty, and will not have any claim with respect to the underlying security. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances. The Funds use of derivatives can affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders; the extent to which the Fund invests in derivatives may be limited by tax considerations (see discussion in U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters below). Derivatives involve exposure that may exceed the original cost, and a small use of derivatives could result in a potentially unlimited loss to the Fund under certain circumstances.
The use of derivatives may expose the Fund to leverage risk. See Leverage Risk.
It is possible that government regulation of various types of derivative instruments, including credit linked notes, foreign currency forward contracts, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on individual securities and groups or indices of securities, and interest rate options, may limit or prevent the Fund from using such instruments as part of its investment strategy, which could negatively impact the Fund. For example, some legislative and regulatory proposals, such as those in the Dodd-Frank Act (which was passed into law in July 2010), would upon implementation impose limits on the maximum position that could be held by a single trader in certain contracts and would subject some derivatives transactions to new forms of regulation that could create barriers to some types of investment activity. Other provisions would require many derivatives transactions to be cleared and traded on an exchange, expand entity registration requirements, impose business conduct requirements on dealers, and require banks to move some derivatives trading units to a non-guaranteed affiliate separate from the deposit-taking bank or divest them altogether. While many provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act must be implemented through future rulemaking, and any regulatory or legislative activity may not necessarily have a direct, immediate effect upon the Fund, it is possible that, upon the effectiveness of these rules, they could potentially limit or completely restrict the ability of the Fund to use these instruments as a part of its investment strategy, increase the costs of using these instruments or make them less effective. Limits or restrictions applicable to the counterparties with which the Fund engages in derivative transactions could also prevent the Fund from using these instruments or affect the pricing or other factors relating to these instruments, or may change availability of certain investments.
Short Sales Risk
To the extent the Fund makes use of short sales for investment and/or risk management purposes, the Fund may be subject to risks associated with selling short. Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells securities or other instruments that the Fund does not own. Short sales expose the Fund to the risk that it will be required to cover its short position at a time when the securities have appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. The Fund may engage in short sales where it does not own or have the right to acquire the security sold short at no additional cost. The Funds loss on a short sale theoretically could be unlimited in a case where the Fund is unable, for whatever reason, to close out its short position. In addition, the Funds short selling strategies may limit its ability to benefit from increases in the markets. If the Fund engages in short sales, it will segregate liquid assets, enter into offsetting transactions or own positions covering its obligations; however, such segregation and cover requirements will not limit or offset losses on related positions. Short selling also involves a form of financial leverage that may exaggerate any losses realized by the Fund. Also, there is the risk that the counterparty to a short sale may fail to honor its contractual terms, causing a loss to the Fund.
Risks of Short Economic Exposure Through Derivatives
The use by the Fund of derivatives such as options, forwards or futures contracts for investment and/or risk management purposes may subject the Fund to risks associated with short economic exposure through such derivatives. Taking a short economic position through derivatives exposes the Fund to the risk that it will be obligated to make payments to its counterparty if the underlying asset appreciates in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. The Funds loss on a short position using derivatives theoretically could be unlimited.
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Credit Default Swaps Risk
Credit default swaps involve greater risks than investing in the reference obligation directly. In addition to general market risks, credit default swaps are subject to liquidity risk, counterparty risk and credit risk. A buyer will lose its investment and recover nothing should no event of default occur. If an event of default were to occur, the value of the reference obligation received by the seller (if any), coupled with the periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value it pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the seller. When the Fund acts as a seller of a credit default swap, it is exposed to many of the same risks of leverage described herein since if an event of default occurs the seller must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation.
Although the Fund will seek to realize gains by writing credit default swaps that increase in value, to realize gains on writing credit default swaps, an active secondary market for such instruments must exist or the Fund must otherwise be able to close out these transactions at advantageous times. If no such secondary market exists or the Fund is otherwise unable to close out these transactions at advantageous times, writing credit default swaps may not be profitable for the Fund.
The market for credit default swaps has become more volatile in recent years as the creditworthiness of certain counterparties has been questioned and/or downgraded. If a counterpartys credit becomes significantly impaired, multiple requests for collateral posting in a short period of time could increase the risk that the Fund may not receive adequate collateral. As of the date of this prospectus, credit default swaps are not currently traded on any securities exchange, however certain credit default swaps may be cleared through swaps clearing houses. The Fund may exit its obligations under a credit default swap only by terminating the contract and paying applicable breakage fees, or by entering into an offsetting credit default swap position, which may cause the Fund to incur more losses.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that investments will decline in value because of changes in market interest rates. When interest rates rise, the market value of fixed income securities generally will fall. The Funds investment in such securities means that the NAV and price of the Common Shares may decline if market interest rates rise. Interest rates are currently low relative to historic levels. During periods of declining interest rates, an issuer of fixed income securities may exercise its option to redeem or prepay securities prior to maturity, which could result in the Funds having to reinvest in lower yielding fixed income securities or other types of securities. This is known as call or prepayment risk. During periods of rising interest rates, the average life of certain types of securities may be extended because of slower than expected payments. This may lock in a below market yield, increase the securitys duration, and reduce the value of the security. This is known as extension risk. Investments in debt securities with long-term maturities may experience significant price declines if long-term interest rates increase. This is known as maturity risk. The value of the Funds investments in common stock may also be influenced by changes in interest rates.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that an issuer of, for example, a fixed income security or preferred stock, or the counterparty to a derivatives contract, will be unable to make interest, principal, dividend, or other payments when due. In general, lower rated securities carry a greater degree of credit risk. If rating agencies lower their ratings of securities in the Funds portfolio, the value of those obligations could decline. In addition, the underlying revenue source for a fixed income security, a preferred stock or a derivatives contract may be insufficient to pay dividends, interest, principal or other required payments in a timely manner. Because a significant primary source of income for the Fund is the dividend, interest, principal and other payments on the fixed-income securities, preferred stocks and derivatives in which it invests, any default by an issuer of such an instrument could have a negative impact on the Funds ability to pay dividends on Common Shares and/or cause a decline in the value of Fund assets. Even if the issuer
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does not actually default, adverse changes in the issuers financial condition may negatively affect its credit rating or presumed creditworthiness. These developments would adversely affect the market value of the issuers obligations or the value of credit derivatives if the Fund has sold credit protection.
Debt Securities Risk
In addition to the other risks described herein, debt securities are also subject to the following general risks:
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Redemption Risk Debt securities sometimes contain provisions that allow for redemption in the event of tax or security law changes in addition to call features at the option of the issuer. In the event of a redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable rates of return. |
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Limited Voting Rights Debt securities typically do not provide any voting rights, except in cases when interest payments have not been made and the issuer is in default. |
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Liquidity Certain debt securities may be substantially less liquid than many other securities, such as U.S. government securities or common stocks. |
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Spread Risk When spreads rise, market perceived credit risk rises and when spreads fall, market perceived credit risk falls. Wider credit spreads and decreasing market values represent a deterioration of the debt securitys credit soundness and a greater likelihood or risk of default by the issuer. |
Corporate Debt Securities Risk
Prices of corporate debt securities fluctuate and, in particular, are subject to several key risks including, but not limited to, interest-rate risk, credit risk, prepayment risk and spread risk. The market value of a corporate bond may be affected by the credit rating of the corporation, the corporations performance and perceptions of the corporation in the market place. There is a risk that the issuers of the corporate debt securities in which the Fund may invest may not be able to meet their obligations on interest or principal payments at the time called for by an instrument.
Credit Ratings Risk
Rating agencies are private services that provide ratings of the credit quality of debt obligations. Appendix A to the SAI describes the various ratings assigned to debt obligations by Moodys, S&P and Fitch. Ratings assigned by a rating agency are not absolute standards of credit quality and do not evaluate market risks. Rating agencies may fail to make timely changes in credit ratings and an issuers current financial condition may be better or worse than a rating indicates. The Fund will not necessarily sell a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. Although the Investment Manager may take into account credit ratings, it develops its own analysis of issuer credit quality. The ratings of a debt security may change over time. Moodys, S&P and Fitch monitor and evaluate the ratings assigned to securities on an ongoing basis. As a result, debt instruments held by the Fund could receive a higher rating (which would tend to increase their value) or a lower rating (which would tend to decrease their value) during the period in which they are held by the Fund.
Hedging Strategy Risk
Certain of the investment techniques that the Fund may employ for hedging will expose the Fund to additional or increased risks.
There may be an imperfect correlation between changes in the value of the Funds portfolio holdings and hedging positions entered into by the Fund, which may prevent the Fund from achieving the intended hedge or expose the Fund to risk of loss. In addition, the Funds success in using hedge instruments is
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subject to the Investment Managers ability to predict correctly changes in the relationships of such hedge instruments to the Funds portfolio holdings, and there can be no assurance that the Investment Managers judgment in this respect will be accurate. Consequently, the use of hedging transactions might result in a poorer overall performance for the Fund, whether or not adjusted for risk, than if the Fund had not hedged its portfolio holdings.
The Investment Manager is under no obligation to engage in any hedging strategies, and may, in its discretion, choose not to. Even if the Investment Manager desires to hedge some of the Funds risks, suitable hedging transactions may not be available or, if available, attractive. A failure to hedge may result in losses to the value of the Funds investments.
Counterparty Risk
The Fund may be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivative contracts and other instruments entered into by the Fund or held by special purpose or structured vehicles in which the Fund invests. In the event that the Fund enters into a derivative transaction with a counterparty that subsequently becomes insolvent or becomes the subject of a bankruptcy case, the derivative transaction may be terminated in accordance with its terms and the Funds ability to realize its rights under the derivative instrument and its ability to distribute the proceeds could be adversely affected. To the extent the Funds claim is unsecured, the Fund will be treated as a general creditor of such counterparty, and will not have any claim with respect to the underlying security. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.
Investment and Repatriation Restrictions
Foreign investment in emerging markets issuers, including the Sovereign Debt Obligations of emerging markets countries, is restricted or controlled to varying degrees. These restrictions or controls may at times limit or preclude foreign investment in certain emerging country debt securities and increase the costs and expenses of the Fund. Certain emerging markets countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, limit the amount of investment by foreign persons in a particular issuer, limit the investment by foreign persons only to a specific class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous rights than the classes available for purchase by domiciliaries of the countries and/or impose additional taxes on foreign investors. Certain emerging markets countries may also restrict investment opportunities in issuers in industries deemed important to national interests.
Emerging market countries may require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors. In addition, if an emerging countrys balance of payments deteriorates, the country could impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital remittances. The Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital, as well as by the application to the Fund of any restrictions on investments. Investing in local markets in emerging markets countries may require the Fund to adopt special procedures, seek local government approvals or take other actions, each of which may involve additional costs to the Fund.
In some cases the restrictions and limitations discussed above may prompt the Fund to gain economic exposure to these securities through the use of derivatives, subjecting the Fund to the costs and risks of derivative investments.
Non-Investment Grade Securities Risk
The Funds investments in fixed income securities and preferred stocks of below investment grade quality (commonly referred to as high yield or junk bonds), if any, are predominantly speculative because of the credit risk of their issuers. While offering a greater potential opportunity for capital
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appreciation and higher yields, such below investment grade securities entail greater potential price volatility and may be less liquid than higher-rated securities. Issuers of below investment grade quality securities are more likely to default on their payments of interest and principal owed to the Fund, and such defaults will reduce the Funds NAV and income distributions. The prices of these lower quality securities are more sensitive to negative developments than higher rated securities. Adverse business conditions, such as a decline in the issuers revenues or an economic downturn, generally lead to a higher non-payment rate. In addition, such a security may lose significant value before a default occurs as the market adjusts to expected higher non-payment rates. The Fund may invest without limit in securities rated below investment grade. See Credit Risk.
Loan Participations and Assignments Risk
The Fund may invest in fixed and floating rate loans arranged through private negotiations between an issuer of Sovereign Debt Obligations and one or more financial institutions. The Funds investments in loans in most instances will be in the form of participations in loans or assignments of all or a portion of loans from third parties. In connection with purchasing loan participations, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not directly benefit from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the loan participation. As a result, the Fund may be subject to the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the participation. In the event of the insolvency of the lender selling a participation, the Fund may be treated as a general creditor of the lender and may not benefit from any set-off between the lender and the borrower. Certain loan participations may be structured in a manner designed to prevent purchasers of participations from being subject to the credit risk of the lender with respect to the participation, but even under such a structure, in the event of the lenders insolvency, the lenders servicing of the participation may be delayed and the assignability of the participation impaired. The Fund will acquire loan participations only if the lender interpositioned between the Fund and the borrower is determined by the Investment Manager to be creditworthy.
The Fund may have difficulty disposing of loans and loan participations because to do so it will have to assign such securities to a third party. Because there is no liquid market for such securities, the Fund anticipates that such securities could be sold only to a limited number of institutional investors. The lack of a liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such securities and the Funds ability to dispose of particular loans and loan participations when necessary to meet the Funds liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower. The lack of a liquid secondary market for loans and loan participations also may make it more difficult for the Fund to assign a value to these securities for purposes of valuing the Funds portfolio and calculating its NAV.
Tax Risk
The Fund intends to elect to be treated, and intends to qualify and be treated each year, as a regulated investment company under the Code. If the Fund qualifies as a regulated investment company, it generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its income, including net capital gain, distributed to shareholders, provided that, for each taxable year, the Fund distributes to its shareholders an amount equal to or exceeding 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income as that term is defined in the Code (which includes, among other things, dividends, taxable interest and the excess of any net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, as reduced by certain deductible expenses) and its net tax-exempt income. The Fund intends to distribute annually all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income and net capital gain. In order for the Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company in any taxable year, the Fund must meet certain asset diversification tests and at least 90% of its gross income for such year must consist of certain types of qualifying income. If Congress, the U.S. Treasury Department or the Internal Revenue Service were to take any action that altered the Funds current understanding of these requirements, certain types of income representing a significant portion of the Funds gross income may not constitute qualifying income. In that case, the Fund could be forced to
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change the manner in which it pursues its investment strategy or could cease to qualify for the special U.S. federal income tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies. Under current law, foreign currency gains will generally be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement. However, the U.S. Treasury Department has authority to issue regulations in the future that could treat some or all of the Funds foreign currency gains as non-qualifying income, thereby jeopardizing the Funds status as a regulated investment company for all years to which the regulations are applicable. Further, in certain circumstances, it may be difficult for the Fund to meet the diversification requirement for qualification as a regulated investment company. If for any taxable year the Fund did not qualify as a regulated investment company, it would be treated as a corporation subject to U.S. federal income tax, thereby subjecting any income earned by the Fund to tax at the corporate level (currently at a 35% U.S. federal tax rate) and, when such income is distributed, to a further tax at the shareholder level to the extent of the Funds current or accumulated earnings and profits. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters.
Net Asset Value Discount Risk
Frequently, shares of closed-end investment companies, such as the Fund, trade at a price below their NAV, commonly referred to as a discount The Fund cannot predict whether, or to what extent, its Common Shares will trade at a discount to their NAV. Immediately following this offering, the NAV of the Funds Common Shares will be reduced by offering costs paid by the Fund, creating an increased risk that the Common Shares will trade at a discount to their NAV for a period following the offering. Therefore, there is an added risk to investors who may sell their shares shortly after the offering. Before making an investment decision, a prospective investor should consider the suitability of this investment with respect to the investors investment objectives and personal situation. See Description of Shares.
Inflation Risk
Inflation risk is the risk that the purchasing power of assets or income from investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the actual value of the Common Shares and distributions thereon can decline. In addition, during any periods of rising inflation, dividend rates of Preferred Shares of the Fund would likely increase, which would tend to further reduce returns to Common Shareholders.
Common Stock Risk
In general, stock values fluctuate in response to activities specific to the company as well as general market, economic and political conditions. Stock prices can fluctuate widely in response to these factors.
Liquidity Risk
Restricted securities and other illiquid investments of the Fund involve the risk that the securities will not be able to be sold at the time desired by the Investment Manager or at prices approximating the value at which the Fund is carrying the securities for purposes of computing its NAV. Where registration is required to sell a security, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses, and a considerable period may elapse between the decision to sell and the time the Fund may be permitted to sell a security under an effective registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than prevailed when it decided to sell. Restricted securities for which no market exists and other illiquid investments are valued at fair value as determined in accordance with procedures approved and periodically reviewed by the Trustees of the Fund.
Convertible Securities Risk
Convertible securities are securities that may be converted either at a stated price or at a stated rate within a specified period of time into a specified number of shares of common stock. The value of a convertible security is a function of its investment value (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its
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conversion value (the securitys worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible securitys investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined principally by the market price and volatility of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. Generally, the conversion value decreases as the convertible security approaches maturity. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible securitys governing instrument. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party. Any of these actions could have an adverse effect on the Funds ability to achieve its investment objective or on its NAV.
Preferred Securities Risk
In addition to the other risks described herein, investment in preferred securities carries certain risks including:
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Deferral Risk Fully taxable or hybrid preferred securities typically contain provisions that allow an issuer, at its discretion, to defer distributions for an extended period. Traditional preferred securities also contain provisions that allow an issuer, under certain conditions to skip (in the case of noncumulative preferred securities) or defer (in the case of cumulative preferred securities), dividend payments. If the Fund owns a preferred security that is deferring its distributions, the Fund may be required to report income for tax purposes while it is not receiving any distributions. |
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Redemption Risk Preferred securities typically contain provisions that allow for redemption in the event of tax or security law changes in addition to call features at the option of the issuer. In the event of a redemption, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds at comparable or favorable rates of return. |
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Limited Voting Rights Preferred securities typically do not provide any voting rights, except in cases when dividends are in arrears beyond a certain time period, which varies by issue. |
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Subordination Preferred securities are subordinated to bonds and other debt instruments in a companys capital structure in terms of priority to corporate income and liquidation payments, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt instruments. |
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Liquidity Preferred securities may be substantially less liquid than many other securities. |
Structured Products Risk
The Fund may invest in structured investments, structured notes and other types of similarly structured products consistent with the Funds investment objective and policies. Generally, structured investments are interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of underlying investment interests or securities. These investment entities may be structured as trusts or other types of pooled investment vehicles. This type of restructuring generally involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity of the underlying investments and the issuance by that entity of one or more classes of securities backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying investments or referencing an indicator related to such investments. The cash flow or rate of return on the underlying investments may be apportioned among the newly issued securities to create different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, credit quality, payment priorities and interest rate provisions.
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Structured notes are derivative securities for which the amount of principal repayment and/or interest payments is based on the movement of one or more factors. These factors may include, but are not limited to, currency exchange rates, interest rates (such as the prime lending rate or LIBOR), referenced bonds and stock indices. Some of these factors may or may not correlate to the total rate of return on one or more underlying instruments referenced in such notes. In some cases, the impact of the movements of these factors may increase or decrease through the use of multipliers or deflators.
The cash flow or rate of return on a structured investment may be determined by applying a multiplier to the rate of total return on the underlying investments or referenced indicator. Application of a multiplier is comparable to the use of financial leverage, a speculative technique. Leverage magnifies the potential for gain and the risk of loss. As a result, a relatively small decline in the value of the underlying investments or referenced indicator could result in a relatively large loss in the value of a structured product.
Holders of structured products indirectly bear risks associated with the underlying investments, index or reference obligation, and are subject to counterparty risk. The Fund generally has the right to receive payments to which it is entitled only from the structured product, and generally does not have direct rights against the issuer. While certain structured investment vehicles enable the investor to acquire interests in a pool of securities without the brokerage and other expenses associated with directly holding the same securities, investors in structured vehicles generally pay their share of the investment vehicles administrative and other expenses. Certain structured products may be thinly traded or have a limited trading market and may have the effect of increasing the Funds illiquidity to the extent that the Fund, at a particular point in time, may be unable to find qualified buyers for these securities.
Structured products are generally privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in structured products may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities; however, an active dealer market may exist for certain structured products allowing them to qualify for private placement transactions. In addition to the general risks associated with fixed income securities discussed herein, structured products carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from underlying investments will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the underlying investments may decline in value or default; (iii) the possibility that the security may be subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
Investments in structured notes involve risks including interest rate risk, credit risk and market risk. Where the Funds investments in structured notes are based upon the movement of one or more factors, depending on the factor used and the use of multipliers or deflators, changes in interest rates and movement of the factor may cause significant price fluctuations. Additionally, changes in the reference instrument or security may cause the interest rate on the structured note to be reduced to zero and any further changes in the reference instrument may then reduce the principal amount payable on maturity.
Repurchase Agreements Risk
While repurchase agreements involve certain risks not associated with direct investments in debt securities, the Fund follows procedures that are designed to minimize such risks. These procedures include effecting repurchase transactions only with large, well-capitalized and well-established financial institutions whose financial condition will be continually monitored by the Investment Manager. In addition, as described below, the value of the collateral underlying the repurchase agreement will be at least equal to the repurchase price, including any accrued interest earned on the repurchase agreement. In the event of a default or bankruptcy by a selling financial institution, the Fund will seek to liquidate such collateral. However, the exercising of the Funds right to liquidate such collateral could involve certain costs or delays and, to the extent that proceeds from any sale upon a default of the obligation to repurchase were less than the repurchase price, the Fund could suffer a loss. The Fund does not bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security unless the seller defaults under its repurchase obligation. In the event of the bankruptcy or other default of a seller of a repurchase agreement, the Fund could experience both
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delays in liquidating the underlying securities and losses, including (a) possible decline in the value of the underlying security during the period while the Fund seeks to enforce its rights thereto; (b) possible lack of access to income on the underlying security during this period; and (c) expenses of enforcing its rights.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements Risk
The Funds use of reverse repurchase agreements involve many of the same risks involved in the Funds use of leverage, as the proceeds from reverse repurchase agreements generally will be invested in additional securities. There is also the risk that the market value of the securities acquired in the reverse repurchase agreement may decline below the price of the securities that the Fund has sold but remains obligated to repurchase. In addition, there is a risk that the market value of the securities retained by the Fund may decline. Further, there is a risk that the buyer of the securities sold by the Fund may not deliver them at the time that the Fund seeks to repurchase. In addition, if the buyer of securities under a reverse repurchase agreement were to file for bankruptcy or experience insolvency, the Fund may be adversely affected.
Securities Lending Risk
There may be risks of delay and costs involved in recovery of securities or even loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially. These delays and costs could be greater with respect to foreign securities. However, loans will be made only to borrowers deemed by the Investment Manager to be creditworthy and when, in the judgment of the Investment Manager, the income that can be earned from such securities loans justifies the attendant risk. The Investment Manager will consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including the creditworthiness of the broker, dealer, bank or institution, in making decisions with respect to the lending of securities, subject to review by the Board. The Fund also bears the risk that the reinvestment of collateral will result in a principal loss. Finally, there is the risk that the price of the securities will increase while they are on loan and the collateral will not be adequate to cover their value.
Warrants Risk
The Fund may invest in warrants. While the market value of a warrant tends to be more volatile than that of the securities underlying the warrant, the market value of a warrant may not necessarily change with that of the underlying security. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to any expiration date to which the warrant is subject. The purchase of warrants involves a risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a warrant if the right to subscribe to additional shares is not exercised prior to the warrants expiration. Also, the purchase of warrants involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed securitys market price, such as when there is no movement in the level of the underlying security.
Leverage Risk
Although the Fund presently intends to utilize leverage, there can be no assurance that the Fund will do so, or that, if utilized, it will be successful during any period in which it is employed. The use of leverage by the Fund would result in more risk to the Funds shareholders than if leverage had not been used and can magnify the effect of any losses. If the income and gains earned on securities to which the Fund has exposure through the use of leverage are greater than the Funds costs of Borrowing, the expenses associated with credit default swaps or other derivatives transactions, or the related dividend on any Preferred Shares, the Funds returns will be greater than if leverage had not been used. Conversely, if the income and gains from those securities do not cover the payments due in connection with the leverage used, the return will be less than if the economic leverage had not been used. In addition, if an event of default were to occur with respect to a reference obligation on which the Fund had sold a credit default swap, the value of the reference obligation received by the Fund (if any), coupled with the periodic payments previously received from the counterparty, may be less than the full notional value the Fund pays to the buyer, in which case the investment performance of the Funds Common Shares will underperform as compared to what the performance would have been had the Fund not written any credit default swaps. See
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Credit Default Swaps Risk and Risk Factors Credit Default Swaps Risk for further information on the risks associated with credit default swaps. The Investment Manager nevertheless may determine to continue to use leverage if it believes that the benefits to the Fund will in the long-term outweigh the potential risk of a reduced return. The expenses of a Borrowing program, the sale of a credit default swap or a Preferred Shares offering will be borne by Common Shareholders and, consequently, will result in a reduction of the NAV of the Common Shares. During periods in which the Fund is using leverage, the fees paid by the Fund for investment advisory and administrative services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage, as such fees will be calculated on the basis of the Funds Total Assets, which includes assets attributable to Borrowings and Preferred Shares. In this regard, holders of debt or Preferred Shares do not bear such fees. Rather, Common Shareholders bear the portion of such fees attributable to the assets purchased with the proceeds of leverage or the investment exposure obtained through leverage, which means that Common Shareholders effectively bear the entire advisory and administrative fees. Leverage involves risks and special considerations that Common Shareholders should consider, including:
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the likelihood of greater volatility of NAV, market price and dividend rate of the Common Shares than a comparable portfolio without leverage; |
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the use of leverage may increase operating costs, which may reduce the Funds total return; and |
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the effects of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause greater decline in the NAV of the Common Shares than if the Fund were not leveraged. This may result in a decline in the market price of the Common Shares. |
The Fund may be required to sell assets at a loss, or at an inopportune time, in order to redeem or pay off leverage, resulting in a decrease in the NAV of the Fund. The Investment Manager, in its discretion, will continue the Funds use of leverage where it believes that the benefits of maintaining the leveraged position will outweigh any current reduced return to Common Shareholders.
While the Fund may consider reducing leverage in response to actual or anticipated changes in interest rates in an effort to mitigate the increased volatility of current income and NAV associated with leverage, there can, however, be no assurance that the Fund will actually reduce leverage in the future or that a reduction, if any, will benefit the Common Shareholders. Changes in the future direction of interest rates are very difficult to predict accurately. If the Fund were to reduce leverage based on a prediction about future changes to interest rates, and that prediction turned out to be incorrect, the reduction in leverage would likely reduce the income and/or total returns to Common Shareholders as compared to a situation where the Fund had not reduced leverage. The Fund may decide that this risk outweighs the likelihood of achieving the desired reduction to volatility in income and share price if the prediction turned out to be correct and determine not to reduce leverage.
Preferred Share Risk
If the Fund issues Preferred Shares, the NAV and market value of the Common Shares will be more volatile, and the yield to the Common Shareholders will tend to fluctuate with changes in the shorter-term dividend rates on the Preferred Shares. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Shares approaches the net rate of return on the Funds portfolio of investments, the benefit to the Common Shareholders of issuing Preferred Shares would be reduced. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Shares exceeds the net rate of return on the Funds portfolio, the leverage will result in a lower rate of return to the Common Shareholders than if the Fund had not issued Preferred Shares. Because the Emerging Markets Securities will typically pay fixed rates of interest while the dividend rate on the Preferred Shares will be adjusted periodically, this risk is present even when both long-term and short-term interest rates rise. In addition, the Fund will pay (and the Common Shareholders will bear) any costs and expenses relating to the issuance and ongoing maintenance of any Preferred Shares the Fund may issue. Accordingly, the Fund cannot assure that the issuance of Preferred Shares will result in a higher yield or return to the holders of the Funds Common Shares.
Similarly, any decline in the NAV of the Funds investments will be borne entirely by the holders of the Funds Common Shares. Therefore, if the market value of the Funds portfolio declines, the leverage obtained through the issuance of Preferred Shares will result in a greater decrease in NAV to the Common
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Shareholders than if the Fund were not leveraged which may cause a greater decline in the market price for the Common Shares. In addition, the Fund might be in danger of failing to maintain the required asset coverage of the Preferred Shares, as required under the 1940 Act, or of losing its ratings on the Preferred Shares. In addition, the Funds current investment income might not be sufficient to meet the dividend requirements on the Preferred Shares. In order to counteract such an event, the Fund may need to liquidate investments in order to fund a redemption of some or all of the Preferred Shares. Liquidation at times of low market prices may result in capital loss and may reduce returns to the Common Shareholders.
In addition, if the Fund issues Preferred Shares, the Fund would seek a credit rating on the Preferred Shares from one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. The Fund intends that, as long as any Preferred Shares are outstanding, the composition of its portfolio will reflect guidelines established by such rating agencies. Although, at this time, no assurance can be given as to the nature or extent of the guidelines which may be imposed in connection with obtaining a rating for any Preferred Shares which the Fund may issue in the future, the Fund currently anticipates that such guidelines will include asset coverage requirements, which are more restrictive than those under the 1940 Act, restrictions on certain portfolio investments and investment practices, requirements that the Fund maintain a portion of its assets in short-term, high-quality, debt securities and certain mandatory redemption requirements relating to the Preferred Shares. No assurance can be given that the guidelines actually imposed with respect to Preferred Shares by such rating agencies will be more or less restrictive than as described in this prospectus. Such restrictions may adversely affect the Investment Managers ability to manage the Funds portfolio in a manner consistent with the Funds investment strategy, which may, in turn, frustrate the Funds investment objective.
Zero Coupon Securities
Certain debt securities purchased by the Fund may take the form of zero coupon securities. The interest earned on such securities is, implicitly, automatically compounded and paid out at maturity. While such compounding at a constant rate eliminates the risk of receiving lower yields upon reinvestment of interest if prevailing interest rates decline, the owner of a zero coupon security will be unable to participate in higher yields upon reinvestment of interest received if prevailing interest rates rise. For this reason, zero coupon securities are subject to substantially greater market price fluctuations during periods of changing prevailing interest rates than are comparable debt securities which make current distributions of interest. Current U.S. federal income tax law requires that a holder (such as the Fund) of a zero coupon security accrue a portion of the discount at which the security was purchased as income each year even though the Fund receives no interest payments in cash on the security during the year.
Inflation Linked Bonds Risk
While these bonds provide protection against inflation, these bonds generally offer a lower yield than non-inflation linked bonds.
Yankee Dollar Obligations, Eurobonds and Global Bonds Risk
Yankee dollar obligations, eurobonds and global bonds are subject to the same risks as other debt issues, such as credit risk, market risk, currency and liquidity risk. To a limited extent, they may also be subject to certain sovereign risks. One such risk is the possibility that a sovereign country might prevent capital, in the form of the currency in which the securities are denominated, from flowing across its borders. Other risks include adverse political and economic developments; the extent and quality of government regulations of financial markets and institutions; the imposition of foreign withholding taxes; and the expropriation or nationalization of foreign issuers. See Sovereign Debt Obligations Risk and Investments in Foreign Securities.
Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk
The wars in and continuing occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan, instability in the Middle East and terrorist attacks around the world, among other things, have resulted in market volatility and may have
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long-term effects on the U.S. and worldwide financial markets and may cause further economic uncertainties in the United States and worldwide. The Investment Manager does not know how long the securities markets will continue to be affected by these events and cannot predict the effects of the occupation or similar events in the future on the U.S. economy and global securities markets.
Income Risk
The income Common Shareholders receive from the Fund is based primarily on the dividends and interest it earns from its investments, which can vary widely over the short and long term. If prevailing market interest rates drop, distribution rates of the Funds preferred stock holdings and any bond holdings and Common Shareholders income distributions from the Fund could drop as well. The Funds income also would likely be affected adversely when prevailing short-term interest rates increase and the Fund is utilizing leverage.
Portfolio Turnover Risk
The techniques and strategies contemplated by the Fund might result in a high degree of portfolio turnover. The Fund cannot accurately predict its securities portfolio turnover rate, but anticipates that its annual portfolio turnover rate will not exceed 150% under normal market conditions, although it could be materially higher under certain conditions. Higher portfolio turnover rates result in corresponding increases in brokerage commissions and other trading costs and generate short-term capital gains taxable as ordinary income.
Anti-Takeover Provisions
The Funds Declaration of Trust includes provisions that could have the effect of inhibiting the Funds possible conversion to open-end status and limiting the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or the Board. In certain circumstances, these provisions might also inhibit the ability of Common Shareholders to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices. See Anti-Takeover Provisions in the Declaration of Trust and Net Asset Value Discount Risk.
Deflation Risk
Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time. Deflation may have an adverse effect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer default more likely, which may result in a decline in the value of the Funds portfolio and Common Shares.
Temporary Defensive Strategies Risk
If the Investment Manager believes that economic or market conditions are unfavorable to investors, the Investment Manager may temporarily invest up to 100% of the Funds assets in certain defensive strategies, including holding a substantial portion of the Funds assets in cash, cash equivalents or other highly rated short-term securities, including securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities. In addition, when the Investment Manager anticipates unusual market or other conditions, the Fund may temporarily depart from its principal investment strategies as a defensive measure. To the extent that the Fund invests defensively, it likely will not achieve its investment objective.
Trustees and Officers
The Board is responsible for the overall management of the Fund, including supervision of the duties performed by the Investment Manager. There are currently four trustees of the Fund. One of the trustees is an interested person (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund. The Board oversees the management and operations of the Funds affairs. The role of the Board and of any individual Trustee is one of oversight and not of management of the day-to-day affairs of the Fund and its oversight role does not make the Board a
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guarantor of the Funds investments, operations or activities. Like most registered investment companies, the day-to-day management and operation of the Fund is performed by various service providers to the Fund, such as the Investment Manager, Administrator, custodian and transfer agent, each of which is discussed in greater detail in this prospectus or in the Statement of Additional Information. The names and business addresses of the trustees and officers of the Fund and their principal occupations and other affiliations during the past five years are set forth under Trustees and Officers in the Statement of Additional Information.
Investment Manager
Stone Harbor serves as the investment manager of the Fund. Subject to the general supervision of the Board, the Investment Manager is responsible for making investment decisions for the Fund. The Investment Manager was established in 2006 and provides investment advisory services to clients located throughout the world. The Investment Managers principal address is 31 West 52nd Street, 16th Floor, New York, New York 10019. As of October 31, 2010, the Investment Manager managed approximately $29.2 billion of assets. Stone Harbor is 100% employee owned.
Subject to the general supervision of the Board, the Investment Manager is responsible for making investment decisions for the Fund and for the overall management of the Funds business affairs. For these services the Investment Manager will receive an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 1.00% of the Funds average daily Total Assets, including assets attributable to any Borrowings (as defined in Prospectus Summary Leverage on page 5 of this prospectus) and to any Preferred Shares that may be outstanding. With respect to any reverse repurchase agreements, Total Assets also includes the value as of the relevant measuring date of the underlying assets sold to the counterparty.
As of the date of this prospectus, the Investment Manager owns 100% of the Funds voting securities and is therefore a controlling person of the Fund.
Portfolio Managers
The portfolio managers are primarily responsible for making day-to-day investment decisions for the Fund. Each of the persons listed below will serve as a portfolio manager beginning with the Funds inception. Although each of the portfolio managers reports to Peter J. Wilby, each manager shares equal portfolio management responsibility for the Fund. More information about each managers compensation, other accounts managed by each manager, and each managers ownership of securities in the Fund is included in the Statement of Additional Information.
|
Portfolio Manager, Title |
Length
of Service |
Past 5 Years Business Experience |
||||
|
Peter J. Wilby, CFA Chief Investment Officer |
* | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Chief Investment Officer of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Chief Investment Officer North American Fixed Income and senior portfolio manager responsible for directing investment policy and strategy for all emerging markets and high yield fixed income portfolios at Citigroup Asset Management; Joined Citigroup or its predecessor firms in 1989. 30 years of industry experience. | ||||
|
Pablo Cisilino Portfolio Manager |
* | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since July 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; From June 1, 2004 to July 2006, Executive Director for Sales and Trading in Emerging Markets at Morgan Stanley Inc; Prior to June 1, 2004, Vice President for local markets and FX sales and trading, Goldman Sachs; Joined Goldman Sachs in 1994. 21 years of industry experience. | ||||
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|
Portfolio Manager, Title |
Length
of Service |
Past 5 Years Business Experience |
||||
|
James E. Craige, CFA Portfolio Manager |
* | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Managing Director and Senior Portfolio Manager for emerging markets debt portfolios at Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc.; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc. in 1992. 21 years of industry experience. | ||||
|
Thomas K. Flanagan, CFA Portfolio Manager |
* | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Managing Director and Senior Portfolio Manager for emerging markets debt portfolios at Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc.; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc. in 1991. 32 years of industry experience. | ||||
|
David Griffiths Portfolio Manager |
* | Co-portfolio manager of the Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Senior Portfolio Manager and economist responsible for market opportunity analysis, hedging and alternative asset allocation strategies; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Limited in 1993. 23 years of industry experience. | ||||
|
David A. Oliver, CFA Portfolio Manager |
* | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since June 2008, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to June 2008, Managing Director in emerging market sales and trading at Citigroup; Joined Citigroup in 1986. 23 years of industry experience. | ||||
|
David Scott Portfolio Manager |
* | Co-portfolio manager of the Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Managing Director and Head of Traditional Investment Group responsible for the global bond portfolios at Salomon Brothers Asset Management Limited; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Limited in 1994. 27 years of industry experience. | ||||
|
Christopher M. Wilder, CFA Portfolio Manager |
* | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since June 2010, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; From May 2008 to May 2010, served as manager of an emerging market corporate debt and private equity fund at Autonomy Capital Group; Prior to May 2008, head of the Emerging Markets Corporate Credit Trading and Special Situations Group at Deutsche Bank; Joined Deutsche Bank in 1997. 15 years of industry experience. | ||||
| * | As of the date of this prospectus, the Fund has not commenced operations. |
Administrator
Pursuant to an Administration Agreement with the Fund, ALPS, with principal offices at 1290 Broadway, Suite 1100, Denver, Colorado 80203, serves as administrator to the Fund and pays expenses incurred in connection with its administrative activities. As Administrator, ALPS provides certain services, including: assisting in maintaining the Funds office; furnishing the Fund with clerical and certain other services required by it; compiling data for and preparing notices and shareholder reports to the SEC;
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calculating the Funds daily NAV; preparing any reports that are required by the securities, investment, tax or other laws and regulations of the United States; preparing filings with state securities commissions; coordinating federal and state tax returns; monitoring the Funds expense accruals; monitoring compliance with the Funds investment policies and limitations; and generally assisting in the Funds operations.
For these services the Administrator will receive an annual fee, payable monthly (the Administration Fee), in an amount equal to 0.15% of the Funds average daily Total Assets, including assets attributable to any Borrowings (as defined in Prospectus Summary Leverage on page 5 of this prospectus) and to any Preferred Shares that may be outstanding. With respect to any reverse repurchase agreements, Total Assets also includes the value as of the relevant measuring date of the underlying assets sold to the counterparty.
Expenses
The Investment Manager and the Administrator are each obligated to pay expenses associated with providing the services contemplated by the agreements to which they are parties, including compensation of and office space for their respective officers and employees connected with investment and economic research, trading and investment management and administration of the Fund. Stone Harbor will pay the fees of any Trustee of the Fund who is an officer or employee of Stone Harbor. In addition to the fees of the Investment Manager and the Administrator, the Fund pays all other costs and expenses of its operations, including compensation of its trustees (other than those affiliated with the Investment Manager), custodial expenses, shareholder servicing expenses, transfer agency, sub-transfer agency and dividend disbursing expenses, legal fees, expenses of independent auditors, expenses of preparing, printing and distributing prospectuses, shareholder reports, notices, proxy statements and reports to governmental agencies, and taxes, if any.
Offering expenses relating to the Funds Common Shares (other than the sales load) that do not exceed $0.05 per Common Share will be payable by the Fund upon completion of the offering of Common Shares and will be charged to capital upon the commencement of investment operations of the Fund and will be attributable to the Common Shares. To the extent the Fund has not otherwise paid offering expenses that exceed $0.05 per Common Share, the Fund will pay up to 0.10% of the total public offering price (exclusive of the over-allotment option) to ALPS Distributors as payment for its distribution assistance, as well as reasonable out of pocket expenses related to the Funds road show. The reduction of capital described above is limited to $0.05 per Common Share (0.20% of the offering price). The Investment Manager will pay any offering fees and expenses, including the distribution assistance payment to ALPS Distributors that exceed $0.05 per Common Share. Certain of such fees and expenses constitute underwriting compensation and are a component of the total compensation to underwriters. See Underwriting.
The Management Contract authorizes Stone Harbor to select brokers or dealers (including affiliates) to arrange for the purchase and sale of portfolio securities, including principal transactions. Any commission, fee or other remuneration paid to an affiliated broker or dealer is paid in compliance with the Funds procedures adopted in accordance with Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act.
The price of the Funds shares is based on the Funds net asset value per share. The Board of Trustees has approved procedures to be used to value the Funds securities for the purposes of determining the Funds NAV. The valuation of the securities of the Fund is determined in good faith by or under the direction of the Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees has delegated certain valuation functions for the Fund to the Administrator. Different methods may be used to value different types of securities, as discussed below, depending upon the particular securities held by the Fund.
The Fund generally values its securities, currencies and other assets based on market prices determined as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally, 4 p.m. Eastern time) on each business
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day (Monday through Friday). The Fund will not value its securities on any day that the NYSE or the principal bond markets in the United States (as recommended by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA)) are closed, including, but not limited to, the following holidays: New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day and, generally, the preceding Friday or subsequent Monday when one of those holidays falls on a Saturday or Sunday, respectively. For equity securities that are traded on an exchange, the market price is usually the closing sale or official closing price on that exchange. Publicly traded foreign government and corporate debt securities are typically traded internationally in the over-the-counter market, and are generally valued at the mean between the bid and asked prices as of the close of business of that market. In the case of other securities not traded on an exchange, or if closing prices are not otherwise available, the market price is typically determined by independent third party pricing sources approved by the Funds Board of Trustees using a variety of pricing techniques and methodologies. Other than with respect to certain foreign government and corporate debt securities discussed above, the market price for debt obligations is generally the price supplied by an independent third party pricing service approved by the Funds Board of Trustees, which may use a matrix, formula or other method that takes into consideration market indices, yield curves and other specific adjustments. Short-term debt obligations that will mature in 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost, unless it is determined that using this method would not reflect an investments fair value. If pricing sources are unable to supply a price, or if the price supplied is deemed to be unreliable, the market price may be determined using quotations received from one or more brokers/dealers that make a market in the security. Available cash is generally invested into a money market fund by the Funds custodian, and is valued at the latest net asset value per share as reported by the funds administrator.
When the price quotations described above are not available, or when the Investment Manager believes that they are unreliable, securities may be priced using fair value procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. Because the Fund invests in securities that may be thinly traded or for which the price quotations described above may not be readily available or may be unreliable such as securities of small capitalization companies, securities of issuers located in emerging markets or high yield securities the Fund may use fair valuation procedures more frequently than funds that invest primarily in securities that are more liquid such as equity securities of large capitalization domestic issuers. The Fund may also use fair value procedures if the Investment Manager determines that a significant event has occurred between the time at which a market price is determined and the time at which the Funds NAV is calculated. In particular, the value of non-U.S. securities may be materially affected by events occurring after the close of the market on which they are traded, but before the Fund prices its shares.
The fair value procedures described above may use information provided by pricing services and other third-party vendors, which may recommend fair value prices or adjustments with reference to other securities, indices or assets. In considering whether market quotations are available and in determining fair values, the Fund may, among other things, consider significant events (which may be considered to include changes in the value of U.S. securities or securities indices) that occur after the close of the relevant market and before the Fund values its securities. In addition, the Fund may utilize modeling tools provided by third-party vendors to determine values of non-U.S. securities. The Funds use of fair value pricing may help deter stale price arbitrage.
Valuing securities at fair value involves greater reliance on judgment than valuation of securities based on readily available market quotations. A fund that uses fair value to price securities may value those securities higher or lower than another fund using market quotations or its own fair value methodologies to price the same securities. There can be no assurance that the Fund could obtain the fair value assigned to a security if it were to sell the security at approximately the time at which the Fund determines its NAV.
The Fund invests, or may invest, in securities that are traded on foreign exchanges or markets, which may be open when the NYSE or the principal bond markets in the United States are closed. As a result, the value of your investment in the Fund may change on days when you are unable to purchase or redeem shares.
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The Fund intends to make a level dividend distribution each month to Common Shareholders after deduction of interest on any outstanding Borrowings or dividends on any outstanding Preferred Shares. The level dividend rate may be modified by the Board from time to time, and will be based upon the past and projected performance of the Fund. The Fund will also make a distribution during or with respect to each calendar year (which may be combined with a regular monthly distribution), which will generally include any remaining net investment income and net realized capital gain for the year and not otherwise distributed. If the total distributions made in any calendar year exceed the sum of: (i) net investment company taxable income and net tax-exempt income (determined in each case without regard to the deduction for dividends paid), and (ii) net capital gain (defined as net long-term gains in excess of net short-term losses, including in the form of loss carryforwards), such excess distributed amount would be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as ordinary dividend income to the extent of the Funds current and accumulated earnings and profits.
Distributions in excess of the earnings and profits would first be a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares. After such adjusted tax basis is reduced to zero, the distribution would constitute capital gain (assuming the shares are held as capital assets). In general terms, a return of capital would involve a situation where a Fund distribution (or a portion thereof) represents a return of a portion of the Common Shareholders investment, rather than net income or capital gains generated from his or her investment during a particular period. Although return of capital distributions may not be taxable, such distributions would reduce the basis of a shareholders Common Shares and therefore may increase a shareholders tax liability for capital gains upon a sale of Common Shares. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters. The Funds distribution policy may, under certain circumstances, have certain adverse consequences to the Fund and its shareholders because it may result in a return of capital resulting in less of a shareholders assets being invested in the Fund and, over time, increase the Funds expense ratio. The distribution policy also may cause the Fund to sell a security at a time it would not otherwise do so in order to manage the distribution of income and gain. The Funds initial distribution is expected to be declared approximately 45 days after the completion of this offering and paid approximately 60 days after the completion of the offering, depending on market conditions. The initial distributions may consist primarily of a return of capital if the Fund is delayed in investing the proceeds of this offering.
The Fund intends to apply for an order granting an exemption from Section 19(b) of the 1940 Act and Rule 19b-1 thereunder to permit the Fund to include realized long-term capital gains as a part of its regular distributions to Common Shareholders more frequently than would otherwise be permitted by the 1940 Act (generally once per taxable year). There is no assurance that the SEC will grant the Funds request for such exemptive order. If the Fund fails to receive the requested relief and the Fund is unable to include realized capital gains in regular distributions more frequently than would otherwise be permitted by the 1940 Act, it is possible that the Funds distribution policy, as set forth above, will otherwise be adversely affected.
The level dividend distribution described above would be intended to result in the payment of approximately the same amount or percentage to Common Shareholders each month. Section 19(a) of the 1940 Act and Rule 19a-1 thereunder require the Fund to provide a written statement accompanying any such payment that adequately discloses its source or sources. Thus, if the source of the dividend or other distribution were the original capital contribution of the Common Shareholder, and the payment amounted to a return of capital, the Fund would be required to provide written disclosure to that effect. Nevertheless, persons who periodically receive the payment of a dividend or other distribution may be under the impression that they are receiving net profits when they are not. Common Shareholders should read any written disclosure provided pursuant to Section 19(a) and Rule 19a-1 carefully, and should not assume that the source of any distribution from the Fund is net profit. In addition, in cases where the Fund would return capital to Common Shareholders, such distribution may bear on the Funds ability to maintain its asset coverage requirements and to pay the dividends on any Preferred Shares that the Fund may issue, if ever.
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Unless the registered owner of Common Shares elects to receive cash by contacting Mellon Investor Services LLC (the Plan Administrator), all dividends declared on Common Shares will be automatically reinvested by the Plan Administrator for shareholders in the Funds Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the Plan), in additional Common Shares. Common Shareholders who elect not to participate in the Plan will receive all dividends and other distributions in cash paid by check mailed directly to the shareholder of record (or, if the Common Shares are held in street or other nominee name, then to such nominee) by the Plan Administrator as dividend disbursing agent. Participation in the Plan is completely voluntary and may be terminated or resumed at any time without penalty by notice if received and processed by the Plan Administrator prior to the dividend record date; otherwise such termination or resumption will be effective with respect to any subsequently declared dividend or other distribution. Such notice will be effective with respect to a particular dividend or other distribution (together, a Dividend). Some brokers may automatically elect to receive cash on behalf of Common Shareholders and may re-invest that cash in additional Common Shares.
The Plan Administrator will open an account for each Common Shareholder under the Plan in the same name in which such Common Shareholders Common Shares are registered. Whenever the Fund declares a dividend payable in cash, non-participants in the Plan will receive cash and participants in the Plan will receive the equivalent in Common Shares. The Common Shares will be acquired by the Plan Administrator for the participants accounts, depending upon the circumstances described below, either (i) through receipt of additional unissued but authorized Common Shares from the Fund (Newly Issued Common Shares) or (ii) by purchase of outstanding Common Shares on the open market (Open-Market Purchases) on the NYSE or elsewhere. If, on the payment date for any Dividend, the closing market price plus estimated brokerage commissions per Common Share is equal to or greater than the NAV per Common Share, the Plan Administrator will invest the Dividend amount in Newly Issued Common Shares on behalf of the participants. The number of Newly Issued Common Shares to be credited to each participants account will be determined by dividing the dollar amount of the Dividend by the NAV per Common Share on the payment date; provided that, if the NAV is less than or equal to 95% of the closing market value on the payment date, the dollar amount of the Dividend will be divided by 95% of the closing market price per Common Share on the payment date. If, on the payment date for any Dividend, the NAV per Common Share is greater than the closing market value plus estimated brokerage commissions, the Plan Administrator will invest the Dividend amount in Common Shares acquired on behalf of the participants in Open-Market Purchases.
In the event of a market discount on the payment date for any Dividend, the Plan Administrator will have until the last business day before the next date on which the Common Shares trade on an ex-dividend basis or 30 days after the payment date for such Dividend, whichever is sooner (the Last Purchase Date), to invest the Dividend amount in Common Shares acquired in Open-Market Purchases. It is contemplated that the Fund will pay monthly income Dividends. If, before the Plan Administrator has completed its Open-Market Purchases, the market price per Common Share exceeds the NAV per Common Share, the average per Common Share purchase price paid by the Plan Administrator may exceed the NAV of the Common Shares, resulting in the acquisition of fewer Common Shares than if the Dividend had been paid in Newly Issued Common Shares on the Dividend payment date. Because of the foregoing difficulty with respect to Open-Market Purchases, the Plan provides that if the Plan Administrator is unable to invest the full Dividend amount in Open-Market Purchases during the purchase period or if the market discount shifts to a market premium during the purchase period, the Plan Administrator may cease making Open-Market Purchases and may invest the uninvested portion of the Dividend amount in Newly Issued Common Shares at the NAV per Common Share at the close of business on the Last Purchase Date provided that, if the NAV is less than or equal to 95% of the then current market price per Common Share, the dollar amount of the Dividend will be divided by 95% of the market price on the payment date for purposes of determining the number of shares issuable under the Plan.
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The Plan Administrator maintains all shareholders accounts in the Plan and furnishes written confirmation of all transactions in the accounts, including information needed by shareholders for tax records. Common Shares in the account of each Plan participant will be held by the Plan Administrator on behalf of the Plan participant, and each shareholder proxy will include those shares purchased or received pursuant to the Plan. The Plan Administrator will forward all proxy solicitation materials to participants and vote proxies for shares held under the Plan in accordance with the instructions of the participants.
In the case of Common Shareholders such as banks, brokers or nominees which hold shares for others who are the beneficial owners, the Plan Administrator will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of Common Shares certified from time to time by the record shareholders name and held for the account of beneficial owners who participate in the Plan.
There will be no brokerage charges with respect to Common Shares issued directly by the Fund. However, each participant will pay a pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred in connection with Open-Market Purchases. The automatic reinvestment of Dividends will not relieve participants of any federal, state or local income tax that may be payable (or required to be withheld) on such Dividends. See U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters below. Participants that request a sale of Common Shares through the Plan Administrator are subject to brokerage commissions.
The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate the Plan. There is no direct service charge to participants with regard to purchases in the Plan; however, the Fund reserves the right to amend the Plan to include a service charge payable by the participants.
All correspondence or questions concerning the Plan should be directed to the Plan Administrator by calling (866) 390-3910 (toll free) or by writing to the Bank of New York Mellon, 480 Washington Blvd., 29 th Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07310.
U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX MATTERS
The following is a summary discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to a Common Shareholder that acquires, holds and/or disposes of Common Shares of the Fund, and reflects provisions of the Code, existing Treasury regulations, rulings published by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and other applicable authority, as of the date of this prospectus. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the Fund and the discussion set forth herein does not constitute tax advice. For more detailed information regarding tax considerations, see the Statement of Additional Information. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular investors, including foreign shareholders (as defined below). In addition, income earned through an investment in the Fund may be subject to state, local and foreign taxes. Common Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers regarding their particular situation and the possible application of U.S. federal, state, local, foreign or other tax laws.
The Fund intends to elect to be treated as a regulated investment company (RIC) under Subchapter M of the Code and intends each year to qualify and be eligible to be treated as such. In order for the Fund to qualify as a RIC, it must meet an income and asset diversification test each year. If the Fund so qualifies and satisfies certain distribution requirements, the Fund (but not its shareholders) will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent it distributes its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code, but without regard to the deduction for dividends paid) and net capital gains (the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital loss) in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends or capital gain distributions. The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of such income and gain each year.
If the Fund does retain any investment company taxable income, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. If the Fund retains any net capital gain, it will also be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained, but may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gain in a notice to its shareholders who would then (i) be required to include in income for U.S.
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federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the Fund on such undistributed amount against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim such refunds on a properly filed U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. If the Fund makes this designation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of Common shares owned by a shareholder will be increased by an amount equal under current law to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholders gross income under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence. The Fund is not required to, and there can be no assurance that the Fund will, make this designation if it retains all or a portion of its net capital gain in a taxable year.
A nondeductible excise tax at the rate of 4% will be imposed on the excess, if any, of the Funds required distribution over its actual distributions in any calendar year. Generally, the required distribution is 98% of the Funds ordinary income for the calendar year plus 98% of its capital gain net income recognized during the one-year period ending on October 31 st (unless the Fund elects to use its fiscal year instead), plus undistributed amounts from prior years. For these purposes, the Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount for which it is subject to corporate income tax for the taxable year ending within the calendar year. The Fund intends to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so. The Fund may determine to pay the excise tax in a year to the extent it is deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund ( e.g ., if the excise tax is de minimis ).
The Funds intention to qualify for treatment as a RIC may negatively affect the Funds return to Common Shareholders by limiting its ability to acquire or continue to hold positions that would otherwise be consistent with its investment strategy or by requiring it to engage in transactions it would otherwise not engage in, resulting in additional transaction costs. In certain circumstances, it may be difficult for the Fund to meet the income or diversification test for RIC qualification. Failure to qualify as a RIC would likely materially reduce the investment return to the Common Shareholders. If the Fund were to fail to qualify as a RIC accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year for example, because it was not sufficiently diversified under the applicable tests the Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to Common Shareholders as dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before re-qualifying as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment.
The Fund intends to make monthly distributions of net investment income. Unless a shareholder elects otherwise, all distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares of the Fund pursuant to the Plan. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, all dividends are generally taxable in the same manner, whether a shareholder takes them in cash or they are reinvested pursuant to the Plan in additional shares of the Fund. A shareholder whose distributions are reinvested in Common Shares under the Plan generally will be treated as having received a dividend equal to either (i) if Newly Issued Common Shares are issued under the Plan, the fair market value of the Newly Issued Common Shares issued to the shareholder or (ii) if reinvestment is made through Open-Market Purchases under the Plan, the amount of cash allocated to the shareholder for the purchase of Common Shares on its behalf in the open market. See Dividend Reinvestment Plan above.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, distributions of investment income are generally taxable as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her Common Shares. In general, the Fund will recognize long-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned (or is deemed to have owned) for more than one year, and short-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned (or is deemed to have owned) for one year or less. Distributions of net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss) that are properly designated by the Fund as capital gain dividends (Capital Gain Dividends) will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gains. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryovers.
71
Long-term capital gain rates applicable to individuals have been temporarily reduced for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011. It is currently unclear whether Congress will extend this provision for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2011. Distributions of net short-term capital gain (as reduced by any net long-term capital loss for the taxable year) will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, the Fund may designate certain dividends as derived from qualified dividend income, which, when received by an individual, will be taxed at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain, provided holding period and other requirements are met at both the shareholder and Fund levels. It is currently unclear whether Congress will extend the special tax treatment of qualified dividend income for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2011. The Fund does not expect a significant portion of distributions to be derived from qualified dividend income.
If the Fund makes a distribution in excess of its current and accumulated earnings and profits in any taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of a shareholders tax basis in his or her Common Shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholders basis in his or her shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of such shares. To the extent the Fund makes distributions of capital gains in excess of the Funds net capital gain for the taxable year (as reduced by any available capital loss carryforwards from prior taxable years), and such distributed excess amounts are supported by the Funds current earnings and profits (realized income and gain of the current year), the distributions will be taxable as ordinary dividend distributions, even though distributed excess amounts would not have been subject to tax if retained by the Fund. Moreover, in such cases the capital loss carryforwards that will remain available for future years are reduced by the excess of current-year capital gains over current-year capital losses.
The determination of the character for U.S. federal income tax purposes of any distribution from the Fund ( i.e. ordinary income dividends, capital gains dividends, qualified dividends, or return of capital distributions) will be made as of the end of the Funds taxable year. Generally, no later than 60 days after the close of its taxable year, the Fund will provide shareholders with a written notice designating the amount of any capital gain distributions or other distributions.
Dividends and distributions on the Common Shares are generally subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the Funds realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholders investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of Common Shares purchased at a time when the Funds net asset value reflects unrealized gains or income or gains that are realized but not yet distributed. Such realized income and gains may be required to be distributed even when the Funds net asset value also reflects unrealized losses.
Common Shareholders who sell or exchange their Common Shares will generally recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the Common Shareholders adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares sold or exchanged and the amount received. If the Common Shares are held as a capital asset, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of the Common Shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise, the gain or loss on the taxable disposition of Common Shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Common Shares held by a shareholder for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of Capital Gain Dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. For purposes of determining whether Common Shares have been held for six months or less, the holding period is suspended for any periods during which the Common Shareholders risk of loss is diminished as a result of holding one or more other positions in substantially similar or related property, or through certain options or short sales. Any loss realized on a sale or exchange of Common Shares will be disallowed to the extent those Common Shares are replaced by other substantially identical shares within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date of disposition of the Common Shares (whether through the reinvestment of
72
distributions, which could occur, for example, if the Common Shareholder is a participant in the Plan or otherwise). In that event, the basis of the replacement shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
The Fund may be liable to foreign governments for taxes relating primarily to investment income or capital gains on foreign securities in the Funds portfolio. If at the close of its taxable year, more than 50% of the value of the Funds total assets consists of securities of foreign corporations (including foreign governments), the Fund will be permitted to make an election under the Code that would allow Common Shareholders who are U.S. citizens or U.S. corporations to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction (but not both) on their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified taxes paid by the Fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities that the Fund held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. In such a case, Common Shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes paid by the Fund. A Common Shareholders ability to claim an offsetting foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund is subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in the shareholders not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. Shareholders who do not itemize deductions on their U.S. federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but not a deduction) for such foreign taxes.
Any transaction by the Fund in foreign currencies, foreign-currency denominated debt obligations or certain foreign currency options, futures contracts, or forward contracts (or similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. Such ordinary income treatment may accelerate Fund distributions to Common Shareholders and increase the distributions taxed to Common Shareholders as ordinary income. Any net losses so created cannot be carried forward by the Fund to offset income or gains earned in subsequent taxable years.
The Funds transactions in derivative instruments (e.g., options, futures, forward contracts, structured notes and swap agreements), as well as any of its other hedging, short sale or similar transactions, may be subject to uncertainty with respect to their tax treatment, and to one or more special tax rules (e.g., notional principal contract, straddle, constructive sale, wash sale, and short sale rules). The aforementioned rules may affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary or capital or as short-term or long-term, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the Funds securities. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and/or character of distributions to Common Shareholders. Because the tax treatment and the tax rules applicable to these types of transactions are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules or treatment (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether the Fund has made sufficient distributions, and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a RIC and avoid a Fund-level tax.
Certain of the Funds use of derivatives and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and any of the Funds transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, are likely to produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If there are differences between the Funds book income and its taxable income, the Fund may be required to distribute amounts in excess of its book income or a portion of Fund distributions may be treated as a return of capital to Common Shareholders. If the Funds book income exceeds its taxable income (including realized capital gains), the distribution (if any) of such excess generally will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the Funds remaining earnings and profits, (ii) thereafter, as a return of capital to the extent of the recipients basis in its Common Shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. If the Funds book income is less than its taxable income, the Fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment.
From time to time, a substantial portion of the Funds investments in loans and other debt obligations could be treated as having market discount and/or original issue discount (OID) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which, in some cases, could be significant and could cause the Fund to recognize
73
income in respect of these investments before or without receiving cash representing such income. If so, the Fund could be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the Fund actually received. As a result, the Fund could be required at times to, among other things, liquidate other investments (including at potentially disadvantageous times or prices) in order to satisfy its distribution requirements and/or to avoid incurring Fund-level U.S. federal income or excise taxes. If the Fund liquidates portfolio securities to raise cash, the Fund may realize gain or loss on such liquidations; in the event the Fund realizes net long-term or short-term capital gains from such liquidation transactions, its shareholders may receive larger capital gain or ordinary dividends, respectively, than they would in the absence of such transactions.
The interest paid on municipal bonds is generally exempt from U.S. federal income tax. However, because the Fund does not expect to be eligible to pay exempt-interest dividends to its shareholders under the Code, any distribution received by Common Shareholders that is attributable to the interest received by the Fund on its municipal bond holdings is taxable to Common Shareholders. In addition, any gains realized by the Fund on the sale or exchange of municipal bonds generally are taxable to Common Shareholders when distributed to them by the Fund.
Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the Fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether or to what extent the Fund should recognize market discount on a debt obligation; when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount; when and to what extent the Fund may take deductions for bad debts or worthless securities; and how the Fund should allocate payments received on obligations in default between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the Fund when, as, and if it invests in such securities in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a RIC and avoid becoming subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.
Backup withholding is generally required with respect to taxable distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails to properly furnish a correct taxpayer identification number, who has under-reported dividend or interest income, or who fails to certify that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding rate is 28% for amounts paid through 2010. This rate will expire and the backup withholding rate will be 31% for amounts paid after December 31, 2010, unless Congress enacts legislation providing otherwise. Amounts withheld as a result of backup withholding are remitted to the U.S. Treasury but do not constitute an additional tax imposed on the shareholder; such amounts may be claimed as a credit on the shareholders U.S. federal income tax return, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.
In general, dividends other than Capital Gain Dividends paid to a shareholder that is not a U.S. person within the meaning of the Code (a foreign shareholder) are subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate). Capital Gain Dividends paid to foreign shareholders are generally not subject to withholding. Effective for taxable years of a RIC beginning before January 1, 2010, a RIC was not required to withhold any amounts with respect to distributions of (i) U.S.-source interest income that would not have been subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by an individual foreign shareholder, and (ii) net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, in each case to the extent such distributions were properly designated by the Fund. As of the date of this prospectus, it is unclear whether Congress will extend the exemption from withholding for interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends for dividends with respect to taxable years of the Fund beginning on or after January 1, 2010 and what the terms of any such extension would be.
The Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act generally imposes a new reporting and 30% withholding tax regime with respect to certain U.S.-source income, including dividends and interest, and gross proceeds from the sale or other disposal of property that can produce U.S.-source interest or dividends. Very generally, subject to future guidance, it is possible that distributions to a Common Shareholder by the Fund after December 31, 2012 will be subject to the new 30% withholding requirements, unless the Common Shareholder provides certain information, certifications, or other documentation, as the Fund requires, to comply with the new rules. For more information, see the Statement of Additional Information.
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Special tax rules apply to investments though defined contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans. Common Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the suitability of Common Shares as an investment through such plans and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation.
The foregoing discussion relates solely to U.S. federal income tax laws. Dividends and distributions also may be subject to state and local taxes. Common Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding specific questions as to federal, state, local, and, where applicable, foreign taxes. Foreign investors should consult their tax advisors concerning the tax consequences of ownership of Common Shares.
The foregoing is a general and abbreviated summary of the applicable provisions of the Code and related regulations currently in effect. For more detailed information, see the Statement of Additional Information. For the complete provisions, reference should be made to the pertinent Code sections and regulations. The Code and regulations are subject to change by legislative or administrative actions.
The Fund was organized as a Massachusetts business trust on September 10, 2010, pursuant to the Declaration of Trust. The Funds Declaration of Trust provides that the Trustees of the Fund may authorize separate classes of shares of beneficial interest. The Trustees have authorized an unlimited number of Common Shares. The Fund intends to hold annual meetings of Common Shareholders in compliance with the requirements of the NYSE.
Common Shares
The following is a brief description of the capital structure of the Fund. This description does not purport to be complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the Declaration of Trust and the Funds Bylaws, as amended and restated through the date hereof (the Bylaws). The Declaration of Trust and Bylaws are each exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
The Fund is an unincorporated voluntary association with transferable shares of beneficial interest (commonly referred to as a Massachusetts business trust) established under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts by the Declaration of Trust. The Declaration provides that the Trustees of the Fund may authorize separate classes of shares of beneficial interest. Preferred shares may be issued in one or more series, with such par value and with such rights as determined by the Board, by action of the Board without the approval of the Common Shareholders. The following table shows, for each class of authorized securities of the Fund, the amount of (i) shares authorized and (ii) shares outstanding, each as of November 22, 2010.
|
Title of Class |
Amount
Authorized |
Amount
Outstanding |
||||||
|
Common Shares |
Unlimited | 4,188 | ||||||
Common Shareholders are entitled to share equally in dividends declared by the Board and in the net assets of the Fund available for distribution to Common Shareholders after payment of the preferential amounts payable to any outstanding Preferred Shares. Common Shareholders have no preemptive or conversion rights and have no right to cause the Fund to redeem their shares. Upon liquidation of the Fund, after paying or adequately providing for the payment of all liabilities of the Fund and the liquidation preference with respect to any outstanding Preferred Shares, and upon receipt of such releases, indemnities and refunding agreements as they deem necessary for their protection, the Trustees may distribute the remaining assets of the Fund among the Funds Common Shareholders.
Common Shareholders are entitled to one vote for each common share held.
The Fund will send unaudited reports at least semiannually and audited financial statements annually to all of its Common Shareholders.
75
ANTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS IN THE DECLARATION OF TRUST
The Declaration of Trust and the Bylaws include provisions that could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to convert the Fund to open-end status. The Funds Trustees are divided into three classes. At each annual meeting of shareholders, the term of one class expires and each Trustee elected to that class holds office for a term of three years. The classification of the Board in this manner could delay for an additional year the replacement of a majority of the Board. In addition, the Declaration of Trust provides that a Trustee may be removed only for cause and only (i) by action of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of the classes or series of shares entitled to vote for the election of such Trustee, or (ii) by at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the remaining Trustees.
As described below, the Declaration of Trust grants special approval rights with respect to certain matters to members of the Board who qualify as Continuing Trustees, which term means Trustees who either (i) have been members of the Board for a period of at least thirty-six months (or since the commencement of the Funds operations, if less than thirty-six months) or (ii) were nominated to serve as members of the Board by a majority of the Continuing Trustees then members of the Board.
The Declaration of Trust requires the affirmative vote or consent of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Trustees and holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Funds common shares to authorize certain Fund transactions not in the ordinary course of business, including a merger or consolidation, issuance or transfer by the Fund of the Funds shares (except as may be pursuant to a public offering, the Funds dividend reinvestment plan or upon exercise of any stock subscription rights), a sale, transfer or other disposition of Fund assets, or any shareholder proposal regarding specific investment decisions, unless the transaction is authorized by both a majority of the Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees (in which case no shareholder authorization would be required by the Declaration of Trust, but may be required in certain cases under the 1940 Act). The Declaration also requires the affirmative vote or consent of holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Funds common shares entitled to vote on the matter to authorize a conversion of the Fund from a closed-end to an open-end investment company, unless the conversion is authorized by both a majority of the Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees (in which case shareholders would have only the minimum voting rights required by the 1940 Act with respect to the conversion). Also, the Declaration of Trust provides that the Fund may be terminated at any time by vote or consent of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Funds shares or, alternatively, by vote or consent of both a majority of the Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees. See Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of Trust in the Statement of Additional Information for a more detailed summary of these provisions.
The Trustees may from time to time grant other voting rights to shareholders with respect to these and other matters in the Bylaws, certain of which are required by the 1940 Act.
The overall effect of these provisions is to render more difficult the accomplishment of a merger or the assumption of control by a third party. These provisions also provide, however, the advantage of potentially requiring persons seeking control of the Fund to negotiate with its management regarding the price to be paid and facilitating the continuity of the Funds investment objective and policies. The provisions of the Declaration of Trust and Bylaws described above could have the effect of discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund in a tender offer or similar transaction. The Board has considered the foregoing anti-takeover provisions and concluded that they are in the best interests of the Fund and its shareholders.
The foregoing is intended only as a summary and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Declaration of Trust and the Bylaws, both of which are on file with the SEC.
Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, in certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund. However, the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for debts or obligations of the Fund and requires that notice of such limited liability be
76
given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by the Fund or the Trustees. The Declaration further provides for indemnification out of the assets and property of the Fund for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the Fund would be unable to meet its obligations. The Fund believes that the likelihood of such circumstances is remote.
REPURCHASE OF COMMON SHARES; CONVERSION TO OPEN-END FUND
The Fund is a closed-end investment company and as such Common Shareholders do not have the right to cause the Fund to redeem their common shares. Instead, the common shares trade in the open market at a price that is a function of several factors, including dividend levels, NAV, call protection, portfolio credit quality, relative demand for and supply of such shares in the market, general market and economic conditions, conditions affecting individual issuers and other factors. Shares of a closed-end investment company may frequently trade at prices lower than NAV. To the extent permitted under applicable law, the Board reserves the right to purchase its common shares on the open market at any time. For example, the Board regularly monitors the relationship between the market price and NAV of the common shares. If the common shares were to trade at a substantial discount to NAV for an extended period of time, the Board may consider the repurchase of its common shares on the open market or in private transactions, the making of a tender offer for such shares, or the conversion of the Fund to an open-end investment company. The Fund cannot assure you that the Board will decide to take or propose any of these actions, or that share repurchases or tender offers will actually reduce market discount.
If the Fund were to convert to an open-end company, it would be required to redeem all Preferred Shares and other preferred shares then outstanding (requiring in turn that it liquidate a portion of its investment portfolio), and the Common Shares would no longer be listed on the NYSE. In addition, the Fund may have to close out any credit default swaps that it had written. In contrast to a closed-end investment company, shareholders of an open-end investment company may require the company to redeem their shares at any time (except in certain circumstances as authorized by or under the 1940 Act) at their NAV, less any redemption charge that is in effect at the time of redemption. In addition, if the Fund were to convert to an open-end company, it would not be able to invest more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid securities, which may necessitate a substantial repositioning of the Funds investment portfolio, which may in turn generate substantial transaction costs, which would be borne by Common Shareholders, and may adversely affect Fund performance and common share dividends.
Before deciding whether to take any action to convert the Fund to an open-end investment company, the Board would consider all relevant factors, including the extent and duration of the discount, the liquidity of the Funds portfolio, the effect of any action that might be taken on the Fund or its shareholders, and market considerations. Based on these considerations, even if the Funds common shares should trade at a discount, the Board may determine that, in the interest of the Fund and its shareholders, no action should be taken. See Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund in the Statement of Additional Information for a further discussion of possible action to reduce or to eliminate such discount to NAV.
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Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and UBS Securities LLC are acting as the representatives of the underwriters named below. Subject to the terms and conditions stated in the underwriting agreement dated the date of the final prospectus, each underwriter named below has agreed to purchase, and the Fund has agreed to sell to that underwriter, the number of Common Shares set forth opposite the underwriters name.
|
Underwriter |
Number of
Common Shares |
|||
|
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC |
||||
|
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated |
||||
|
Citigroup Global Markets Inc. |
||||
|
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated |
||||
|
UBS Securities LLC |
||||
|
J.J.B. Hilliard, W.L. Lyons, LLC |
||||
|
Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. |
||||
|
Maxim Group LLC |
||||
|
RBC Capital Markets Corporation |
||||
|
Wedbush Securities Inc. |
||||
|
Wunderlich Securities, Inc. |
||||
|
Total: |
||||
The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the underwriters to purchase the Common Shares included in this offering are subject to approval of legal matters by counsel and to other conditions. The underwriters are obligated to purchase all the Common Shares (other than those covered by the over-allotment option described below) shown above if any of the Common Shares are purchased.
The underwriters propose to offer some of the Common Shares directly to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and some of the Common Shares to dealers at the public offering price less a concession not to exceed $ per share. The sales load the investors in the Fund will pay of $1.125 per share is equal to 4.5% of the initial offering price. If all of the Common Shares are not sold at the initial offering price, the representatives may change the public offering price and other selling terms. Investors must pay for any Common Shares purchased on or before , 2010. The representatives have advised the Fund that the underwriters do not intend to confirm any sales to any accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority.
Additional Compensation
The Investment Manager (and not the Fund) has agreed to pay to each of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated from its own assets, a structuring fee for advice relating to the structure, design and organization of the Fund as well as services related to the sale and distribution of the Funds Common Shares in the amount of $ , $ , $ and $ , respectively. If the over-allotment option is not exercised, the structuring fee paid to Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated will not exceed %, %, % and % of the total public offering price.
In addition, the Investment Manager (and not the Fund) has agreed to pay to UBS Securities LLC, from its own assets, a structuring fee for certain financial advisory services in assisting the Investment Manager in structuring and organizing the Fund in the amount of $ . If the over-allotment option is not exercised, the structuring fee paid to UBS Securities LLC will not exceed % of the total public offering price.
The Investment Manager (and not the Fund) may pay certain qualifying underwriters a structuring fee, a sales incentive fee or other additional compensation in connection with the offering.
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To the extent that aggregate offering expenses are less than or equal to $0.05 per Common Share, the Fund will reimburse the underwriters for certain of their expenses as described in the underwriting agreement. In addition, as compensation for providing certain distribution-related services, ALPS Distributors, an affiliate of the Administrator, will receive 0.10% of the total public offering price (exclusive of the over-allotment option). The Fund will pay this distribution assistance fee to the extent the Funds offering expenses are less than or equal to $0.05 per Common Share, and the Investment Manager will pay this fee to the extent the Funds offering expenses exceed $0.05 per Common Share.
The total amount of the underwriters additional compensation payments by the Investment Manager described above will not exceed 4.5% of the total public offering price of the Common Shares offered hereby. The sum total of all compensation to the underwriters in connection with this public offering of Common Shares, including the sales load and all forms of additional compensation or structuring or sales incentive fee payments, if any, to the underwriters and other expenses, and the distribution assistance fee to ALPS Distributors will be limited to not more than 9.0% of the total public offering price of the Common Shares sold in this offering.
The Fund has granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 45 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to additional common shares at the public offering price less the sales load. The underwriters may exercise the option solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, in connection with this offering. To the extent such option is exercised, each underwriter must purchase a number of additional common shares approximately proportionate to that underwriters initial purchase commitment.
The Fund and the Investment Manager have agreed, for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, that they will not, without the prior written consent of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and UBS Securities LLC, on behalf of the underwriters, with certain exceptions, dispose of or hedge any Common Shares or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Shares, provided that the Fund may issue Common Shares pursuant to the Funds Dividend Reinvestment Plan.
To meet the NYSE distribution requirements for trading, the underwriters have undertaken to sell Common Shares in a manner such that Common Shares are held by a minimum of 400 beneficial owners in lots of 100 or more, the minimum stock price will be at least $4.00 at the time of listing on the NYSE, at least 1,100,000 Common Shares will be publicly held in the United States and the aggregate market value of publicly held shares in the United States will be at least $60 million. The Funds Common Shares have been approved for listing on the NYSE, subject to notice of issuance, under the symbol EDF.
The following table shows the sales load that investors in the Fund will pay to the underwriters in connection with this offering. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters option to purchase additional shares of Common Shares.
| No Exercise | Full Exercise | |||||||
|
Per Common Share |
$ | 1.125 |
$
|
1.125
|
|
|||
|
Total |
$ | $ | ||||||
The Fund and the Investment Manager have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the 1933 Act, or to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make because of any of those liabilities.
Certain underwriters may make a market in the Common Shares after trading in the Common Shares has commenced on the NYSE. No underwriter is, however, obligated to conduct market-making activities and any such activities may be discontinued at any time without notice, at the sole discretion of the underwriters. No assurance can be given as to the liquidity of, or the trading market for, the Common Shares as a result of any market-making activities undertaken by any underwriter. This prospectus is to be used by any underwriter in connection with the offering and, during the period in which a prospectus must be delivered, with offers and sales of the Common Shares in market-making transactions in the over-the-counter market at negotiated prices related to prevailing market prices at the time of the sale.
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In connection with the offering, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, on behalf of itself and the other underwriters, may purchase and sell the Common Shares in the open market. These transactions may include short sales, syndicate covering transactions and stabilizing transactions. Short sales involve syndicate sales of Common Shares in excess of the number of Common Shares to be purchased by the underwriters in the offering, which creates a syndicate short position. Covered short sales are sales of Common Shares made in an amount up to the number of Common Shares represented by the underwriters over-allotment option. In determining the source of Common Shares to close out the covered syndicate short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of Common Shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase Common Shares through the over-allotment option.
Transactions to close out the covered syndicate short position involve either purchases of Common Shares in the open market after the distribution has been completed or the exercise of the over-allotment option. The underwriters may also make naked short sales of Common Shares in excess of the over-allotment option. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing Common Shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of Common Shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. Stabilizing transactions consist of bids for or purchases of Common Shares in the open market while the offering is in progress.
The underwriters may impose a penalty bid. Penalty bids allow the underwriting syndicate to reclaim selling concessions allowed to an underwriter or a dealer for distributing Common Shares in this offering if the syndicate repurchases Common Shares to cover syndicate short positions or to stabilize the purchase price of the Common Shares.
Any of these activities may have the effect of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of Common Shares. They may also cause the price of Common Shares to be higher than the price that would otherwise exist in the open market in the absence of these transactions. The underwriters may conduct these transactions on the NYSE or in the over-the-counter market, or otherwise. If the underwriters commence any of these transactions, they may discontinue them at any time.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by one or more of the underwriters or the Fund. Other than this prospectus in electronic format, the information on any such website is not part of this prospectus. The representatives may agree to allocate a number of Common Shares to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account holders. The representatives will allocate Common Shares to underwriters that may make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations. In addition, Common Shares may be sold by the underwriters to securities dealers who resell Common Shares to online brokerage account holders.
The Fund anticipates that, from time to time, certain underwriters may act as brokers or dealers in connection with the execution of the Funds portfolio transactions after they have ceased to be underwriters and, subject to certain restrictions, may act as brokers while they are underwriters.
Certain underwriters may, from time to time, engage in transactions with or perform investment banking and advisory services for the Investment Manager and its affiliates in the ordinary course of business, for which such underwriters have received, and may expect to receive, customary fees and expenses.
The Investment Manager has purchased Common Shares from the Fund in an amount satisfying the net worth requirements of Section 14(a) of the 1940 Act.
The principal business address of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC is 375 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10152. The principal business address of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated is One Bryant Park, New York, New York 10036. The principal business address of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. is 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. The principal business address of Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated is 1585 Broadway, New York, New York 10036. The principal business address of UBS Securities LLC is 299 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10171.
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BNYM is the custodian and foreign custody manager of the Fund and will maintain or arrange for the custody of the securities and cash of the Fund.
Mellon Investor Services LLC serves as the transfer agent of the Fund.
Certain legal matters in connection with the Common Shares will be passed upon for the Fund by Ropes & Gray LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, and for the Underwriters by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP may rely as to certain matters of Massachusetts law on the opinion of Ropes & Gray LLP.
When available, the Fund will send to Common Shareholders unaudited semi-annual and audited annual reports, including a list of investments held.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Deloitte & Touche LLP is the independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund providing audit services, tax return preparation, and assistance and consultation with respect to the preparation of filings with the SEC.
This prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information do not contain all of the information set forth in the Registration Statement that the Fund has filed with the SEC. You may request a free copy of the Statement of Additional Information by calling (877) 206-0791 (toll-free) or by writing to ALPS Fund Services, Inc., 1290 Broadway, Suite 1100, Denver, Colorado 80203, or obtain the complete Registration Statement from the SECs website (http://www.sec.gov) or from the SECs Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 942-8090. To obtain annual and semi-annual shareholder reports electronically (when available), please visit the Funds web site (www.shipcef.com), which also provides a link to the SECs website where the Funds Statement of Additional Information can be obtained, or call (877) 206-0791 (toll-free). You may also call this number to request additional information or to make other inquiries pertaining to the Fund.
Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other documents referred to are not necessarily complete, and, in each instance, reference is made to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement of which this prospectus forms a part, each such statement being qualified in all respects by such reference.
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THE STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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The Fund is committed to ensuring your financial privacy. This notice is being sent to comply with privacy regulations of the SEC. The Fund has in effect the following policy and procedures with respect to nonpublic personal information about its current and former customers:
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The Fund will ensure: (a) the security and confidentiality of customer records and information; (b) that customer records and information are protected from any anticipated threats and hazards; and (c) that customer records and information are protected from unauthorized access or use. |
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The Fund conducts its business affairs through the Trustees, officers and third parties that provide services pursuant to agreements with the Fund. The Fund has no employees. It is anticipated that the Trustees and officers of the Fund who are not employees of service providers will not have access to customer records and information in the performance of their normal responsibilities for the Fund. |
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The Fund may share customer information with its affiliates, subject to the customers right to prohibit such sharing. |
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The Fund may share customer information with unaffiliated third parties only in accordance with the requirements of Regulation S-P. Pursuant to this policy, the Fund will not share customer information with unaffiliated third parties other than as permitted by law, unless authorized to do so by the customer. |
Consistent with these policies, the Fund has adopted the following procedures:
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The Fund will determine that the policies and procedures of its affiliates and service providers are reasonably designed to safeguard customer information and only permit appropriate and authorized access to and use of customer information through the application of appropriate administrative, technical and physical protections. |
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The Fund will direct each of its service providers to adhere to the privacy policy of the Fund and to its privacy policy with respect to all customer information of the Fund and to take all action |
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reasonably necessary so that the Fund is in compliance with the provisions of Regulation S-P, including, as applicable, the development and delivery of privacy notices and the maintenance of appropriate and adequate records. |
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Each service provider is required to promptly report to the officers of the Fund any material changes to its privacy policy before, or promptly after, the adoption of such changes. |
For more information about the Funds privacy policies call (877) 206-0791 (toll-free).
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Shares
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund
Common Shares
$25.00 per Share
PROSPECTUS
, 2010
Wells Fargo Securities
BofA Merrill Lynch
Citi
Morgan Stanley
UBS Investment Bank
J.J.B. Hilliard, W.L. Lyons, LLC
Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc.
Maxim Group LLC
RBC Capital Markets
Wedbush Securities Inc.
Wunderlich Securities
Until , 2010 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade the Common Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to unsold allotments or subscriptions.
The information in this Statement of Additional Information is not complete and may be changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement is effective. This Statement of Additional Information is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to Completion, dated November 23, 2010
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
, 2010
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund
31 West 52 nd Street, 16 th Floor
New York, NY 10019
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This Statement of Additional Information (SAI) is not a prospectus and is authorized for distribution to prospective investors only if preceded or accompanied by the prospectus of the Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund), dated , 2010, as may be supplemented from time to time (the Prospectus), which is incorporated herein by reference. This SAI should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus, a copy of which may be obtained without charge by contacting your financial intermediary or calling the Fund at (877) 206-0791 (toll-free). You may also obtain a copy of the Funds Prospectus on the Securities and Exchange Commissions (SEC) website (http://www.sec.gov).
Capitalized terms used in this SAI and not otherwise defined have the meanings given them in the Funds Prospectus.
ADDITI ONAL INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES AND RESTRICTIONS
The Funds primary investment objective is to maximize total return, which consists of income on its investments and capital appreciation. Primary investment strategies are described in the Prospectus. The following is a description of the various investment policies that the Fund may engage in, whether as a primary or secondary strategy, and a summary of certain attendant risks. Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (Stone Harbor or the Investment Manager) may, but is not required to, buy any of the following instruments or use any of the following techniques, and would do so only if it believes that doing so will help to achieve the Funds investment objective. The following is not meant to be an exclusive list of all the securities and instruments in which the Fund may invest or investment strategies in which it may engage, and the Fund may invest in instruments and securities and engage in strategies other than those listed below.
Investment Restrictions
Fundamental Restrictions
The following investment restrictions of the Fund are designated as fundamental policies and as such cannot be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the Funds outstanding common shares (Common Shares), which, as used in this SAI, means the lesser of (a) 67% of the shares of the Fund present or represented by proxy at a meeting if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares are present or represented at the meeting or (b) more than 50% of outstanding shares of the Fund. As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1) Purchase any security (other than U.S. government securities) if, as a result, more than 25% of the Funds total assets (taken at current value) would be invested in any one industry. For purposes of this restriction, telephone, gas and electric public utilities are each regarded as separate industries, finance companies whose financing activities are related primarily to the activities of their parent companies are classified in the industry of their parents, and each non-U.S. countrys government (together with subdivisions thereof) will be considered to be a separate industry. For purposes of this restriction with regard to bank obligations, bank obligations are considered to be one industry, and asset-backed securities are not considered to be bank obligations;
(2) Make short sales of securities or maintain a short position, except that the Fund may make any short sales or maintain any short positions where the short sales or short positions would not constitute senior securities under the 1940 Act;
(3) Borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act;
(4) Make loans, except that the Fund may purchase or hold debt instruments in accordance with its investment objectives and policies; provided however, this restriction does not apply to repurchase agreements or loans of portfolio securities;
(5) Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers except that, in the disposition of portfolio securities, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under the federal securities laws;
(6) Purchase or sell real estate, although the Fund may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, securities which are secured by interests in real estate, and securities which represent interests in real estate, and the Fund may acquire and dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt obligations secured by real estate or interests therein;
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(7) Purchase or sell commodities, except that the Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts and options, may enter into foreign exchange contracts and may enter into swap agreements and other financial transactions not requiring the delivery of physical commodities; or
(8) Issue senior securities, except for permitted borrowings, the issuance of preferred shares or as otherwise permitted under the 1940 Act.
Restrictions (2) and (8) shall be interpreted based upon no-action letters and other pronouncements of the staff of the SEC. Under current pronouncements, certain Fund positions are excluded from the definition of senior security so long as the Funds maintains adequate cover, segregation of assets or otherwise.
Whenever an investment policy or investment restriction set forth in the Prospectus or this SAI states a maximum or minimum percentage of assets that may be invested in any security or other assets or describes a policy regarding quality standards, such percentage limitation or standard shall be determined immediately after and as a result of the Funds acquisition of such security or asset. Accordingly, any later increase or decrease resulting from a change in values or assets, from other circumstances, or from any subsequent rating change made by a rating service (or as determined by Stone Harbor if the security is not rated by a rating agency) will not compel the Fund to dispose of such security or other asset. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund must always be in compliance with the borrowing policies set forth above.
Under the 1940 Act, a senior security does not include any promissory note or evidence of indebtedness where such loan is for temporary purposes only and in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of the total assets of the issuer at the time the loan is made. A loan is presumed to be for temporary purposes if it is repaid within sixty days and is not extended or renewed.
The Fund would be deemed to concentrate its investments in a particular industry if it invested more than 25% of its total assets in that industry. The Funds industry concentration policy does not preclude it from focusing investments in issuers in a group of related industrial sectors (such as different types of utilities). The Fund interprets its industry concentration policy to apply to direct investments in the securities of issuers in a particular industry, as defined by the Fund. For purposes of this restriction, each non-U.S. countrys government is considered to be a separate industry. Currency positions are not considered to be an investment in a foreign government for industry concentration purposes. Securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities are not subject to the Funds industry concentration restrictions. Similarly, municipal bonds issued by states, municipalities and other political subdivisions, agencies, authorities and instrumentalities of states and multi-state agencies and authorities are not subject to the Funds industry concentration restrictions.
To the extent the Fund covers its commitment under a reverse repurchase agreement, credit default swap or other derivative instrument (such as credit linked notes, interest rate swaps, total return swaps on indices and individual securities, foreign currency forward contracts, credit default swaps and interest rate futures contracts and options) by the segregation or designation on the records of the Fund of liquid assets equal in value to the amount of the Funds commitment, such instrument will not be considered a senior security for purposes of the asset coverage requirements otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund.
If the Fund determines to issue Preferred Shares, it intends to apply for ratings for such Preferred Shares from Moodys, S&P and/or Fitch. In order to obtain and maintain such required ratings, the Fund may be required to comply with investment quality, and other guidelines established by Moodys, S&P and/or Fitch. Such guidelines will likely be more restrictive than the restrictions set forth above. The Fund does not anticipate that any such guidelines would have a material adverse effect on Common Shareholders or its ability to achieve its investment objective. No minimum rating is required for the issuance of preferred shares by the Fund. Moodys, S&P and Fitch receive fees in connection with their ratings issuances.
3
Temporary Borrowings
The Fund may borrow money as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes, including the payment of dividends and the settlement of securities transactions which otherwise might require untimely dispositions of Fund securities.
Portfolio Turnover
A change in the securities held by the Fund is known as portfolio turnover. Stone Harbor manages the Fund without regard generally to restrictions on portfolio turnover. Trading in fixed income securities does not generally involve the payment of brokerage commissions, but does involve indirect transaction costs such as dealer mark-ups and mark-downs. The use of futures contracts may involve the payment of commissions to futures commission merchants. High portfolio turnover ( e.g. , greater than 100%) involves correspondingly greater expenses to the Fund, including brokerage commissions or dealer mark-ups and other transaction costs on the sale of securities and reinvestments in other securities. The higher the rate of portfolio turnover of the Fund, the higher these transaction costs borne by the Fund generally will be. Such sales may result in realization of taxable capital gains, including short-term capital gains (which are generally taxed as ordinary income upon distribution in the form of dividends to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates).
The portfolio turnover rate of the Fund is calculated by dividing (a) the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the particular fiscal year by (b) the monthly average of the value of the portfolio securities owned by the Fund during the particular fiscal year. In calculating the rate of portfolio turnover, there is excluded from both (a) and (b) all securities, including options, whose maturities or expiration dates at the time of acquisition were one year or less. Proceeds from short sales and assets used to cover short positions undertaken are included in the amounts of securities sold and purchased, respectively, during the year.
Because the Fund has not commenced operations as of the date of this SAI, the Fund has no portfolio turnover rate to report.
FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
General. The Fund invests in fixed income securities. Fixed income securities generally pay a specified rate of interest or dividends, or a rate that is adjusted periodically by reference to some specified index or market rate or other factors. Fixed income securities may include securities issued by U.S. federal, state, local, and non-U.S. governments and other agencies and instrumentalities and by a wide range of U.S. and non-U.S. private or corporate issuers. Fixed income securities include, among others, bonds, notes, bills, debentures, convertible securities, bank obligations, mortgage and other asset-backed securities, loan participations and assignments and commercial paper.
Because interest rates vary, it is impossible to predict the income of the Fund for any particular period. Except to the extent that values are affected independently by other factors, such as developments relating to a specific issuer or group of issuers, when interest rates decline, the value of a fixed income portfolio can generally be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a fixed income portfolio can generally be expected to decline. Prices of longer term securities generally increase or decrease more sharply than those of shorter term securities in response to interest rate changes, particularly if such securities were purchased at a discount. Because the Fund will invest primarily in fixed income securities, the net asset value of the Funds shares can be expected to change as general levels of interest rates fluctuate. It should be noted that the market values of securities rated below investment grade and comparable unrated securities tend to react less to fluctuations in interest rate levels than do those of higher-rated securities.
Call or Buy-Back Features. Many fixed income securities contain call or buy-back features that permit their issuers to call or repurchase the securities from their holders. Such securities may present risks based on payment expectations. Although the Fund may typically receive a premium if an issuer were to redeem a security, if an issuer exercises such a call option and redeems the security during a time of declining interest rates, the Fund may realize a capital loss on its investment if the security was purchased at a premium and the Fund may have to replace the called security with a lower yielding security, resulting in a decreased rate of return to the Fund.
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ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES
Asset-backed securities are interests in pools of debt securities backed by various types of loans such as credit card, auto and home equity loans. Payment of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for certain time periods by a letter of credit issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the entities issuing the securities. These securities involve prepayment risk as well as risk that the underlying debt securities will default. Payment of interest and repayment of principal on asset-backed securities (see the Prospectus for more information on asset-backed securities) may be largely dependent upon the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, supported by letters of credit, surety bonds or other credit enhancements. Asset-backed security values may also be affected by the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool, the originator of the loans or receivables or the entities providing the credit enhancement. In addition, the underlying assets are subject to prepayments that shorten the securities weighted average maturity and may lower their return.
The value of some asset-backed securities in which the Fund invests may be particularly sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates, and the ability of the Fund to successfully utilize these instruments may depend in part upon the ability of the Investment Manager to forecast interest rates and other economic factors correctly. Market factors adversely affecting loan repayments may include a general economic downturn, high unemployment, a general slowdown in the real estate market, a drop in the market prices of real estate or an increase in interest rates resulting in higher mortgage payments by holders of adjustable rate mortgages. The market for and asset-backed securities has recently experienced high volatility and a lack of liquidity. As a result, the value of many of these securities has significantly declined. There can be no assurance that these markets will become more liquid or less volatile, and it is possible that the value of these securities could decline further.
The Fund expects that asset-backed securities (unrelated to mortgage loans) will be offered to investors in the future. Consistent with the Funds investment objective and policies, the Fund also may invest in other types of asset-backed securities, including types of asset-backed securities which do not yet exist.
COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS.
The Fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), which includes collateralized bond obligations (CBOs), collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and other similarly structured securities. CBOs and CLOs are types of asset-backed securities. A CBO is a trust which is backed by a diversified pool of high risk, below investment grade fixed income securities. A CLO is a trust typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CDOs may charge management fees and administrative expenses.
For both CBOs and CLOs, the cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, varying in risk and yield. The riskiest portion is the equity tranche which bears the bulk of defaults from the bonds or loans in the trust and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default. Since it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CBO trust or CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities, and may be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the equity tranche, CBO or CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults, as well as aversion to CBO or CLO securities as a class.
The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CDO in which the Fund invests. Normally, CBOs, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in CDOs may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities, however an active dealer market may exist for CDOs allowing a CDO to qualify for Rule 144A transactions. In addition to the normal risks associated with fixed income securities discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus ( e.g. , interest rate risk and default risk), CDOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the Fund may invest in classes of CDO securities that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
5
BANK LOANS
The Fund may invest in bank loans, which may include senior secured and unsecured floating rate loans made by U.S. banks and other financial institutions to corporate customers. Typically, these loans hold the most senior position in a borrowers capital structure, may be secured by the borrowers assets and have interest rates that reset frequently. These loans generally will not be rated investment grade by the rating agencies. Economic downturns generally lead to higher non-payment and default rates and a senior loan could lose a substantial part of its value prior to a default. However, as compared to junk bonds, senior floating rate loans are typically senior in the capital structure and are often secured by collateral of the borrower. The Funds investments in loans are subject to credit risk, and even secured bank loans may not be adequately collateralized. The interest rates of bank loans reset frequently, and thus bank loans may be more exposed to interest rate risk than securities with fixed interest rates. Most bank loans, like most investment grade bonds, are not traded on any national securities exchange. Bank loans generally have less liquidity than investment grade bonds and there may be less public information available about them. The Fund may participate in the primary syndicate for a loan or it may also purchase loans from other lenders (sometimes referred to as loan assignments). The Fund may also acquire a participation interest in another lenders portion of the senior loan.
Loan Participations and Assignments . The Fund may invest in loan participations and assignments. The Fund considers loan participations and assignments to be investments in debt securities. Loan participations typically will result in the Fund having a contractual relationship only with the lender, not with the borrower. The Fund will generally have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the lender selling the participation and only upon receipt by the lender of the payments from the borrower. Under a loan participation, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not benefit directly from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the participation. In the event of the insolvency of the lender selling a loan participation, the Fund may be treated as a general creditor of the lender and may not benefit from any set-off between the lender and the borrower. When the Fund purchases assignments of loans from lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan, except that under certain circumstances such rights may be more limited than those held by the assigning lender.
The Fund may have difficulty disposing of assignments and loan participations. In many cases the market for such instruments is not highly liquid, and therefore the Fund anticipates that in such cases such instruments could be sold only to a limited number of institutional investors. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such instruments and will have an adverse impact on the Funds ability to dispose of particular assignments or loan participations in response to a specific economic event, such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower or the ability to dispose of them at the price issued.
BANK OBLIGATIONS
Bank obligations that may be purchased by the Fund include certificates of deposit, bankers acceptances and fixed time deposits. A certificate of deposit is a short-term negotiable certificate issued by a commercial bank against funds deposited in the bank and is either interest-bearing or purchased on a discount basis. A bankers acceptance is a short-term draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction. The borrower is liable for payment, as is the bank, which unconditionally guarantees to pay the draft at its face amount on the maturity date. Fixed time deposits are obligations of branches of U.S. or non-U.S. banks which are payable at a stated maturity date and bear a fixed rate of interest. Although fixed time deposits do not have a market, there are no contractual restrictions on the right to transfer a beneficial interest in the deposit to a third party. Bank obligations may be general obligations of the parent bank or may be limited to the issuing branch by the terms of the specific obligations or by government regulation. Securities issued or guaranteed by non-U.S. banks and non-U.S. branches of U.S. banks are subject to many of the risks of investing in non-U.S. securities generally.
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Banks are generally subject to extensive governmental regulations which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments which may be made and interest rates and fees which may be charged. The profitability and solvency of banks generally is to a significant extent dependent upon the availability and cost of capital of funds used by the bank to finance their lending operations. Also, general economic conditions play an important part in the operations of this industry and exposure to credit losses arising from possible financial difficulties of borrowers might affect a banks ability to meet its obligations.
BRADY BONDS
Brady Bonds are securities created through the exchange of existing commercial bank loans to sovereign entities for new obligations in connection with debt restructurings under a debt restructuring plan introduced by former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Nicholas F. Brady (the Brady Plan). Brady Plan debt restructurings have been implemented in a number of countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Jordan, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Brady Bonds may be collateralized or uncollateralized, are issued in various currencies (primarily the U.S. dollar) and are actively traded in the over-the-counter secondary market. Brady Bonds are not considered to be U.S. government securities. U.S. dollar-denominated, collateralized Brady Bonds, which may be fixed rate par bonds or floating rate discount bonds, are generally collateralized in full as to principal by U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds having the same maturity as the Brady Bonds. Interest payments on these Brady Bonds generally are collateralized on a one-year or longer rolling-forward basis by cash or securities in an amount that, in the case of fixed rate bonds, is equal to at least one year of interest payments or, in the case of floating rate bonds, initially is equal to at least one years interest payments based on the applicable interest rate at that time and is adjusted at regular intervals thereafter. Certain Brady Bonds are entitled to value recovery payments in certain circumstances, which in effect constitute supplemental interest payments but generally are not collateralized. Brady Bonds are often viewed as having three or four valuation components: (i) the collateralized repayment of principal at final maturity; (ii) the collateralized interest payments; (iii) the uncollateralized interest payments; and (iv) any uncollateralized repayment of principal at maturity (the uncollateralized amounts may be referred to as the residual risk).
Brady Bonds involve various risk factors including residual risk and the history of defaults. There can be no assurance that Brady Bonds in which the Fund may invest will not be subject to restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit, which may cause the Fund to suffer a loss of interest or principal on any of its holdings.
CONVERTIBLE SECURITIES
The Fund may invest in convertible securities, which are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stock or other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock of the same or different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or the dividend paid on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion, convertible securities ordinarily provide a stream of income, which generate higher yields than those of common stocks of the same or similar issuers but lower than the yield on non-convertible debt. Convertible securities are usually subordinate or are comparable to non-convertible securities but rank senior to common stock or shares in a companys capital structure. The value of a convertible security is a function of (i) its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege and (ii) its worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock. Convertible securities are typically issued by smaller capitalized companies whose stock prices may be volatile. The price of a convertible security often reflects such variations in the price of the underlying common stock in a way that non-convertible debt does not. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible securitys governing instrument.
EQUIPMENT TRUST CERTIFICATES
Equipment trust certificates are debt certificates issued by a company in order to buy mechanical equipment, with the equipment serving as the debts collateral.
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FIRM COMMITMENTS AND WHEN-ISSUED SECURITIES
The Fund may purchase securities on a firm commitment basis, including when-issued securities. Securities purchased on a firm commitment basis are purchased for delivery beyond the normal settlement date at a stated price and yield. No income accrues to the purchaser of a security on a firm commitment basis prior to delivery. Such securities are recorded as an asset and are subject to changes in value based upon changes in the general level of interest rates. Purchasing a security on a firm commitment basis can involve a risk that the market price at the time of delivery may be lower than the agreed upon purchase price, in which case there could be an unrealized loss at the time of delivery. The Fund will only make commitments to purchase securities on a firm commitment basis with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date if it is deemed advisable. The Fund will designate liquid assets in an amount at least equal in value to the Funds commitments to purchase securities on a firm commitment basis. If the value of these assets declines, the Fund will place additional liquid assets in the account on a daily basis so that the value of the assets in the account is equal to the amount of such commitments.
FLOATING AND VARIABLE RATE INSTRUMENTS
The Fund may each invest in floating and variable rate obligations. Floating or variable rate obligations bear interest at rates that are not fixed, but vary with changes in specified market rates or indices, such as the prime rate, and at specified intervals. The variable rate obligations in which the Fund may invest include variable rate master demand notes, which are unsecured instruments issued pursuant to an agreement between the issuer and the holder that permit the indebtedness thereunder to vary and provide for periodic adjustments in the interest rate.
Certain of the floating or variable rate obligations that may be purchased by the Fund may carry a demand feature that would permit the holder to tender them back to the issuer of the instrument or to a third party at par value prior to maturity. Some of the demand instruments purchased by the Fund are not traded in a secondary market and derive their liquidity solely from the ability of the holder to demand repayment from the issuer or third party providing credit support. The Funds right to obtain payment at par on a demand instrument could be affected by events occurring between the date the Fund elects to demand payment and the date payment is due that may affect the ability of the issuer of the instrument or a third party providing credit support to make payment when due. To facilitate settlement, some demand instruments may be held in book entry form at a bank other than the Funds custodian subject to a sub-custodian agreement approved by the Fund between that bank and the Funds custodian.
INFLATION-PROTECTED SECURITIES
The Fund may invest in inflation-protected securities, which are freely transferable securities that are structured to provide protection against inflation. The principal or interest components of inflation-protected securities are adjusted periodically according to the general movements of inflation in the country of issue. U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (U.S. TIPS) are freely transferable inflation-indexed debt securities issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury that are structured to provide protection against inflation. The U.S. Treasury Department currently uses the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers, non-seasonally adjusted, as its inflation measure. Inflation-indexed bonds issued by a non-U.S. government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index calculated by that government.
INTEREST ONLY SECURITIES
Interest only securities (IOs) are a form of stripped asset-backed security. Stripped asset-backed securities may be issued by private originators of, or investors in, asset-backed securities, including corporations or other business organizations, savings and loan associations, banks, and special purpose subsidiaries of the foregoing.
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Stripped asset-backed securities are structured with two or more classes of securities that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of assets. IOs are one class of a stripped asset-backed security that receives all of the interest (while another class will receive all of the principal (POs or principal only class)).
MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS/SECURITIES
The Fund may hold money market instruments, including commercial paper, bankers acceptances, certificates of deposit and other short term debt securities as ancillary liquid assets.
NON-INVESTMENT GRADE BONDS
The Fund may invest in corporate debt securities, including below investment grade quality debt securities, commonly known as junk bonds (Non-Investment Grade Bonds). Investments in Non-Investment Grade Bonds generally provide greater income and increased opportunity for capital appreciation than investments in higher quality securities, but they also typically entail greater price volatility and credit risk, including the possibility of issuer default and bankruptcy. Non-Investment Grade Bonds are regarded as predominantly speculative with respect to the issuers continuing ability to meet principal and interest payments. Debt securities in the lowest investment grade category may be considered effectively in default by certain rating agencies. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of Non-Investment Grade Bonds may be more complex than for issuers of higher quality securities.
Non-Investment Grade Bonds may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than investment grade debt securities. A projection of an economic downturn or of a period of rising interest rates, for example, could cause a decline in Non-Investment Grade Bond prices because the advent of recession could lessen the ability of an issuer to make principal and interest payments on its debt securities. If an issuer of a Non-Investment Grade Bond defaults, in addition to risking payment of all or a portion of interest and principal, the Fund may incur additional expenses if it chooses, after conducting a cost/benefit analysis, to seek recovery.
In the case of Non-Investment Grade Bonds structured as zero-coupon, step-up or payment-in-kind securities, their market prices will normally be affected to a greater extent by interest rate changes, and therefore tend to be more volatile than securities which pay interest currently and in cash. See Zero Coupon Securities, Pay-in-Kind Bonds and Deferred Payment Securities and Step-Up Securities.
The secondary market on which Non-Investment Grade Bonds are traded may be less liquid than the market for investment grade securities. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of Non-Investment Grade Bonds, especially in a thinly traded market. When secondary markets for Non-Investment Grade Bonds are less liquid than the market for investment grade securities, it may be more difficult for the Fund to value the securities for purposes of calculating the net asset value of the Fund because such valuation may require more research, and elements of judgment may play a greater role in the valuation because there is no reliable, objective data available. During periods of thin trading in these markets, the spread between bid and asked prices is likely to increase significantly and the Fund may have greater difficulty selling these securities.
Credit Ratings . A general description of the ratings of debt securities by Moodys, S&P and Fitch is set forth in Appendix A to this SAI. These ratings may change over time and represent these rating organizations opinions as to the quality of the securities they rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, debt securities with the same maturity, coupon and rating may have different yields while obligations with the same maturity and coupon may have the same yield. For these reasons, the use of credit ratings as the sole method of evaluating Non-Investment Grade Bonds or other debt securities can involve certain risks. For example, credit ratings evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments, not the market value risk of debt securities. Also, credit rating agencies may fail to change credit ratings in a timely fashion to reflect events since the security was last rated.
In the event that a rating agency or, in the case of securities that are not rated by a rating agency, Stone Harbor, downgrades its assessment of the credit characteristics of a particular issue, the Fund is not required to dispose of such security. In determining whether to retain or sell a downgraded security, Stone Harbor may consider such factors as its assessment of the credit quality of the issuer of such security, the price at which such security could be sold and the rating, if any, assigned to such security by other rating agencies.
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Legislative and Regulatory Developments. Prices for Non-Investment Grade Bonds may be affected by legislative and regulatory developments. These laws could adversely affect the Funds net asset value and investment practices, the secondary market for Non-Investment Grade Bonds, the financial condition of issuers of these securities and the value of outstanding Non-Investment Grade Bonds. For example, federal legislation requiring the divestiture by federally insured savings and loan associations of their investments in high yield bonds and limiting the deductibility of interest by certain corporate issuers of high yield bonds adversely affected the market in prior years.
High Yield Corporate Securities. While the market values of securities rated below investment grade and comparable unrated securities tend to react less to fluctuations in interest rate levels than do those of higher-rated securities, the values of certain of these securities also tend to be more sensitive to individual corporate developments and changes in economic conditions than higher-rated securities. In addition, such securities present a higher degree of credit risk. Issuers of these securities are often highly leveraged and may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. The risk of loss due to default by such issuers is significantly greater than with investment grade securities because such securities generally are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness. The Fund also may incur additional expenses to the extent that it is required to seek recovery upon a default in the payment of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings. These risks may be greater for non-U.S. Non-Investment Grade Bonds, especially those issued by emerging market countries.
The development of markets for high yield corporate securities has been a relatively recent phenomenon, especially outside the United States. In addition, these markets have undergone significant changes in the past and may undergo significant changes in the future.
Most of the Non-Investment Grade Bonds in which the Fund invests will bear interest at fixed rates but the Fund may also invest in securities with variable rates of interest or which involve equity features, such as contingent interest or participations based on revenues, sales or profits ( i.e. , interest or other payments, often in addition to a fixed rate of return, that are based on the borrowers attainment of specified levels of revenues, sales or profits and thus enable the holder of the security to share in the potential success of the venture).
High Yield Non-U.S. Debt Securities. Investing in fixed and floating rate high yield non-U.S. debt securities, especially those of issuers located in emerging market countries, will expose the Fund to the direct or indirect consequences of political, social or economic changes in the countries that issue the securities or in which the issuers are located, in addition to the risks of investing in high yield securities generally. For example, the ability and willingness of sovereign obligors in emerging market countries or the governmental authorities that control repayment of their external debt to pay principal and interest on such debt when due may depend on general economic and political conditions within the relevant country. Certain countries in which the Fund may invest, especially emerging market countries, have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate trade difficulties and extreme poverty and unemployment. Many of these countries are also characterized by political uncertainty or instability. Additional factors which may influence the ability or willingness to service debt include, but are not limited to, an issuers (including sovereign issuers) cash flow situation, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due and the relative size of its debt service burden. Non-U.S. issuers, including government issuers, may also have debt (such as commercial bank debt) which is senior to its high yield securities.
The ability of a non-U.S. sovereign obligor, especially an obligor in an emerging market country, to make timely payments on its external debt obligations will also be strongly influenced by the obligors balance of payments, including export performance, its access to international credits and investments, fluctuations in interest rates and the extent of its foreign reserves, and the issuing governments policy towards the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and other international agencies. A country whose exports are concentrated in a few commodities or whose economy depends on certain strategic imports could be vulnerable to fluctuations in international prices of these commodities or imports. To the extent that a country receives payment for its exports in currencies other than
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dollars, its ability to make debt payments denominated in dollars could be adversely affected. If a non-U.S. sovereign obligor cannot generate sufficient earnings from foreign trade to service its external debt, it may need to depend on continuing loans and aid from foreign governments, commercial banks and multilateral organizations, and inflows of foreign investment. The commitment on the part of these foreign governments, multilateral organizations and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on the governments implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of its obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties commitments to lend funds, which may further impair the obligors ability or willingness to timely service its debts. The cost of servicing external debt will also generally be adversely affected by rising international interest rates, because many external debt obligations bear interest at rates which are adjusted based upon international interest rates. The ability to service external debt will also depend on the level of the relevant governments international currency reserves and its access to foreign exchange. Currency devaluations may affect the ability of an issuer to obtain sufficient foreign exchange to service its debt. The risks enumerated above are particularly heightened with regard to issues in emerging market countries.
As a result of the foregoing or other factors, a governmental obligor, especially an obligor in an emerging market country, may default on its obligations. If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of non-U.S. sovereign debt securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country.
RESTRICTED SECURITIES AND SECURITIES WITH LIMITED TRADING MARKETS (RULE 144A)
The Fund may purchase securities for which there is a limited trading market or which are subject to restrictions on resale to the public. If the Fund were to acquire substantial positions in securities with limited trading markets, the activities of the Fund could have an adverse effect upon the liquidity and marketability of such securities and the Fund might not be able to dispose of its holdings in those securities at then current market prices. Circumstances could also exist (to satisfy redemptions, for example) when portfolio securities might have to be sold by the Fund at times which otherwise might be considered to be disadvantageous so that the Fund might receive lower proceeds from such sales than it had expected to realize. Investments in securities which are restricted may involve added expenses to the Fund should the Fund be required to bear registration costs with respect to such securities and could involve delays in disposing of such securities which might have an adverse effect upon the price and timing of sales of such securities and the liquidity of the Fund with respect to redemptions. Restricted securities and securities for which there is a limited trading market may be significantly more difficult to value due to the unavailability of reliable market quotations for such securities, and investment in such securities may have an adverse impact on net asset value. The Fund may purchase Rule 144A securities for which there may be a secondary market of qualified institutional buyers as contemplated by Rule 144A under the 1933 Act.
The Fund may purchase Rule 144A securities on the GSTrUE exchange and other similar exchanges. These markets provide access to only institutional and highly sophisticated investors. They allow private companies to raise capital without the disclosure requirements of public markets and follow specific SEC rules to avoid certain disclosure requirements. Under these rules, companies are able to sell securities without registering them if the issued securities are limited to qualified institutional buyers (investors with at least $100 million in assets) and there are less than 500 shareholders. The market is run through a proprietary trading system. This system allows the members of the exchange to view bid and ask offers and recent sales. Actual transactions are made through special brokers. Because of the lack of disclosure in these markets, shares are expected to trade at a discount to the equivalent price achievable if the shares were listed on a public market. Companies utilizing these markets, however, believe that the ability to avoid disclosure requirements of public markets is more important than receiving the higher price available from a public exchange listing.
STEP-UP SECURITIES
Step-up securities are securities which pay no interest initially but eventually begin to pay a coupon rate prior to maturity, which may increase at stated intervals during the life of the security. Step-up securities allow an issuer to avoid or delay the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments and, as a result, may involve greater credit risk than bonds that pay interest currently or in cash.
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STRUCTURED NOTES
Included among the issuers of emerging market country debt securities in which the Fund may invest are entities organized and operated solely for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of various securities. These entities are typically organized by investment banking firms which receive fees in connection with establishing each entity and arranging for the placement of its securities. This type of restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, of specified instruments, such as Brady Bonds (see Brady Bonds), and the issuance by that entity of one or more classes of securities (Structured Notes) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued Structured Notes to create securities with different investment characteristics such as varying maturities, payment priorities or interest rate provisions; the extent of the payments made with respect to Structured Notes is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because Structured Notes of the type in which the Fund anticipate investing typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk will depend upon that of the underlying instruments and the terms of the Structured Note.
The Fund is permitted to invest in a class of Structured Notes that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated Structured Notes typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated Structured Notes. Although in some circumstances the Funds purchase of subordinated Structured Notes may have a similar economic effect to that of borrowing against the underlying securities, the purchase will not be deemed to be borrowing for purposes of the limitations placed on the extent of the Funds assets that may be used for borrowing.
As with any debt obligation, Structured Notes involve the risk that the issuer will become insolvent or otherwise default on its payment obligations. This risk is in addition to the risk that the issuers obligations (and thus the value of the Funds investment) will be reduced because of adverse changes in the external factor or factors to which the obligations are linked. The value of structured notes will in many cases be more volatile (that is, will change more rapidly or severely) than the value of traditional debt instruments. Volatility will be especially high if the issuers obligations are determined by reference to some multiple of the change in the external factor or factors. Many Structured Notes have limited or no liquidity, so that the Fund would be unable to dispose of the investment prior to maturity. As with all investments, successful use of structured notes depends in significant part of the accuracy of the Investment Managers analysis of the issuers creditworthiness and financial prospects, and of the Investment Managers forecast as to changes in relevant economic and financial market conditions and factors. In instances where the issuer of a Structured Investment is a non-U.S. entity, the usual risks associated with investments in non-U.S. securities apply. Structured Notes may be considered derivative securities.
1940 Act Limitations. Certain issuers of Structured Notes may be deemed to be investment companies as defined in the 1940 Act. As a result, the Funds investment in these Structured Notes may be limited by the restrictions contained in the 1940 Act described under Other Investment Companies. Structured Notes are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for Structured Notes.
SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
The Fund may invest in debt securities issued by supranational organizations such as promissory notes, bonds and debentures. Supranational organizations are entities designated or supported by a government or governmental entity to promote economic development, and include, among others, the Asian Development Bank, the European Communities, the European Investment Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. These organizations have no taxing authority and are dependent upon their members for payments of interest and principal. Moreover, the lending activities of such supranational entities are limited to a percentage of their total capital (including callable capital contributed by members at an entitys call), reserves and net income.
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U.S. GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
The Fund may invest in securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or by its agencies or instrumentalities. U.S. government securities in general include a wide variety of U.S. Treasury obligations consisting of bills, notes and bonds, which principally differ only in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance. Securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities are debt securities issued by agencies or instrumentalities established or sponsored by the U.S. government and may be backed only by the credit of the issuing agency or instrumentality.
Securities issued by the U.S. Treasury generally do not involve the credit risks associated with investments in other types of fixed income securities, although, as a result, the yields available from these securities are generally lower than the yields available from corporate fixed income securities. Like other debt securities, however, the values of U.S. government securities change as interest rates fluctuate, which could affect the Funds net asset value. Since the magnitude of these fluctuations will generally be greater at times when the Funds average maturity is longer, under certain market conditions the Fund may, for temporary defensive purposes, accept lower current income from short-term investments rather than investing in higher yielding long-term securities. Some U.S. government securities (such as Fannie Maes and Freddie Macs) have historically been guaranteed as to the payment of principal and interest by the relevant entity ( e.g. , FNMA or FHLMC) but have not been backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Therefore, the securities would generally not have been considered securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury. However, in September 2008, the U.S. Treasury Department announced that the U.S. government would be placing FNMA and FHLMC into a conservatorship. The effect that this conservatorship will have on the companies debt and equity securities is unclear.
ZERO COUPON SECURITIES, PAY-IN-KIND BONDS AND DEFERRED PAYMENT SECURITIES
The Fund may invest in zero coupon securities, pay-in-kind bonds and deferred payment securities. Zero coupon securities are debt securities that pay no cash income but are sold at substantial discounts from their value at maturity. When a zero coupon security is held to maturity, its entire return, which consists of the amortization of discount, comes from the difference between its purchase price and its maturity value. This difference is known at the time of purchase, so that investors holding zero coupon securities until maturity know at the time of their investment what the expected return on their investment will be. Zero coupon securities may have conversion features. The Fund also may purchase pay-in-kind bonds. Pay-in-kind bonds pay all or a portion of their interest in the form of debt or equity securities. Deferred payment securities are securities that remain zero coupon securities until a predetermined date, at which time the stated coupon rate becomes effective and interest becomes payable at regular intervals.
Zero coupon securities, pay-in-kind bonds and deferred payment securities tend to be subject to greater price fluctuations in response to changes in interest rates than are ordinary interest-paying debt securities with similar maturities. The value of zero coupon securities appreciates more during periods of declining interest rates and depreciates more during periods of rising interest rates than ordinary interest-paying debt securities with similar maturities. Zero coupon securities, pay-in-kind bonds and deferred payment securities may be issued by a wide variety of corporate and governmental issuers. Although these instruments are generally not traded on a national securities exchange, they are widely traded by brokers and dealers and, to such extent, are not generally considered illiquid.
Current federal income tax law requires the holder of a zero coupon security, certain pay-in-kind bonds, deferred payment securities and certain other securities acquired at a discount to accrue income with respect to these securities prior to the receipt of cash payments. Accordingly, to avoid liability for federal income and excise taxes, the Fund may be required to distribute income accrued with respect to these securities and may have to dispose of portfolio securities under disadvantageous circumstances in order to generate cash to satisfy these distribution requirements.
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
General. The Fund may invest in equity securities. Equity securities (which generally include common stocks, preferred stocks, warrants, securities convertible into common or preferred stocks and similar securities) are
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generally volatile and more risky than some other forms of investment. Equity securities of companies with relatively small market capitalizations may be more volatile than the securities of larger, more established companies and more volatile than the broad equity market indices generally. Common stock and other equity securities may take the form of stock in corporations, partnership interests, interests in limited liability companies and other direct or indirect interests in business organizations.
COMMON STOCK
Common stocks are shares of a corporation or other entity that entitle the holder to a pro rata share of the profits of the corporation, if any, without preference over any other shareholder or class of shareholders, including holders of the entitys preferred stock and other senior equity. Common stock usually carries with it the right to vote and frequently an exclusive right to do so.
Common stock of companies with relatively small market capitalizations may be more volatile than the securities of larger, more established companies and than the broad equity market indices generally.
Common stocks of companies that the Investment Manager believes have earnings that will grow faster than the economy as a whole are known as growth stocks. Growth stocks typically trade at higher multiples of current earnings than other stocks. As a result, the values of growth stocks may be more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings than the values of other stocks. If the Investment Managers assessment of the prospects for a companys earnings growth is wrong, or if its judgment of how other investors will value the companys earnings growth is wrong, then the price of that companys stock may fall or may not approach the value that the Investment Manager has placed on it.
Common stocks of companies that are not expected to experience significant earnings growth, but whose stocks the Investment Manager believes are undervalued compared to their true worth, are known as value stocks. These companies may have experienced adverse business developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If the Investment Managers assessment of a companys prospects is wrong, or if other investors do not eventually recognize the value of the company, then the price of the companys stock may fall or may not approach the value that the Investment Manager has placed on it.
Many stocks have both growth and value characteristics, and for some stocks it may be unclear which category, if any, it fits into.
PREFERRED STOCK
Preferred stocks, like debt obligations, are generally fixed income securities. Shareholders of preferred stocks normally have the right to receive dividends at a fixed rate when and as declared by the issuers board of directors, but do not participate in other amounts available for distribution by the issuing corporation. Dividends on the preferred stock may be cumulative, and generally all cumulative dividends usually must be paid prior to common shareholders receiving any dividends. Because as a general matter preferred stock dividends must be paid before common stock dividends, preferred stocks generally entail less risk than common stocks. Upon liquidation, preferred stocks are generally entitled to a specified liquidation preference, which is generally the same as the par or stated value, and are senior in right of payment to common stock. Preferred stocks are, however, equity securities in the sense that they do not represent a liability of the issuer and, therefore, do not offer as great a degree of protection of capital or assurance of continued income as investments in corporate debt securities. In addition, preferred stocks are subordinated in right of payment to all debt obligations and creditors of the issuer, and convertible preferred stocks may be subordinated to other preferred stock of the same issuer.
WARRANTS AND RIGHTS
The Fund may invest in warrants and rights. Warrants are securities that are usually issued together with a debt security or preferred stock and that give the holder the right to buy a proportionate amount of common stock at a specified price until a stated expiration date. Buying a warrant generally can provide a greater potential for profit or loss than an investment of equivalent amounts in the underlying common stock. The market value of a warrant does
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not necessarily move with the value of the underlying securities. If a holder does not sell the warrant, it risks the loss of its entire investment if the market price of the underlying security does not, before the expiration date, exceed the exercise price of the warrant. Investing in warrants is a speculative activity. Warrants pay no dividends and confer no rights (other than the right to purchase the underlying securities) with respect to the assets of the issuer. A right is a privilege granted, typically to existing shareholders of a corporation, to subscribe for shares of a new issue of stock before it is issued. Rights normally have a short life, usually two to four weeks, may be freely transferable and generally entitle the holder to buy the new common stock at a lower price than the public offering price.
NON-U.S. SECURITIES
General. Investors should recognize that investing in the securities of non-U.S. issuers generally, and particularly in emerging market issuers, involves special considerations which are not typically associated with investing in securities of U.S. issuers. Investments in securities of non-U.S. issuers may involve risks arising from differences between U.S. and non-U.S. securities markets, including less volume, much greater price volatility in and relative illiquidity of non-U.S. securities markets, different trading and settlement practices and less governmental supervision and regulation, from changes in currency exchange rates, from high and volatile rates of inflation, from economic, social and political conditions and, as with domestic multinational corporations, from fluctuating interest rates. Moreover, substantial investments in non-U.S. securities may have adverse tax implications.
Since most non-U.S. securities are denominated in non-U.S. currencies or traded primarily in securities markets in which settlements are made in non-U.S. currencies, the value of these investments and the net investment income available for distribution to shareholders of the Fund may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates or exchange control regulations. Because the Fund may purchase securities denominated in non-U.S. currencies, a change in the value of any such currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a change in the U.S. dollar value of the Funds assets and the Funds income available for distribution. The Funds foreign currency transactions may give rise to ordinary income or loss, for federal income tax purposes, to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency.
In addition, although the Funds income may be received or realized in foreign currencies, the Fund will be required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, if the value of a currency relative to the U.S. dollar declines after the Funds income has been earned in that currency, translated into U.S. dollars and declared as a dividend, but before payment of such dividend, the Fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to pay such dividend. Similarly, if the value of a currency relative to the U.S. dollar declines between the time the Fund incurs expenses or other obligations in U.S. dollars and the time such expenses or obligations are paid, the amount of such currency required to be converted into U.S. dollars in order to pay such expenses in U.S. dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in such currency of such expenses at the time they were incurred.
Certain markets are in only the earliest stages of development. There is also a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of industries, as well as a high concentration of investors and financial intermediaries. Many of such markets also may be affected by developments with respect to more established markets in the region. Brokers in non-U.S. and emerging market countries typically are fewer in number and less capitalized than brokers in the United States. These factors, combined with the U.S. regulatory requirements for closed-end investment companies and the restrictions on foreign investment, result in potentially fewer investment opportunities for the Fund and may have an adverse impact on the investment performance of the Fund.
There generally is less governmental supervision and regulation of exchanges, brokers and issuers in non-U.S. countries than there is in the United States. For example, there may be no comparable provisions under certain non-U.S. laws to insider trading and similar investor protection securities laws that apply with respect to securities transactions consummated in the United States. Further, brokerage commissions and other transaction costs on non-U.S. securities exchanges generally are higher than in the United States. With respect to investments in certain emerging market countries, archaic legal systems may have an adverse impact on the Fund. For example, while the potential liability of a shareholder in a U.S. corporation with respect to acts of the corporation is generally limited to the amount of the shareholders investment, the notion of limited liability is less clear in certain emerging market countries. Similarly, the rights of investors in emerging market companies may be more limited than those of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
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Other investment risks include the possible imposition of foreign withholding taxes on certain amounts of the Funds income which may reduce the net return on non-U.S. investments as compared to income received from a U.S. issuer, the possible seizure or nationalization of foreign assets and the possible establishment of exchange controls, expropriation, confiscatory taxation, other foreign governmental laws or restrictions which might affect adversely payments due on securities held by the Fund, the lack of extensive operating experience of eligible foreign subcustodians and legal limitations on the ability of the Fund to recover assets held in custody by a foreign subcustodian in the event of the subcustodians bankruptcy.
In addition, there may be less publicly-available information about a non-U.S. issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and non-U.S. issuers may not be subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial record-keeping standards and requirements as U.S. issuers. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of an emerging market country issuer may not reflect its financial position or results of operations in the way they would be reflected had the financial statements been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, for an issuer that keeps accounting records in local currency, inflation accounting rules may require, for both tax and accounting purposes, that certain assets and liabilities be restated on the issuers balance sheet in order to express items in terms of currency of constant purchasing power. Inflation accounting may indirectly generate losses or profits. Consequently, financial data may be materially affected by restatements for inflation and may not accurately reflect the real condition of those issuers and securities markets. Finally, in the event of a default of any such foreign obligations, it may be more difficult for the Fund to obtain or enforce a judgment against the issuers of such obligations. The manner in which foreign investors may invest in companies in certain emerging market countries, as well as limitations on such investments, also may have an adverse impact on the operations of the Fund. For example, the Fund may be required in certain of such countries to invest initially through a local broker or other entity and then have the shares purchased re-registered in the name of the Fund. Re-registration may in some instances not be able to occur on a timely basis, resulting in a delay during which the Fund may be denied certain of its rights as an investor.
Non-U.S. markets have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have failed to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Further, satisfactory custodial services for investment securities may not be available in some countries having smaller, emerging capital markets, which may result in the Fund incurring additional costs and delays in transporting and custodying such securities outside such countries. Delays in settlement or other problems could result in periods when assets of the Fund are uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of the Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems or the risk of intermediary counterparty failures could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. The inability to dispose of a portfolio security due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in the value of such portfolio security or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, could result in possible liability to the purchaser.
Securities Related Activities. In some countries, banks or other financial institutions may constitute a substantial number of the leading companies or companies with the most actively traded securities. The 1940 Act limits the Funds ability to invest in any security of an issuer which, in its most recent fiscal year, derived more than 15% of its revenues from securities related activities, as defined by the rules thereunder. These provisions may also restrict the Funds investments in certain non-U.S. banks and other financial institutions.
Non-U.S. Subcustodians. Rules adopted under the 1940 Act permit the Fund to maintain its non-U.S. securities and cash in the custody of certain eligible non-U.S. banks and securities depositories.
Certain banks in non-U.S. countries may not be eligible sub-custodians for the Fund, in which event the Fund may be precluded from purchasing securities in certain non-U.S. countries in which it otherwise would invest or which may result in the Funds incurring additional costs and delays in providing transportation and custody services for such securities outside of such countries. The Fund may encounter difficulties in effecting on a timely basis portfolio transactions with respect to any securities of issuers held outside their countries. Other banks that are eligible non-U.S. sub-custodians may be recently organized or otherwise lack extensive operating experience. In addition, in certain countries there may be legal restrictions or limitations on the ability of the Fund to recover assets held in custody by non-U.S. sub-custodians in the event of the bankruptcy of the sub-custodian.
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Credit Ratings. The securities in which the Fund will invest, including non-U.S. securities, will not be required to meet a minimum rating standard and may not be rated for creditworthiness by any internationally recognized credit rating organization. Such securities, commonly referred to as junk bonds, involve significantly greater risks, including price volatility and risk of default of payment of interest and principal, than higher rated securities. An investment in the Fund should not be considered as a complete investment program.
The Investment Manager will take various factors into consideration in evaluating the creditworthiness of an issuer. For corporate debt securities, such factors typically include the issuers financial resources, its sensitivity to economic conditions and trends, the operating history of the issuer and the experience and track record of the issuers management. For sovereign debt instruments, these will typically include the economic and political conditions within the issuers country, the issuers overall and external debt levels and debt service ratios, the issuers access to capital markets and other sources of funding and the issuers debt service payment history. The Investment Manager will also review the ratings, if any, assigned to the security by any recognized rating organizations, although the Investment Managers judgment as to the quality of a debt security may differ from that suggested by the rating published by a rating service. In addition to the foregoing credit analysis, the Investment Manager will evaluate the relative value of an investment compared with its perceived credit risk. The Funds ability to achieve its investment objective may be more dependent on the Investment Managers credit analysis than would be the case if it invested in higher quality debt securities. A description of the ratings used by Moodys, S&P and Fitch is set forth in Appendix A.
Emerging Market Countries. Certain of the risks associated with international investments and investing in smaller capital markets are heightened for investments in emerging market countries. For example, some of the currencies of emerging market countries have experienced devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar, and major adjustments have been made periodically in certain of such currencies. Certain of such countries face serious exchange constraints. In addition, governments of many emerging market countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In certain cases, the government owns or controls many companies, including the largest in the country. Accordingly, government actions in the future could have a significant effect on economic conditions in developing countries which could affect private sector companies and the Fund, as well as the value of securities in the Fund.
Investment in certain emerging market securities is restricted or controlled to varying degrees which may at times limit or preclude investment in certain emerging market securities and increase the costs and expenses of the Fund. Certain emerging market countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, limit the amount of investment by foreign persons in a particular issuer, limit the investment by foreign persons only to a specific class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous rights than other classes, restrict investment opportunities in issuers in industries deemed important to national interests and/or impose additional taxes on foreign investors. Certain emerging market countries may require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors which could adversely affect the Fund. In addition, if a deterioration occurs in an emerging market countrys balance of payments, it could impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital remittances. Investing in local markets in emerging market countries may require the Fund to adopt special procedures, seek local government approvals or take other actions, each of which may involve additional costs to the Fund.
DERIVATIVES
General. The Fund may engage in a variety of derivative transactions. However, the Fund will not be obligated to use derivatives and makes no representation as to the availability of these techniques at this time or at any time in the future. Generally, derivatives are financial contracts whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index and may relate to stocks, bonds, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates, commodities, related indexes and other assets. The types of derivatives in which the Fund may invest include, but are not limited to, interest rate, currency or stock or bond index futures contracts, currency forward contracts and currency swaps, the purchase and sale (or writing) of exchange listed and over-the-counter (OTC) put and call options on debt and equity securities, currencies, interest rate, currency or stock index futures and fixed income and stock indices and other financial instruments, entering into various interest rate transactions such as swaps, caps, floors and collars, entering into equity, total return and credit default swaps, caps and floors, the purchase and sale of indexed debt securities or trading in other similar types of instruments or combinations thereof.
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Derivatives may be used to attempt to protect against possible changes in the market value of securities held or to be purchased for the Funds portfolio resulting from securities markets or currency exchange rate fluctuations, to protect the Funds unrealized gains in the value of its securities, to facilitate the sale of those securities for investment purposes, to manage the effective maturity or duration of the Funds portfolio or to establish a position in the derivatives markets as a temporary substitute for purchasing or selling particular securities or to seek to enhance the Funds income or gain. The Fund may use any or all types of derivatives which it is authorized to use at any time; no particular strategy will dictate the use of one type of transaction rather than another, as use of any authorized derivative will be a function of numerous variables, including market conditions. The ability of the Fund to utilize derivatives successfully will depend on numerous factors including the Investment Managers ability to predict pertinent market movements, which cannot be assured. These skills are different from those needed to select the Funds portfolio securities.
Subject to the constraints described above, the Fund may (if and to the extent so authorized) purchase and sell interest rate, currency or stock or bond index futures contracts and enter into currency forward contracts and currency swaps; purchase and sell (or write) exchange listed and over-the-counter put and call options on securities, loan participations and assignments, currencies, futures contracts, indices and other financial instruments, and the Fund may enter into interest rate transactions, equity, total return and credit default swaps and related transactions and other similar transactions which may be developed to the extent the Investment Manager determines that they are consistent with the applicable Funds investment objective and policies and applicable regulatory requirements. The Funds interest rate transactions may take the form of swaps, caps, floors and collars, and the Funds currency transactions may take the form of currency forward contracts, currency futures contracts, currency swaps and options on currencies or currency futures contracts.
Derivatives involve special risks, including possible default by the other party to the transaction, illiquidity, difficulties in valuation, leverage risk and the risk that the use of derivatives could result in significantly greater losses or lower income or gains than if they had not been used. Recently, several broker-dealers and other financial institutions have experienced extreme financial difficulty, sometimes resulting in bankruptcy of the institution. Although the Investment Manager monitors the creditworthiness of the Funds counterparties, there can be no assurance that the Funds counterparties will not experience similar difficulties, possibly resulting in losses to the Fund. The degree of the Funds use of derivatives may be limited by certain provisions of the Code. When used, derivatives may increase the amount and affect the timing and character of taxes payable by shareholders. See Distributions and Taxes.
Currency Transactions. The Fund may engage in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value, to gain or reduce exposure to certain currencies or to generate income or gains.
Currency transactions include currency forward contracts, exchange-listed currency futures contracts and options thereon, exchange-listed and OTC options on currencies and currency swaps. A forward currency contract involves a privately negotiated obligation to purchase or sell (with delivery generally required) a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. A currency swap is an agreement to exchange cash flows based on the notional difference among two or more currencies and operates similarly to an interest rate swap, which is described below under Interest Rate and Equity Swaps and Related Transactions.
The Fund may enter into a forward contract to sell, for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars, the amount of that currency approximating the value of some or all of the Funds portfolio securities denominated in such currency. For example, the Fund may do this if the Investment Manager believes that the currency of a particular country may decline in relation to the U.S. dollar. Forward contracts may limit potential gain from a positive change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. Transaction hedging includes entering into a currency transaction with respect to specific assets or liabilities of the Fund, which will generally arise in connection with the purchase or sale of portfolio securities or the receipt of income from them. Position hedging is entering into a currency transaction with respect to portfolio securities positions denominated or generally quoted in that currency.
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The Fund may cross-hedge currencies by entering into transactions to purchase or sell one or more currencies that are expected to increase or decline in value relative to other currencies to which the Fund has or in which the Fund expects to have exposure. To reduce the effect of currency fluctuations on the value of existing or anticipated holdings of its securities, the Fund may also engage in proxy hedging. Proxy hedging is often used when the currency to which the Funds holdings is exposed is difficult to hedge generally or difficult to hedge against the dollar. Proxy hedging entails entering into a forward contract to sell a currency, the changes in the value of which are generally considered to be linked to a currency or currencies in which some or all of the Funds securities are or are expected to be denominated, and to buy dollars.
Currency hedging involves some of the same risks and considerations as other derivative transactions. Currency transactions can result in losses to the Fund if the currency being hedged fluctuates in value to a degree or in a direction that is not anticipated. Further, the risk exists that the perceived linkage between various currencies may not be present or may not be present during the particular time that the Fund is engaging in these transactions. Currency transactions are also subject to risks different from those of other portfolio transactions. Because currency control is of great importance to the issuing governments and influences economic planning and policy, purchases and sales of currency and related instruments can be adversely affected by government exchange controls, limitations or restrictions on repatriation of currency and manipulations or exchange restrictions imposed by governments. These forms of governmental actions can result in losses to the Fund if it is unable to deliver or receive currency or monies in settlement of obligations and could also cause hedges it has entered into to be rendered useless, resulting in full currency exposure as well as incurring transaction costs. Buyers and sellers of currency futures contracts are subject to the same risks that apply to the use of futures contracts generally. Further, settlement of a currency futures contract for the purchase of most currencies must occur at a bank based in the issuing nation. Trading options on currency futures contracts is relatively new, and the ability to establish and close out positions on these options is subject to the maintenance of a liquid market that may not always be available. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate based on factors extrinsic to that countrys economy.
Credit Default Swaps. The Fund may enter into credit default swap contracts for hedging purposes or to add leverage to its portfolio. When used for hedging purposes, the Fund would be the buyer of a credit default swap contract. In that case, the Fund would be entitled to receive the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation, index or other investment from the counterparty to the contract in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or foreign issuer, on the referenced debt obligation. In return, the Fund would pay to the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the Fund would have spent the stream of payments and received no benefit from the contract. When the Fund is the seller of a credit default swap contract, it receives the stream of payments but is obligated to pay upon default of the referenced debt obligation. As the seller, the Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total assets, the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.
Credit default swap agreements are subject to greater risk than a direct investment in the referenced obligation. Like all swap agreements, credit default swaps are subject to liquidity, credit and counterparty risks. In addition, collateral posting requirements are individually negotiated and there is no regulatory requirement that a counterparty post collateral to secure its obligations under a credit default swap. Furthermore, there is no requirement that a party be informed in advance when a credit default swap agreement is sold. Accordingly, the Fund may have difficulty identifying the party responsible for payment of its claims. The notional value of credit default swaps with respect to a particular investment is often larger than the total par value of such investment outstanding and, in event of a default, there may be difficulties in making the required deliveries of the reference investments, possibly delaying payments.
The market for credit default swaps has become more volatile recently as the creditworthiness of certain counterparties has been questioned and/or downgraded. If a counterpartys credit becomes significantly impaired, multiple requests for collateral posting in a short period of time could increase the risk that the Fund may not receive adequate collateral. Credit default swaps are not currently traded on any securities exchange. The Fund generally may exit its obligations under a credit default swap only by terminating the contract and paying applicable breakage fees, or by entering into an offsetting credit default swap position, which may cause the Fund to incur more losses.
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Futures Contracts. Generally, a futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of a financial instrument, foreign currency, commodity or other asset, or the cash value of an index at a specified price and time. The Investment Manager expects that its futures transactions will generally include transactions (i) on domestic and foreign exchanges on currencies, interest rates and bond indices and (ii) on domestic and, to the extent permitted by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), foreign exchanges on stock indices. Futures contracts are generally bought and sold on the commodities exchanges on which they are listed with payment of initial and variation margin as described below. The sale of a futures contract creates a firm obligation by the Fund, as seller, to deliver to the buyer the specific type of financial instrument called for in the contract at a specific future time for a specified price (or, with respect to certain instruments, the net cash amount). The Fund may use futures contracts and related options for hedging purposes and for investment purposes. The Funds use of financial futures contracts and options thereon will in all cases be consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and in particular the rules and regulations of the CFTC. Maintaining a futures contract or selling an option on a futures contract will typically require the Fund to deposit with a financial intermediary, as security for its obligations, an amount of cash or other specified assets (initial margin) that initially is from 1% to 10% of the face amount of the contract (but may be higher in some circumstances). Additional cash or assets (variation margin) may be required to be deposited thereafter daily as the mark-to-market value of the futures contract fluctuates. The value of all futures contracts sold by the Fund (adjusted for the historical volatility relationship between the Fund and the contracts) will not exceed the total market value of the Funds securities. The Fund will designate assets with respect to futures contracts and options thereon as described in the Prospectus.
Interest Rate Futures Contracts. The Fund may enter into interest rate futures contracts, for example, in order to protect it from fluctuations in interest rates without necessarily buying or selling fixed income securities. An interest rate futures contract is an agreement to take or make delivery of either: (i) an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of a particular debt security or index of debt securities at the beginning and at the end of the contract period or (ii) a specified amount of a particular debt security at a future date at a price set at time of the contract. For example, if the Fund owns bonds, and interest rates are expected to increase, the Fund might sell futures contracts on debt securities having characteristics similar to those held in the portfolio. Such a sale would have much the same effect as selling an equivalent value of the bonds owned by the Fund. If interest rates did increase, the value of the debt securities in the portfolio would decline, but the value of the futures contracts to the Fund would increase at approximately the same rate, thereby keeping the net asset value of each class of the Fund from declining as much as it otherwise would have. The Fund could accomplish similar results by selling bonds with longer maturities and investing in bonds with shorter maturities when interest rates are expected to increase. However, because the futures market may be more liquid than the cash market, the use of futures contracts as a risk management technique allows the Fund to take a position without having to sell its portfolio securities. Similarly, when the Investment Manager expects that interest rates may decline, the Fund may purchase interest rate futures contracts in an attempt to hedge against having to make subsequently anticipated purchases of bonds at the higher prices subsequently expected to prevail. Since the fluctuations in the value of appropriately selected futures contracts should be similar to that of the bonds that will be purchased, the Fund could take advantage of the anticipated rise in the cost of the bonds without actually buying them until the market had stabilized.
The use of options and futures transactions entails risks. In particular, the variable degree of correlation between price movements of futures contracts and price movements in the related portfolio position of the Fund could create the possibility that losses on the derivative will be greater than gains in the value of the Funds position. In addition, futures and options markets could be illiquid in some circumstances and certain over-the-counter options could have no markets. The Fund might not be able to close out certain positions without incurring substantial losses. To the extent the Fund utilizes futures and options transactions for hedging, such transactions should tend to decrease the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged position and, at the same time, limit any potential gain to the Fund that might result from an increase in value of the position. There is also the risk of loss by the Fund of margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy of a broker with whom the Fund has an open position in a futures contract or option thereon. Finally, the daily variation margin requirements for futures contracts create a greater ongoing potential financial risk than would purchases of options, in which case the exposure is limited to the cost of the initial premium and transaction costs.
Options. A put option gives the purchaser of the option, upon payment of a premium, the right to sell, and the writer of the option the obligation to buy (if the option is exercised), the underlying security, index, currency or other instrument at the exercise price. The Funds purchase of a put option on a security, for example, might be designed
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to protect its holdings in the underlying instrument (or, in some cases, a similar instrument) against a substantial decline in the market value of such instrument by giving the Fund the right to sell the instrument at the option exercise price. A call option, upon payment of a premium, gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy (if the option is exercised), and the seller the obligation to sell, the underlying instrument at the exercise price. The Funds purchase of a call option on a security, financial futures contract, index, currency or other instrument might be intended to protect the Fund against an increase in the price of the underlying instrument that it intends to purchase in the future by fixing the price at which it may purchase the instrument. An American style put or call option may be exercised at any time during the option period, whereas a European style put or call option may be exercised only upon expiration. A Bermudan style put or call option may be exercised at any time on fixed dates occurring during the term of the option. Exchange-listed options are issued by a regulated intermediary such as the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC), which guarantees the performance of the obligations of the parties to the options.
In order to hedge against adverse market shifts or to potentially increase income or gain, the Fund may purchase put and call options or write covered put and call options on futures contracts on stocks, stock indices, interest rates and currencies. In addition, the Fund may utilize options on currencies in order to hedge against currency exchange rate risks or to gain exposure to one or more currencies. A call option written by the Fund is covered so long as the Fund owns: (i) the underlying investment subject to the option; (ii) securities convertible or exchangeable without the payment of any consideration into the securities subject to the option; or (iii) a call option on the relevant security or currency with an exercise price no higher than the exercise price on the call option written. A put option written by the Fund is covered if the Fund either (a) designates on its or its custodians records liquid securities having a value at least equal to the exercise price of the underlying investment or (b) has certain offsetting puts. Parties to options transactions must make certain payments and/or set aside certain amounts of assets in connection with each transaction.
By writing a call, the Fund will generally limit its opportunity to profit from an increase in the market value of the underlying investment above the exercise price of the option for as long as the Funds obligation as writer of the option continues. By writing a put, the Fund will generally limit its opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market value of the underlying investment below the exercise price of the option for as long as the Funds obligation as writer of the option continues. Upon the exercise of a put option written by the Fund, the Fund may suffer an economic loss equal to the difference between the price at which the Fund is required to purchase the underlying investment and its market value at the time of the option exercise, less the premium received for writing the option. Upon the exercise of a call option written by the Fund, the Fund may suffer an economic loss equal to an amount not less than the Funds acquisition cost of the investment underlying the option, less the sum of the premium received for writing the option and the exercise price paid to the Fund.
The Fund may choose to exercise the options it holds, permit them to expire or terminate them prior to their expiration by entering into closing transactions. The Fund may enter into a closing purchase transaction in which the Fund purchases an option having the same terms as the option it had written or a closing sale transaction in which the Fund sells an option having the same terms as the option it had purchased.
Exchange-listed options on securities and currencies, with certain exceptions, generally settle by physical delivery of the underlying security or currency, although in the future, cash settlement may become available. Frequently, rather than taking or making delivery of the underlying instrument through the process of exercising the option, listed options are closed by entering into offsetting purchase or sale transactions that do not result in ownership of the new option. Index options are cash settled for the net amount, if any, by which the option is in-the-money (that is, the amount by which the value of the underlying instrument exceeds, in the case of a call option, or is less than, in the case of a put option, the exercise price of the option) at the time the option is exercised.
OTC options are purchased from or sold to securities dealers, financial institutions or other parties (collectively referred to as counterparties and individually referred to as a counterparty) through a direct bilateral agreement with the counterparty. In contrast to exchange-listed options, which generally have standardized terms and performance mechanics, the terms of an OTC option, including such terms as method of settlement, term, exercise price, premium, guaranties and security, are determined by negotiation of the parties.
Unless the parties provide for it, no central clearing or guaranty function is currently expected to be involved in an OTC option. As a result, if a counterparty fails to make or take delivery of the security, currency or other instrument underlying an OTC
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option it has entered into with the Fund or fails to make a cash settlement payment due in accordance with the terms of that option, the Fund will lose any premium it paid for the option as well as any anticipated benefit of the transaction. Thus, the Investment Manager must assess the creditworthiness of each such counterparty or any guarantor or credit enhancement of the counterpartys credit to determine the likelihood that the terms of the OTC option will be met.
If the Fund sells a call option, it is foregoing its participation in the appreciation in the value of the underlying asset; however, the premium that it receives may serve as a partial hedge, to the extent of the option premium, against an increase in the value of the underlying securities or instruments held by the Fund and may increase the Funds income. Similarly, the sale of put options can also provide gains for the Fund. The Fund may purchase and sell call options on securities that are traded on U.S. and foreign securities exchanges and in the OTC markets, and on securities indices, currencies and futures contracts. Even though the Fund will receive the option premium to help protect it against loss, use of options could result in losses to the Fund, force the purchase or sale of portfolio securities at inopportune times or for prices higher or lower than current market values, or cause the Fund to hold a security it might otherwise sell or sell a security it might otherwise hold.
The Funds ability to close out its position as a purchaser or seller of an OCC-issued or exchange-listed put or call option is dependent, in part, upon the liquidity of the particular option market. Among the possible reasons for the absence of a liquid option market on an exchange are: (i) insufficient trading interest in certain options; (ii) restrictions on transactions imposed by an exchange; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions imposed with respect to particular classes or series of options or underlying securities, including reaching daily price limits; (iv) interruption of the normal operations of the OCC or an exchange; (v) inadequacy of the facilities of an exchange or the OCC to handle current trading volume; or (vi) a decision by one or more exchanges to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), in which event the relevant market for that option on that exchange would cease to exist, although any such outstanding options on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
The hours of trading for listed options may not coincide with the hours during which the underlying financial instruments are traded. To the extent that the option markets close before the markets for the underlying financial instruments, significant price and rate movements can take place in the underlying markets that would not be reflected in the corresponding option markets.
The Fund reserves the right to purchase or sell options on instruments and indices other than those described here and which may be developed in the future to the extent consistent with applicable law, the Funds investment objective and the restrictions set forth herein.
Options on Stocks and Stock Indices. The Fund may purchase put and call options and write put and call options on stocks and stock indices in order to hedge against movements in the equity markets or to potentially increase income or gain to the Fund. In addition, the Fund may purchase options on stocks that are traded over-the-counter. Options on stock indices are similar to options on specific securities. However, because options on stock indices do not involve the delivery of an underlying security, the option represents the holders right to obtain from the writer cash in an amount equal to a fixed multiple of the amount by which the exercise price exceeds (in the case of a put) or is less than (in the case of a call) the closing value of the underlying stock index on the exercise date. Options are also traded in certain industry or market segment indices such as the Oil Index, the Computer Technology Index and the Transportation Index. Stock index options are subject to position and exercise limits and other regulations imposed by the exchange on which they are traded.
If the Investment Manager expects general stock market prices to rise, the Fund might purchase a call option on a stock index or a futures contract on that index as a hedge against an increase in prices of particular equity securities it wants ultimately to buy. If the stock index does rise, the price of the particular equity securities intended to be purchased may also increase, but that increase should be offset in part by the increase in the value of the Funds index option or futures contract resulting from the increase in the index. If, on the other hand, the Investment Manager expects general stock market prices to decline, it might purchase a put option or sell a futures contract on the index. If that index does decline, the value of some or all of the equity securities in the Funds portfolio may also be expected to decline, but that decrease would be offset in part by the increase in the value of the Funds position in such put option or futures contract.
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Options on Currencies. The Fund may invest in options on currencies traded on domestic and foreign securities exchanges in order to hedge against currency exchange rate risks or to increase income or gain, as described above in Currency Transactions.
Options on Futures Contracts. The Fund may purchase put and call options and write put and call options on futures contracts on stock indices, interest rates and currencies traded on domestic and foreign exchanges, in order to hedge all or a portion of its investments or to increase income or gain and may enter into closing transactions in order to terminate existing positions. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can be effected. An option on a stock index futures contract, interest rate futures contract or currency futures contract, as contrasted with the direct investment in such a contract, gives the purchaser the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a position in the underlying contract at a specified exercise price at any time on or before the expiration date of the option. Upon exercise of an option, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writers futures margin account. The potential loss related to the purchase of an option on a futures contract is limited to the premium paid for the option (plus transaction costs). While the price of the option is fixed at the point of sale, the value of the option does change daily and the change would be reflected in the net asset value of the Fund.
The purchase of an option on a financial futures contract involves payment of a premium for the option without any further obligation on the part of the Fund. If the Fund exercises an option on a futures contract it will be obligated to post initial margin (and potentially variation margin) for the resulting futures position just as it would for any futures position. Futures contracts and options thereon are generally settled by entering into an offsetting transaction, but no assurance can be given that a position can be offset prior to settlement or that delivery will occur.
Interest Rate, Equity and Total Return Swaps and Related Transactions. The Fund may enter into interest rate and equity swaps and may purchase or sell ( i.e. , write) interest rate and equity caps, floors, collars and combinations thereof. The Fund expects to enter into these transactions in order to hedge against either a decline in the value of the securities included in the Funds portfolio, or against an increase in the price of the securities which it plans to purchase, in order to preserve or maintain a return or spread on a particular investment or portion of its portfolio or to achieve a particular return on cash balances, or in order to increase income or gain. Interest rate, equity and total return swaps involve the exchange by the Fund with another party of their respective commitments to make or receive payments based on a notional principal amount. The purchase of an interest rate or equity cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined level, to receive payments on a contractually-based principal amount from the party selling the interest rate or equity cap. The purchase of an interest rate or equity floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or reference instrument falls below a predetermined rate or value, to receive payments on a contractually-based principal amount from the party selling the interest rate or equity floor. A collar is a combination of a cap and a floor which preserve a certain return within a predetermined range of values.
The Fund will usually enter into interest rate, equity and total return swaps on a net basis ( i.e. , the two payment streams are netted out), with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments.
The use of swaps is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. Swap agreements are sophisticated financial instruments that typically involve a small investment of cash relative to the magnitude of risks assumed. Swaps can be highly volatile and may have a considerable impact on the Funds performance, as the potential gain or loss on any swap transaction is not necessarily subject to any fixed limit. If the Investment Manager is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, interest rates and other applicable factors, the investment performance of the Fund would diminish compared with what it would have been if these investment techniques were not utilized. Moreover, even if the Investment Manager is correct in its forecasts, there is a risk that the swap position may correlate imperfectly with the price of the asset or liability being hedged.
As is the case with futures and options strategies, the effective use of swaps and related transactions by the Fund may depend, among other things, on the Funds ability to terminate the transactions at times when the Investment Manager deems it desirable to do so. To the extent the Fund does not, or cannot, terminate such a transaction in a timely manner, the Fund may suffer a loss in excess of any amounts that it may have received, or expected to receive, as a result of entering into the transaction.
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The liquidity of swap agreements will be determined by the Investment Manager based on various factors, including (i) the frequency of trades and quotations, (ii) the number of dealers and prospective purchasers in the marketplace, (iii) dealer undertakings to make a market, (iv) the nature of the security (including any demand or tender features) and (v) the nature of the marketplace for trades (including the ability to assign or offset the Funds rights and obligations relating to the investment).
There is no limit on the amount of interest rate, equity and total return swap transactions that may be entered into by the Fund. The effective use of swaps and related transactions by the Fund may depend, among other things, on the Funds ability to terminate the transactions at times when the Investment Manager deems it desirable to do so. Because swaps and related transactions are bilateral contractual arrangements between the Fund and counterparties to the transactions, the Funds ability to terminate such an arrangement may be considerably more limited than in the case of an exchange traded instrument. To the extent the Fund does not, or cannot, terminate such a transaction in a timely manner, the Fund may suffer a loss in excess of any amounts that it may have received, or expected to receive, as a result of entering into the transaction. If the other party to a swap defaults, the Funds risk of loss is the net amount of payments that the Fund contractually is entitled to receive, if any.
Indexed Securities. The Fund may purchase securities whose prices are indexed to the prices of other securities, securities indices, currencies or other financial indicators. Indexed securities typically, but not always, are debt securities or deposits whose value at maturity or coupon rate is determined by reference to a specific instrument or statistic. Currency-indexed securities typically are short-term to intermediate-term debt securities whose maturity values or interest rates are determined by reference to the values of one or more specified foreign currencies, and may offer higher yields than U.S. dollar-denominated securities of equivalent issuers. Currency-indexed securities may be positively or negatively indexed; that is, their maturity value may increase when the specified currency value increases, resulting in a security that performs similarly to a foreign currency-denominated instrument, or their maturity value may decline when foreign currencies increase, resulting in a security whose price characteristics are similar to a put on the underlying currency. Currency-indexed securities may also have prices that depend on the values of a number of different foreign currencies relative to each other.
Because the amount of interest and/or principal payments which the issuer of indexed debt securities is obligated to make is linked to the prices of other securities, securities indices, currencies or other financial indicators, such payments may be significantly greater or less than payment obligations in respect of other types of debt securities. As a result, an investment in indexed debt securities may be considered speculative. Moreover, the performance of indexed securities depends to a great extent on the performance of and may be more volatile than the security, currency or other instrument to which they are indexed, and may also be influenced by interest rate changes in the United States and abroad. At the same time, indexed securities are subject to the credit risks associated with the issuer of the security, and their values may decline substantially if the issuers creditworthiness deteriorates.
Losses resulting from the use of derivatives will reduce the Funds net asset value, and possibly income, and the losses can be greater than if derivatives had not been used.
Event-Linked Instruments . The Fund may obtain event-linked exposure by investing in event-linked bonds or event-linked swaps or by implementing event-linked strategies. Event-linked exposure results in gains or losses that typically are contingent upon, or formulaically related to, defined trigger events. Examples of trigger events include hurricanes, earthquakes, weather-related phenomena or statistics relating to such events. Some event-linked bonds are commonly referred to as catastrophe bonds. If a trigger event occurs, the Fund may lose a portion or its entire principal invested in the bond or notional amount on a swap. Event-linked exposure often provides for an extension of maturity to process and audit loss claims when a trigger event has, or possibly has, occurred. An extension of maturity may increase volatility. Event-linked exposure may also expose the Fund to certain other risks including credit risk, counterparty risk, adverse regulatory or jurisdictional interpretations and adverse tax consequences. Event-linked exposures may also be subject to liquidity risk.
Credit-Linked Trust Certificates . The Fund may invest in credit-linked trust certificates, which are investments in a limited purpose trust or other vehicle formed under state law which, in turn, invests in a basket of derivative instruments, such as credit default swaps, interest rate swaps or other securities, in order to provide exposure to the high yield or another debt securities market. Like an investment in a bond, investments in credit-linked trust certificates represent the right to receive periodic income payments (in the form of distributions) and payment of
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principal at the end of the term of the certificate. However, these payments are conditioned on the trusts receipt of payments from, and the trusts potential obligations to, the counterparties to the derivative instruments and other securities in which the trust invests. For instance, the trust may sell one or more credit default swaps, under which the trust would receive a stream of payments over the term of the swap agreements provided that no event of default has occurred with respect to the referenced debt obligation upon which the swap is based. If a default occurs, the stream of payments may stop and the trust would be obligated to pay to the counterparty the par (or other agreed upon value) of the referenced debt obligation. This, in turn, would reduce the amount of income and principal that the Fund would receive as an investor in the trust. The Funds investments in these instruments are indirectly subject to the risks associated with derivative instruments, including, among others, credit risk, default or similar event risk, counterparty risk, interest rate risk, leverage risk and management risk. It is expected that the trusts that issue credit-linked trust certificates will constitute private investment companies, exempt from registration under the 1940 Act. Therefore, the certificates will not be subject to applicable investment limitations and other regulation imposed by the 1940 Act (although the Fund will remain subject to such limitations and regulation, including with respect to its investments in the certificates). Although the trusts are typically private investment companies, they generally are not actively managed such as a hedge fund might be. It also is expected that the certificates will be exempt from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, there may be no established trading market for the certificates and they may constitute illiquid investments. See Risk FactorsLiquidity Risk. If market quotations are not readily available for the certificates, they will be valued by the Fund at fair value as determined by the Funds Board or persons acting at its direction. See Net Asset Value. The Fund may lose its entire investment in a credit-linked trust certificate.
Real Estate Securities and Related Derivatives . The Fund may gain exposure to the real estate sector by investing in real estate-linked derivatives, real estate investment trusts (REITs), and common, preferred and convertible securities of issuers in real estate-related industries. Each of these types of investments are subject to risks similar to those associated with direct ownership of real estate, including loss to casualty or condemnation, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, zoning law amendments, changes in interest rates, overbuilding and increased competition, variations in market value, and possible environmental liabilities.
REITs are pooled investment vehicles that own, and typically operate, income-producing real estate. If a REIT meets certain requirements, including distributing to shareholders substantially all of its taxable income (other than net capital gains), then it is not taxed on the income distributed to shareholders. REITs are subject to management fees and other expenses, and so the Funds that invest in REITs will bear their proportionate share of the costs of the REITs operations.
There are three general categories of REITs: Equity REITs, Mortgage REITs and Hybrid REITs. Equity REITs invest primarily in direct fee ownership or leasehold ownership of real property; they derive most of their income from rents. Mortgage REITs invest mostly in mortgages on real estate, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans, and the main source of their income is mortgage interest payments. Hybrid REITs hold both ownership and mortgage interests in real estate.
Along with the risks common to different types of real estate-related securities, REITs, no matter the type, involve additional risk factors. These include poor performance by the REITs manager, changes to the tax laws, and failure by the REIT to qualify for tax-free distribution of income or exemption under the 1940 Act. Furthermore, REITs are not diversified and are heavily dependent on cash flow.
Combined Transactions. The Fund may enter into multiple transactions, including multiple options transactions, multiple futures transactions, multiple currency transactions (including forward currency contracts), multiple interest rate transactions and any combination of futures, options, currency and interest rate transactions, instead of a single derivative, as part of a single or combined strategy when, in the judgment of the Investment Manager, it is in the best interests of the Fund to do so. A combined transaction will usually contain elements of risk that are present in each of its component transactions. Although combined transactions will normally be entered into by the Fund based on the Investment Managers judgment that the combined strategies will reduce risk or otherwise more effectively achieve the desired portfolio management goal, it is possible that the combination will instead increase the risks or hinder achievement of the Funds investment objective.
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Risks of Derivatives Outside the United States. Derivatives with counterparties on markets or exchanges or relating to reference instruments or indexes outside the United States are subject to the risks described as well as additional risks. When conducted outside the United States, derivatives may not be regulated as rigorously as in the United States, may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees, and will be subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities, currencies and other instruments. In addition, the price of any foreign futures or foreign options contract and, therefore, the potential profit and loss thereon, may be affected by any variance in the foreign exchange rate between the time an order is placed and the time it is liquidated, offset or exercised. The value of positions taken as part of non-U.S. derivatives also could be adversely affected by: (i) other complex foreign political, legal and economic factors; (ii) lesser availability of data on which to make trading decisions than in the United States; (iii) delays in the Funds ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States; (iv) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States; and (v) lower trading volume and liquidity.
OTHER PRACTICES
DEPOSITARY RECEIPTS
Depositary receipts include sponsored and unsponsored depositary receipts that are or become available, including American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), and Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) and other depositary receipts. Depositary receipts are typically issued by a financial institution (depositary) and evidence ownership interests in a security or a pool of securities (underlying securities) that have been deposited with the depositary. The depositary for ADRs is typically a U.S. financial institution and the underlying securities are issued by a non-U.S. issuer. ADRs are publicly traded on exchanges or over-the-counter in the United States and are issued through sponsored or unsponsored arrangements. In a sponsored ADR arrangement, the non-U.S. issuer assumes the obligation to pay some or all of the depositarys transaction fees, whereas under an unsponsored arrangement, the non-U.S. issuer assumes no obligation and the depositarys transaction fees are paid by the ADR holders. In addition, less information is available in the United States about an unsponsored ADR than about a sponsored ADR, and the financial information about a company may not be as reliable for an unsponsored ADR as it is for a sponsored ADR. In the case of GDRs, the depositary can be a non-U.S. or a U.S. financial institution and the underlying securities are issued by a non-U.S. issuer. GDRs allow companies in Europe, Asia, the United States and Latin America to offer shares in many markets around the world, thus allowing them to raise capital in these markets, as opposed to just in their home market. The advantage of GDRs is that shares do not have to be bought through the issuing companys home exchange, which may be difficult and expensive, but can be bought on all major stock exchanges. In addition, the share price and all dividends are converted to the shareholders home currency. As for other depositary receipts, the depositary may be a non-U.S. or a U.S. entity, and the underlying securities may have a non-U.S. or a U.S. issuer. For purposes of the Funds investment policies, investments in depositary receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a depositary receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock. Depositary receipts purchased by the Fund may not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as the underlying securities into which they may be converted, in which case the Fund may be exposed to relative currency fluctuations.
LOANS OF PORTFOLIO SECURITIES
The Fund may each lend portfolio securities to brokers or dealers or other financial institutions. The procedure for the lending of securities will include the following features and conditions. The collateral will consist either of U.S. government securities or the borrower of the securities will deposit cash with the applicable Fund in an amount equal to a minimum of 100% of the market value of the securities lent. The Fund will invest the collateral in short-term debt securities or cash equivalents (or pooled investment vehicle interests in cash, cash equivalents and short-term debt instruments) and earn the income thereon. A negotiated portion of the income so earned may be paid to the borrower or the broker who arranged the loan. The collateral will be marked to market daily, and if the value of the collateral drops below the required minimum at any time, the borrower may be called upon to post additional collateral. These will be demand loans and may be terminated by the Fund at any time. The Fund will receive any dividends and interest paid on the securities lent, although the tax characteristics of such payments may change. The Funds performance will continue to reflect changes in the value of the securities loaned.
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These transactions must be fully collateralized at all times, but involve some credit risk to the Fund if the borrower or the party (if any) guaranteeing the loan should default on its obligations. In the event of the default or bankruptcy of the other party to a securities loan, the Fund could experience delays in recovering the securities it lent. To the extent that, in the meantime, the value of the securities the Fund lent has increased, the Fund could experience a loss. In the event of a default by the borrower, the Fund will, if permitted by law, dispose of such collateral except that the Fund may retain any such part thereof that is a security in which the Fund is permitted to invest.
In addition, any income or gains and losses from investing and reinvesting any cash collateral delivered by a borrower pursuant to a loan are generally at the Funds risk, and to the extent any such losses reduce the amount of cash below the amount required to be returned to the borrower upon the termination of any loan, the Fund may be required to pay or cause to be paid to such borrower or another entity an amount equal to such shortfall in cash.
Although voting rights or rights to consent with respect to the loaned securities pass to the borrower, the Fund, as the lender, retains the right to call the loans and obtain the return of the securities loaned at any time on reasonable notice, and it will attempt to do so in order that the securities may be voted by the Fund if the holders of such securities are asked to vote upon or consent to matters which the Investment Manager believes materially affect the investment; however, the Fund may not be able to recall the securities in time for the Fund to be the owner on the record date for determining shareholders entitled to vote or consent on the matter. The Fund may also call such loans in order to sell the securities involved.
NON-DIVERSIFICATION
The Fund is classified as a non-diversified fund under the 1940 Act, which means that the Fund is not limited by the 1940 Act in the proportion of its assets that may be invested in the obligations of a single issuer. However, the Fund will be subject to the diversification requirements imposed by the Code for qualification as a regulated investment company. See Taxes. To the extent the Fund invests a greater proportion of its assets in the securities of a smaller number of issuers, it may be more susceptible to any single economic, political or regulatory occurrence than a more diversified fund and may be subject to greater risk of loss with respect to its portfolio securities.
OTHER INVESTMENT COMPANIES
The Fund may invest in unaffiliated investment funds (such as iShares, SPDRs and VIPERs) which invest principally in securities in which that fund is authorized to invest. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally may invest a maximum of 10% of its total assets in the securities of other registered investment companies. In addition, under the 1940 Act, generally not more than 5% of the Funds total assets may be invested in the securities of any one registered investment company and the Fund may not purchase more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of any such registered investment company. These percentage limitations are subject to certain exemptions; for example, for investments in money market funds and in unregistered investment funds. Investing in other investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying securities, but may involve additional expenses at the investment company level. To the extent the Fund invests in other investment funds, the Funds shareholders will incur certain duplicative fees and expenses, including investment advisory fees. The return on such investments will be reduced by the operating expenses, including investment advisory and administration fees, of such investment funds, and will be further reduced by Fund expenses, including management fees; that is, there will be a layering of certain fees and expenses. Investments in investment companies also may involve the payment of substantial premiums above the value of such companies portfolio securities.
Despite the possibility of greater fees and expenses, investment in other investment companies may be attractive nonetheless for several reasons, especially in connection with non-U.S. investments. Because of restrictions on direct investment by U.S. entities in certain countries, investing indirectly in such countries (by purchasing shares of another fund that is permitted to invest in such countries) may be the most practical and efficient way for the Fund to invest in such countries. In other cases, when the Investment Manager desires to make only a relatively small investment in a particular country, investing through another fund that holds a diversified portfolio in that country may be more effective than investing directly in issuers in that country. The Fund do not intend to invest in such vehicles or funds unless the Investment Manager determines that the potential benefits of such investment justify the payment of any applicable premiums.
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REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the seller of a security commits itself at the time of sale to repurchase that security from the buyer at a mutually agreed upon time and price. The resale price is in excess of the purchase price and reflects an agreed-upon market interest rate unrelated to the coupon rate on the purchased security. Such transactions afford the Fund the opportunity to earn a return on temporarily available cash at relatively low market risk. The Investment Manager monitors the value of the securities underlying the repurchase agreement at the time the transaction is entered into and at all times during the term of the repurchase agreement to ensure that the value of the securities always equals or exceeds the repurchase price. The Fund requires that additional securities be deposited if the value of the securities purchased decreases below their resale price and does not bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security unless the seller defaults under the repurchase obligation.
While the underlying security may be a bill, certificate of indebtedness, note or bond issued by an agency, authority or instrumentality of the U.S. government, the obligation of the seller is not guaranteed by the U.S. government and there is a risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the underlying security. In such event, the Fund would attempt to exercise rights with respect to the underlying security, including possible disposition in the market. However, the Fund may be subject to various delays and risks of loss, including (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security during the period while the Fund seeks to enforce its rights thereto, (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period and (iii) inability to enforce rights and the expenses involved in the attempted enforcement.
REVERSE REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS
The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements to add leverage to the Fund and for other purposes, such as to avoid selling securities during unfavorable market conditions to meet redemptions. Pursuant to a reverse repurchase agreement, the Fund will sell portfolio securities and agree to repurchase them from the buyer at a particular date and price. The Fund pays interest on amounts obtained pursuant to reverse repurchase agreements.
BANK CAPITAL SECURITIES AND BANK OBLIGATIONS
The Fund may invest in bank capital securities. Bank capital securities are issued by banks to help fulfill their regulatory capital requirements. Certain bank securities are commonly thought of as hybrids of debt and preferred stock. These may be perpetual (with no maturity date), callable and have a cumulative interest deferral feature. This means that under certain conditions, the issuer bank can withhold payment of interest until a later date. However, such deferred interest payments generally earn interest.
The Fund may also invest in other bank obligations including certificates of deposit, bankers acceptances and fixed time deposits. Certificates of deposit are negotiable certificates that are issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank for a definite period of time and that earn a specified return. Bankers acceptances are negotiable drafts or bills of exchange, normally drawn by an importer or exporter to pay for specific merchandise, which are accepted by a bank, meaning, in effect, that the bank unconditionally agrees to pay the face value of the instrument on maturity. Fixed time deposits are bank obligations payable at a stated maturity date and bearing interest at a fixed rate. Fixed time deposits may be withdrawn on demand by the investor, but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which vary depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. There are generally no contractual restrictions on the right to transfer a beneficial interest in a fixed time deposit to a third party, although there is generally no market for such deposits. The Fund may also hold funds on deposit with its custodian bank in an interest-bearing account for temporary purposes.
The business and affairs of the Fund are managed under the direction of the Board. The Board approves all significant agreements between the Fund and the persons or companies that furnish services to the Fund, including agreements with its distributor, investment adviser, administrator, custodian and transfer agent.
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Role of the Board of Trustees, Leadership Structure and Risk Oversight
The Role of the Board of Trustees. The role of the Board and of any individual Trustee is one of oversight and not of management of the day-to-day affairs of the Fund and its oversight role does not make the Board a guarantor of the Funds investments, operations or activities. Like most registered investment companies, the day-to-day management and operation of the Fund is performed by various service providers to the Fund, such as the Investment Manager, administrator, custodian and transfer agent, each of which is discussed in greater detail in the Prospectus or in this SAI. The Board has appointed senior employees of certain of these service providers as officers of the Fund, with responsibility to monitor and report to the Board on the Funds operations. The Board receives regular reports from these officers and service providers regarding the Funds operations. For example, the Treasurer provides reports as to financial reporting matters and investment personnel report on the performance of the Funds portfolios. The Board has appointed a Chief Compliance Officer who administers the Funds compliance program and regularly reports to the Board as to compliance matters. These reports are generally provided as part of formal in-person Board meetings which are typically held quarterly and involve the Boards review of, among other items, recent Fund operations. The Funds management also provides periodic updates between meetings.
Board Structure and Leadership. The Board consists of four Trustees, three of whom are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust (the Independent Trustees). The Chairman of the Board, Thomas W. Brock, also serves as the Investment Managers Chief Executive Officer, and as such he participates in the oversight of the Funds day-to-day operations. Mr. Brock is an Interested Trustee because of his position with the Investment Manager. As noted above, the Trustees meet periodically throughout the year to oversee the Funds activities, review contractual arrangements with service providers for the Fund and review the Funds performance. The Board also has an Audit Committee and a Nominating Committee, each of which is comprised exclusively of all of the Independent Trustees.
The Fund does not have a lead Independent Trustee. However, because much of the Boards work is done at the Board (rather than the Committee) level, and because all of the Independent Trustees are members of the Audit Committee, each Trustee participates in the full range of the Boards oversight duties, including oversight of the risk management process. In addition, although the Independent Trustees recognize that having a lead Independent Trustee may in some circumstances help coordinate communications with management and otherwise assist a board in the exercise of its oversight duties, the Independent Trustees believe that because of the relatively small size of the Board, the relatively small number of funds in the complex, the ratio of Independent Trustees to Interested Trustees and the good working relationship among the Board members, it has not been necessary to designate a lead Independent Trustee.
The Board periodically reviews its leadership structure, including the role of the Chairman. The Board also completes an annual self-assessment during which it reviews its leadership and Committee structure and considers whether its structure remains appropriate in light of the Funds current operations. The Board believes that its leadership structure, including having an Interested Chairman and the current percentage of the Board who are Independent Trustees, is appropriate given its specific characteristics. These characteristics include: (i) the Investment Managers role in the operation of the Funds business; (ii) the extent to which the work of the Board is conducted by all of the Independent Trustees; (iii) the extent to which the Independent Trustees meet as needed in the absence of members of management and members of the Board who are interested persons of the Fund; and (iv) Mr. Brocks additional role with the Investment Manager, which enhances the Boards understanding of the operations of the Investment Manager and of the Funds.
Audit Committee. The Audit Committees primary purposes, in accordance with its written charter, are to assist the Board in fulfilling its responsibility for oversight of the integrity of the accounting, auditing and financial reporting practices of the Funds, the qualifications and independence of the Funds independent registered public accounting firm and the Funds compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Audit Committee reviews the scope of the Funds audits, the Funds accounting and financial reporting policies and practices and its internal controls. The Audit Committee approves, and recommends to the Independent Trustees of the Fund for their ratification, the selection, appointment, retention or termination of the Funds independent registered public accounting firm and approves the compensation of the independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee also approves all audit and permissible non-audit services provided to the Fund by the independent registered public accounting firm and all permissible non-audit services
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provided by the Funds independent registered public accounting firm to the Investment Manager and any affiliated service providers if the engagement relates directly to the Funds operations and financial reporting. The Audit Committee members, all of whom are Independent Trustees, are: Alan Brott, Heath B. McLendon and Patrick Sheehan. Because the Fund has not commenced operations as of the date of this SAI, the Audit Committee did not meet during the year ended November 30, 2010.
Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committees primary purpose is to canvass, recruit, interview, solicit and nominate Trustees. The Nominating Committee will accept nominees recommended by a shareholder as it deems appropriate. Stockholders wishing to nominate a candidate for the Board must follow the procedures, abide by the timelines, submit the information and otherwise follow the requirements set forth in the Funds Bylaws. The Bylaws have been filed as an exhibit. The Nominating Committee will consider nominees recommended by the Funds shareholders when a vacancy becomes available. Members of the Nominating Committee are currently: Alan Brott, Heath B. McLendon and Patrick Sheehan. Because the Fund has not commenced operations as of the date of this SAI, the Nominating Committee did not meet during the year ended November 30, 2010.
Risk Management. The Boards role is one of oversight, rather than active management. This oversight extends to the Funds risk management processes. These processes are embedded in the responsibilities of officers of, and service providers to, the Fund. For example, the Investment Manager is primarily responsible for management of the Funds investment risks. The Board has not established a formal risk oversight committee. However, much of the regular work of the Board and its standing Committees addresses aspects of risk oversight. For example, the Trustees seek to understand the key risks facing the Fund, including those involving conflicts of interest; how management identifies and monitors these risks on an ongoing basis; how management develops and implements controls to mitigate these risks; and how management tests the effectiveness of those controls.
In the course of providing that oversight, the Board receives a wide range of reports on the Funds activities from the Investment Manager, including regarding the Funds investment portfolio, the compliance of the Funds with applicable laws, and the Funds financial accounting and reporting. The Board also meets periodically with the Funds Chief Compliance Officer to receive reports regarding the compliance of the Fund with the federal securities laws and the Funds internal compliance policies and procedures, and meets with the Funds Chief Compliance Officer at least annually to review the Chief Compliance Officers annual report, including the Chief Compliance Officers risk-based analysis for the Fund. The Board also meets periodically with the portfolio managers of the Fund to receive reports regarding the management of the Fund, including its investment risks.
The name, age and principal occupations for the past five years of the Trustees and officers of the Fund are listed below, along with the number of portfolios in the fund complex overseen by and the other directorships held by each Trustee. The business address for each Trustee and officer of the Fund is c/o Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP, 31 West 52 nd Street, 16 th Floor, New York, NY 10019.
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES
|
Name and Age |
Position(s) Held with the Fund |
Term of Office And Length of Time Served (1) |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee (2) |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee |
Experience, Qualifications,
Attributes, Skills for
|
||||||
|
Alan Brott Age: 66 |
Chairman of Audit Committee; Trustee |
Since inception |
Columbia University Graduate School of Business Associate Professor, 2000-Present; Consultant, 1991-Present. |
5 | Bank of Americatwo closed-end registered hedge funds. | Significant experience on Board of Trustees of the Trust and/or other business organizations; academic experience; significant public accounting experience, including significant |
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| (1) |
Each Trustee serves until retirement, resignation or removal from the Board. The current retirement age is 80. |
| (2) |
The term Fund Complex as used herein includes the Fund and the following registered investment companies: Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Debt Fund, Stone Harbor High Yield Bond Fund, Stone Harbor Local Markets Fund and Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Corporate Debt Fund. |
| (3) |
Mr. Brock is an interested person of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act) (an Interested Trustee) because of his position with the
|
OFFICERS
|
Name and Age |
Position(s) Held with the Fund |
Term of Office And Length of Time Served (1) |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
|||
|
Peter J. Wilby Age: 51 |
President and Chief Executive Officer | Since inception | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Chief Investment Officer of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Chief Investment OfficerNorth American Fixed Income and senior |
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| portfolio manager responsible for directing investment policy and strategy for all emerging markets and high yield fixed income portfolios at Citigroup Asset Management; Joined Citigroup or its predecessor firms in 1989. 30 years of industry experience. | ||||||
|
Pablo Cisilino Age: 42 |
Executive Vice President | Since inception | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since July 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; From June 1, 2004 to July 2006, Executive Director for Sales and Trading in Emerging Markets at Morgan Stanley Inc; Prior to June 1, 2004, Vice President for local markets and FX sales and trading, Goldman Sachs; Joined Goldman Sachs in 1994. 21 years of industry experience. | |||
|
James E. Craige Age: 42 |
Executive Vice President | Since inception | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Managing Director and Senior Portfolio Manager for emerging markets debt portfolios at Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc.; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc. in 1992. 21 years of industry experience. | |||
|
Thomas K. Flanagan Age: 57 |
Executive Vice President | Since inception | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Managing Director and Senior Portfolio Manager for emerging markets debt portfolios at Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc.; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc. in 1991. 32 years of industry experience. | |||
|
David A. Oliver Age: 50 |
Executive Vice President | Since inception | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since June 2008, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to June 2008, Managing Director in emerging market sales and trading at Citigroup; Joined Citigroup in 1986. 23 years of industry experience. | |||
|
Christopher M. Wilder Age: 39 |
Executive Vice President | Since inception | Co-portfolio manager of Fund; Since June 2010, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; From May 2008 to May 2010, served as manager of an emerging market corporate debt and private equity fund at Autonomy Capital Group; Prior to May 2008, head of the Emerging Markets Corporate Credit Trading and Special Situations Group at Deutsche Bank; Joined Deutsche Bank in 1997. 15 years of industry experience. | |||
|
David Scott Age: 49 |
Executive Vice President | Since Inception | Co-Portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Managing Director and Head of Traditional Investment Group responsible for the global bond portfolios at Salomon Brothers Asset Management Limited; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Limited in 1994 | |||
|
David Griffiths Age: 46 |
Executive Vice President | Since Inception | Co-Portfolio manager of Fund; Since April 2006, Portfolio Manager of Stone Harbor; Prior to April 2006, Senior Portfolio Manager and economist responsible market opportunity analysis, hedging and alternative asset allocation strategies; Joined Salomon Brothers Asset Management Limited in 1993 | |||
|
Jeffrey S. Scott Age: 50 |
Chief Compliance Officer and Assistant Secretary | Since inception | Since April 2006, Chief Compliance Officer of Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP; from October 2006 to March 2007, Director of Compliance, New York Life Investment Management LLC; from July 1998 to September 2006, Chief Compliance Officer, Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc. | |||
|
James J. Dooley Age: 54 |
Treasurer and Principal Accounting Officer | Since inception | Since April 2006, Head of Operations, Technology and Finance of Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP; from August 2004 to March 2006, Senior Operations Manager of Institutional Asset Management, Citigroup Asset Management; from October 2002 to August 2004, Managing Director, Global Operations & Application Development, AIG Global Investment Group; from May 2001 to September 2002, President and Chief Operating Officer, Financial Technologies International. | |||
32
|
Adam J. Shapiro Age:47 |
Chief Legal Officer, Anti-Money Laundering Officer and Secretary | Since inception | Since April 2006, General Counsel of Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP; from April 2004 to March 2006, General Counsel, North American Fixed Income, Salomon Brothers Asset Management Inc.; from August 1999 to March 2004, Director of Product and Business Development, Citigroup Asset Management. |
| (1) |
Officers are typically elected every year, unless an officer earlier retires, resigns or is removed from office. |
None of the Independent Trustees or their immediate family members own securities in the Investment Manager or in any of the Funds principal underwriters, nor do they own securities in any entity directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Investment Manager or any of the Funds principal underwriters.
Qualifications of Trustees
The following provides an overview of the considerations that led the Board to conclude that each individual serving as a Trustee of the Fund should so serve. Among the factors the Board considered when concluding that an individual should serve on the Board were the following: (i) the individuals business and professional experience and accomplishments; (ii) the individuals ability to work effectively with the other members of the Board; (iii) the individuals prior experience, if any, serving on other boards of directors (including boards of other investment companies); and (iv) how the individuals skills, experiences and attributes would contribute to an appropriate mix of relevant skills and experience on the Board.
In respect of each current Trustee, the individuals professional accomplishments and prior experience, including, in some cases, in fields related to the operations of the Fund, were a significant factor in the determination that the individual should serve as a Trustee of the Fund. Each Trustees professional experience and additional considerations that contributed to the Boards conclusion that an individual should serve on the Board are summarized in the tables above.
Securities Ownership
Because the Fund has not yet commenced operations as of the date of this SAI, none of the Trustees own beneficially or of record any shares of the Fund and there are no beneficial or record owners of any share classes of the Fund. The following table provides information regarding the aggregate amount of equity securities held by each Trustee in all registered investment companies in the Fund Complex.
|
Independent Trustees |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity
Securities in All Registered
Companies Overseen by Trustee in Family of Investment Companies |
|||
|
Alan Brott |
None | |||
|
Heath B. McLendon |
0 - $50,000 | |||
|
Patrick Sheehan |
None |
|||
|
Interested Trustee |
||||
|
Thomas W. Brock |
None |
|||
33
For Independent Trustees and their immediate family members, the following table provides information regarding each class of securities owned beneficially in an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Fund, or a person (other than a registered investment company) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Fund as of November 18, 2010:
|
Name of Trustee |
Name of Owners and Relations to Trustee |
Company | Title of Class | Value of Securities | Percent of Class | |||||
|
Alan Brott |
None |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||
|
Heath B. McLendon |
None |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||
|
Patrick Sheehan |
None | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
As of November 18, 2010, the Funds officers and Trustees as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding Common Shares.
As of the date of this SAI, the following persons owned of record the number of Common Shares noted below, representing the indicated percentage of the Funds outstanding equity securities as of such date. To the knowledge of the Fund, no other person owned of record or beneficially 5% or more of the Funds outstanding equity securities on such date.
|
Shareholder |
Number of
Common Shares |
Percentage of the
Funds outstanding shares as of November 23, 2010 |
||||||
|
Stone Harbor |
4,188 | 100 | % | |||||
Remuneration of Trustees
The Fund pays each Independent Trustee a fee of (i) $5,000 per quarter and (ii) $250 for each additional meeting in which that Trustee participates. Interested Trustees of the Funds are not compensated by the Fund. All Trustees are reimbursed for reasonable travel and out-of-pocket expenses incurred to attend such meetings.
Because the Fund has not commenced operations as of the date of this SAI, the Fund has not yet paid any compensation to the Trustees. For its fiscal year end November 30, 2011, the Fund expects to pay each Independent Trustee $20,000.
The Fund does not pay retirement benefits to its Trustees and officers. No officer, trustee or employee of the Investment Manager or any of its affiliates receives any compensation from the Fund for serving as an officer or Trustee of the Fund.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the estimated compensation of the Funds Independent Trustees for the calendar year ending December 31, 2011.
|
Name of Person |
Aggregate
Compensation From Fund |
Pension or
Retirement Benefits Accrued As Part of Fund Expenses |
Estimated Annual
Benefits Upon Retirement |
Total Compensation
From Fund and Fund Complex Paid to Directors |
||||||||||||
|
Alan Brott |
$ | 20,000 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 50,000 | ||||||||
|
Heath B. McLendon |
$ | 20,000 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 50,000 | ||||||||
|
Patrick Sheehan |
$ | 20,000 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 50,000 | ||||||||
Code of Ethics
Stone Harbor and the Fund have each adopted a code of ethics governing personal securities transactions. Under the code of ethics, Stone Harbor employees (including those who may serve as Interested Trustees or Fund officers) may purchase and sell securities (including securities held or eligible for purchase by the Fund) subject to certain pre-clearance and reporting requirements and other procedures. The code of ethics includes limited reporting requirements for the Independent Trustees.
The code of ethics can be reviewed and copied at the SECs public reference room in Washington, DC (call 1-202-551-8090 for information on the operation of the public reference room); on the EDGAR Database on the SECs Internet site (http://www.sec.gov); or, upon payment of copying fees, by writing the SECs public reference section, 100 F Street N.E. Washington DC 20549-0102, or by electronic mail at publicinfo@sec.gov.
Proxy Voting Policy
The Board believes that the voting of proxies on securities held by the Fund is an important element of the overall investment process. Accordingly, the Trustees have delegated the responsibility to vote such proxies to the Investment Manager. It is important to note, however, that the Fund will have no proxy voting rights with respect to debt securities, which are expected to comprise the majority of the Funds portfolio.
34
Attached as Appendix B is the summary of the guidelines and procedures that the Investment Manager uses to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities, including the procedures that the Investment Manager uses when a vote presents a conflict between the interests of Common Shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Investment Manager (or any affiliated person of the Fund or the Investment Manager), on the other. This summary of the guidelines provides a general indication as to how the Investment Manager will vote proxies relating to portfolio securities on each issue listed. However, the guidelines do not address all potential voting issues or the intricacies that may surround individual proxy votes. For that reason, there may be instances in which votes may vary from the guidelines presented. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Investment Manager always endeavors to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities in accordance with the Funds investment objectives and in the best interests of the Fund.
Information on how the Fund voted proxies (if any) relating to portfolio securities during the most recent prior 12-month period will be available without charge (1) upon request, by calling (877) 206-0791; (2) on the Funds website at www.shipcef.com; and (3) on the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov.
INVESTMENT AD VISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
Stone Harbor has been providing investment advisory services to clients located throughout the world since 2006. Stone Harbor maintains a staff of experienced investment professionals to service the needs of its clients. Stone Harbor is a limited partnership organized under the laws of Delaware. It is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. As of October 31, 2010, Stone Harbor had approximately $29.2 billion in assets under management.
Investment Advisory Services
Under the general supervision of the Board, Stone Harbor carries out the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund, will furnish continuously an investment program with respect to the Fund, will determine which securities should be purchased, sold or exchanged, and will implement such determinations. Stone Harbor will furnish to the Fund investment advice and provide related office facilities and personnel for servicing the investments of the Fund. Stone Harbor will compensate all Trustees and officers of the Fund who are employees of Stone Harbor or its affiliates and who render investment services to the Fund, and will also compensate all other Stone Harbor personnel who provide research and investment services to the Fund.
An investment advisory agreement between Stone Harbor and the Fund (the Management Contract) was approved by the Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, on November 17, 2010, and will continue in effect until , 2012 and from year to year thereafter so long as such continuance is approved at least annually (i) by the vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees of the Fund cast in person at a meeting specifically called for the purpose of voting on such approval and (ii) by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. The Advisory Agreement may be terminated at any time without penalty on sixty (60) days written notice by the Trustees of the Fund or Stone Harbor, as applicable, or by vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. The Advisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. The Advisory Agreement provides that, in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross, negligence or reckless disregard of its obligations or duties to the Fund under such agreements on the part of Stone Harbor, or a loss resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty by Stone Harbor with respect to the receipt of compensation for services (in which case damages shall be limited by the 1940 Act), Stone Harbor shall not be liable to the Fund or any shareholder for any loss incurred, to the extent not covered by insurance.
Under the Management Contract, Stone Harbor will receive an annual fee, payable monthly, (the Management Fee) in an amount equal to 1.00% of the average daily total assets of the Fund, including assets attributable to any Borrowings (see Prospectus SummaryLeverage in the Prospectus) and to any Preferred Shares that may be outstanding (collectively, Total Assets). With respect to any reverse repurchase agreements, Total Assets also includes the value as of the relevant measuring date of the underlying assets sold to the counterparty.
35
Because the Fund has not yet commenced operations as of the date of this SAI, information on advisory fees paid by the Fund is not included in this SAI.
Administrative Services
Under the Marketing, Administration, Bookkeeping and Pricing Services Agreement (the Administration Agreement) between the Fund and ALPS Fund Services, Inc. (ALPS), ALPS will provide certain services, including: assisting in maintaining the Funds office; furnishing the Fund with clerical and certain other services required by it; compiling data for and preparing notices and shareholder reports to the SEC; calculating the Funds daily NAV; preparing any reports that are required by the securities, investment, tax or other laws and regulations of the United States; preparing filings with state securities commissions; coordinating federal and state tax returns; monitoring the Funds expense accruals; monitoring compliance with the Funds investment policies and limitations; and generally assisting in the Funds operations.
For its services, ALPS is entitled to receive an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.15% of the Funds average daily Total Assets, as defined above.
Information regarding the Funds custodian and transfer agent is described in the Prospectus.
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
The following table sets forth certain additional information with respect to the portfolio managers for each of the Funds. Unless noted otherwise, all information is provided as of October 31, 2010.
OTHER ACCOUNTS MANAGED BY PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
The table below identifies, for each portfolio manager, the number of accounts (other than the Fund with respect to which information is provided) for which he or she has day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts, within each of the following categories: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles, and other accounts. Unless noted otherwise, none of the accounts shown were subject to fees based on performance.
|
Registered Investment
Companies |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Portfolio Manager |
# of
Accounts |
Total Assets |
# of
Accounts |
Total Assets |
# of
Accounts |
Total Assets | ||||||||||||||||||
|
Peter J. Wilby, CFA |
9 | $ | 2,468,281,514.57 | 14 | (1) | $ | 6,903,040,061.99 | 58 | (3) | $ | 16,436,690,871.18 | |||||||||||||
|
James E. Craige, CFA |
6 | $ | 1,701,863,079.02 | 6 | (2) | $ | 5,728,117,084.55 | 38 | (4) | $ | 12,319,416,025.13 | |||||||||||||
|
Thomas K. Flanagan, CFA |
6 | $ | 1,701,863,079.02 | 8 | (2) | $ | 5,728,117,084.55 | 38 | (4) | $ | 12,319,416,025.13 | |||||||||||||
|
Pablo Cisilino |
6 | $ | 1,701,863,079.02 | 8 | (2) | $ | 5,728,117,084.55 | 38 | (4) | $ | 12,319,416,025.13 | |||||||||||||
|
David A. Oliver, CFA |
6 | $ | 1,701,863,079.02 | 8 | (2) | $ | 5,728,117,084.55 | 38 | (4) | $ | 12,319,416,025.13 | |||||||||||||
|
Christopher M. Wilder, CFA |
6 | $ | 1,701,863,079.02 | 8 | (2) | $ | 5,728,117,084.55 | 38 | (4) | $ | 12,319,416,025.13 | |||||||||||||
|
David Scott |
6 | $ | 1,701,863,079.02 | 8 | (2) | $ | 5,728,117,084.55 | 38 | (4) | $ | 12,319,416,025.13 | |||||||||||||
|
David Griffiths |
6 | $ | 1,701,863,079.02 | 8 | (2) | $ | 5,728,117,084.55 | 38 | (4) | $ | 12,319,416,025.13 | |||||||||||||
| (1) |
One pooled investment vehicle contains an account (market value $142,440,996) that is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. Two accounts are also subject to a performance-based advisory fee with a total market value of $738,936,587. |
| (2) |
One pooled investment vehicle contains a portion of one account (market value $62,080,615) that is subject to a performance-based advisory fee. Two accounts are also subject to a performance-based advisory fee with a total market value of $738,936,587. |
36
| (3) |
Two accounts are subject to a performance-based advisory fee with a total market value of $715,478,238. |
| (4) |
One account is subject to a performance-based advisory fee with a total market value of $438,767,944. |
PORTFOLIO MANAGER COMPENSATION
The Investment Manager is 100% employee owned, which gives its personnel a direct stake in the success of the firm. In addition to a share in firm ownership, this compensation program includes a salary commensurate with experience and a performance-based bonus.
The overall compensation structure for the Funds portfolio managers is based on three components: (a) base remuneration; (b) discretionary performance-based bonus; and (c) profit participation.
Portfolio managers are compensated on pre-tax investment performance versus both the applicable benchmark and peer group as measured on a one-, three- and five-year horizon equally weighted. The benchmark for the Fund is the . Analysts are compensated on credit performance versus the applicable benchmark for the same periods. All employees will also participate in firm profit-sharing.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Potential conflicts of interest may arise when one of the Funds portfolio managers has day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to one or more other funds or other accounts, as is the case for the portfolio managers listed in the table above.
The Investment Manager and the Fund have adopted compliance policies and procedures that are designed to address various conflicts of interest that may arise for the Investment Manager and the individuals that it employs. For example, the Investment Manager seeks to minimize the effects of competing interests for the time and attention of portfolio managers by assigning portfolio managers to manage funds and accounts that share a similar investment style. The Investment Manager has also adopted trade allocation procedures that are designed to facilitate the fair allocation of limited investment opportunities among similarly-managed funds and accounts. There is no guarantee, however, that the policies and procedures adopted by the Investment Manager and the Fund will be able to detect and/or prevent every situation in which an actual or potential conflict may appear.
These potential conflicts include:
Allocation of Limited Time and Attention. A portfolio manager who is responsible for managing multiple funds and/or accounts may devote unequal time and attention to the management of those funds and/or accounts. As a result, the portfolio manager may not be able to formulate as complete a strategy or identify equally attractive investment opportunities for each of those accounts as might be the case if he or she were to devote substantially more attention to the management of a single fund. The effects of this potential conflict may be more pronounced where funds and/or accounts overseen by a particular portfolio manager have different investment strategies.
Allocation of Limited Investment Opportunities. If a portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for multiple funds and/or accounts, the opportunity may be allocated among these several funds or accounts, which may limit a funds ability to take full advantage of the investment opportunity.
37
Pursuit of Differing Strategies. At times, a portfolio manager may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the funds and/or accounts for which he or she exercises investment responsibility, or may decide that certain of the funds and/or accounts should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these cases, the portfolio manager may place separate transactions for one or more funds or accounts which may affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment or benefit of one or more other funds and/or accounts.
Selection of Brokers/Dealers. Portfolio managers may be able to select or influence the selection of the brokers and dealers that are used to execute securities transactions for the funds and/or account that they supervise. In addition to executing trades, some brokers and dealers provide portfolio managers with brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might have otherwise been available. These services may be more beneficial to certain funds or accounts than to others. Although the payment of brokerage commissions is subject to the requirement that the portfolio manager determine in good faith that the commissions are reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided to the fund, a portfolio managers decision as to the selection of brokers and dealers could yield disproportionate costs and benefits among the funds and/or accounts that he or she manages.
Use of Leverage. During periods in which the Fund is using leverage, the fees paid to the Investment Manager, which may directly or indirectly affect the portfolio managers compensation, for investment advisory services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid will be calculated on the basis of the Funds Total Assets, including assets attributable to any Borrowings and/or to any Preferred Shares, which may create an incentive for the portfolio manager to leverage the Fund or to leverage using strategies that increase the Investment Managers fee.
Variation in Compensation. A conflict of interest may arise where the financial or other benefits available to the portfolio manager differ among the funds and/or accounts that he or she manages. If the structure of the Investment Managers management fee and/or the portfolio managers compensation differs among funds and/or accounts (such as where certain funds or accounts pay higher management fees or performance-based management fees), the portfolio manager might be motivated to help certain funds and/or accounts over others. The portfolio manager might be motivated to favor funds and/or accounts in which he or she has an interest or in which the investment advisor and/or its affiliates have interests. Similarly, the desire to maintain or raise assets under management or to enhance the portfolio managers performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence the portfolio manager to lend preferential treatment to those funds and/or accounts that could most significantly benefit the portfolio manager.
Related Business Opportunities. The Investment Manager or its affiliates may provide more services (such as distribution or recordkeeping) for some types of funds or accounts than for others. In such cases, a portfolio manager may benefit, either directly or indirectly, by devoting disproportionate attention to the management of fund and/or accounts that provide greater overall returns to the Investment Manager and its affiliates.
Securities Ownership
As the Fund is newly offered, none of the Portfolio Managers owns any Common Shares of the Fund. However, the Portfolio Managers may purchase Common Shares of the Fund in this offering and/or thereafter.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASS ET VALUE
The following is a description of the procedures used by the Fund in valuing its assets. The net asset value per share of the Fund is determined once daily as of the close of regularly scheduled trading on the NYSE (normally, 4 p.m. Eastern time). With respect to the Fund, such calculation is determined on each day that the NYSE and the principal bond markets in the United States (as recommended by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA)) are open for trading, i.e., Monday through Friday, except for New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day, and, generally, the preceding Friday or subsequent Monday when one of those holidays falls on a Saturday or Sunday, respectively.
38
In calculating net asset value, equity securities listed or traded on national securities exchanges are valued at the last sale price or, if there have been no sales on that day, at the mean of the current bid and ask price which represents the current value of the security. Over-the-counter securities are valued at the mean of the current bid and ask price.
Portfolio securities listed on the NASDAQ National Market System for which market quotations are available are valued at the official closing price. If there is no official closing price, the securities are valued at the last sale price or, if there have been no sales that day, at the mean of the current bid and ask price which represents the current value of the security.
Publicly traded foreign government debt securities are typically traded internationally in the over-the-counter market, and are generally valued at the mean between the bid and asked prices as of the close of business of that market.
Securities that are primarily traded on foreign exchanges generally are valued at the preceding closing values of such securities on their respective exchanges, except that when an occurrence subsequent to the time a value was so established is likely to have changed such value, then the fair value of those securities may be determined by consideration of other factors by or under the direction of the Board or its delegates.
In valuing assets, prices denominated in foreign currencies are converted to U.S. dollar equivalents at the current exchange rate. Securities may be valued by independent pricing services which use prices provided by market-makers or estimates of market values obtained from yield data relating to instruments or securities with similar characteristics. Short-term obligations with maturities of 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost, which constitutes fair value as determined by the Board. Amortized cost involves valuing an instrument at its original cost to the Fund and thereafter assuming a constant amortization to maturity of any discount or premium, regardless of the impact of fluctuating interest rates on the market value of the instrument. Available cash is generally invested into a money market fund by the Funds custodian, and is valued at the latest net asset value per share as reported by the funds administrator. Other securities and other assets of the Fund, as well as securities whose prices are unavailable or deemed by the Investment Manager to be unreliable, may be valued at fair value as determined in good faith pursuant to procedures adopted by the Board.
The Fund invests, or may invest, in securities that are traded on foreign exchanges or markets, which may be open when the NYSE or the principal bond markets in the United States are closed. As a result, the value of your investment in the Fund may change on days when you are unable to purchase or sell your shares.
Fixed income obligations which may be purchased and sold by the Fund are generally traded in the over-the-counter market on a net basis ( i.e. , without commission) through broker-dealers or banks acting for their own account rather than as brokers, or otherwise involve transactions directly with the issuers of such obligations. The Fund may also purchase fixed income and other securities from underwriters, the cost of which may include undisclosed fees and concessions to the underwriters.
Decisions concerning the execution of portfolio security transactions, including the selection of the market and the executing firm, are made by Stone Harbor. Stone Harbor is also responsible for the execution of transactions for all other accounts managed by it. Stone Harbor generally aggregates the portfolio security transactions of the Fund and of all other accounts managed by it for execution and allocates the orders across all participating accounts prior to execution. Accounts that are considered to be managed in the same investment strategy (based on investment objectives, time horizons, tax considerations, etc.) will generally be allocated on a pro rata basis. Stone Harbor uses its best efforts to obtain execution of portfolio security transactions at prices which are advantageous to the Fund and at reasonably competitive spreads or (when a disclosed commission is being charged) at reasonably competitive commission rates. In seeking such execution, Stone Harbor will use its best judgment in evaluating the terms of a transaction, and will give consideration to various relevant factors including, without limitation, the full range and quality of the executing firms services, with respect to commission based transactions the value of the brokerage and research services provided, the responsiveness of the firm to Stone Harbor, the actual price of the security, the commission rates charged (if any), the nature and character of the market for the security, the confidentiality, speed and certainty of effective execution required for the transaction, the general execution and
39
operational capabilities of the executing firm, the reputation, reliability, integrity, experience and financial condition of the firm, the value and quality of the services rendered by the firm in this and other transactions, and the reasonableness of the spread or commission, if any.
Transactions on stock exchanges and other agency transactions involve the payment of negotiated brokerage commissions. Such commissions vary among different broker-dealer firms, and a particular broker-dealer may charge different commissions according to such factors as the difficulty and size of the transaction and the volume of business done with such broker-dealer. Agency transactions in foreign securities often involve the payment of brokerage commissions, which may be higher than those in the United States. There is generally no stated commission in the case of securities traded in the over-the-counter markets, but the price paid or received usually includes an undisclosed dealer markup or markdown. In an underwritten offering the price paid often includes a disclosed fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or dealer.
Although spreads or commissions paid on portfolio security transactions will, in the judgment of Stone Harbor, be reasonable in relation to the value of the services provided, commissions exceeding those which another firm might charge may be paid to broker-dealers who were selected to execute transactions on behalf of Stone Harbors clients in part for providing brokerage and research services to Stone Harbor, in reliance on Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Section 28(e)).
As authorized in Section 28(e), a broker or dealer who executes a portfolio transaction on behalf of the Fund may in certain circumstances receive a commission which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction. Stone Harbor may use brokers or dealers who provide additional brokerage or research services and charge commissions in excess of other brokers or dealers (soft dollar arrangements) if such services or products fall within the specific statutory limits of Section 28(e) (Eligible Research and Brokerage Services), such services or products provide lawful and appropriate assistance in the performance of Stone Harbors investment decision-making responsibilities and Stone Harbor determines in good faith that such compensation was reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided. This determination may be made on the basis of that particular transaction or on the basis of overall responsibilities which Stone Harbor and its affiliates have for accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. In making any such determination, Stone Harbor will not attempt to place a specific dollar value on the brokerage and research services provided or to determine what portion of the commission should be related to such services. Eligible Research and Brokerage Services may include advice as to the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling securities, and the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of securities; furnishing analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy and the performance of accounts; and effecting securities transactions and performing functions incidental thereto (such as clearance and settlement).
Stone Harbor may receive Eligible Research and Brokerage Services from many broker-dealer firms with which Stone Harbor places the Funds transactions and from third parties with which these broker-dealers have arrangements. Any particular Eligible Research and Brokerage Service obtained through a broker-dealer may be used by Stone Harbor in connection with client accounts other than those accounts which pay commissions to such broker-dealer. Any such Eligible Research and Brokerage Service may be broadly useful and of value to Stone Harbor in rendering investment advisory services to all or a significant portion of its clients, or may be relevant and useful for the management of only one clients account or of a few clients accounts, or may be useful for the management of merely a segment of certain clients accounts, regardless of whether any such account or accounts paid commissions to the broker-dealer through which such Eligible Research and Brokerage Services were obtained. The advisory fee paid by the Fund is not reduced because Stone Harbor receives such Eligible Research and Brokerage Services. If only part of the Eligible Research and Brokerage Services provided are used to assist in the investment decision-making process, the percentage of permitted use must be determined and the remainder paid for with hard dollars.
Stone Harbor may also receive Eligible Research and Brokerage Services from underwriters and dealers in fixed-price offerings, which Eligible Research and Brokerage Services are reviewed and evaluated by Stone Harbor in connection with its investment responsibilities.
40
Taxation of the Fund
The following is a summary discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to a Common Shareholder that acquires, holds and/or disposes of Common Shares of the Fund, and reflects provisions of the Code, existing Treasury regulations, rulings published by the IRS, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this Statement of Additional Information. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the Fund and the discussion set forth herein does not constitute tax advice. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular investors, such as insurance companies, financial institutions, tax-deferred retirement plans, broker-dealers and foreign shareholders (defined below). In addition, income earned through an investment in the Fund may be subject to state, local and foreign taxes. Common Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers regarding their particular situation and the possible application of U.S. federal, state, local, foreign or other tax laws.
The Fund intends to elect to be treated as a regulated investment company (RIC) under Subchapter M of the Code and intends each year to qualify and be eligible to be treated as such. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded RICs and their shareholders, the Fund must, among other things: (i) derive at least 90% of its gross income in each taxable year from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including, but not limited to, gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies and net income derived from interests in qualified publicly traded partnerships (as described below); (ii) diversify its holdings so that at the end of each fiscal quarter, (a) at least 50% of the value of its total assets consists of cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities limited, with respect to any one issuer, to no more than 5% of the value of the Funds total assets and 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of the Funds total assets is invested in the securities (other than those of the U.S. government or other RICs) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships; and (iii) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paidgenerally, taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt income for such year.
In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in (i) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized directly by the RIC. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (generally, a partnership (a) the interests in which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof and (b) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in (i) above) will be treated as qualifying income. In general, such entities will be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes because they meet the passive income requirement under Code Section 7704(c)(2). For purposes of (ii) above, the term outstanding voting securities of such issuer will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership. Also, for purposes of the diversification test in (ii) above, the identification of the issuer (or issuers) of a particular investment can depend on the terms and conditions of that investment. In some cases, identification of the issuer (or issuers) is uncertain under current law, and an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to issuer identification for a particular type of investment may adversely affect the Funds ability to meet the diversification test in (ii) above.
To the extent that it qualifies for treatment as a RIC, the Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed to Common Shareholders in a timely manner in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below). The Funds intention to qualify for treatment as a RIC may negatively affect the Funds return to Common Shareholders by limiting its ability to acquire or continue to hold positions that would otherwise be consistent with its investment strategy or by requiring it to engage in transactions it would otherwise not engage in, resulting in additional transaction costs. In certain circumstances, it may be difficult for the Fund to
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meet the diversification test set forth in the second preceding paragraph. Such failure to qualify as a RIC would likely materially reduce the investment return to the Common Shareholders. If the Fund were to fail to qualify as a RIC accorded special tax treatment in any taxable yearfor example, because it was not sufficiently diversified under the applicable teststhe Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to Common Shareholders as dividend income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders and to be treated as qualified dividend income in the case of individuals (at least for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, see discussion below), provided, in both cases, that the shareholder meets certain holding period and other requirements in respect of the Funds Common Shares (as described below). In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before re-qualifying as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment.
The Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its investment company taxable income and all net realized long-term capital gain in a taxable year. If the Fund does retain any investment company taxable income, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. If the Fund retains any net capital gain, it will also be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained, but may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gain in a notice to its shareholders who would then (i) be required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the Fund on such undistributed amount against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim such refunds on a properly filed U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. If the Fund makes this designation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of Common Shares owned by a shareholder will be increased by an amount equal to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholders gross income under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence. The Fund is not required to, and there can be no assurance that the Fund will, make this designation if it retains all or a portion of its net capital gain in a taxable year.
A nondeductible excise tax at the rate of 4% will be imposed on the excess, if any, of the Funds required distribution over its actual distributions in any calendar year. Generally, the required distribution is 98% of the Funds ordinary income for the calendar year plus 98% of its capital gain net income recognized during the one-year period ending on October 31 st (unless the Fund elects to use its fiscal year instead), plus undistributed amounts from prior years. For these purposes, the Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount for which it is subject to corporate income tax for the taxable year ending within the calendar year. The Fund intends to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so. The Fund may determine to pay the excise tax in a year to the extent it is deemed to be in the best interest of the Fund ( e.g ., if the excise tax is de minimis ).
Taxation of Fund Distributions
The Fund intends to make level monthly distributions. Unless a shareholder elects otherwise, all distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares of the Fund pursuant to the Plan. A shareholder whose distributions are reinvested in Common Shares under the Plan generally will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as having received an amount in distribution equal to either (i) if Newly Issued Common Shares are issued under the Plan, the fair market value of the Newly Issued Common Shares issued to the shareholder or (ii) if reinvestment is made through Open-Market Purchases under the Plan, the amount of cash allocated to the shareholder for the purchase of Common Shares on its behalf in the open market. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, all distributions are generally taxable in the manner described below, whether a shareholder takes them in cash or they are reinvested pursuant to the Plan in additional shares of the Fund.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, distributions of investment income are generally taxable as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her Common Shares. In general, the Fund will recognize long-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned (or is deemed to have owned) for more than one year, and short-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned (or is deemed to have owned) for one year or less. Distributions of net capital gain (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital
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loss) that are properly designated by the Fund as capital gain dividends (Capital Gain Dividends) will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gains. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryovers. Long-term capital gain rates applicable to individuals have been temporarily reduced for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011. It is currently unclear whether Congress will extend this provision for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2011. Distributions of net short-term capital gain (as reduced by any net long-term capital loss for the taxable year) will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, the Fund may designate certain dividends as derived from qualified dividend income, which, when received by an individual, will be taxed at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain, provided holding period and other requirements are met at both the shareholder and Fund levels. It is currently unclear whether Congress will extend the special tax treatment of qualified dividend income for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2011. The Fund does not expect a significant portion of distributions to be derived from qualified dividend income.
Dividends received by corporate shareholders may qualify for the 70% dividends -received deduction to the extent of the amount of qualifying dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations and to the extent, if any, that a portion of interest paid or accrued on certain high yield discount obligations owned by the Fund is treated as a dividend. The Fund does not expect a significant portion of its distributions to be eligible for the corporate dividends received deduction.
Any distribution of income that is attributable to (i) income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction or (ii) dividend income received by the Fund on securities it temporarily purchased from a counterparty pursuant to a repurchase agreement that is treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a loan by the Fund, will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.
If the Fund makes a distribution in excess of its current and accumulated earnings and profits in any taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of a shareholders tax basis in his or her Common Shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholders basis in his or her shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of such shares. To the extent the Fund makes distributions of capital gains in excess of the Funds net capital gain for the taxable year (as reduced by any available capital loss carryforwards from prior taxable years), and such distributed excess amounts are supported by the Funds current earnings and profits (realized income and gain of the current year), the distributions will be taxable as ordinary dividend distributions, even though distributed excess amounts would not have been subject to tax if retained by the Fund. Moreover, in such cases the capital loss carryforwards that will remain available for future years are reduced by the excess of current-year capital gains over current-year capital losses.
A distribution by the Fund will be treated as paid on December 31 of any calendar year if it is declared by the Fund in October, November or December with a record date in such a month and paid by the Fund during January of the following calendar year. Such distributions will be taxable to shareholders in the calendar year in which the distributions are declared, rather than the calendar year in which the distributions are received.
The determination of the character for U.S. federal income tax purposes of any distribution from the Fund ( i.e. ordinary income dividends, capital gains dividends, qualified dividends, or return of capital distributions) will be made as of the end of the Funds taxable year. Generally, no later than 60 days after the close of its taxable year, the Fund will provide shareholders with a written notice designating the amount of any capital gain distributions or other distributions.
Dividends and distributions on the Common Shares are generally subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the Funds realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholders investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of Common Shares purchased at a time when the Funds net asset value reflects unrealized gains or income or gains that are realized but not yet distributed. Such realized income and gains may be required to be distributed even when the Funds net asset value also reflects unrealized losses.
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Sale or Exchange of Common Shares
Common Shareholders who sell or exchange their Common Shares will generally recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount received and the Common Shareholders adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares sold or exchanged. If the Common Shares are held as a capital asset, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of the Common Shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise, the gain or loss on the taxable disposition of Common Shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Common Shares held by a shareholder for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of Capital Gain Dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. For purposes of determining whether Common Shares have been held for six months or less, the holding period is suspended for any periods during which the Common Shareholders risk of loss is diminished as a result of holding one or more other positions in substantially similar or related property, or through certain options or short sales. Any loss realized on a sale or exchange of Common Shares will be disallowed to the extent those Common Shares are replaced by other substantially identical shares within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date of disposition of the Common Shares (whether through the reinvestment of distributions, which could occur, for example, if the Common Shareholder is a participant in the Plan or otherwise). In that event, the basis of the replacement shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
From time to time the Fund may make a tender offer for its Common Shares. Shareholders who tender all Common Shares held, or considered to be held, by them will be treated as having sold their shares and generally will realize a capital gain or loss. If a shareholder tenders fewer than all of its Common Shares, such shareholder may be treated as having received a taxable dividend upon the tender of its Common Shares. In such a case, there is a risk that non-tendering shareholders will be treated as having received taxable distributions from the Fund. To the extent that the Fund recognizes net gains on the liquidation of portfolio securities to meet such tenders of Common Shares, the Fund will be required to make additional distributions to its Common Shareholders.
Foreign Taxes
The Fund may be liable to foreign governments for taxes relating primarily to investment income or capital gains on foreign securities in the Funds portfolio. If at the close of its taxable year, more than 50% of the value of the Funds total assets consists of securities of foreign corporations (including foreign governments), the Fund will be permitted to make an election under the Code that would allow Common Shareholders who are U.S. citizens or U.S. corporations to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction (but not both) on their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified taxes paid by the Fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities that the Fund held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. In such a case, Common Shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes paid by the Fund. A Common Shareholders ability to claim an offsetting foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund is subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in the shareholders not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. Shareholders who do not itemize deductions on their U.S. federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but not a deduction) for such foreign taxes.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Any transaction by the Fund in foreign currencies, foreign-currency denominated debt obligations or certain foreign currency options, futures contracts, or forward contracts (or similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. Such ordinary income treatment may accelerate Fund distributions to Common Shareholders and increase the distributions taxed to Common Shareholders as ordinary income. Any net losses so created cannot be carried forward by the Fund to offset income or gains earned in subsequent taxable years.
Options, Futures and Other Derivative Instruments
In general, any option premiums received by the Fund are not immediately included in the income of the Fund. Instead, the premiums are recognized when the option contract expires, the option is exercised by the holder, or the Fund transfers or otherwise terminates the option (e.g., through a closing transaction). If an option written by
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the Fund is exercised and the Fund sells or delivers the underlying securities or other assets, the Fund generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to (i) the sum of the strike price and the option premium received by the Fund minus (ii) the Funds basis in the underlying securities or other assets. Such gain or loss generally will be short-term or long-term depending upon the holding period of the underlying securities or other assets. If securities or other assets are purchased by the Fund pursuant to the exercise of a put option written by it, the Fund generally will subtract the premium received from its cost basis in the securities or other assets purchased. The gain or loss with respect to any termination of the Funds obligation under an option other than through the exercise of the option and related sale or delivery of the underlying securities or other assets generally will be short-term gain or loss depending on whether the premium income received by the Fund is greater or less than the amount paid by the Fund (if any) in terminating the transaction. Thus, for example, if an option written by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund generally will recognize short-term gain equal to the premium received.
Certain covered call writing activities of the Fund may trigger the U.S. federal income tax straddle rules of Section 1092 of the Code, requiring that losses be deferred and holding periods be tolled on offsetting positions in options and stocks deemed to constitute substantially similar or related property. Options on single stocks that are not deep in the money may give rise to qualified covered calls, which generally are not subject to the straddle rules; the holding period on stock underlying qualified covered calls that are in the money although not deep in the money will be suspended during the period that such calls are outstanding. Thus, the straddle rules and the rules governing qualified covered calls could cause gains that would otherwise constitute long-term capital gains to be treated as short-term capital gains, and distributions that would otherwise constitute qualified dividend income or qualify for the dividends-received deduction to fail to satisfy the holding period requirements and therefore to be taxed as ordinary income or to fail to qualify for the 70% dividends received deduction, as the case may be.
The tax treatment of certain futures contracts entered into by the Fund as well as listed non-equity options written or purchased by the Fund on U.S. exchanges (including options on futures contracts, equity indices, and debt securities) will be governed by Section 1256 of the Code (Section 1256 contracts). Gains or losses on Section 1256 contracts generally are considered 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gains or losses (60/40), although certain foreign currency gains and losses from such contracts may be treated as ordinary in character. Also, Section 1256 contracts held by the Fund at the end of each taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain other dates as prescribed under the Code) are marked to market, with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as ordinary or 60/40 gain or loss, as applicable.
In addition to the special rules described above in respect of futures and options transactions, the Funds transactions in other derivative instruments (e.g., forward contracts and swap agreements), as well as any of its other hedging, short sale or similar transactions, may be subject to uncertainty with respect to their tax treatment, and to one or more special tax rules (e.g., notional principal contract, straddle, constructive sale, wash sale, and short sale rules). The aforementioned rules may affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary or capital or as short-term or long-term, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the Funds securities. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and/or character of distributions to Common Shareholders.
Because the tax treatment and the tax rules applicable to these types of transactions are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) with respect to these rules or treatment (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether the Fund has made sufficient distributions, and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a RIC and avoid a Fund-level tax.
Certain of the Funds investments in derivatives and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and any of the Funds transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, are likely to produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If there are differences between the Funds book income and its taxable income, the Fund may be required to distribute amounts in excess of its book income or a portion of Fund distributions may be treated as a return of capital to Common Shareholders. If the Funds book income exceeds its taxable income (including realized capital gains), the distribution (if any) of such excess generally will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the Funds remaining earnings and profits, (ii) thereafter, as a return of capital to the extent of the recipients basis in its Common Shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. If the Funds book income is less than its taxable income, the Fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment.
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Securities Issued or Purchased at a Discount
Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance (and zero-coupon debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance) that are acquired by the Fund will be treated as debt obligations that are issued originally at a discount. Generally, the amount of the original issue discount (OID) is treated as interest income and is included in the Funds taxable income (and required to be distributed by the Fund) over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. In addition, payment-in-kind securities will give rise to income which is required to be distributed and is taxable even though the Fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year.
Some debt obligations that are acquired by the Fund in the secondary market may be treated as having market discount. Generally, any gain recognized on the disposition of a debt security having market discount is treated as ordinary income to the extent the gain does not exceed the accrued market discount on such debt security. Market discount generally accrues in equal daily installments. The Fund may make certain elections applicable to debt obligations having market discount, which could affect the character and timing of recognition of income.
Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of one year or less from the date of issuance that are acquired by the Fund may be treated as having OID or, in certain cases, acquisition discount (very generally, the excess of the stated redemption price over the purchase price). The Fund will be required to include the OID or acquisition discount in income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. The rate at which OID or acquisition discount accrues, and thus is included in the Funds income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the Fund elects.
Increases in the principal amount of an inflation indexed bond will be treated as OID. Decreases in the principal amount of an inflation indexed bond will reduce the amount of interest from the debt instrument that would otherwise be includible in income by the Fund.
If the Fund holds the foregoing kinds of debt instruments, it may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the Fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the Fund or, if necessary, by liquidation of portfolio securities including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so. The Fund may realize gains or losses from such liquidations. In the event the Fund realizes net short-term capital gains or net capital gains from such transactions, its Common Shareholders may receive a dividend taxed at ordinary income tax rates, or a larger Capital Gain Dividend than they would in the absence of such transactions.
At-Risk or Defaulted Securities
Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the Fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether or to what extent the Fund should recognize market discount on a debt obligation; when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount; when and to what extent the Fund may take deductions for bad debts or worthless securities; and how the Fund should allocate payments received on obligations in default between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the Fund when, as, and if it invests in such securities in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a RIC and avoid becoming subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.
Passive Foreign Investment Companies
The Fund may own shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as passive foreign investment companies (PFICs). In order to avoid U.S. federal income tax on distributions received from a PFIC, and an additional charge on a portion of any excess distribution from such PFICs or gain from the disposition of such
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shares, the Fund may elect to mark the gains (and to a limited extent the losses) in such holdings to the market as though it had sold (and, solely for purposes of this mark-to-market election, repurchased) its holdings in those PFICs on the last day of the Funds taxable year. Such gains and losses are treated as ordinary income and loss. If the PFIC provides the Fund with certain information, the Fund may alternatively elect to treat the PFIC as a qualified electing fund (i.e., make a QEF election), in which case the Fund will be required to include its share of the PFICs income and net capital gains annually, regardless of whether it receives any distribution from the PFIC. The mark-to-market and QEF elections may accelerate the recognition of income (without the receipt of cash) and require the Fund to sell securities it would have otherwise continued to hold (including when it is not advantageous to do so) in order to make distributions to Common Shareholders to avoid any Fund-level tax. Dividends paid by PFICs generally will not qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
Any investment by the Fund in equity securities of real estate investment trusts qualifying as such under Subchapter M of the Code (REITs) may result in the Funds receipt of cash in excess of the REITs earnings; if the Fund distributes such amounts, such distributions could constitute a return of capital to Common Shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Income from REIT securities generally will not be eligible for treatment as qualified dividend income.
REMICs
The Fund may invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs) or equity interests in taxable mortgage pools (TMPs). It is likely that a portion of the Funds income (including income allocated to the Fund from a REIT or other pass-through entity) that is attributable to a residual interest in a REMIC or an equity interest in a TMP (referred to in the Code as an excess inclusion) will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in all events, and that such income will be allocated to shareholders of the RIC in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related interest directly.
In general, excess inclusion income allocated to Common Shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) to entities subject to tax on UBTI and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax.
Charitable remainder trusts and other tax-exempt shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisers concerning the consequences of investing in the Fund.
Backup Withholding
Backup withholding is generally required with respect to taxable distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails to properly furnish a correct taxpayer identification number, who has under-reported dividend or interest income, or who fails to certify that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding rate is 28% for amounts paid through 2010. This rate will expire and the backup withholding rate will be 31% for amounts paid after December 31, 2010, unless Congress enacts legislation providing otherwise. Amounts withheld as a result of backup withholding are remitted to the U.S. Treasury but do not constitute an additional tax imposed on the shareholder; such amounts may be claimed as a credit on the shareholders U.S. federal income tax return, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.
Foreign Shareholders
Dividends properly designated as Capital Gain Dividends are generally not subject to withholding of federal income tax. In general, dividends (other than Capital Gain Dividends) paid by the Fund to a shareholder that is not a U.S. person within the meaning of the Code (a foreign shareholder) are subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) even if they are funded by income or gains (such as portfolio interest, short-term capital gains, or foreign-source dividend and interest income) that, if paid to a foreign shareholder directly, would not be subject to withholding. However, for taxable years beginning before
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January 1, 2010, a RIC was not required to withhold any amounts (i) with respect to distributions of U.S.-source interest income that would not have been subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by an individual foreign shareholder, and (ii) with respect to distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, in each case to the extent such distributions were properly designated by the RIC. It is currently unclear whether Congress will extend the exemption from withholding for interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends for dividends with respect to taxable years of the Fund beginning on or after January 1, 2010 and what the terms of any such extension would be.
In the case of Common Shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the Fund makes a designation with respect to a payment. Foreign shareholders should contact their intermediaries with respect to the application of these rules.
Under U.S. federal tax law, a foreign shareholder is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the Fund or on Capital Gain Dividends unless (i) such gain or Capital Gain Dividend is effectively connected with the conduct by the foreign shareholder of a trade or business within the United States, (ii) in the case of a foreign shareholder that is an individual, the shareholder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale or the receipt of the Capital Gain Dividend and certain other conditions are met, or (iii) the special rules relating to gain attributable to the sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests (USRPIs) apply to the foreign shareholders sale of shares of the Fund or to the Capital Gain Dividend the foreign shareholder received (see below).
Foreign shareholders with respect to whom income from the Fund is effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by the foreign shareholder within the United States will in general be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the income derived from the Fund at the graduated rates applicable to U.S. citizens, residents or domestic corporations, whether such income is received in cash or reinvested in shares of the Fund and, in the case of a foreign corporation, may also be subject to a branch profits tax. Any effectively-connected dividends received by a foreign shareholder will generally be exempt from the 30% U.S. federal withholding tax, provided the shareholder satisfies applicable certification requirements. If a foreign shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the shareholder in the United States. More generally, foreign shareholders who are residents in a country with an income tax treaty with the United States may obtain different tax results than those described herein, and are urged to consult their tax advisers.
Very generally, special tax rules apply if the Fund holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the Funds USPRIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other assets used or held for use in a trade or business. Such rules could result in U.S. tax withholding from certain distributions to a foreign shareholder. Furthermore, the foreign shareholder may be required to file a U.S. tax return and pay tax on such distributionsand, in certain cases, gain realized on sale of Fund sharesat regular U.S. federal income tax rates. The Fund does not expect to invest in a significant percentage of USRPIs, so these special tax rules are not likely to apply.
In order to qualify for an exemption from withholding described above, a foreign shareholder must comply with applicable certification requirements relating to its non-U.S. status (including, in general, furnishing an IRS Form W-8BEN or substitute form). Foreign shareholders should contact their tax advisers in this regard. Special rules (including withholding and reporting requirements) apply to foreign partnerships and those holding Common Shares through foreign partnerships. Additional considerations may apply to foreign trusts and estates. Investors holding Fund shares through foreign entities should consult their tax advisers about their particular situation.
Shareholder Reporting Obligations With Respect to Foreign Financial Assets
Effective for taxable years beginning after March 18, 2010, certain individuals (and, if provided in future guidance, certain domestic entities) must disclose annually their interests in specified foreign financial assets on their U.S. federal income tax returns. It is currently unclear under what circumstances, if any, a Common Shareholders (indirect) interest in the Funds specified foreign financial assets, if any, falls within this requirement. Common Shareholders should consult a tax adviser regarding the applicability to them of this reporting requirement.
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Other Reporting and Withholding Requirements
New rules enacted in March 2010 require the reporting to the IRS of direct and indirect ownership of foreign financial accounts and foreign entities by U.S. persons. Failure to provide this required information can result in a 30% withholding tax on certain payments (withholdable payments) made after December 31, 2012. Withholdable payments include U.S.-source dividends and interest, and gross proceeds from the sale or other disposal of property that can produce U.S.-source dividends or interest.
The IRS has issued only very preliminary guidance with respect to these new rules; their scope remains unclear and potentially subject to material change. Very generally, it is possible that distributions made by the Fund after December 31, 2012 (or such later date as may be provided in future guidance) to a Common Shareholder, including a distribution of income or gains otherwise exempt from withholding under the rules applicable to foreign shareholders described above (e.g., Capital Gain Dividends), will be subject to the new 30% withholding requirement. Payments to a foreign shareholder that is a foreign financial institution will generally be subject to withholding, unless such shareholder enters into an agreement with the IRS. Payments to Common Shareholders that are U.S. persons or foreign individuals will generally not be subject to withholding, so long as such shareholders provide the Fund with such certifications or other documentation as the Fund requires to comply with the new rules. Persons investing in the Fund through an intermediary should contact their intermediary regarding the application of the new reporting and withholding regime to their investments in the Fund.
Common Shareholders are urged to consult a tax adviser regarding this new reporting and withholding regime, in light of their particular circumstances.
Other Tax Matters
Under Treasury regulations, if a Common Shareholder recognizes a loss with respect to Common Shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the Common Shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayers treatment of the loss is proper. Common Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
Special tax rules apply to investments though defined contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans. Common Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the suitability of Common Shares as an investment through such plans and the precise effect of an investment on their particular tax situation.
The foregoing discussion relates solely to U.S. federal income tax laws. Dividends and distributions also may be subject to state and local taxes. Common Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisers regarding specific questions as to federal, state, local, and, where applicable, foreign taxes. Foreign investors should consult their tax advisers concerning the tax consequences of ownership of Common Shares.
The foregoing is a general and abbreviated summary of the applicable provisions of the Code and related regulations currently in effect. For the complete provisions, reference should be made to the pertinent Code sections and regulations. The Code and regulations are subject to change by legislative or administrative actions, possibly with retroactive effect.
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Shareholder Liability
Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund. However, the Declaration contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by the Fund or the Trustees. The Declaration also provides for indemnification out of the Funds property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable on account of being or having been a shareholder. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which such disclaimer is inoperative or the Fund is unable to meet its obligations, and thus should be considered remote.
Anti-Takeover Provisions
As described below, the Declaration includes provisions that could have the effect of limiting the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to change the composition of its Board of Trustees, and could have the effect of depriving shareholders of opportunities to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund.
The Funds Trustees are divided into three classes (Class I, Class II and Class III), having initial terms of one, two and three years, respectively. At each annual meeting of shareholders, the term of one class will expire and each Trustee elected to that class will hold office for a term of three years. The classification of the Board of Trustees in this manner could delay for an additional year the replacement of a majority of the Board of Trustees. In addition, the Declaration provides that a Trustee may be removed only for cause and only (i) by action of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of the classes or series of shares entitled to vote for the election of such Trustee, or (ii) by at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the remaining Trustees.
Except as provided in the next paragraph, the affirmative vote or consent of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Board of Trustees and at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the shares of the Fund outstanding and entitled to vote thereon are required to authorize any of the following transactions (each a Material Transaction): (1) a merger, consolidation or share exchange of the Fund or any series or class of shares of the Fund with or into any other person or company, or of any such person or company with or into the Fund or any such series or class of shares; (2) the issuance or transfer by the Fund or any series or class of shares (in one or a series of transactions in any twelve-month period) of any securities of the Fund or such series or class to any other person or entity for cash, securities or other property (or combination thereof) having an aggregate fair market value of $1,000,000 or more, excluding sales of securities of the Fund or such series or class in connection with a public offering, issuances of securities of the Fund or such series or class pursuant to a dividend reinvestment plan adopted by the Fund and issuances of securities of the Fund or such series or class upon the exercise of any stock subscription rights distributed by the Fund; or (3) a sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition by the Fund or any series or class of shares (in one or a series of transactions in any twelve-month period) to or with any person of any assets of the Fund or such series or class having an aggregate fair market value of $1,000,000 or more, except for transactions in securities effected by the Fund or such series or class in the ordinary course of its business. The same affirmative votes are required with respect to any shareholder proposal as to specific investment decisions made or to be made with respect to the Funds assets or the assets of any series or class of shares of the Fund. Notwithstanding the approval requirements specified in the preceding paragraph, the Declaration requires no vote or consent of the Funds shareholders to authorize a Material Transaction if the transaction is approved by a vote of both a majority of the Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees (as defined below), so long as all other conditions and requirements, if any, provided for in the Funds Bylaws and applicable law (including any shareholder voting rights under the 1940 Act) have been satisfied.
In addition, the Declaration provides that the Fund may be terminated at any time by vote or consent of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Funds shares or, alternatively, by vote or consent of both a majority of the Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees (as defined below).
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In certain circumstances, the Declaration also imposes shareholder voting requirements that are more demanding than those required under the 1940 Act in order to authorize a conversion of the Fund from a closed-end to an open-end investment company. See Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund below.
As noted, the voting provisions described above could have the effect of depriving Common Shareholders of an opportunity to sell their Common Shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund in a tender offer or similar transaction. In the view of the Funds Board of Trustees, however, these provisions offer several possible advantages, including: (1) requiring persons seeking control of the Fund to negotiate with its management regarding the price to be paid for the amount of Common Shares required to obtain control; (2) promoting continuity and stability; and (3) enhancing the Funds ability to pursue long-term strategies that are consistent with its investment objective and management policies. The Board of Trustees has determined that the voting requirements described above, which are generally greater than the minimum requirements under the 1940 Act, are in the best interests of the Funds Common Shareholders generally.
A Continuing Trustee, as used in the discussion above, is any member of the Funds Board of Trustees who either (i) has been a member of the Board for a period of at least thirty-six months (or since the commencement of the Funds operations, if less than thirty-six months) or (ii) was nominated to serve as a member of the Board of Trustees by a majority of the Continuing Trustees then members of the Board.
The foregoing is intended only as a summary and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Declaration and the Funds Bylaws, both of which have been filed as exhibits to the Funds registration statement on file with the SEC.
Liability of Trustees
The Declaration provides that the obligations of the Fund are not binding upon the Trustees of the Fund individually, but only upon the assets and property of the Fund, and that the Trustees shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. Nothing in the Declaration, however, protects a Trustee against any liability to which he would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his office.
Repurchase of Common Shares; Conversion to Open-End Fund
The Fund is a closed-end investment company and as such its shareholders will not have the right to cause the Fund to redeem their shares. Instead, the Funds Common Shares will trade in the open market at a price that will be a function of several factors, including dividend levels (which are in turn affected by changes in the rates of interest on the Funds investments and expenses), net asset value, call protection, price, relative demand for and supply of such shares in the market, general market and economic conditions and other factors. Shares of a closed-end investment company may frequently trade at prices lower than net asset value. To the extent permitted under applicable law, the Board reserves the right to purchase its Common Shares on the open market at any time. For example, the Funds Board of Trustees regularly monitors the relationship between the market price and net asset value of the Common Shares. If the Common Shares were to trade at a substantial discount to net asset value for an extended period of time, the Board may consider the repurchase of its Common Shares on the open market or in private transactions, or the making of a tender offer for such shares. There can be no assurance, however, that the Board of Trustees will decide to take or propose any of those actions, or that share repurchases or tender offers, if undertaken, will reduce market discount. The Fund has no present intention to repurchase its Common Shares and would do so only in the circumstances described in this section.
Subject to its investment limitations, the Fund may borrow to finance the repurchase of shares or to make a tender offer. Interest on any borrowings to finance share repurchase transactions or the accumulation of cash by the Fund in anticipation of share repurchases or tenders will reduce the Funds net income. Any share repurchase, tender offer or borrowing that might be approved by the Board of Trustees would have to comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.
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The Funds Board of Trustees may also from time to time consider submitting to the holders of the shares of beneficial interest of the Fund a proposal to convert the Fund to an open-end investment company. In determining whether to exercise its sole discretion to submit this issue to shareholders, the Board of Trustees would consider all factors then relevant, including the relationship of the market price of the Common Shares to net asset value, the extent, if any, to which the Funds capital structure is leveraged and general market and economic conditions.
The Declaration requires the affirmative vote or consent of holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of each class of the Funds shares entitled to vote on the matter to authorize a conversion of the Fund from a closed-end investment company to an open-end investment company, unless the conversion is authorized by both a majority of the Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees (as defined above under Anti-Takeover and Other Provisions in the Declaration of TrustAnti-Takeover Provisions). This seventy-five percent (75%) shareholder approval requirement is higher than is required under the 1940 Act. In the event that a conversion is approved by the Trustees and the Continuing Trustees as described above, the minimum shareholder vote required under the 1940 Act would be necessary to authorize the conversion. Currently, the 1940 Act would require approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Common Shares and, if issued, preferred shares voting together as a single class, and the holders of a majority of the outstanding preferred shares, if issued, voting as a separate class, in order to authorize a conversion.
If the Fund converted to an open-end company, the Funds Common Shares likely would no longer be listed on the NYSE. In addition, if the Fund were to convert to an open-end company, it would not be able to invest more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid securities, which may necessitate a substantial repositioning of the Funds investment portfolio, which may in turn generate substantial transaction costs, which would be borne by Common Shareholders, and may adversely affect Fund performance and Fund dividends. Shareholders of an open-end investment company may require the company to redeem their shares on any business day (except in certain circumstances as authorized by or under the 1940 Act) at their net asset value, less such redemption charge, if any, as might be in effect at the time of redemption. In order to avoid maintaining large cash positions or liquidating favorable investments to meet redemptions, open-end companies typically engage in a continuous offering of their shares. Open-end companies are thus subject to periodic asset in-flows and out-flows that can complicate portfolio management.
The repurchase by the Fund of its shares at prices below net asset value will result in an increase in the net asset value of those shares that remain outstanding. However, there can be no assurance that share repurchases or tenders at or below net asset value will result in the Funds shares trading at a price equal to their net asset value. Nevertheless, the fact that the Funds shares may be the subject of repurchase or tender offers at net asset value from time to time, or that the Fund may be converted to an open-end company, may reduce any spread between market price and net asset value that might otherwise exist.
In addition, a purchase by the Fund of its Common Shares will decrease the Funds total assets. This would likely have the effect of increasing the Funds expense ratio. Any purchase by the Fund of its Common Shares at a time when Borrowings, Preferred Shares or other leveraging instruments (such as derivative transactions, loans of portfolio securities and when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions) are outstanding will increase the leverage applicable to the outstanding Common Shares then remaining. See the Prospectus under Risk FactorsLeverage Risk.
Before deciding whether to take any action if the Funds Common Shares trade below net asset value, the Board of Trustees would consider all relevant factors, including the extent and duration of the discount, the liquidity of the Funds portfolio, the effect of any action that might be taken on the Fund or its shareholders and market considerations. Based on these considerations, even if the Funds shares should trade at a discount, the Board of Trustees may determine that, in the interest of the Fund and its shareholders, no action should be taken.
Minimum Fund Size
If the Fund does not raise at least $150 million in its initial public offering, it reserves the right not to commence operations.
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INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Deloitte & Touche LLP, the principal place of business of which is located at 555 Seventeenth Street, Denver, CO, 80202 is the independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund, providing audit services, tax return preparation, and assistance and consultation with respect to the preparation of filings with the SEC.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT R EGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholder and Board of Trustees of
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund:
We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund) as of November 15, 2010. This financial statement is the responsibility of the Funds management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on this financial statement based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the statement of assets and liabilities is free of material misstatement. The Fund is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Funds internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the statement of assets and liabilities referred to above presents fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund as of November 15, 2010, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Denver, Colorado
November 18, 2010
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STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund
November 15, 2010
|
ASSETS: |
||||
|
Cash |
$ | 100,000 | ||
|
Deferred offering costs |
500,000 | |||
|
TOTAL ASSETS |
$ | 600,000 | ||
|
LIABILITIES |
||||
|
Accrued offering costs |
$ | 500,000 | ||
|
TOTAL LIABILITIES |
$ | 500,000 | ||
|
NET ASSETS |
$ | 100,000 | ||
|
COMPONENTS OF NET ASSETS: |
||||
|
Paid in capital |
$ | 100,000 | ||
|
Common shares of beneficial interest outstanding, $.00001 par value, unlimited shares authorized |
4,188 | |||
|
Net asset value per share |
$ | 23.88 | ||
|
Offering price per share |
$ | 25.00 | ||
NOTES TO STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
NOTE 1 - ORGANIZATION
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund) is a newly organized, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company registered under the 1940 Act. The Fund was organized as a Massachusetts business trust on September 10, 2010, pursuant to an Agreement and Declaration of Trust governed by the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts (the Declaration of Trust). The Funds primary investment objective is to maximize total return, which consists of income on its investments and capital appreciation. The Fund will normally invest at least 80% of its net assets (plus any borrowings made for investment purposes) in Emerging Markets Securities. Emerging Markets Securities include fixed income securities and other instruments (including derivatives) that are economically tied to emerging market countries that are denominated in the predominant currency of the local market of an emerging market country or whose performance is linked to those countries markets, currencies, economies or ability to repay loans. A security or instrument is economically tied to an emerging market country if it is principally traded on the countrys securities markets or if the issuer is organized or principally operates in the country, derives a majority of its income from its operations within the country or has a majority of its assets within the country.
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The Fund has no operations to date other than matters relating to its organization and the sale and issuance of 4,188 shares of beneficial interest in the Fund to the Adviser at a net asset value of $23.88 per share. Shares issued by the Fund are subject to a sales load of 4.50%.
NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Estimates The Funds financial statement is prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. This requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statement. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Income Taxes The Funds policy is to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code applicable to regulated investment companies and to distribute all of its taxable income to its shareholders. Therefore, no federal income tax provision is required. The Fund plans to file U.S. Federal and various state and local tax returns.
Organizational Expenses The Adviser has agreed to pay all of the Funds organizational expenses. As a result, organizational expenses of the Fund are not reflected in the Funds financial statements. Total organizational expenses incurred through November 15, 2010 are $73,000.
Offering Costs Offering costs are paid directly by the Fund. The Adviser or an affiliate of the Adviser has agreed to pay the amount, if any, by which the Funds offering costs (other than the sales load) exceed $0.05 per share (0.20% of the offering price). Offering costs incurred through November 15, 2010 are approximately $663,000 and are estimated to exceed this offering price cap by $163,000. The Statement of Assets and Liabilities reflects the current estimate of $500,000 as deferred offering costs. The $163,000 is estimated Adviser costs. These offering costs, as well as offering costs incurred subsequent to November 15, 2010, will be charged to paid-in-capital upon sale of the shares to the public or reimbursed by the Adviser.
NOTE 3 - INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER AGREEMENTS
Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (Stone Harbor or the Investment Manager) will act as the Funds investment adviser. The Investment Manager provides services to the Fund pursuant to an investment advisory agreement.
The Fund has agreed to pay the Investment Manager a management fee paid monthly at an annual rate 1% of the average value of the Funds Total Assets. Total Assets are the total assets of the Fund (including assets attributable to any borrowings, reverse repurchase agreements, the issuance of any short-term debt securities and preferred shares that may be outstanding) minus accrued liabilities (other than liabilities representing borrowings, reverse repurchase agreements and short-term debt securities).
ALPS Fund Services, Inc. (ALPS) serves as administrator to the Fund. Under the Administration Agreement proposal, ALPS is responsible for calculating the net asset value of the common shares and generally managing the administrative affairs of the Fund. ALPS is entitled to receive a monthly fee at the annual rate of 0.15% of the average value of the Funds Total Assets, plus out-of-pocket expenses.
In addition to the fees paid to the Adviser, the Fund pays all other costs and expenses of its operations, including compensation of its trustees (other than those affiliated with the Adviser), custodian, leveraging expenses, transfer and dividend disbursing agent expenses, legal fees, listing fees and expenses, expenses of independent auditors, expenses of repurchasing shares, expenses of preparing, printing and distributing shareholder reports, notices, proxy statements and reports to governmental agencies and taxes, if any.
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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES RATINGS
The Fund may make use of average portfolio credit quality standards to assist institutional investors whose own investment guidelines limit their investments accordingly. In determining the Funds overall dollar-weighted average quality, unrated securities are treated as if rated, based on the Investment Managers view of their comparability to rated securities. The Funds use of average quality criteria is intended to be a guide for those investors whose investment guidelines require that assets be invested according to comparable criteria. Reference to an overall average quality rating for the Fund does not mean that all securities held by the Fund will be rated in that category or higher. The Funds investments may range in quality from securities rated in the lowest category in which the Fund is permitted to invest to securities rated in the highest category (as rated by Moody s, S&P or Fitch or, if unrated, determined by the adviser to be of comparable quality). The percentage of the Funds assets invested in securities in a particular rating category will vary. Following is a description of Moodys, S&Ps and Fitchs ratings applicable to fixed income securities.
Moodys Investor Service, Inc.
Long-Term Obligation Ratings
Moodys long-term obligation ratings are opinions of the relative credit risk of fixed income obligations with an original maturity of one year or more. They address the possibility that a financial obligation will not be honored as promised. Such ratings reflect both the likelihood of default and any financial loss suffered in the event of default.
Moodys Long-Term Rating Definitions:
Aaa
Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, with minimal credit risk.
Aa
Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A
Obligations rated A are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa
Obligations rated Baa are subject to moderate credit risk. They are considered medium-grade and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba
Obligations rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B
Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa
Obligations rated Caa are judged to be of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
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Ca
Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C
Obligations rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note: Moodys appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Medium-Term Note Ratings
Moodys assigns long-term ratings to individual debt securities issued from medium-term note (MTN) programs, in addition to indicating ratings to MTN programs themselves. Notes issued under MTN programs with such indicated ratings are rated at issuance at the rating applicable to all pari passu notes issued under the same program, at the programs relevant indicated rating, provided such notes do not exhibit any of the characteristics listed below:
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Notes containing features that link interest or principal to the credit performance of any third party or parties (i.e., credit-linked notes); |
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Notes allowing for negative coupons, or negative principal; |
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Notes containing any provision that could obligate the investor to make any additional payments; |
| |
Notes containing provisions that subordinate the claim. |
For notes with any of these characteristics, the rating of the individual note may differ from the indicated rating of the program.
For credit-linked securities, Moodys policy is to look through to the credit risk of the underlying obligor. Moodys policy with respect to non-credit linked obligations is to rate the issuers ability to meet the contract as stated, regardless of potential losses to investors as a result of non-credit developments. In other words, as long as the obligation has debt standing in the event of bankruptcy, we will assign the appropriate debt class level rating to the instrument.
Market participants must determine whether any particular note is rated, and if so, at what rating level. Moodys encourages market participants to contact Moodys Ratings Desks or visit www.moodys.com directly if they have questions regarding ratings for specific notes issued under a medium-term note program. Unrated notes issued under an MTN program may be assigned an NR (not rated) symbol.
Short-Term Ratings
Moodys short-term ratings are opinions of the ability of issuers to honor short-term financial obligations. Ratings may be assigned to issuers, short-term programs or to individual short-term debt instruments. Such obligations generally have an original maturity not exceeding thirteen months, unless explicitly noted.
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Moodys employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:
P-1
Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2
Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3
Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP
Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Note: Canadian issuers rated P-1 or P-2 have their short-term ratings enhanced by the senior-most long-term rating of the issuer, its guarantor or support-provider.
Standard & Poors Ratings Services
Issue Credit Rating Definitions
A Standard & Poors issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion of the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects Standard & Poors view of the obligors capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.
Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. In the U.S., for example, that means obligations with an original maturity of no more than 365 daysincluding commercial paper. Short-term ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. The result is a dual rating, in which the short-term rating addresses the put feature, in addition to the usual long-term rating. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.
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Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings
Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on Standard & Poors analysis of the following considerations:
| |
Likelihood of paymentcapacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on an obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation; |
| |
Nature of and provisions of the obligation; |
| |
Protection afforded by, and relative position of, the obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors rights. |
Issue ratings are an assessment of default risk, but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect the lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)
AAA: An obligation rated AAA has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poors. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA: An obligation rated AA differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.
A: An obligation rated A is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
BBB: An obligation rated BBB exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
BB, B, CCC, CC and C : Obligations rated BB, B, CCC, CC and C are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. BB indicates the least degree of speculation and C the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
BB: An obligation rated BB is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligors inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B: An obligation rated B is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated BB, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligors capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
CCC: An obligation rated CCC is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
CC: An obligation rated CC is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment.
C: A C rating is assigned to obligations that are currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, obligations that have payment arrearages allowed by the terms of the documents, or obligations of an issuer that is the subject of
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a bankruptcy petition or similar action which have not experienced a payment default. Among others, the C rating may be assigned to subordinated debt, preferred stock or other obligations on which cash payments have been suspended in accordance with the instruments terms or when preferred stock is the subject of a distressed exchange offer, whereby some or all of the issue is either repurchased for an amount of cash or replaced by other instruments having a total value that is less than par.
D: An obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when payments on an obligation, including a regulatory capital instrument, are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poors believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized. An obligations rating is lowered to D upon completion of a distressed exchange offer, whereby some or all of the issue is either repurchased for an amount of cash or replaced by other instruments having a total value that is less than par.
Plus (+) or Minus (): The ratings from AA to CCC may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
NR: This indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poors does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.
Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
A-1
A short-term obligation rated A-1 is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poors. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2
A short-term obligation rated A-2 is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3
A short-term obligation rated A-3 exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B
A short-term obligation rated B is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. Ratings of B-1, B-2, and B-3 may be assigned to indicate finer distinctions within the B category. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligors inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B-1. A short-term obligation rated B-1 is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, but the obligor has a relatively stronger capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
B-2. A short-term obligation rated B-2 is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, and the obligor has an average speculative-grade capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
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B-3. A short-term obligation rated B-3 is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, and the obligor has a relatively weaker capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
C
A short-term obligation rated C is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
D
A short-term obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poors believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.
Dual Ratings
Standard & Poors assigns dual ratings to all debt issues that have a put option or demand feature as part of their structure. The first rating addresses the likelihood of repayment of principal and interest as due, and the second rating addresses only the demand feature. The long-term rating symbols are used for bonds to denote the long-term maturity and the short-term rating symbols for the put option (for example, AAA/A-1+). With U.S. municipal short-term demand debt, note rating symbols are used with the short-term issue credit rating symbols (for example, SP-1+/A-1+).
Active Qualifiers (Currently applied and/or outstanding)
i
This subscript is used for issues in which the credit factors, terms, or both, that determine the likelihood of receipt of payment of interest are different from the credit factors, terms or both that determine the likelihood of receipt of principal on the obligation. The i subscript indicates that the rating addresses the interest portion of the obligation only. The i subscript will always be used in conjunction with the p subscript, which addresses likelihood of receipt of principal. For example, a rated obligation could be assigned ratings of AAAp NRi indicating that the principal portion is rated AAA and the interest portion of the obligation is not rated.
L
Ratings qualified with L apply only to amounts invested up to federal deposit insurance limits.
p
This subscript is used for issues in which the credit factors, the terms, or both, that determine the likelihood of receipt of payment of principal are different from the credit factors, terms or both that determine the likelihood of receipt of interest on the obligation. The p subscript indicates that the rating addresses the principal portion of the obligation only. The p subscript will always be used in conjunction with the i subscript, which addresses likelihood of receipt of interest. For example, a rated obligation could be assigned ratings of AAAp NRi indicating that the principal portion is rated AAA and the interest portion of the obligation is not rated.
pi
Ratings with a pi subscript are based on an analysis of an issuers published financial information, as well as additional information in the public domain. They do not, however, reflect in-depth meetings with an issuers management and are therefore based on less comprehensive information than ratings without a pi subscript. Ratings with a pi subscript are reviewed annually based on a new years financial statements, but may be reviewed on an interim basis if a major event occurs that may affect the issuers credit quality.
preliminary
Preliminary ratings, with the prelim qualifier, may be assigned to obligors or obligations, including financial programs, in the circumstances described below. Assignment of a final rating is conditional on the receipt by Standard & Poors of appropriate documentation. Standard & Poors reserves the right not to issue a final rating. Moreover, if a final rating is issued, it may differ from the preliminary rating.
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Preliminary ratings may be assigned to obligations, most commonly structured and project finance issues, pending receipt of final documentation and legal opinions. |
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| |
Preliminary ratings are assigned to Rule 415 Shelf Registrations. As specific issues, with defined terms, are offered from the master registration, a final rating may be assigned to them in accordance with Standard & Poors policies. |
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Preliminary ratings may be assigned to obligations that will likely be issued upon the obligors emergence from bankruptcy or similar reorganization, based on late-stage reorganization plans, documentation and discussions with the obligor. Preliminary ratings may also be assigned to the obligors. These ratings consider the anticipated general credit quality of the reorganized or postbankruptcy issuer as well as attributes of the anticipated obligation(s). |
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Preliminary ratings may be assigned to entities that are being formed or that are in the process of being independently established when, in Standard & Poors opinion, documentation is close to final. Preliminary ratings may also be assigned to these entities obligations. |
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Preliminary ratings may be assigned when a previously unrated entity is undergoing a well formulated restructuring, recapitalization, significant financing or other transformative event, generally at the point that investor or lender commitments are invited. The preliminary rating may be assigned to the entity and to its proposed obligation(s). These preliminary ratings consider the anticipated general credit quality of the obligor, as well as attributes of the anticipated obligation(s), assuming successful completion of the transformative event. Should the transformative event not occur, Standard & Poors would likely withdraw these preliminary ratings. |
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A preliminary recovery rating may be assigned to an obligation that has a preliminary issue credit rating. |
t
This symbol indicates termination structures that are designed to honor their contracts to full maturity or, should certain events occur, to terminate and cash settle all their contracts before their final maturity date.
unsolicited
Unsolicited ratings are those credit ratings assigned at the initiative of Standard & Poors and not at the request of the issuer or its agents.
Inactive Qualifiers (No longer applied or outstanding)
*
This symbol indicated continuance of the ratings is contingent upon Standard & Poors receipt of an executed copy of the escrow agreement or closing documentation confirming investments and cash flows. Discontinued use in August 1998.
c
This qualifier was used to provide additional information to investors that the bank may terminate its obligation to purchase tendered bonds if the long-term credit rating of the issuer is below an investment-grade level and/or the issuers bonds are deemed taxable. Discontinued use in January 2001.
pr
The letters pr indicate that the rating is provisional. A provisional rating assumes the successful completion of the project financed by the debt being rated and indicates that payment of debt service requirements is largely or entirely dependent upon the successful, timely completion of the project. This rating, however, while addressing credit quality subsequent to completion of the project, makes no comment on the likelihood of or the risk of default upon failure of such completion. The investor should exercise his own judgment with respect to such likelihood and risk.
q
A q subscript indicates that the rating is based solely on quantitative analysis of publicly available information. Discontinued use in April 2001.
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r
The r modifier was assigned to securities containing extraordinary risks, particularly market risks, that are not covered in the credit rating. The absence of an r modifier should not be taken as an indication that an obligation will not exhibit extraordinary non-credit related risks. Standard & Poors discontinued the use of the r modifier for most obligations in June 2000 and for the balance of obligations (mainly structured finance transactions) in November 2002.
Fitch
Credit Ratings
Fitchs Ratings credit ratings provide an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving the money owed to them in accordance with the terms on which they invested. Fitchs credit ratings cover the global spectrum of corporate, sovereign (including supranational and sub-national), financial, bank, insurance, municipal and other public finance entities and the securities or other obligations they issue, as well as structured finance securities backed by receivables or other financial assets.
The terms investment grade and speculative grade have established themselves over time as shorthand to describe the categories AAA to BBB (investment grade) and BB to D (speculative grade). The terms investment grade and speculative grade are market conventions, and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories either signal a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.
A designation of Not Rated or NR is used to denote securities not rated by Fitch where Fitch has rated some, but not all, securities comprising an issuance capital structure.
Credit ratings express risk in relative rank order, which is to say they are ordinal measures of credit risk and are not predictive of a specific frequency of default or loss.
Fitch Ratings credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. In particular, ratings do not deal with the risk of a market value loss on a rated security due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and other market considerations. However, in terms of payment obligation on the rated liability, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay upon a commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of index-linked bonds).
In the default components of ratings assigned to individual obligations or instruments, the agency typically rates to the likelihood of non-payment or default in accordance with the terms of that instruments documentation. In limited cases, Fitch Ratings may include additional considerations (i.e. rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligations documentation). In such cases, the agency will make clear the assumptions underlying the agencys opinion in the accompanying rating commentary.
Long-Term Credit Ratings
Issuer Credit Rating Scales
Rated entities in a number of sectors, including financial and non-financial corporations, sovereigns and insurance companies, are generally assigned Issuer Default Ratings (IDRs). IDRs opine on an entitys relative vulnerability to default on financial obligations. The threshold default risk addressed by the IDR is generally that of the financial obligations whose non-payment would best reflect the uncured failure of that entity. As such, IDRs also address relative vulnerability to bankruptcy, administrative receivership or similar concepts, although the agency recognizes that issuers may also make pre-emptive and therefore voluntary use of such mechanisms.
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In aggregate, IDRs provide an ordinal ranking of issuers based on the agencys view of their relative vulnerability to default, rather than a prediction of a specific percentage likelihood of default. For historical information on the default experience of Fitch-rated issuers, please consult the transition and default performance studies available from the Fitch Ratings website.
AAA
Highest credit quality. AAA ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA
Very high credit quality. AA ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A
High credit quality. A ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB
Good credit quality. BBB ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB
Speculative. BB ratings indicate elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists which supports the servicing of financial commitments.
B
Highly speculative. B ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.
CCC
Substantial credit risk. Default is a real possibility.
CC
Very high levels of credit risk. Default of some kind appears probable.
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C
Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. Default is imminent or inevitable, or the issuer is in standstill. Conditions that are indicative of a C category rating for an issuer include:
| |
the issuer has entered into a grace or cure period following non-payment of a material financial obligation; |
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the issuer has entered into a temporary negotiated waiver or standstill agreement following a payment default on a material financial obligation; and |
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Fitch Ratings otherwise believes a condition of RD or D to be imminent or inevitable, including through the formal announcement of a coercive debt exchange. |
RD
Restricted default. RD ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings opinion has experienced an uncured payment default on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation but which has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, and which has not otherwise ceased business. This would include:
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the selective payment default on a specific class or currency of debt; |
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the uncured expiry of any applicable grace period, cure period or default forbearance period following a payment default on a bank loan, capital markets security or other material financial obligation; |
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the extension of multiple waivers or forbearance periods upon a payment default on one or more material financial obligations, either in series or in parallel; or |
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execution of a coercive debt exchange on one or more material financial obligations. |
D
Default. D ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings opinion has entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, or which has otherwise ceased business.
Default ratings are not assigned prospectively to entities or their obligations; within this context, non-payment on an instrument that contains a deferral feature or grace period will generally not be considered a default until after the expiration of the deferral or grace period, unless a default is otherwise driven by bankruptcy or other similar circumstance, or by a coercive debt exchange.
Imminent default typically refers to the occasion where a payment default has been intimated by the issuer, and is all but inevitable. This may, for example, be where an issuer has missed a scheduled payment, but (as is typical) has a grace period during which it may cure the payment default. Another alternative would be where an issuer has formally announced a coercive debt exchange, but the date of the exchange still lies several days or weeks in the immediate future.
In all cases, the assignment of a default rating reflects the agencys opinion as to the most appropriate rating category consistent with the rest of its universe of ratings, and may differ from the definition of default under the terms of an issuers financial obligations or local commercial practice.
Note:
The modifiers + or - may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the AAA Long-Term IDR category, or to Long-Term IDR categories below B.
Limitations of the Issuer Credit Rating Scale
Specific limitations relevant to the issuer credit rating scale include:
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The ratings do not predict a specific percentage of default likelihood over any given time period. |
65
| |
The ratings do not opine on the market value of any issuers securities or stock, or the likelihood that this value may change. |
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The ratings do not opine on the liquidity of the issuers securities or stock. |
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The ratings do not opine on the possible loss severity on an obligation should an issuer default. |
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The ratings do not opine on the suitability of an issuer as a counterparty to trade credit. |
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The ratings do not opine on any quality related to an issuers business, operational or financial profile other than the agencys opinion on its relative vulnerability to default. |
Ratings assigned by Fitch Ratings articulate an opinion on discrete and specific areas of risk. The above list is not exhaustive, and is provided for the readers convenience.
Short-Term Credit Ratings
Short-Term Ratings Assigned to Obligations in Corporate, Sovereign and Structured Finance
A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity or security stream, and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as short term based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, structured and sovereign obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in US public finance markets.
F1
Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added + to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2
Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for the timely payment of financial commitments.
F3
Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B
Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C
High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD
Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Applicable to entity ratings only.
66
D
Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a specific short-term obligation.
Limitations of the Short-Term Ratings Scale
Specific limitations relevant to the Short-Term Ratings scale include:
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The ratings do not predict a specific percentage of default likelihood over any given time period. |
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The ratings do not opine on the market value of any issuers securities or stock, or the likelihood that this value may change. |
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The ratings do not opine on the liquidity of the issuers securities or stock. |
| |
The ratings do not opine on the possible loss severity on an obligation should an obligation default. |
| |
The ratings do not opine on any quality related to an issuer or transactions profile other than the agencys opinion on the relative vulnerability to default of the rated issuer or obligation. |
Ratings assigned by Fitch Ratings articulate an opinion on discrete and specific areas of risk. The above list is not exhaustive, and is provided for the readers convenience.
Standard Rating Actions
Affirmed
The rating has been reviewed and no change has been deemed necessary.
Confirmed
Action taken in response to an external request or change in terms. Rating has been reviewed in either context, and no rating change has been deemed necessary.
Correction
Correction of rating publication error in a rating action commentary or correction of a rating data error in Fitchs ratings data base.
Downgrade
The rating has been lowered in the scale.
Paid-In-Full
This tranche has reached maturity, regardless of whether it was amortized or called early. As the issue no longer exists, it is therefore no longer rated. Indicated in rating database with the symbol PIF.
Publish
Initial public announcement of rating on the agencys website, although not necessarily the first rating assigned. This action denotes when a previously private rating is published.
Rating Watch Maintained
The issue or issuer has been reviewed and remains on active Rating Watch status.
Rating Watch On
The issue or issuer has been placed on active Rating Watch status.
Revision Enhancement
Some form of the credit support affecting the rating opinion has been added, removed, or substituted.
Revision Implication Watch
The Rating Watch status has changed.
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Revision Outlook
The Rating Outlook status has been changed.
Upgrade
The rating has been raised in the scale.
Withdrawn
The rating has been withdrawn and the issue or issuer is no longer rated by Fitch Ratings. Indicated in rating databases with the symbol WD.
68
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
The Board of Trustees of the Fund has delegated the authority to develop policies and procedures relating to proxy voting to the Investment Manager. The Investment Manager has adopted a set of proxy voting policies and procedures (the Policies) to ensure that the Investment Manager votes proxies relating to equity securities in the best interest of clients.
In voting proxies, the Investment Manager is guided by general fiduciary principles and seeks to act prudently and solely in the best interest of clients. The Investment Manager attempts to consider all factors that could affect the value of the investment and will vote proxies in the manner that it believes will be consistent with efforts to maximize shareholder values. The Investment Manager may utilize an external service provider to provide it with information and/or a recommendation with regard to proxy votes. However, such recommendations do not relieve the Investment Manager of its responsibility for the proxy vote.
In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a stated position in the Policies, the Investment Manager generally votes in accordance with such stated position. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a list of factors set forth in the Policies that the Investment Manager considers in voting on such issue, the Investment Manager votes on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general principles set forth above and considering such enumerated factors. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is no stated position or list of factors that the Investment Manager considers in voting on such issue, the Investment Manager votes on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general principles set forth above. Issues for which there is a stated position set forth in the Policies or for which there is a list of factors set forth in the Policies that the Investment Manager considers in voting on such issues fall into a variety of categories, including election of trustees, ratification of auditors, proxy and tender offer defenses, capital structure issues, executive and trustee compensation, mergers and corporate restructurings, and social and environmental issues. The stated position on an issue set forth in the Policies can always be superseded, subject to the duty to act solely in the best interest of the beneficial owners of accounts, by the investment management professionals responsible for the account whose shares are being voted. Issues applicable to a particular industry may cause the Investment Manager to abandon a policy that would have otherwise applied to issuers generally. As a result of the independent investment advisory services provided by distinct business units within the Investment Manager, there may be occasions when different business units or different portfolio managers within the same business unit vote differently on the same issue.
In furtherance of the Investment Managers goal to vote proxies in the best interest of clients, the Investment Manager follows procedures designed to identify and address material conflicts that may arise between the Investment Managers interests and those of its clients before voting proxies on behalf of such clients. To seek to identify conflicts of interest, the Investment Manager periodically notifies its employees in writing that they are under an obligation (i) to be aware of the potential for conflicts of interest with respect to voting proxies on behalf of client accounts both as a result of their personal relationships and due to special circumstances that may arise during the conduct of the Investment Managers business, and (ii) to bring conflicts of interest of which they become aware to the attention of compliance personnel. The Investment Manager also maintains and considers a list of significant relationships that could present a conflict of interest for the Investment Manager in voting proxies. The Investment Manager is also sensitive to the fact that a significant, publicized relationship between an issuer and a non- affiliate might appear to the public to influence the manner in which the Investment Manager decides to vote a proxy with respect to such issuer.
The Investment Managers Compliance Committee, of which the Investment Managers personnel are members, reviews and addresses conflicts of interest brought to its attention by compliance personnel. A proxy issue that will be voted in accordance with a stated position on an issue or in accordance with the recommendation of an independent third party is not brought to the attention of the Compliance Committee for a conflict of interest review because the Investment Managers position is that to the extent a conflict of interest issue exists, it is resolved by voting in accordance with a pre-determined policy or in accordance with the recommendation of an independent third party. With respect to a conflict of interest brought to its attention, the Compliance Committee first determines whether such conflict of interest is material. A conflict of interest is considered material to the extent that it is determined that such conflict is likely to influence, or appear to influence, the Investment Managers decision-making in voting proxies.
69
If it is determined by the Compliance Committee that a conflict of interest is not material, the Investment Manager may vote proxies notwithstanding the existence of the conflict. If it is determined by the Compliance Committee that a conflict of interest is material, the Compliance Committee is responsible for determining an appropriate method to resolve such conflict of interest before the proxy affected by the conflict of interest is voted. Such determination is based on the particular facts and circumstances, including the importance of the proxy issue and the nature of the conflict of interest. Methods of resolving a material conflict of interest may include, but are not limited to, disclosing the conflict to clients and obtaining their consent before voting, or suggesting to clients that they engage another party to vote the proxy on their behalf.
70
PART C
OTHER INFORMATION
| Item 25. | Financial Statements and Exhibits |
| (1) |
Financial Statements |
The Registrant has not conducted any business as of the date of this filing, other than in connection with its organization. Financial Statements indicating that the Registrant has met the net worth requirements of Section 14(a) of the 1940 Act are filed herewith as part of the Statement of Additional Information.
| (2) |
Exhibits |
| (a) | Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated November 17, 2010, filed herewith. | |||
| (b) | Amended and Restated Bylaws dated November 17, 2010, filed herewith. | |||
| (c) | Not applicable. | |||
| (d)(1) | Article III (Shares) and Article V (Shareholders Voting Powers and Meetings) of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, filed herewith as exhibit (a). | |||
| (d)(2) | Article 10 (Shareholders Voting Powers and Meetings) of the Amended and Restated Bylaws, filed herewith as exhibit (b). | |||
| (d)(3) | Form of Certificate for Common Shares of Beneficial Interest, filed herewith. | |||
| (e) | Form of Terms and Conditions of the Dividend Reinvestment Plan, filed herewith. | |||
| (f) | Not applicable. | |||
| (g) | Form of Management Contract, filed herewith. | |||
| (h)(1) | Form of Underwriting Agreement.* | |||
| (h)(2) | Form of Master Agreement Among Underwriters.* | |||
| (h)(3) | Form of Master Selected Dealers Agreement.* | |||
| (i) | Not applicable. | |||
| (j) | Form of Custody Agreement, filed herewith. | |||
| (k)(1) | Form of Service Agreement for Transfer Agency Services, filed herewith. | |||
| (k)(2) | Form of Marketing, Administration, Bookkeeping and Pricing Services Agreement, filed herewith. | |||
| (k)(3) | Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC.* | |||
| (k)(4) | Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated.* | |||
| (k)(5) | Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with Citigroup Global Markets Inc.* | |||
| (k)(6) | Form of Marketing and Structuring Fee Agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated.* | |||
| (k)(7) | Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with UBS Securities LLC.* | |||
| (k)(8) | Form of Distribution Assistance Agreement, filed herewith. | |||
| (k)(9) | Form of Organizational and Offering Expenses Reimbursement Agreement, filed herewith. | |||
| (k)(10) | Form of Foreign Custody Manager Agreement, filed herewith. | |||
| (l) | Opinion and Consent of Ropes & Gray LLP.* | |||
| (m) | Not applicable. | |||
| (n) | Consent of Registrants independent public accounting firm. | |||
| (o) |
Not applicable. |
|||
1
|
(p) |
Initial Subscription Agreement, filed herewith. |
|||
|
(q) |
Not applicable. |
|||
|
(r)(1) |
Form of Code of Ethics of the Fund, filed herewith. |
|||
|
(r)(2) |
Form of Code of Ethics of the Investment Manager, filed herewith as exhibit (r)(1). |
|||
|
(r)(3) |
Form of Code of Ethics Pursuant to Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers. |
|||
|
(s)(1) |
Power of Attorney for Patrick Sheehan, filed herewith. |
|||
|
(s)(2) |
Power of Attorney for Thomas W. Brock, filed herewith. |
|||
|
(s)(3) |
Power of Attorney for Alan Brott, filed herewith. |
|||
|
(s)(4) |
Power of Attorney for Heath B. McLendon, filed herewith. |
|||
| * |
To be filed by amendment. |
| Item 26. | Marketing Arrangements |
See the Form of Underwriting Agreement, the Form of Master Agreement Among Underwriters, the Form of Master Selected Dealers Agreement, the Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, the Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, the Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with Citigroup Global Markets Inc., the Form of Marketing and Structuring Fee Agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and the Form of Structuring Fee Agreement with UBS Securities LLC, filed as Exhibit (h)(1), Exhibit (h)(2), Exhibit (h)(3), Exhibit (k)(3), Exhibit (k)(4), Exhibit (k)(5), Exhibit (k)(6) and Exhibit (k)(7), respectively, to this Registration Statement.
| Item 27. | Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution |
The approximate expenses in connection with the offering are as follows:
|
Registration and Filing Fees |
$ | 59,025 | ||
|
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Fees |
* | |||
|
Printing (Other than Certificates) |
300,000 | |||
|
Accounting Fees and Expenses |
7,000 | |||
|
Legal Fees and Expenses |
297,500 | |||
|
Miscellaneous |
222 | |||
|
Total |
$ | * | ||
| * |
To be completed by amendment. |
| Item 28. | Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control With Registrant |
None.
2
| Item 29. | Number of Holders of Securities |
Set forth below is the number of record holders as of November 17, 2010 of each class of securities of the Registrant:
|
Title of Class |
Number of Record
Holders |
|
|
Common Shares of Beneficial Interest |
1 |
| Item 30. | Indemnification |
Reference is made to Article VIII, Sections 1 through 4, of the Registrants Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Act), may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant by the Registrant pursuant to the Trusts Agreement and Declaration of Trust, its Bylaws or otherwise, the Registrant is aware that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and, therefore, is unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by trustees, officers or controlling persons of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustees, officers or controlling persons in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Reference is made to Section 6 of the Form of Underwriting Agreement filed herewith as Exhibit (h)(1), which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Item 31. | Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser |
Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP serves as investment manager (the Investment Manager) to the Registrant and also serves as manager to unregistered funds, institutions and high net worth individuals, and subadviser of registered funds. A description of any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature in which the Investment Manager, and each partner or executive officer of the Investment Manager, is or has been during the past two fiscal years, engaged in for his or her own account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee, is set forth in the prospectus contained in this Registration Statement in the section entitled Management of the FundInvestment Manager.
3
The information as to the directors and executive officers of Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP is set forth in Form ADV filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (IARD/CRD No. 138960), as amended through the date hereof, which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Item 32. | Location of Accounts and Records |
All applicable accounts, books and documents required to be maintained by the Registrant by Section 31(a) of the 1940 Act and the Rules promulgated thereunder are in the possession and custody of the Registrant, c/o ALPS Fund Services, Inc., 1290 Broadway, Suite 1100, Denver, Colorado 80203.
| Item 33. | Management Services |
Not applicable.
| Item 34. | Undertakings |
| 1. |
The Registrant undertakes to suspend the offering of its Common Shares of Beneficial Interest until the prospectus is amended if (1) subsequent to the effective date of this registration statement, the net asset value declines more than 10 percent from its net asset value as of the effective date of this registration statement or (2) the net asset value increases to an amount greater than its net proceeds as stated in the prospectus. |
| 2. |
Not applicable. |
| 3. |
Not applicable. |
| 4. |
Not applicable. |
| 5. |
The Registrant undertakes that: |
(a) for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933 (Securities Act), the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in the form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and
(b) for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
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| 6. |
The Registrant undertakes to send by first class mail or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery, within two business days of receipt of an oral or written request, its Statement of Additional Information. |
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NOTICE
A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund), together with all amendments thereto, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and notice is hereby given that this instrument is executed on behalf of the Fund by any officer of the Fund as an officer and not individually and that the obligations of or arising out of this instrument are not binding upon any of the Trustees of the Fund or shareholders of the Fund individually, but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Fund.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and/or the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant has duly caused this pre-effective amendment no. 2 to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, and the State of New York on the 23rd day of November, 2010.
|
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND |
||
| By: | / S / P ETER J. W ILBY | |
|
Name: |
Peter J. Wilby | |
|
Title: |
President and Chief Executive Officer | |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this pre-effective amendment no. 2 to the Registrants Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicated.
|
Name |
Capacity |
Date |
||
|
/ S / P ETER J. W ILBY Peter J. Wilby |
President and Chief Executive Officer |
November 23, 2010 |
||
|
/ S / J AMES J. D OOLEY James J. Dooley |
Treasurer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer |
November 23, 2010 |
||
|
/ S / A LAN B ROTT * Alan Brott |
Trustee |
November 23, 2010 |
||
|
/ S / T HOMAS W. B ROCK * Thomas W. Brock |
Trustee |
November 23, 2010 |
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/ S / H EATH B. M C L ENDON * Heath B. McLendon |
Trustee |
November 23, 2010 |
||
|
/ S / P ATRICK S HEEHAN * Patrick Sheehan |
Trustee |
November 23, 2010 |
||
| *By: | / S / P ETER J. W ILBY | |
| Peter J. Wilby | ||
| Attorney-In-Fact | ||
| Date: November 23, 2010 | ||
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund
Index to Exhibits
Exhibits for Item 25 of Form N-2
|
Exhibit |
Exhibit Name |
|
| (a) | Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated November 17, 2010 | |
| (b) | Amended and Restated Bylaws dated November 17, 2010 | |
| (d)(3) | Form of Certificate for Common Shares of Beneficial Interest | |
| (e) | Form of Terms and Conditions of the Dividend Reinvestment Plan | |
| (g) | Form of Management Contract | |
| (j) | Form of Custody Agreement | |
| (k)(1) | Form of Service Agreement for Transfer Agency Services | |
| (k)(2) | Form of Marketing, Administration, Bookkeeping and Pricing Services Agreement | |
| (k)(8) | Form of Distribution Assistance Agreement | |
| (k)(9) | Form of Organizational and Offering Expenses Reimbursement Agreement | |
| (k)(10) | Form of Foreign Custody Manager Agreement | |
| (n) | Consent of Registrants independent public accounting firm | |
| (p) | Initial Subscription Agreement | |
| (r)(1) | Form of Code of Ethics of the Fund | |
| (r)(3) | Form of Code of Ethics Pursuant to Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers | |
| (s)(1) | Power of Attorney for Patrick Sheehan | |
| (s)(2) | Power of Attorney for Thomas W. Brock | |
| (s)(3) | Power of Attorney for Alan Brott | |
| (s)(4) | Power of Attorney for Heath B. McLendon | |
Exhibit a
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
AMENDED AND RESTATED
AGREEMENT AND DECLARATION OF TRUST
November 17, 2010
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
AMENDED AND RESTATED
AGREEMENT AND DECLARATION OF TRUST
AMENDED AND RESTATED AGREEMENT AND DECLARATION OF TRUST made this 17th day of November, 2010, by the Trustees hereunder, and by the holders of shares of beneficial interest to be issued hereunder as hereinafter provided, amending and restating the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended, made at Boston, Massachusetts the 10th day of September, 2010, for the purposes of eliminating references to the sole initial trustee, adding Trustees as signatories and making certain other changes hereto.
WHEREAS, pursuant to Article IX, Section 7 of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended, the Trustees of the Trust and the holders of all of the beneficial interest of the Trust have determined that the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended, should be amended and restated in its entirety as hereinafter set forth.
NOW, THEREFORE, this Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust shall take effect as of the time of execution by a majority of the Trustees of the Trust and shall be filed with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
WITNESSETH that
WHEREAS, this Trust has been formed to carry on the business of an investment company; and
WHEREAS, the Trustees have agreed to manage all property coming into their hands as trustees of a Massachusetts business trust in accordance with the provisions hereinafter set forth.
NOW, THEREFORE, the Trustees hereby declare that they will hold all cash, securities and other assets which they may from time to time acquire in any manner as Trustees hereunder IN TRUST to manage and dispose of the same upon the following terms and conditions for the pro rata benefit of the holders from time to time of Shares in this Trust as hereinafter set forth.
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ARTICLE I
NAME AND DEFINITIONS
Name
Section 1. This Trust shall be known as Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund and the Trustees shall conduct the business of the Trust under that name or any other name as they may from time to time determine.
Definitions
Section 2. Whenever used herein, unless otherwise required by the context or specifically provided:
(a) The Trust refers to the Massachusetts business trust established by this Declaration, as amended or restated from time to time;
(b) Trustees refers to the Trustees of the Trust named herein or elected in accordance with Article IV hereof;
(c) Shares means the equal proportionate transferable units of interest into which the beneficial interest in the Trust shall be divided from time to time or, if more than one class or series of Shares is authorized by the Trustees, the equal proportionate transferable units into which each class or series of shares shall be divided from time to time;
(d) Shareholder means a record owner of Shares;
(e) The 1940 Act refers to the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the rules and regulations thereunder, all as amended from time to time;
(f) The terms Affiliated Person, Interested Person, and Principal Underwriter shall have the applicable meanings given them in the 1940 Act;
(g) Declaration shall mean this Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended or restated from time to time;
(h) Bylaws shall mean the Bylaws of the Trust as amended or restated from time to time;
(i) The term class or class of Shares refers to the division of Shares into two or more classes as provided in Article III, Section 1 hereof;
(j) The term series or series of Shares refers to the division of Shares representing any class into two or more series as provided in Article III, Section 1 hereof; and
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(k) The term Continuing Trustee shall have the meaning given to such term in Article IV, Section 2 hereof.
ARTICLE II
PURPOSE
The purpose of the Trust is to provide investors a managed investment primarily in securities, debt instruments and other instruments and rights of a financial character and to carry on such other business as the Trustees may from time to time determine pursuant to their authority under this Declaration.
ARTICLE III
SHARES
Division of Beneficial Interest
Section 1. The Trustees may, without Shareholder approval, authorize one or more classes of Shares (which classes may be divided into two or more series), Shares of each such class or series having such par value and such preferences, voting powers, terms of redemption, if any, and special or relative rights or privileges (including conversion rights, if any) as the Trustees may determine. Subject to applicable law, the Trustees may, without Shareholder approval, authorize the Trust to issue subscription or other rights representing interests in Shares to existing Shareholders or other persons subject to such terms and conditions as the Trustees may determine. The number of Shares of each class or series authorized shall be unlimited, except as the Bylaws may otherwise provide, and the Shares so authorized may be represented in part by fractional shares. The Trustees may from time to time divide or combine the Shares of any class or series into a greater or lesser number without thereby changing the proportionate beneficial interest in the class or series.
Ownership of Shares
Section 2. The ownership of Shares shall be recorded on the books of the Trust or a transfer or similar agent. Except as provided in the Bylaws or as the Trustees may otherwise determine from time to time, no certificates certifying the ownership of Shares shall be issued. The Trustees may make such rules as they consider appropriate for the issuance of Share certificates, the transfer of Shares and similar matters. The record books of the Trust as kept by the Trust or any transfer or similar agent, as the case may be, shall be conclusive as to who are the Shareholders of each class and series and as to the number of Shares of each class and series held from time to time by each Shareholder.
Investments in the Trust
Section 3. The Trustees shall accept investments in the Trust from such persons and on such terms and, subject to any requirements of law, for such consideration, which may consist of cash or tangible or intangible property or a combination thereof, as the Trustees or the Bylaws from time to time authorize.
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No Preemptive Rights
Section 4. Shareholders shall have no preemptive or other right to receive, purchase or subscribe for any additional Shares or other securities issued by the Trust.
Derivative Claims
Section 5. No Shareholder shall have the right to bring or maintain any court action, proceeding or claim on behalf of the Trust or any series or class of Shares without first making demand on the Trustees requesting the Trustees to bring or maintain such action, proceeding or claim. Such demand shall not be excused under any circumstances, including claims of alleged interest on the part of the Trustees, unless the plaintiff makes a specific showing that irreparable nonmonetary injury to the Trust or series or class of Shares would otherwise result. Such demand shall be mailed to the Secretary of the Trust at the Trusts principal office and shall set forth with particularity the nature of the proposed court action, proceeding or claim and the essential facts relied upon by the Shareholder to support the allegations made in the demand. The Trustees shall consider such demand within 90 days of its receipt by the Trust. In their sole discretion, the Trustees may submit the matter to a vote of Shareholders of the Trust or a series or class of Shares, as appropriate. Any decision by the Trustees to bring, maintain or settle (or not to bring, maintain or settle) such court action, proceeding or claim, or to submit the matter to a vote of Shareholders, shall be binding upon the Shareholders. Any decision by the Trustees to bring or maintain a court action, proceeding or suit on behalf of the Trust or a series or class of Shares shall be subject to the right of the Shareholders under Article V hereof to vote on whether or not such court action, proceeding or suit should or should not be brought or maintained.
Direct Claims
Section 6. No class of Shareholders shall have the right to bring or maintain a direct action or claim for monetary damages against the Trust or the Trustees predicated upon an express or implied right of action under this Declaration or the 1940 Act (excepting rights of action permitted under section 36(b) of the 1940 Act), nor shall any single Shareholder, who is similarly situated to one or more other Shareholders with respect to the alleged injury, have the right to bring such an action, unless the class of Shareholders or Shareholder has obtained authorization from the Trustees to bring the action. The requirement of authorization shall not be excused under any circumstances, including claims of alleged interest on the part of the Trustees. A request for authorization shall be mailed to the Secretary of the Trust at the Trusts principal office and shall set forth with particularity the nature of the proposed court action, proceeding or claim and the essential facts relied upon by the class of Shareholders or Shareholder to support the allegations made in the request. The Trustees shall consider such request within 90 days of its receipt by the Trust. In their sole discretion, the Trustees may submit the matter to a vote of Shareholders of the Trust or series or class of Shares, as appropriate. Any decision by the Trustees to settle or to authorize (or not to settle or to authorize) such court action, proceeding or claim, or to submit the matter to a vote of Shareholders, shall be binding upon the class of
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Shareholders or Shareholder seeking authorization. Any decision by the Trustees to authorize a court action, proceeding or suit by a class of Shareholders shall be subject to the right of the Shareholders under Article V hereof to vote on whether or not such court action, proceeding or suit should or should not be brought or maintained.
Status of Shares and Limitation of Personal Liability
Section 7. Shares shall be deemed to be personal property giving only the rights provided in this Declaration or the Bylaws. Every Shareholder by virtue of having become a Shareholder shall be held to have expressly assented and agreed to the terms of this Declaration and the Bylaws and to have become a party hereto and thereto. The death of a Shareholder during the continuance of the Trust shall not operate to terminate the same nor entitle the representative of any deceased Shareholder to an accounting or to take any action in court or elsewhere against the Trust or the Trustees, but only to the rights of said decedent under this Trust. Ownership of Shares shall not entitle the Shareholder to any title in or to the whole or any part of the Trust property or right to call for a partition or division of the same or for an accounting, nor shall the ownership of Shares constitute the Shareholders partners. Neither the Trust nor the Trustees, nor any officer, employee or agent of the Trust, shall have any power to bind personally any Shareholder, nor except as specifically provided herein to call upon any Shareholder for the payment of any sum of money or assessment whatsoever other than such as the Shareholder may at any time personally agree to pay.
ARTICLE IV
THE TRUSTEES
Number and Classes of Trustees and Term of Office
Section 1. Subject to the voting powers of one or more classes or series of Shares as set forth in the Bylaws, the number of Trustees shall be such number as shall be fixed from time to time by a written instrument signed by a majority of the Trustees; provided , however , that the number of Trustees shall in no event be less than three (3) from and after the date when Shares are first sold pursuant to a public offering. The Trustees who are signatories to this Declaration on the date hereof, and such other persons as the Trustee or Trustees then in office shall appoint (to fill a vacancy or otherwise) prior to any sale of Shares pursuant to a public offering, shall each serve until the first meeting of Shareholders at which Trustees are elected (or, if later, until the first meeting of Shareholders at which Trustees of the Class to which such Trustee has been assigned are elected) and until his or her successor is elected and qualified, or until he or she sooner dies, resigns or is removed, subject in each case to the Classes of Trustees and terms created pursuant to this Article IV.
An initial annual meeting of Shareholders or special meeting in lieu thereof shall be called to be held not more than fifteen months after Shares are first sold pursuant to a public offering; subsequent annual meetings of Shareholders or special meetings in lieu thereof (each an annual meeting) shall be held as specified in the Bylaws. Prior to any sale of Shares pursuant to a public offering, the Trustees shall classify themselves, with respect to the time for which
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they severally hold office, into the following three classes: Class I, whose term expires at the initial annual meeting; Class II, whose term expires at the next succeeding annual meeting after the initial annual meeting (the second annual meeting); and Class III, whose term expires at the next succeeding annual meeting after the second annual meeting. Each Class shall consist, as nearly as may be possible, of one-third of the total number of Trustees constituting the entire Board of Trustees. At each annual meeting beginning with the initial annual meeting, the successors of the Class of Trustees whose term expires at that meeting shall be elected to hold office for a term expiring at the annual meeting held in the third year following the year of their election, with each Trustee holding office until the expiration of the term of the relevant Class and the election and qualification of his or her successor, or until he or she sooner dies, resigns, retires, or is disqualified or removed from office. The Trustees shall assign by resolution from their number Trustees to each of the three Classes. The Trustees may also determine by resolution those Trustees in each Class that shall be elected by Shareholders of a particular class of Shares ( e.g. , by a class of preferred Shares issued by the Fund) prior to the initial public offering of such class of Shares.
If the number of Trustees is changed, any increase or decrease shall be apportioned among the Classes, as of the annual meeting of Shareholders next succeeding any such change, so as to maintain a number of Trustees in each Class as nearly equal as possible. No reduction in the number of Trustees shall have the effect of removing any Trustee from office prior to the expiration of his or her term unless the Trustee is specifically removed pursuant to Section 3 of this Article IV at the time of the decrease. Except as provided in this Section 1 or Section 3 of this Article IV, Trustees shall be elected only at an annual meeting of Shareholders.
Continuing Trustee; Definition
Section 2. For purposes of this Declaration and the Bylaws, the term Continuing Trustee shall mean any member of the Board of Trustees who either (a) has been a member of the Board of Trustees for a period of at least thirty-six months (or since the commencement of the Trusts operations, if less than thirty-six months) or (b) was nominated to serve as a member of the Board of Trustees by a majority of the Continuing Trustees then members of the Board of Trustees.
Vacancies; Resignation; Removal
Section 3. From and after the date when Shares are first sold pursuant to a public offering and subject to any voting powers of one or more classes or series of Shares as set forth in this Declaration or in the Bylaws or by resolution of the Board of Trustees, any vacancies occurring in the Board of Trustees may be filled by the Trustees as set forth below. Prior to the date when Shares are first sold pursuant to a public offering, subject to any limitations imposed by the 1940 Act or other applicable law, any vacancies occurring in the Board of Trustees may be filled by the Trustees without any action by or meeting of Shareholders.
Subject to any limitations imposed by the 1940 Act or other applicable law, any vacancy occurring in the Board of Trustees that results from an increase in the number of Trustees may be filled by a majority of the entire Board of Trustees, and any other vacancy occurring in the Board
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of Trustees may be filled by a majority of the Trustees then in office, whether or not sufficient to constitute a quorum, or by a sole remaining Trustee; provided , however , that if the Shareholders of any class or series of Shares are entitled separately to elect one or more Trustees, a majority of the remaining Trustees elected by that class or series or the sole remaining Trustee elected by that class or series may fill any vacancy among the number of Trustees elected by that class or series. A Trustee elected by the Board of Trustees to fill any vacancy occurring in the Board of Trustees shall serve until the next annual meeting of Shareholders and until his successor shall be elected and shall qualify, subject, however, to prior death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal from office. At any annual meeting of Shareholders, any Trustee elected to fill any vacancy occurring in the Board of Trustees that has arisen since the preceding annual meeting of Shareholders (whether or not any such vacancy has been filled by election of a new Trustee by the Board of Trustees) shall hold office for a term that coincides with the remaining term of the Class of Trustee to which such office was previously assigned, if such vacancy arose other than by an increase in the number of Trustees, and until his successor shall be elected and shall qualify. In the event such vacancy arose due to an increase in the number of Trustees, any Trustee so elected to fill such vacancy at an annual meeting shall hold office for a term which coincides with that of the Class of Trustee to which such office has been apportioned as heretofore provided, and until his successor shall be elected and shall qualify.
Any Trustee may resign his trust or retire as a Trustee (without need for prior or subsequent accounting except in the event of removal) by an instrument in writing signed by him and delivered to the President or Secretary or a Trustee of the Trust, and such resignation or retirement shall be effective upon such delivery, or at a later date according to the terms of the instrument. Any Trustee may be removed from office only for Cause (as hereinafter defined) and only (i) by action of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding Shares of the classes or series of Shares entitled to vote for the election of such Trustee, or (ii) by written instrument, signed by at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the remaining Trustees, specifying the date when such removal shall become effective. Cause for these purposes shall require willful misconduct, dishonesty or fraud on the part of the Trustee in the conduct of his office or such Trustee being convicted of a felony.
Effect of Death, Resignation, etc. of a Trustee
Section 4. The death, declination, resignation, retirement, removal, disqualification or incapacity of the Trustees, or any one of them, shall not operate to annul the Trust or to revoke any existing agency created pursuant to the terms of this Declaration.
Powers
Section 5. Subject to the provisions of this Declaration, the business of the Trust shall be managed by the Trustees, and they shall have all powers necessary or convenient to carry out that responsibility. Without limiting the foregoing, the Trustees may adopt Bylaws not inconsistent with this Declaration providing for the conduct of the business of the Trust and may amend and repeal them to the extent and as provided in Article IX, Section 7(c) of this Declaration. Subject to the voting power of one or more classes or series of Shares as set forth in this Declaration or in the Bylaws or by resolution of the Board of Trustees, the Trustees may fill
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vacancies in or add to their number, including vacancies resulting from increases in their number, and may elect and remove such officers and appoint and terminate such agents as they consider appropriate; they may appoint from their own number, and terminate, any one or more committees consisting of one or more Trustees, including an executive committee which may, when the Trustees are not in session, exercise some or all of the power and authority of the Trustees as the Trustees may determine; they may appoint an advisory board, the members of which shall not be Trustees and need not be Shareholders; they may employ one or more custodians of the assets of the Trust and may authorize such custodians to employ subcustodians and to deposit all or any part of such assets in a system or systems for the central handling of securities, retain a transfer agent or a shareholder servicing agent, or both, provide for the distribution of Shares by the Trust, through one or more principal underwriters or otherwise, set record dates for the determination of Shareholders with respect to various matters, and in general delegate such authority as they consider desirable to any officer of the Trust, to any committee of the Trustees and to any agent or employee of the Trust or to any such custodian or underwriter.
Without limiting the foregoing, the Trustees shall have power and authority:
(a) To invest and reinvest cash, and to hold cash uninvested;
(b) To sell, exchange, lend, pledge, mortgage, hypothecate, write options on and lease any or all of the assets of the Trust;
(c) To vote or give assent, or exercise any rights of ownership, with respect to stock or other securities or property; and to execute and deliver proxies or powers of attorney to such person or persons as the Trustees shall deem proper, granting to such person or persons such power and discretion with relation to securities or property as the Trustees shall deem proper;
(d) To exercise powers and rights of subscription or otherwise which in any manner arise out of ownership of securities;
(e) To hold any security or property in a form not indicating any trust, whether in bearer, unregistered or other negotiable form, or in the name of the Trustees or of the Trust or in the name of a custodian, subcustodian or other depository or a nominee or nominees or otherwise;
(f) To the extent necessary or appropriate to give effect to the preferences, special or relative rights and privileges of any classes or series of Shares, to allocate assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the Trust to a particular class or classes or series of Shares or to apportion the same among two or more classes or series;
(g) To consent to or participate in any plan for the reorganization, consolidation or merger of any corporation or issuer, any security of which is or was held in the Trust; to consent to any contract, lease, mortgage, purchase or sale of property by such corporation or issuer, and to pay calls or subscriptions with respect to any security held in the Trust;
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(h) To join with other security holders in acting through a committee, depositary, voting trustee or otherwise, and in that connection to deposit any security with, or transfer any security to, any such committee, depositary or trustee, and to delegate to them such power and authority with relation to any security (whether or not so deposited or transferred) as the Trustees shall deem proper, and to agree to pay, and to pay, such portion of the expenses and compensation of such committee, depositary or trustee as the Trustees shall deem proper;
(i) To compromise, arbitrate or otherwise adjust claims in favor of or against the Trust on any matter in controversy, including but not limited to claims for taxes;
(j) To enter into joint ventures, general or limited partnerships, limited liability companies, and any other combinations or associations;
(k) To borrow funds;
(l) To endorse or guarantee the payment of any notes or other obligations of any person; to make contracts of guaranty or suretyship, or otherwise assume liability for payment thereof; and to mortgage and pledge the Trust property or any part thereof to secure any of or all of such obligations;
(m) To purchase and pay for entirely out of Trust property such insurance as they may deem necessary or appropriate for the conduct of the business of the Trust, including, without limitation, insurance policies insuring the assets of the Trust and payment of distributions and principal on its portfolio investments, and insurance policies insuring the Shareholders, Trustees, officers, employees, agents, investment advisers, sub-advisers or managers, principal underwriters or independent contractors of the Trust individually against all claims and liabilities of every nature arising by reason of holding, being or having held any such office or position, or by reason of any action alleged to have been taken or omitted by any such person as Shareholder, Trustee, officer, employee, agent, investment adviser, sub-adviser or manager, principal underwriter or independent contractor, including any action taken or omitted that may be determined to constitute negligence, whether or not the Trust would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability;
(n) To pay pensions for faithful service, as deemed appropriate by the Trustees, and to adopt, establish and carry out pension, profit-sharing, share bonus, share purchase, savings, thrift and other retirement, incentive and benefit plans, trusts and provisions, including the purchasing of life insurance and annuity contracts as a means of providing such retirement and other benefits, for any or all of the Trustees, officers, employees and agents of the Trust;
(o) To purchase or otherwise acquire Shares; and
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(p) To engage in any other lawful act or activity in which business corporations organized under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts may engage.
The Trustees shall not in any way be bound or limited by any present or future law or custom in regard to investments by trustees. Except as otherwise provided herein or from time to time in the Bylaws, any action to be taken by the Trustees may be taken by a majority of the Trustees present at a meeting of the Trustees (a quorum being present), within or without Massachusetts. Except as otherwise provided herein or from time to time in the Bylaws, any action to be taken by the Trustees may be taken at a meeting held by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time and participation by such means shall constitute presence in person at a meeting, or by written consents of a majority of the Trustees then in office (or such greater number as may be required by this Declaration, the Bylaws or applicable law).
Payment of Expenses by the Trust
Section 6. The Trustees are authorized to pay, or to cause to be paid out of the principal or income, or partly out of principal and partly out of income, of the Trust as they deem fair, all expenses, fees, charges, taxes and liabilities incurred or arising in connection with the Trust, or in connection with the management thereof, including, but not limited to, the Trustees compensation and such expenses and charges for the services of the Trusts officers, employees, investment advisers, sub-advisers or managers, principal underwriters, auditors, counsel, custodians, transfer agents, shareholder servicing agents, and such other agents or independent contractors and such other expenses and charges as the Trustees may deem necessary or proper to incur.
Ownership of Assets of the Trust
Section 7. Title to all of the assets of the Trust and each series and class of Shares shall at all times be considered as vested in the Trustees.
Advisory, Management and Distribution
Section 8. The Trustees may, at any time and from time to time, contract for exclusive or nonexclusive advisory and/or management services with one or more corporations, trusts, associations or other organizations (each, a Manager), every such contract to comply with such requirements and restrictions as may be set forth in the Bylaws; and any such contract may provide for one or more sub-advisers or other agents who shall perform all or part of the obligations of the relevant Manager under such contract and contain such other terms interpretive of or in addition to said requirements and restrictions as the Trustees may determine, including, without limitation, authority to determine from time to time what investments shall be purchased, held, sold, or exchanged and what portion, if any, of the assets of the Trust shall be held uninvested and to make changes in the Trusts investments. The Trustees may also, at any time and from time to time, contract with one or more Managers or other corporations, trusts,
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associations or other organizations, appointing it or them exclusive or nonexclusive distributor(s) and/or principal underwriter(s) for the Shares, every such contract to comply with such requirements and restrictions as may be set forth in the Bylaws; and any such contract may contain such other terms interpretive of or in addition to said requirements and restrictions as the Trustees may determine.
The fact that:
(i) any of the Shareholders, Trustees or officers of the Trust is a shareholder, director, officer, partner, trustee, employee, manager, adviser, sub-adviser, principal underwriter or distributor or agent of or for any corporation, partnership, trust, association or other organization, or of or for any parent or affiliate of any organization, with which an advisory, sub-advisory or management contract, or principal underwriters or distributors contract, or transfer, shareholder servicing or other agency contract may have been or may hereafter be made or that any such organization, or any parent or affiliate thereof, is a Shareholder or has an interest in the Trust, or that
(ii) any corporation, trust, association or other organization with which an advisory, sub-advisory or management contract or principal underwriters or distributors contract or transfer, shareholder servicing or other agency contract may have been or may hereafter be made also has an advisory, sub-advisory or management contract, or principal underwriters or distributors contract or transfer, shareholder servicing or other agency contract with one or more other corporations, trusts, associations or other organizations, or has other business or interests,
shall not affect the validity of any such contract or disqualify any Shareholder, Trustee or officer of the Trust from voting upon or executing the same or create any liability or accountability to the Trust or its Shareholders.
Address of the Trustees and Agent for Service of Process
Section 9. The principal address of the Trustees on the date hereof is c/o Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP, 31 West 52 nd Street, 16 th Floor, New York, New York 10019. The name and address of the resident agent of the Trust on the date hereof in The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is Corporation Service Company, 84 State Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02109. Each Trustee may change his principal address, and the Trustees may appoint a new or successor resident agent of the Trust, in each case at any time in his or their sole discretion.
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ARTICLE V
SHAREHOLDERS VOTING POWERS AND MEETINGS
General
Section 1. Except as otherwise provided in this Article V or elsewhere in this Declaration, Shareholders shall have such power to vote as is provided for in, and shall and may hold meetings and take actions pursuant to, the provisions of the Bylaws.
Voting Powers as to Certain Transactions
Section 2.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b) of this Section 2, the affirmative vote or consent of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Trustees of the Trust and at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Shares outstanding and entitled to vote thereon shall be necessary to authorize any of the following actions:
(i) the merger or consolidation or share exchange of the Trust or any series or class of Shares with or into any other person or company (including, without limitation, a partnership, corporation, joint venture, business trust, common law trust or any other business organization) or of any such person or company with or into the Trust or any series or class of Shares;
(ii) the issuance or transfer by the Trust or any series or class of Shares (in one or more series of transactions in any twelve-month period) of any securities of the Trust or such series or class to any other person or entity for cash, securities or other property (or combination thereof) having an aggregate fair market value of $1,000,000 or more, excluding (i) sales of any securities of the Trust or a series or class in connection with a public offering thereof, (ii) issuance of securities of the Trust or a series or class pursuant to a dividend reinvestment plan adopted by the Trustees and (iii) issuances of securities of the Trust or a series or class upon the exercise of any stock subscription rights distributed by the Trust or a series or class;
(iii) a sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition by the Trust or any series or class of Shares (in one or a series of transactions in any twelve-month period) to or with any person of any assets of the Trust or such series or class having an aggregate fair market value of $1,000,000 or more, except for transactions in securities effected by the Trust or a series or class in the ordinary course of business;
(iv) any Shareholder proposal as to specific investment decisions made or to be made with respect to the assets of the Trust or a series or class of Shares.
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(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in paragraph (a) of this Section 2, so long as each action is approved by both a majority of the entire Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees, and so long as all other conditions and requirements, if any, provided for in the Bylaws and applicable law have been satisfied, then no Shareholder vote or consent shall be necessary or required to approve any of the actions listed in paragraphs (a)(i), (a)(ii), (a)(iii) or (a)(iv) of this Section 2, except to the extent such Shareholder vote or consent is required by the 1940 Act or other applicable law.
Conversion to Open-End Company
Section 3. Notwithstanding any other provisions in this Declaration or the Bylaws, the conversion of the Trust or any series of Shares from a closed-end company to an open-end company, as those terms are defined in Sections 5(a)(2) and 5(a)(1), respectively, of the 1940 Act (as in effect on the date of this Declaration), together with any necessary amendments to this Declaration to permit such a conversion, shall require the affirmative vote or consent of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of each class of Shares outstanding and entitled to vote on the matter, unless a majority of the Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees entitled to vote on the matter approve such conversion and related actions. In the event of such approval by the Trustees and the Continuing Trustees as referred to in the preceding sentence, the 1940 Act shall govern whether and to what extent a vote or consent of Shares shall be required to approve such conversion and related actions. Any affirmative vote or consent required under this Section 3 shall be in addition to the vote or consent of the Shareholders otherwise required by law or by any agreement between the Trust and any national securities exchange.
ARTICLE VI
DISTRIBUTIONS AND DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
Distributions
Section 1. The Trustees may each year, or more frequently if they so desire, but need not, distribute to the Shareholders of any or all classes or series of Shares such income and gains, accrued or realized, as the Trustees may determine, after providing for actual and accrued expenses and liabilities (including such reserves as the Trustees may establish) determined in accordance with good accounting practices and subject to the preferences, special or relative rights and privileges of the various classes or series of Shares. The Trustees shall have full discretion to determine which items shall be treated as income and which items as capital and their determination shall be binding upon the Shareholders. Distributions of income for each year or other period, if any be made, may be made in one or more payments, which shall be in Shares, in cash or otherwise and on a date or dates and as of a record date or dates determined by the Trustees. At any time and from time to time in their discretion, the Trustees may distribute to the Shareholders as of a record date or dates determined by the Trustees, in Shares, in cash or otherwise, all or part of any gains realized on the sale or disposition of property or otherwise, or all or part of any other principal of the Trust. Each distribution pursuant to this Section 1 to the Shareholders of a particular class or series shall be made ratably according to the number of
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Shares of such class or series held by the several Shareholders on the applicable record date thereof, provided that no distribution need be made on Shares purchased pursuant to orders received, or for which payment is made, after such time or times as the Trustees may determine. Any such distribution paid in Shares will be paid at the net asset value thereof as determined in accordance with Section 2 of this Article VI, or at such other value as may be specified by the Bylaws or as the Trustees may from time to time determine, subject to applicable laws and regulations then in effect.
Determination of Net Asset Value
Section 2. The net asset value per share of each class and each series of Shares of the Trust shall be determined in accordance with the 1940 Act and any related procedures adopted by the Trustees from time to time. Determinations made under and pursuant to this Section 2 in good faith and in accordance with the provisions of the 1940 Act shall be binding on all parties concerned.
ARTICLE VII
COMPENSATION AND LIMITATION
OF LIABILITY OF TRUSTEES
Compensation
Section 1. The Trustees as such shall be entitled to reasonable compensation from the Trust; they may fix the amount of their compensation. Nothing herein shall in any way prevent the Trusts employment of any Trustee for advisory, management, legal, accounting, investment banking, underwriting, brokerage or other services and payment for the same by the Trust.
Limitation of Liability
Section 2. The Trustees shall not be responsible or liable in any event for any neglect or wrongdoing of any officer, agent, employee, adviser, sub-adviser, manager or principal underwriter of the Trust, nor shall any Trustee be responsible for the act or omission of any other Trustee, but nothing herein contained shall protect any Trustee against any liability to which he or she would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.
Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate, Share or undertaking and every other act or thing whatsoever executed or done by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees or any of them in connection with the Trust shall be conclusively deemed to have been executed or done only in or with respect to their or his or her capacity as Trustees or Trustee, and such Trustees or Trustee shall not be personally liable thereon.
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ARTICLE VIII
INDEMNIFICATION
Trustees, Officers etc.
Section 1. The Trust shall indemnify each of its Trustees and officers (including persons who serve at the Trusts request as directors, officers or trustees of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise) (hereinafter referred to as a Covered Person) against all liabilities and expenses, including but not limited to amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or as fines and penalties, and counsel fees reasonably incurred by any Covered Person in connection with the defense or disposition of any action, suit or other proceeding, whether civil or criminal, before any court or administrative or legislative body, in which such Covered Person may be or may have been involved as a party or otherwise or with which such person may be or may have been threatened, while in office or thereafter, by reason of being or having been such a Covered Person, except with respect to any matter as to which such Covered Person shall have been finally adjudicated in a decision on the merits in any such action, suit or other proceeding not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Persons action was in the best interests of the Trust and except that no Covered Person shall be indemnified against any liability to the Trust or its Shareholders to which such Covered Person would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered Persons office. Expenses, including counsel fees so incurred by any such Covered Person (but excluding amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or as fines or penalties), may be paid from time to time by the Trust in advance of the final disposition of any such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such Covered Person to repay amounts so paid to the Trust if it is ultimately determined that indemnification of such expenses is not authorized under this Article VIII, provided , that (a) such Covered Person shall provide security for his or her undertaking, (b) the Trust shall be insured against losses arising by reason of such Covered Persons failure to fulfill his or her undertaking, or (c) a majority of the Trustees who are disinterested persons and who are not Interested Persons of the Trust (provided that a majority of such Trustees then in office act on the matter), or independent legal counsel in a written opinion, shall determine, based on a review of readily available facts (but not a full trial-type inquiry), that there is reason to believe such Covered Person ultimately will be entitled to indemnification.
Compromise Payment
Section 2. As to any matter disposed of (whether by a compromise payment, pursuant to a consent decree or otherwise) without an adjudication in a decision on the merits by a court, or by any other body before which the proceeding was brought, that such Covered Person either (a) did not act in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Persons action was in the best interests of the Trust or (b) is liable to the Trust or its Shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered Persons office, indemnification shall be provided if (x) approved as in the best interest of the Trust, after notice that it involves such indemnification,
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by at least a majority of the Trustees who are disinterested persons and are not Interested Persons of the Trust (provided that a majority of such Trustees then in office act on the matter), upon a determination, based upon a review of readily available facts (but not a full trial-type inquiry), that such Covered Person acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Persons action was in the best interests of the Trust and is not liable to the Trust or its Shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered Persons office, or (y) there has been obtained an opinion in writing of independent legal counsel, based upon a review of readily available facts (but not a full trial-type inquiry), to the effect that such Covered Person appears to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Persons action was in the best interests of the Trust and that such indemnification would not protect such Covered Person against any liability to the Trust to which such Covered Person would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office. Any approval pursuant to this Section 2 shall not prevent the recovery from any Covered Person of any amount paid to such Covered Person in accordance with this Section 2 as indemnification if such Covered Person is subsequently adjudicated by a court of competent jurisdiction not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Persons action was in the best interests of the Trust or to have been liable to the Trust or its Shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered Persons office.
Rebuttable Presumption
Section 3. For purposes of the determination or opinion referred to in clause (c) of Section 1 of this Article VIII or clauses (x) or (y) of Section 2 of this Article VIII, the majority of disinterested Trustees acting on the matter or independent legal counsel, as the case may be, shall be entitled to rely upon a rebuttable presumption that the Covered Person has not engaged in willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered Persons office.
Indemnification Not Exclusive
Section 4. The right of indemnification hereby provided shall not be exclusive of or affect any other rights to which any such Covered Person may be entitled. As used in this Article VIII, the term Covered Person shall include such persons heirs, executors and administrators, and a disinterested person is a person against whom none of the actions, suits or other proceedings in question or another action, suit or other proceeding on the same or similar grounds is then or has been pending. Nothing contained in this Article VIII shall affect any rights to indemnification to which personnel of the Trust, other than Trustees and officers, and other persons may be entitled by contract or otherwise under law, nor the power of the Trust to purchase and maintain liability insurance on behalf of such person; provided , however , that the Trust shall not purchase or maintain any such liability insurance in contravention of the 1940 Act or other applicable law.
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Shareholders
Section 5. In case any Shareholder or former Shareholder shall be held to be personally liable solely by reason of his or her being or having been a Shareholder and not because of his or her acts or omissions or for some other reason, the Shareholder or former Shareholder (or his or her heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives or, in the case of a corporation or other entity, its corporate or other general successor) shall be entitled to be held harmless from and indemnified against all loss and expense arising from such liability.
ARTICLE IX
MISCELLANEOUS
Trustees, Shareholders etc. Not Personally Liable; Notice
Section 1. All persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Trust or a particular series or class of Shares shall look only to the assets of the Trust or the assets of that particular series or class of Shares for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Shareholders nor the Trustees, nor any of the Trusts officers, employees or agents, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor. Nothing in this Declaration shall protect any Trustee against any liability to which such Trustee would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee.
Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking made or issued by the Trustees or by any officer or officers shall give notice that this Declaration is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and shall recite that the same was executed or made by or on behalf of the Trust or by them as Trustee or Trustees or as officer or officers and not individually and that the obligations of such instrument are not binding upon any of them or the Shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Trust, and may contain such further recital as he or she or they may deem appropriate, but the omission thereof shall not operate to bind any Trustee or Trustees or officer or officers or Shareholder or Shareholders individually.
Trustees and Officers Good Faith Action, Expert Advice, No Bond or Surety
Section 2. The exercise by the Trustees of their powers and discretions hereunder shall be binding upon everyone interested. A Trustee or officer shall be liable for his or her own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee or officer, and for nothing else, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Trustees or officers may take advice of counsel or other experts with respect to the meaning and operation of this Declaration, and shall be under no liability for any act or omission in accordance with such advice or for failing to follow such advice. The Trustees and officers shall not be required to give any bond as such, nor any surety if a bond is required.
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For purposes of (a) any standard of care applicable to a Trustee in the discharge of his or her duties as a trustee and (b) indemnification of a Trustee pursuant to Article VIII of this Declaration of Trust, the conduct of the Trustee shall be evaluated solely by reference to a hypothetical reasonable person, without regard to any special expertise, knowledge or other qualifications of the Trustee. In particular, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, neither the determination that a Trustee is an audit committee financial expert nor the knowledge, experience or other qualifications underlying such a determination shall result in that Trustee being held to a standard of care that is higher than the standard that would be applicable in the absence of such a determination or such knowledge, experience or qualification, nor shall such a determination or such knowledge, experience or other qualification impose any duties, obligations or liabilities that are greater than would obtain in the absence of such a determination or such knowledge, experience or qualification.
Liability of Third Persons Dealing with Trustees
Section 3. No person dealing with the Trustees shall be bound to make any inquiry concerning the validity of any transaction made or to be made by the Trustees or to see to the application of any payments made or property transferred to the Trust or upon its order.
Duration and Termination of Trust
Section 4. Unless terminated as provided herein, the Trust shall continue without limitation of time. Subject to the voting powers of one or more classes or series of Shares as set forth in the Bylaws, the Trust may be terminated at any time (i) by vote or consent of Shareholders holding at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Shares entitled to vote or (ii) by vote or consent of majority of the entire Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees upon written notice to the Shareholders. Any series or class of Shares may be terminated at any time (x) by vote or consent of Shareholders holding at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Shares of such series of class entitled to vote or (y) by vote or consent of majority of the entire Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees upon written notice to the Shareholders of such series or class. For the avoidance of any doubt and notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Declaration, Shareholders shall have no separate right to vote with respect to the termination of the Trust or a series of class of Shares if the Trustees (including the Continuing Trustees) exercise their right to terminate the Trust or such series or class pursuant to clauses (ii) and (y) of this Section 4.
Upon termination of the Trust or of any one or more series or classes of Shares, after paying or otherwise providing for all charges, taxes, expenses and liabilities, whether due or accrued or anticipated, of the Trust or of the particular series or class, as may be determined by the Trustees, the Trust shall in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees consider appropriate reduce the remaining assets to distributable form in cash or shares or other property, or any combination thereof, and distribute the proceeds to the Shareholders of the series or class(es) involved, ratably according to the number of Shares of such series or class held by the
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several Shareholders on the date of termination, except to the extent otherwise required or permitted by the preferences and special or relative rights and privileges of any classes or series of Shares.
Filing of Copies, References, Headings
Section 5. The original or a copy of this instrument and of each amendment hereto shall be kept at the office of the Trust, where it may be inspected by any Shareholder. A copy of this instrument and of each amendment hereto shall be filed by the Trust with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as any other governmental office where such filing may from time to time be required. Anyone dealing with the Trust may rely on a certificate by an officer of the Trust as to whether or not any such amendments have been made and as to any matters in connection with the Trust hereunder; and, with the same effect as if it were the original, may rely on a copy certified by an officer of the Trust to be a copy of this instrument or of any such amendments. In this instrument and in any such amendment, references to this instrument, and all expressions like herein, hereof, and hereunder, shall be deemed to refer to this instrument as amended or affected by any such amendments. Headings are placed herein for convenience of reference only and shall not be taken as a part hereof or control or affect the meaning, construction or effect of this instrument. This instrument may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original.
Applicable Law
Section 6 . This Declaration is made in The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and it is created under and is to be governed by and construed and administered according to the laws of said Commonwealth. The Trust shall be of the type commonly called a Massachusetts business trust, and without limiting the provisions hereof, the Trust may exercise all powers which are ordinarily exercised by such a trust.
Amendments
Section 7 . (a) Except to the extent that the Bylaws or applicable law may require a higher vote or the separate vote of one or more classes or series of Shares, and except as provided in paragraph (b) of this Section 7, this Declaration may be amended at any time by an instrument in writing signed by a majority of the then Trustees (1) when authorized so to do by a vote of Shareholders holding a majority of the Shares entitled to vote or (2) without Shareholder approval as may be necessary or desirable in order to authorize one or more classes or series of Shares as in Section 1 of Article III hereof. Amendments having the purpose of changing the name of the Trust or of supplying any omission, curing any ambiguity or curing, correcting or supplementing any defective or inconsistent provision contained herein shall not require authorization by Shareholder vote.
(b) Except to the extent that the Bylaws or applicable law may require a higher vote or the separate vote of one or more classes or series of Shares, no amendment may be made under this Section 7 which shall amend, alter, change or repeal any of the following provisions hereof: Article III, Sections 4, 5, 6 or 7; Article IV, Sections 1, 2 and 3; each Section of Article V;
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Article VII, Section 2; each Section of Article VIII; or this Article IX, Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 7(b) or 7(c); unless, in each case, the amendment effecting such amendment, alteration, change or repeal shall be effected by an instrument in writing signed by a majority of the then Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees and shall receive the affirmative vote or consent of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the Shares entitled to vote; provided , however , that such affirmative vote or consent shall be in addition to the vote or consent of the Shareholders otherwise required by applicable law or by the terms of any agreement between the Trust and any national securities exchange.
(c) Except to the extent that the Bylaws or applicable law requires a vote or consent of Shareholders, the Board of Trustees shall have the sole power and authority to adopt, amend, alter, change or repeal any Bylaw of the Trust, if the resolution or writing adopting, amending, altering, changing or repealing any such Bylaw is approved or signed by a majority of the Board of Trustees; provided , however , that the approval of a majority of the Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees shall be required for (i) any amendment, alteration, change or repeal of Section 10 of the Bylaws and (ii) any amendment, alteration, change or repeal of any other Section or provision of the Bylaws designated from time to time by resolution of a majority of the Board of Trustees and seventy-five percent (75%) of the Continuing Trustees to require such approval.
Address of the Trust
Section 8. As of the date hereof, the principal address of the Trust is c/o Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP, 31 West 52 nd Street, 16 th Floor, New York, New York 10019. The Trustees may change the principal address of the Trust to any location within or without The Commonwealth of Massachusetts as they shall determine in their sole discretion.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, all of the Trustees as aforesaid do hereto set their hands this 17th day of November, 2010.
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/s/ Alan Brott |
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Alan Brott |
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/s/ Heath B. McLendon |
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Heath B. McLendon |
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/s/ Patrick Sheehan |
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Patrick Sheehan |
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/s/ Thomas W. Brock |
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Thomas W. Brock |
Exhibit b
AMENDED AND RESTATED
BYLAWS
of
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
(Dated as of November 17, 2010)
ARTICLE 1
Agreement and Declaration of Trust and Principal Office
1.1 Principal Office of the Trust . Unless otherwise determined by the trustees, a principal office of the Trust shall be located in New York, New York. The Trust may have other principal offices within or without The Commonwealth of Massachusetts as the Trustees may determine or as they may authorize.
1.2 Agreement and Declaration of Trust . These Amended and Restated Bylaws (the Bylaws) shall be subject to the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended or restated from time to time (the Declaration of Trust), of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund, the Massachusetts business trust established by the Declaration of Trust (the Trust). Capitalized terms used in these Bylaws and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Declaration of Trust.
ARTICLE 2
Meetings of Trustees
2.1 Regular Meetings . Regular meetings of the Trustees may be held without call or notice at such places and at such times as the Trustees may from time to time determine, provided that notice of the first regular meeting following any such determination shall be given to absent Trustees. A regular meeting of the Trustees may be held without call or notice immediately after and at the same place as the annual meeting of the Shareholders.
2.2 Special Meetings . Special meetings of the Trustees may be held at any time and at any place designated in the call of the meeting when called by the Chairman of the Trustees, the President or the Treasurer or by two or more Trustees, sufficient notice thereof being given to each Trustee by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or by the officer or the Trustees calling the meeting.
2.3 Notice . It shall be sufficient notice to a Trustee of a special meeting to send notice (a) by mail at least seven days before the meeting; (b) by courier at least forty-eight hours before the meeting, (c) by e-mail, telegram, telex or telecopy or other electronic facsimile transmission method at least twenty-four hours before the meeting, addressed to the Trustee at his or her usual or last known business or residence address or (d) to give notice to him or her in person or by telephone at least twenty-four hours before the meeting. Notice of a meeting need not be given to any Trustee if a written waiver of notice, executed by him or her, before or after
the meeting, is filed with the records of the meeting, or to any Trustee who attends the meeting without protesting prior thereto or at its commencement the lack of notice to him or her. Neither notice of a meeting nor a waiver of a notice need specify the purposes of the meeting.
2.4 Quorum . At any meeting of the Trustees a majority of the Trustees then in office shall constitute a quorum. Any meeting may be adjourned from time to time by a majority of the votes cast upon the question, whether or not a quorum is present, and the meeting may be held as adjourned without further notice.
ARTICLE 3
Officers and Chairman of the Trustees
3.1 Enumeration; Qualification . The officers of the Trust shall be a President, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Chief Compliance Officer and such other officers, if any, as the Trustees from time to time may in their discretion elect. The Trust may also have such agents as the Trustees from time to time may in their discretion appoint. Any officer may but need not be a Trustee or a Shareholder. Any two or more offices may be held by the same person.
3.2 Election . The President, the Treasurer, and the Secretary shall be elected annually by the Trustees. Other officers, if any, may be elected or appointed by the Trustees at the same meeting at which the President, Treasurer and Secretary are elected, or at any other time. If required by the 1940 Act, the Chief Compliance Officer shall be elected or appointed by a majority of the trustees, as well as a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust (Independent Trustees), and otherwise in accordance with Rule 38a-1 (or any successor rule) under the 1940 Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time (Rule 38a-1). Vacancies in any office may be filled at any time.
3.3 Tenure . The Chairman of the Trustees, if one is elected, the President, the Treasurer, the Secretary and the Chief Compliance Officer shall hold office until their respective successors are chosen and qualified, or in each case until he or she sooner dies, resigns, is removed with or without cause or becomes disqualified, provided that, if required by the 1940 Act, any removal of the Chief Compliance Officer shall be in accordance with Rule 38a-1. Each other officer shall hold office and each agent of the Trust shall retain authority at the pleasure of the Trustees.
3.4 Powers . Subject to the other provisions of these Bylaws, each officer shall have, in addition to the duties and powers herein and in the Declaration of Trust set forth, such duties and powers as are commonly incident to the office occupied by him or her as if the Trust were organized as a Massachusetts business corporation and such other duties and powers as the Trustees may from time to time designate.
3.5 Chairman of the Trustees. There shall be an office of the Chairman of the Trustees, which shall serve on behalf of the Trustees, but shall not be an officer of the Trust. The
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office of the Chairman of the Trustees may be held by more than one person. Any Chairman of the Trustees shall be elected by a majority of the Trustees, as well as a majority of the Independent Trustees if required by the 1940 Act. If required by the 1940 Act, any Chairman of the Trustees shall be an Independent Trustee and may, but need not, be a Shareholder. The powers and the duties of the Chairman of the Trustees shall include any and all such powers and duties relating to the operations of the Trustees as, from time to time, may be conferred upon or assigned to such office by the Trustees or as may be required by law, provided that the Chairman of the Trustees shall have no individual authority to act for the Trust as an officer of the Trust. In carrying out the responsibilities and duties of the office, the Chairman of the Trustees may seek assistance and input from other Trustees or Committees of the Trustees, officers of the Trust and the Trusts investment adviser(s) and other service providers, as deemed necessary or appropriate. The Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees if required by the 1940 Act, may appoint one or more persons to perform the duties of the Chairman of the Trustees, in the event of his absence at any meeting or in the event of his disability.
3.6 President; Vice President . The President shall be the chief executive officer. Any Vice President shall have such duties and powers as may be designated from time to time by the Trustees or the President.
3.7 Treasurer; Assistant Treasurer . The Treasurer shall be the chief financial and accounting officer of the Trust, and shall, subject to the provisions of the Declaration of Trust and to any arrangement made by the Trustees with a custodian, investment adviser, sub-adviser or manager, or transfer, shareholder servicing or similar agent, be in charge of the valuable papers, books of account and accounting records of the Trust, and shall have such other duties and powers as may be designated from time to time by the Trustees or by the President. Any Assistant Treasurer shall have such duties and powers as may be designated from time to time by the Trustees or the President.
3.8 Secretary; Assistant Secretary . The Secretary shall record all proceedings of the Shareholders and the Trustees in books to be kept therefor, which books or a copy thereof shall be kept at the principal office of the Trust. In the absence of the Secretary from any meeting of the Shareholders or Trustees, an Assistant Secretary, or if there be none or if he or she is absent, a temporary secretary chosen at such meeting shall record the proceedings thereof in the aforesaid books. Any Assistant Secretary shall have such duties and powers as may be designated from time to time by the Trustees or the President.
3.9 Chief Compliance Officer . The Chief Compliance Officer shall perform the duties and have the responsibilities of the chief compliance officer of the Trust, including if required by the 1940 Act any such duties and responsibilities imposed by Rule 38a-1, and shall have such other duties and powers as may be designated from time to time by the Trustees.
3.10 Resignations . Any officer may resign at any time by written instrument signed by him or her and delivered to the Chairman of the Trustees, if any, the President or the Secretary,
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or to a meeting of the Trustees. Such resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless specified to be effective at some other time. Except to the extent expressly provided in a written agreement with the Trust, no officer resigning and no officer removed shall have any right to any compensation for any period following his or her resignation or removal, or any right to damages on account of such removal.
ARTICLE 4
Committees
4.1 Quorum; Voting . Except as provided below or as otherwise specifically provided in the resolutions constituting a Committee of the Trustees and providing for the conduct of its meetings, a majority of the members of any Committee of the Trustees shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and any action of such a Committee may be taken at a meeting by a vote of a majority of the members present (a quorum being present) or evidenced by one or more writings signed by such a majority. Members of a Committee may participate in a meeting of such Committee by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time and participation by such means shall constitute presence in person at a meeting.
With respect to a Valuation Committee of the Trustees, if any, one or more of the Committee members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
Except as specifically provided in the resolutions constituting a Committee of the Trustees and providing for the conduct of its meetings, Article 2, Section 2.3 of these Bylaws relating to special meetings shall govern the notice requirements for Committee meetings, except that it shall be sufficient notice to any Valuation Committee of the Trustees to send notice by e-mail, telegram, telex or telecopy or other electronic means (including by telephone voice-message) at least fifteen minutes before the meeting.
ARTICLE 5
Reports
5.1 General . The Trustees and officers shall render reports at the time and in the manner required by the Declaration of Trust or any applicable law. Officers and Committees shall render such additional reports as they may deem desirable or as may from time to time be required by the Trustees.
ARTICLE 6
Fiscal Year
6.1 General . Except as from time to time otherwise provided by the Trustees, the initial fiscal year of the Trust shall end on such date as is determined in advance or in arrears by the Treasurer, and the subsequent fiscal years shall end on such date in subsequent years.
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ARTICLE 7
Seal
7.1 General . The seal of the Trust shall, subject to alteration by the Trustees, consist of a flat-faced die with the word Massachusetts, together with the name of the Trust and the year of its organization cut or engraved thereon; provided, however, that unless otherwise required by the Trustees, the seal shall not be necessary to be placed on, and its absence shall not impair the validity of, any document, instrument or other paper executed and delivered by or on behalf of the Trust.
ARTICLE 8
Execution of Papers
8.1 General . Except as the Trustees may generally or in particular cases authorize the execution thereof in some other manner, all deeds, leases, transfers, contracts, bonds, notes, checks, drafts and other obligations made, accepted or endorsed by the Trust shall be executed by the President, any Vice President, the Treasurer or by whomever else shall be designated for that purpose by vote of the Trustees, and need not bear the seal of the Trust.
ARTICLE 9
Issuance of Share Certificates
9.1 Share Certificates . Each Shareholder shall be entitled to a certificate stating the number of Shares (as defined in the Declaration of Trust) owned by him or her, in such form as shall be prescribed from time to time by the Trustees. Such certificates shall be signed by the President or any Vice President and by the Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer. Such signatures may be by facsimile if the certificate is signed by a transfer agent, or by a registrar, other than a Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust. In case any officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed on such certificate shall cease to be such officer before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Trust with the same effect as if he or she were such officer at the time of its issuance.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in lieu of issuing certificates for Shares, the Trustees or the transfer agent may either issue receipts therefor or may keep accounts upon the books of the Trust for the record holders of such Shares, who shall in either case be deemed, for all purposes hereunder, to be the holders of certificates for such Shares as if they had accepted such certificates and shall be held to have expressly assented and agreed to the terms hereof.
9.2 Loss of Certificates . In case of the alleged loss or destruction or the mutilation of a share certificate, a duplicate certificate may be issued in place thereof, upon such terms as the Trustees shall prescribe.
9.3 Issuance of New Certificates to Pledgee . A pledgee of Shares transferred as collateral security shall be entitled to a new certificate if the instrument of transfer substantially
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describes the debt or duty that is intended to be secured thereby. Such new certificate shall express on its face that it is held as collateral security, and the name of pledgor shall be stated thereon, who alone shall be liable as a Shareholder and entitled to vote thereon.
9.4 Discontinuance of Issuance of Certificates . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Article 9, the Trustees may at any time discontinue the issuance of share certificates and may, by written notice to each Shareholder, require the surrender of share certificates to the Trust for cancellation. Such surrender and cancellation shall not affect the ownership of Shares in the Trust.
ARTICLE 10
Shareholders Voting Powers and Meetings
10.1 Voting Powers . The Shareholders shall have power to vote only (i) for the election or removal of Trustees as provided in Article IV, Sections 1 and 3 of the Declaration of Trust, (ii) with respect to any Manager or sub-adviser as provided in Article IV, Section 8 of the Declaration of Trust to the extent required by the 1940 Act, (iii) with respect to certain transactions and other matters to the extent and as provided in Article V, Sections 2 and 3 of the Declaration of Trust, (iv) with respect to any termination of this Trust to the extent and as provided in Article IX, Section 4 of the Declaration of Trust, (v) with respect to any amendment of the Declaration of Trust to the extent and as provided in Article IX, Section 7 of the Declaration of Trust, (vi) to the same extent as the stockholders of a Massachusetts business corporation as to whether or not a court action, proceeding or claim should or should not be brought or maintained derivatively or as a class action on behalf of the Trust or the Shareholders, and (vii) with respect to such additional matters relating to the Trust as may be required by law, the Declaration of Trust, these Bylaws, any registration of the Trust with the Securities and Exchange Commission (or any successor agency) or any state, or any agreement of the Trust with any national securities exchange or as the Trustees may consider necessary or desirable. Each whole Share shall be entitled to one vote as to any matter on which it is entitled to vote and each fractional Share shall be entitled to a proportionate fractional vote, except as otherwise provided in the Declaration of Trust, these Bylaws, or required by applicable law. Except as otherwise provided in the Declaration of Trust or in respect of the terms of a class of preferred shares of beneficial interest of the Trust as reflected in these Bylaws or required by applicable law, all Shares of the Trust then entitled to vote shall be voted in the aggregate as a single class without regard to classes or series of Shares. There shall be no cumulative voting in the election of Trustees. Shares may be voted in person or by proxy. A proxy with respect to Shares held in the name of two or more persons shall be valid if executed by any one of them unless at or prior to exercise of the proxy the Trust receives a specific written notice to the contrary from any one of them. The placing of a Shareholders name on a proxy pursuant to telephonic or electronically transmitted instructions obtained pursuant to procedures reasonably designed to verify that such instructions have been authorized by such Shareholder shall constitute execution of such proxy by or on behalf of such Shareholder. A proxy purporting to be executed by or on behalf of a Shareholder shall be deemed valid unless challenged at or prior to its exercise and the
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burden of proving invalidity shall rest on the challenger. Until Shares of a particular class or series are issued, the Trustees may exercise all rights of Shareholders and may take any action required by law, the Declaration of Trust or these Bylaws to be taken by Shareholders as to such class or series.
10.2 Voting Power and Meetings . Except as provided in the next sentence, regular meetings of the Shareholders for the election of Trustees and the transaction of such other business as may properly come before the meeting shall be held, so long as Shares are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, on at least an annual basis, on such day and at such place as shall be designated by the Trustees. In the event that such a meeting is not held in any annual period if so required, whether the omission be by oversight or otherwise, a subsequent special meeting may be called by the Trustees and held in lieu of such meeting with the same effect as if held within such annual period. Special meetings of the Shareholders or any or all classes or series of Shares may also be called by the Trustees from time to time for such other purposes as may be prescribed by law, by the Declaration of Trust or by these Bylaws, or for the purpose of taking action upon any other matter deemed by a majority of the Trustees and a majority of the Continuing Trustees to be necessary or desirable. A special meeting of Shareholders may be held at any such time, day and place as is designated by the Trustees. Written notice of any meeting of Shareholders, stating the date, time, place and purpose of the meeting, shall be given or caused to be given by a majority of the Trustees and a majority of the Continuing Trustees at least seven days before such meeting to each Shareholder entitled to vote thereat by leaving such notice with the Shareholder at his or her residence or usual place of business or by mailing such notice, postage prepaid, to the Shareholders address as it appears on the records of the Trust. Such notice may be given by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or by any other officer or agent designated for such purpose by the Trustees. Whenever notice of a meeting is required to be given to a Shareholder under the Declaration of Trust or these Bylaws, a written waiver thereof, executed before or after the meeting by such Shareholder or his or her attorney thereunto authorized and filed with the records of the meeting, shall be deemed equivalent to such notice. Notice of a meeting need not be given to any Shareholder who attends the meeting without protesting prior thereto or at its commencement the lack of notice to such Shareholder. No ballot shall be required for any election unless required by a Shareholder present or represented at the meeting and entitled to vote in such election. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 10.2, no matter shall be properly before any annual or special meeting of Shareholders and no business shall be transacted thereat unless in accordance with Section 10.6 of these Bylaws.
10.3 Quorum and Required Vote . Except when a larger quorum is required by any provision of law or the Declaration of Trust or these Bylaws, thirty percent (30%) of the Shares entitled to vote on a particular matter shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at a Shareholders meeting, except that where any provision of law or the Declaration of Trust or these Bylaws permits or requires that holders of any class or series of Shares shall vote as an individual class or series, then thirty percent (30%) (unless a larger quorum is required as specified above) of Shares of that class or series entitled to vote shall be necessary to constitute a
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quorum for the transaction of business by that class or series. Any lesser number shall be sufficient for adjournments. Any adjourned session or sessions may be held, within a reasonable time after the date set for the original meeting, without the necessity of further notice. Except when a different vote is required by any provision of law or the Declaration of Trust or these Bylaws, a plurality of the quorum of Shares necessary for the transaction of business at a Shareholders meeting shall decide any questions and a plurality of Shares voted shall elect a Trustee, provided that where any provision of law or of the Declaration of Trust or these Bylaws permits or requires that the holders of any class or series of Shares shall vote as an individual class or series, then a plurality of the quorum of Shares of that class or series necessary for the transaction of business by that class or series at a Shareholders meeting shall decide that matter insofar as that class or series is concerned.
10.4 Action by Written Consent . Any action taken by Shareholders may be taken without a meeting if a majority of Shareholders entitled to vote on the matter (or such larger proportion thereof as shall be required by any express provision of law or the Declaration of Trust or these Bylaws) consent to the action in writing and such written consents are filed with the records of the meetings of Shareholders. Such consent shall be treated for all purposes as a vote taken at a meeting of Shareholders.
10.5 Record Dates . For the purpose of determining the Shareholders who are entitled to vote or act at any meeting or any adjournment thereof, or who are entitled to receive payment of any dividend or of any other distribution, the Trustees may from time to time fix a time, which shall be not more than 90 days before the date of any meeting of Shareholders or the date for the payment of any dividend or of any other distribution, as the record date for determining the Shareholders having the right to notice of and to vote at such meeting and any adjournment thereof or the right to receive such dividend or distribution, and in such case only Shareholders of record on such record date shall have the right notwithstanding any transfer of Shares on the books of the Trust after the record date; or without fixing such record date the Trustees may for any of such purposes close the register or transfer books for all or any part of such period.
10.6 Advance Notice of Shareholder Nominees for Trustees and Other Shareholder Proposals .
(a) As used in this Section 10.6, the term annual meeting refers to any annual meeting of Shareholders as well as any special meeting held in lieu of an annual meeting as described in the first two sentences of Section 10.2 of these Bylaws, and the term special meeting refers to all meetings of Shareholders other than an annual meeting or a special meeting in lieu of an annual meeting.
(b) Unless otherwise required by applicable law, the matters to be considered and brought before any annual or special meeting of Shareholders shall be limited to only such matters, including the nomination and election of Trustees, as shall be brought properly before such meeting in compliance with the procedures set forth in this Section 10.6. Only persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 10.6 shall be
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eligible for election as Trustees, and no proposal to fix the number of Trustees shall be brought before an annual or special meeting of Shareholders or otherwise transacted unless in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 10.6, except as may be otherwise provided in these Bylaws with respect to the right of holders of preferred shares of beneficial interest, if any, of the Trust to nominate and elect a specified number of Trustees in certain circumstances.
(c) Unless otherwise required by applicable law, for any matter to be properly before any annual meeting, the matter must be (i) specified in the notice of meeting given by or at the direction of a majority of the Trustees and a majority of the Continuing Trustees pursuant to Section 10.2 of these Bylaws, (ii) otherwise brought before the meeting by or at the direction of a majority of the Continuing Trustees (or any duly authorized committee thereof), or (iii) brought before the meeting in the manner specified in this Section 10.6(c) by a Shareholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting or by a Shareholder (a Beneficial Owner) that holds Shares entitled to vote at the meeting through a nominee or street name holder of record and that can demonstrate to the Trust such indirect ownership and such Beneficial Owners entitlement to vote such Shares, provided that the Shareholder was the Shareholder of record or the Beneficial Owner held such Shares at the time the notice provided for in this Section 10.6(c) is delivered to the Secretary.
In addition to any other requirements under applicable law and the Declaration of Trust and these Bylaws, persons nominated by Shareholders for election as Trustees and any other proposals by Shareholders may be properly brought before an annual meeting only pursuant to timely notice (the Shareholder Notice) in writing to the Secretary. To be timely, the Shareholder Notice must be delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of the Trust not less than forty-five (45) nor more than sixty (60) days prior to the first anniversary date of the date on which the Trust first mailed its proxy materials for the prior years annual meeting; provided , however , with respect to the annual meeting to be held in the calendar year 2012, the Shareholder Notice must be so delivered or mailed and so received on or before December 31, 2011; provided further , however , if and only if the annual meeting is not scheduled to be held within a period that commences thirty (30) days before the first anniversary date of the annual meeting for the preceding year and ends thirty (30) days after such anniversary date (an annual meeting date outside such period being referred to herein as an Other Annual Meeting Date), such Shareholder Notice must be given in the manner provided herein by the later of the close of business on (i) the date forty-five (45) days prior to such Other Annual Meeting Date or (ii) the tenth (10 th ) business day following the date such Other Annual Meeting Date is first publicly announced or disclosed.
Any Shareholder desiring to nominate any person or persons (as the case may be) for election as a Trustee or Trustees of the Trust shall deliver, as part of such Shareholder Notice: (i) a statement in writing setting forth (A) the name, age, date of birth, business address, residence address and nationality of the person or persons to be nominated; (B) the class or series and number of all Shares of the Trust owned of record or beneficially by each such
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person or persons, as reported to such Shareholder by such nominee(s); (C) any other information regarding each such person required by paragraphs (a), (d), (e) and (f) of Item 401 of Regulation S-K or paragraph (b) of Item 22 of Schedule 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (or the corresponding provisions of any regulation or rule subsequently adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission or any successor agency applicable to the Trust); (D) any other information regarding the person or persons to be nominated that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitation of proxies for election of Trustees or directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; and (E) whether such Shareholder believes any nominee is or will be an interested person of the Trust (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended) and, if not an interested person, information regarding each nominee that will be sufficient for the Trust to make such determination; and (ii) the written and signed consent of the person or persons to be nominated to be named as nominees and to serve as Trustees if elected. In addition, the Trustees may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information as they may reasonably require or deem necessary to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as a Trustee. Any Shareholder Notice required by this Section 10.6(c) in respect of a proposal to fix the number of Trustees shall also set forth a description of and the text of the proposal, which description and text shall state a fixed number of Trustees that otherwise complies with applicable law, these Bylaws and the Declaration of Trust.
Without limiting the foregoing, any Shareholder who gives a Shareholder Notice of any matter proposed to be brought before a Shareholder meeting (whether or not involving nominees for Trustees) shall deliver, as part of such Shareholder Notice: (i) the description of and text of the proposal to be presented; (ii) a brief written statement of the reasons why such Shareholder favors the proposal; (iii) such Shareholders name and address as they appear on the Trusts books; (iv) any other information relating to the Shareholder that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with the solicitation of proxies with respect to the matter(s) proposed pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; (v) the class or series and number of all Shares of the Trust owned beneficially and of record by such Shareholder; (vi) any material interest of such Shareholder in the matter proposed (other than as a Shareholder); (vii) a representation that the Shareholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the Shareholder meeting to act on the matter(s) proposed; (viii) if the proposal involves nominee(s) for Trustees, a description of all arrangements or understandings between the Shareholder and each proposed nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to which the nomination(s) are to be made by the Shareholder; and (ix) in the case of a Beneficial Owner, evidence establishing such Beneficial Owners indirect ownership of, and entitlement to vote, Shares at the meeting of Shareholders. As used in this Section 10.6, Shares beneficially owned shall mean all Shares which such person is deemed to beneficially own pursuant to Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 under the Exchange Act.
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(d) Unless otherwise required by applicable law, for any matter to be properly before any special meeting, the matter must be specified in the notice of meeting given by or at the direction of a majority of the Trustees and a majority of the Continuing Trustees pursuant to Section 10.2 of these Bylaws. In the event the Trust calls a special meeting for the purpose of electing one or more Trustees, any Shareholder may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be) for election to such position(s) as specified in the Trusts notice of meeting if and only if the Shareholder provides a notice containing the information required in the Shareholder Notice to the Secretary required with respect to annual meetings by Section 10.6(c) hereof, and such notice is delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive office of the Trust not later than the close of business on the tenth (10 th ) day following the day on which the date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Trustees to be elected at such meeting are publicly announced or disclosed.
(e) Unless otherwise required by applicable law, for purposes of this Section 10.6, a matter shall be deemed to have been publicly announced or disclosed if such matter is disclosed in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service, in a document publicly filed by the Trust with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or in a Web site accessible to the public maintained by the Trust or by its investment adviser or administrator or an affiliate of such investment adviser or administrator with respect to the Trust.
(f) Unless otherwise required by applicable law, in no event shall an adjournment or postponement (or a public announcement thereof) of a meeting of Shareholders commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of notice as provided in this Section 10.6.
(g) Unless otherwise required by applicable law, the person presiding at any meeting of Shareholders, in addition to making any other determinations that may be appropriate to the conduct of the meeting, shall have the power and duty to (i) determine whether a nomination or proposal of other matters to be brought before a meeting and notice thereof have been duly made and given in the manner provided in this Section 10.6 and elsewhere in these Bylaws and the Declaration of Trust and (ii) if not so made or given, to direct and declare at the meeting that such nomination and/or such other matters shall be disregarded and shall not be considered. Any determination by the person presiding shall be binding on all parties absent manifest error.
(h) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 10.6 or otherwise in these Bylaws, unless required by federal law, no matter shall be considered at or brought before any annual or special meeting unless such matter has been approved for these purposes by a majority of the Continuing Trustees and, in particular, no Beneficial Owner shall have any rights as a Shareholder except as may be required by federal law. Furthermore, nothing in this Section 10.6 shall be construed as creating any implication or presumption as to the requirements of federal law.
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ARTICLE 11
Amendment to the Bylaws
11.1 General . Except to the extent that the Declaration of Trust or applicable law requires a vote or consent of Shareholders or a higher vote or consent by the Trustees and/or the Continuing Trustees, these Bylaws may be amended, changed, altered or repealed, in whole or part, only by resolution of a majority of the Trustees and a majority of the Continuing Trustees then in office at any meeting of the Trustees, or by one or more writings signed by such Trustees and Continuing Trustees.
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The Fund will furnish a copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust and
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations when used in the form of ownership on the face of this certificate shall be construed as though they were written out in full according to applicable laws or regulations. Abbreviations in addition to those appearing below may be used.
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Abbreviation |
Equivalent |
Abbreviation |
Equivalent |
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JT TEN |
As joint tenants, with right of | TEN IN COM | As tenants in common | |||
| survivorship and not as tenants in | TEN BY ENT | As tenants by the entireties | ||||
| common | UNIF TRANSFERS MIN ACT | Uniform Transfers to Minors Act | ||||
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Abbreviation |
Equivalent |
Abbreviation |
Equivalent |
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ADM |
Administrator(s) | FDN | Foundation | |||
| Administratrix | PL | Public Law | ||||
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AGMT |
Agreement | TR | (As) trustee(s), for, of | |||
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CUST |
Custodian for | UA | Under Agreement | |||
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EST |
Estate, Of estate of | UW | Under will of, Or will, of | |||
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EX |
Executor(s), Executrix | Under last will & Testament | ||||
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FBO |
For the benefit of | |||||
Additional abbreviations may also be used though not in the above list.
TRANSFER FORM
FOR VALUE RECEIVED, hereby sell, assign and transfer unto
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PLEASE INSERT SOCIAL SECURITY OR OTHER IDENTIFYING NUMBER OF ASSIGNEE
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Please print or typewrite name and address (including postal zip code of assignee)
______________________________________________________________________ Common Shares of Beneficial Interest represented by this Certificate and do hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint
__________________________________________________________________________________________ Attorney, to transfer said shares on the books of the Fund with full power of substitution in the premises.
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Dated: |
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Signature(s) _________________________________________ |
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(The signature to this assignment must correspond with the name as written upon the face of this Certificate in every particular, without alteration or enlargement or any change whatsoever. If more than one owner, all must sign). |
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| SIGNATURE(S) GUARANTEED: |
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THE SIGNATURE(S) SHOULD BE GUARANTEED BY AN ELIGIBLE GUARANTOR INSTITUTION (BANKS, STOCKBROKERS, SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS AND CREDIT UNIONS WITH MEMBERSHIP IN AN APPROVED SIGNATURE GUARANTEE MEDALLION PROGRAM), PURSUANT TO S.E.C. RULE 17Ad-15. |
IMPORTANT NOTICE:
When you sign your name to the Transfer Form without filling in the name of your Assignee this certificate becomes fully negotiable, similar to a check endorsed in blank. Therefore, to safeguard a signed certificate, it is recommended that you fill in the name of the new owner in the Assignee space.
Alternatively, instead of using this Transfer Form, you may sign a separate stock power form and then mail the unsigned certificate and the signed stock power in separate envelopes. For added protection, use registered mail for a certificate.
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ABnote North America 711 ARMSTRONG LANE COLUMBIA, TENNESSEE 38401 (931) 388-3003 |
PROOF OF: OCTOBER 5, 2010 STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS WO 2473 BK |
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| SALES: DENISE LITTLE 931-490-1706 | OPERATOR: JB | |||
| NEW |
PLEASE INITIAL THE APPROPRIATE SELECTION FOR THIS PROOF: OK AS IS OK WITH CHANGES MAKE CHANGES AND SEND ANOTHER PROOF
Exhibit e
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN
Registered holders (Common Shareholders) of common shares of beneficial interest (the Common Shares) of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund) will automatically be enrolled (the Participants) in its Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the Plan) and are advised as follows:
1. THE PLAN AGENT. The Bank of New York Mellon (the Agent) will act as Agent for each Participant. The Agent will open an account for each Participant under the Plan in the same name in which his or her outstanding Common Shares are registered.
2. CASH OPTION. The Fund will declare its income dividends and capital gains distributions (Distributions) payable in Common Shares, or, at the option of Common Shareholders, in cash. Therefore, each Participant will have all Distributions on his or her Common Shares automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares, unless such Participant elects to receive such Distributions in cash by contacting the Agent.
3. MARKET PREMIUM ISSUANCES. If on the payment date for a Distribution, the net asset value per Common Share is equal to or less than the market price per Common Share plus estimated brokerage commissions, the Agent shall receive newly issued Common Shares (Additional Common Shares), including fractions, from the Fund for each Participants account. The number of Additional Common Shares to be credited shall be determined by dividing the dollar amount of the Distribution by the greater of (i) the net asset value per Common Share on the payment date, or (ii) 95% of the market price per Common Share on the payment date.
4. MARKET DISCOUNT PURCHASES. If the net asset value per Common Share exceeds the market price plus estimated brokerage commissions on the payment date for a Distribution, the Agent (or a broker-dealer selected by the Agent) shall endeavor to apply the amount of such Distribution on each Participants Common Shares to purchase Common Shares on the open market. Such purchases will be made on or before the last business day before the next date on which the Common Shares trade on an ex-dividend basis or 30 days after the payment date for such Distribution, whichever is sooner (the Last Purchase Date). The weighted average price (including brokerage commissions) of all Common Shares purchased by the Agent as Agent shall be the price per Common Share allocable to each Participant. If the Agent is unable to invest the full Distribution amount in open-market purchases during the purchase period or if the market discount shifts to a market premium during the purchase period, the Agent may cease making open-market purchases and may invest the uninvested portion of the Distribution amount in Additional Common Shares at the net asset value per Common Share at the close of business on the Last Purchase Date provided that, if the net asset value is less than or equal to 95% of the then current market price per Common Share, the dollar amount of the Distribution will be divided by 95% of the market price on the payment date for purposes of determining the number of shares issuable under the Plan. Participants should note that they will not be able to instruct the Agent to purchase Common Shares at a specific time or at a specific price. Open-market purchases may be made on any securities exchange where Common Shares are traded, in the over-the-counter market or in negotiated transactions, and may be on such terms as to price, delivery and otherwise as the Agent shall determine.
5. VALUATION. The market price of Common Shares on a particular date shall be the last sales price on the securities exchange where the Common Shares are listed on that date (the Exchange), or, if there is no sale on such Exchange on that date, then the mean between the closing bid and asked quotations on such Exchange on such date will be used. The net asset value per Common Share on a particular date shall be the amount calculated on that date (or if not calculated on such date, the amount most recently calculated) by or on behalf of the Fund in accordance with the Funds current prospectus.
6. SAFEKEEPING. In order to protect against loss, theft or destruction, if Participants hold Common Shares registered in their own names in certificate form, Participants may deposit such Common Shares into their Plan accounts. Certificates, along with a letter of instruction, should be sent to the Agent by registered mail, insured for 2% of their market value. Participants should not endorse their certificates. There are no fees for this service.
7. TAXATION. The automatic reinvestment of Distributions does not relieve Participants of any taxes which may be payable on Distributions. Participants will receive tax information annually for their personal records and to help them prepare their federal income tax return. For further information as to tax consequences of participation in the Plan, Participants should consult with their own tax advisors.
8. LIABILITY OF AGENT. The Agent shall at all times act in good faith and agrees to use its best efforts within reasonable limits to ensure the accuracy of all services performed under this Agreement and to comply with applicable law, but assumes no responsibility and shall not be liable for loss or damage due to errors unless such error is caused by the Agents negligence, bad faith, or willful misconduct or that of its employees. Each Participants uninvested funds held by the Agent will not bear interest. The Agent shall have no liability in connection with any inability to purchase Common Shares within the time provided, or with the timing of any purchases effected. The Agent shall have no responsibility for the value of Common Shares acquired. The Agent may commingle Participants funds.
9. RECORDKEEPING. The Agent may hold each Participants Common Shares acquired pursuant to the Plan together with the Common Shares of other Common Shareholders of the Fund acquired pursuant to the Plan in non-certificated form in the Agents name or that of the Agents nominee, and each shareholder proxy will include those shares purchased or received pursuant to the Plan. Distributions on fractional shares will be credited to each Participants account. Each Participant will be sent a confirmation by the Agent of each acquisition made for his or her account as soon as practicable. Upon a Participants request, the Agent will deliver to the Participant, without charge, a certificate or certificates for the full Common Shares. Although each Participant may from time to time have an undivided fractional interest (computed to four decimal places) in a Common Share of the Fund, no certificates for a fractional share will be issued. Participants may request a certificate by calling the Agent at [ ], writing to the Agent at [ ], [or completing and returning the transaction form attached to each Plan statement. The Agent will issue certificates as soon as possible but in no event more than 5 business days after receipt of a Participants request.] Similarly, Participants may request
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to sell a portion of the Common Shares held by the Agent in their Plan accounts by calling the Agent, writing to the Agent, or completing and returning the transaction form attached to each Plan statement. [The Agent will sell such Common Shares through a broker-dealer selected by the Agent within 5 business days of receipt of the request. The sale price will equal the weighted average price of all Common Shares sold through the Plan on the day of the sale, less brokerage commissions.] Participants should note that the Agent is unable to accept instructions to sell on a specific date or at a specific price. Any share dividends or split shares distributed by the Fund on Common Shares held by the Agent for Participants will be credited to their accounts. In the event that the Fund makes available to its Common Shareholders rights to purchase additional Common Shares, the Common Shares held for each Participant under the Plan will be added to other Common Shares held by the Participant in calculating the number of rights to be issued to each Participant.
10. PROXY MATERIALS. The Agent will forward to each Participant any proxy solicitation material. The Agent will vote any Common Shares held for a Participant first in accordance with the instructions set forth on proxies returned by such Participant to the Fund[, and then with respect to any proxies not returned by such Participant to the Fund, in the same proportion as the Agent votes the proxies returned by the Participants to the Fund.]
11. BROKERS, NOMINEE HOLDERS, ETC. In the case of shareholders such as banks, brokers or nominees that hold Common Shares for others who are the beneficial owners, the Agent will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of Common Shares certified by the record shareholder as representing the total amount registered in such shareholders name and held for the account of beneficial owners who are to participate in the Plan.
12. FEES. There will be no brokerage charges with respect to Common Shares issued directly by the Fund. However, each participant will pay a pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred in connection with open-market purchases. If a Participant elects to have the Agent sell part or all of his or her Common Shares and remit the proceeds, such Participant will be charged his or her pro rata share of brokerage commissions on the shares sold. [The Participant will not be charged any other fees for this service.]
13. TERMINATION OF THE PLAN. Each registered Participant may terminate his or her account under the Plan by notifying the Agent in writing at [ ], by calling the Agent at [ ] [or by completing and returning the transaction form attached to each Plan statement]. Such termination will be effective with respect to a particular Distribution if the Participants notice is received by the Agent prior to the Distribution record date. The Plan may be terminated by the Agent or the Fund upon notice in writing mailed to each Participant [at least 60 days prior to the effective date of the termination]. Upon any termination, the Agent will arrange to deposit all full shares held for each Participant into his or her account, where they will be held in book-entry by the Agent. A cash adjustment will be made for any fraction of a Common Share at the then current market value of the Common Shares to be delivered to him or her without charge. If preferred, a Participant may request the sale of all full and fractional Common Shares held by the Agent in his or her Plan account in order to terminate participation in the Plan. If a Participant has terminated his or her participation in the Plan but continues to have Common Shares registered in his or her name, he or she may re-enroll in the Plan at any time by calling the Agent at [ ].
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14. AMENDMENT OF THE PLAN. These terms and conditions may be amended by the Agent or the Fund at any time but, except when necessary or appropriate to comply with applicable law or the rules or policies of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory authority,[ only by mailing to each Participant appropriate written notice at least 30 days prior to the effective date thereof. The amendment shall be deemed to be accepted by each Participant unless, prior to the effective date thereof, the Agent receives notice of the termination of the Participants account under the Plan. Any such amendment may include an appointment by the Agent of a successor Agent, subject to the prior written approval of the successor Agent by the Fund.]
15. APPLICABLE LAW. These terms and conditions shall be governed by the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
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Exhibit g
MANAGEMENT CONTRACT
This Management Contract is dated as of , 2010 between STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND, a Massachusetts business trust (the Fund), and STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP, a Delaware limited partnership (the Manager).
In consideration of the mutual covenants herein contained, it is agreed as follows:
| 1. |
SERVICES TO BE RENDERED BY MANAGER TO FUND. |
(a) The Manager, at its expense, will furnish continuously an investment program for the Fund, will determine what investments will be purchased, held, sold or exchanged by the Fund and what portion, if any, of the assets of the Fund will be held uninvested and will, on behalf of the Fund, make changes in such investments. Subject always to the control of the Trustees of the Fund and except for the functions carried out by the officers and personnel referred to in Section 1(d), the Manager will also manage, supervise and conduct the other affairs and business of the Fund and matters incidental thereto. In the performance of its duties, the Manager will comply with the provisions of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust and By-Laws of the Fund, each as amended from time to time, and the stated investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund, will use its best efforts to safeguard and promote the welfare of the Fund and to comply with other policies which the Trustees may from time to time determine and will exercise the same care and diligence expected of the Trustees.
(b) The Manager, at its expense, except as such expense is paid by the Fund as provided in Section 1(d), will furnish (1) all necessary investment and management facilities, including salaries of personnel, required for it to execute its duties faithfully; (2) suitable office space for the Fund; and (3) administrative facilities, including bookkeeping, clerical personnel and equipment necessary for the efficient conduct of the affairs of the Fund. Except as otherwise provided in Section 1(d), the Manager will pay the compensation, if any, of the officers of the Fund.
(c) The Manager, at its expense, will place all orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio investments for the Funds account with brokers or dealers selected by the Manager. In the selection of such brokers or dealers and the placing of such orders, the Manager will use its best efforts to obtain for the Fund the most favorable price and execution available, except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage commissions for brokerage and research services as described below. In using its best efforts to obtain for the Fund the most favorable price and execution available, the Manager, bearing in mind the Funds best interests at all times, will consider all factors it deems relevant, including by way of illustration, price, the size of the transaction, the nature of the market for the security, the amount of the commission, the timing of the transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the reputation, experience and financial stability of the broker or dealer involved and the quality of service rendered by the broker or dealer in other transactions. Subject to such policies as the Trustees of the Fund may determine, the Manager will not be deemed to have acted unlawfully or to have breached any duty created by this Contract or otherwise solely by reason of its having caused the Fund to pay a
Exhibit g
broker or dealer that provides brokerage and research services to the Manager an amount of commission for effecting a portfolio investment transaction in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction, if the Manager determines in good faith that such amount of commission was reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer, viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or the Managers overall responsibilities with respect to the Fund and to other clients of the Manager as to which the Manager exercises investment discretion. The Manager agrees that in connection with purchases or sales of portfolio investments for the Funds account, neither the Manager nor any officer, director, employee or agent of the Manager shall act as a principal or receive any commission other than as provided in Section 3.
(d) The Fund will pay or reimburse the Manager for the compensation in whole or in part of such officers of the Fund and persons assisting them as may be determined from time to time by the Trustees of the Fund. The Fund will also pay or reimburse the Manager for all or part of the cost of suitable office space, utilities, support services and equipment attributable to such officers and persons as may be determined in each case by the Trustees of the Fund. The Fund will pay the fees, if any, of the Trustees of the Fund.
(e) The Manager will not be obligated to pay any expenses of or for the Fund not expressly assumed by the Manager pursuant to this Section 1 other than as provided in Section 3.
(f) Subject to the prior approval of a majority of the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons and, to the extent required by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act ), and the rules and regulations under the 1940 Act, subject to any applicable guidance or interpretation of the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) or its staff, by the shareholders of the Fund, the Manager may, from time to time, delegate to a sub-adviser or sub-administrator any of the Managers duties under this Contract, including the management of all or a portion of the assets being managed. In all instances, however, the Manager must oversee the provision of delegated services, the Manager must bear the separate costs of employing any sub-adviser or sub-administrator, and no delegation will relieve the Manager of any of its obligations under this Contract.
| 2. |
OTHER AGREEMENTS, ETC. |
It is understood that any of the shareholders, Trustees, officers and employees of the Fund may be a shareholder, director, officer or employee of, or be otherwise interested in, the Manager, and in any person controlled by or under common control with the Manager, and that the Manager and any person controlled by or under common control with the Manager may have an interest in the Fund. It is also understood that the Manager and any person controlled by or under common control with the Manager may have advisory, management, service or other contracts with other organizations and persons and may have other interests and businesses.
Exhibit g
| 3. |
COMPENSATION TO BE PAID BY THE FUND TO THE MANAGER. |
The Fund will pay to the Manager as compensation for the Managers services rendered, for the facilities furnished and for the expenses borne by the Manager pursuant to paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of Section 1, a fee, computed daily and paid monthly, at the annual rate of 1.00% of the average daily total managed assets of the Fund. For purposes of this Section 3, total managed assets means the total assets of the Fund (including assets attributable to any borrowings, reverse repurchase agreements, the issuance of any short-term debt securities and preferred shares that may be outstanding) minus accrued liabilities (other than liabilities representing borrowings, reverse repurchase agreements and short-term debt securities). For purposes of calculating total managed assets, the liquidation preference of any preferred shares outstanding shall not be considered a liability. By way of clarification, with respect to any reverse repurchase agreement or similar transaction, total managed assets also includes the value as of the relevant measuring date of the underlying asset sold to the counterparty. The average daily total managed assets of the Fund shall be determined by taking an average of all of the determinations of such amount during such month at the close of business on each business day during such month while this Contract is in effect. Such fee shall be payable for each month within 30 days after the end of such month.
In the event that the expenses of the Fund exceed any expense limitation which the Manager may, by written notice to the Fund, voluntarily declare to be effective subject to such terms and conditions as the Manager may prescribe in such notice, the compensation due to the Manager will be reduced, and if necessary, the Manager will assume expenses of the Fund, to the extent required by the terms and conditions of such expense limitation, as applicable.
If the Manager serves for less than the whole of a month, the foregoing compensation will be prorated.
| 4. |
ASSIGNMENT TERMINATES THIS CONTRACT; AMENDMENTS OF THIS CONTRACT. |
This Contract will automatically terminate, without the payment of any penalty, in the event of its assignment, provided that no delegation of responsibilities by the Manager pursuant to Section 1(f) will be deemed to constitute an assignment. No provision of this Contract may be changed, waived, discharged or terminated orally, but only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of the change, waiver, discharge or termination is sought. No amendment of this Contract is effective until approved in a manner consistent with the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations under the 1940 Act and any applicable guidance or interpretation of the SEC or its staff.
| 5. |
EFFECTIVE PERIOD AND TERMINATION OF THIS CONTRACT. |
This Contract is effective upon its execution and will remain in full force and effect as to the Fund continuously thereafter (unless terminated automatically as set forth in Section 4 or terminated in accordance with the following paragraph) for two years, and will continue in effect
Exhibit g
from year to year thereafter so long as its continuance is approved at least annually by (i) the Trustees, or the shareholders by the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund, and (ii) a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Fund or of the Manager, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.
Either party hereto may at any time terminate this Contract by not less than 60 days written notice delivered or mailed by registered mail, postage prepaid, to the other party. Action with respect to the Fund may be taken either (i) by vote of a majority of the Trustees or (ii) by the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund.
Termination of this Contract pursuant to this Section 5 will be without the payment of any penalty.
| 6. |
CERTAIN DEFINITIONS. |
For the purposes of this Contract, the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the Fund means the affirmative vote, at a duly called and held meeting of shareholders of the Fund, (a) of the holders of 67% or more of the shares of the Fund present (in person or by proxy) and entitled to vote at the meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund entitled to vote at the meeting are present in person or by proxy or (b) of the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Fund entitled to vote at the meeting, whichever is less.
For the purposes of this Contract, the terms affiliated person, control, interested person and assignment have their respective meanings defined in the 1940 Act, subject, however, to the rules and regulations under the 1940 Act and any applicable guidance or interpretation of the SEC or its staff; the term approve at least annually will be construed in a manner consistent with the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations under the 1940 Act and any applicable guidance or interpretation of the SEC or its staff; and the term brokerage and research services has the meaning given in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the 1934 Act ) and the rules and regulations under the 1934 Act and under any applicable guidance or interpretation of the SEC or its staff.
| 7. |
NON-LIABILITY OF MANAGER. |
In the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of the Manager, or reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder, the Manager shall not be subject to any liability to the Fund or to any shareholder of the Fund for any act or omission in the course of, or connected with, rendering services hereunder.
| 8. |
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY OF THE TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND SHAREHOLDERS. |
A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the Fund, including any amendments thereto, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and notice is hereby given that this Contract is executed on behalf of the Fund by an officer of the
Exhibit g
Fund as an officer and not individually and that the obligations imposed upon the Fund by this Contract are not binding upon any of the Funds Trustees, officers or shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Fund.
| 9. |
USE OF NAMES AND LOGOS. |
It is expressly understood that the names Stone Harbor and Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP or any derivation thereof, or any logo associated with those names, are the valuable property of the Manager and its affiliates, and that the Fund shall have the limited right to use such names (or derivations thereof or associated logos) only so long as the Manager shall consent and this Contract shall remain in effect. Upon reasonable notice from the Manager to the Fund or upon termination of this Contract, the Fund shall forthwith cease to use such names (or derivations thereof or associated logos) and shall promptly amend its Agreement and Declaration of Trust and other public documents to change its name accordingly. The covenants on the part of the Fund in this Section 9 shall be binding upon it, its Trustees, officers, shareholders, creditors and all other persons claiming under or through it, and shall survive the termination of this Contract.
| 10. |
COUNTERPARTS. |
This Contract may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original.
Exhibit g
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND and STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP have each caused this instrument to be signed on its behalf by an officer thereunto duly authorized, all as of the day and year first above written.
| STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND | ||
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By: |
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STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP |
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By: |
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Exhibit j
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CUSTODY AGREEMENT
AGREEMENT, dated as of , 200 between *, a business trust organized and existing under the laws of the State of ** having its principal office and place of business at *** (the Fund) and The Bank of New York Mellon, a New York corporation authorized to do a banking business having its principal office and place of business at One Wall Street, New York, New York 10286 (Custodian).
W I T N E S S E T H:
that for and in consideration of the mutual promises hereinafter set forth the Fund and Custodian agree as follows:
ARTICLE I
DEFINITIONS
Whenever used in this Agreement, the following words shall have the meanings set forth below:
1. Authorized Person shall be any person, whether or not an officer or employee of the Fund, duly authorized by the Funds board to execute any Certificate or to give any Oral Instruction with respect to one or more Accounts, such persons to be designated in a Certificate annexed hereto as Schedule I hereto or such other Certificate as may be received by Custodian from time to time.
2. BNY Affiliate shall mean any office, branch or subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation.
3. Book-Entry System shall mean the Federal Reserve/Treasury book-entry system for receiving and delivering securities, its successors and nominees.
4. Business Day shall mean any day on which Custodian and relevant Depositories are open for business.
5. Certificate shall mean any notice, instruction, or other instrument in writing, authorized or required by this Agreement to be given to Custodian, which is actually received by Custodian by letter or facsimile transmission and signed on behalf of the Fund by an Authorized Person or a person reasonably believed by Custodian to be an Authorized Person.
6. Composite Currency Unit shall mean the Euro or any other composite currency unit consisting of the aggregate of specified amounts of specified currencies, as such unit may be constituted from time to time.
7. Depository shall include (a) the Book-Entry System, (b) the Depository Trust Company, (c) any other clearing agency or securities depository registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission identified to the Fund from time to time, and (d) the respective successors and nominees of the foregoing.
8. Foreign Depository shall mean (a) Euroclear, (b) Clearstream Banking, societe anonyme, (c) each Eligible Securities Depository as defined in Rule 17f-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, identified to the Fund from time to time, and (d) the respective successors and nominees of the foregoing.
9. Instructions shall mean communications actually received by Custodian by S.W.I.F.T., tested telex, letter, facsimile transmission, or other method or system specified by Custodian as available for use in connection with the services hereunder.
10. Oral Instructions shall mean verbal instructions received by Custodian from an Authorized Person or from a person reasonably believed by Custodian to be an Authorized Person.
11. Series shall mean the various portfolios, if any, of the Fund listed on Schedule II hereto, and if none are listed references to Series shall be references to the Fund.
12. Securities shall include, without limitation, any common stock and other equity securities, bonds, debentures and other debt securities, notes, mortgages or other obligations, and any instruments representing rights to receive, purchase, or subscribe for the same, or representing any other rights or interests therein (whether represented by a certificate or held in a Depository or by a Subcustodian).
13. Subcustodian shall mean a bank (including any branch thereof) or other financial institution (other than a Foreign Depository) located outside the U.S. which is utilized by Custodian in connection with the purchase, sale or custody of Securities hereunder and identified to the Fund from time to time, and their respective successors and nominees.
ARTICLE II
APPOINTMENT OF CUSTODIAN; ACCOUNTS;
REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, AND COVENANTS
1. (a) The Fund hereby appoints Custodian as custodian of all Securities and cash at any time delivered to Custodian during the term of this Agreement, and authorizes Custodian to hold Securities in registered form in its name or the name of its nominees. Custodian hereby accepts such appointment and agrees to establish and maintain one or more securities accounts and cash accounts for each Series in which Custodian will hold Securities and cash as provided herein. Custodian shall maintain books and records segregating the assets of each Series from the assets of any other Series. Such accounts (each, an Account; collectively, the Accounts) shall be in the name of the Fund.
(b) Custodian may from time to time establish on its books and records such sub-accounts within each Account as the Fund and Custodian may agree upon (each a Special Account), and Custodian shall reflect therein such assets as the Fund may specify in a Certificate or Instructions.
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(c) Custodian may from time to time establish pursuant to a written agreement with and for the benefit of a broker, dealer, future commission merchant or other third party identified in a Certificate or Instructions such accounts on such terms and conditions as the Fund and Custodian shall agree, and Custodian shall transfer to such account such Securities and money as the Fund may specify in a Certificate or Instructions.
2. The Fund hereby represents and warrants, which representations and warranties shall be continuing and shall be deemed to be reaffirmed upon each delivery of a Certificate or each giving of Oral Instructions or Instructions by the Fund, that:
(a) It is duly organized and existing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, with full power to carry on its business as now conducted, to enter into this Agreement, and to perform its obligations hereunder;
(b) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Fund, approved by a resolution of its board, constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of the Fund, enforceable in accordance with its terms, and there is no statute, regulation, rule, order or judgment binding on it, and no provision of its charter or by-laws, nor of any mortgage, indenture, credit agreement or other contract binding on it or affecting its property, which would prohibit its execution or performance of this Agreement;
(c) It is conducting its business in substantial compliance with all applicable laws and requirements, both state and federal, and has obtained all regulatory licenses, approvals and consents necessary to carry on its business as now conducted;
(d) It will not use the services provided by Custodian hereunder in any manner that is, or will result in, a violation of any law, rule or regulation applicable to the Fund;
(e) Its board or its foreign custody manager, as defined in Rule 17f-5 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 40 Act), has determined that use of each Subcustodian (including any Replacement Custodian) which Custodian is authorized to utilize in accordance with Section 1(a) of Article III hereof satisfies the applicable requirements of the 40 Act and Rule 17f-5 thereunder;
(f) The Fund or its investment adviser has determined that the custody arrangements of each Foreign Depository provide reasonable safeguards against the custody risks associated with maintaining assets with such Foreign Depository within the meaning of Rule 17f-7 under the 40 Act;
(g) It is fully informed of the protections and risks associated with various methods of transmitting Instructions and Oral Instructions and delivering Certificates to Custodian, shall, and shall cause each Authorized Person, to safeguard and treat with extreme care any user and authorization codes, passwords and/or authentication keys, understands that there may be more secure methods of transmitting or delivering the same than the methods selected by the Fund, agrees that the security procedures (if any) to be followed in connection therewith provide a commercially reasonable degree of protection in light of its particular needs
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and circumstances, and acknowledges and agrees that Instructions need not be reviewed by Custodian, may conclusively be presumed by Custodian to have been given by person(s) duly authorized, and may be acted upon as given;
(h) It shall manage its borrowings, including, without limitation, any advance or overdraft (including any day-light overdraft) in the Accounts, so that the aggregate of its total borrowings for each Series does not exceed the amount such Series is permitted to borrow under the 40 Act;
(i) Its transmission or giving of, and Custodian acting upon and in reliance on, Certificates, Instructions, or Oral Instructions pursuant to this Agreement shall at all times comply with the 40 Act;
(j) It shall impose and maintain restrictions on the destinations to which cash may be disbursed by Instructions to ensure that each disbursement is for a proper purpose; and
(k) It has the right to make the pledge and grant the security interest and security entitlement to Custodian contained in Section 1 of Article V hereof, free of any right of redemption or prior claim of any other person or entity, such pledge and such grants shall have a first priority subject to no setoffs, counterclaims, or other liens or grants prior to or on a parity therewith, and it shall take such additional steps as Custodian may require to assure such priority.
3. The Fund hereby covenants that it shall from time to time complete and execute and deliver to Custodian upon Custodians request a Form FR U-1 (or successor form) whenever the Fund borrows from Custodian any money to be used for the purchase or carrying of margin stock as defined in Federal Reserve Regulation U.
ARTICLE III
CUSTODY AND RELATED SERVICES
1. (a) Subject to the terms hereof, the Fund hereby authorizes Custodian to hold any Securities received by it from time to time for the Funds account. Custodian shall be entitled to utilize, subject to subsection (c) of this Section 1, Depositories, Subcustodians, and, subject to subsection (d) of this Section 1, Foreign Depositories, to the extent possible in connection with its performance hereunder. Securities and cash held in a Depository or Foreign Depository will be held subject to the rules, terms and conditions of such entity. Securities and cash held through Subcustodians shall be held subject to the terms and conditions of Custodians agreements with such Subcustodians. Subcustodians may be authorized to hold Securities in Foreign Depositories in which such Subcustodians participate. Unless otherwise required by local law or practice or a particular subcustodian agreement, Securities deposited with a Subcustodian, a Depositary or a Foreign Depository will be held in a commingled account, in the name of Custodian, holding only Securities held by Custodian as custodian for its customers. Custodian shall identify on its books and records the Securities and cash belonging to the Fund, whether held directly or indirectly through Depositories, Foreign Depositories, or Subcustodians. Custodian shall, directly or indirectly through Subcustodians, Depositories, or Foreign Depositories, endeavor, to the extent feasible, to hold Securities in the country or other jurisdiction in which the principal
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trading market for such Securities is located, where such Securities are to be presented for cancellation and/or payment and/or registration, or where such Securities are acquired. Custodian at any time may cease utilizing any Subcustodian and/or may replace a Subcustodian with a different Subcustodian (the Replacement Subcustodian). In the event Custodian selects a Replacement Subcustodian, Custodian shall not utilize such Replacement Subcustodian until after the Funds board or foreign custody manager has determined that utilization of such Replacement Subcustodian satisfies the requirements of the 40 Act and Rule 17f-5 thereunder.
(b) Unless Custodian has received a Certificate or Instructions to the contrary, Custodian shall hold Securities indirectly through a Subcustodian only if (i) the Securities are not subject to any right, charge, security interest, lien or claim of any kind in favor of such Subcustodian or its creditors or operators, including a receiver or trustee in bankruptcy or similar authority, except for a claim of payment for the safe custody or administration of Securities on behalf of the Fund by such Subcustodian, and (ii) beneficial ownership of the Securities is freely transferable without the payment of money or value other than for safe custody or administration.
(c) With respect to each Depository, Custodian (i) shall exercise due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards in discharging its duties as a securities intermediary to obtain and thereafter maintain Securities or financial assets deposited or held in such Depository, and (ii) will provide, promptly upon request by the Fund, such reports as are available concerning the internal accounting controls and financial strength of Custodian.
(d) With respect to each Foreign Depository, Custodian shall exercise reasonable care, prudence, and diligence (i) to provide the Fund with an analysis of the custody risks associated with maintaining assets with the Foreign Depository, and (ii) to monitor such custody risks on a continuing basis and promptly notify the Fund of any material change in such risks. The Fund acknowledges and agrees that such analysis and monitoring shall be made on the basis of, and limited by, information gathered from Subcustodians or through publicly available information otherwise obtained by Custodian, and shall not include any evaluation of Country Risks. As used herein the term Country Risks shall mean with respect to any Foreign Depository: (a) the financial infrastructure of the country in which it is organized, (b) such countrys prevailing custody and settlement practices, (c) nationalization, expropriation or other governmental actions, (d) such countrys regulation of the banking or securities industry, (e) currency controls, restrictions, devaluations or fluctuations, and (f) market conditions which affect the order execution of securities transactions or affect the value of securities.
2. Custodian shall furnish the Fund with an advice of daily transactions (including a confirmation of each transfer of Securities) and a monthly summary of all transfers to or from the Accounts.
3. With respect to all Securities held hereunder, Custodian shall, unless otherwise instructed to the contrary:
(a) Receive all income and other payments and advise the Fund as promptly as practicable of any such amounts due but not paid;
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(b) Present for payment and receive the amount paid upon all Securities which may mature and advise the Fund as promptly as practicable of any such amounts due but not paid;
(c) Forward to the Fund copies of all information or documents that it may actually receive from an issuer of Securities which, in the opinion of Custodian, are intended for the beneficial owner of Securities;
(d) Execute, as custodian, any certificates of ownership, affidavits, declarations or other certificates under any tax laws now or hereafter in effect in connection with the collection of bond and note coupons;
(e) Hold directly or through a Depository, a Foreign Depository, or a Subcustodian all rights and similar Securities issued with respect to any Securities credited to an Account hereunder; and
(f) Endorse for collection checks, drafts or other negotiable instruments.
4. (a) Custodian shall notify the Fund of rights or discretionary actions with respect to Securities held hereunder, and of the date or dates by when such rights must be exercised or such action must be taken, provided that Custodian has actually received, from the issuer or the relevant Depository (with respect to Securities issued in the United States) or from the relevant Subcustodian, Foreign Depository, or a nationally or internationally recognized bond or corporate action service to which Custodian subscribes, timely notice of such rights or discretionary corporate action or of the date or dates such rights must be exercised or such action must be taken. Absent actual receipt of such notice, Custodian shall have no liability for failing to so notify the Fund.
(b) Whenever Securities (including, but not limited to, warrants, options, tenders, options to tender or non-mandatory puts or calls) confer discretionary rights on the Fund or provide for discretionary action or alternative courses of action by the Fund, the Fund shall be responsible for making any decisions relating thereto and for directing Custodian to act. In order for Custodian to act, it must receive the Funds Certificate or Instructions at Custodians offices, addressed as Custodian may from time to time request, not later than noon (New York time) at least two (2) Business Days prior to the last scheduled date to act with respect to such Securities (or such earlier date or time as Custodian may specify to the Fund). Absent Custodians timely receipt of such Certificate or Instructions, Custodian shall not be liable for failure to take any action relating to or to exercise any rights conferred by such Securities.
5. All voting rights with respect to Securities, however registered, shall be exercised by the Fund or its designee. Custodian will make available to the Fund proxy voting services upon the request of, and for the jurisdictions selected by, the Fund in accordance with terms and conditions to be mutually agreed upon by Custodian and the Fund.
6. Custodian shall promptly advise the Fund upon Custodians actual receipt of notification of the partial redemption, partial payment or other action affecting less than all
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Securities of the relevant class. If Custodian, any Subcustodian, any Depository, or any Foreign Depository holds any Securities in which the Fund has an interest as part of a fungible mass, Custodian, such Subcustodian, Depository, or Foreign Depository may select the Securities to participate in such partial redemption, partial payment or other action in any non-discriminatory manner that it customarily uses to make such selection.
7. Custodian shall not under any circumstances accept bearer interest coupons which have been stripped from United States federal, state or local government or agency securities unless explicitly agreed to by Custodian in writing.
8. The Fund shall be liable for all taxes, assessments, duties and other governmental charges, including any interest or penalty with respect thereto (Taxes), with respect to any cash or Securities held on behalf of the Fund or any transaction related thereto. The Fund shall indemnify Custodian and each Subcustodian for the amount of any Tax that Custodian, any such Subcustodian or any other withholding agent is required under applicable laws (whether by assessment or otherwise) to pay on behalf of, or in respect of income earned by or payments or distributions made to or for the account of the Fund (including any payment of Tax required by reason of an earlier failure to withhold). Custodian shall, or shall instruct the applicable Subcustodian or other withholding agent to, withhold the amount of any Tax which is required to be withheld under applicable law upon collection of any dividend, interest or other distribution made with respect to any Security and any proceeds or income from the sale, loan or other transfer of any Security. In the event that Custodian or any Subcustodian is required under applicable law to pay any Tax on behalf of the Fund, Custodian is hereby authorized to withdraw cash from any cash account in the amount required to pay such Tax and to use such cash, or to remit such cash to the appropriate Subcustodian or other withholding agent, for the timely payment of such Tax in the manner required by applicable law. If the aggregate amount of cash in all cash accounts is not sufficient to pay such Tax, Custodian shall promptly notify the Fund of the additional amount of cash (in the appropriate currency) required, and the Fund shall directly deposit such additional amount in the appropriate cash account promptly after receipt of such notice, for use by Custodian as specified herein. In the event that Custodian reasonably believes that Fund is eligible, pursuant to applicable law or to the provisions of any tax treaty, for a reduced rate of, or exemption from, any Tax which is otherwise required to be withheld or paid on behalf of the Fund under any applicable law, Custodian shall, or shall instruct the applicable Subcustodian or withholding agent to, either withhold or pay such Tax at such reduced rate or refrain from withholding or paying such Tax, as appropriate; provided that Custodian shall have received from the Fund all documentary evidence of residence or other qualification for such reduced rate or exemption required to be received under such applicable law or treaty. In the event that Custodian reasonably believes that a reduced rate of, or exemption from, any Tax is obtainable only by means of an application for refund, Custodian and the applicable Subcustodian shall have no responsibility for the accuracy or validity of any forms or documentation provided by the Fund to Custodian hereunder. The Fund hereby agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Custodian and each Subcustodian in respect of any liability arising from any underwithholding or underpayment of any Tax which results from the inaccuracy or invalidity of any such forms or other documentation, and such obligation to indemnify shall be a continuing obligation of the Fund, its successors and assigns notwithstanding the termination of this Agreement.
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9. (a) For the purpose of settling Securities and foreign exchange transactions, the Fund shall provide Custodian with sufficient immediately available funds for all transactions by such time and date as conditions in the relevant market dictate. As used herein, sufficient immediately available funds shall mean either (i) sufficient cash denominated in U.S. dollars to purchase the necessary foreign currency, or (ii) sufficient applicable foreign currency, to settle the transaction. Custodian shall provide the Fund with immediately available funds each day which result from the actual settlement of all sale transactions, based upon advices received by Custodian from Subcustodians, Depositories, and Foreign Depositories. Such funds shall be in U.S. dollars or such other currency as the Fund may specify to Custodian.
(b) Any foreign exchange transaction effected by Custodian in connection with this Agreement may be entered with Custodian or a BNY Affiliate acting as principal or otherwise through customary banking channels. The Fund may issue a standing Certificate or Instructions with respect to foreign exchange transactions, but Custodian may establish rules or limitations concerning any foreign exchange facility made available to the Fund. The Fund shall bear all risks of investing in Securities or holding cash denominated in a foreign currency.
10. Until such time as Custodian receives a certificate to the contrary with respect to a particular Security, Custodian may release the identity of the Fund to an issuer which requests such information pursuant to the Shareholder Communications Act of 1985 for the specific purpose of direct communications between such issuer and shareholder.
ARTICLE IV
PURCHASE AND SALE OF SECURITIES;
CREDITS TO ACCOUNT
1. Promptly after each purchase or sale of Securities by the Fund, the Fund shall deliver to Custodian a Certificate or Instructions, or with respect to a purchase or sale of a Security generally required to be settled on the same day the purchase or sale is made, Oral Instructions specifying all information Custodian may reasonably request to settle such purchase or sale. Custodian shall account for all purchases and sales of Securities on the actual settlement date unless otherwise agreed by Custodian.
2. The Fund understands that when Custodian is instructed to deliver Securities against payment, delivery of such Securities and receipt of payment therefor may not be completed simultaneously. Notwithstanding any provision in this Agreement to the contrary, settlements, payments and deliveries of Securities may be effected by Custodian or any Subcustodian in accordance with the customary or established securities trading or securities processing practices and procedures in the jurisdiction in which the transaction occurs, including, without limitation, delivery to a purchaser or dealer therefor (or agent) against receipt with the expectation of receiving later payment for such Securities. The Fund assumes full responsibility for all risks, including, without limitation, credit risks, involved in connection with such deliveries of Securities.
3. Custodian may, as a matter of bookkeeping convenience or by separate agreement with the Fund, credit the Account with the proceeds from the sale, redemption or other
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disposition of Securities or interest, dividends or other distributions payable on Securities prior to its actual receipt of final payment therefor. All such credits shall be conditional until Custodians actual receipt of final payment and may be reversed by Custodian to the extent that final payment is not received. Payment with respect to a transaction will not be final until Custodian shall have received immediately available funds which under applicable local law, rule and/or practice are irreversible and not subject to any security interest, levy or other encumbrance, and which are specifically applicable to such transaction.
ARTICLE V
OVERDRAFTS OR INDEBTEDNESS
1. If Custodian should in its sole discretion advance funds on behalf of any Series which results in an overdraft (including, without limitation, any day-light overdraft) because the money held by Custodian in an Account for such Series shall be insufficient to pay the total amount payable upon a purchase of Securities specifically allocated to such Series, as set forth in a Certificate, Instructions or Oral Instructions, or if an overdraft arises in the separate account of a Series for some other reason, including, without limitation, because of a reversal of a conditional credit or the purchase of any currency, or if the Fund is for any other reason indebted to Custodian with respect to a Series, including any indebtedness to The Bank of New York Mellon under the Funds Cash Management and Related Services Agreement (except a borrowing for investment or for temporary or emergency purposes using Securities as collateral pursuant to a separate agreement and subject to the provisions of Section 2 of this Article), such overdraft or indebtedness shall be deemed to be a loan made by Custodian to the Fund for such Series payable on demand and shall bear interest from the date incurred at a rate per annum ordinarily charged by Custodian to its institutional customers, as such rate may be adjusted from time to time. In addition, the Fund hereby agrees that Custodian shall to the maximum extent permitted by law have a continuing lien, security interest, and security entitlement in and to any property, including, without limitation, any investment property or any financial asset, of such Series at any time held by Custodian for the benefit of such Series or in which such Series may have an interest which is then in Custodians possession or control or in possession or control of any third party acting in Custodians behalf. The Fund authorizes Custodian, in its sole discretion, at any time to charge any such overdraft or indebtedness together with interest due thereon against any balance of account standing to such Series credit on Custodians books.
2. If the Fund borrows money from any bank (including Custodian if the borrowing is pursuant to a separate agreement) for investment or for temporary or emergency purposes using Securities held by Custodian hereunder as collateral for such borrowings, the Fund shall deliver to Custodian a Certificate specifying with respect to each such borrowing: (a) the Series to which such borrowing relates; (b) the name of the bank, (c) the amount of the borrowing, (d) the time and date, if known, on which the loan is to be entered into, (e) the total amount payable to the Fund on the borrowing date, (f) the Securities to be delivered as collateral for such loan, including the name of the issuer, the title and the number of shares or the principal amount of any particular Securities, and (g) a statement specifying whether such loan is for investment purposes or for temporary or emergency purposes and that such loan is in conformance with the 40 Act and the Funds prospectus. Custodian shall deliver on the borrowing date specified in a Certificate the specified collateral against payment by the lending bank of the total amount of the
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loan payable, provided that the same conforms to the total amount payable as set forth in the Certificate. Custodian may, at the option of the lending bank, keep such collateral in its possession, but such collateral shall be subject to all rights therein given the lending bank by virtue of any promissory note or loan agreement. Custodian shall deliver such Securities as additional collateral as may be specified in a Certificate to collateralize further any transaction described in this Section. The Fund shall cause all Securities released from collateral status to be returned directly to Custodian, and Custodian shall receive from time to time such return of collateral as may be tendered to it. In the event that the Fund fails to specify in a Certificate the Series, the name of the issuer, the title and number of shares or the principal amount of any particular Securities to be delivered as collateral by Custodian, Custodian shall not be under any obligation to deliver any Securities.
ARTICLE VI
SALE AND REDEMPTION OF SHARES
1. Whenever the Fund shall sell any shares issued by the Fund (Shares) it shall deliver to Custodian a Certificate or Instructions specifying the amount of money and/or Securities to be received by Custodian for the sale of such Shares and specifically allocated to an Account for such Series.
2. Upon receipt of such money, Custodian shall credit such money to an Account in the name of the Series for which such money was received.
3. Except as provided hereinafter, whenever the Fund desires Custodian to make payment out of the money held by Custodian hereunder in connection with a redemption of any Shares, it shall furnish to Custodian (a) a resolution of the Funds board directing the Funds transfer agent to redeem the Shares, and (b) a Certificate or Instructions specifying the total amount to be paid for such Shares. Custodian shall make payment of such total amount to the transfer agent specified in such Certificate or Instructions out of the money held in an Account of the appropriate Series.
ARTICLE VII
PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS OR DISTRIBUTIONS
1. Whenever the Fund shall determine to pay a dividend or distribution on Shares it shall furnish to Custodian Instructions or a Certificate setting forth with respect to the Series specified therein the date of the declaration of such dividend or distribution, the total amount payable, and the payment date.
2. Upon the payment date specified in such Instructions or Certificate, Custodian shall pay out of the money held for the account of such Series the total amount payable to the dividend agent of the Fund specified therein.
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ARTICLE VIII
CONCERNING CUSTODIAN
1. (a) Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, Custodian shall not be liable for any costs, expenses, damages, liabilities or claims, including attorneys and accountants fees (collectively, Losses), incurred by or asserted against the Fund, except those Losses arising out of Custodians own negligence or willful misconduct. Custodian shall have no liability whatsoever for the action or inaction of any Depositories or of any Foreign Depositories, except in each case to the extent such action or inaction is a direct result of the Custodians failure to fulfill its duties hereunder. With respect to any Losses incurred by the Fund as a result of the acts or any failures to act by any Subcustodian (other than a BNY Affiliate), Custodian shall take appropriate action to recover such Losses from such Subcustodian; and Custodians sole responsibility and liability to the Fund shall be limited to amounts so received from such Subcustodian (exclusive of costs and expenses incurred by Custodian). In no event shall Custodian be liable to the Fund or any third party for special, indirect or consequential damages, or lost profits or loss of business, arising in connection with this Agreement, nor shall BNY or any Subcustodian be liable: ( i ) for acting in accordance with any Certificate or Oral Instructions actually received by Custodian and reasonably believed by Custodian to be given by an Authorized Person; ( ii ) for acting in accordance with Instructions without reviewing the same; ( iii ) for conclusively presuming that all Instructions are given only by person(s) duly authorized; ( iv ) for conclusively presuming that all disbursements of cash directed by the Fund, whether by a Certificate, an Oral Instruction, or an Instruction, are in accordance with Section 2(i) of Article II hereof; ( v ) for holding property in any particular country, including, but not limited to, Losses resulting from nationalization, expropriation or other governmental actions; regulation of the banking or securities industry; exchange or currency controls or restrictions, devaluations or fluctuations; availability of cash or Securities or market conditions which prevent the transfer of property or execution of Securities transactions or affect the value of property; ( vi ) for any Losses due to forces beyond the control of Custodian, including without limitation strikes, work stoppages, acts of war or terrorism, insurrection, revolution, nuclear or natural catastrophes or acts of God, or interruptions, loss or malfunctions of utilities, communications or computer (software and hardware) services; (vii) for the insolvency of any Subcustodian (other than a BNY Affiliate), any Depository, or, except to the extent such action or inaction is a direct result of the Custodians failure to fulfill its duties hereunder, any Foreign Depository; or ( viii ) for any Losses arising from the applicability of any law or regulation now or hereafter in effect, or from the occurrence of any event, including, without limitation, implementation or adoption of any rules or procedures of a Foreign Depository, which may affect, limit, prevent or impose costs or burdens on, the transferability, convertibility, or availability of any currency or Composite Currency Unit in any country or on the transfer of any Securities, and in no event shall Custodian be obligated to substitute another currency for a currency (including a currency that is a component of a Composite Currency Unit) whose transferability, convertibility or availability has been affected, limited, or prevented by such law, regulation or event, and to the extent that any such law, regulation or event imposes a cost or charge upon Custodian in relation to the transferability, convertibility, or availability of any cash currency or Composite Currency Unit, such cost or charge shall be for the account of the Fund, and Custodian may treat any account denominated in an affected currency as a group of separate accounts denominated in the relevant component currencies.
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(b) Custodian may enter into subcontracts, agreements and understandings with any BNY Affiliate, whenever and on such terms and conditions as it deems necessary or appropriate to perform its services hereunder. No such subcontract, agreement or understanding shall discharge Custodian from its obligations hereunder.
(c) The Fund agrees to indemnify Custodian and hold Custodian harmless from and against any and all Losses sustained or incurred by or asserted against Custodian by reason of or as a result of any action or inaction, or arising out of Custodians performance hereunder, including reasonable fees and expenses of counsel incurred by Custodian in a successful defense of claims by the Fund; provided however, that the Fund shall not indemnify Custodian for those Losses arising out of Custodians own negligence or willful misconduct. This indemnity shall be a continuing obligation of the Fund, its successors and assigns, notwithstanding the termination of this Agreement.
2. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Custodian shall be under no obligation to inquire into, and shall not be liable for:
(a) Any Losses incurred by the Fund or any other person as a result of the receipt or acceptance of fraudulent, forged or invalid Securities, or Securities which are otherwise not freely transferable or deliverable without encumbrance in any relevant market;
(b) The validity of the issue of any Securities purchased, sold, or written by or for the Fund, the legality of the purchase, sale or writing thereof, or the propriety of the amount paid or received therefor;
(c) The legality of the sale or redemption of any Shares, or the propriety of the amount to be received or paid therefor;
(d) The legality of the declaration or payment of any dividend or distribution by the Fund;
(e) The legality of any borrowing by the Fund;
(f) The legality of any loan of portfolio Securities, nor shall Custodian be under any duty or obligation to see to it that any cash or collateral delivered to it by a broker, dealer or financial institution or held by it at any time as a result of such loan of portfolio Securities is adequate security for the Fund against any loss it might sustain as a result of such loan, which duty or obligation shall be the sole responsibility of the Fund. In addition, Custodian shall be under no duty or obligation to see that any broker, dealer or financial institution to which portfolio Securities of the Fund are lent makes payment to it of any dividends or interest which are payable to or for the account of the Fund during the period of such loan or at the termination of such loan, provided, however that Custodian shall promptly notify the Fund in the event that such dividends or interest are not paid and received when due;
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(g) The sufficiency or value of any amounts of money and/or Securities held in any Special Account in connection with transactions by the Fund; whether any broker, dealer, futures commission merchant or clearing member makes payment to the Fund of any variation margin payment or similar payment which the Fund may be entitled to receive from such broker, dealer, futures commission merchant or clearing member, or whether any payment received by Custodian from any broker, dealer, futures commission merchant or clearing member is the amount the Fund is entitled to receive, or to notify the Fund of Custodians receipt or non-receipt of any such payment; or
(h) Whether any Securities at any time delivered to, or held by it or by any Subcustodian, for the account of the Fund and specifically allocated to a Series are such as properly may be held by the Fund or such Series under the provisions of its then current prospectus and statement of additional information, or to ascertain whether any transactions by the Fund, whether or not involving Custodian, are such transactions as may properly be engaged in by the Fund.
3. Custodian may, with respect to questions of law specifically regarding an Account, obtain the advice of counsel and shall be fully protected with respect to anything done or omitted by it in good faith in conformity with such advice.
4. Custodian shall be under no obligation to take action to collect any amount payable on Securities in default, or if payment is refused after due demand and presentment.
5. Custodian shall have no duty or responsibility to inquire into, make recommendations, supervise, or determine the suitability of any transactions affecting any Account.
6. The Fund shall pay to Custodian the fees and charges as may be specifically agreed upon from time to time and such other fees and charges at Custodians standard rates for such services as may be applicable. The Fund shall reimburse Custodian for all costs associated with the conversion of the Funds Securities hereunder and the transfer of Securities and records kept in connection with this Agreement. The Fund shall also reimburse Custodian for out-of-pocket expenses which are a normal incident of the services provided hereunder.
7. Custodian has the right to debit any cash account for any amount payable by the Fund in connection with any and all obligations of the Fund to Custodian. In addition to the rights of Custodian under applicable law and other agreements, at any time when the Fund shall not have honored any of its obligations to Custodian, Custodian shall have the right without notice to the Fund to retain or set-off, against such obligations of the Fund, any Securities or cash Custodian or a BNY Affiliate may directly or indirectly hold for the account of the Fund, and any obligations (whether matured or unmatured) that Custodian or a BNY Affiliate may have to the Fund in any currency or Composite Currency Unit. Any such asset of, or obligation to, the Fund may be transferred to Custodian and any BNY Affiliate in order to effect the above rights.
8. The Fund agrees to forward to Custodian a Certificate or Instructions confirming Oral Instructions by the close of business of the same day that such Oral Instructions are given to
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Custodian. The Fund agrees that the fact that such confirming Certificate or Instructions are not received or that a contrary Certificate or contrary Instructions are received by Custodian shall in no way affect the validity or enforceability of transactions authorized by such Oral Instructions and effected by Custodian. If the Fund elects to transmit Instructions through an on-line communications system offered by Custodian, the Funds use thereof shall be subject to the Terms and Conditions attached as Appendix I hereto. If Custodian receives Instructions which appear on their face to have been transmitted by an Authorized Person via (i) computer facsimile, email, the Internet or other insecure electronic method, or (ii) secure electronic transmission containing applicable authorization codes, passwords and/or authentication keys, the Fund understands and agrees that Custodian cannot determine the identity of the actual sender of such Instructions and that Custodian shall conclusively presume that such Written Instructions have been sent by an Authorized Person, and the Fund shall be responsible for ensuring that only Authorized Persons transmit such Instructions to Custodian. If the Fund elects (with Custodians prior consent) to transmit Instructions through an on-line communications service owned or operated by a third party, the Fund agrees that Custodian shall not be responsible or liable for the reliability or availability of any such service.
9. The books and records pertaining to the Fund which are in possession of Custodian shall be the property of the Fund. Such books and records shall be prepared and maintained as required by the 40 Act and the rules thereunder. The Fund, or its authorized representatives, shall have access to such books and records during Custodians normal business hours. Upon the reasonable request of the Fund, copies of any such books and records shall be provided by Custodian to the Fund or its authorized representative. Upon the reasonable request of the Fund, Custodian shall provide in hard copy or on computer disc any records included in any such delivery which are maintained by Custodian on a computer disc, or are similarly maintained.
10. It is understood that Custodian is authorized to supply any information regarding the Accounts which is required by any law, regulation or rule now or hereafter in effect. The Custodian shall provide the Fund with any report obtained by the Custodian on the system of internal accounting control of a Depository, and with such reports on its own system of internal accounting control as the Fund may reasonably request from time to time.
11. Custodian shall have no duties or responsibilities whatsoever except such duties and responsibilities as are specifically set forth in this Agreement, and no covenant or obligation shall be implied against Custodian in connection with this Agreement.
ARTICLE IX
TERMINATION
1. Either of the parties hereto may terminate this Agreement by giving to the other party a notice in writing specifying the date of such termination, which shall be not less than ninety (90) days after the date of giving of such notice. In the event such notice is given by the Fund, it shall be accompanied by a copy of a resolution of the board of the Fund, certified by the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary, electing to terminate this Agreement and designating a successor custodian or custodians, each of which shall be a bank or trust company eligible to serve as a custodian of a unit investment trust under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as
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amended. In the event such notice is given by Custodian, the Fund shall, on or before the termination date, deliver to Custodian a copy of a resolution of the board of the Fund, certified by the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary, designating a successor custodian or custodians. In the absence of such designation by the Fund, Custodian may designate a successor custodian which shall be a bank or trust company eligible to serve as custodian for a unit investment trust under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. Upon the date set forth in such notice this Agreement shall terminate, and Custodian shall upon receipt of a notice of acceptance by the successor custodian on that date deliver directly to the successor custodian all Securities and money then owned by the Fund and held by it as Custodian, after deducting all fees, expenses and other amounts for the payment or reimbursement of which it shall then be entitled.
2. If a successor custodian is not designated by the Fund or Custodian in accordance with the preceding Section, the Fund shall upon the date specified in the notice of termination of this Agreement and upon the delivery by Custodian of all Securities (other than Securities which cannot be delivered to the Fund) and money then owned by the Fund be deemed to be its own custodian and Custodian shall thereby be relieved of all duties and responsibilities pursuant to this Agreement, other than the duty with respect to Securities which cannot be delivered to the Fund to hold such Securities hereunder in accordance with this Agreement.
ARTICLE X
MISCELLANEOUS
1. The Fund agrees to furnish to Custodian a new Certificate of Authorized Persons in the event of any change in the then present Authorized Persons. Until such new Certificate is received, Custodian shall be fully protected in acting upon Certificates or Oral Instructions of such present Authorized Persons.
2. Any notice or other instrument in writing, authorized or required by this Agreement to be given to Custodian, shall be sufficiently given if addressed to Custodian and received by it at its offices at One Wall Street, New York, New York 10286, or at such other place as Custodian may from time to time designate in writing.
3. Any notice or other instrument in writing, authorized or required by this Agreement to be given to the Fund shall be sufficiently given if addressed to the Fund and received by it at its offices at ***, or at such other place as the Fund may from time to time designate in writing.
4. Each and every right granted to either party hereunder or under any other document delivered hereunder or in connection herewith, or allowed it by law or equity, shall be cumulative and may be exercised from time to time. No failure on the part of either party to exercise, and no delay in exercising, any right will operate as a waiver thereof, nor will any single or partial exercise by either party of any right preclude any other or future exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right.
5. In case any provision in or obligation under this Agreement shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any exclusive jurisdiction, the validity, legality and enforceability of the
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remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected thereby. This Agreement may not be amended or modified in any manner except by a written agreement executed by both parties, except that any amendment to the Schedule I hereto need be signed only by the Fund and any amendment to Appendix I hereto need be signed only by Custodian. This Agreement shall extend to and shall be binding upon the parties hereto, and their respective successors and assigns; provided, however, that this Agreement shall not be assignable by either party without the written consent of the other.
6. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the State of New York, without regard to conflicts of laws principles thereof. The Fund and Custodian hereby consent to the jurisdiction of a state or federal court situated in New York City, New York in connection with any dispute arising hereunder. The Fund hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding brought in such a court and any claim that such proceeding brought in such a court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. The Fund and Custodian each hereby irrevocably waives any and all rights to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement.
7. The Fund hereby acknowledges that Custodian is subject to federal laws, including its Customer Identification Program (CIP) requirements under the USA PATRIOT Act and its implementing regulations, pursuant to which Custodian must obtain, verify and record information that allows Custodian to identify the Fund. Accordingly, prior to opening an Account hereunder Custodian will ask the Fund to provide certain information including, but not limited to, the Funds name, physical address, tax identification number and other information that will help Custodian to identify and verify the Funds identity such as organizational documents, certificate of good standing, license to do business, or other pertinent identifying information. The Fund agrees that Custodian cannot open an Account hereunder unless and until Custodian verifies the Funds identity in accordance with its CIP.
8. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but such counterparts shall, together, constitute only one instrument.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the Fund and Custodian have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective officers, thereunto duly authorized, as of the day and year first above written.
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SCHEDULE I
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORIZED PERSONS
(The Fund - Oral and Written Instructions)
The undersigned hereby certifies that he/she is the duly elected and acting of * (the Fund), and further certifies that the following officers or employees of the Fund have been duly authorized in conformity with the Funds Declaration of Trust and By-Laws to deliver Certificates and Oral Instructions to The Bank of New York Mellon (Custodian) pursuant to the Custody Agreement between the Fund and Custodian dated , and that the signatures appearing opposite their names are true and correct:
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This certificate supersedes any certificate of Authorized Persons you may currently have on file.
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SCHEDULE II
SERIES
APPENDIX I
THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON
ON-LINE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (THE SYSTEM)
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. License; Use . Upon delivery to an Authorized Person or a person reasonably believed by Custodian to be an Authorized Person, Fund of software enabling the Fund to obtain access to the System (the Software), Custodian grants to the Fund a personal, nontransferable and nonexclusive license to use the Software solely for the purpose of transmitting Written Instructions, receiving reports, making inquiries or otherwise communicating with Custodian in connection with the Account(s). The Fund shall use the Software solely for its own internal and proper business purposes and not in the operation of a service bureau. Except as set forth herein, no license or right of any kind is granted to the Fund with respect to the Software. The Fund acknowledges that Custodian and its suppliers retain and have title and exclusive proprietary rights to the Software, including any trade secrets or other ideas, concepts, know-how, methodologies, or information incorporated therein and the exclusive rights to any copyrights, trademarks and patents (including registrations and applications for registration of either), or other statutory or legal protections available in respect thereof. The Fund further acknowledges that all or a part of the Software may be copyrighted or trademarked (or a registration or claim made therefor) by Custodian or its suppliers. The Fund shall not take any action with respect to the Software inconsistent with the foregoing acknowledgments, nor shall the Fund attempt to decompile, reverse engineer or modify the Software. The Fund may not copy, sell, lease or provide, directly or indirectly, any of the Software or any portion thereof to any other person or entity without Custodians prior written consent. The Fund may not remove any statutory copyright notice or other notice included in the Software or on any media containing the Software. The Fund shall reproduce any such notice on any reproduction of the Software and shall add any statutory copyright notice or other notice to the Software or media upon Custodians request.
2. Equipment . The Fund shall obtain and maintain at its own cost and expense all equipment and services, including but not limited to communications services, necessary for it to utilize the Software and obtain access to the System, and Custodian shall not be responsible for the reliability or availability of any such equipment or services.
3. Proprietary Information . The Software, any data base and any proprietary data, processes, information and documentation made available to the Fund (other than which are or become part of the public domain or are legally required to be made available to the public) (collectively, the Information), are the exclusive and confidential property of Custodian or its suppliers. The Fund shall keep the Information
confidential by using the same care and discretion that the Fund uses with respect to its own confidential property and trade secrets, but not less than reasonable care. Upon termination of the Agreement or the Software license granted herein for any reason, the Fund shall return to Custodian any and all copies of the Information which are in its possession or under its control.
4. Modifications . Custodian reserves the right to modify the Software from time to time and the Fund shall install new releases of the Software as Custodian may direct. The Fund agrees not to modify or attempt to modify the Software without Custodians prior written consent. The Fund acknowledges that any modifications to the Software, whether by the Fund or Custodian and whether with or without Custodians consent, shall become the property of Custodian.
5. NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES . CUSTODIAN AND ITS MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS MAKE NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE, SERVICES OR ANY DATABASE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN FACT OR IN LAW, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE FUND ACKNOWLEDGES THAT THE SOFTWARE, SERVICES AND ANY DATABASE ARE PROVIDED AS IS. IN NO EVENT SHALL CUSTODIAN OR ANY SUPPLIER BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, WHETHER DIRECT, INDIRECT SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL, WHICH THE FUND MAY INCUR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE, SERVICES OR ANY DATABASE, EVEN IF CUSTODIAN OR SUCH SUPPLIER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL CUSTODIAN OR ANY SUPPLIER BE LIABLE FOR ACTS OF GOD, MACHINE OR COMPUTER BREAKDOWN OR MALFUNCTION, INTERRUPTION OR MALFUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION FACILITIES, LABOR DIFFICULTIES OR ANY OTHER SIMILAR OR DISSIMILAR CAUSE BEYOND THEIR REASONABLE CONTROL.
6. Security; Reliance; Unauthorized Use . The Fund will cause all persons utilizing the Software and System to treat all applicable user and authorization codes, passwords and authentication keys with extreme care, and it will establish internal control and safekeeping procedures to restrict the availability of the same to persons duly authorized to give Instructions. Custodian is hereby irrevocably authorized to act in accordance with and rely on Instructions received by it through the System. The Fund acknowledges that it is its sole responsibility to assure that only persons duly authorized use the System and that Custodian shall not be responsible nor liable for any unauthorized use thereof.
7. System Acknowledgments . Custodian shall acknowledge through the System its receipt of each transmission communicated through the System, and in the absence of such acknowledgment Custodian shall not be liable for any failure to act in accordance with such transmission and the Fund may not claim that such transmission was received by Custodian.
8. EXPORT RESTRICTIONS . EXPORT OF THE SOFTWARE IS PROHIBITED BY UNITED STATES LAW. THE FUND MAY NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES RESELL, DIVERT, TRANSFER, TRANSSHIP OR OTHERWISE DISPOSE OF THE SOFTWARE (IN ANY FORM) IN OR TO ANY OTHER COUNTRY. IF CUSTODIAN DELIVERED THE SOFTWARE TO THE FUND OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES, THE SOFTWARE WAS EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXPORTER ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS. DIVERSION CONTRARY TO U.S. LAW IS PROHIBITED. The Fund hereby authorizes Custodian to report its name and address to government agencies to which Custodian is required to provide such information by law.
9. ENCRYPTION . The Fund acknowledges and agrees that encryption may not be available for every communication through the System, or for all data. The Fund agrees that Custodian may deactivate any encryption features at any time, without notice or liability to the Fund, for the purpose of maintaining, repairing or troubleshooting the System or the Software.
Exhibit k(1)
SERVICE AGREEMENT
FOR
TRANSFER AGENT SERVICES
TO
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund
1
Exhibit k(1)
THIS SERVICE AGREEMENT FOR TRANSFER AGENT SERVICES (this Agreement) between , a corporation (Client) and Mellon Investor Services LLC (operating with the service name BNY Mellon Shareowner Services), a New Jersey limited liability company (Agent), is dated as of .
1. Appointment . Client appoints Agent as its transfer agent, registrar and dividend disbursing agent and Agent accepts such appointment in accordance with and subject to the following terms and conditions for all authorized shares of each class of stock listed in Exhibit A hereto (the Shares).
2. Term of Agreement. Agents appointment hereunder shall commence on the next business day after the later of (i) the date hereof, or (ii) the date Agent has confirmed that Clients records have been converted to Agents system (the Effective Date), and shall continue for three years thereafter (the Initial Term). Unless either party gives written notice of termination of this Agreement at least 60 days prior to the end of the Initial Term, or any successive three-year term, this Agreement shall automatically renew for successive additional three-year terms.
3. Duties of Agent. Commencing on the Effective Date, Agent shall provide the services listed in Exhibit B hereto, in the performance of its duties hereunder.
4. Representations, Warranties and Covenants of Client. Client represents, warrants and covenants to Agent that:
(a) it is a corporation duly organized and validly existing under the laws of its state of incorporation;
(b) the Shares issued and outstanding on the date hereof have been duly authorized, validly issued and are fully paid and are non-assessable; and any Shares to be issued hereafter, when issued, shall have been duly authorized, validly issued and fully paid and will be non-assessable;
(c) the Shares issued and outstanding on the date hereof have been duly registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), and such registration has become effective, or are exempt from such registration; and have been duly registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), or are exempt from such registration;
(d) any Shares to be issued hereafter, when issued, shall have been duly registered under the Securities Act, and such registration shall have become effective, or shall be exempt from such registration; and shall have been duly registered under the Exchange Act, or shall be exempt from such registration;
(e) Client has paid or caused to be paid all taxes, if any, that were payable upon or in respect of the original issuance of the Shares issued and outstanding on the date hereof;
2
Exhibit k(1)
(f) the use of facsimile signatures by Agent in connection with the countersigning and registering of Share certificates of Client has been duly authorized by Client and is valid and effective;
(g) the execution and delivery of this Agreement, and the issuance and any subsequent transfer of the Shares in accordance with this Agreement, do not and will not conflict with, violate, or result in a breach of, the terms, conditions or provisions of, or constitute a default under, the charter or the by-laws of Client, any law or regulation, any order or decree of any court or public authority having jurisdiction, or any mortgage, indenture, contract, agreement or undertaking to which Client is a party or by which it is bound. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by Client and is enforceable against Client in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization and other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors rights generally; and
(h) Client agrees to provide to Agent the documentation and notifications listed in Exhibit C hereto according to the requirements set forth therein.
5. Representations, Warranties and Covenants of Agent. Agent represents, warrants and covenants to Client that:
(a) Agent is a limited liability company duly organized and validly existing under the laws of its state of organization;
(b) Agent is, and for the term of this Agreement shall remain, duly registered as a transfer agent under the Exchange Act;
(c) subject to Section 7 hereof, during the term of this Agreement, Agent shall comply with its obligations as a transfer agent under the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder; and
(d) assuming the accuracy of Clients representations and warranties and compliance by Client with its covenants hereunder, the execution and delivery of this Agreement, and the performance by Agent of its obligations in accordance with this Agreement, do not and will not conflict with, violate, or result in a breach of, the terms, conditions or provisions of, or constitute a default under, the organizational documents of Agent, any law or regulation, any order or decree of any court or public authority having jurisdiction, or any mortgage, indenture, contract, agreement or undertaking to which Agent is a party or by which it is bound. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by Agent and is enforceable against Agent in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization and other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors rights generally.
| 6. |
Scope of Agency. |
(a) Agent shall act solely as agent for Client under this Agreement and owes no duties hereunder to any other person. Agent undertakes to perform the duties and only the duties that are specifically set forth in this Agreement, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Agreement against Agent.
3
Exhibit k(1)
(b) Agent may rely upon, and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting in reliance upon, (i) any communication from Client, any predecessor Transfer Agent or co-Transfer Agent or any Registrar (other than Agent), predecessor Registrar or co-Registrar; (ii) any instruction, notice, request, direction, consent, report, certificate, opinion or other instrument, paper, document or electronic transmission believed by Agent to be genuine and to have been signed or given by the proper party or parties; (iii) any guaranty of signature by an eligible guarantor institution that is a member or participant in the Securities Transfer Agents Medallion Program or other comparable signature guarantee program or insurance program in addition to, or in substitution for, the foregoing; (iv) any instructions received through Direct Registration System/Profile; or (v) any law, act, regulation or any interpretation of the same even though such law, act, or regulation may thereafter have been altered, changed, amended or repealed. In addition, Agent is authorized to refuse to make any transfer that it determines in good faith not to be in good order.
(c) In connection with any question of law arising in the course of Agent performing its duties hereunder, Agent may consult with legal counsel (including internal counsel) whose advice shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by Agent hereunder in good faith and in reasonable reliance thereon.
(d) Any instructions given by Client to Agent orally shall be confirmed in writing by Client as soon as practicable. Agent shall not be liable or responsible and shall be fully authorized and protected for acting, or failing to act, in reliance upon any oral instructions that do not conform with the written confirmation received in accordance with this Section 6(d).
7. Indemnification. Client shall indemnify Agent for, and hold it harmless from and against, any loss, liability, claim (whether with or without basis in fact or law), demand, cost or expense (collectively, Loss) arising out of or in connection with Agents duties under this Agreement or this appointment, including the reasonable costs and expenses of defending itself against any Loss or enforcing this Agreement, except to the extent that such Loss shall have been determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be a result of Agents gross negligence or intentional misconduct.
| 8. |
Limitation of Liability. |
(a) In the absence of gross negligence or intentional misconduct on its part, Agent shall not be liable for any action taken, suffered or omitted by it or for any error of judgment made by it in the performance of its duties under this Agreement. In no event will Agent be liable for special, indirect, incidental, consequential or punitive losses or damages of any kind whatsoever (including but not limited to lost profits), even if Agent has been advised of the possibility of such losses or damages and regardless of the form of action. Any liability of Agent will be limited in the aggregate to an amount equal to twelve (12) times the monthly administrative fee to be paid by Client as set forth in Exhibit B hereto.
4
Exhibit k(1)
(b) If any question or dispute arises with respect to the proper interpretation of this Agreement or Agents duties hereunder, Agent shall not be required to act or be held liable or responsible for its failure or refusal to act until the question or dispute has been (i) judicially settled (and Agent may, if it deems it advisable, but shall not be obligated to, file a suit in interpleader or for a declaratory judgment for such purpose) by a final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction that is binding on all parties interested in the matter and is no longer subject to review or appeal, or (ii) settled by a written document in form and substance satisfactory to Agent and executed by Client. For such purpose, Agent may, but shall not be obligated to, require the execution of such a document.
9. Force Majeure. Agent shall not be liable for any failures, delays or losses, arising directly or indirectly out of conditions beyond its reasonable control, including, but not limited to, acts of government, exchange or market ruling, suspension of trading, work stoppages or labor disputes, civil disobedience, riots, rebellions, electrical or mechanical failure, computer hardware or software failure, communications facilities failures including telephone failure, war, terrorism, insurrection, fires, earthquakes, storms, floods, acts of God or similar occurrences.
10. Market Data. Client acknowledges that Agent may provide real-time or delayed quotations and other market information and messages (Market Data), which Market Data is provided to Agent by certain national securities exchanges and associations who assert a proprietary interest in Market Data disseminated by them but do not guarantee the timeliness, sequence, accuracy or completeness thereof. Client agrees and acknowledges that Agent shall not be liable in any way for any loss or damage arising from or occasioned by any inaccuracy, error, delay in, omission of, or interruption in any Market Data or the transmission thereof.
| 11. |
Termination. |
(a) Client may terminate this Agreement if (i) Agent defaults on any of its material obligations hereunder and such default remains uncured thirty (30) days after Agents receipt of notice of such default from Client; or (ii) any proceeding in bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership or insolvency is commenced by or against Agent, Agent shall become insolvent or shall cease paying its obligations as they become due or makes any assignment for the benefit of its creditors.
(b) Agent may suspend providing services hereunder or terminate this Agreement if (i) Client fails to pay amounts due hereunder or defaults on any of its material obligations hereunder and such failure or default remains uncured thirty (30) days after Clients receipt of notice of such failure or default from Agent; (ii) any proceeding in bankruptcy, reorganization, receivership or insolvency is commenced by or against Client, Client shall become insolvent, or shall cease paying its obligations as they become due or makes any assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or (iii) Client is acquired by or is merged with or into another entity where Client is not the surviving company.
5
Exhibit k(1)
(c) Upon termination of this Agreement, all fees earned and expenses incurred by Agent up to and including the date of such termination shall be immediately due and payable to Agent on or before the effective date of such termination.
(d) In addition to the payments required in Section 11(c) above, if this Agreement is terminated by Client for any reason other than pursuant to Section 11(a) above or by Agent pursuant to Section 11(b) above, then Client shall pay a termination fee, due and payable to Agent on or before the effective date of such termination, calculated as follows: (i) if the termination occurs prior to the first anniversary of the commencement date of the current term (the Commencement Date), then the termination fee shall equal twelve (12) times the average monthly invoice charged to Client by Agent hereunder, (ii) if the termination occurs on or after the first anniversary of the Commencement Date but prior to the second anniversary of the Commencement Date, then the termination fee shall equal nine (9) times the average monthly invoice charged to Client by Agent hereunder, and (iii) if the termination occurs on or after the second anniversary of the Commencement Date, then the termination fee shall equal six (6) times the average monthly invoice charged to Client by Agent hereunder. For purposes of this paragraph, fees for non-recurring events shall be excluded when calculating the average monthly invoice charged to Client by Agent.
(e) Prior to termination of this Agreement, Client shall provide Agent with written instructions as to the disposition of records, as well as any additional documentation reasonably requested by Agent. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, the respective rights and duties of Client and Agent under this Agreement shall cease upon termination of this Agreement.
12. Lost Certificates. Agent shall not be obligated to issue a replacement share certificate for any share certificate reported to have been lost, destroyed or stolen unless Agent shall have received: (a) an affidavit of such loss, destruction or theft; (b) a bond of indemnity in form and substance satisfactory to Agent; and (c) payment of all applicable fees. Shareholders may obtain such a bond of indemnity from a surety company of the shareholders choice, provided the surety company satisfies Agents minimum requirements.
| 13. |
Confidentiality. |
(a) In connection with Agents appointment hereunder, each party shall obtain confidential information related to the other party or its stockholders that is not available to the general public (Confidential Information), which Confidential Information shall include the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the exhibits attached hereto. Each party agrees that the Confidential Information shall be held and treated by it, its directors, officers, employees, affiliates, agents and subcontractors (collectively, Representatives) in confidence and, except as hereinafter provided, shall not be disclosed in any manner whatsoever except as otherwise required by law, regulation,
6
Exhibit k(1)
subpoena or governmental authority. Confidential Information shall be used by each party and its Representatives only for the purposes for which provided and shall be disclosed by such party only to those Representatives who have a need to know in order to accomplish the business purpose in connection with which the Confidential Information has been provided. Confidential Information does not include information that (i) is now or subsequently becomes generally available to the public through no fault or breach on the part of the receiving party; (ii) the receiving party had rightfully in its possession prior to disclosure to it by the disclosing party; (iii) is independently developed by the receiving party without the use of or reference to any Confidential Information; or (iv) the receiving party rightfully obtains on a non-confidential basis from a source other than the disclosing party who has the right to transfer or disclose it.
(b) In connection with the provision of services under this Agreement, Client may direct Agent to release information, including non-public personal information (NPPI), as defined in Title V of the Gramm Leach Bliley Act and the regulations issued thereunder (including but not limited to Regulation P of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve) to Clients agents or other third party service providers, including, without limitation, broker/dealers, custodians and depositories. In addition, Client consents to the release of information, including NPPI, (i) to any of Agents Representatives in connection with the services provided hereunder and (ii) as required by law, regulation, subpoena or governmental authority. Agent shall not be liable for the release of information in accordance with the foregoing provisions.
14. Publicity. Neither party will issue a news release, public announcement, advertisement, or other form of publicity concerning the existence of this Agreement or the Services to be provided hereunder without obtaining the prior written approval of the other party, which may be withheld in the other partys sole discretion; provided that Agent may use Clients name in its customer lists.
| 15. |
Lost Stockholders; In-Depth Stockholder Search. |
(a) Agent shall conduct such database searches to locate lost stockholders as are required by Rule 17Ad-17 under the Exchange Act, without charge to the stockholder. If a new address is so obtained in a database search for a lost stockholder, Agent shall conduct a verification mailing and update its records for such stockholder accordingly.
(b) Agent may conduct a more in-depth search for the purpose of (i) locating lost stockholders for whom a new address is not obtained in accordance with clause (a) above, (ii) identifying stockholders who are deceased (or locating their next of kin) and (iii) locating stockholders whose accounts contain two or more consecutive uncashed checks, in each case using the services of a locating service provider selected by Agent. Such provider may compensate Agent for processing and other services that Agent provides in connection with such in-depth search.
(c) Upon locating any stockholder (or next of kin) pursuant to clause (b) above, the locating service provider shall clearly identify to such stockholder (or next of
7
Exhibit k(1)
kin) all assets held in such stockholders account. Such provider shall inform any such located stockholders (or next of kin) that they may choose either (i) to contact Agent directly to obtain the assets in such account, at no charge other than any applicable fees to replace lost certificates, or (ii) to use the services of such provider for a fee, which may not exceed (A) 10% of the asset value of such stockholders property where the registered stockholder is a living person or (B) 20% of the asset value of such stockholders property where the registered stockholder is deceased or is not a natural person; provided that in no case shall such fee exceed the maximum statutory fee permitted by the applicable state jurisdiction. If Client selects a locating service provider other than one selected by Agent, then Agent shall not be responsible for the terms of any agreement with such provider and additional fees may apply.
| 16. |
Compensation and Expenses. |
(a) Commencing on the Effective Date, Client shall compensate Agent for its services hereunder in accordance with the fee schedules listed in Exhibit B hereto. After the second anniversary of the Effective Date, such fees may be adjusted annually, on or about each anniversary of the Effective Date, by the annual percentage of change in the latest Consumer Price Index of All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) United States City Average, as published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics plus one half percent (0.5%).
(b) All amounts owed to Agent hereunder are due within thirty (30) days of the invoice date. Delinquent payments are subject to a late payment charge of one and one half percent (1.5%) per month commencing forty-five (45) days from the invoice date. Client agrees to reimburse Agent for any attorneys fees and any other costs associated with collecting delinquent payments.
(c) Client shall be charged for certain expenses advanced or incurred by Agent in connection with Agents performance of its duties hereunder. Such charges include, but are not limited to, stationery and supplies, such as transfer sheets, dividend checks, envelopes, and paper stock, as well as any disbursements for telephone, mail insurance, electronic document creation and delivery, travel expenses for annual meetings, link-up charges from Automatic Data Processing Inc. and tape charges from The Depository Trust Company. While Agent endeavors to maintain such charges (both internal and external) at competitive rates, these charges will not, in all instances, reflect actual out-of-pocket costs, and in some instances may include handling charges to cover internal processing and use of Agents billing systems.
(d) With respect to any shareholder mailings processed by Agent, Client shall be charged postage as an out-of-pocket expense at postage rates that may not reflect all available or utilized postal discounts, such as presort or NCOA discounts. Client shall, at least one business day prior to mail date, provide immediately available funds sufficient to cover all postage due on such mailing. Any material shareholder mailing schedule changes, including, but not limited to, delays in delivering materials to Agent or changes in a mailing commencement date, may result in additional fees and/or expenses.
8
Exhibit k(1)
(e) Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, Client shall pay Agent a fee for deconversion services (e.g., providing shareholder lists and files, producing and shipping records, answering successor agent inquiries). This fee shall be based on Agents then-current deconversion fee schedule. Agent may withhold the Clients records, reports and unused certificate stock pending Clients payment in full of all fees and expenses owed to Agent under this Agreement.
17. Notices. All notices, demands and other communications given pursuant to this Agreement shall be in writing, shall be deemed effective on the date of receipt, and may be sent by overnight delivery service, or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested to:
| 18. |
Submission to Jurisdiction; Foreign Law. |
(a) The parties irrevocably (i) submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of any New York State court sitting in New York City or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement, (ii) waive, to the fullest extent they may effectively do so, any defense based on inconvenient forum, improper venue or lack of jurisdiction to the maintenance of any such action or proceeding, and (iii) waive all right to trial by jury in any action, proceeding or counterclaim arising out of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.
(b) Agent shall not be required hereunder to comply with the laws or regulations of any country other than the United States of America or any political subdivision thereof. Agent may consult with foreign counsel, at Clients expense, to resolve any foreign law issues that may arise as a result of Client or any other party being subject to the laws or regulations of any foreign jurisdiction.
9
Exhibit k(1)
| 19. |
Miscellaneous. |
(a) Amendments. This Agreement may not be amended or modified in any manner except by a written agreement signed by both Client and Agent.
(b) Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by, construed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without regard to principles of conflicts of law.
(c) Survival of Terms. Sections 7, 8, 13 and 16 hereof shall survive termination of this Agreement and Agents appointment hereunder.
(d) Assignment. This Agreement shall be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns; provided that this Agreement may not be assigned, or otherwise transferred, in whole or in part, by either party without the prior written consent of the other party, which the other party will not unreasonably withhold, condition or delay; and provided further that (i) consent is not required for an assignment to an affiliate of Agent and (ii) any reorganization, merger, consolidation, sale of assets or other form of business combination by Agent shall not be deemed to constitute an assignment of this Agreement. Any attempted assignment in violation of the foregoing will be void.
(e) Headings. The headings contained in this Agreement are for the purposes of convenience only and are not intended to define or limit the contents of this Agreement.
(f) Severability. Whenever possible, each provision of this Agreement will be interpreted in such a manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Agreement is found to violate a law, it will be severed from the rest of the Agreement and ignored.
(g) Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed manually in any number of counterparts, each of which such counterparts, when so executed and delivered, shall be deemed an original, and all such counterparts when taken together shall constitute one and the same original instrument.
(h) Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supercedes all prior written or oral communications, understandings, and agreements with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement. The parties acknowledge that the Exhibits hereto are an integral part of this Agreement.
(i) Benefits of this Agreement . Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to give any person or entity other than Agent and Client any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Agreement; but this Agreement shall be for the sole and exclusive benefit of Agent and Client.
10
Exhibit k(1)
(j) Customer Identification Program. Client acknowledges that Agent is subject to the customer identification program (Customer Identification Program) requirements under the USA PATRIOT Act and its implementing regulations, and that Agent must obtain, verify and record information that allows Agent to identify Client. Accordingly, prior to accepting an appointment hereunder, Agent may request information from Client that will help Agent to identify Client, including without limitation Clients physical address, tax identification number, organizational documents, certificate of good standing, license to do business, or any other information that Agent deems necessary. Client agrees that Agent cannot accept an appointment hereunder unless and until Agent verifies Clients identity in accordance with the Customer Identification Program requirements.
(k) Incentive Compensation Program. The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (BNYM) has adopted an incentive compensation program designed (i) to facilitate clients gaining access to and being provided with explanations about the full range of products and services offered by BNYM and its subsidiaries and (ii) to expand and develop client relationships. This program may lead to the payment of referral fees and/or bonuses to employees of BNYM or its subsidiaries who may have been involved in a referral that resulted in the execution of obtaining of products or services by Client covered by this Agreement or which may be ancillary or supplemental to such products or services. Any such referral fees or bonuses are funded solely out of fees and commissions paid by Client under this Agreement or with respect to such ancillary or supplemental products or services.
[The remainder of this page has been intentionally left blank. Signature page follows.]
11
Exhibit k(1)
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement by their duly authorized officers as of the day and year above written.
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Name: |
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Title: |
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| MELLON INVESTOR SERVICES LLC | ||
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12
Exhibit k(2)
MARKETING, ADMINISTRATION, BOOKKEEPING AND
PRICING SERVICES AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is made as of December , 2010, between Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund), a Massachusetts statutory trust, and ALPS Fund Services, Inc., a Colorado corporation (ALPS).
WHEREAS, the Fund is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (1940 Act) as a closed-end, non-diversified management investment company;
WHEREAS, Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (the Adviser) is the Funds investment adviser and is responsible for overall investment management services to the Fund;
WHEREAS, ALPS provides certain marketing, administrative, bookkeeping and pricing services to investment companies; and
WHEREAS, the Fund seeks to appoint ALPS to perform certain marketing, administrative, bookkeeping and pricing services for the Fund, and ALPS has indicated its willingness to so act, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and mutual covenants hereinafter contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:
| 1. |
ALPS Appointment and Duties . |
| (a) |
The Fund hereby appoints ALPS to provide marketing, administrative, bookkeeping and pricing services as are set forth in Appendix A , as amended from time to time, upon the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth. ALPS hereby accepts such appointment and agrees to furnish such specified services. ALPS shall for all purposes be deemed to be an independent contractor and shall, except as otherwise expressly authorized in this Agreement, have no authority to act for or represent the Fund in any way or otherwise be deemed an agent of the Fund. |
| (b) |
ALPS may employ or associate itself with a person or persons or organizations as ALPS believes to be desirable in the performance of its duties hereunder; provided that, in such event, the compensation of such person or persons or organizations shall be paid by and be the sole responsibility of ALPS, and the Fund shall bear no cost or obligation with respect thereto; and provided further that ALPS shall not be relieved of any of its obligations under this Agreement in such event and shall be responsible for all acts of any such person or persons or organizations taken in furtherance of this Agreement to the same extent it would be for its own acts. |
| 2. |
ALPS Compensation; Expenses . |
| (a) |
In consideration for the services to be performed hereunder by ALPS, the Fund shall pay ALPS the fees listed in Appendix B hereto. Notwithstanding anything to the |
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contrary in this Agreement, fees billed for the services to be performed by ALPS under this Agreement are based on information provided by the Fund and such fees are subject to renegotiation between the parties to the extent such information is determined to be materially different from what the Fund originally provided to ALPS. |
| (b) |
ALPS will bear all expenses in connection with the performance of its services under this Agreement, except as otherwise provided herein. ALPS will NOT bear any of the costs of Fund personnel. Other Fund expenses incurred shall be borne by the Fund or the Funds investment adviser, including, but not limited to, initial organization and offering expenses; litigation expenses; taxes; costs of preferred shares; expenses of conducting repurchase offers for the purpose of repurchasing Fund shares; transfer agency and custodial expenses; taxes; interest; Fund trustees fees; brokerage fees and commissions; state and federal registration fees; advisory fees; insurance premiums; fidelity bond premiums; Fund and investment advisory related legal expenses; costs of maintenance of Fund existence; printing and delivery of materials in connection with meetings of the Fund trustees; printing and mailing shareholder reports, offering documents, and proxy materials; securities pricing data services; and expenses in connection with electronic filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC). |
| 3. |
Right to Receive Advice . |
| (a) |
Advice of the Fund . If ALPS is in doubt as to any action it should or should not take, ALPS shall request directions or advice from the Fund, the Adviser or, as applicable, the Funds custodian or other services providers. |
| (b) |
Advice of Counsel . If ALPS is in doubt as to any question of law pertaining to any action it should or should not take, ALPS shall request advice from counsel of its own choosing and at its own expense. |
| (c) |
Conflicting Advice . In the event of a conflict between directions, advice or instructions ALPS receives from the Fund and the advice ALPS receives from counsel, ALPS shall inform the Fund and its counsel of the conflict and seek resolution. |
| (d) |
Nothing in this subsection shall excuse ALPS when an action or omission on the part of ALPS constitutes willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard by ALPS of any duties, obligations or responsibilities set forth in this Agreement. |
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| 4. |
Liability of ALPS . |
| (a) |
ALPS may rely upon the written advice of counsel for the Fund and the Funds independent accountants, and upon oral or written statements of the Funds investment adviser, brokers and other service providers to the Fund, reasonably believed by ALPS in good faith to be an expert in the matters upon which they are consulted and, for any actions reasonably taken in good faith reliance upon such advice or statements and without negligence, ALPS shall not be liable to anyone. |
| (b) |
Nothing herein contained shall be construed to protect ALPS against any liability to the Fund or its shareholders to which ALPS would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard in the performance of its duties. |
| (c) |
Except as may otherwise be provided by applicable law, neither ALPS nor its shareholders, officers, directors, employees or agents shall be subject to, and the Fund shall indemnify and hold such persons harmless from and against, any liability for and any damages, expenses or losses incurred by reason of the inaccuracy of factual information furnished to ALPS by the Fund or the Adviser. |
| (d) |
ALPS shall be obligated to exercise commercially reasonable care and diligence in the performance of its duties hereunder, to act in good faith and to use its best efforts, within reasonable limits, in performing services provided for under this Agreement. ALPS shall be liable for actual damages arising out of ALPS failure to perform its duties under this Agreement to the extent such damages arise out of ALPS willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard of such duties. |
| (e) |
ALPS shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Fund in connection with the matters to which this Agreement relates, except for a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence on its part in the performance of its duties or from reckless disregard by it of its obligations and duties under this Agreement. |
| 5. |
Reports . Whenever, in the course of performing its duties under this Agreement, ALPS determines, on the basis of information supplied to ALPS by the Fund or its authorized agents, that a violation of applicable law has occurred or that, to its knowledge, a possible violation of applicable law may have occurred or, with the passage of time, would occur, ALPS shall promptly notify the Fund and its counsel. |
| 6. |
Activities of ALPS . The services of ALPS under this Agreement are not to be deemed exclusive, and ALPS shall be free to render similar services to others. The Fund recognizes that from time to time directors, officers and employees of ALPS may serve as directors, officers and employees of other corporations or businesses (including other investment companies) and that such other corporations and businesses may include ALPS as part of their name and that ALPS or its affiliates may enter into marketing, administrative, bookkeeping, pricing agreements or other agreements with such other corporations and businesses. |
- 3 -
| 7. |
Accounts and Records . The accounts and records maintained by ALPS shall be the property of the Fund. Such accounts and records shall be prepared, maintained and preserved as required by the 1940 Act and other applicable securities laws, rules and regulations. Such accounts and records shall be surrendered to the Fund promptly upon receipt of instructions from the Fund in the form in which such accounts and records have been maintained or preserved. The Fund shall have access to such accounts and records at all times during ALPS normal business hours. Upon the reasonable request of the Fund, copies of any such books and records shall be provided by ALPS to the Fund at the Funds expense. ALPS shall assist the Fund, the Funds independent auditors, or, upon approval of the Fund, any regulatory body, in any requested review of the Funds accounts and records, and reports by ALPS or its independent accountants concerning its accounting system and internal auditing controls will be open to such entities for audit or inspection upon reasonable request. |
| 8. |
Confidential and Proprietary Information . ALPS agrees that it will, on behalf of itself and its officers and employees, treat all transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and all records and information relative to the Fund and its shareholders (past, present and future) and other information germane thereto, as confidential and as proprietary information of the Fund and not to use, sell, transfer or divulge such information or records to any person for any purpose other than performance of its duties hereunder, except after prior notification to and approval in writing from the Fund, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. It may not be withheld where ALPS may be exposed to civil, regulatory or criminal proceedings for failure to comply, when requested to divulge such information by duly constituted authorities, or when so requested by the Fund. ALPS shall have in place and maintain physical, electronic and procedural safeguards reasonably designed to protect the security, confidentiality and integrity of, and to prevent unauthorized access to or use of records and information relating to the Fund and its past, present and future shareholders, consumers and customers. |
| 9. |
Compliance with Rules and Regulations . ALPS shall comply, and to the extent ALPS takes or is required to take action on behalf of the Fund hereunder shall cause the Fund to comply, with all applicable requirements of the 1940 Act and other applicable laws, rules, regulations, orders and code of ethics, as well as all investment restrictions, policies and procedures adopted by the Fund of which ALPS has knowledge. Except as specifically set forth herein, ALPS assumes no responsibility for such compliance by the Fund. |
| 10. |
Representations and Warranties of ALPS . ALPS represents and warrants to the Fund that: |
| (a) |
It is duly organized and existing as a corporation and in good standing under the laws of the State of Colorado; |
| (b) |
It is empowered under applicable laws and by its Articles of Incorporation and By-laws to enter into and perform this Agreement; |
- 4 -
| (c) |
All requisite corporate proceedings have been taken to authorize it to enter into and perform this Agreement; and |
| (d) |
It has and will continue to have access to the necessary facilities, equipment and personnel to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement in accordance with industry standards. |
| 11. |
Representations and Warranties of the Fund . The Fund represents and warrants to ALPS that: |
| (a) |
It is a Massachusetts statutory trust duly organized and existing and in good standing under the laws of Massachusetts and is registered with the SEC as a closed-end investment company; |
| (b) |
It is empowered under applicable laws and by its Agreement and Declaration of Trust and By-laws to enter into and perform this Agreement; |
| (c) |
The Board of Trustees has duly authorized it to enter into and perform this Agreement; and |
| (d) |
It has provided ALPS with copies of its prospectus(es) and statement(s) of additional information and will provide ALPS with any amendments or supplements thereto. |
| 12. |
Liaison with Accountants . ALPS shall act as liaison with the Funds independent public accountants and shall provide account analysis, fiscal year summaries and other audit-related schedules with respect to the services provided to the Fund. ALPS shall take all reasonable action in the performance of its duties under this Agreement to assure that the necessary information in ALPS control is made available to such accountants for the expression of their opinion, as required by the Fund. |
| 13. |
Business Interruption Plan . ALPS shall maintain in effect a business interruption plan and enter into any agreements necessary with appropriate parties making reasonable provisions for emergency use of electronic data processing equipment customary in the industry. In the event of equipment failures, ALPS shall, at no additional expense to the Fund, take commercially reasonable steps to minimize service interruptions. ALPS shall have no liability with respect to the loss of data or service interruptions caused by equipment failure provided such loss or interruption is not caused by ALPS own willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard of its duties or obligations under this Agreement. |
| 14. |
Duration and Termination of this Agreement . |
| (a) |
Initial Term . This Agreement shall become effective as of the date first written above (the Start Date) and shall continue thereafter throughout the period which ends five (5) years after the Start Date (the Initial Term). Until the end of the Initial Term, this Agreement may be terminated without penalty only by agreement of the parties upon not less than sixty (60) days written notice or for cause pursuant to Section 13(c) hereof. |
- 5 -
| (b) |
Renewal Term . If not sooner terminated, this Agreement shall renew at the end of the Initial Term and shall thereafter continue for successive annual periods until terminated by the Fund or by ALPS, without penalty, upon not less than 90 days written notice to the other party. |
| (c) |
Cause . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary elsewhere in this Agreement, the Fund may terminate this Agreement for cause immediately at any time, without penalty, without default and without the payment of any default payment or other liquidated damages. Termination for cause hereunder shall mean: |
| (i) |
willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or reckless disregard on the part of ALPS in the performance of or with respect to its obligations and duties hereunder; |
| (ii) |
regulatory, administrative or judicial proceedings against ALPS which result in a determination that, in rendering its services hereunder, ALPS has violated, or has caused the Fund to violate, any applicable law, rule, regulation, order or code of ethics, or any investment restriction, policy or procedure adopted by the Fund of which ALPS had knowledge; or |
| (iii) |
financial difficulties on the part of ALPS which are evidenced by the authorization or commencement of, or involvement by way of pleading, answer, consent or acquiescence in, a voluntary or involuntary case under Title 11 of the United States Code, as from time to time in effect, or any applicable law other than said Title 11, of any jurisdiction relating to the liquidation or reorganization of debtors or to the modification or alteration of the rights of creditors. |
| (d) |
Deliveries Upon Termination . Upon termination of this Agreement, ALPS shall deliver to the Fund or as otherwise directed by the Fund (at the expense of the Fund, unless such termination is for cause) all records and other documents made or accumulated in the performance of its duties for the Fund hereunder. |
| 14. |
Assignment . This Agreement shall extend to and shall be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns; provided, however, that this Agreement shall not be assignable by the Fund or Advisor without the prior written consent of ALPS, or by ALPS without the prior written consent of the Fund. |
| 15. |
Governing Law . The provisions of this Agreement shall be construed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Colorado, and the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder. To the extent that the laws of the State of Colorado conflict with the 1940 Act or such rules, the latter shall control. |
- 6 -
| 16. |
Names . The obligations of the Fund entered into in the name or on behalf thereof by any director, representative or agent thereof are made not individually, but in such capacities, and are not binding upon any of the directors, shareholders, representatives or agents of the Fund personally, but bind only the property of the Fund, and all persons dealing with the Fund must look solely to the property of the Fund for the enforcement of any claims against the Fund. |
| 17. |
Amendments to this Agreement . This Agreement may only be amended by the parties in writing. |
| 18. |
Notices . All notices and other communications hereunder shall be in writing, shall be deemed to have been given when received or when sent by telex or facsimile, and shall be given to the following addresses (or such other addresses as to which notice is given): |
| To ALPS: | ||||
| ALPS Fund Services, Inc. | ||||
| 1290 Broadway, Suite 1100 | ||||
| Denver, Colorado 80203 | ||||
| Attn: General Counsel | ||||
| Fax: (303) 623-7850 | ||||
| To the Fund: | ||||
| Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund | ||||
|
c/o Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP |
||||
| 31 West 52 nd Street, 16 th Floor | ||||
| New York, New York 10019 | ||||
| Attn: Adam J. Shapiro | ||||
| Fax: (866) 317-7532 | ||||
| 19. |
Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed by the parties hereto on any number of counterparts, and all of said counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument. |
| 20. |
Entire Agreement . This Agreement embodies the entire agreement and understanding among the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof; provided, however, that ALPS may embody in one or more separate documents its agreement, if any, with respect to delegated duties and oral instructions. |
[ Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank ]
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the day and year first above written.
| STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND | ||
|
By: |
|
|
|
Name: |
||
|
Title: |
||
| ALPS FUND SERVICES, INC. | ||
|
By: |
|
|
|
Name: |
Jeremy O. May |
|
|
Title: |
President |
|
- 8 -
APPENDIX A
SERVICES
Fund Administration
| |
Prepare annual and semi-annual financial statements |
| |
Coordinate layout and printing of annual and semi-annual reports |
| |
Prepare and file Forms N-SAR, N-CSR and N-Q |
| |
Assist with the filing of Form N-PX (ALPS assumes no responsibility for compiling or maintaining the proxy voting record of the Fund, if any, but will work with the Adviser and custodian in preparing the record in the proper format for filing on Form N-PX and assist with filing the Form on EDGAR, if required.) |
| |
Host annual audits and SEC exams |
| |
Perform monthly prospectus compliance and SEC diversification tests |
| |
Calculate monthly SEC standardized total return performance figures |
| |
Prepare required reports for quarterly Board meetings |
| |
Monitor expense ratios |
| |
Maintain budget vs. actual expenses |
| |
Manage fund invoice approval and bill payment process |
| |
Assist with placement of Fidelity Bond and E&O insurance |
| |
Coordinate reporting to outside agencies including Morningstar, etc. |
| |
Coordinate with custodian and other outside services providers of the Fund |
Fund Accounting
| |
Calculate daily NAVs |
| |
Transmit daily NAVs to NASDAQ, Transfer Agent and other third parties |
| |
Compute yields, expense ratios, portfolio turnover rates, etc. |
| |
Calculate income dividend rates and coordinate with the Funds custodian on payment of dividends |
| |
Reconcile cash and investment balances with the custodian |
| |
Support preparation of financial statements |
| |
Prepare required Fund Accounting records in accordance with the 1940 Act |
Legal
| |
Provide legal review of SEC financial filings and of any filings required by exchange listing requirements |
| |
Coordinate EDGARization and/or filing of documents with the SEC and to the extent filings are required by the exchange, to coordinate such filings once ALPS is made aware of the trigger events for such filings. |
| |
Prepare, compile and mail board materials |
| |
Attend board meetings and prepare minutes |
| |
Review legal contracts |
| |
Oversee Funds Code of Ethics reporting |
| |
Conduct the Annual Meeting and issue proxies therefore, if required by exchange listing requirements or state law 1 |
| 1 |
The parties specifically agree that the services provided by ALPS are limited to routine items normally contained in the annual meeting proxy statement for closed-end investment companies, e.g. , election of directors and approval of the Funds public auditing firm. The Fund will be subject to additional charges for preparation of proxy materials that contain special or non-routine items to be voted on at an annual meeting or preparation of proxy materials associated with any special meeting. ALPS, at its sole discretion, will determine what constitutes a special or non-routine item to be contained in any annual meeting proxy materials. The parties further agree that the Fund is responsible for the costs of tabulating the results of any shareholder meeting and the costs of engaging a proxy solicitor for any shareholder meeting. |
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Tax
| |
Calculate dividend and capital gain distribution rates, including distributions necessary to avoid excise tax* |
| |
Calculate tax disclosure information (ROCSOP) for the audited financial statements |
| |
Prepare and file federal and state income and excise tax returns (and appropriate extensions)* |
| |
Monitor on a quarterly basis each Funds status as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended |
| |
Calculate and monitor applicable book-to-tax differences and assist in identifying securities that give rise to book-to-tax differences** |
| |
Calculate year-end tax characterization for distributions paid during the calendar year |
| * |
Funds independent auditors provide review & sign-off on excise distributions and income and excise tax returns. ALPS shall not analyze or investigate information or returns for foreign tax filings. State income or franchise tax return preparation is limited to the initial state of nexus and does not include additional state filing requirements that may be triggered by underlying investments of the Fund. |
| ** |
Security classifications to be identified include but are not limited to passive foreign investment company, real estate investment trust, master limited partnership, contingent debt obligations, trust preferred, grantor trust, and stapled security. The ultimate determination of the classification of securities will be the responsibility of Fund management. |
Creative Services
| |
Financial regulatory reports |
| |
Proxy statements |
| |
Marketing pieces (including fact sheets, slicks and brochures) |
| |
Collateral |
| |
Presentations |
| |
Print Vendor Management: bids, vendor communications and report mailings |
| |
Creation of web architecture, design, layout and maintenance |
Marketing
| |
Secondary market support with wholesaling team |
| |
800 phone line with registered reps |
- 10 -
APPENDIX B
FEES
Fees paid to ALPS shall be calculated and accrued daily and payable monthly by the Fund at a rate equal to 15 basis points annually on the Funds average daily Total Assets (as defined in the Funds prospectus), plus out-of-pocket expenses.
Out-of-pocket expenses include, but are not limited to, third party security pricing and data fees, Bloomberg fees, Gainskeeper fees, SAS 70 control review report, travel expenses to board meetings and on-sight reviews, proxy service fees, printing and mailing fees, fulfillment costs, customized programming/enhancements, calls, webinars, roadshow expenses, and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred by ALPS in connection with the performance of its duties under this Agreement. ALPS agrees to pay up to $20,000 per year for out-of-pocket expenses associated with Marketing services, such as calls, webinars and other communication services, and fees in excess of $20,000 per year will be billed to the Fund as out-of-pocket expenses.
LATE CHARGES : All invoices are due and payable upon receipt. Any invoices not paid within thirty (30) days of the invoice date are subject to a one percent (1%) per month financing charge on any unpaid balance but only to the extent permitted by law.
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Exhibit k(8)
DISTRIBUTION ASSISTANCE AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT, dated as of December __, 2010, is entered into by and between, Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund), a Massachusetts statutory trust, Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP, a Delaware limited partnership (the Adviser), and ALPS Distributors, Inc., a Colorado corporation (ALPS).
In consideration for ALPS provision of distribution assistance services to the Fund in connection with the offering of common shares of the Fund pursuant to the Funds prospectus dated December __, 2010 (the Offering), which services include assistance with coordinating the road show and designing and coordinating the printing of marketing materials, the Fund shall pay ALPS up to 0.10% of the total public offering price (exclusive of any exercise of the overallotment) amount of the Offering.
First, the Fund shall pay up to 0.10% of the amount of the Offering, provided that, the Fund has not otherwise paid expenses relating to the Offering (exclusive of sales load, but inclusive of the reimbursement of underwriter expenses) (the Fee) up to the reimbursement cap of $0.05 per common share of the Fund. The Fund shall also pay ALPS for its reasonable and documented out of pocket expenses related to the road show, in addition to the Fee. To the extent such out of pocket expenses exceed the reimbursement cap of $0.05 per common share, the out of pocket expenses exceeding the reimbursement cap shall be paid by the Adviser.
If the amount described in the above paragraph paid by the Fund to ALPS is less than 0.10% of the Offering, the Adviser shall pay ALPS such difference in amount between the amount paid to ALPS by the Fund and 0.10% of the Offering.
The Fund, the Adviser and ALPS acknowledge and agree that the compensation set forth above shall be the only compensation ALPS will receive from the Fund for its distribution assistance in connection with the Offering.
|
STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP |
||
|
By: |
|
|
|
Name: |
||
|
Title: |
||
|
ALPS DISTRIBUTORS, INC. |
||
|
By: |
|
|
|
Name: |
Thomas A. Carter |
|
|
Title: |
President |
|
Exhibit k(9)
ORGANIZATIONAL AND OFFERING EXPENSES REIMBURSEMENT AGREEMENT
AGREEMENT made this th day of November 2010, by and between STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND, a Massachusetts business trust (the Fund ), and STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP, a Delaware limited partnership (the Adviser ).
WHEREAS, the Fund and the Adviser have separately entered into a Management Contract dated November , 2010 (the Management Contract ).
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants hereinafter contained, and in connection with the establishment and commencement of operations of the Fund, it is hereby agreed by and between the parties hereto as follows:
| 1. |
The Adviser agrees to pay all of the Funds organizational expenses. The Adviser also agrees to pay, if the initial public offering occurs, the amount by which the Funds offering costs of the initial offering of common shares of beneficial interest of the Fund (shares) exceed $0.05 per share. The expenses for which the Fund is being reimbursed pursuant to this Agreement do not include (x) management fees payable by the Fund pursuant to the terms of the Management Contract and (y) any sales load or underwriting discount paid by shareholders, but do include any reimbursement of expenses incurred by the Funds underwriters in connection with the initial public offering. |
| 2. |
This Agreement may be terminated only by the vote of (a) the Board of Trustees of the Fund, including the vote of the members of the Board who are not interested persons of the Fund within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, and (b) a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. |
| 3. |
If any provision of this Agreement shall be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute, rule, or otherwise, the remainder shall not be thereby affected. |
| 4. |
The Funds Agreement and Declaration of Trust, including any amendments thereto, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This Agreement is executed on behalf of the Fund by an officer of the Fund as an officer and not individually and the obligations imposed upon the Fund by this Agreement are not binding upon any of the Funds Trustees, officers or shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Fund. |
[ Remainder of page intentionally left blank. ]
Exhibit k(9)
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Fund and the Adviser have caused this Agreement to be executed on the day and year first above written.
| STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND | ||
|
By: |
|
|
|
Name: |
||
|
Title: |
||
|
STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP |
||
|
By: |
|
|
|
Name: |
||
|
Title: |
||
Exhibit k(10)
FOREIGN CUSTODY MANAGER AGREEMENT
AGREEMENT made as of , 200 by and between each entity listed on Annex I attached hereto (the Fund) and The Bank of New York Mellon (BNY).
W I T N E S S E T H:
WHEREAS , the Fund desires to appoint BNY as a Foreign Custody Manager on the terms and conditions contained herein;
WHEREAS , BNY desires to serve as a Foreign Custody Manager and perform the duties set forth herein on the terms and conditions contained herein;
NOW THEREFORE , in consideration of the mutual promises hereinafter contained in this Agreement, the Fund and BNY hereby agree as follows:
ARTICLE I.
DEFINITIONS
Whenever used in this Agreement, the following words and phrases, unless the context otherwise requires, shall have the following meanings:
1. Board shall mean the board of directors or board of trustees, as the case may be, of the Fund.
2. Eligible Foreign Custodian shall have the meaning provided in the Rule.
3. Monitoring System shall mean a system established by BNY to fulfill the Responsibilities specified in clauses (d) and (e) of Section 1 of Article III of this Agreement.
4. Responsibilities shall mean the responsibilities delegated to BNY under the Rule as a Foreign Custody Manager with respect to each Specified Country and each Eligible Foreign Custodian selected by BNY, as such responsibilities are more fully described in Article III of this Agreement.
5. Rule shall mean Rule 17f-5 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended on June 12, 2000.
6. Specified Country shall mean each country listed on Schedule I attached hereto and each country, other than the United States, constituting the primary market for a security with respect to which the Fund has given settlement instructions to The Bank of New York Mellon as custodian (the Custodian) under its Custody Agreement with the Fund.
ARTICLE II.
BNY AS A FOREIGN CUSTODY MANAGER
1. The Fund on behalf of its Board hereby delegates to BNY with respect to each Specified Country the Responsibilities.
2. BNY accepts the Boards delegation of Responsibilities with respect to each Specified Country and agrees in performing the Responsibilities as a Foreign Custody Manager to exercise reasonable care, prudence and diligence such as a person having responsibility for the safekeeping of the Funds assets would exercise.
3. BNY shall provide to the Board at such times as the Board deems reasonable and appropriate based on the circumstances of the Funds foreign custody arrangements written reports notifying the Board of the placement of assets of the Fund with a particular Eligible Foreign Custodian within a Specified Country and of any material change in the arrangements (including the contract governing such arrangements) with respect to assets of the Fund with any such Eligible Foreign Custodian.
ARTICLE III.
RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Subject to the provisions of this Agreement, BNY shall with respect to each Specified Country select an Eligible Foreign Custodian. In connection therewith, BNY shall: (a) determine that assets of the Fund held by such Eligible Foreign Custodian will be subject to reasonable care, based on the standards applicable to custodians in the relevant market in which such Eligible Foreign Custodian operates, after considering all factors relevant to the safekeeping of such assets, including, without limitation, those contained in paragraph (c)(1) of the Rule; (b) determine that the Funds foreign custody arrangements with each Eligible Foreign Custodian are governed by a written contract with the Custodian which will provide reasonable care for the Funds assets based on the standards specified in paragraph (c)(1) of the Rule; (c) determine that each contract with an Eligible Foreign Custodian shall include the provisions specified in paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A) through (F) of the Rule or, alternatively, in lieu of any or all of such (c)(2)(i)(A) through (F) provisions, such other provisions as BNY determines will provide, in their entirety, the same or a greater level of care and protection for the assets of the Fund as such specified provisions; (d) monitor pursuant to the Monitoring System the appropriateness of maintaining the assets of the Fund with a particular Eligible Foreign Custodian pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of the Rule and the performance of the contract governing such arrangement; and (e) advise the Fund whenever BNY determines under the Monitoring System that an arrangement (including, any material change in the contract governing such arrangement) described in preceding clause (d) no longer meets the requirements of the Rule.
2. For purposes of preceding Section 1 of this Article, BNYs determination of appropriateness shall not include, nor be deemed to include, any evaluation of Country Risks associated with investment in a particular country. For purposes hereof, Country Risks shall mean systemic risks of holding assets in a particular country including but not limited to (a) an
- 2 -
Eligible Foreign Custodians use of any depositories that act as or operate a system or a transnational system for the central handling of securities or any equivalent book-entries; (b) such countrys financial infrastructure; (c) such countrys prevailing custody and settlement practices; (d) nationalization, expropriation or other governmental actions; (e) regulation of the banking or securities industry; (f) currency controls, restrictions, devaluations or fluctuations; and (g) market conditions which affect the orderly execution of securities transactions or affect the value of securities.
ARTICLE IV.
REPRESENTATIONS
1. The Fund hereby represents that: (a) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Fund, constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of the Fund enforceable in accordance with its terms, and no statute, regulation, rule, order, judgment or contract binding on the Fund prohibits the Funds execution or performance of this Agreement; (b) this Agreement has been approved and ratified by the Board at a meeting duly called and at which a quorum was at all times present, and (c) the Board or the Funds investment advisor has considered the Country Risks associated with investment in each Specified Country and will have considered such risks prior to any settlement instructions being given to the Custodian with respect to any other country.
2. BNY hereby represents that: (a) BNY is duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, with full power to carry on its businesses as now conducted, and to enter into this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder; (b) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by BNY, constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of BNY enforceable in accordance with its terms, and no statute, regulation, rule, order, judgment or contract binding on BNY prohibits BNYs execution or performance of this Agreement; and (c) BNY has established the Monitoring System.
ARTICLE V.
CONCERNING BNY
1. BNY shall not be liable for any costs, expenses, damages, liabilities or claims, including attorneys and accountants fees, sustained or incurred by, or asserted against, the Fund except to the extent the same arises out of the failure of BNY to exercise the care, prudence and diligence required by Section 2 of Article II hereof. In no event shall BNY be liable to the Fund, the Board, or any third party for special, indirect or consequential damages, or for lost profits or loss of business, arising in connection with this Agreement.
2. The Fund shall indemnify BNY and hold it harmless from and against any and all costs, expenses, damages, liabilities or claims, including attorneys and accountants fees, sustained or incurred by, or asserted against, BNY by reason or as a result of any action or inaction, or arising out of BNYs performance hereunder, provided that the Fund shall not indemnify BNY to the extent any such costs, expenses, damages, liabilities or claims arises out of BNYs failure to exercise the reasonable care, prudence and diligence required by Section 2 of Article II hereof.
- 3 -
3. For its services hereunder, the Fund agrees to pay to BNY such compensation and out-of-pocket expenses as shall be mutually agreed.
4. BNY shall have only such duties as are expressly set forth herein. In no event shall BNY be liable for any Country Risks associated with investments in a particular country.
ARTICLE VI.
MISCELLANEOUS
1. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Fund and BNY as a foreign custody manager, and no provision in the Custody Agreement between the Fund and the Custodian shall affect the duties and obligations of BNY hereunder, nor shall any provision in this Agreement affect the duties or obligations of the Custodian under the Custody Agreement.
2. Any notice or other instrument in writing, authorized or required by this Agreement to be given to BNY, shall be sufficiently given if received by it at its offices at 100 Church Street, 10th Floor, New York, New York 10286, or at such other place as BNY may from time to time designate in writing.
3. Any notice or other instrument in writing, authorized or required by this Agreement to be given to the Fund shall be sufficiently given if received by it at its offices at or at such other place as the Fund may from time to time designate in writing.
4. In case any provision in or obligation under this Agreement shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected thereby. This Agreement may not be amended or modified in any manner except by a written agreement executed by both parties. This Agreement shall extend to and shall be binding upon the parties hereto, and their respective successors and assigns; provided however, that this Agreement shall not be assignable by either party without the written consent of the other.
5. This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the State of New York, without regard to conflicts of laws principles thereof. The Fund and BNY hereby consent to the jurisdiction of a state or federal court situated in New York City, New York in connection with any dispute arising hereunder. The Fund hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding brought in such a court and any claim that such proceeding brought in such a court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. The Fund and BNY each hereby irrevocably waives any and all rights to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement.
6. The parties hereto agree that in performing hereunder, BNY is acting solely on behalf of the Fund and no contractual or service relationship shall be deemed to be established hereby between BNY and any other person by reason of this Agreement.
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7. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but such counterparts shall, together, constitute only one instrument.
8. This Agreement shall terminate simultaneously with the termination of the Custody Agreement between the Fund and the Custodian, and may otherwise be terminated by either party giving to the other party a notice in writing specifying the date of such termination, which shall be not less than thirty (30) days after the date of such notice.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the Fund and BNY have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective officers, thereunto duly authorized, as of the date first above written.
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EACH OF THE FUNDS OR SERIES IDENTIFIED IN ANNEX I |
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By: |
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Title: |
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THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON |
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By: |
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Title: |
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ANNEX I
| Fund Name | Tax Identification |
SCHEDULE I
Specified Countries
- 7 -
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Trustees and Shareholder of
Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund:
We consent to the use in this Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement No. 333-169361 on Form N-2 of our report dated November 18, 2010, relating to the statement of assets and liabilities of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund appearing in the Statement of Additional Information, which is part of such Registration Statement, and to the references to us under the heading Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in both the Prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information, which are part of such Registration Statement.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Denver, Colorado
November 18, 2010
Exhibit p
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
Subscription Agreement
This Subscription Agreement made as of November , 2010, by and between Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund, a Massachusetts business trust (the Fund ), and Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (the Subscriber ).
WITNESSETH:
WHEREAS, the Fund has been formed for the purposes of carrying on business as a closed-end management investment company; and
WHEREAS, the Subscriber is the investment manager to the Fund; and
WHEREAS, the Subscriber wishes to subscribe for and purchase, and the Fund wishes to sell to the Subscriber, 4,187.605 common shares of beneficial interest, par value $0.00001 (the Shares ), for a purchase price of $23.88 per share.
NOW THEREFORE, IT IS AGREED:
1. The Subscriber subscribes for and agrees to purchase from the Fund the Shares for a purchase price of $23.88 per Share and an aggregate purchase price of $100,000.00. The Subscriber agrees to make payment for the Shares at such time as demand for payment may be made by an officer of the Fund.
2. The Fund agrees to issue and sell said Shares to the Subscriber promptly upon its receipt of the aggregate purchase price.
3. To induce the Fund to accept its subscription and issue the Shares subscribed for, the Subscriber represents that it is informed as follows:
(a) That the Shares being subscribed for have not been and will not be registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act ), or registered or qualified under the securities laws of any state;
(b) That the Shares will be sold by the Fund in reliance on an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act;
(c) That the Funds reliance upon an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act is predicated in part on the representations and agreements contained in this Subscription Agreement;
(d) That, when issued, the Shares will be restricted securities as defined in paragraph (a)(3) of Rule 144 of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Act ( Rule 144 ) and cannot be sold or transferred by Subscriber unless they are subsequently registered under the Securities Act or unless an exemption from such registration is available; and
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Exhibit p
(e) That there do not appear to be any exemptions from the registration provisions of the Securities Act available to the Subscriber for resale of the Shares. In the future, certain exemptions may possibly become available, including an exemption for limited sales in accordance with the conditions of Rule 144.
The Subscriber understands that a primary purpose of the information acknowledged in subparagraphs (a) through (e) above is to put the Subscriber on notice as to restrictions on the transferability of the Shares.
4. To further induce the Fund to accept its subscription and issue the Shares subscribed for, the Subscriber:
(a) Represents and warrants that the Shares subscribed for are being and will be acquired for investment for its own account and not on behalf of any other person or persons and not with a view to, or for sale in connection with, any public distribution thereof;
(b) Agrees that any certificates representing the Shares subscribed for may bear a legend substantially in the following form:
The shares represented by this certificate have been acquired for investment and have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933 or any other federal or state securities law. These shares may not be offered for sale, sold or otherwise transferred unless registered under said securities laws or unless some exemption from registration is available;
and
(c) Consents, as the sole holder of the Funds common shares of beneficial interest and pursuant to Section 23(b)(2) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, to the issuance by the Fund of common shares of beneficial interest at a price per share as set forth in the underwriting agreement relating to the public offering of the common shares of beneficial interest of the Fund.
5. This Subscription Agreement and all of its provisions shall be binding upon the legal representatives, heirs, successors and assigns of the parties hereto. This Subscription Agreement may be signed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original for all purposes.
6. The Funds Agreement and Declaration of Trust, including any amendments thereto, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This Subscription Agreement is executed on behalf of the Fund by an officer of the Fund as an officer and not individually, and the obligations imposed upon the Fund by this Subscription Agreement are not binding upon any of the Funds Trustees, officers or shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Fund.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Subscription Agreement has been executed by the parties hereto as of the day and date first above written.
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STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND |
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Name: |
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Title: |
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STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP |
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Name: |
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Title: |
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Exhibit r(1)
S TONE H ARBOR I NVESTMENT P ARTNERS LP
S TONE H ARBOR I NVESTMENT F UNDS
S TONE H ARBOR E MERGING M ARKETS I NCOME F UND
C ODE O F E THICS
| A. |
STATEMENT OF POLICY. |
This Code of Ethics (Code) is adopted under Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (1940 Act) and Section 204A-1 of the Investment Advisers Act (Advisers Act) by Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (Adviser or Stone Harbor), a registered investment adviser, and those registered investment companies advised or managed by Stone Harbor (together, Stone Harbor Funds). This Code applies to all partners, officers, trustees and employees of Stone Harbor and the Stone Harbor Funds, as discussed below.
| B. |
GENERAL PRINCIPLES. |
All Access Persons owe a fiduciary duty to Stone Harbors clients, including the Stone Harbor Funds, when conducting their personal investment transactions. Access Persons must place the interest of clients first and avoid activities, interests and relationships that might interfere with the duty to make decisions in the best interests of the clients. All personal securities transactions are to be conducted in a manner consistent with this Code and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of an individuals position of trust and responsibility. All personal securities transactions must also be conducted in compliance with all applicable federal securities laws. The fundamental standard to be followed in personal securities transactions is that Access Persons may not take inappropriate advantage of their positions. This Code does not attempt to identify all possible conflicts of interest, and literal compliance with each of its specific provisions will not shield Access Persons from liability for personal trading or other conduct that violates a fiduciary duty.
ACCESS PERSONS MUST NEVER TRADE IN A SECURITY WHILE IN POSSESSION OF MATERIAL, NON-PUBLIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE ISSUER OR THE MARKET FOR THOSE SECURITIES, EVEN IF THE ACCESS PERSON HAS SATISFIED ALL OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF THIS CODE. Stone Harbor has created the position of Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) and the holder of such position shall be responsible for the implementation of this Code and all record-keeping functions mandated hereunder, including the review of all initial and annual holding reports as well as the quarterly transactions reports described below. ALL ACCESS PERSONS MUST PROMPTLY REPORT ANY VIOLATION OF THE CODE OF ETHICS TO THE CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER. The CCO shall promptly report to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Stone Harbor all material violations of, or deviations from, this Code.
| C. |
DEFINITIONS. |
The following definitions apply to this Code of Ethics.
| 1. |
Access Person . An Access Person includes all partners, trustees, officers and employees of Stone Harbor and the Stone Harbor Funds, as well as any natural person in a control relationship to Stone Harbor or the Stone Harbor Funds who obtains information concerning recommendations made to an account with regard to the purchase or sale of Securities. |
| 2. |
Beneficial Interest . Beneficial Interest means a direct or indirect pecuniary interest (as defined in subparagraph (a)(2) of Rule 16a-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) (1934 Act) that is held or shared by a person directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship, or otherwise, in a Security. The term Pecuniary Interest, as it is defined under the 1934 Act, is generally understood to mean having the opportunity to share, directly or indirectly, in any profit or loss on a transaction in Securities. |
The following are examples of an indirect Pecuniary Interest in Securities:
| a. |
Securities held by members of your immediate family sharing the same household; however, this presumption may be rebutted by convincing evidence that profits derived from transactions in these Securities will not provide you with any economic benefit. |
| b. |
Your interest as a general partner in Securities held by a general or limited partnership. |
| c. |
Your interest as a manager-member in the Securities held by a limited liability company. |
| d. |
Securities held in your 401(k), defined contribution retirement account or individual retirement account. |
You do not have an indirect Pecuniary Interest in Securities held by a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity in which you hold an equity interest, unless you are a controlling equity holder or you have or share investment control over the Securities held by the entity.
The following circumstances constitute a Beneficial Interest in Securities held by a trust:
| a. |
Your ownership of Securities as a trustee where either you or members of your immediate family have a vested interest in the principal or income of the trust. |
| b. |
Your ownership of a vested interest in a trust. |
| c. |
Your status as a settlor of a trust, unless the consent of all of the beneficiaries is required in order for you to revoke the trust. |
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| 3. |
Immediate Family . Immediate family means any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law, and includes any adoptive relationship. |
| 4. |
Independent Trustee . An Independent Trustee is a trustee of a Stone Harbor Fund who is not an interested person of the Fund within the meaning of Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act. |
| 5. |
Personal Securities Accounts . A Personal Securities Account is any account through which Securities can be purchased or sold, including, but is not limited to, a brokerage account, 401(k) account, or variable annuity or variable life insurance policy. A Personal Securities Account includes: |
| a. |
Accounts in a Covered Person s name or accounts in which the Covered Person has a direct or indirect Beneficial Interest; |
| b. |
Accounts in the name of a Covered Persons spouse, children under 18, relatives living with the Covered Person or for whose support the Covered Person is wholly or partially responsible (Related Persons); and |
| c. |
Accounts in which a Covered Person or Related Person directly or indirectly controls, participates in, or has the right to control or participate in, investment decisions. |
A Personal Securities Account does not include:
| a. |
Estate or Trust Accounts in which a Covered Person has a Beneficial Interest, but no power to affect investment decisions; |
| b. |
Fully discretionary accounts managed by a registered investment adviser if (i) the Covered Person receives permission from Legal/Compliance, and (ii) there is no communication between the adviser to the account and such person with regard to investment decisions prior to execution; |
| c. |
Direct investment programs, such as dividend reinvestment plans, which allow the purchase of Securities directly from the issuer on a pre-arranged, regularized schedule without the intermediation of a broker/dealer; or |
| d. |
Other accounts over which a Covered Person has not direct or indirect influence or control, subject to approval by Legal/Compliance. |
| 6. |
Securities . Except as provided below, Securities include, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a Security including the following: |
| a. |
stocks |
| b. |
bonds |
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| c. |
shares of open and closed-end funds (including exchange-traded funds) and unit investment trusts |
| d. |
hedge funds |
| e. |
private equity funds |
| f. |
limited partnerships |
| g. |
private placements or unlisted securities |
| h. |
debentures, and other evidences of indebtedness, including senior debt, subordinated debt |
| i. |
investment, commodity or futures contracts |
| j. |
all derivative instruments such as options, warrants and indexed instruments |
Security also includes securities that are related to a security being purchased or sold by a Stone Harbor client. A related security is one whose value is derived from the value of another security (e.g., a warrant, option, or an indexed instrument).
For purposes of this Policy, Security does not include:
| a. |
U.S. Treasury obligations and mortgage pass-throughs (e.g., Ginnie Maes) that are direct obligations of the U.S. government |
| b. |
bankers acceptances |
| c. |
bank certificates of deposit |
| d. |
commercial paper |
| e. |
high quality short-term debt instruments (meaning any instrument that has a maturity at issuance of less than 366 days and that is rated in one of the two highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, such as S&P or Moodys), including repurchase agreements. |
| f. |
Shares of open-end mutual funds not advised or sub-advised by Stone Harbor or an affiliate; and |
| g. |
units of a UIT if such UIT is invested exclusively in unaffiliated mutual funds. |
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| D. |
PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS. |
No Access Person in connection with the purchase or sale, directly or indirectly, by such person in Securities, shall:
| 1. |
Employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud any Stone Harbor client; |
| 2. |
Make to a client any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state to the client a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading; |
| 3. |
Engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any Stone Harbor client; or |
| 4. |
Engage in any manipulative practice with respect to any Stone Harbor client. |
| E. |
RESTRICTIONS, PRE-CLEARANCE, BLACKOUT PERIOD, HOLDING PERIOD AND EXCEPTIONS. |
The following restrictions apply to trading for Personal Securities Accounts of Access Persons:
| 1. |
Restricted List . No transactions for a Personal Securities Account may be made in a Security that is on Stone Harbors Restricted List. The Restricted List will be maintained by Stone Harbor and will include issuers about which the Adviser has material non-public information. The Restricted List can be found on Share Point. |
| 2. |
Pre-Clearance Requirement . Access Persons may effect a purchase or sale of: (i) a fixed-income Security, bond, similar evidence of indebtedness, or convertible bond (collectively fixed-income Security), (ii) a common stock (or option on such stock) held by Stone Harbor or a Stone Harbor Fund in which they have, or by reason of such transaction acquire, a direct or beneficial interest ( it is the responsibility of the Access Person to review the list of common stocks on SharePoint before executing a transaction in a common stock ); (iii) any closed-end fund (U.S. registered investment company) for which Stone Harbor or an advisory affiliate serves as adviser or sub-adviser, or (iv) Securities issued in IPOs or private placements, as described below, in each case only if they obtain prior written clearance from Stone Harbor Legal/Compliance . Requests for pre-clearance shall be made on the appropriate form (attached as Exhibit C) provided by Legal/Compliance for such purpose. Such written pre-clearance shall be based upon a determination by Legal/Compliance in his or her reasonable discretion (in consultation with such other persons as may be necessary) that the purchase or sale is not likely to affect either the price paid for such Security by the client or the value of the clients holdings in such Security. Pre-clearance is valid on the day it is granted and the following day. |
| 3. |
Blackout Period . No Access Person may acquire or dispose of beneficial ownership in a fixed-income Security (other than an excepted Security (See |
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Section C(5)) or a common stock (or option on such stock) held by Stone Harbor or a Stone Harbor Fund on a day when such person knows or has reason to know that there is a pending order for a client account. No investment person (portfolio manager or analyst) may acquire or dispose of beneficial ownership in a fixed-income Security (other than an excepted Security) or a common stock (or option on such stock) held by Stone Harbor or a Stone Harbor Fund if any purchase or sale of such fixed-income Security or a common stock (or option on such stock) has been made by Stone Harbor or a Stone Harbor Fund in the prior seven calendar days or can reasonably be anticipated to be made during the next seven calendar days. |
| 4. |
Holding Period . Access Persons must hold any Security that is required to be pre-cleared (see Section E(2) above and Section E(7) below) for at least 60 calendar days. |
| 5. |
Exceptions . Pre-clearance shall not be required for any Securities transaction, or series of related transactions, involving (i) common stocks or options on such stocks (unless the issuer is on the restricted list, the common stock is being purchased in an IPO or Stone Harbor or a Stone Harbor Fund holds the common stock) ( it is the responsibility of the Access Person to review the list of common stocks on SharePoint before executing a transaction in a common stock ); (ii) municipal bonds; (iii) closed-end funds (U.S. registered investment companies) not advised or sub-advised by Stone Harbor or an advisory affiliate; (iv) ETFs; (v) options on broad based stock indices; (vi) interests in qualified state college tuition programs (529 Plans); or (vii) shares of open-end mutual funds or similar collective investment vehicles (registered in the European Union), even if Stone Harbor or an advisory affiliate acts as investment adviser or sub-adviser to such fund. Applicable reporting and related requirements of the Code still apply to transactions in the Securities described in this Section E(5) . In addition, pre-clearance is not required for any transaction by an Independent Trustee. |
| 6. |
Insider Trading . In accordance with the applicable rules and regulations pertaining to insider trading, all Access Persons are prohibited from engaging in any Securities transaction for their own benefit or the benefit of others, including any clients, while in possession of material, non-public information concerning such Securities. Material non-public information about any clients investment portfolio or activities in your possession may not be communicated to anyone, including persons within the Adviser, except to Legal/ Compliance. In addition, care should be taken so that such information is secure. For example, files containing material, non-public information should be sealed and access to computer files containing material non-public information should be restricted. Penalties for trading on or merely communicating material, non-public information are severe, both for the individuals involved in such unlawful conduct and their employers. A person can be subject to both civil and criminal penalties even if he or she does not personally benefit from the violation. |
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Contacts with public companies will sometimes be a part of an Advisers research efforts. Persons providing investment advisory services to clients may make investment decisions on the basis of conclusions formed through such contacts and analysis of publicly available information. Difficult legal issues arise, however, when, in the course of these contacts, an Access Person or Related Person becomes aware of material, non-public information. This could happen, for example, if a companys chief financial officer prematurely discloses quarterly results to an analyst, or an investor relations representative makes selective disclosure of adverse news to a handful of investors. To protect yourself, clients and the Adviser, you should contact Legal/Compliance immediately if you believe that you may have received material, non-public information.
| 7. |
IPOs and Private Placements . Securities offered pursuant to an initial public offering (IPOs) or private placement may not be purchased for Personal Securities Accounts without the prior written approval of the Chief Investment Officer (CIO) or CEO and Legal/Compliance. In connection with any decision to approve such an investment, Legal/Compliance will prepare a report of the decision that explains the reasoning for the decision and an analysis of any potential conflict of interest. Such information shall be provided on the IPO/Private Placement Request Form attached as Exhibit E. |
| F. |
ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND REPORTING. |
The following reports must be submitted to Legal/Compliance, and the information contained therein must be current as of a date not more than 45 days before such person became a Access Persons (for the purposes of the report in Section G(2)) or 45 days before the submission date of a report (with respect to the report in Section G(5)):
| 1. |
Delivery of Code . Upon becoming an Access Person, Stone Harbor will provide such Access Person with a copy of this Code. Within 10 days of becoming an Access Person, such Access Person must submit to Legal/Compliance an acknowledgement that they have received a copy of this Code, and that they have read and understood its provisions. See Exhibit B for the Form of Acknowledgement and Initial Holdings Report. Thereafter, Stone Harbor will promptly provide each Access Person with any amendments to the Code. Within 10 days of receipt of any such amendments, each Access Person must submit to Legal/Compliance an acknowledgement that they have received a copy of such amendment, and that they have read and understood it. |
| 2. |
Initial Holdings Report . Within 10 days of becoming an Access Person, all personnel must submit to Legal/Compliance a statement of all Securities in which such Access Person has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership. This statement must include (i) the title and type of Security and, as applicable, the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, the number of shares and principal amount of each Security, (ii) the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person maintained an account in which any Securities were held for the direct or indirect benefit of such Access Person and (iii) the date of |
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submission by the Access Person. Such information shall be provided on the Form of Acknowledgement and Initial Holdings Report attached as Exhibit B. Each Access Person will also complete a Compliance Questionnaire for themselves. |
| 3. |
Opening and Maintaining Personal Securities Accounts . An Access Person must provide Stone Harbor with duplicate trade confirmations and account statements for all Personal Securities Accounts of such Access Person and Related Persons. Such trade confirmations and account statements should be provided to Legal/Compliance at least as frequently as with the quarterly report (as described below) for the quarter within which such transaction occurred. In addition, Access Persons must notify Legal/Compliance upon opening a new brokerage account. Such notice shall be made promptly after such account is opened and include, at a minimum, the name of the broker, the account number, and contact information for the broker. Legal/Compliance will send a letter to each broker-dealer that is housing a Personal Securities Account for all Access Persons and their Related Persons, directing the broker-dealer to send copies of trade confirmations and periodic (at least quarterly) statements to Legal/Compliance. |
| 4. |
Quarterly Transactions Report . Within 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter, all personnel must provide information to Legal/Compliance relating to Securities transactions executed during the previous quarter for all Personal Securities Accounts. This statement must include (i) the date of the transaction, (ii) the title and type of Security and, as applicable, the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, interest rate and maturity date, the number of shares and principal amount of each Security, (iii) the nature of the transaction, (iv) the price of the Security at which the transaction was effected, (v) the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person maintained an account in which any Securities were held for the direct or indirect benefit of such Access Person and (vi) the date of submission by the Access Person. Any such report may contain a statement that the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person making such report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Security to which the report relates. A report containing Securities transactions under this Section G(3) will not be required to the extent that such report would duplicate information contained in the trade confirmations and accounts statements already received by the Adviser. |
| 5. |
Annual Holdings Report . Each Access Person shall submit an annual report to Legal/Compliance showing as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted (1) the title, number of shares and principal amount of each Security in which the person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership, (2) the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the person maintains an account in which any Securities are held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access Person or Related Persons, and (3) the date that the report is submitted by the Access Person. Such information shall be provided on the Annual Securities Holdings Report and Certification Form attached as Exhibit D. |
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| 6. |
Annual Acknowledgment of Code . All Access Persons are required to certify annually that they have (i) read and understand this Code and recognize that they are subject to its terms and conditions, (ii) complied with the requirements of this Code and (iii) disclosed or reported all personal Securities transactions required to be disclosed or reported pursuant to this Code. The acknowledgement is contained in the Annual Securities Holdings Report and Certification Form attached as Exhibit D. |
| 7. |
Exemptions . Independent Trustees of Stone Harbor Funds are exempt from the initial holdings reporting requirement and annual holdings requirement. Such Independent Trustees are also exempt from the pre-clearance requirements. In addition, they are also exempt from the quarterly holdings reporting requirement unless an Independent Trustee knew or, in the ordinary course of fulfilling his or her official duties as a Stone Harbor Fund trustee should have known that during the 15-day period immediately before or after the Trustees transaction in a Security, a Stone Harbor Fund purchased or sold the Security, or Stone Harbor considered purchasing or selling the Security. |
| 8. |
Appointment of Agent . Officers of the Funds that are employees of service providers other than Stone Harbor (i.e., ALPS Fund Services, Inc. or ALPS Funds Distributors Inc. (collectively ALPS)) may have the Chief Compliance Officer or designee of ALPS maintain the documentation required by this Code and conduct the necessary reviews on behalf of the Funds in order to confirm that the requirements of this Code have been met by such Officers. In connection with such reviews, ALPS Chief Compliance Officer will provide quarterly and annual certifications to the Funds CCO. |
| G. |
EXEMPTIONS |
Purchases or sales of Securities that receive the prior approval of Legal/Compliance (upon consultation with another executive officer of Stone Harbor as appropriate) may be exempted from certain restrictions if such purchases or sales are not likely to have any economic impact on any client account managed, advised or sub-advised by the Adviser.
| H. |
MAXIMUM TRADES AND TRADE REQUESTS PER QUARTER |
While there is no maximum limitation on the number of trades that an Access Person may execute or request per quarter, the Code grants the CCO (in consultation with the CIO or CEO) the power to impose a limitation on any Access Person if it is believed to be in the best interest of Stone Harbor or its clients.
| I. |
OUTSIDE AFFILIATIONS AND DIRECTORSHIPS |
Access Persons (but not Related Persons) must obtain written approval from Legal/Compliance before accepting outside employment or becoming a director. Such information shall be provided on the appropriate Outside Directorship Approval/Reporting Form attached as Exhibit F or Outside Activity Approval Request/Reporting Form attached as Exhibit G
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| J. |
GIFTS AND ENTERTAINMENT AND POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
A conflict of interest occurs when the personal interests of Access Persons interfere or could potentially interfere with their responsibilities to Stone Harbor and its clients, including the Stone Harbor Funds. Accordingly, Access Persons may not receive any gift, service, or other thing of more than de minimus value (i.e. $100) from any person or entity that does business with or on behalf of Stone Harbor or the Stone Harbor Funds during any twelve consecutive months, and no Access Person may give or offer any gift of more than de minimus value to existing clients, prospective clients, or any entity that does business with or on behalf of Stone Harbor without pre-approval by Legal/Compliance. A record of all such gifts valued at more than $100 will be maintained in a log describing the nature of the gift, who gave the gift, who received the gift, and the total cost and approximate per person amount will be maintained by Risk Management for a period of at least five years. Legal/Compliance will review such Gift and Entertainment Log on a periodic basis.
Access Persons may provide or accept an invitation to a business entertainment event, such as dinner or a sporting event, of reasonable value, if the person or entity providing the entertainment is present at the event. Prior written permission of the CEO is required to accept or provide entertainment that exceeds $250 per person. A record of all such entertainment valued at more than $250 will be maintained in a log describing the nature of the entertainment, where it took place, who attended, the total cost and approximate per person cost will be maintained by Risk Management for a period of at least five years. Legal/Compliance will review such Gift and Entertainment Log on a periodic basis.
ANY GIFT OR ENTERTAINMENT RELATING TO A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL, UNION OFFICIAL OR ERISA PLAN FIDUCIARY SHOULD BE PRE-APPROVED BY LEGAL/COMPLIANCE.
STONE HARBOR PROHIBITS POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS THAT ARE GWEN TO RETAIN OR OBTAIN BUSINESS OR OTHERWISE INFLUENCE A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL TO SECURE BUSINESS. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION REGARDING THE APPROPRIATENESS OF A POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION, YOU SHOULD CONTACT LEGAL/COMPLIANCE.
ANY ACCESS PERSON THAT IS REQUIRED TO REGISTER AS A LOBBYIST WITH ANY STATE, LOCAL, MUNICIPAL OR FOREIGN GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOTIFY LEGAL/COMPLIANCE.
| K. |
SANCTIONS |
The CCO shall report all material violations of this Code to the CEO and General Counsel of Stone Harbor. These three officers shall direct whatever remedial steps they deem appropriate to correct a material violation of the Code, including, among other things, a letter of censure, fine or suspension or termination of the employment of the violator. In addition, the CCO may impose additional sanctions, if, based upon all of the facts and circumstances considered, such action is deemed appropriate. Any profits that are disgorged or paid in connection with a violation of this Code shall be donated to one or more charities as directed by Stone Harbor. All Access Persons are required to promptly report any violations of this Code to Legal/Compliance. Any retaliation for the reporting of a violation under this Code of Ethics will constitute a violation of the Code.
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| L. |
CONFIDENTIALITY |
All information obtained from any person pursuant to this Code shall be kept in strict confidence, except that such information will be made available to the SEC or any other regulatory or self-regulatory organization to the extent required by law, regulation or this Code.
| M. |
CONSULTANTS AND TEMPORARY OR PART-TIME EMPLOYEES |
Upon commencing their employment with Stone Harbor, consultants, temporary or part-time employees will be given a copy of this Code and will be required to acknowledge receipt of the Code and abide by the general fiduciary requirements set forth in Sections A and B; the prohibition on Insider Trading set forth in Section E(6); and the requirements regarding Gifts and Entertainment set forth in Section J. Consultants, temporary or part-time employees that have an engagement of more than three months are subject to all provisions of the Code, including pre-clearance.
| N. |
RETENTION OF RECORDS |
All records relating to personal Securities transactions hereunder and other records meeting the requirements of applicable law, including a copy of this Code and any other policies covering the subject matter hereof, shall be maintained in the manner and to the extent required by applicable law, including Rule 204-2 under the Advisers Act and Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act.
Each Access Person of Stone Harbor is to maintain records to establish that their investment decisions did not involve a conflict with the Code. Generally such records would include copies of the Access Persons pre-clearance authorizations, brokerage statements (if any).
| O. |
STATEMENTS TO THE MEDIA |
The CIO, CEO, or Legal/Compliance should review written and verbal statements made to the media in advance.
| P. |
TRAINING |
Each new Access Person must attend a Code of Ethics training session within a reasonable period of time after joining Stone Harbor.
| Q. |
BOARD REVIEW |
Stone Harbor shall provide to the Board of Trustees of any U.S. registered investment company client, on a quarterly basis, a written report of all material violations of this Code, and at least annually, a written report and certification meeting the requirements of Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act.
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| R. |
AMENDMENTS |
Unless otherwise noted herein, this Code shall become effective as to all Access Persons upon employment. This Code may be amended as to Access Persons from time to time by the CCO. The CCO shall promptly notify all Access persons of any such amendments. Any material amendment of this Code shall be submitted to the Board of Trustees of any U.S. registered investment company client for approval in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act.
Revised November 2010
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EXHIBIT A
EXPLANATION OF BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP
For Purposes of the attached Code of Ethics, Beneficial Ownership shall be interpreted in the same manner, as it would be in determining whether a person is subject to the provisions of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations thereunder.
You are considered to have Beneficial Ownership of Securities if you have or share a direct or indirect Pecuniary Interest in the Securities.
You have a Pecuniary Interest in Securities if you have the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit or share in any profit derived from a transaction in the Securities.
The following are examples of an indirect Pecuniary Interest in Securities:
| 1. |
Securities held by members of your immediate family sharing the same household; however, this presumption may be rebutted by convincing evidence that profits derived from transactions in these Securities will not provide you with any economic benefit. |
Immediate family means any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law, and includes any adoptive relationship.
| 2. |
Your interest as a general partner in Securities held by a general or limited partnership. |
| 3. |
Your interest as a manager-member in the Securities held by a limited liability company. |
| 4. |
Securities held in your 401(k), defined contribution retirement account or individual retirement account. |
You do NOT have an indirect Pecuniary Interest in Securities held by a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity in which you hold an equity interest, UNLESS you are a controlling equity holder or you have or share investment control over the Securities held by the entity.
The following circumstances constitute Beneficial Ownership by you of Securities held by a trust:
| 1. |
Your ownership of Securities as a trustee where either you or members of your immediate family have a vested interest in the principal or income of the trust. |
| 2. |
Your ownership of a vested interest in a trust. |
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| 3. |
Your status as a settlor of a trust, unless the consent of all of the beneficiaries is required in order for you to revoke the trust. |
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EXHIBIT B
STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT PARTNERS LP
STONE HARBOR INVESTMENT FUNDS
STONE HARBOR EMERGING MARKETS INCOME FUND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & INITIAL HOLDINGS REPORT PURSUANT TO THE CODE OF ETHICS (CODE OF ETHICS or CODE). THIS REPORT MUST BE COMPLETED AND RETURNED TO THE CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER WITHIN 10 DAYS OF EMPLOYMENT.
NAME: DATE OF EMPLOYMENT:
(PLEASE PRINT)
BROKERAGE ACCOUNT INFORMATION:
| [ ] |
I do not have a BENEFICIAL INTEREST in any account(s) with any financial services firm. |
| [ ] |
I maintain the following brokerage account(s). Please list any broker, dealer or bank, which holds Securities for your direct or indirect benefit as of the date of your employment. |
|
Name of Financial Services Firm and Address |
Account Title |
Account Number | ||||
SECURITIES HOLDINGS INFORMATION:
Complete the following (or attach a copy of your most recent statements(s)) listing all of your Securities holdings as of the date of your employment. If attaching statement(s), please be sure to include any additional Securities purchased since the date of the statement. U.S. Government securities do not need to be disclosed. For a list of other Securities not required to be reported, please see Section C of the Code of Ethics.
|
Title/Type of Security |
Ticker Symbol/Number of Shares | Principal Amount | Held Since | Broker Name | ||||||||||||
| [ ] |
I have no Securities holdings to report. |
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I CERTIFY THAT I HAVE RECEIVED A COPY OF THE CODE OF ETHICS, AND THAT I HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD ITS PROVISIONS. I FURTHER CERTIFY THAT THE ABOVE REPRESENTS A COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF MY BROKERAGE ACCOUNT(S) AND SECURITIES HOLDINGS AS OF MY INITIAL DATE OF EMPLOYMENT.
| Signature: |
|
|
| Date: | ||
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Exhibit r(3)
S TONE H ARBOR E MERGING M ARKETS I NCOME F UND
C ODE O F E THICS
P URSUANT T O S ECTION 406 O F T HE S ARBANES -O XLEY A CT O F 2002 F OR
P RINCIPAL E XECUTIVE A ND S ENIOR F INANCIAL O FFICERS
November 2010
| I. |
Covered Officers/Purpose of the Code |
This Code of Ethics (this Code) pursuant to Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been adopted by Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Fund) and applies to the Funds Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer (the Covered Officers, each of whom is identified in Exhibit A) for the purpose of promoting:
| |
honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; |
| |
full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that the Fund files with, or submits to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and in other public communications made by the Fund; |
| |
compliance with applicable laws and governmental rules and regulations; |
| |
the prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code to an appropriate person or persons identified in the Code; and |
| |
accountability for adherence to the Code. |
Each Covered Officer should adhere to a high standard of business ethics and should be sensitive to situations that may give rise to conflicts of interest.
| II. |
Covered Officers Should Handle Ethically Any Actual or Apparent Conflicts of Interest |
Overview. A conflict of interest occurs when a Covered Officers private interest interferes with the interests of, or his service to, the Fund. For example, a conflict of interest would arise if a Covered Officer, or a member of the Covered Officers family, receives improper personal benefits as a result of the Covered Officers position with the Fund.
Certain conflicts of interest arise out of the relationships between Covered Officers and the Fund and already are subject to conflict of interest provisions and procedures in the Investment Company Act of 1940 (including the regulations
thereunder, the 1940 Act) and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (including the regulations thereunder, the Investment Advisers Act). Indeed, conflicts of interest are endemic for certain registered management investment companies and those conflicts are both substantially and procedurally dealt with under the 1940 Act. For example, Covered Officers may not engage in certain transactions with the Fund because of their status as affiliated persons of the Fund. The compliance program of the Fund and the compliance programs of its investment adviser, principal underwriter and administrator (each a Service Provider and, collectively, the Service Providers) are reasonably designed to prevent, or identify and correct, violations of many of those provisions, although they are not designed to provide absolute assurance as to those matters. This Code does not, and is not intended to, repeat or replace these programs and procedures, and such conflicts fall outside of the parameters of this Code. See also Section V of this Code.
Although typically not presenting an opportunity for improper personal benefit, conflicts arise from, or as a result of, the contractual relationship between the Fund and its Service Providers of which the Covered Officers are also officers or employees. As a result, this Code recognizes that the Covered Officers will, in the normal course of their duties (whether for the Fund or for a Service Provider, or for both), be involved in establishing policies and implementing decisions that will have different effects on the Service Providers and the Fund. The participation of the Covered Officers in such activities is inherent in the contractual relationships between the Fund and its Service Providers and is consistent with the performance by the Covered Officers of their duties as officers of the Fund. Thus, if performed in conformity with the provisions of the 1940 Act, the Investment Advisers Act, other applicable law and the Funds constitutional documents, such activities will be deemed to have been handled ethically. Frequently, the 1940 Act establishes, as a mechanism for dealing with conflicts, disclosure to and approval by the Trustees of the Fund who are not interested persons of the Fund under the 1940 Act. In addition, it is recognized by the Funds Board of Trustees (Board) that the Covered Officers may also be officers or employees of one or more other investment companies covered by other codes and that such service, by itself, does not give rise to a conflict of interest.
Other conflicts of interest are covered by the Code, even if such conflicts of interest are not the subject of provisions of the 1940 Act and the Investment Advisers Act. The following list provides examples of conflicts of interest under the Code, but Covered Officers should bear in mind that these examples are not exhaustive. The overarching principle is that the personal interest of a Covered Officer should not be placed improperly before the interest of the Fund, unless the personal interest has been disclosed to and approved by other officers of the Fund or the Funds Board or a committee of the Funds Board that has no such personal interest.
* * * *
2
Each Covered Officer must not:
| |
use his personal influence or personal relationships improperly to influence investment decisions or financial reporting by the Fund whereby the Covered Officer would benefit personally to the detriment of the Fund; |
| |
cause the Fund to take action, or fail to take action, for the individual personal benefit of the Covered Officer rather than the benefit of the Fund; or |
| |
retaliate against any other Covered Officer or any employee of the Fund or its Service Providers for reports of potential violations that are made in good faith. |
There are some conflict of interest situations that should always be subject to approval by the President of the Fund (or, with respect to activities of the President, by the Chairman of the Fund). These conflict of interest situations are listed below:
| |
service on the board of directors or governing board of a publicly traded entity; |
| |
any ownership interest in, or any consulting or employment relationship with, any entities doing business with the Fund, other than a Service Provider or an affiliate of a Service Provider. This restriction shall not apply to or otherwise limit the ownership of publicly traded securities so long as the Covered Persons ownership does not exceed more than 2% of the outstanding securities of the relevant class. |
| |
a direct or indirect financial interest in commissions, transaction charges or spreads paid by the Fund for effecting portfolio transactions or for selling or redeeming shares other than an interest arising from the Covered Officers employment with a Service Provider or its affiliate. This restriction shall not apply to or otherwise limit the ownership of publicly traded securities so long as the Covered Persons ownership does not exceed more than 2% of the particular class of security outstanding. |
| III. |
Disclosure and Compliance |
| |
No Covered Officer should knowingly misrepresent, or cause others to misrepresent, facts about the Fund to others, whether within or outside the Fund, including to the Funds Board and auditors, and to governmental regulators and self-regulatory organizations. |
| |
Each Covered Officer should, to the extent appropriate within his area of responsibility, consult with other officers and employees of the Fund and the Service Providers or with counsel to the Fund with the goal of promoting full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in the |
3
|
registration statements or periodic reports that the Fund files with, or submits to, the SEC (which, for sake of clarity, does not include any sales literature, omitting prospectuses, or tombstone advertising prepared by the Funds principal underwriter(s)). |
| |
It is the responsibility of each Covered Officer to promote compliance with the standards and restrictions imposed by applicable laws, rules and regulations. |
| IV. |
Reporting and Accountability |
Each Covered Officer must:
| |
upon adoption of the Code (or thereafter as applicable, upon becoming a Covered Officer), affirm in writing to the Fund that he has received, read, and understands the Code; |
| |
provide full and fair responses to all questions asked in any Trustee and Officer Questionnaire provided by the Fund as well as with respect to any supplemental request for information; and |
| |
notify the President of the Fund promptly if he is convinced to a moral certainty that there has been a material violation of this Code (with respect to violations by a President, the Covered Officer shall report to the Chairman of the Fund). |
The President of the Fund is responsible for applying this Code to specific situations in which questions are presented under it and has the authority to interpret this Code in any particular situation. However, any approvals or waivers sought by the President will be considered by the Chairman of the Fund.
The Fund will follow these procedures in investigating and enforcing this Code:
| |
the President will take all appropriate action to investigate any potential material violations reported to him, which actions may include the use of internal or external counsel, accountants or other personnel; |
| |
if, after such investigation, the President believes that no material violation has occurred, the President is not required to take any further action; |
| |
any matter that the President believes is a material violation will be reported to the Audit Committee of the Board of Trustees (the Committee); |
| |
if the Committee concurs that a material violation has occurred, it will inform and make a recommendation to the Board, which will consider appropriate action, which may include review of, and appropriate modifications to applicable policies and procedures; notification to appropriate personnel of a Service Provider or its board; or a recommendation to dismiss the Covered Officer; |
4
| |
the Committee will be authorized to grant waivers, as it deems appropriate; and |
| |
any changes to or waivers of this Code will, to the extent required, be disclosed as provided by SEC rules. |
| V. |
Other Policies and Procedures |
This Code shall be the sole code of ethics adopted by the Fund for purposes of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and forms applicable to registered investment companies thereunder. Insofar as other policies or procedures of the Fund or the Funds Service Providers govern or purport to govern the behavior or activities of the Covered Officers who are subject to this Code, they are superseded by this Code to the extent that they conflict with the provisions of this Code. The Fund and its Service Providerss codes of ethics under Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act and the Service Providerss more detailed compliance policies and procedures are separate requirements applying to the Covered Officers and others, and are not part of this Code.
| VI. |
Amendments |
Any material amendments to this Code must be approved or ratified by a majority vote of the Board.
| VII. |
Confidentiality |
All reports and records prepared or maintained pursuant to this Code will be considered confidential and shall be maintained and protected accordingly. Except as otherwise required by law or this Code, such matters shall not be disclosed to anyone except as permitted by the Board.
| VIII. |
Internal Use |
The Code is intended solely for the internal use by the Fund and does not constitute an admission, by or on behalf of the Fund, as to any fact, circumstance, or legal conclusion.
Date: November 2010
5
Exhibit A
Persons Covered by this Code of Ethics
|
Principal Executive Officer |
Principal Financial Officer |
Principal Accounting Officer |
||
|
Peter Wilby |
James Dooley |
James Dooley |
||
6
POWER OF ATTORNEY
I, the undersigned Trustee of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Trust ), hereby severally constitute and appoint each of Thomas W. Brock, James J. Dooley, Adam J. Shapiro, Peter J. Wilby, Allyson Burg and Michael G. Doherty, and each of them singly, with full powers of substitution and resubstitution, my true and lawfull attorney, with full power to him to sign for me, and in my name and in the capacities indicated below, any Registration Statement of the Trust on Form N-2, all Pre-Effective Amendments to any such Registration Statement of the Trust, any and all subsequent Post-Effective Amendments to such Registration Statement, any and all supplements or other instruments in connection therewith, and any subsequent Registration Statements for the same offering which may be filed under Rule 462(b), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the securities regulators of the appropriate states and territories, and generally to do all such things in my name and on my behalf in connection therewith as such attorney deems necessary or appropriate to comply with the Securities Act of 1933, the Investment Company Act of 1940, all related requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and all related requirements of the appropriate state and territorial regulators, granting unto such attorney full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorney lawfully could do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
|
|
11/17/10 |
|||
|
Patrick Sheehan, Trustee |
Date |
POWER OF ATTORNEY
I, the undersigned Trustee of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Trust ), hereby severally constitute and appoint each of Thomas W. Brock, James J. Dooley, Adam J. Shapiro, Peter J. Wilby, Allyson Burg and Michael G. Doherty, and each of them singly, with full powers of substitution and resubstitution, my true and lawful attorney, with full power to him to sign for me, and in my name and in the capacities indicated below, any Registration Statement of the Trust on Form N-2, all Pre-Effective Amendments to any such Registration Statement of the Trust, any and all subsequent Post-Effective Amendments to such Registration Statement, any and all supplements or other instruments in connection therewith, and any subsequent Registration Statements for the same offering which may be filed under Rule 462(b), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the securities regulators of the appropriate states and territories, and generally to do all such things in my name and on my behalf in connection therewith as such attorney deems necessary or appropriate to comply with the Securities Act of 1933, the Investment Company Act of 1940, all related requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and all related requirements of the appropriate state and territorial regulators, granting unto such attorney full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorney lawfully could do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
|
|
Nov 16, 2010 |
|||
|
Thomas Brock, Trustee |
Date |
POWER OF ATTORNEY
I, the undersigned Trustee of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Trust ), hereby severally constitute and appoint each of Thomas W. Brock, James J. Dooley, Adam J. Shapiro, Peter J. Wilby, Allyson Burg and Michael G. Doherty, and each of them singly, with full powers of substitution and resubstitution, my true and lawful attorney, with full power to him to sign for me, and in my name and in the capacities indicated below, any Registration Statement of the Trust on Form N-2, all Pre-Effective Amendments to any such Registration Statement of the Trust, any and all subsequent Post-Effective Amendments to such Registration Statement, any and all supplements or other instruments in connection therewith, and any subsequent Registration Statements for the same offering which may be filed under Rule 462(b), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the securities regulators of the appropriate states and territories, and generally to do all such things in my name and on my behalf in connection therewith as such attorney deems necessary or appropriate to comply with the Securities Act of 1933, the Investment Company Act of 1940, all related requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and all related requirements of the appropriate state and territorial regulators, granting unto such attorney full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorney lawfully could do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
|
|
11/17/10 |
|||
|
Alan Brott, Trustee |
Date |
POWER OF ATTORNEY
I, the undersigned Trustee of Stone Harbor Emerging Markets Income Fund (the Trust ), hereby severally constitute and appoint each of Thomas W. Brock, James J. Dooley, Adam J. Shapiro, Peter J. Wilby, Allyson Burg and Michael G. Doherty, and each of them singly, with full powers of substitution and resubstitution, my true and lawful attorney, with full power to him to sign for me, and in my name and in the capacities indicated below, any Registration Statement of the Trust on Form N-2, all Pre-Effective Amendments to any such Registration Statement of the Trust, any and all subsequent Post-Effective Amendments to such Registration Statement, any and all supplements or other instruments in connection therewith, and any subsequent Registration Statements for the same offering which may be filed under Rule 462(b), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the securities regulators of the appropriate states and territories, and generally to do all such things in my name and on my behalf in connection therewith as such attorney deems necessary or appropriate to comply with the Securities Act of 1933, the Investment Company Act of 1940, all related requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and all related requirements of the appropriate state and territorial regulators, granting unto such attorney full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorney lawfully could do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
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Nov 16, 2010 |
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|
Heath B. McLendon, Trustee |
Date |