INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. (Form: S-3, Received: 07/23/2014 16:33:27)

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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 23, 2014

Registration Statement No.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

33-0969592

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110

Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462

(877) 446-6846

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code,

of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Dr. J. Joseph Kim,

Chief Executive Officer

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110

Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462

(877) 446-6846

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,

including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

John W. Kauffman, Esq.

Duane Morris LLP

30 South 17th Street

Philadelphia PA, 19103

(215) 979-1227

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.

If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ¨

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. x

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE



Title of each class of securities to be registered	Amount to be registered	Proposed maximum offering price per unit	Proposed maximum aggregate offering price	Amount of registration fee
Common stock, $0.001 per share	(1)	(2)	(2)	(3)
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value	(1)	(2)	(2)	(3)
Debt securities	(1)	(2)	(2)	(3)
Warrants	(1)	(2)	(2)	(3)
Units	(1)	(2)	(2)	(3)
Total	(1)	(2)	$175,000,000	$14,586.81(3)

(1)

We are registering under this registration statement such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and preferred stock, such indeterminate principal amount of debt securities, such indeterminate number of warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities, and such indeterminate number of units as may be sold by the registrant from time to time, which together shall have an aggregate initial offering price not to exceed $175,000,000. If we issue any debt securities at an original issue discount, then the offering price of such debt securities shall be in such greater principal amount at maturity as shall result in an aggregate offering price not to exceed $175,000,000, less the aggregate dollar amount of all securities previously issued hereunder. We may sell any securities we are registering under this registration statement separately or as units with the other securities we are registering under this registration statement. We will determine, from time to time, the proposed maximum offering price per unit in connection with our issuance

of the securities we are registering under this registration statement. The securities we are registering under this registration statement also include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and preferred stock and amount of debt securities as we may issue upon conversion of or exchange for preferred stock or debt securities that provide for conversion or exchange, upon exercise of warrants or pursuant to the antidilution provisions of any of such securities. In addition, pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, the shares we are registering under this registration statement include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and preferred stock as may be issuable with respect to the shares we are registering as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions.

(2)

We will determine the proposed maximum aggregate offering price per class of security from time to time in connection with our issuance of the securities we are registering under this registration statement and we are not specifying such price as to each class of security pursuant to General Instruction II.D. of Form S-3 under the Securities Act.

(3)

Calculated in accordance with Rule 457(o). An aggregate principal amount of $61,748,390 of the registrant’s securities registered hereunder are unsold securities previously registered on the registrant’s registration statement on Form S-3 that was declared effective on February 13, 2014 (No. 333-193698) (the “Prior S-3”). Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, the $8,146.80 registration fee previously paid in connection with such unsold securities registered in the Prior S-3 will continue to be applied to such unsold securities in this registration statement, so no registration fee is required to be paid with this registration statement with respect to those securities because they constitute unsold securities being moved from the Prior S-3 to this replacement registration statement. Accordingly, the amount of the registration fee in the Calculation of Registration Fee table ($14,393.20), as to the primary offering by the registrant, relates to the additional aggregate principal amount of $113,251,610 of the registrant’s securities being registered hereunder. Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, the offering of unsold securities under the Prior S-3 will be deemed terminated as of the date of effectiveness of this registration statement.

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to completion, dated July 23, 2014

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

$175,000,000

Common Stock

Preferred Stock

Debt Securities

Warrants

Units

From time to time, we may offer up to $175,000,000 of any combination of the securities described in this prospectus, either individually or in units. We may also offer common stock or preferred stock upon conversion of debt securities, common stock upon conversion of preferred stock, or common stock, preferred stock or debt securities upon the exercise of warrants. We will provide the specific terms of these offerings and securities in one or more supplements to this prospectus. We may also authorize the provision to you of one or more free writing prospectuses in connection with these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information we include in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as any documents we incorporate by reference, before buying any of the securities being offered.

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “INO.” On July 21 2014, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE MKT was $11.01. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information, where applicable, as to any other listing, if any, on the NYSE MKT or any securities market or other exchange of the securities covered by the applicable prospectus supplement.

On July 21, 2014, the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock our non-affiliates held was approximately $626.0 million.

We may sell the securities directly to investors, through agents designated from time to time or to or through underwriters or dealers, on a continuous or delayed basis. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus. If any agents or underwriters are involved in the sale of any securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, we will set forth in a prospectus supplement the names of such agents or underwriters and any applicable fees, commissions, discounts and over-allotment options. We will also set forth in a prospectus supplement the price to the public of such securities and the net proceeds that we expect to receive from such sale.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that we incorporate by reference into this prospectus.

This prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of any securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, any state securities commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

This prospectus is dated July 23, 2014.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, including the information we incorporate by reference as described under “Where You Can Find More Information.” We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If you receive any other information, you should not rely on it. No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you. You must not rely on any unauthorized information or representation. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. You should assume that the information in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front of the document and that any information we have incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus, or any sale of a security.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Item	Page Number
Risk Factors		3
About This Prospectus		3
Where You Can Find More Information		3
Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Information		4
Our Company		5
Statement of Computation of Ratios		6
Use of Proceeds		6
Description of Capital Stock		8
Description of Debt Securities		11
Description of Warrants		17
Description of Units		19
Legal Ownership of Securities		20
Plan of Distribution		23
Validity of Securities		25
Experts		25

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the specific risks and uncertainties we describe under the caption “Risk Factors” or similar heading in our periodic reports referred to in “Where You Can Find More Information” below and, if included in an applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus under the caption “Risk Factors” or similar heading in the applicable prospectus supplement. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations.

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

All references in this prospectus to “Inovio,” “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires.

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or “SEC”, using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we and certain holders of our securities may sell the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings, up to the total dollar amount of $175,000,000. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we or holders of our securities offer to sell securities under this shelf registration statement, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain more specific information about the terms of the offering and those securities. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also modify, add to or supersede the information contained in this prospectus or in the documents we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should read this prospectus together with the documents incorporated by reference, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, with the additional information referred to below under “Where You Can Find More Information,” before buying any of the securities being offered.

We have filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC relating to the securities covered by this prospectus. This prospectus is a part of the registration statement and does not contain all of the information in the registration statement. Whenever we refer in this prospectus, including other documents we incorporate by reference, to a Company contract or other document, please be aware that the reference is only a summary and that you should refer to the exhibits that are a part of the registration statement for a copy of the applicable contract or other document. We qualify all of the summaries in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the heading “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any documents we file with the SEC at the SEC’s public reference room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. Our filings with the SEC are also available to the public through the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov.

The SEC’s rules allow us to “incorporate by reference” information into this prospectus. Therefore, we can disclose important information to you by referring you to any of the SEC filings we reference in the list below. Any information we refer to in this way in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement is considered

part of this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement. Any reports we file with the SEC after the date of this prospectus and before the date that the offering of securities by means of this prospectus terminates will automatically update and, where applicable, supersede any information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement.

We incorporate by reference into this prospectus the following documents or information we file with the SEC, other than, in each case, documents or information deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with SEC rules. The SEC file number for these documents is 001-14888.

•

Our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 we filed with the SEC on March 17, 2014;

•

Our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014 we filed with the SEC on May 12, 2014;

•

Our current reports on Form 8-K we filed on February 26, 2014, February 27, 2014, March 4, 2014, March 10, 2014, March 17, 2014, May 22, 2014, May 30, 2014, June 6, 2014 and July 23, 2014, other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits we file on such form that relate to such items;

•

The description of our common stock contained in our registration statement filed pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, as modified by our reports we file under the Exchange Act; and

•

All documents we file under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act on or after the date of this prospectus and before the termination of the offering of securities under this prospectus, other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits we file on such form that relate to such items.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that any statement contained in this prospectus or in any subsequently filed document, which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, modifies or supersedes this statement. Any statement modified or superseded in this way will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus or any prospectus supplement. The information incorporated by reference contains information about us and our financial condition and performance and is an important part of this prospectus.

We will provide without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon his or her written or oral request, a copy of any or all documents referred to above that have been or may be incorporated by reference into this prospectus, excluding exhibits to those documents unless they are specifically incorporated by reference into those documents. You can request those documents from Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Attention: Investor Relations, 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, California, 92121-5773, telephone (858) 597-6006.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT ON FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This prospectus, including documents we incorporate by reference, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, contains forward-looking statements, as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue,” the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we, nor any other person, assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We are under no obligation to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement to conform such statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

Readers are also urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us that attempt to advise interested parties of the factors that affect our business, including without limitation the disclosures made in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014 under the caption “Risk Factors.”

Risk factors that could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements include but are not limited to: our history of losses; our lack of products that have received regulatory approval; uncertainties inherent in clinical trials and product development programs, including but not limited to the fact that pre-clinical and clinical results may not be indicative of results achievable in other trials or for other indications, that results from one study may not necessarily be reflected or supported by the results of other similar studies, that results from an animal study may not be indicative of results achievable in human studies, that clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, that the outcome of any clinical trial is uncertain and failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process, and that our electroporation technology and DNA vaccines may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits in clinical trials; the availability of funding; the ability to manufacture vaccine candidates; the availability or potential availability of alternative therapies or treatments for the conditions targeted by us or our collaborators, including alternatives that may be more efficacious or cost-effective than any therapy or treatment that we and our collaborators hope to develop; whether our proprietary rights are enforceable or defensible or infringe or allegedly infringe on rights of others or can withstand claims of invalidity; and the impact of government healthcare proposals.

OUR COMPANY

We are engaged in the discovery, development, and delivery of a new generation of vaccines and immune therapies, called synthetic vaccines, focused on cancers and infectious diseases. Our DNA-based immune therapies, in combination with our proprietary electroporation delivery, are generating best-in-class immune responses, with therapeutic T-cell responses exceeding other technologies in terms of magnitude, breadth, and response rate. Our DNA-based SynCon ^® technology is also designed to provide universal protection against known as well as new unmatched strains of pathogens such as influenza. Human data to date have shown a favorable safety profile. Our clinical programs include HPV/cervical cancer (therapeutic), avian influenza (preventive), prostate cancer (therapeutic), leukemia (therapeutic), HCV, HBV and HIV vaccines. We are advancing preclinical research for a universal seasonal/pandemic influenza vaccine as well as other products. Our partners and collaborators include Roche, University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health/Malaria Vaccine Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, United States Military HIV Research Program, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, HIV Vaccines Trial Network and Department of Homeland Security.

All of our potential human products are in research and development phases. We have not generated any revenues from the sale of any such products, and we do not expect to generate any such revenues for at least the next several years. We earn revenue from license fees and milestone revenue, collaborative research and development agreements, grants and government contracts. Our product candidates will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing. All product candidates that we advance to clinical testing will require regulatory approval prior to commercial use, and will require significant costs for commercialization. We may not be successful in our research and development efforts, and we may never generate sufficient product revenue to be profitable.

Our executive offices are located at 660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, and our telephone number is (877) 446-6846. We maintain an Internet website at www.inovio.com. Information contained in or accessible through our website does not constitute part of this prospectus.

STATEMENT OF COMPUTATION OF RATIOS

The following table sets forth our ratio of earnings to fixed charges and to combined fixed charges and preferred stock dividends for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and the three months ended March 31, 2014 ⁽¹⁾ .

Years Ended
December 31,

Three
Months
Ended
March 31,
2014

2009

2010

2011

20112

2013

Ratio of earnings to fixed charges ⁽²⁾

—

Ratio of earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock dividends ⁽³⁾

—

(1)

We reported a loss from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and the three months ended March 31, 2014 and would have needed to generate additional income of $24,458,924, $17,638,746, $15,304,095, $19,712,980, $66,083,532 and $10,830,868, respectively, to cover our fixed charges of $408,647, $261,425, $141,900, $146,520, $313,500 and $90,090, respectively.

(2)	For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges, earnings consist of net loss plus fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest expense and an estimate of the interest within rental expense.

(3)

For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock dividends, earnings consist of net loss plus fixed charges. Combined fixed charges and preferred stock dividends consist of interest expense, an estimate of interest within rental expense and preferred stock dividends.

USE OF PROCEEDS

Except as described in any prospectus supplement or in any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you, we currently intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered hereby for general corporate purposes, research and development and clinical trial costs, including the costs associated with preparing for and conducting current and potential Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies that are complementary to our own. Pending these uses, we expect to invest the net proceeds in short-term, investment-grade securities.

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table sets forth our historical selected financial information. The share and per share information in the following table reflects the 4:1 reverse split of each share of our outstanding common stock effected on June 5, 2014.


	Year Ended December 31, 2013			Year Ended December 31, 2012			Year Ended December 31, 2011			Year Ended December 31, 2010			Year Ended December 31, 2009			Three Months Ended March 31,
	Year Ended December 31, 2013			Year Ended December 31, 2012			Year Ended December 31, 2011			Year Ended December 31, 2010			Year Ended December 31, 2009			2014			2013
Operations Data:
Revenue under collaborative research and development arrangements, including from affiliated entity	$	9,664,547		$	660,003		$	567,856		$	527,222		$	5,055,305		$	1,552,691		$	120,509
Grants and miscellaneous revenue		3,802,799			3,458,649			9,227,401			5,617,483			4,064,806			804,952			1,334,716

Total revenues		13,467,346			4,118,652			9,795,257			6,144,705			9,120,111			2,357,643			1,455,225
Loss from operations		(19,544,332	)		(23,493,532	)		(21,638,540	)		(19,220,162	)		(13,957,755	)		(10,000,055	)		(6,634,040	)
Interest and other income, net		132,214			166,113			34,285			147,406			30,329			52,076			39,460
Change in fair value of common stock warrants		(45,632,669	)		1,982,620			8,690,658			2,403,924			(1,286,884	)		(505,926	)		(1,427,616	)
(Loss) Gain on investment in affiliated entity		(1,038,745	)		1,631,819			(2,390,498	)		(969,914	)		(9,244,614	)		(376,963	)		(836,084	)
Net loss		(66,083,532	)		(19,712,980	)		(15,304,095	)		(17,638,746	)		(24,458,924	)		(10,830,868	)		(8,858,280	)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest		55,084			44,025			51,150			24,950			47,439			9,408			14,160

Net loss attributable to Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$	(66,028,448	)	$	(19,668,955	)	$	(15,252,945	)	$	(17,613,796	)	$	(24,411,485	)	$	(10,821,460)		$	(8,844,120	)

Per common share—basic and diluted:
Net loss ⁽¹⁾	$	(1.43	)	$	(0.58	)	$	(0.48	)	$	(0.68	)	$	(1.31	)	$	(0.20	)	$	(0.23	)

Net loss attributable to common stockholders ⁽¹⁾	$	(1.43	)	$	(0.58	)	$	(0.48	)	$	(0.68	)	$	(1.31	)	$	(0.20	)	$	(0.23)

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—basic and diluted ⁽¹⁾		46,087,773			34,127,312			31,559,834			25,800,470			18,678,535			55,159,001			39,038,883

Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	33,719,796		$	5,646,021		$	17,350,116		$	19,998,489		$	30,296,215		$	98,770,907		$	20,086,799
Short-term investments		18,905,608			8,034,001			12,863,420			1,849,271			10,397,530			18,011,492			7,978,345
Total assets		88,287,207			45,138,754			61,106,561			56,067,391			80,628,917			151,657,645			58,201,441
Current liabilities		28,966,456			8,376,577			11,043,021			6,436,708			19,350,038			15,641,074			15,978,208
Accumulated deficit		(295,788,577	)		(229,760,129	)		(210,091,174	)		(194,838,229	)		(177,224,433	)		(306,610,037	)		(238,604,249	)
Total stockholders’ equity		52,902,683			34,857,405			47,861,662			47,100,911			61,184,947			129,179,907			40,420,599

(1)	These amounts were revised to retroactively reflect effects of the June 5, 2014, 4 for 1 reverse stock split.

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

This prospectus contains summary descriptions of the common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities and units that we may offer and sell from time to time. When we offer one or more of these securities in the future, a prospectus supplement will explain the particular terms of the securities and the extent to which these general provisions may apply. These summary descriptions and any summary descriptions in the applicable prospectus supplement do not purport to be complete descriptions of the terms and conditions of each security and are qualified in their entirety by reference to our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, each as amended to date, the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, and any other documents referenced in such summary

descriptions and from which such summary descriptions are derived. If any particular terms of a security described in the applicable prospectus supplement differ from any of the terms described in this prospectus, then the terms described in this prospectus will be deemed superseded by the terms set forth in that prospectus supplement.

We may issue securities in book-entry form through one or more depositaries, such as The Depository Trust Company, named in the applicable prospectus supplement. Each sale of a security in book-entry form will settle in immediately available funds through the applicable depositary, unless otherwise stated. We will issue the securities only in registered form, without coupons, although we may issue the securities in bearer form if so specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. If any securities are to be listed or quoted on a securities exchange or quotation system, the applicable prospectus supplement will so indicate.

Capital Stock

Our authorized capital stock consists of 600,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. As of July 21, 2014, there were:

•

60,317,679 shares of common stock outstanding; and

•

23 shares of Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding.

On June 5, 2014, we effected a reverse stock split of our common stock, whereby each four outstanding shares of our common stock were combined into one share of our common stock. All share numbers and prices per share in this prospectus reflect the consummation of such reverse stock split.

Common Stock

The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and do not have any cumulative voting rights. Any election at a meeting of stockholders is determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote at the election, and all other matters are generally determined by a majority of the votes cast on the matter. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available. In the event of we liquidate, dissolve or wind up, after payment of all of our debts and liabilities, and subject to the preferential rights, if any, of any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of our common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets. Our common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights, and there are no redemptive or sinking funds provisions applicable to the our common stock. We have received full payment for all outstanding shares of our common stock and cannot require our stockholders to make further payments on the stock.

Preferred Stock

Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders (unless such stockholder action is required by applicable law or NYSE MKT rules), to designate and issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number

of shares to be included in each such series, to fix the designations, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each wholly unissued series, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon, and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding.

We will fix the designations, powers, preferences and rights of the preferred stock of each series, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon, in the certificate of designation relating to that series. We will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of any certificate of designation that describes the terms of the series of preferred stock we are offering before the issuance of that series of preferred stock. This description will include:

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the title and stated value;

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the number of shares we are offering;

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the liquidation preference per share;

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the purchase price;

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the dividend rate, period and payment date and method of calculation for dividends;

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whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;

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the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any;

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the provisions for a sinking fund, if any;

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the provisions for redemption or repurchase, if applicable, and any restrictions on our ability to exercise those redemption and repurchase rights;

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any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange or market;

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whether the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, and, if applicable, the conversion price, or how it will be calculated, and the conversion period;

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whether the preferred stock will be exchangeable into debt securities, and, if applicable, the exchange price, or how it will be calculated, and the exchange period;

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voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;

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preemptive rights, if any;

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restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any;

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whether interests in the preferred stock will be represented by depositary shares;

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a discussion of any material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;

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the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs;

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any limitations on the issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs; and

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any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the preferred stock.

Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. Preferred stock could be issued quickly with terms designed to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of decreasing the market price of our common stock.

Stock Options, Warrants and Convertible Preferred Stock

As of July 21, 2014, we have reserved 7,368,144 shares of common stock for issuance under our equity compensation plans, upon exercise of outstanding stock options, warrants or upon conversion of outstanding convertible preferred stock. Of this number, we have reserved 4,943,567 shares for issuance upon exercise of outstanding options that we previously granted under our stock option plans, 972,779 shares for issuance upon exercise of options that we may grant in the future under our stock option plans, 1,443,342 shares for issuance upon exercise of outstanding warrants and 8,456 shares for issuance upon conversion of outstanding shares of preferred stock.

Delaware Anti-Takeover Law and Certain Charter Provisions

Delaware Section 203 . We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. In general, the statute prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder unless:

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prior to such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

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upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the number of shares outstanding, those shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers, and employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or

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on or subsequent to such date, the board of directors approves the business combination and stockholders authorize the business combination at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock that the interested stockholder does not own.

A “business combination” includes a merger, asset or stock sale or other transaction resulting in financial benefit to the stockholder. An “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years prior, did own, 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting stock.

Charter Provisions . Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation includes the following provisions, among others:

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the authority of our board of directors to issue shares of undesignated preferred stock and to determine the rights, preferences and privileges of these shares, without stockholder approval;

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all stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called meeting of stockholders and not by written consent; and

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the elimination of cumulative voting.

Indemnification . Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide that we will indemnify officers and directors against losses as they incur in investigations and legal proceedings resulting from their services to us, which may include service in connection with takeover.

These provisions may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in our control or management. We intend these provisions to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and in the policies they implement, and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened change of our control. We designed these provisions to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal. We also intend for the provisions to discourage certain tactics that may be

used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and, as a consequence, they also may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our shares that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. Such provisions may also have the effect of preventing changes in our management.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Computershare. Its address is 3rd Floor — 510 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6C 3B9, and its telephone number is (604) 661-0258. The transfer agent for any series of preferred stock that we may offer under this prospectus will be named and described in the prospectus supplement for that series.

DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES

We may issue debt securities, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any debt securities offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the indentures, we also are referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.

We will issue the senior debt securities under the senior indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in the senior indenture. We will issue the subordinated debt securities under the subordinated indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in the subordinated indenture. The indentures will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. We use the term “debenture trustee” to refer to either the trustee under the senior indenture or the trustee under the subordinated indenture, as applicable. We have filed forms of indentures to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.

The following summaries of material provisions of the senior debt securities, the subordinated debt securities and the indentures are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements and any related free writing prospectuses related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indentures that contains the terms of the debt securities. Except as we may otherwise indicate, the terms of the senior indenture and the subordinated indenture are identical.

General

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:

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the title;

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the principal amount being offered, and if a series, the total amount authorized and the total amount outstanding;

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any limit on the amount that may be issued;

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whether or not we will issue the series of debt securities in global form, the terms and who the depositary will be;

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the maturity date;

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whether and under what circumstances, if any, we will pay additional amounts on any debt securities held by a person who is not a United States person for tax purposes, and whether we can redeem the debt securities if we have to pay such additional amounts;

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the annual interest rate, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;

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whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;

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the terms of the subordination of any series of subordinated debt;

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the place where payments will be payable;

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restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any;

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our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;

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the date, if any, after which, and the price at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions;

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the date, if any, on which, and the price at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder’s option to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable;

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whether the indenture will restrict our ability and/or the ability of our subsidiaries to:

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incur additional indebtedness;

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issue additional securities;

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create liens;

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pay dividends and make distributions in respect of our capital stock and the capital stock of our subsidiaries;

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redeem capital stock;

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place restrictions on our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets;

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make investments or other restricted payments;

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sell or otherwise dispose of assets;

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enter into sale-leaseback transactions;

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engage in transactions with stockholders and affiliates;

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issue or sell stock of our subsidiaries; or

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effect a consolidation or merger;

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whether the indenture will require us to maintain any interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios;

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a discussion of any material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the debt securities;

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information describing any book-entry features;

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provisions for a sinking fund purchase or other analogous fund, if any;

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the applicability of the provisions in the indenture on discharge;

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whether the debt securities are to be offered at a price such that they will be deemed to be offered at an “original issue discount” as defined in paragraph (a) of Section 1273 of the Internal Revenue Code;

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the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;

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the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars; and

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any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, including any additional events of default or covenants provided with respect to the debt securities, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations.

Conversion or Exchange Rights

We will set forth in the prospectus supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or our other securities. We will include provisions as to whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or our other securities that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment.

Consolidation, Merger or Sale

Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indentures will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets must assume all of our obligations under the indentures or the debt securities, as appropriate. If the debt securities are convertible into or exchangeable for our other securities or securities of other entities, the person with whom we consolidate or merge or to whom we sell all of our property must make provisions for the conversion of the debt securities into securities that the holders of the debt securities would have received if they had converted the debt securities before the consolidation, merger or sale.

Events of Default Under the Indenture

Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indentures with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue:

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if we fail to pay interest when due and payable and our failure continues for 90 days and the time for payment has not been extended or deferred;

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if we fail to pay the principal, premium or sinking fund payment, if any, when due and payable and the time for payment has not been extended or delayed;

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if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant contained in the debt securities or the indentures, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive notice from the debenture trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and

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if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur.

If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the debenture trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the

debenture trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet point above occurs with respect to us, the principal amount of and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the debenture trustee or any holder.

The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.

Subject to the terms of the indentures, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the debenture trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the debenture trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the debenture trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the debenture trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:

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the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and

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subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the debenture trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding.

A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indentures or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies only if:

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the holder has given written notice to the debenture trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series;

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the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request, and such holders have offered reasonable indemnity to the debenture trustee to institute the proceeding as trustee; and

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the debenture trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer.

These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.

We will periodically file statements with the debenture trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indentures.

Modification of Indenture; Waiver

We and the debenture trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to specific matters:

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to fix any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture;

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to comply with the provisions described above under “Description of Debt Securities — Consolidation, Merger or Sale;”

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to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939;

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to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture;

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to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided under “Description of Debt Securities — General” to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities;

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to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee;

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to provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities and to make all appropriate changes for such purpose;

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to add to our covenants such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the protection of the holders, and to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default; or

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to change anything that does not materially adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series.

In addition, under the indentures, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the debenture trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the debenture trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:

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extending the fixed maturity of the series of debt securities;

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reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption of any debt securities; or

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reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver.

Discharge

Each indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations to:

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replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series;

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maintain paying agencies;

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hold monies for payment in trust;

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recover excess money held by the debenture trustee;

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compensate and indemnify the debenture trustee; and

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appoint any successor trustee.

In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the debenture trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.

Form, Exchange and Transfer

We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indentures provide that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company or another depositary named by us and identified in a prospectus supplement with respect to that series. See “Legal Ownership of Securities” for a further description of the terms relating to any book-entry securities.

At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.

Subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will impose no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.

We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series.

If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to:

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issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or

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register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part.

Information Concerning the Debenture Trustee

The debenture trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the debenture trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the debenture trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indentures at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.

Payment and Paying Agents

Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest.

We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will designate the corporate trust office of the debenture trustee in the City of New York as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.

All money we pay to a paying agent or the debenture trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.

Governing Law

The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 is applicable.

Subordination of Subordinated Debt Securities

The subordinated debt securities will be unsecured and will be subordinate and junior in priority of payment to certain of our other indebtedness to the extent described in a prospectus supplement. The subordinated indenture does not limit the amount of subordinated debt securities that we may issue, nor does it limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt.

DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

We may issue warrants for the purchase of common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or together with common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these securities. While the terms summarized below will apply generally to any warrants that we may offer, we will describe the particular terms of any series of warrants in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any warrants offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below.

We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of warrant agreement, including a form of warrant certificate, that describes the terms of the particular series of warrants we are offering before the issuance of the related series of warrants. The following summaries of material provisions of the warrants and the warrant agreements are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the warrant agreement and warrant certificate applicable to the particular series of warrants that we may offer under this prospectus. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements related to the particular series of warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as any related free writing prospectuses, and the complete warrant agreements and warrant certificates that contain the terms of the warrants.

General

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of warrants being offered, including:

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the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered;

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the currency for which the warrants may be purchased;

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if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security;

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if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable;

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in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise;

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in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise;

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the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreements and the warrants;

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the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants;

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any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;

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the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire;

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the manner in which the warrant agreements and warrants may be modified;

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a discussion of any material or special United States federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants;

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the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; and

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any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants.

Before exercising their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon such exercise, including:

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in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the right to receive payments of principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities purchasable upon exercise or to enforce covenants in the applicable indenture; or

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in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the right to receive dividends, if any, or payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or to exercise voting rights, if any.

Exercise of Warrants

Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase the securities that we specify in the applicable prospectus supplement at the exercise price that we describe in the applicable prospectus supplement. Holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants at any time up to the specified time on the expiration date that we set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised warrants will become void.

Holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants by delivering the warrant certificate representing the warrants to be exercised together with specified information, and paying the required amount to the warrant agent in immediately available funds, as provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. We will set forth on the reverse side of the warrant certificate and in the applicable prospectus supplement the information that the holder of the warrant will be required to deliver to the warrant agent.

Upon receipt of the required payment and the warrant certificate properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the applicable prospectus

supplement, we will issue and deliver the securities purchasable upon such exercise. If fewer than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate are exercised, then we will issue a new warrant certificate for the remaining amount of warrants. If we so indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may surrender securities as all or part of the exercise price for warrants.

Governing Law

Unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, the warrants and warrant agreements will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Warrants

Each warrant agent will act solely as our agent under the applicable warrant agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any warrant. A single bank or trust company may act as warrant agent for more than one issue of warrants. A warrant agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable warrant agreement or warrant, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a warrant may, without the consent of the related warrant agent or the holder of any other warrant, enforce by appropriate legal action its right to exercise, and receive the securities purchasable upon exercise of, its warrants.

DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

We may issue, in one more series, units consisting of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities and/or warrants for the purchase of common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in any combination. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any units that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of units in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any units offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below.

We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of unit agreement that describes the terms of the series of units we are offering, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of the related series of units. The following summaries of material terms and provisions of the units are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the unit agreement and any supplemental agreements applicable to a particular series of units. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements related to the particular series of units that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as any related free writing prospectuses and the complete unit agreement and any supplemental agreements that contain the terms of the units.

General

We will issue each unit so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement under which we issue a unit may provide that the securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date.

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of units being offered, including:

•

the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;

•

any provisions of the governing unit agreement that differ from those described below; and

•

any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units.

The provisions described in this section, as well as those described under “Description of Capital Stock,” “Description of Debt Securities” and “Description of Warrants” will apply to each unit and to any common stock, preferred stock, debt security or warrant included in each unit, respectively.

Issuance in Series

We may issue units in such amounts and in such numerous distinct series as we determine.

Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Units

Each unit agent will act solely as our agent under the applicable unit agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any unit. A single bank or trust company may act as unit agent for more than one series of units. A unit agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable unit agreement or unit, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a unit may, without the consent of the related unit agent or the holder of any other unit, enforce by appropriate legal action its rights as holder under any security included in the unit.

We, and any unit agent and any of their agents, may treat the registered holder of any unit certificate as an absolute owner of the units evidenced by that certificate for any purpose and as the person entitled to exercise the rights attaching to the units so requested, despite any notice to the contrary. See “Legal Ownership of Securities” below.

LEGAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES

We can issue securities in registered form or in the form of one or more global securities. We describe global securities in greater detail below. We refer to those persons who have securities registered in their own names on the books that we or any applicable trustee, depositary or warrant agent maintain for this purpose as the “holders” of those securities. These persons are the legal holders of the securities. We refer to those persons who, indirectly through others, own beneficial interests in securities that are not registered in their own names, as “indirect holders” of those securities. As we discuss below, indirect holders are not legal holders, and investors in securities issued in book-entry form or in street name will be indirect holders.

Book-Entry Holders

We may issue securities in book-entry form only, as we will specify in the applicable prospectus supplement. This means securities may be represented by one or more global securities registered in the name of a financial institution that holds them as depositary on behalf of other financial institutions that participate in the depositary’s book-entry system. These participating institutions, which are referred to as participants, in turn, hold beneficial interests in the securities on behalf of themselves or their customers.

Only the person in whose name a security is registered is recognized as the holder of that security. Securities issued in global form will be registered in the name of the depositary or its participants. Consequently, for securities issued in global form, we will recognize only the depositary as the holder of the securities, and we will make all payments on the securities to the depositary. The depositary passes along the payments it receives to its participants, which in turn pass the payments along to their customers who are the beneficial owners. The depositary and its participants do so under agreements they have made with one another or with their customers; they are not obligated to do so under the terms of the securities.

As a result, investors in a book-entry security will not own securities directly. Instead, they will own beneficial interests in a global security, through a bank, broker or other financial institution that participates in the depositary’s book-entry system or holds an interest through a participant. As long as the securities are issued in global form, investors will be indirect holders, and not holders, of the securities.

Street Name Holders

We may terminate a global security or issue securities in non-global form. In these cases, investors may choose to hold their securities in their own names or in “street name.” Securities held by an investor in street name would be registered in the name of a bank, broker or other financial institution that the investor chooses, and the investor would hold only a beneficial interest in those securities through an account he or she maintains at that institution.

For securities held in street name, we will recognize only the intermediary banks, brokers and other financial institutions in whose names the securities are registered as the holders of those securities, and we will make all payments on those securities to them. These institutions pass along the payments they receive to their customers who are the beneficial owners, but only because they agree to do so in their customer agreements or because they are legally required to do so. Investors who hold securities in street name will be indirect holders, not holders, of those securities.

Legal Holders

Our obligations, as well as the obligations of any applicable trustee and of any third parties employed by us or a trustee, run only to the legal holders of the securities. We do not have obligations to investors who hold beneficial interests in global securities, in street name or by any other indirect means. This will be the case whether an investor chooses to be an indirect holder of a security or has no choice because we are issuing the securities only in global form.

For example, once we make a payment or give a notice to the holder, we have no further responsibility for the payment or notice even if that holder is required, under agreements with depositary participants or customers or by law, to pass it along to the indirect holders but does not do so. Similarly, we may want to obtain the approval of the holders to amend an indenture, to relieve us of the consequences of a default or of our obligation to comply with a particular provision of the indenture or for other purposes. In such an event, we would seek approval only from the holders, and not the indirect holders, of the securities. Whether and how the holders contact the indirect holders is up to the holders.

Special Considerations For Indirect Holders

If you hold securities through a bank, broker or other financial institution, either in book-entry form or in street name, you should check with your own institution to find out:

•

how it handles securities payments and notices;

•

whether it imposes fees or charges;

•

how it would handle a request for the holders’ consent, if ever required;

•

whether and how you can instruct it to send you securities registered in your own name so you can be a holder, if that is permitted in the future;

•

how it would exercise rights under the securities if there were a default or other event triggering the need for holders to act to protect their interests; and

•

if the securities are in book-entry form, how the depositary’s rules and procedures will affect these matters.

Global Securities

A global security is a security that represents one or any other number of individual securities held by a depositary. Generally, all securities represented by the same global securities will have the same terms.

Each security issued in book-entry form will be represented by a global security that we deposit with and register in the name of a financial institution or its nominee that we select. The financial institution that we select for this purpose is called the depositary. Unless we specify otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, The Depository Trust Company, New York, New York, known as DTC, will be the depositary for all securities issued in book-entry form.

A global security may not be transferred to or registered in the name of anyone other than the depositary, its nominee or a successor depositary, unless special termination situations arise. We describe those situations below under “Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated.” As a result of these arrangements, the depositary, or its nominee, will be the sole registered owner and holder of all securities represented by a global security, and investors will be permitted to own only beneficial interests in a global security. Beneficial interests must be held by means of an account with a broker, bank or other financial institution that in turn has an account with the depositary or with another institution that does. Thus, an investor whose security is represented by a global security will not be a holder of the security, but only an indirect holder of a beneficial interest in the global security.

If the prospectus supplement for a particular security indicates that the security will be issued in global form only, then the security will be represented by a global security at all times unless and until the global security is terminated. If termination occurs, we may issue the securities through another book-entry clearing system or decide that the securities may no longer be held through any book-entry clearing system.

Special Considerations For Global Securities

The rights of an indirect holder relating to a global security will be governed by the account rules of the investor’s financial institution and of the depositary, as well as general laws relating to securities transfers. We do not recognize an indirect holder as a holder of securities and instead deal only with the depositary that holds the global security.

If securities are issued only in the form of a global security, an investor should be aware of the following:

•

an investor cannot cause the securities to be registered in his or her name, and cannot obtain non-global certificates for his or her interest in the securities, except in the special situations we describe below;

•

an investor will be an indirect holder and must look to his or her own bank or broker for payments on the securities and protection of his or her legal rights relating to the securities, as we describe above;

•

an investor may not be able to sell interests in the securities to some insurance companies and to other institutions that are required by law to own their securities in non-book-entry form;

•

an investor may not be able to pledge his or her interest in a global security in circumstances where certificates representing the securities must be delivered to the lender or other beneficiary of the pledge in order for the pledge to be effective;

•

the depositary’s policies, which may change from time to time, will govern payments, transfers, exchanges and other matters relating to an investor’s interest in a global security;

•

we and any applicable trustee have no responsibility for any aspect of the depositary’s actions or for its records of ownership interests in a global security, nor do we or any applicable trustee supervise the depositary in any way;

•

the depositary may, and we understand that DTC will, require that those who purchase and sell interests in a global security within its book-entry system use immediately available funds, and your broker or bank may require you to do so as well; and

•

financial institutions that participate in the depositary’s book-entry system, and through which an investor holds its interest in a global security, may also have their own policies affecting payments, notices and other matters relating to the securities.

There may be more than one financial intermediary in the chain of ownership for an investor. We do not monitor and are not responsible for the actions of any of those intermediaries.

Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated

In a few special situations described below, the global security will terminate and interests in it will be exchanged for physical certificates representing those interests. After that exchange, the choice of whether to hold securities directly or in street name will be up to the investor. Investors must consult their own banks or brokers to find out how to have their interests in securities transferred to their own name, so that they will be direct holders. We have described the rights of holders and street name investors above.

Unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, the global security will terminate when the following special situations occur:

•

if the depositary notifies us that it is unwilling, unable or no longer qualified to continue as depositary for that global security and we do not appoint another institution to act as depositary within 90 days;

•

if we notify any applicable trustee that we wish to terminate that global security; or

•

if an event of default has occurred with regard to securities represented by that global security and has not been cured or waived.

The prospectus supplement may also list additional situations for terminating a global security that would apply only to the particular series of securities covered by the applicable prospectus supplement. When a global security terminates, the depositary, and not we or any applicable trustee, is responsible for deciding the names of the institutions that will be the initial direct holders.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We may sell the securities from time to time pursuant to underwritten public offerings, negotiated transactions, block trades or a combination of these methods. We may sell the securities to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers. We may distribute securities from time to time in one or more transactions:

•

at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;

•

at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;

•

at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or

•

at negotiated prices.

A prospectus supplement or supplements will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including:

•

the name or names of the underwriters, if any;

•

the purchase price of the securities and the proceeds we will receive from the sale;

•

any over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;

•

any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents’ or underwriters’ compensation;

•

any public offering price;

•

any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and

•

any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed.

Only underwriters named in the prospectus supplement will be underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement.

If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement. We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement, other than securities covered by any over-allotment option. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement, naming the underwriter, the nature of any such relationship.

We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities and we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, our agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment.

We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement.

We may provide agents and underwriters with indemnification against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents and underwriters may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business.

All securities we may offer, other than common stock, will be new issues of securities with no established trading market. Any underwriter may make a market in these securities, but will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. We cannot guarantee the liquidity of the trading markets for any securities.

Any underwriter may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing transactions, short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act. Over-allotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum price. Syndicate-covering or other short-covering transactions involve purchases of the securities, either through exercise of the over-allotment option or in the open market after the distribution is completed, to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a stabilizing or covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time.

Any underwriters that are qualified market makers on the NYSE MKT may engage in passive market making transactions in the common stock on the NYSE MKT in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the common stock. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may stabilize the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.

In compliance with guidelines of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, the maximum consideration or discount to be received by any FINRA member or independent broker dealer may not exceed 8% of the aggregate amount of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement.

VALIDITY OF SECURITIES

Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, Duane Morris LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, will pass upon the validity of the securities offered by this prospectus.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. appearing in Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2013, and the effectiveness of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements are incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such reports given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 14 . Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution .

The estimated expenses in connection with this registration statement, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, are as follows:


SEC registration fee	$	14,586.81
Trustee fees		(1	)
Printing expenses		(1	)
Legal and accounting expenses		(1	)
Rating agency fees		(1	)
Miscellaneous		(1	)

TOTAL	$	(1	)

(1)

These fees will depend on the type of securities offered and the number of offerings and, therefore, we cannot estimate such fees at this time. We will provide additional information regarding estimated fees and expenses at the time we include information as to any securities in a prospectus supplement in accordance with Rule 430B.

Item 15 . Indemnification of Directors and Officers .

Under Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), a corporation has the power to indemnify its directors and officers under certain prescribed circumstances and, subject to certain limitations, against certain costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement, actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether criminal, civil, administrative or investigative, to which any of them is a party by reason of his being a director or officer of the corporation if it is determined that he acted in accordance with the applicable standard of conduct set forth in such statutory provision. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that, pursuant to the DGCL, our directors shall not be liable for monetary damages for breach of the directors’ fiduciary duty of care to us and our stockholders. This provision in the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation does not eliminate the duty of care, and in appropriate circumstances equitable remedies such as injunctive or other forms of non-monetary relief will remain available under Delaware law. In addition, each director will continue to be subject to liability for breach of the director’s duty of loyalty, for acts or omissions not in good faith or involving intentional misconduct or knowing violations of the law, for actions leading to improper personal benefit to the director, and for payment of dividends or approval of stock repurchases or redemptions that are unlawful under Delaware law. The provision also does not affect a director’s responsibilities under any other law, such as the federal securities laws or state or federal environmental laws.

Our bylaws provide that we will indemnify, to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL, each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of our company, whether the basis of such proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a director or officer or in any other capacity while serving as a director or officer against all expenses, liability and loss reasonably incurred or suffered by such person in connection therewith. We also have directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.

The underwriting agreement that we might enter into will provide for indemnification by any underwriters of us, our directors, our officers who sign the registration statement and our controlling persons for some liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933.

Item 16 . Exhibits .


No.		Description

1.1		Form of Underwriting Agreement relating to Common Stock*

1.2		Form of Underwriting Agreement relating to Preferred Stock*

1.3		Form of Underwriting Agreement relating to Debt Securities*

1.4		Form of Underwriting Agreement relating to Warrants*

1.5		Form of Underwriting Agreement relating to Units*

3.1		Certificate of Incorporation with all amendments (filed herewith)

3.3		Amended and Restated By-laws dated as of August 10, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 12, 2011).

4.1		Form of Senior Debt Indenture (filed herewith)

4.2		Form of Senior Debt Security*

4.3		Form of Subordinated Debt Indenture (filed herewith)

4.4		Form of Subordinated Debt Security*

4.5		Form of Preferred Stock Certificate of Designation*

4.6		Specimen Certificate for Shares of Preferred Stock*

4.7		Form of Warrant Agreement*

4.8		Form of Warrant (to be included in Exhibit 4.7)*

4.9		Form of Unit Agreement*

5.1		Opinion of Duane Morris LLP (filed herewith)

12.1		Statement of Computation of Ratios (filed herewith)

23.1		Consent of Duane Morris LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)

23.2		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed herewith)

24.1		Powers of Attorney (included in signature pages)

25.1		Statement of Eligibility and Qualification on Form T-1 of Trustee to Act as Trustee under the Senior Indenture*

25.2		Statement of Eligibility and Qualification on Form T-1 of Trustee Act as Trustee under the Subordinated Indenture*

*	To be filed by amendment or pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Item 17 . Undertakings .

We hereby undertake:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i) to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

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(ii) to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in this registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and

(iii) to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in this registration statement or any material change to such information in this registration statement;

provided, however, that paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those clauses is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by us pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act, to any purchaser:

(i) Each prospectus filed by us pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

(ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5) or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii) or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which the prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

(5) That, for the purpose of determining our liability under the Securities Act, to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, we undertake that in a primary offering of our securities pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, we will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of ours relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

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(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of us or used or referred to by us;

(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about us or our securities provided by or on behalf of us; and

(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by us to the purchaser.

(6) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of our annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(7) To file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section 310 of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the SEC under Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the provisions described in Item 15 above, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities, other than the payment by us of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of us in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding, is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, that we will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Plymouth Meeting, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on July 23, 2014.


INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

By:		/s/ J. Joseph Kim
		J. Joseph Kim President and Chief Executive Officer

Know all men by these present, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints J. Joseph Kim and Peter Kies, and each or either of them, as such person’s true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution, for such person, and in such person’s name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any or all amendments or post-effective amendments to this Registration Statement, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as such person might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them or their substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Signature	Title	Date

/s/ J. Joseph Kim J. Joseph Kim	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	July 23, 2014

/s/ Peter Kies Peter Kies	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	July 23, 2014

/s/ Avtar Dhillon Avtar Dhillon	Chairman of the Board of Directors	July 23, 2014

/s/ Simon X. Benito Simon X. Benito	Director	July 23, 2014

/s/ Angel Cabrera Angel Cabrera	Director	July 23, 2014

/s/ Morton Collins Morton Collins	Director	July 23, 2014

/s/ Adel Mahmoud Adel Mahmoud	Director	July 23, 2014

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Exhibit 3.1

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION


FIRST:		The name of the corporation is Genetronics Biomedical Corporation (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the “Corporation”).

SECOND:		The address of the Corporation’s registered office in the State of Delaware is The Corporation Trust Center, 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801, County of New Castle, and the name of the initial registered agent therein and in charge thereof, upon whom process against the corporation may be served is The Corporation Trust Company.

THIRD:		The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which a corporation may be organized under the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

FOURTH:		STOCK
		The Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of stock to be designated, respectively, “Preferred Stock” and “Common Stock.” The total number of shares of Preferred Stock the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 10,000,000, $0.001 par value per share, and the total number of shares of Common Stock the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 100,000,000, $0.001 par value per share. The shares of Preferred Stock shall initially be undesignated as to series.

		The Board of Directors is hereby authorized, within the limitations and restrictions stated herein, to determine or alter the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions granted to or imposed upon a wholly unissued series of Preferred Stock, and the number of shares constituting any such series and the designation thereof, or any of them; and to increase or decrease the number of shares constituting any such series and the designation thereof, or any of them; and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any series subsequent to the issue of shares of that series, but, in respect of decreases, not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding. In case the number of shares of any series should be so decreased, the shares constituting such decrease shall resume the status which they had prior to the adoption of the resolutions originally fixing the number of shares of such series.


FIFTH:		The following provisions are inserted for the management of the business and the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation, and for further definition, limitation and regulation of the powers of the Corporation and of its directors and stockholders:



	A.	The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors. In addition to the powers and authority expressly conferred upon them by statute or by this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, the directors are hereby empowered to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the Corporation.

	B.	The directors of the Corporation need not be elected by written ballot unless the Bylaws so provide.

	C.	Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders.

	D.	Special meetings of stockholders of the Corporation may be called only by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors (whether or not there exist any vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any such resolution is presented to the Board for adoption).

SIXTH:

	A.	The number of directors shall initially be set at eight (8) and, thereafter, shall be fixed from time to time exclusively by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors (whether or not there exist any vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any such resolution is presented to the Board for adoption). The directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of the shareholders. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock then outstanding, a vacancy resulting from the removal of a director by the stockholders as provided in Article SIXTH, Section C below may be filled at a special meeting of the stockholders held for that purpose. All directors shall hold office until the expiration of the term for which elected, and until their respective successors are elected, except in the case of the death, resignation, or removal of any director.

	B.	Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock then outstanding, newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the



				authorized number of directors or any vacancies in the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation or other cause (other than removal from office by a vote of the stockholders) may be filled only by a majority vote of the directors then in office, though less than a quorum, and directors so chosen shall hold office for a term expiring at the next annual meeting of stockholders at which the term of office expires, and until their respective successors are elected, except in the case of the death, resignation, or removal of any director. No decrease in the number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

		C.		Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock then outstanding, any directors, or the entire Board of Directors, may be removed from office at any time, with or without cause, but only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of .the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. Vacancies in the Board of Directors resulting from such removal may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office, though less than a quorum, or by the stockholders as provided in Article SIXTH, Section A above. Directors so chosen shall hold office for a term expiring at the next annual meeting of stockholders at which the term of office expires, and until their respective successors are elected, except in the case of the death, resignation, or removal of any director.



SEVENTH:		The Board of Directors is expressly empowered to adopt, amend or repeal Bylaws of the Corporation. Any adoption, amendment or repeal of Bylaws of the Corporation by the Board of Directors shall require the approval of a majority of the total number of authorized directors (whether or not there exist any vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any resolution providing for adoption, amendment or repeal is presented to the Board). The stockholders shall also have power to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation. Any adoption, amendment or repeal of Bylaws of the Corporation by the stockholders shall require, in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of stock of the Corporation required by law or by this Certificate of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.

EIGHTH:		A director of the Corporation shall not be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for


		acts or omissions not in good faith or which involved intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.

		If the Delaware General Corporation Law is hereafter amended to authorize the further elimination or limitation of the liability of a director, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as so amended.

		Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Article EIGHTH by the stockholders of the Corporation shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director of the Corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification.

NINTH:		The Corporation reserves the right to amend or repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation in the manner prescribed by the laws of the State of Delaware and all rights conferred upon stockholders are granted subject to this reservation; provided, however, that, notwithstanding any other provision of this Certificate of Incorporation or any provision of law which might otherwise permit a lesser vote or no vote, but in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of the stock of this Corporation required by law or by this Certificate of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to amend or repeal this Article NINTH, Article FIFTH, Article SIXTH, Article SEVENTH or Article EIGHTH.

TENTH:		The name and mailing address of the incorporator is:

		Mervyn McCulloch 11199 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego, CA 92121-1334

I, THE UNDERSIGNED, being the incorporator hereinbefore named, for the purpose of forming a corporation pursuant to the General Corporation Law of Delaware, do make this certificate, hereby declaring and certifying that this is my act and deed and the facts herein stated are true, and accordingly have hereunto set my hand this day, May 23, 2001.

/s/ Mervyn McCulloch

Mervyn McCulloch, Incorporator

[SEAL]

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

OF THE CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

Pursuant to Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the undersigned, Avtar Dhillon, President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation, a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, DOES HEREBY CERTIFY,

FIRST: That the name of the Corporation is GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION (hereinafter the “Corporation”);

SECOND: The Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation is hereby amended by striking out Article 4 thereof and by substituting in lieu of said Article the following new Article 4:

“ARTICLE 4 – AUTHORIZED CAPITAL:

The Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of shares designated, respectively, “Preferred Stock” and “Common Stock”. The total number of shares of Preferred Stock the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 10,000,000, $0.001 par value per share, and the total number of shares of Common Stock the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 300,000,000, $0.001 par value per share. The shares of Preferred Stock shall initially be undesignated as to series.

The Board of Directors is hereby authorized, within the limitations and restrictions stated herein, to determine or alter the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions granted to or imposed upon a wholly unissued series of Preferred Stock, and the number of shares constituting any such series and the designation thereof, or any of them; and to increase or decrease the number of shares constituting any such series and the designation thereof, or any of them; and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any series subsequent to the issue of shares of that series, but, in respect of decreases, not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding. In case the number of shares of any series should be so decreased, the shares constituting such decrease shall resume the status which they had prior to the adoption of the resolutions originally fixing the number of shares of such series.

THIRD: That said amendment was duly adopted, in accordance with the provisions of Section 242 of the General Corporation law of the State of Delaware.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, said Board of Directors of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation have caused this Certificate to be signed by its Chief Executive Officer and President, Avtar Dhillon, and attested by Peter Kies, its Chief Financial Officer, this 21 day of November, 2002.


GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

By:		/s/ Avtar Dhillon
		Avtar Dhillon
		Chief Executive Officer and President


Attest:

By:		/s/ Peter Kies
		Peter Kies
		Chief Financial Officer

CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS, RIGHTS AND PREFERENCES

SERIES A CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION , a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), does hereby state and certify that pursuant to the authority expressly vested in the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board”) by the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended to date, which authorizes the issuance of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 per share, in one or more series, the Board duly adopted the following resolutions, which resolutions remain in full force and effect as of the date hereof:

RESOLVED, that, pursuant to Article 4, of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended to date, the Board hereby authorizes the issuance of, and fixes the designation and preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, and qualifications, limitations and restrictions, of a series of preferred stock of the Corporation consisting of 1,000 shares, par value $0.001 per share, to be designated “Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock” (hereinafter, the “Convertible Preferred Stock” or the “Preferred Stock”); and be it

RESOLVED, that each share of Convertible Preferred Stock shall rank equally in all respects and shall be subject to the following terms and provisions:

1. Dividends . The holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, when, if and as declared by the Corporation’s Board of Directors, out of funds legally available therefor, cumulative dividends payable as set forth in this Section 1.

of shares of Common Stock for the payment of such declared dividends and shall deliver certificates representing such shares of Common Stock to the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as of the record date for such dividend in payment of such declared dividends within three (3) business days after such Dividend Payment Date. Each such dividend declared by the Board of Directors on the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be paid to the holders of record of shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock as they appear on the stock register of the Corporation on the record date which shall be the business day next preceding a Dividend Payment Date. Dividends in arrears for any past dividend period may be declared by the Board of Directors of the Corporation and paid on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock on any date fixed by the Board of Directors of the Corporation, whether or not a regular Dividend Payment Date, to holders of record of shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock as they appear on the Corporation’s stock register on the record date. The record date, which shall not be greater than five (5) days before such Dividend Payment Date, shall be fixed by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. Any dividend payment made on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall first be credited against the dividends accumulated with respect to the earliest dividend period for which dividends have not been paid.

(b) The dividend rate (the “Dividend Rate”) on each share of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be 6% per share per annum on $10,000 (the Liquidation Preference (as hereinafter defined) of each such share) for the period from the Date of Original Issue until the Initial Dividend Payment Date and, for each dividend period thereafter, which shall commence on the last day of the preceding dividend period and shall end on the next Dividend Payment Date, shall be at the Dividend Rate (as adjusted from time to time as hereinafter provided) on such Liquidation Preference. The amount of dividends per share of the Convertible Preferred Stock payable for each dividend period or part thereof (the “Dividend Value”) shall be computed by multiplying the Dividend Rate for such dividend period by a fraction the numerator of which shall be the number of days in the dividend period or part thereof on which such share was outstanding and the denominator of which shall be 365 and multiplying the result by the Liquidation Preference. If, at the sole option of the Corporation, a dividend is to be paid in Common Stock in accordance with Section 1(a) above, the Common Stock shall be valued at the Current Market Price (as hereinafter defined) as of such Dividend Payment Date. In furtherance thereof, the Corporation shall reserve out of the authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock, solely for issuance in respect of the payment of dividends as herein described, a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock to pay such dividends, when, if and as declared by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

“Current Market Price” means, in respect of any share of Common Stock on any date herein specified:

(1) if there shall not then be a public market for the Common Stock, the higher of (a) the book value per share of Common Stock at such date, and (b) the Appraised Value (as hereinafter defined) per share of Common Stock at such date, or

immediately before such date. The daily market price for each such trading day shall be (i) the closing price on such day on the principal stock exchange (including Nasdaq) on which such Common Stock is then listed or admitted to trading, or quoted, as applicable, (ii) if no sale takes place on such day on any such exchange, the last reported closing price on such day as officially quoted on any such exchange (including Nasdaq), (iii) if the Common Stock is not then listed or admitted to trading on any stock exchange, the last reported closing bid price on such day in the over-the-counter market, as furnished by the National Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System or the National Quotation Bureau, Inc., (iv) if neither such corporation at the time is engaged in the business of reporting such prices, as furnished by any similar firm then engaged in such business, or (v) if there is no such firm, as furnished by any member of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the “NASD”) selected mutually by holders of a majority of the Convertible Preferred Stock and the Corporation or, if they cannot agree upon such selection, as selected by two such members of the NASD, one of which shall be selected by holders of a majority of the Convertible Preferred Stock and one of which shall be selected by the Corporation (as applicable, the “Daily Market Price”).

“Appraised Value” means, in respect of any share of Common Stock on any date herein specified, the fair saleable value of such share of Common Stock (determined without giving effect to the discount for (i) a minority interest or (ii) any lack of liquidity of the Common Stock or to the fact that the Corporation may have no class of equity registered under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the last day of the most recent fiscal month end prior to such date specified, based on the value of the Corporation (assuming the conversion and exercise of all of the Corporation’s authorized and issued capital stock), as determined by a nationally recognized investment banking firm selected by the Corporation’s Board of Directors and having no prior relationship with the Corporation, and reasonably acceptable to not less than a majority in interest of the holders of the Preferred Stock then outstanding.

(c) Except for cumulative dividends on the Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock provided in Section 1(a) of the Certificate of Designations of the Series B Preferred Stock or as hereinafter provided, no dividends shall be declared or paid or set apart for payment on the shares of Common Stock or any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation for any dividend period unless full cumulative dividends have been or contemporaneously are declared and paid on the Convertible Preferred Stock through the most recent Dividend Payment Date. If full cumulative dividends have not been paid on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock, all dividends declared on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be paid pro rata to the holders of outstanding shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock.

(d) The holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall each be entitled to receive dividends, on a pari passu basis with the holders of shares of Common Stock, out of any assets legally available therefor, with the amount of such dividends to be distributed to the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock computed on the basis of the number of shares of Common Stock which would be held by such holder if, immediately prior to the declaration of the dividend, all of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock had been converted into shares of Common Stock at the then current Conversion Value (as hereinafter defined).

2. Voting Rights . Except as otherwise provided herein or by law, the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall have full voting rights and powers, subject to the Beneficial Ownership Cap as defined in Section 5(h), equal to the voting rights and powers of holders of Common Stock and shall be entitled to notice of any stockholders meeting in accordance with the Bylaws of the Corporation, and shall be entitled to vote, with respect to any question upon which holders of Common Stock have the right to vote, including, without limitation, the right to vote for the election of directors, voting together with the holders of Common Stock as one class. Each holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which such shares of Convertible Preferred Stock could be converted on the record date for the taking of a vote, subject to the Beneficial Ownership Cap limitations set forth in Section 5(h), or, if no record date is established, at the day prior to the date such vote is taken or any written consent of stockholders is first executed. Fractional votes shall not, however, be permitted and any fractional voting rights resulting from the above formula (after aggregating all shares into which shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held by each holder could be converted) shall be rounded to the nearest whole number (with one-half being rounded upward).

3. Rights on Liquidation .

(a) In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation (any such event being hereinafter referred to as a “Liquidation”), before any distribution of assets of the Corporation shall be made to or set apart for the holders of Common Stock, the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, pari passu with the holders of the Corporation’s Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock”), payment out of such assets of the Corporation in an amount equal to $10,000 per share of Convertible Preferred Stock (such applicable amount being referred to as the “Liquidation Preference” for the Convertible Preferred Stock), plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon (whether or not earned or declared) on the Convertible Preferred Stock. If the assets of the Corporation available for distribution to the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock shall not be sufficient to make in full the payment herein required, such assets shall be distributed pro-rata among the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock based on the aggregate Liquidation Preferences of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock held by each such holder.

(b) If the assets of the Corporation available for distribution to stockholders exceed the aggregate amount of the Liquidation Preferences payable with respect to all shares of Convertible Preferred Stock then outstanding, then, after the payment required by paragraph 3(a) above shall have been made or irrevocably set aside, the holders of Common Stock shall be entitled to receive with respect to each share of Common Stock payment of a pro rata portion of such assets based on the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock held by each such holder. The holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall participate in such a distribution on a pro-rata basis with the holders of the Common Stock, with the amount distributable to the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock to be computed on the basis of the number of shares of Common Stock which would be held by them if immediately prior to the Liquidation all of the outstanding shares of Convertible Preferred Stock had been converted into shares of Common Stock at the then current Conversion Value.

(c) A Change of Control (as defined below) of the Corporation shall not be deemed a Liquidation, but shall instead be governed by the terms of Section 7 below.

4. Actions Requiring the Consent of Holders of Preferred Stock . As long as at least 20% of the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock issued on the Date of Original Issue are outstanding, the consent of the holders of at least a majority of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, at the time outstanding, given in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of the Corporation, as amended, shall be necessary for effecting or validating any of the following transactions or acts:

(a) Any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the provisions of this Certificate of Designation (including any increase in the number of shares of Preferred Stock authorized hereunder);

(b) Any amendment, alteration or repeal of the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws of the Corporation that will adversely affect the rights of the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock, whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise;

(c) With the exception of the Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock issued on the Date of Original Issue, the authorization, creation, offer or sale by the Corporation of, or the increase in the number of authorized shares of, any stock of any class, or any security convertible into stock of any class, or the authorization or creation of any new class of preferred stock (or any action which would result in another series of preferred stock) ranking in terms of liquidation preference, redemption rights or dividend rights, pari passu with or senior to, the Convertible Preferred Stock in any manner;

(d) Any increase in the number of authorized shares of, any stock of the Corporation of any class; provided, that, such actions in connection with a Change of Control shall not require approval pursuant to this Section 4(d); provided, further, that the foregoing proviso shall in no way be deemed to impair any other voting rights of the Convertible Preferred Stock set forth herein or under applicable law;

(e) The redemption, purchase or other acquisition, directly or indirectly, of any shares of capital stock of the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries or any option, warrant or other right to purchase or acquire any such shares, or any other security, other than the: (i) redemption of Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms hereof, (ii) redemption of the Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms thereof, (iii) redemption of the warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock that are issued or issuable (the “Warrants”) under that certain Preferred Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement entered into among the Corporation and the purchasers of the Preferred Stock on the Date of Original Issue (the “Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to the redemption terms of the Warrants (iv) repurchase of shares at cost from employees of the Corporation upon termination of employment with the Corporation in accordance with written agreements pursuant to which the shares were issued, or (v) repurchase or redemption of shares pursuant to written agreements outstanding on the Date of Original Issue; and

(f) The declaration or payment of any dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, stock or other property) with respect to the capital stock of the Corporation or any subsidiary, other than a dividend or other distribution pursuant to the terms of the Preferred Stock or the Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock.

5. Conversion .

(a) Right to Convert . Subject to the limitation set forth in Section 5(h) hereof, the holder of any share or shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall have the right at any time, at such holder’s option, to convert all or any lesser portion of such holder’s shares of Convertible Preferred Stock into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock as is determined by dividing (i) the aggregate Liquidation Preference of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be converted plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon by (ii) the applicable Conversion Value (as defined below) then in effect for such Convertible Preferred Stock. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the conversion of any Convertible Preferred Stock. With respect to any fraction of a share of Common Stock called for upon any conversion, the Corporation shall pay to the holder an amount in cash equal to such fraction multiplied by the Current Market Price per share of the Common Stock.

(b) Mandatory Conversion . Subject to the limitation set forth in Section 5(h) hereof, at any time after twelve months following the Original Issue Date all the outstanding Convertible Preferred Stock shall be converted at the option of the Corporation upon thirty (30) days prior written notice to the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Notice”), following the occurrence of the following event (a “Conversion Triggering Event”), as of the expiration of the thirty day period set forth in the Notice, into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock as is determined by dividing (i) the aggregate Liquidation Preference of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be converted plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon by (ii) the applicable Conversion Value (as hereinafter defined) then in effect for such Convertible Preferred Stock:

(i) The Registration Statement (as hereinafter defined) covering all of the shares of Common Stock into which the Preferred Stock is convertible is effective (or all of the shares of Common Stock into which the Preferred Stock is convertible may be sold without restriction pursuant to Rule 144(k) promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”));

(ii) the Daily Market Price (solely as provided in clause (2)(i) or (2)(ii) of the definition of Current Market Price) of the Common Stock is greater than $2.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock dividends, subdivisions and combinations) for twenty of the thirty consecutive trading days prior to the date the Notice is distributed to the holders; and

(iii) the average daily trading volume (subject to adjustment for stock dividends, subdivisions and combinations) of the Common Stock for at least twenty of the thirty consecutive trading days prior to the date the Notice is distributed to the holders exceeds 100,000 shares.

“Registration Statement” shall have the meaning established in the Investor Rights Agreement dated the Date of Original Issue by and among the Corporation and the other parties signatory thereto.

(i) Such right of conversion (other than mandatory conversion) shall be exercised by the holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock by delivering to the Corporation a conversion notice in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (the “Conversion Notice”), appropriately completed and duly signed and specifying the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock that the holder elects to convert (the “Converting Shares”) into shares of Common Stock, and by surrender not later than two (2) business days thereafter of the certificate or certificates representing such Converting Shares. The Conversion Notice shall also contain a statement of the name or names (with addresses and tax identification or social security numbers) in which the certificate or certificates for Common Stock shall be issued, if other than the name in which the Converting Shares are registered. Promptly after the receipt of the Conversion Notice, the Corporation shall issue and deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the holder of the Converting Shares or such holder’s nominee, a certificate or certificates for the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of such Converting Shares. Such conversion shall be deemed to have been effected as of the close of business on the date of receipt by the Corporation of the Conversion Notice (the “Conversion Date”), and the person or persons entitled to receive the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the holder or holders of record of such shares of Common Stock as of the close of business on the Conversion Date.

(ii) The Corporation shall effect such issuance of Common Stock (and certificates for unconverted Preferred Stock) within three (3) trading days of the Conversion Date and shall transmit the certificates by messenger or reputable overnight delivery service to reach the address designated by such holder within three (3) trading days after the receipt by the Corporation of such Conversion Notice. If certificates evidencing the Common Shares are not received by the holder within five (5) Trading Days of the Conversion Notice, then the holder will be entitled to revoke and withdraw its Conversion Notice, in whole or in part, at any time prior to its receipt of those certificates. In lieu of delivering physical certificates representing the Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Converting Shares or in payment of dividends hereunder, provided the Corporation’s transfer agent is participating in the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) Fast Automated Securities Transfer (“FAST”) program, upon request of the holder, the Corporation shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause its transfer agent to electronically transmit the Common Stock issuable upon conversion or dividend payment to the holder, by crediting the account of the holder’s prime broker with DTC through its Deposit Withdrawal Agent Commission (“DWAC”) system. The time periods for delivery described above, and for delivery of Common Stock in payment

of dividends hereunder, shall apply to the electronic transmittals through the DWAC system. The parties agree to coordinate with DTC to accomplish this objective. The person or persons entitled to receive the Common Stock issuable upon such conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder or holders of such Common Stock at the close of business on the Conversion Date. If the conversion has not been rescinded in accordance with this paragraph and the Corporation intentionally and willfully fails to deliver to the holder such certificate or certificates (or shares through DTC) pursuant to this Section 5 (free of any restrictions on transfer or legends, if such shares have been registered) in accordance herewith, prior to the seventh trading day after the Conversion Date (assuming timely surrender of the Convertible Preferred Stock certificates), the Corporation shall pay to such holder, in cash, on a per diem basis, an amount equal to 2% of the Liquidation Preference of all Preferred Stock held by such holder per month until such delivery takes place.

The Corporation’s obligation to issue Common Stock upon conversion of Preferred Stock shall be absolute, is independent of any covenant of any holder of Preferred Stock, and shall not be subject to: (i) any offset or defense; or (ii) any claims against the holders of Preferred Stock whether pursuant to this Certificate of Designations, the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, the Investor Rights Agreement, the Warrants or otherwise.

(iii) Subject to the provisions of Section 5(h), in the event that a Conversion Triggering Event has occurred, all the shares of Preferred Stock shall be converted on the effective date set forth in the Notice as if the holders thereof had delivered a Conversion Notice with respect to such shares on such day. Promptly thereafter, the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall deliver their certificates evidencing the Convertible Preferred Stock to the Corporation or its duly authorized transfer agent, and upon receipt thereof, the Corporation shall issue or cause its transfer agent to issue certificates evidencing the Common Stock into which the Convertible Preferred Shares have been converted.

(d) Beneficial Ownership Cap . To the extent that any shares of Convertible Preferred Stock are not automatically converted upon the occurrence of a Conversion Triggering Event on account of the application of Section 5(h), such shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be deemed converted automatically under this Section 5 at the first moment thereafter when Section 5(h) would not prevent such conversion. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, following the Conversion Triggering Event, on the effective date of conversion set forth in the Notice, the right to: (a) accrue dividends on Preferred Stock (other than dividends pursuant to Section 1(e) hereof); (b) the liquidation preference of the Preferred Stock, including, without limitation, the right to be treated as holders of Preferred Stock in the event of a merger or consolidation; (c) the veto rights described in Section 4 hereof; and (d) the participation rights provided in Section 10 hereof, (e) the redemption rights in Section 13 hereof, and (f) all other preferential contractual rights granted to holders of the Preferred Stock (but not the Common Stock), shall cease immediately.

(e) Conversion Value . The initial conversion value for the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be $0.60 per share of Common Stock, such value to be subject to

adjustment in accordance with the provisions of this Section 5. Such conversion value in effect from time to time, as adjusted pursuant to this Section 5, is referred to herein as a “Conversion Value.” All of the remaining provisions of this Section 5 shall apply separately to each Conversion Value in effect from time to time with respect to Convertible Preferred Stock.

(f) Stock Dividends, Subdivisions and Combinations . If at any time while the Preferred Stock is outstanding, the Corporation shall:

(i) cause the holders of its Common Stock to be entitled to receive a dividend payable in, or other distribution of, additional shares of Common Stock,

(ii) subdivide its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares of Common Stock, or

(iii) combine its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares of Common Stock,

then in each such case the Conversion Value shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event. Any adjustment made pursuant to clause (i) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution, and any adjustment pursuant to clauses (ii) or (iii) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such subdivision or combination. If any event requiring an adjustment under this paragraph occurs during the period that a Conversion Value is calculated hereunder, then the calculation of such Conversion Value shall be adjusted appropriately to reflect such event.

(g) Certain Other Distributions . If at any time while the Preferred Stock is outstanding the Corporation shall take a record of the holders of its Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them to receive any dividend or other distribution of:

(i) cash,

(ii) any evidences of its indebtedness, any shares of stock of any class or any other securities or property or assets of any nature whatsoever (other than cash or additional shares of Common Stock as provided in Section 5(f) hereof), or

Conversion Shares had the holder been the record holder of such Conversion Shares as of such record date. Such distribution shall be made whenever any such conversion is made. In the event that the Distributed Property consists of property other than cash, then the fair value of such Distributed Property shall be as determined in good faith by the Board of Directors of the Corporation and set forth in reasonable detail in a written valuation report (the “Valuation Report”) prepared by the Board of Directors. The Corporation shall give written notice of such determination and a copy of the Valuation Report to all holders of Preferred Stock, and if the holders of a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock object to such determination within twenty (20) business days following the date such notice is given to all of the holders of Preferred Stock, the Corporation shall submit such valuation to an investment banking firm of recognized national standing selected by not less than a majority of the holders of the Preferred Stock and acceptable to the Company in its reasonable discretion, whose opinion shall be binding upon the Corporation and the Preferred Stockholders. A reclassification of the Common Stock (other than a change in par value, or from par value to no par value or from no par value to par value) into shares of Common Stock and shares of any other class of stock shall be deemed a distribution by the Corporation to the holders of its Common Stock of such shares of such other class of stock within the meaning of this Section 5(g) and, if the outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be changed into a larger or smaller number of shares of Common Stock as a part of such reclassification, such change shall be deemed a subdivision or combination, as the case may be, of the outstanding shares of Common Stock within the meaning of Section 5(f).

(h) Blocking Provisions .

determined in a manner consistent with the provisions of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act. As used herein, the term “Affiliate” means any person or entity that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a person or entity, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. With respect to a holder of Preferred Stock, any investment fund or managed account that is managed on a discretionary basis by the same investment manager as such holder will be deemed to be an Affiliate of such holder. Each delivery of a Conversion Notice by a holder of Preferred Stock will constitute a representation by such Holder that it has evaluated the limitation set forth in this paragraph and determined, subject to the accuracy of information filed under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act by the Corporation with respect to the outstanding Common Stock of the Corporation, that the issuance of the full number of shares of Common Stock requested in such Conversion Notice is permitted under this paragraph. This paragraph shall be construed and administered in such manner as shall be consistent with the intent of the first sentence of this paragraph. Any provision hereof which would require a result that is not consistent with such intent shall be deemed severed herefrom and of no force or effect with respect to the conversion contemplated by a particular Conversion Notice.

(ii) In the event the Corporation is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock as a result of any restrictions or prohibitions under applicable law or the rules or regulations of any stock exchange, interdealer quotation system or other self-regulatory organization, the Corporation shall as soon as possible seek the approval of its stockholders and take such other action to authorize the issuance of the full number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the full conversion of the then outstanding shares of Convertible Preferred Stock.

(iii) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of Section 5(h), any holder of Preferred Stock shall have the right prior to the Date of Original Issue upon written notice to the Corporation, or after the Date of Original Issue upon 61 days prior written notice to the Corporation, to choose not to be governed by the Beneficial Ownership Cap provided herein.

(i) Common Stock Reserved . The Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued Common Stock, solely for issuance upon the conversion of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as herein provided, such number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be issuable upon the conversion of all the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock at the time outstanding (without regard to any ownership limitations provided in Section 5(h)).

6. Other Provisions Applicable to Adjustments . The following provisions shall be applicable to the making of adjustments of the number of shares of Common Stock into which the Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible and the current Conversion Value provided for in Section 5:

(a) When Adjustments to Be Made . The adjustments required by Section 5 shall be made whenever and as often as any specified event requiring an adjustment shall occur,

except that any adjustment to the Conversion Value that would otherwise be required may be postponed (except in the case of a subdivision or combination of shares of the Common Stock, as provided for in Section 5(f)) up to, but not beyond the Conversion Date if such adjustment either by itself or with other adjustments not previously made adds or subtracts less than 1% of the shares of Common Stock into which such Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible immediately prior to the making of such adjustment. Any adjustment representing a change of less than such minimum amount (except as aforesaid) which is postponed shall be carried forward and made as soon as such adjustment, together with other adjustments required by Section 5 and not previously made, would result in a minimum adjustment or on the Conversion Date. For the purpose of any adjustment, any specified event shall be deemed to have occurred at the close of business on the date of its occurrence.

(b) Fractional Interests . In computing adjustments under Section 5, fractional interests in Common Stock shall be taken into account to the nearest 1/100th of a share.

(c) When Adjustment Not Required . If the Corporation undertakes a transaction contemplated under Section 5(g) and as a result takes a record of the holders of its Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them to receive a dividend or distribution or subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under Section 5(g) and shall, thereafter and before the distribution to stockholders thereof, legally abandon its plan to pay or deliver such dividend, distribution, subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under Section 5(g), then thereafter no adjustment shall be required by reason of the taking of such record and any such adjustment previously made in respect thereof shall be rescinded and annulled.

(d) Escrow of Stock . If after any property becomes distributable pursuant to Section 5 by reason of the taking of any record of the holders of Common Stock, but prior to the occurrence of the event for which such record is taken, a holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock either converts the Convertible Preferred Stock or there is a mandatory conversion during such period or such holder is unable to convert shares pursuant to Section 5(h), such holder of Convertible Preferred Stock shall continue to be entitled to receive any shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion under Section 5 by reason of such adjustment (as if such Preferred Stock were not yet converted) and such shares or other property shall be held in escrow for the holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock by the Corporation to be issued to holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock upon and to the extent that the event actually takes place. Notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary herein, if the event for which such record was taken fails to occur or is rescinded, then such escrowed shares shall be canceled by the Corporation and escrowed property returned to the Corporation.

7. Merger, Consolidation or Disposition of Assets .

the voting power of the Corporation and such transaction is approved by the Corporation’s Board of Directors; or (iii) a sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all the Corporation’s property, assets or business to another corporation (each, a “Change of Control”), then the holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall have the right thereafter to receive, at the holder’s election, which election which must be delivered by the holder to the Corporation within 10 days after receiving notice from the Corporation of the right to make such election:

(i) upon the conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock, the number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Corporation, if it is the surviving corporation, and any cash, shares of stock or other securities or property of any nature whatsoever (including warrants or other subscription or purchase rights) in addition to or in lieu of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation (“Other Property”) receivable upon or as a result of such Change of Control by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock into which the Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible immediately prior to such event, or

(ii) at the effective time of such Change of Control, 120% of the Liquidation Preference that would have been payable immediately prior to the effective time of such Change of Control plus accrued but unpaid dividends.

If a timely election is not made pursuant to this Section 7(a), the holder shall receive the benefit of Section 7(a)(i) and shall not be entitled to the benefit of Section 7(a)(ii).

(b) In case of any such Change of Control, the successor or acquiring corporation (if other than the Corporation) shall have the right to expressly assume the due and punctual observance and performance of each and every covenant and condition of contained in this Certificate of Designation to be performed and observed by the Corporation and all the obligations and liabilities hereunder, subject to such modifications as may be deemed appropriate (as determined by resolution of the Board of Directors of the Corporation) in order to provide for adjustments of shares of the Common Stock into which the Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible which shall be as nearly equivalent as practicable to the adjustments provided for in Section 5. For purposes of Section 5, common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation shall include stock of such corporation of any class which is not preferred as to dividends or assets on liquidation over any other class of stock of such corporation and which is not subject to redemption and shall also include any evidences of indebtedness, shares of stock or other securities which are convertible into or exchangeable for any such stock, either immediately or upon the arrival of a specified date or the happening of a specified event and any warrants or other rights to subscribe for or purchase any such stock.

8. Other Action Affecting Common Stock . In case at any time or from time to time the Corporation shall take any action in respect of its Common Stock, other than the payment of dividends permitted by Section 5 or any other action described in Section 5, then, unless such action will not have a materially adverse effect upon the rights of the holder of Convertible Preferred Stock, the number of shares of Common Stock or other stock into which the

Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible exercisable and/or the purchase price thereof shall be adjusted in such manner as may be equitable in the circumstances; provided, that the mere authorization or issuance of additional shares of capital stock of the Company shall not be considered any action in respect of its Common Stock for purposes of this Section 8.

9. Certain Limitations . Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Corporation agrees not to enter into any transaction which, by reason of any adjustment hereunder, would cause the current Conversion Value to be less than the par value per share of Common Stock.

10. Participation Rights .

(a) Subject to the terms and conditions specified in this Section 10, at any time while the Convertible Preferred Stock is outstanding, the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall have a right to participate with respect to the issuance or possible issuance by the Corporation of any future equity or equity-linked securities or debt which is convertible into equity or in which there is an equity component (as the case may be, “Additional Securities”) on the same terms and conditions as offered by the Corporation to the other purchasers of such Additional Securities. Each time the Corporation proposes to offer any Additional Securities, the Corporation shall make an offering of such Additional Securities to each holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the following provisions:

(i) The Corporation shall deliver a notice (the “Issuance Notice”) to the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock stating (a) its bona fide intention to offer such Additional Securities, (b) the number of such Additional Securities to be offered, (c) the price and terms, if any, upon which it proposes to offer such Additional Securities, and (d) the anticipated closing date of the sale of such Additional Securities.

exchangeable for such number of shares of Common Stock as is obtained by dividing (a) the Liquidation Preference attributable to such holder’s shares of Convertible Preferred Stock plus any accrued and unpaid dividends on such Convertible Preferred Stock by (b) the Conversion Value then in effect, and in such event the Corporation shall be obligated to sell such number of Additional Securities to each such holder, even if the aggregate Pro Rata Amount for all such holders exceeds the aggregate amount of Additional Securities that the Corporation had initially proposed to offer. The Corporation shall promptly, in writing, inform each holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock which elects to purchase all of the Additional Shares available to it (“Fully-Exercising Holder”) of any other holder’s failure to do likewise. During the five-day period commencing after such information is given, each Fully-Exercising Holder shall be entitled to obtain that portion of the Additional Securities for which the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock were entitled to subscribe but which were not subscribed for by such holders which is equal to the proportion that the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held by such Fully-Exercising Holder bears to the total number of shares of Common Stock held by all Fully-Exercising Holders who wish to purchase some of the unsubscribed shares.

(iii) If all Additional Securities which the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to obtain pursuant to Section 10(a)(ii) are not elected to be obtained as provided in Section 10(a)(ii) hereof, the Corporation may, during the 75-day period following the expiration of the period provided in Section 10(a)(ii) hereof, offer the remaining unsubscribed portion of such Additional Securities to any person or persons at a price not less than, and upon terms no more favorable to the offeree than, those specified in the Issuance Notice. If the Corporation does not consummate the sale of such Additional Securities within such period, the right provided hereunder shall be deemed to be revived and such Additional Securities shall not be offered or sold unless first reoffered to the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance herewith.

(b) In the event that any holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock exercises its participation right under this Section 10, such holder shall be entitled to use the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as the consideration for the purchase of its allocated portion of Additional Securities pursuant to this Section 10, with the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock being valued at the Liquidation Preference plus any accrued and unpaid dividends for such purpose .

(c) The rights of the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock under this Section 10 shall not apply to: (A) the conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock or the Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, the exercise of the Warrants, or the issuance of shares of Common Stock as payment of dividends to holders of Preferred Stock or the Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, (B) the exercise of any warrants or options (collectively, the “Existing Warrants”) outstanding on the date this Certificate of Designation is filed with the Delaware Secretary of State (the “Filing Date”), (C) the issuance (at issuance or

exercise prices at or above fair market value) of Common Stock, stock awards or options under, or the exercise of any options granted pursuant to, any Board-approved employee stock option or similar plan for the issuance of options or capital stock of the Corporation, or (D) the issuance of shares of Common Stock pursuant to a stock split, combination or subdivision of the outstanding shares of Common Stock.

(d) The participation right set forth in this Section 10 may not be assigned or transferred, except that such right is assignable by each holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to any wholly-owned subsidiary or parent of, or to any corporation or entity that is, within the meaning of the Securities Act, controlling, controlled by or under common control with, any such holder.

11. Certificate as to Adjustments . Upon the occurrence of each adjustment or readjustment of the Conversion Value, the Corporation, at its expense, shall promptly compute such adjustment or readjustment in accordance with the terms hereof and prepare and furnish to each holder of Convertible Preferred Stock a certificate setting forth such adjustment or readjustment and showing in detail the facts upon which such adjustment or readjustment is based. The Corporation shall, upon the written request at any time of any holder of Convertible Preferred Stock, furnish or cause to be furnished to such holder a like certificate setting forth (i) such adjustments and readjustments, (ii) the Conversion Value at the time in effect for the Convertible Preferred Stock and (iii) the number of shares of Common Stock and the amount, if any, or other property which at the time would be received upon the conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock owned by such holder (without regard to the ownership limitations set forth in Section 5(h)).

12. Notices of Record Date . In the event of any fixing by the Corporation of a record date for the holders of any class of securities for the purpose of determining the holders thereof who are entitled to receive any dividend (other than a cash dividend) or other distribution, any shares of Common Stock or other securities, or any right to subscribe for, purchase or otherwise acquire, or any option for the purchase of, any shares of stock of any class or any other securities or property, or to receive any other right, the Corporation shall mail to each holder of Convertible Preferred Stock at least twenty (20) days prior to the date specified therein, a notice specifying the date on which any such record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution or rights, and the amount and character of such dividend, distribution or right.

13. Redemption .

(a) Redemption at the Holders’ Elections . If a Redemption Triggering Event (as defined below) has occurred, and a holder has so elected, the Corporation shall redeem the Convertible Preferred Stock of any holder who gives a Demand for Redemption (as defined below). The Corporation shall thereafter redeem the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as set forth in the Demand for Redemption. The Corporation shall effect such redemption by paying in cash for each such share to be redeemed an amount equal to the greater of (i) the Redemption Price (as defined below) or (ii) the total number of shares of Common Stock into which such Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible multiplied by the Current Market Price at the time of the Redemption Triggering Event.

“Redemption Triggering Event” means:

(i) the Corporation’s failure or refusal to convert any shares of Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms hereof, or the providing of written notice to such effect;

(ii) any breach of any material warranty or representation of the Corporation as of the date made in the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (as defined herein) or of any agreement delivered therewith which breach, if capable of being cured, has not been cured within ten (10) days after notice of such breach has been given in writing by the holders of a majority of Preferred Stock to the Corporation (the “Breach Cure Period”); or

(iii) any breach by the Corporation of any material covenant or other material provision of the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement or of any agreement delivered therewith which is within the control of the Corporation, and which breach, if capable of being cured, has not been cured within the Breach Cure Period.

“Redemption Price” means (i) all accrued but unpaid dividends as of the date of Demand for Redemption with respect to each share to be redeemed, plus (ii) 100% of the Liquidation Preference of each share to be redeemed.

(b) Demand for Redemption . A holder desiring to elect a redemption as herein provided shall deliver a notice (the “Demand for Redemption”) to the Corporation while such Redemption Triggering Event continues specifying the following:

(i) The approximate date and nature of the Redemption Triggering Event;

(ii) The number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be redeemed; and

(iii) The address to which the payment of the Redemption Price shall be delivered, or, at the election of the holder, wire instructions with respect to the account to which payment of the Redemption Price shall be required.

A holder may deliver the certificates evidencing the Convertible Preferred Stock to be redeemed with the Demand for Redemption or under separate cover. Payment of the Redemption Price shall be made not later than two (2) business days after the date on which each of the following conditions has been satisfied: (i) a holder has delivered a Demand for Redemption and the certificates evidencing the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be redeemed; and (ii) any Breach Cure Period has expired.

(c) Status of Redeemed or Purchased Shares . Any shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock at any time purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Corporation shall not be reissued and shall be retired.

14. Notices . Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or

permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on a business day, (b) the next business day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section on a day that is not a business day or later than 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on any business day, or (c) the business day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service such as Federal Express. The address for such notices and communications shall be as follows: (i) if to the Corporation, to 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121, facsimile: 858-597-0451, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, or (ii) if to a holder of Preferred Stock, to the address or facsimile number appearing on the Corporation’s stockholder records or, in either case, to such other address or facsimile number as the Corporation or a holder of Preferred Stock may provide to the other in accordance with this Section.

15. Stock Transfer Taxes . The issue of stock certificates upon conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be made without charge to the converting holder for any tax in respect of such issue; provided, however, that the Corporation shall be entitled to withhold any applicable withholding taxes with respect to such issue, if any. The Corporation shall not, however, be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issue and delivery of shares in any name other than that of the holder of any of the Convertible Preferred Stock converted, and the Corporation shall not be required to issue or deliver any such stock certificate unless and until the person or persons requesting the issue thereof shall have paid to the Corporation the amount of such tax or shall have established to the satisfaction of the Corporation that such tax has been paid.

[signature page follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned being a duly authorized officer of the Corporation, does file this Certificate of Designations, Rights and Preferences, hereby declaring and certifying that the facts stated herein are true and accordingly has hereunto set his hand this 10th day of July, 2003.

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION



By:		/s/ Avtar Dhillon
Name: Avtar Dhillon
Title: President

EXHIBIT A

FORM OF CONVERSION NOTICE

(To be executed by the registered Holder in order to convert shares of Preferred Stock)

The undersigned hereby irrevocably elects to convert the number of shares of Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”) indicated below into shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), according to the Certificate of Designations of the Preferred Stock and the conditions hereof, as of the date written below. The undersigned hereby requests that certificates for the shares of Common Stock to be issued to the undersigned pursuant to this Conversion Notice be issued in the name of, and delivered to, the undersigned or its designee as indicated below. If the shares of Common Stock are to be issued in the name of a person other than the undersigned, the undersigned will pay all transfer taxes payable with respect thereto. A copy of the certificate representing the Preferred Stock being converted is attached hereto.

Date of Conversion (Date of Notice)

Number of shares of Preferred Stock owned prior to Conversion

Number of shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Stated Value of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Amount of accumulated and unpaid dividends on shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Number of shares of Common Stock to be Issued (including conversion of accrued but unpaid dividends on shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted)

Applicable Conversion Value

Number of shares of Preferred Stock owned subsequent to Conversion

Conversion Information:[NAME OF HOLDER]




Address of Holder:


Issue Common Stock to (if different than above):
Name:


Address:

Tax ID #:

The undersigned represents, subject to the accuracy of information filed under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act by the Corporation with respect to the outstanding Common Stock of the Corporation, as of the date hereof that, after giving effect to the conversion of Preferred Shares pursuant to this Conversion Notice, the undersigned will not exceed the “Beneficial Ownership Cap” contained in Section 5(h) of the Certificate of Designation of the Preferred Stock.




Name of Holder

By:
Name:
Title:

CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS, RIGHTS AND PREFERENCES

SERIES B CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

RESOLVED, that, pursuant to Article 4, of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended to date, the Board hereby authorizes the issuance of, and fixes the designation and preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, and qualifications, limitations and restrictions, of a series of preferred stock of the Corporation consisting of 1,000 shares, par value $0.001 per share, to be designated “Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock” (hereinafter, the “Convertible Preferred Stock” or the “Preferred Stock”); and be it

RESOLVED, that each share of Convertible Preferred Stock shall rank equally in all respects and shall be subject to the following terms and provisions:

“Current Market Price” means, in respect of any share of Common Stock on any date herein specified:

(c) Except for cumulative dividends on the Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock provided in Section 1(a) of the Certificate of Designations of the Series A Preferred Stock or as hereinafter provided, no dividends shall be declared or paid or set apart for payment on the shares of Common Stock or any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation for any dividend period unless full cumulative dividends have been or contemporaneously are declared and paid on the Convertible Preferred Stock through the most recent Dividend Payment Date. If full cumulative dividends have not been paid on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock, all dividends declared on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be paid pro rata to the holders of outstanding shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock.

3. Rights on Liquidation .

(a) In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation (any such event being hereinafter referred to as a “Liquidation”), before any distribution of assets of the Corporation shall be made to or set apart for the holders of Common Stock, the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, pari passu with the holders of the Corporation’s Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock”), payment out of such assets of the Corporation in an amount equal to $10,000 per share of Convertible Preferred Stock (such applicable amount being referred to as the “Liquidation Preference” for the Convertible Preferred Stock), plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon (whether or not earned or declared) on the Convertible Preferred Stock. If the assets of the Corporation available for distribution to the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock shall not be sufficient to make in full the payment herein required, such assets shall be distributed pro-rata among the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock based on the aggregate Liquidation Preferences of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock held by each such holder.

(c) A Change of Control (as defined below) of the Corporation shall not be deemed a Liquidation, but shall instead be governed by the terms of Section 7 below.

(a) Any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the provisions of this Certificate of Designation (including any increase in the number of shares of Preferred Stock authorized hereunder);

(c) With the exception of the Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock issued on the Date of Original Issue, the authorization, creation, offer or sale by the Corporation of, or the increase in the number of authorized shares of, any stock of any class, or any security convertible into stock of any class, or the authorization or creation of any new class of preferred stock (or any action which would result in another series of preferred stock) ranking in terms of liquidation preference, redemption rights or dividend rights, pari passu with or senior to, the Convertible Preferred Stock in any manner;

(e) The redemption, purchase or other acquisition, directly or indirectly, of any shares of capital stock of the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries or any option, warrant or other right to purchase or acquire any such shares, or any other security, other than the: (i) redemption of Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms hereof, (ii) redemption of the Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms thereof, (iii) redemption of the warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock that are issued or issuable (the “Warrants”) under that certain Preferred Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement entered into among the Corporation and the purchasers of the Preferred Stock on the Date of Original Issue (the “Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to the redemption terms of the Warrants (iv) repurchase of shares at cost from employees of the Corporation upon termination of employment with the Corporation in accordance with written agreements pursuant to which the shares were issued, or (v) repurchase or redemption of shares pursuant to written agreements outstanding on the Date of Original Issue; and

5. Conversion .

“Registration Statement” shall have the meaning established in the Investor Rights Agreement dated the Date of Original Issue by and among the Corporation and the other parties signatory thereto.

(e) Conversion Value . The initial conversion value for the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be $0.70 per share of Common Stock, such value to be subject to

(f) Stock Dividends, Subdivisions and Combinations . If at any time while the Preferred Stock is outstanding, the Corporation shall:

(i) cause the holders of its Common Stock to be entitled to receive a dividend payable in, or other distribution of, additional shares of Common Stock,

(ii) subdivide its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares of Common Stock, or

(iii) combine its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares of Common Stock,

(i) cash,

(h) Blocking Provisions .

(a) When Adjustments to Be Made . The adjustments required by Section 5 shall be made whenever and as often as any specified event requiring an adjustment shall occur,

(b) Fractional Interests . In computing adjustments under Section 5, fractional interests in Common Stock shall be taken into account to the nearest 1/100th of a share.

7. Merger, Consolidation or Disposition of Assets .

If a timely election is not made pursuant to this Section 7(a), the holder shall receive the benefit of Section 7(a)(i) and shall not be entitled to the benefit of Section 7(a)(ii).

10. Participation Rights .

(c) The rights of the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock under this Section 10 shall not apply to: (A) the conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock or the Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, the exercise of the Warrants, or the issuance of shares of Common Stock as payment of dividends to holders of Preferred Stock or the Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, (B) the exercise of any warrants or options (collectively, the “Existing Warrants”) outstanding on the date this Certificate of Designation is filed with the Delaware Secretary of State (the “Filing Date”), (C) the issuance (at issuance or

13. Redemption .

“Redemption Triggering Event” means:

(i) the Corporation’s failure or refusal to convert any shares of Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms hereof, or the providing of written notice to such effect;

(i) The approximate date and nature of the Redemption Triggering Event;

(ii) The number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be redeemed; and

14. Technology-Triggered Redemption .

(a) If a Technology-Triggered Redemption Event (as defined below) has occurred, the Corporation shall redeem on a pro rata basis the Convertible Preferred Stock issued on the Date of Original Issue to any holder who gives a Demand for Technology-Triggered Redemption (as defined in Section 14(b) below). The Corporation shall effect such redemption by paying in cash for each such share to be redeemed an amount equal to the “Technology-Triggered Redemption Price”, which shall equal (i) all accrued but unpaid dividends as of the Technology-Triggered Redemption Date (as defined below) with respect to each share to be redeemed, plus (ii) 100% of the Liquidation Preference of each share to be redeemed.

(b) Demand for Technology-Triggered Redemption . A holder desiring to elect a redemption as herein provided shall deliver a notice (the “Demand for Technology-Triggered Redemption”) to the Corporation specifying the following:

(i) The number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be redeemed; and

(ii) The address to which the payment of the Technology-Triggered Redemption Price shall be delivered, or, at the election of the holder, wire instructions with respect to the account to which payment of the Technology-Triggered Redemption Price shall be required.

A holder may deliver the certificates evidencing the Convertible Preferred Stock to be redeemed with the Demand for Technology-Triggered Redemption or under separate cover not later than thirty (30) days after the date of the Demand for Technology-Triggered Redemption (the “Technology-Triggered Redemption Date”). Payment of the Technology-Triggered Redemption Price shall be made by or on behalf of the Corporation not later than three (3) Business Days after the Technology-Triggered Redemption Date.

(c) Definition of Technology-Triggered Redemption Event . A “Technology-Triggered Redemption Event” shall mean that by October 1, 2003 the Corporation has failed to receive FDA acceptance, with no material amendment, of the following provisions regarding the Corporation’s pivotal Phase III trial for head and neck cancer: (i) a primary endpoint of some measure of quality of life (for example, preservation of organ function or appearance) and (ii) no requirement to show superiority to surgery in terms of time to local recurrence, and no requirement to show any survival benefit as a primary endpoint. The Corporation shall notify each holder in reasonable detail not later than October 3, 2003 if (x) a Technology-Triggered Redemption Event has taken place or (y) the Corporation has received FDA acceptance or any FDA comment period has expired which preempts the reasonable possibility of a Technology-Triggered Redemption Event (the “Technology-Triggered Redemption Notice”), and such Technology-Triggered Redemption Notice shall be reasonably acceptable to the holder. To the extent such Technology-Triggered Redemption Notice contains material non-public information of the Corporation, the Corporation shall simultaneously disclose such information in a filing on Form 8-K.

(d) Deferral of Deadline . Any holder of Preferred Stock may agree in writing with the Corporation to extend the October 1, 2003 date (and similarly extend the other deadlines) set forth in paragraph (c) above; provided that such delay shall apply only to holders of Preferred Stock who agree in writing to such extension.

15. Notices . Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on a business day, (b) the next business day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section on a day that is not a business day or later than 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on any business day, or (c) the business day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service such as Federal Express. The address for such notices and communications shall be as follows: (i) if to the Corporation, to 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121, facsimile: 858-597-0451, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, or (ii) if to a holder of Preferred Stock, to the address or facsimile number appearing on the Corporation’s stockholder records or, in either case, to such other address or facsimile number as the Corporation or a holder of Preferred Stock may provide to the other in accordance with this Section.

16. Stock Transfer Taxes . The issue of stock certificates upon conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be made without charge to the converting holder for any tax in respect of such issue; provided, however, that the Corporation shall be entitled to withhold any applicable withholding taxes with respect to such issue, if any. The Corporation shall not, however, be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issue and delivery of shares in any name other than that of the holder of any of the Convertible Preferred Stock converted, and the Corporation shall not be required to issue or deliver any such stock certificate unless and until the person or persons requesting the issue thereof shall have paid to the Corporation the amount of such tax or shall have established to the satisfaction of the Corporation that such tax has been paid.

[signature page follows]


GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

By:		/s/ Avtar Dhillon
Name:		Avtar Dhillon
Title:		President

EXHIBIT A

FORM OF CONVERSION NOTICE

(To be executed by the registered Holder in order to convert shares of Preferred Stock)

The undersigned hereby irrevocably elects to convert the number of shares of Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”) indicated below into shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), according to the Certificate of Designations of the Preferred Stock and the conditions hereof, as of the date written below. The undersigned hereby requests that certificates for the shares of Common Stock to be issued to the undersigned pursuant to this Conversion Notice be issued in the name of, and delivered to, the undersigned or its designee as indicated below. If the shares of Common Stock are to be issued in the name of a person other than the undersigned, the undersigned will pay all transfer taxes payable with respect thereto. A copy of the certificate representing the Preferred Stock being converted is attached hereto.



Date of Conversion (Date of Notice)

Number of shares of Preferred Stock owned prior to Conversion

Number of shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Stated Value of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Amount of accumulated and unpaid dividends on shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Number of shares of Common Stock to be Issued (including conversion of accrued but unpaid dividends on shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted)

Applicable Conversion Value

Number of shares of Preferred Stock owned subsequent to Conversion

Conversion Information:[NAME OF HOLDER]



Address of Holder:





Issue Common Stock to (if different than above):

Name: __________________________________________________________


Address:

Tax ID #:



Name of Holder

By:
Name:
Title:

CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS, RIGHTS AND PREFERENCES

SERIES C CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

RESOLVED, that, pursuant to Article 4, of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended to date, the Board hereby authorizes the issuance of, and fixes the designation and preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, and qualifications, limitations and restrictions, of a series of preferred stock of the Corporation consisting of 4,000 shares, par value $0.001 per share, to be designated “Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock” (hereinafter, the “Convertible Preferred Stock” or the “Preferred Stock”); and be it

RESOLVED, that each share of Convertible Preferred Stock shall rank equally in all respects and shall be subject to the following terms and provisions:

1. Dividends. The holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, when, if and as declared by the Corporation’s Board of Directors, out of funds legally available therefor, cumulative dividends payable as set forth in this Section 1.

(a) Dividends on the Convertible Preferred Stock shall accrue solely for a period of three years from the date of original issuance of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Date of Original Issue”), shall be cumulative from the Date of Original Issue, and such dividends shall be payable, whether or not earned or declared by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. Until paid, the right to receive dividends on the Convertible Preferred Stock shall accumulate, and shall be payable in either (i) cash or (ii) at the Corporation’s option solely under the circumstances set forth in the following sentence in shares of the Corporation’s Common Stock (the “Common Stock”), as set forth below, in arrears, on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year (each, a “Dividend Payment Date”), commencing on June 30, 2004 (the “Initial Dividend Payment Date”) except that if such Dividend Payment Date is not a business day, then the Dividend Payment Date will be the immediately preceding business day. The Corporation shall have the right to pay any dividend in shares of Common Stock if the Current Market Value (as defined clause (2) of the definition thereof below) on the Dividend Payment Date equals or exceeds the Conversion Value, as hereinafter defined, then in effect for the Convertible Preferred Stock. If the Corporation elects hereunder to pay the dividend in shares of Common Stock, the Corporation shall set aside a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock for the payment of such declared dividends and shall deliver certificates representing such shares of Common Stock to the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as of the record date for such dividend in payment of such declared dividends within three (3) business days after such Dividend Payment Date. Each such dividend declared by the Board of Directors on the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be paid to the holders of record of shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock as they appear on the stock register of the Corporation on the record date which shall be the business day next preceding a Dividend Payment Date. Dividends in arrears for any past dividend period may be declared by the Board of Directors of the Corporation and paid on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock on any date fixed by the Board of Directors of the Corporation, whether or not a regular Dividend Payment Date, to holders of record of shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock as they appear on the Corporation’s stock register on the record date. The record date, which shall

not be greater than five (5) days before such Dividend Payment Date, shall be fixed by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. Any dividend payment made on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall first be credited against the dividends accumulated with respect to the earliest dividend period for which dividends have not been paid.

“Current Market Price” means, in respect of any share of Common Stock on any date herein specified:

(2) if there shall then be a public market for the Common Stock, the higher of (x) the book value per share of Common Stock at such date, and (y) the average of the daily market prices for the 20 consecutive trading days immediately before such date. The daily market price for each such trading day shall be (i) the closing price on such day on the principal stock exchange (including Nasdaq) on which such Common Stock is then listed or admitted to trading, or quoted, as applicable, (ii) if no sale takes place on such day on any such exchange, the last reported closing price on such day as officially quoted on any such exchange (including Nasdaq), (iii) if the Common Stock is not then listed or admitted to trading on any stock exchange, the last reported closing bid price on such day in the over-the-counter market, as furnished by the National Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System or the National Quotation Bureau, Inc., (iv) if neither such corporation at the time is engaged in the business of reporting such prices, as furnished by any similar firm then engaged in such business, or (v) if there is no such firm, as furnished by any member of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the “NASD”) selected mutually by holders of a majority of the Convertible Preferred Stock and the Corporation or, if they cannot agree upon such selection, as selected by two such members of the NASD, one of which shall be selected by holders of a majority of the Convertible Preferred Stock and one of which shall be selected by the Corporation (as applicable, the “Daily Market Price”).

1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the last day of the most recent fiscal month end prior to such date specified, based on the value of the Corporation (assuming the conversion and exercise of all of the Corporation’s authorized and issued capital stock), as determined by a nationally recognized investment banking firm selected by the Corporation’s Board of Directors and having no prior relationship with the Corporation, and reasonably acceptable to not less than a majority in interest of the holders of the Preferred Stock then outstanding.

(c) Except for cumulative dividends on (i) the Corporation’s Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) provided in Section 1(a) of the Certificate of Designations of the Series A Preferred Stock, (ii) the Corporation’s Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) provided in Section 1(a) of the Certificate of Designations of the Series B Preferred Stock or (iii) as hereinafter provided, no dividends shall be declared or paid or set apart for payment on the shares of Common Stock or any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation for any dividend period unless full cumulative dividends have been or contemporaneously are declared and paid on the Convertible Preferred Stock through the most recent Dividend Payment Date. If full cumulative dividends have not been paid on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock, all dividends declared on shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be paid pro rata to the holders of outstanding shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock.

2. Voting Rights. Except as otherwise provided herein or by law, the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall have full voting rights and powers, subject to the Beneficial Ownership Cap as defined in Section 5(h), equal to the voting rights and powers of holders of Common Stock and shall be entitled to notice of any stockholders meeting in accordance with the Bylaws of the Corporation, and shall be entitled to vote, with respect to any question upon which holders of Common Stock have the right to vote, including, without limitation, the right to vote for the election of directors, voting together with the holders of Common Stock as one class. Each holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which such shares of Convertible Preferred Stock could be converted on the record date for the taking of a vote, subject to the Beneficial Ownership Cap limitations set forth in Section 5(h), or, if no record date is established, at the day prior to the date such vote is taken or any written consent of stockholders is first executed. Fractional votes shall not, however, be permitted and any fractional voting rights resulting from the above formula (after aggregating all shares into which shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held by each holder could be converted) shall be rounded to the nearest whole number (with one-half being rounded upward).

3. Rights on Liquidation.

Preferred Stock), plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon (whether or not earned or declared) on the Convertible Preferred Stock. If the assets of the Corporation available for distribution to the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock shall not be sufficient to make in full the payment herein required, such assets shall be distributed pro-rata among the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock based on the aggregate Liquidation Preferences of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock held by each such holder.

(c) A Change of Control (as defined below) of the Corporation shall not be deemed a Liquidation, but shall instead be governed by the terms of Section 7 below.

4. Actions Requiring the Consent of Holders of Preferred Stock. As long as at least 35% of the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock issued on the Date of Original Issue are outstanding, the written consent of the holders of at least a majority of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, at the time outstanding, shall be necessary for effecting or validating any of the following transactions or acts:

(a) Any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the provisions of this Certificate of Designation (including any increase in the number of shares of Preferred Stock authorized hereunder);

(c) The authorization, creation, offer or sale by the Corporation of, or the increase in the number of authorized shares of, any stock of any class, or any security convertible into stock of any class, or the authorization or creation of any new class of preferred stock (or any action which would result in another series of preferred stock) ranking in terms of liquidation preference, redemption rights or dividend rights, pari passu with or senior to, the Convertible Preferred Stock in any manner;

Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms hereof, (ii) redemption of the Series A Preferred Stock or the Series B Preferred Stock, in either case, pursuant to the terms thereof, (iii) redemption of the warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock that are issued or issuable (the “Warrants”) under that certain Preferred Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement entered into among the Corporation and the purchasers of the Preferred Stock on the Date of Original Issue (the “Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to the redemption terms of the Warrants, (iv) redemption of the warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock that are issued or issuable (the “Series A and B Warrants”) under that certain Preferred Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement entered into among the Corporation and the purchasers of the Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock and dated as of July 14, 2003, pursuant to the redemption terms of the Series A and B Warrants, (v) repurchase of shares at cost from employees of the Corporation upon termination of employment with the Corporation in accordance with written agreements pursuant to which the shares were issued, or (vi) repurchase or redemption of shares pursuant to written agreements outstanding on the Date of Original Issue; and

(f) The declaration or payment of any dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, stock or other property) with respect to the capital stock of the Corporation or any subsidiary, other than a dividend or other distribution pursuant to the terms of the Preferred Stock, the Series A Preferred Stock or the Series B Preferred Stock.

5. Conversion.

(a) Right to Convert. Subject to the limitation set forth in Section 5(h) hereof, the holder of any share or shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall have the right at any time, at such holder’s option, to convert all or any lesser portion of such holder’s shares of Convertible Preferred Stock into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock as is determined by dividing (i) the aggregate Liquidation Preference of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be converted plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon by (ii) the applicable Conversion Value (as defined below) then in effect for such Convertible Preferred Stock. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the conversion of any Convertible Preferred Stock. With respect to any fraction of a share of Common Stock called for upon any conversion, the Corporation shall pay to the holder an amount in cash equal to such fraction multiplied by the Current Market Price per share of the Common Stock.

(b) Mandatory Conversion. Subject to the limitation set forth in Section 5(h) hereof, at any time after twelve months following the Original Issue Date all the outstanding Convertible Preferred Stock shall be converted at the option of the Corporation upon thirty (30) days prior written notice to the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Notice”), following the occurrence of the following event (a “Conversion Triggering Event”), as of the expiration of the thirty day period set forth in the Notice, into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock as is determined by dividing (i) the aggregate Liquidation Preference of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be converted plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon by (ii) the applicable Conversion Value (as hereinafter defined) then in effect for such Convertible Preferred Stock:

(ii) the Daily Market Price (solely as provided in clause (2)(i) or (2)(ii) of the definition of Current Market Price) of the Common Stock is greater than $4.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock dividends, subdivisions and combinations) for twenty of the thirty consecutive trading days prior to the date the Notice is distributed to the holders; and

“Registration Statement” shall have the meaning established in the Investor Rights Agreement dated the Date of Original Issue by and among the Corporation and the other parties signatory thereto.

(i) Such right of conversion (other than mandatory conversion) shall be exercised by the holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock by delivering to the Corporation a conversion notice in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (the “Conversion Notice”), appropriately completed and duly signed and specifying the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock that the holder elects to convert (the “Converting Shares”) into shares of Common Stock, and by surrender not later than two (2) business days thereafter of the certificate or certificates representing such Converting Shares. The Conversion Notice shall also contain a statement of the name or names (with addresses and tax identification or social security numbers) in which the certificate or certificates for Common Stock shall be issued, if other than the name in which the Converting Shares are registered. Promptly after the receipt of the Conversion Notice, the Corporation shall issue and deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the holder of the Converting Shares or such holder’s nominee, a certificate or certificates for the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of such Converting Shares. Such conversion shall be deemed to have been effected as of the close of business on the date of receipt by the Corporation of the Conversion Notice (the “Conversion Date”), and the person or persons entitled to receive the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the holder or holders of record of such shares of Common Stock as of the close of business on the Conversion Date.

Conversion Date. If the conversion has not been rescinded in accordance with this paragraph and the Corporation intentionally and willfully fails to deliver to the holder such certificate or certificates (or shares through DTC) pursuant to this Section 5 (free of any restrictions on transfer or legends, if such shares have been registered) in accordance herewith, prior to the seventh trading day after the Conversion Date (assuming timely surrender of the Convertible Preferred Stock certificates), the Corporation shall pay to such holder, in cash, on a per diem basis, an amount equal to 2% of the Liquidation Preference of all Preferred Stock held by such holder per month until such delivery takes place.

(d) Beneficial Ownership Cap. To the extent that any shares of Convertible Preferred Stock are not automatically converted upon the occurrence of a Conversion Triggering Event on account of the application of Section 5(h), such shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be deemed converted automatically under this Section 5 at the first moment thereafter when Section 5(h) would not prevent such conversion. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, following the Conversion Triggering Event, on the effective date of conversion set forth in the Notice, the right to: (a) accrue dividends on Preferred Stock (other than dividends pursuant to Section 1(e) hereof); (b) the liquidation preference of the Preferred Stock, including, without limitation, the right to be treated as holders of Preferred Stock in the event of a merger or consolidation; (c) the veto rights described in Section 4 hereof; and (d) the participation rights provided in Section 10 hereof, (e) the redemption rights in Section 13 hereof, and (f) all other preferential contractual rights granted to holders of the Preferred Stock (but not the Common Stock), shall cease immediately.

(e) Conversion Value. The initial conversion value for the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be $1.70 per share of Common Stock, such value to be subject to adjustment in accordance with the provisions of this Section 5. Such conversion value in effect from time to time, as adjusted pursuant to this Section 5, is referred to herein as a “Conversion Value.” All of the remaining provisions of this Section 5 shall apply separately to each Conversion Value in effect from time to time with respect to Convertible Preferred Stock.

(f) Stock Dividends, Subdivisions and Combinations. If at any time while the Preferred Stock is outstanding, the Corporation shall:

(i) cause the holders of its Common Stock to be entitled to receive a dividend payable in, or other distribution of, additional shares of Common Stock,

(ii) subdivide its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares of Common Stock, or

(iii) combine its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares of Common Stock,

(g) Certain Other Distributions. If at any time while the Preferred Stock is outstanding the Corporation shall take a record of the holders of its Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them to receive any dividend or other distribution of:

(i) cash,

(iii) any warrants or other rights to subscribe for or purchase any evidences of its indebtedness, any shares of stock of any class or any other securities or property or assets of any nature whatsoever (in each case set forth in subparagraphs 5(g)(i), 5(g)(ii) and 5(g)(iii) hereof, the “Distributed Property”), then upon any conversion of Preferred Stock that occurs after such record date, the holder of Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, in addition to the shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable upon such conversion of the Preferred Stock (“Conversion Shares”), the Distributed Property that such holder would have been entitled to receive in respect of such number of Conversion Shares had the holder been the record holder of such Conversion Shares as of such record date. Such distribution shall be made whenever any such conversion is made. In the event that the Distributed Property consists of property other than cash, then the fair value of such Distributed Property shall be as determined in good faith by the Board of Directors of the Corporation and set forth in reasonable detail in a written valuation report (the “Valuation Report”) prepared by the Board of Directors. The Corporation shall give written notice of such determination and a copy of the Valuation Report to all holders of Preferred Stock, and if the holders of a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock object to such determination within twenty (20) business days following the date such notice is given to all of the holders of Preferred Stock, the Corporation shall submit such valuation to an investment banking firm of recognized national standing selected by not less than a majority of the holders of the Preferred Stock and acceptable to the Company in its reasonable discretion, whose opinion shall be binding upon the Corporation and the Preferred Stockholders. A reclassification of the Common Stock (other than a change in par value, or from par value to no par value or from no par value to par value) into shares of Common Stock and shares of any other class of stock shall be deemed a distribution by the Corporation to the holders of its Common Stock of such shares of such other class of stock within the meaning of this Section 5(g) and, if the outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be changed into a larger or smaller number of shares of Common Stock as a part of such reclassification, such change shall be deemed a subdivision or combination, as the case may be, of the outstanding shares of Common Stock within the meaning of Section 5(f).

(h) Blocking Provisions.

(i) Except as provided otherwise in this Section 5(h)(i), the number of Conversion Shares that may be acquired by any holder, and the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock that shall be entitled to voting rights under Section 2 hereof, shall be limited to the extent necessary to insure that, following such conversion (or deemed conversion for voting purposes), the number of shares of Common Stock then beneficially owned by such holder and its Affiliates and any other persons or entities whose beneficial ownership of Common Stock would be aggregated with the holder’s for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act (including shares held by any “group” of which the holder is a member, but excluding shares beneficially owned by virtue of the ownership of securities or rights to acquire securities that have limitations on the right to convert, exercise or purchase similar to the limitation set forth herein) does not exceed 4.95% of the total number of shares of Common Stock of the Corporation then issued and outstanding (the “Beneficial Ownership Cap”); provided that for all purposes herein, the “Beneficial Ownership Cap” shall equal 9.95% with respect to holders of Convertible Preferred Stock who, on the Date of Original Issue, beneficially own together with any other persons or entities whose beneficial ownership of Common Stock would be aggregated with the holder’s for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act (including shares held by any “group” of which the holder is a member, but excluding shares beneficially owned by virtue of the ownership of securities or rights to acquire securities that have limitations on the right to convert, exercise or purchase similar to the limitation set forth herein) in excess of 4.95% of the total number of shares of Common Stock of the Corporation then issued and outstanding. For purposes hereof, “group” has the meaning set forth in Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the percentage held by the holder shall be determined in a manner consistent with the provisions of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act. As used herein, the term “Affiliate” means any person or entity that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a person or entity, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. With respect to a holder of Preferred Stock, any investment fund or managed account that is managed on a discretionary basis by the same investment manager as such holder will be deemed to be an Affiliate of such holder. Each delivery of a Conversion Notice by a holder of Preferred Stock will constitute a representation by such Holder that it has evaluated the limitation set forth in this paragraph and determined, subject to the accuracy of information filed under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act by the Corporation with respect to the outstanding Common Stock of the Corporation, that the issuance of the full number of shares of Common Stock requested in such Conversion Notice is permitted under this paragraph. This paragraph shall be construed and administered in such manner as shall be consistent with the intent of the first sentence of this paragraph. Any provision hereof which would require a result that is not consistent with such intent shall be deemed severed herefrom and of no force or effect with respect to the conversion contemplated by a particular Conversion Notice.

(i) Common Stock Reserved. The Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued Common Stock, solely for issuance upon the conversion of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as herein provided, such number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be issuable upon the conversion of all the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock at the time outstanding (without regard to any ownership limitations provided in Section 5(h)).

6. Other Provisions Applicable to Adjustments. The following provisions shall be applicable to the making of adjustments of the number of shares of Common Stock into which the Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible and the current Conversion Value provided for in Section 5:

(a) When Adjustments to Be Made. The adjustments required by Section 5 shall be made whenever and as often as any specified event requiring an adjustment shall occur, except that any adjustment to the Conversion Value that would otherwise be required may be postponed (except in the case of a subdivision or combination of shares of the Common Stock, as provided for in Section 5(f)) up to, but not beyond the Conversion Date if such adjustment either by itself or with other adjustments not previously made adds or subtracts less than 1% of the shares of Common Stock into which such Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible immediately prior to the making of such adjustment. Any adjustment representing a change of less than such minimum amount (except as aforesaid) which is postponed shall be carried forward and made as soon as such adjustment, together with other adjustments required by Section 5 and not previously made, would result in a minimum adjustment or on the Conversion Date. For the purpose of any adjustment, any specified event shall be deemed to have occurred at the close of business on the date of its occurrence.

(b) Fractional Interests. In computing adjustments under Section 5, fractional interests in Common Stock shall be taken into account to the nearest 1/100th of a share.

(c) When Adjustment Not Required. If the Corporation undertakes a transaction contemplated under Section 5(g) and as a result takes a record of the holders of its Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them to receive a dividend or distribution or subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under Section 5(g) and shall, thereafter and before the distribution to stockholders thereof, legally abandon its plan to pay or deliver such dividend, distribution, subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under Section 5(g), then thereafter no adjustment shall be required by reason of the taking of such record and any such adjustment previously made in respect thereof shall be rescinded and annulled.

(d) Escrow of Stock. If after any property becomes distributable pursuant to Section 5 by reason of the taking of any record of the holders of Common Stock, but prior to the occurrence of the event for which such record is taken, a holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock either converts the Convertible Preferred Stock or there is a mandatory conversion during such period or such holder is unable to convert shares pursuant to Section 5(h), such holder of Convertible Preferred Stock shall continue to be entitled to receive any shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion under Section 5 by reason of such adjustment (as if such Preferred Stock were not yet converted) and such shares or other property shall be held in escrow for the holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock by the Corporation to be issued to holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock upon and to the extent that the event actually takes place. Notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary herein, if the event for which such record was taken fails to occur or is rescinded, then such escrowed shares shall be canceled by the Corporation and escrowed property returned to the Corporation.

7. Merger, Consolidation or Disposition of Assets.

(a) If, after the Date of Original Issue and while the Preferred Stock is outstanding, there occurs: (i) an acquisition by an individual or legal entity or group (as set forth in Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act) of more than one-half of the voting rights or equity interests in the Corporation and such acquisition is approved by the Corporation’s Board of Directors; or (ii) a merger or consolidation of the Corporation where the holders of the Corporation’s voting securities prior to such transaction fail to continue to hold at least 50% of the voting power of the Corporation and such transaction is approved by the Corporation’s Board of Directors; or (iii) a sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all the Corporation’s property, assets or business to another corporation (each, a “Change of Control”), then the holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall have the right thereafter to receive, at the holder’s election, which election which must be delivered by the holder to the Corporation within 10 days after receiving notice from the Corporation of the right to make such election:

If a timely election is not made pursuant to this Section 7(a), the holder shall receive the benefit of Section 7(a)(i) and shall not be entitled to the benefit of Section 7(a)(ii).

8. Other Action Affecting Common Stock. In case at any time or from time to time the Corporation shall take any action in respect of its Common Stock, other than the payment of dividends permitted by Section 5 or any other action described in Section 5, then, unless such action will not have a materially adverse effect upon the rights of the holder of Convertible Preferred Stock, the number of

shares of Common Stock or other stock into which the Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible exercisable and/or the purchase price thereof shall be adjusted in such manner as may be equitable in the circumstances; provided, that the mere authorization or issuance of additional shares of capital stock of the Company shall not be considered any action in respect of its Common Stock for purposes of this Section 8.

9. Certain Limitations. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Corporation agrees not to enter into any transaction which, by reason of any adjustment hereunder, would cause the current Conversion Value to be less than the par value per share of Common Stock.

10. Participation Rights.

(i) The Corporation shall deliver a notice (the “Issuance Notice”) to the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock stating (a) its bona fide intention to offer such Additional Securities, (b) the approximate number of such Additional Securities to be offered, (c) the price (or pricing formula) and terms, if any, upon which it proposes to offer such Additional Securities, and (d) the anticipated closing date of the sale of such Additional Securities.

(ii) By written notification received by the Corporation, within ten (10) days after giving of the Issuance Notice, any holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock may elect to purchase or obtain, at the price and on the terms specified in the Issuance Notice, up to that number of such Additional Securities which equals such holder’s Pro Rata Amount (as defined below). The “Pro Rata Amount” for any given holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall equal that portion of the Additional Securities that the Corporation proposes to offer which equals the proportion that the number of shares of Common Stock that such holder owns or has the right to acquire (without giving effect to the limitations contained in Section 5(h)) bears to the total number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding (assuming in each case the full conversion and exercise of all convertible and exercisable securities then outstanding); provided , however , that in the event that any such holder exercises its right to pay the consideration for the Additional Securities purchasable hereunder with shares of Convertible Preferred Stock (as provided in Section 10(b) below), then such holder’s Pro Rata Amount shall be increased (but not decreased) to the extent necessary to equal that number of Additional Securities as are convertible into or exchangeable for such number of shares of Common Stock as is obtained by dividing (a) the Liquidation Preference attributable to such holder’s shares of Convertible Preferred Stock plus any accrued and unpaid dividends on such Convertible Preferred Stock by (b) the Conversion Value then in effect, and in such event the Corporation shall be obligated to sell such number of Additional Securities to each such holder, even if the aggregate Pro Rata Amount for all such holders exceeds the aggregate amount of Additional Securities that the Corporation had initially proposed to offer.

period following the expiration of the period provided in Section 10(a)(ii) hereof, offer the remaining unsubscribed portion of such Additional Securities to any person or persons at a price not less than, and upon terms no more favorable to the offeree than, those specified in the Issuance Notice. If the Corporation does not consummate the sale of such Additional Securities within such period, the right provided hereunder shall be deemed to be revived and such Additional Securities shall not be offered or sold unless first reoffered to the holders of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance herewith.

(c) The rights of the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock under this Section 10 shall not apply to: (A) the conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock, the Series A Preferred Stock or the Series B Preferred Stock, the exercise of the Warrants or the Series A and B Warrants, or the issuance of shares of Common Stock as payment of dividends to holders of Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock or the Series B Preferred Stock, (B) the exercise of any warrants or options (collectively, the “Existing Warrants”) outstanding on the date this Certificate of Designation is filed with the Delaware Secretary of State (the “Filing Date”), (C) the issuance (at issuance or exercise prices at or above fair market value) of Common Stock, stock awards or options under, or the exercise of any options granted pursuant to, any Board-approved employee stock option or similar plan for the issuance of options or capital stock of the Corporation, (D) the issuance of shares of Common Stock pursuant to a stock split, combination or subdivision of the outstanding shares of Common Stock or (E) in connection with a bona fide joint venture or development agreement or strategic partnership, the primary purpose of which is not to raise equity capital.

11. Certificate as to Adjustments. Upon the occurrence of each adjustment or readjustment of the Conversion Value, the Corporation, at its expense, shall promptly compute such adjustment or readjustment in accordance with the terms hereof and prepare and furnish to each holder of Convertible Preferred Stock a certificate setting forth such adjustment or readjustment and showing in detail the facts upon which such adjustment or readjustment is based. The Corporation shall, upon the written request at any time of any holder of Convertible Preferred Stock, furnish or cause to be furnished to such holder a like certificate setting forth (i) such adjustments and readjustments, (ii) the Conversion Value at the time in effect for the Convertible Preferred Stock and (iii) the number of shares of Common Stock and the amount, if any, or other property which at the time would be received upon the conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock owned by such holder (without regard to the ownership limitations set forth in Section 5(h)).

12. Notices of Record Date. In the event of any fixing by the Corporation of a record date for the holders of any class of securities for the purpose of determining the holders thereof who are entitled to receive any dividend (other than a cash dividend) or other distribution, any shares of Common Stock or other securities, or any right to subscribe for, purchase or otherwise acquire, or any option for the purchase of, any shares of stock of any class or any other securities or property, or to receive any other right, the Corporation shall mail to each holder of Convertible Preferred Stock at least twenty (20) days prior to the date specified therein, a notice specifying the date on which any such record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution or rights, and the amount and character of such dividend, distribution or right.

13. Redemption.

(a) Redemption at the Holders’ Elections. If a Redemption Triggering Event (as defined below) has occurred, and a holder has so elected, the Corporation shall redeem the Convertible Preferred Stock of any holder who gives a Demand for Redemption (as defined below). The Corporation shall thereafter redeem the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as set forth in the Demand for Redemption. The Corporation shall effect such redemption by paying in cash for each such share to be redeemed an amount equal to the greater of (i) the Redemption Price (as defined below) or (ii) the total number of shares of Common Stock into which such Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible multiplied by the Current Market Price at the time of the Redemption Triggering Event.

“Redemption Triggering Event” means:

(i) the Corporation’s failure or refusal to convert any shares of Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms hereof, or the providing of written notice to such effect;

(b) Demand for Redemption. A holder desiring to elect a redemption as herein provided shall deliver a notice (the “Demand for Redemption”) to the Corporation while such Redemption Triggering Event continues specifying the following:

(i) The approximate date and nature of the Redemption Triggering Event;

(ii) The number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be redeemed; and

(c) Status of Redeemed or Purchased Shares. Any shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock at any time purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Corporation shall not be reissued and shall be retired.

14. Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on a business day, (b) the next business day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section on a day that is not a business day or later than 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on any business day, or (c) the business day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service such as Federal Express. The address for such notices and communications shall be as follows: (i) if to the Corporation, to 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121, facsimile: 858-597-0451, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, or (ii) if to a holder of Preferred Stock, to the address or facsimile number appearing on the Corporation’s stockholder records or, in either case, to such other address or facsimile number as the Corporation or a holder of Preferred Stock may provide to the other in accordance with this Section.

15. Stock Transfer Taxes. The issue of stock certificates upon conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be made without charge to the converting holder for any tax in respect of such issue; provided, however, that the Corporation shall be entitled to withhold any applicable withholding taxes with respect to such issue, if any. The Corporation shall not, however, be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issue and delivery of shares in any name other than that of the holder of any of the Convertible Preferred Stock converted, and the Corporation shall not be required to issue or deliver any such stock certificate unless and until the person or persons requesting the issue thereof shall have paid to the Corporation the amount of such tax or shall have established to the satisfaction of the Corporation that such tax has been paid.

[signature page follows]

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

By: /s/ AVTAR DHILLON

Name: Avtar Dhillon

Title: President

EXHIBIT A

FORM OF CONVERSION NOTICE

(To be executed by the registered Holder in order to convert shares of Preferred Stock)

The undersigned hereby irrevocably elects to convert the number of shares of Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”) indicated below into shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), according to the Certificate of Designations of the Preferred Stock and the conditions hereof, as of the date written below. The undersigned hereby requests that certificates for the shares of Common Stock to be issued to the undersigned pursuant to this Conversion Notice be issued in the name of, and delivered to, the undersigned or its designee as indicated below. If the shares of Common Stock are to be issued in the name of a person other than the undersigned, the undersigned will pay all transfer taxes payable with respect thereto. A copy of the certificate representing the Preferred Stock being converted is attached hereto.

Date of Conversion (Date of Notice)

Number of shares of Preferred Stock owned prior to Conversion

Number of shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Stated Value of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Amount of accumulated and unpaid dividends on shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted

Number of shares of Common Stock to be Issued (including conversion of accrued but unpaid dividends on shares of Preferred Stock to be Converted)

Applicable Conversion Value

Number of shares of Preferred Stock owned subsequent to Conversion

Conversion Information:[NAME OF HOLDER]

Address of Holder:

Issue Common Stock to (if different than above):

Name:

Address:

Tax ID #:

Name of Holder

By:

Name:

Title:

CERTIFICATE OF DECREASE

SHARES OF SERIES C CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

Pursuant to the provisions of Section 151 (g) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, it is hereby certified that:

1. The name of the corporation (hereinafter referred to as the “Corporation”) is Genetronics Biomedical Corporation, a Delaware corporation.

2. The designation of the series of shares of stock of the Corporation to which this certificate relates is Series C cumulative convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (hereinafter, the “Series C Preferred Stock”).

3. The voting powers, designations, preferences, and the relative, participating, optional, or other rights, and the qualifications, limitations, and restrictions of the shares of Series C Preferred Stock were provided for in a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors of the Corporation pursuant to authority expressly vested in it by the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation. A certificate setting forth the said resolution (the “Certificate of Designations, Rights and Preferences of Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock”) has been heretofore filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to the provisions of Section 151(g) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

4. The Board of Directors of the Corporation has adopted the following resolution:

RESOLVED, that none of the 4,000 authorized shares of the Series C Preferred Stock of the Corporation have been issued;

RESOLVED FURTHER, that the number of authorized shares of the Series C Preferred Stock is hereby reduced to 1,091 shares; and

RESOLVED FURTHER, that the proper officers of the Corporation be and hereby are authorized and directed to file a certificate setting forth this resolution with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to the provisions of Section 151(g) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned being a duly authorized officer of the Corporation, does file this Certificate of Reduction, hereby declaring and certifying that the facts stated herein are true and accordingly has hereunto set his hand this 10 th day of May, 2004.


GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

By:		/s/ PETER KIES
Name:		Peter Kies
Title:		Chief Financial Officer

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

AMENDED AND RESTATED

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION,

a Delaware corporation

FIRST: The name of the Corporation is Genetronics Biomedical Corporation (hereinafter the “Corporation”).

SECOND: Pursuant to Section 242 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Board of Directors of the Corporation has duly adopted, and a majority of the outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon and a majority of the outstanding stock of each class entitled to vote as a class has duly approved, the amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended, set forth in this Certificate of Amendment.

THIRD: That Article 4 of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended, is amended to insert the following paragraph immediately following the last sentence of paragraph two:

“Upon the filing and effectiveness (the “Effective Time”) of this Certificate of Amendment with the Delaware Secretary of State, every four outstanding shares of Common Stock shall without further action by this Corporation or the holder thereof be combined into and automatically become one share of Common Stock. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock of the Corporation and the par value of the Common Stock shall remain as set forth in this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended. No fractional share shall be issued in connection with the foregoing combination; all shares of Common Stock that are held by a stockholder will be aggregated for purposes of such combination and each stockholder shall be entitled to receive the number of whole shares resulting from the combination of the shares so aggregated. In lieu of any interest in a fractional share of Common Stock to which a stockholder would otherwise be entitled as a result of the foregoing combination of shares: (1) the Corporation shall, upon the surrender of such stockholder’s stock certificate(s), pay a cash amount to such stockholder equal to the fraction to which the stockholder would otherwise be entitled multiplied by the average of the closing sales prices of the Common Stock (as adjusted to reflect the combination of shares effected hereby) for the 20 trading days immediately prior to the Effective Time, as reported by the American Stock Exchange; provided that if such price or prices are not available, or if the stock is no longer traded on the American Stock Exchange, the fractional share payment shall be based on such other price as determined by the Board of Directors of the Corporation; or (2) the Corporation shall arrange for the disposition of fractional interests by those otherwise entitled thereto in the manner described below. The Board of Directors shall determine in its sole and absolute discretion which of the foregoing means shall be utilized for paying to stockholders the value of the fractional shares to which they otherwise would be entitled. If the Corporation arranges for the disposition of fractional interests by those entitled thereto, the aggregate of all fractional shares otherwise issuable to the holder of record of Common Stock shall be issued to Computershare Trust Company, the transfer agent, as agent for the accounts of all holders of record of Common Stock otherwise entitled to have a fraction of a share issued to them. The sale of all of the fractional interests will be effected by the transfer agent as soon as practicable after the Effective Time on the basis of prevailing market prices of the Common Stock on the American Stock Exchange at the time of sale. After such sale and upon the surrender of the stockholders’ stock certificates, the transfer agent will pay to the holders of record entitled thereto their pro rata share of the net proceeds derived from the sale of the fractional interests.”

FOURTH: That said amendment was duly adopted, in accordance with the provisions of Section 242 of the General Corporation law of the State of Delaware.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, said Board of Directors of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation have caused this Certificate to be signed by its Chief Executive Officer, Avtar Dhillon, and attested by Peter Kies, its Chief Financial Officer, this 10 day of September, 2004.


GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

By:		/s/ Avtar Dhillon
Name:		Avtar Dhillon
Title:		Chief Executive Officer


Attest:

By:		/s/ Peter Kies
Name:		Peter Kies
Title:		Chief Financial Officer

CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS, RIGHTS AND PREFERENCES

SERIES D CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

RESOLVED, that, pursuant to Article 4, of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended to date, the Board hereby authorizes the issuance of, and fixes the designation and preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, and qualifications, limitations and restrictions, of a series of preferred stock of the Corporation consisting of 1,966,292 shares, par value $0.001 per share, to be designated “Series D Convertible Preferred Stock” (hereinafter, the “Convertible Preferred Stock”); and be it

RESOLVED, that each share of Convertible Preferred Stock shall rank equally in all respects and shall be subject to the following terms and provisions:

1. Dividend Provisions . Subject to the prior and superior right of the Corporation’s Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive dividends, payable in cash, when, as and if declared by the Board, out of funds legally available therefor.

2. Voting Rights . Except as otherwise provided herein or by law, the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall have full voting rights and powers, equal to the voting rights and powers of holders of Common Stock and shall be entitled to notice of any stockholders meeting in accordance with the Bylaws of the Corporation, and shall be entitled to vote, with respect to any question upon which holders of Common Stock have the right to vote, including, without limitation, the right to vote for the election of directors, voting together with the holders of Common Stock as one class. Each holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which such shares of Convertible Preferred Stock could be converted on the record date for the taking of a vote, or, if no record date is established, at the day prior to the date such vote is taken or any written consent of stockholders is first executed. Fractional votes shall not, however, be permitted and any fractional voting rights resulting from the above formula (after aggregating all shares into which shares of Convertible Preferred Stock held by each holder could be converted) shall be rounded to the nearest whole number (with one-half being rounded upward).

3. Rights on Liquidation .

(a) In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation (any such event being hereinafter referred to as a “Liquidation”), the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Corporation available for distribution to its stockholders (i) before any distribution of assets of the Corporation shall be made to or set apart for the holders of Common Stock or any class or series of stock ranking on liquidation junior to the Convertible Preferred Stock, (ii) ratably with any class or series of stock ranking on liquidation on a parity with the Convertible Preferred Stock, and (iii) after and subject to the payment in full of all amounts required to be distributed to the holders of the Corporation’s Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock and any other class or series of stock of the Corporation ranking on liquidation prior and in preference to the Convertible Preferred Stock, an amount equal to the product of Ninety Percent (90%) multiplied by Three Dollars and Fifty Six Cents ($ 3.56) (the “Purchase Price”) per share of Convertible Preferred Stock (such applicable amount being referred to as the “Liquidation Preference” for the Convertible Preferred Stock).

(c) A Change of Control (as defined below) of the Corporation shall not be deemed a Liquidation, but shall instead be governed by the terms of Section 7 below.

4. Actions Requiring the Consent of Holders of Convertible Preferred Stock . As long as at least 35% of the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock issued on January 25, 2005 (the “Date of Original Issue”) are outstanding, the written consent of the holders of at least a majority of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock, at the time outstanding, shall be necessary for effecting or validating any of the following transactions or acts:

(a) Any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the provisions of this Certificate of Designation, (including any increase in the number of Preferred Stock authorized hereunder);

(c) Any increase in the number of authorized shares of, any stock of the Corporation of any class; provided, that, such actions in connection with a Change of Control shall not require approval pursuant to this Section 4(c); provided, further, that the foregoing provisio shall in no way be deemed to impair any other voting rights of the Convertible Preferred Stock set forth herein or under applicable law; and

(d) The declaration or payment of any dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, stock or other property) with respect to the capital stock of the Corporation or any subsidiary, other than a dividend or other distribution pursuant to the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock, the Series B Preferred Stock or the Series C Preferred Stock.

5. Conversion .

(a) Right to Convert . The holder of any share or shares of Convertible Preferred Stock shall have the right at any time, at such holder’s option, to convert all or any lesser portion of such holder’s shares of Convertible Preferred Stock into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock as is determined by dividing (i) the aggregate Purchase Price of the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be converted by (ii) the applicable Conversion Value (as defined below) then in effect for such Convertible Preferred Stock. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the conversion of any Convertible Preferred Stock. With respect to any fraction of a share of Common Stock called for upon any conversion, the Corporation shall pay to the holder an amount in cash equal to such fraction multiplied by the Current Market Price per share of the Common Stock.

(b) Mechanics of Conversion .

(i) Such right of conversion shall be exercised by the holder of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock by delivering to the Corporation a conversion notice in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (the “Conversion Notice”), appropriately completed and duly signed and specifying the number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock that the holder elects to convert (the “Converting Shares”) into shares of Common Stock, and by surrender not later than two (2) business days thereafter of the certificate or certificates representing such Converting Shares. The Conversion Notice shall also contain a statement of the name or names (with addresses and tax identification or social security numbers) in which the certificate or certificates for Common Stock shall be issued, if other than the name in which the Converting Shares are registered. Promptly after the receipt of the Conversion Notice, the Corporation shall issue and deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the holder of the Converting Shares or such holder’s nominee, a certificate or certificates for the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of such Converting Shares. Such conversion shall be deemed to have been effected as of the close of business on the date of receipt by the Corporation of the Conversion Notice (the “Conversion Date”), and the person or persons entitled to receive the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the holder or holders of record of such shares of Common Stock as of the close of business on the Conversion Date.

(ii) In lieu of delivering physical certificates representing the Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock, provided the Corporation’s transfer agent is participating in the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) Fast Automated Securities Transfer (“FAST”) program, the Corporation may cause its transfer agent to electronically transmit the Common Stock issuable upon conversion to the holder, by crediting the account of the holder’s prime broker with DTC through its Deposit Withdrawal Agent Commission (“DWAC”) system. The person or persons entitled to receive the Common Stock issuable upon such conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder or holders of such Common Stock at the close of business on the Conversion Date.

(iii) In the event that a Conversion Triggering Event has occurred, all the shares of Preferred Stock shall be converted on the effective date set forth in the Notice as if the holders thereof had delivered a Conversion Notice with respect to such shares on such day. Promptly thereafter, the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall deliver their certificates evidencing the Convertible Preferred Stock to the Corporation or its duly authorized transfer agent, and upon receipt thereof, the Corporation shall issue or cause its transfer agent to issue certificates evidencing the Common Stock into which the Convertible Preferred Shares have been converted.

(c) Conversion Value . The initial conversion value for the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be Three Dollars and Fifty Six Cents ($3.56) per share of Common Stock, such value to be subject to adjustment in accordance with the provisions of this Section 5. Such conversion value in effect from time to time, as adjusted pursuant to this Section 5, is referred to herein as a “Conversion Value.” All of the remaining provisions of this Section 5 shall apply separately to each Conversion Value in effect from time to time with respect to Convertible Preferred Stock.

(d) Stock Dividends, Subdivisions and Combinations . If at any time while the Preferred Stock is outstanding, the Corporation shall:

(i) cause the holders of its Common Stock to be entitled to receive a dividend payable in, or other distribution of, additional shares of Common Stock,

(ii) subdivide its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares of Common Stock, or

(iii) combine its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares of Common Stock,

(e) Certain Other Distributions . If at any time while the Convertible Preferred Stock is outstanding the Corporation shall take a record of the holders of its Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them to receive any dividend or other distribution of:

(i) cash,

then upon any conversion of Preferred Stock that occurs after such record date, the holder of Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, in addition to the shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable upon such conversion of the Preferred Stock (“Conversion Shares”), the Distributed Property that such holder would have been entitled to receive in respect of such number of Conversion Shares had the holder been the record holder of such Conversion Shares as of such record date. Such distribution shall be made whenever any such conversion is made. In the event that the Distributed Property consists of property other than cash, then the fair value of such Distributed Property shall be as determined in good faith by the Board of Directors of the Corporation and set forth in reasonable detail in a written valuation report (the “Valuation Report”) prepared by the Board of Directors. The Corporation shall give written notice of such determination and a copy of the Valuation Report to all holders of Convertible Preferred Stock, and if the holders of a majority of the outstanding Convertible Preferred Stock object to such determination within twenty (20) business days following the date such notice is given to all of the holders of Convertible Preferred Stock, the Corporation shall submit such valuation to an investment banking firm of recognized national standing selected by not less than a majority of the holders of the Convertible Preferred Stock and acceptable to the Company in its reasonable discretion, whose opinion shall be binding upon the Corporation and the Convertible Preferred Stockholders. A reclassification of the Common Stock (other than a change in par value, or from par value to no par value or from no par value to par value) into shares of Common Stock and shares of any other class of stock shall be deemed a distribution by the Corporation to the holders of its Common Stock of such shares of such

other class of stock within the meaning of this Section 5(e) and, if the outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be changed into a larger or smaller number of shares of Common Stock as a part of such reclassification, such change shall be deemed a subdivision or combination, as the case may be, of the outstanding shares of Common Stock within the meaning of Section 5(d).

(f) In the event the Corporation is prohibited from issuing shares of Common Stock as a result of any restrictions or prohibitions under applicable law or the rules or regulations of any stock exchange, interdealer quotation system or other self-regulatory organization, the Corporation shall as soon as possible seek the approval of its stockholders and take such other action to authorize the issuance of the full number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the full conversion of the then outstanding shares of Convertible Preferred Stock.

(g) Common Stock Reserved . The Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued Common Stock, solely for issuance upon the conversion of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock as herein provided, such number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be issuable upon the conversion of all the shares of Convertible Preferred Stock at the time outstanding.

(a) When Adjustments to Be Made . The adjustments required by Section 5 shall be made whenever and as often as any specified event requiring an adjustment shall occur, except that any adjustment to the Conversion Value that would otherwise be required may be postponed (except in the case of a subdivision or combination of shares of the Common Stock, as provided for in Section 5(d)) up to, but not beyond the Conversion Date if such adjustment either by itself or with other adjustments not previously made adds or subtracts less than 1% of the shares of Common Stock into which such Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible immediately prior to the making of such adjustment. Any adjustment representing a change of less than such minimum amount (except as aforesaid) which is postponed shall be carried forward and made as soon as such adjustment, together with other adjustments required by Section 5 and not previously made, would result in a minimum adjustment or on the Conversion Date. For the purpose of any adjustment, any specified event shall be deemed to have occurred at the close of business on the date of its occurrence.

(b) Fractional Interests . In computing adjustments under Section 5, fractional interests in Common Stock shall be taken into account to the nearest 1/100th of a share.

(c) When Adjustment Not Required . If the Corporation undertakes a transaction contemplated under Section 5(f) and as a result takes a record of the holders of its Common Stock for the purpose of entitling them to receive a dividend or distribution or subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under Section 5(d) and shall, thereafter and before the distribution to stockholders thereof, legally abandon its plan to pay or deliver such dividend, distribution, subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under Section 5(f), then thereafter no adjustment shall be required by reason of the taking of such record and any such adjustment previously made in respect thereof shall be rescinded and annulled.

(d) Escrow of Stock . If after any property becomes distributable pursuant to Section 5 by reason of the taking of any record of the holders of Common Stock, but prior to the occurrence of the event for which such record is taken, a holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock either converts the Convertible Preferred Stock or there is a mandatory conversion during such period such holder of Convertible Preferred Stock shall continue to be entitled to receive any shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion under Section 5 by reason of such adjustment (as if such Preferred Stock were not yet converted) and such shares or other property shall be held in escrow for the holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock by the Corporation to be issued to holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock upon and to the extent that the event actually takes place. Notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary herein, if the event for which such record was taken fails to occur or is rescinded, then such escrowed shares shall be canceled by the Corporation and escrowed property returned to the Corporation.

7. Merger, Consolidation or Disposition of Assets .

(a) If, after the Original Issue Date and while the Preferred Stock is outstanding, there occurs: (i) an acquisition by an individual or legal entity or group (as set forth in Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act) of more than one-half of the voting rights or equity interests in the Corporation and such acquisition is approved by the Corporation’s Board of Directors; or (ii) a merger or consolidation of the Corporation where the holders of the Corporation’s voting securities prior to such transaction fail to continue to hold at least 50% of the voting power of the Corporation and such transaction is approved by the Corporation’s Board of Directors; or (iii) a sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all the Corporation’s property, assets or business to another corporation (each, a “Change of Control”), then the holder of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall have the right thereafter to receive, at the holder’s election, which election which must be delivered by the holder to the Corporation within 10 days after receiving notice from the Corporation of the right to make such election, upon the conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock, the number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Corporation, if it is the surviving corporation, and any cash, shares of stock or other securities or property of any nature whatsoever (including warrants or other subscription or purchase rights) in addition to or in lieu of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation (“Other Property”) receivable upon or as a result of such Change of Control by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock into which the Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible immediately prior to such event,

8. Certificate as to Adjustments . Upon the occurrence of each adjustment or readjustment of the Conversion Value, the Corporation, at its expense, shall promptly compute such adjustment or readjustment in accordance with the terms hereof and prepare and furnish to each holder of Convertible Preferred Stock a certificate setting forth such adjustment or readjustment and showing in detail the facts upon which such adjustment or readjustment is based. The Corporation shall, upon the written request at any time of any holder of Convertible Preferred Stock, furnish or cause to be furnished to such holder a like certificate setting forth (i) such adjustments and readjustments, (ii) the Conversion Value at the time in effect for the Convertible Preferred Stock and (iii) the number of shares of Common Stock and the amount, if any, or other property which at the time would be received upon the conversion of Convertible Preferred Stock owned by such holder.

9. Notices of Record Date . In the event of any fixing by the Corporation of a record date for the holders of any class of securities for the purpose of determining the holders thereof who are entitled to receive any dividend (other than a cash dividend) or other distribution, any shares of Common Stock or other securities, or any right to subscribe for, purchase or otherwise acquire, or any option for the purchase of, any shares of stock of any class or any other securities or property, or to receive any other right, the Corporation shall mail to each holder of Convertible Preferred Stock at least twenty (20) days prior to the date specified therein, a notice specifying the date on which any such record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution or rights, and the amount and character of such dividend, distribution or right.

10. Notices . Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on a business day, (b) the next business day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section on a day that is not a business day or later than 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on any business day, or (c) the business day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service such as Federal Express. The address for such notices and communications shall be as follows: (i) if to the Corporation, to 11199 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121, facsimile: 858-597-0451, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, or (ii) if to a holder of Preferred Stock, to the address or facsimile number appearing on the Corporation’s stockholder records or, in either case, to such other address or facsimile number as the Corporation or a holder of Preferred Stock may provide to the other in accordance with this Section.

13. Stock Transfer Taxes . The issue of stock certificates upon conversion of the Convertible Preferred Stock shall be made without charge to the converting holder for any tax in respect of such issue; provided, however, that the Corporation shall be entitled to withhold any applicable withholding taxes with respect to such issue, if any. The Corporation shall not, however, be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issue and delivery of shares in any name other than that of the holder of any of the Convertible Preferred Stock converted, and the Corporation shall not be required to issue or deliver any such stock certificate unless and until the person or persons requesting the issue thereof shall have paid to the Corporation the amount of such tax or shall have established to the satisfaction of the Corporation that such tax has been paid.

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

By: /s/ Avtar Dhillon

Name: Avtar Dhillon

Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT A

FORM OF CONVERSION NOTICE

(To be executed by the registered Holder in order to convert shares of Convertible Preferred Stock)

The undersigned hereby irrevocably elects to convert the number of shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Convertible Preferred Stock”) indicated below into shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), according to the Certificate of Designations of the Convertible Preferred Stock and the conditions hereof, as of the date written below. The undersigned hereby requests that certificates for the shares of Common Stock to be issued to the undersigned pursuant to this Conversion Notice be issued in the name of, and delivered to, the undersigned or its designee as indicated below. If the shares of Common Stock are to be issued in the name of a person other than the undersigned, the undersigned will pay all transfer taxes payable with respect thereto. A copy of the certificate representing the Convertible Preferred Stock being converted is attached hereto.

Date of Conversion (Date of Notice)

Number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock owned prior to Conversion

Number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock to be Converted

Stated Value of Convertible Preferred Stock to be Converted

Number of shares of Common Stock to be Issued

Number of shares of Convertible Preferred Stock owned subsequent to Conversion

Conversion Information:[NAME OF HOLDER]

Address of Holder:

Issue Common Stock to (if different than above):

Name:

Address:

Tax ID #:

Name of Holder

By:

Name:

Title:

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

OF THE

AMENDED AND RESTATED

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION,

a Delaware corporation

Pursuant to Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the undersigned, Avtar Dhillon, President and Chief Executive Officer of Genetronics Biomedical Corporation (the “Corporation”), a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”), DOES HEREBY CERTIFY,

FIRST: The Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation is hereby amended by deleting the first article of the Certificate of Incorporation in its present form and substituting therefore a new article in the following form:

“FIRST: The name of the corporation is Inovio Biomedical Corporation (hereinafter the “Corporation”).”

SECOND: The amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation set forth in this Certificate of Amendment has been duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Section 242 of the DGCL by (a) the Board of Directors of the Corporation having duly adopted a resolution setting forth such amendment and declaring its advisability and submitting it to the stockholders of the Corporation for their approval, and (b) the stockholders of the Corporation having duly adopted such amendment by vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon at a special meeting of stockholders called on September 10, 2004 and held upon notice in accordance with Section 222 of the DGCL.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF this Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation has been executed by the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation on this 31 st day of March 2005.

By: /s/ Avtar Dhillon

Name: Avtar Dhillon

Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

THE CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

INOVIO BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION

The undersigned, J. Joseph Kim, hereby certifies that:

1. He is the duly elected and acting President and Chief Executive Officer of Inovio Biomedical Corporation, a Delaware corporation.

2. Article FIRST of the Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation is amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

“FIRST The name of the corporation is Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (hereinafter the “Corporation”).”

3. The foregoing amendment was duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Section 242(b)(1) of the Delaware General Corporation Law.

The undersigned declares that he has caused this certificate to be signed on May 14, 2010.

/s/ J. Joseph Kim

J. Joseph Kim

President and Chief Executive Officer

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a corporation organized and existing under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “Corporation”), does hereby certify as follows:

The following amendment to the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation was duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware:

RESOLVED, that the first paragraph of Article 4 of the Certificate of Incorporation of this Corporation be amended to read in its entirety as follows:

“The Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of shares designated, respectively, “Preferred Stock” and “Common Stock.” The total number of shares of Preferred stock the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 10,000,000 shares, $0.001 par value per share, and the total number of shares of Common Stock the Corporation shall have the authority to issue is 600,000,000 shares, $0.001 par value per share.”

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Corporation has caused this Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation to be executed by its President and Chief Executive Officer this 20th day of May, 2013.


INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

By:		/s/ J. Joseph Kim
		J. Joseph Kim

Certificate of Amendment

Certificate of Incorporation

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Under Section 242 of the Delaware General Corporation Law

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “Corporation”) hereby certifies as follows:

1. The Certificate of Incorporation, as previously amended, of the Corporation is hereby amended so that the first paragraph of Article 4 of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation be amended to add the following new second additional paragraph, so the first paragraph and the second paragraph shall read in their entirety as follows:

“The Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of shares designated, respectively, “Preferred Stock” and “Common Stock.” The total number of shares of Preferred Stock the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 10,000,000 shares, $0.001 par value per share, and the total number of shares of Common Stock the Corporation shall have the authority to issue is 600,000,000 shares, $0.001 par value per share.

“Each four shares of the Corporation’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, issued and outstanding as of 5:00 p.m. eastern time on the date this Certificate of Amendment is filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware shall be converted and reclassified into one share of the Corporation’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share. Any fractional shares resulting from such conversion will be rounded up to the nearest whole number.”

2. The foregoing amendment to the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation was duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have signed this Certificate this 5th day of June, 2014.


INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

By:		/s/ J. Joseph Kim
		J. Joseph Kim,
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 4.1

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

SENIOR DEBT SECURITIES

INDENTURE

Dated as of ____________________

___________________________________

Trustee

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS


	P AGE
ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS		1

Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms		1

ARTICLE 2 ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES		5

Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities		5

Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate		7

Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment		7

Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications		9

Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange		9

Section 2.06 Temporary Securities		10

Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities		11

Section 2.08 Cancellation		12

Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture		12

Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent		12

Section 2.11 Global Securities		13

ARTICLE 3 REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS		14

Section 3.01 Redemption		14

Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption		14

Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption		15

Section 3.04 Sinking Fund		16

Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities		16

Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund		16

ARTICLE 4 COVENANTS		17

Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest		17

Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency		17

Section 4.03 Paying Agents		17

Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee		19

Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions		19

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T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

(CONTINUED)


	P AGE
ARTICLE 5 SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE		19

Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders		19

Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders		19

Section 5.03 Reports by the Company		20

Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee		20

ARTICLE 6 REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT		20

Section 6.01 Events of Default		20

Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee		22

Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected		23

Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits		24

Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver		24

Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders		25

Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs		25

ARTICLE 7 CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE		26

Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee		26

Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee		27

Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities		28

Section 7.04 May Hold Securities		29

Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust		29

Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement		29

Section 7.07 Reliance on Officers’ Certificate		29

Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests		30

Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility		30

Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor		30

Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor		31

Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business		33

Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company		33

-ii-

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

(CONTINUED)


	P AGE
Section 7.14 Notice of Default		33

ARTICLE 8 CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS		33

Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders		33

Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders		34

Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners		34

Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded		34

Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders		35

ARTICLE 9 SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES		35

Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders		35

Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders		36

Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures		37

Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures		37

Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures		37

ARTICLE 10 SUCCESSOR ENTITY		38

Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc.		38

Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted		39

Section 10.03 Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee		39

ARTICLE 11 SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE		39

Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture		39

Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations		40

Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust		40

Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents		40

Section 11.05 Repayment to Company		40

ARTICLE 12 IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS		41

Section 12.01 No Recourse		41

ARTICLE 13 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS		41

Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns		41

Section 13.02 Actions by Successor		41

Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers		42

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T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

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	P AGE
Section 13.04 Notices		42

Section 13.05 Governing Law		42

Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt		42

Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent		42

Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days		43

Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act		43

Section 13.10 Counterparts		43

Section 13.11 Separability		43

Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates		43

-iv-

INDENTURE

I NDENTURE , dated as of [ • ], 201___, between I NOVIO P HARMACEUTICALS , INC . , a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [ T RUSTEE ], as trustee (the “Trustee”):

W HEREAS , for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of debt securities (hereinafter referred to as the “Securities”), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated by the certificate of the Trustee;

W HEREAS , to provide the terms and conditions upon which the Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the execution of this Indenture; and

W HEREAS , all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.

N OW , T HEREFORE , in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed as follows for the equal and ratable benefit of the holders of Securities:

ARTICLE 1

DEFINITIONS

Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms.

The terms defined in this Section (except as in this Indenture or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires) for all purposes of this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section and shall include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this Indenture that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or that are by reference in such Act defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except as herein or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act as in force at the date of the execution of this instrument.

“ Authenticating Agent ” means an authenticating agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by the Trustee pursuant to Section 2.10.

“ Bankruptcy Law ” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.

“ Board of Directors ” means the Board of Directors of the Company or any duly authorized committee of such Board.

“ Board Resolution ” means a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification.

“ Business Day ” means, with respect to any series of Securities, any day other than a day on which federal or state banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York, or in the city of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation to close.

“ Certificate ” means a certificate signed by any Officer. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07.

“ Company ” means Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and, subject to the provisions of Article Ten, shall also include its successors and assigns.

“ Corporate Trust Office ” means the office of the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be principally administered, which office at the date hereof is located at [ ] .

“ Custodian ” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.

“ Default ” means any event, act or condition that with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute an Event of Default.

“ Depositary ” means, with respect to Securities of any series for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a Global Security, The Depository Trust Company, New York, New York, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or other applicable statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company pursuant to either Section 2.01 or 2.11.

“ Event of Default ” means, with respect to Securities of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period of time, if any, therein designated.

“ Global Security ” means, with respect to any series of Securities, a Security executed by the Company and delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction, all in accordance with the Indenture, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee.

“ Governmental Obligations ” means securities that are (a) direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which its full faith and credit is pledged or (b) obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States of America that, in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof at any time prior to the stated maturity of the Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to

any such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt.

“ herein ”, “ hereof ” and “ hereunder ”, and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.

“ Indenture ” means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental hereto entered into in accordance with the terms hereof.

“ Interest Payment Date ”, when used with respect to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date specified in such Security or in a Board Resolution or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which an installment of interest with respect to Securities of that series is due and payable.

“ Officer ” means, with respect to the Company, the chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a president, a chief financial officer, a chief operating officer, any executive vice president, any senior vice president, any vice president, the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, the controller or any assistant controller or the secretary or any assistant secretary.

“ Officers’ Certificate ” means a certificate signed by any two Officers. Each such certificate shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.

“ Opinion of Counsel ” means an opinion in writing subject to customary exceptions of legal counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for the Company, that is delivered to the Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. Each such opinion shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.

“ Outstanding ”, when used with reference to Securities of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section 8.04, as of any particular time, all Securities of that series theretofore authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for cancellation or that have previously been canceled; (b) Securities or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall have been set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that if such Securities or portions of such Securities are to be redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as in Article Three provided, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been

made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu of or in substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07.

“ Person ” means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated organization, any other entity or organization, including a government or political subdivision or an agency or instrumentality thereof.

“ Predecessor Security ” of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 2.07 in lieu of a lost, destroyed or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the lost, destroyed or stolen Security.

“ Responsible Officer ” when used with respect to the Trustee means the chairman of its board of directors, the chief executive officer, the president, any vice president, the secretary, the treasurer, any trust officer, any corporate trust officer or any other officer or assistant officer of the Trustee customarily performing functions similar to those performed by the Persons who at the time shall be such officers, respectively, or to whom any corporate trust matter is referred because of his or her knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject.

“ Securities ” means the debt Securities authenticated and delivered under this Indenture.

“ Securityholder ”, “ holder of Securities ”, “ registered holder ”, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security shall be registered on the books of the Company kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this Indenture.

“ Security Register ” and “ Security Registrar ” shall have the meanings as set forth in Section 2.05.

“ Subsidiary ” means, with respect to any Person, (i) any corporation at least a majority of whose outstanding Voting Stock shall at the time be owned, directly or indirectly, by such Person or by one or more of its Subsidiaries or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries, (ii) any general partnership, joint venture or similar entity, at least a majority of whose outstanding partnership or similar interests shall at the time be owned by such Person, or by one or more of its Subsidiaries, or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries and (iii) any limited partnership of which such Person or any of its Subsidiaries is a general partner.

“ Trustee ” means [ ], and, subject to the provisions of Article Seven, shall also include its successors and assigns, and, if at any time there is more than one Person acting in such capacity hereunder, “Trustee” shall mean each such Person. The term “Trustee” as used with respect to a particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series.

“ Trust Indenture Act ” means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.

“ Voting Stock ”, as applied to stock of any Person, means shares, interests, participations or other equivalents in the equity interest (however designated) in such Person having ordinary voting power for the election of a majority of the directors (or the equivalent) of such Person,

other than shares, interests, participations or other equivalents having such power only by reason of the occurrence of a contingency.

ARTICLE 2

ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES

Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities.

(a) The aggregate principal amount of Securities that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may be issued in one or more series up to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant to a Board Resolution or pursuant to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of any series, there shall be established in or pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto:

(1) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities);

(2) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of that series);

(3) the date or dates on which the principal of the Securities of the series is payable, any original issue discount that may apply to the Securities of that series upon their issuance, the principal amount due at maturity, and the place(s) of payment;

(4) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any;

(5) the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue, the Interest Payment Dates on which such interest will be payable or the manner of determination of such Interest Payment Dates, the place(s) of payment, and the record date for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable on any such Interest Payment Dates or the manner of determination of such record dates;

(6) the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods and the duration of such extension;

(7) the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the option of the Company;

(8) the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund, mandatory redemption, or analogous provisions (including payments made in cash in satisfaction of future sinking fund obligations)

or at the option of a holder thereof and the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which, and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;

(9) the form of the Securities of the series including the form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series;

(10) if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable;

(11) any and all other terms (including terms, to the extent applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the Securities of that series and any security for the obligations of the Company with respect to such Securities) with respect to such series (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the terms of this Indenture, as amended by any supplemental indenture) including any terms which may be required by or advisable under United States laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of Securities of that series;

(12) whether the Securities are issuable as a Global Security and, in such case, the terms and the identity of the Depositary for such series;

(13) whether the Securities will be convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities of the Company or any other Person and, if so, the terms and conditions upon which such Securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at the Company’s option or the holders’ option) conversion or exchange features, and the applicable conversion or exchange period;

(14) if other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 6.01;

(15) any additional or different Events of Default or restrictive covenants (which may include, among other restrictions, restrictions on the Company’s ability or the ability of the Company’s Subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness; issue additional securities; create liens; pay dividends or make distributions in respect of their capital stock; redeem capital stock; place restrictions on such Subsidiaries placing restrictions on their ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets; make investments or other restricted payments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; engage in transactions with stockholders and affiliates; issue or sell stock of their Subsidiaries; or effect a consolidation or merger) or financial covenants (which may include, among other financial covenants, financial covenants that require the Company and its Subsidiaries to maintain specified interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based or asset-based ratios) provided for with respect to the Securities of the series;

(16) if other than dollars, the coin or currency in which the Securities of the series are denominated (including, but not limited to, foreign currency);

(17) the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the Company shall pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the Securities of the series to any Securityholder that is not a “United States person” for federal tax purposes; and

(18) any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the Securities of the series.

All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical except as to denomination and except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto.

If any of the terms of the series are established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officers’ Certificate of the Company setting forth the terms of the series.

Securities of any particular series may be issued at various times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different rates of interest, if any, or different methods by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest may be payable and with different redemption dates.

Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate.

The Securities of any series and the Trustee’s certificate of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be substantially of the tenor and purport as set forth in one or more indentures supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, and they may have such letters, numbers or other marks of identification or designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed or engraved thereon as the Company may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be required to comply with any law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any securities exchange on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage.

Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment.

The Securities shall be issuable as registered Securities and in the denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, subject to Section 2.01(a)(10). The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest payable on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series. Subject to Section 2.01(a)(16), the principal of and the interest on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon in case of redemption thereof prior to maturity, shall be payable in the coin or currency of the United States of America that at the time is legal tender for public and private debt, at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication. Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year composed of twelve 30-day months.

The interest installment on any Security that is payable, and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series shall be paid to the Person in whose name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the regular record date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is called for redemption and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior to such Interest Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security as provided in Section 3.03.

Any interest on any Security that is payable, but is not punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein called “Defaulted Interest”) shall forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date by virtue of having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause (1) or clause (2) below:

(1) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the close of business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner: the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each such Security and the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the Trustee shall fix a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Company of such special record date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor to be mailed, first class postage prepaid, to each Securityholder at his or her address as it appears in the Security Register (as hereinafter defined), not less than 10 days prior to such special record date. Notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been mailed as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered on such special record date.

(2) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee.

Unless otherwise set forth in a Board Resolution or one or more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the term “regular record date” as used in this Section with respect to a series of Securities and any Interest Payment Date for such series shall mean either the fifteenth day of the month immediately

preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a month, or the first day of the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day.

Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security of such series shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security.

Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications.

The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile signature.

The Company may use the facsimile signature of any Person who shall have been an Officer, notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities shall be authenticated and delivered or disposed of such Person shall have ceased to be such an officer of the Company. The Securities may contain such notations, legends or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule or usage. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication by the Trustee.

A Security shall not be valid until authenticated manually by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such signature shall be conclusive evidence that the Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the holder is entitled to the benefits of this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver Securities of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the authentication and delivery of such Securities, signed by an Officer, and the Trustee in accordance with such written order shall authenticate and deliver such Securities.

In authenticating such Securities and accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, and (subject to Section 7.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the form and terms thereof have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.

The Trustee shall not be required to authenticate such Securities if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.

Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange.

(a) Securities of any series may be exchanged upon presentation thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, for other Securities of such series of authorized denominations, and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other

governmental charge in relation thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered for exchange, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the Security or Securities of the same series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to receive, bearing numbers not contemporaneously outstanding.

(b) The Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office or agency designated for such purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, or such other location designated by the Company, a register or registers (herein referred to as the “Security Register”) in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register the Securities and the transfers of Securities as in this Article provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Trustee. The registrar for the purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed as authorized by Board Resolution (the “Security Registrar”).

Upon surrender for transfer of any Security at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as the Security presented for a like aggregate principal amount.

All Securities presented or surrendered for exchange or registration of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) by a written instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar, duly executed by the registered holder or by such holder’s duly authorized attorney in writing.

(c) Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, no service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Securities, or issue of new Securities in case of partial redemption of any series, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 2.06, Section 3.03(b) and Section 9.04 not involving any transfer.

(d) The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, exchange or register the transfer of any Securities during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the mailing of a notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on the day of such mailing, nor (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions thereof called for redemption, other than the unredeemed portion of any such Securities being redeemed in part. The provisions of this Section 2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section 2.11 hereof.

Section 2.06 Temporary Securities.

Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series, the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary Securities (printed, lithographed or typewritten) of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in

the form of the definitive Securities in lieu of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities of such series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon any or all temporary Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the holders), at the office or agency of the Company designated for the purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, and the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series, unless the Company advises the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further notice from the Company. Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder.

Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities.

In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company (subject to the next succeeding sentence) shall execute, and upon the Company’s request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series, bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of the applicant’s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted Security and deliver the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of any substituted Security, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith.

In case any Security that has matured or is about to mature shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute Security, pay or authorize the payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant for such payment shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and, in case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof.

Every replacement Security issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or not the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder. All Securities shall be held and owned

upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any and all other rights or remedies, notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.

Section 2.08 Cancellation.

All Securities surrendered for the purpose of payment, redemption, exchange or registration of transfer shall, if surrendered to the Company or any paying agent, be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture. On request of the Company at the time of such surrender, the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with its standard procedures and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company. If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the indebtedness represented by such Securities unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.

Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture.

Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and the holders of the Securities any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the holders of the Securities.

Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent.

So long as any of the Securities of any series remain Outstanding there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities which the Trustee shall have the right to appoint. Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of such series issued upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption thereof, and Securities so authenticated shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder. All references in this Indenture to the authentication of Securities by the Trustee shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating Agent for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a corporation that has a combined capital and surplus, as most recently reported or determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized or in which it is doing business to conduct a trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such business and is subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.

Any Authenticating Agent may at any time resign by giving written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request by the Company shall) terminate the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating Agent and to the Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may appoint an eligible successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder as if originally named as an Authenticating Agent pursuant hereto.

Section 2.11 Global Securities.

(a) If the Company shall establish pursuant to Section 2.01 that the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security, then the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall, in accordance with Section 2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security that (i) shall represent, and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, all of the Outstanding Securities of such series, (ii) shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: “Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary or to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.”

(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.05, the Global Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided in Section 2.05, only to another nominee of the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected or approved by the Company or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.

(c) If at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such series or if at any time the Depositary for such series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives such notice or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Company has received a request from the Depositary, this Section 2.11 shall no longer be applicable to the Securities of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition, the Company may at any time determine that the Securities of any series shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the provisions of this Section 2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and, subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officers’ Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company, will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. Upon the exchange of the Global

Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(c) shall be registered in such names and in such authorized denominations as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in whose names such Securities are so registered.

ARTICLE 3

REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS

Section 3.01 Redemption.

The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.

Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption.

(a) In case the Company shall desire to exercise such right to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in accordance with any right the Company reserved for itself to do so pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the Company shall, or shall cause the Trustee to, give notice of such redemption to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, first class postage prepaid, a notice of such redemption not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days before the date fixed for redemption of that series to such holders at their last addresses as they shall appear upon the Security Register, unless a shorter period is specified in the Securities to be redeemed. Any notice that is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the registered holder receives the notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to the holder of any Security of any series designated for redemption in whole or in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Securities of such series or any other series. In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officers’ Certificate evidencing compliance with any such restriction.

Each such notice of redemption shall specify the date fixed for redemption and the redemption price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of the redemption price of such Securities to be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said notice, that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue and that the redemption is for a sinking fund, if such is the case. If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of that series to be redeemed in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed.

In case any Security is to be redeemed in part only, the notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed, and shall state that on and after the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.

(b) If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 45 days’ notice (unless a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the Trustee) in advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of the series to be redeemed, and thereupon the Trustee shall select, by lot or in such other manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair in its discretion and that may provide for the selection of a portion or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities of a denomination larger than $1,000, the Securities to be redeemed and shall thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions signed on its behalf by an Officer, instruct the Trustee or any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular series for redemption and to give notice of redemption in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the name of the Company or its own name as the Trustee or such paying agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the Trustee or any such paying agent, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to, or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such paying agent, as the case may be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient to enable the Trustee or such paying agent to give any notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section.

Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption.

(a) If the giving of notice of redemption shall have been completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series to be redeemed specified in such notice shall become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions of Securities shall cease to accrue on and after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities on or after the date fixed for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed at the applicable redemption price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for redemption (but if the date fixed for redemption is an interest payment date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the registered holder at the close of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section 2.03).

(b) Upon presentation of any Security of such series that is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and the office or agency where the Security is presented shall deliver to the holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security of the same series of authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.

Section 3.04 Sinking Fund.

The provisions of Sections 3.04, 3.05 and 3.06 shall be applicable to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified as contemplated by Section 2.01 for Securities of such series.

The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a “mandatory sinking fund payment,” and any payment in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an “optional sinking fund payment”. If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment may be subject to reduction as provided in Section 3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities of any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series.

Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities.

The Company (i) may deliver Outstanding Securities of a series and (ii) may apply as a credit Securities of a series that have been redeemed either at the election of the Company pursuant to the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant to the terms of such Securities, in each case in satisfaction of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities of such series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that such Securities have not been previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee at the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such sinking fund payment shall be reduced accordingly.

Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund.

Not less than 45 days prior to each sinking fund payment date for any series of Securities (unless a shorter period shall be satisfactory to the Trustee), the Company will deliver to the Trustee an Officers’ Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series pursuant to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that series pursuant to Section 3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officers’ Certificate, deliver to the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Trustee shall select the Securities to be redeemed upon such sinking fund payment date in the manner specified in Section 3.02 and cause notice of the redemption thereof to be given in the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section 3.02. Such notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated in Section 3.03.

ARTICLE 4

COVENANTS

Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest.

The Company will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the Securities of that series at the time and place and in the manner provided herein and established with respect to such Securities. Payments of principal on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check drawn on and mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account (such wire transfer to be made only to a Securityholder of an aggregate principal amount of Securities of the applicable series in excess of U.S. $2,000,000 and only if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions to the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date). Payments of interest on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account (such a wire transfer to be made only to a Securityholder of an aggregate principal amount of Securities of the applicable series in excess of U.S. $2,000,000 and only if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions in writing to the Security Registrar and the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date.

Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency.

So long as any series of the Securities remain Outstanding, the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency in the Borough of Manhattan, the City and State of New York, with respect to each such series and at such other location or locations as may be designated as provided in this Section 4.02, where (i) Securities of that series may be presented for payment, (ii) Securities of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for registration of transfer and exchange, and (iii) notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served, such designation to continue with respect to such office or agency until the Company shall, by written notice signed by any officer authorized to sign an Officers’ Certificate and delivered to the Trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any of them. If at any time the Company shall fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee with the address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, and the Company hereby appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands. The Company initially appoints the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee located in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York as its paying agent with respect to the Securities.

Section 4.03 Paying Agents.

(a) If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to

execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section:

(1) that it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series (whether such sums have been paid to it by the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto;

(2) that it will give the Trustee notice of any failure by the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable;

(3) that it will, at any time during the continuance of any failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2) above, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums so held in trust by such paying agent; and

(4) that it will perform all other duties of paying agent as set forth in this Indenture.

(b) If the Company shall act as its own paying agent with respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of that series until such sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee of such action, or any failure (by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall have one or more paying agents for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on any Securities of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless such paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act.

(c) Notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary, (i) the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, and (ii) the Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose, pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such paying agent, such sums to be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such paying agent; and, upon such payment by the Company or any paying agent to the Trustee, the Company or such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such money.

Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee.

The Company, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner provided in Section 7.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be a Trustee hereunder.

Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions.

The Company will not, while any of the Securities remain Outstanding, consolidate with or merge into any other Person, in either case where the Company is not the survivor of such transaction, or sell or convey all or substantially all of its property to any other Person unless the provisions of Article Ten hereof are complied with.

ARTICLE 5

SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE

Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders.

The Company will furnish or cause to be furnished to the Trustee (a) within 15 days after each regular record date (as defined in Section 2.03) a list, in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such regular record date, provided that the Company shall not be obligated to furnish or cause to furnish such list at any time that the list shall not differ in any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b) at such other times as the Trustee may request in writing within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need be furnished for any series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar.

Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders.

(a) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders of Securities contained in the most recent list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity).

(b) The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.

(c) Securityholders may communicate as provided in Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities, and, in connection with any such communications, the Trustee shall satisfy its obligations under Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the provisions of Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.

Section 5.03 Reports by the Company.

The Company covenants and agrees to provide a copy to the Trustee, after the Company files the same with the Securities and Exchange Commission, copies of the annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as the Securities and Exchange Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) that the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, the Company shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee.

(a) If required by Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee, within sixty (60) days after each May 1, shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register, a brief report dated as of such May 1, which complies with Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act.

(b) The Trustee shall comply with Section 313(b) and 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act.

(c) A copy of each such report shall, at the time of such transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each securities exchange upon which any Securities are listed (if so listed) and also with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company agrees to notify the Trustee when any Securities become listed on any securities exchange.

ARTICLE 6

REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT

Section 6.01 Events of Default.

(a) Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a particular series, “Event of Default” means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing:

(1) the Company defaults in the payment of any installment of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by the Company in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;

(2) the Company defaults in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities in accordance with

the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;

(3) the Company fails to observe or perform any other of its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to that series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement that has been expressly included in this Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series) for a period of 90 days after the date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified mail, or to the Company and the Trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time Outstanding;

(4) the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law (i) commences a voluntary case, (ii) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case, (iii) consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property or (iv) makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or

(5) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under any Bankruptcy Law that (i) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a Custodian of the Company for all or substantially all of its property or (iii) orders the liquidation of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 90 days.

(b) In each and every such case (other than an Event of Default specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above), unless the principal of all the Securities of that series shall have already become due and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by such Securityholders), may declare the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall become and shall be immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above occurs, the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series shall automatically be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee or the holders of the Securities.

(c) At any time after the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on the Securities of that series shall have been so declared due and payable, and before any judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by written notice to the Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i) the Company has paid or deposited with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of that series and the principal of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration (with interest upon such principal and premium, if any, and, to the extent that such payment is enforceable under applicable law, upon overdue installments of interest, at the rate per annum expressed in

the Securities of that series to the date of such payment or deposit) and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06, and (ii) any and all Events of Default under the Indenture with respect to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal on (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on Securities of that series that shall not have become due by their terms, shall have been remedied or waived as provided in Section 6.06.

No such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.

(d) In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have been discontinued or abandoned because of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company and the Trustee shall be restored respectively to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee shall continue as though no such proceedings had been taken.

Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee.

(a) The Company covenants that (i) in case it shall default in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become due and payable, and such default shall have continued for a period of 90 days, or (ii) in case it shall default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Company will pay to the Trustee, for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become due and payable on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both, as the case may be, with interest upon the overdue principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon overdue installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06.

(b) If the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law or equity out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever situated.

(c) In case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings affecting the Company, or its creditors or property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such

proceedings and take any action therein that may be permitted by the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim and other papers and documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities of such series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under the Indenture at the date of institution of such proceedings and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the same after the deduction of the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by each of the holders of Securities of such series to make such payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making of such payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section 7.06.

(d) All rights of action and of asserting claims under this Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other proceeding relative thereto, and any such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section 7.06, be for the ratable benefit of the holders of the Securities of such series.

In case of an Event of Default hereunder, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings as the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in the Indenture or in aid of the exercise of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture or by law.

Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to authorize the Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding.

Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected.

Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article with respect to a particular series of Securities shall be applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest, upon presentation of the Securities of that series, and notation thereon of the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof if fully paid:

FIRST: To the payment of reasonable costs and expenses of collection and of all amounts payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06;

SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which such money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and

THIRD: To the payment of the remainder, if any, to the Company or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.

Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits.

No holder of any Security of any series shall have any right by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to institute any suit, action or proceeding in equity or at law upon or under or with respect to this Indenture or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder, unless (i) such holder previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default and of the continuance thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided; (ii) the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made written request upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (iii) such holder or holders shall have offered to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred therein or thereby; (iv) the Trustee for 90 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity, shall have failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v) during such 90 day period, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the Securities of that series do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the request.

Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary or any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security (or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after such respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting a Security hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every Security of such series with every other such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any right in any manner whatsoever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of the holders of any other of such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such holder, or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.

Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law,

be deemed cumulative and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to such Securities.

(b) No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall impair any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or an acquiescence therein; and, subject to the provisions of Section 6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article or by law to the Trustee or the Securityholders may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Securityholders.

Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders.

The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided, however, that such direction shall not be in conflict with any rule of law or with this Indenture. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by a Responsible Officer or officers of the Trustee, determine that the proceeding so directed, subject to the Trustee’s duties under the Trust Indenture Act, would involve the Trustee in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the Securityholders not involved in the proceeding. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding affected thereby, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any past default in the performance of any of the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to Section 2.01 with respect to such series and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the terms of such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless such default has been cured and a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited with the Trustee (in accordance with Section 6.01(c)). Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured for all purposes of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to their former positions and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any right consequent thereon.

Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs.

All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any Securities by such holder’s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such

suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder, or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.

ARTICLE 7

CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE

Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee.

(a) The Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events of Default with respect to the Securities of that series that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities of such series such duties and only such duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs.

(b) No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct, except that:

(i) prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events of Default with respect to that series that may have occurred:

(A) the duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined solely by the express provisions of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to the Securities of such series except for the performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee; and

(B) in the absence of bad faith on the part of the Trustee, the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision hereof are specifically required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture;

(ii) the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;

(iii) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee under this Indenture with respect to the Securities of that series; and

(iv) None of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance of any of its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for believing that the repayment of such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate indemnity against such risk is not reasonably assured to it.

Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01:

(a) The Trustee may rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties;

(b) Any request, direction, order or demand of the Company mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument signed in the name of the Company by any authorized officer of the Company (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed herein);

(c) The Trustee may consult with counsel and the written advice of such counsel or any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon;

(d) The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or thereby; nothing contained herein shall, however, relieve the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to a series of the Securities (that has not been cured or waived), to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs;

(e) The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers conferred upon it by this Indenture;

(f) The Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined as provided in Section 8.04); provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense of every such examination shall be paid by the Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand; and

(g) The Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder.

In addition, the Trustee shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any Default or Event of Default except (1) any Event of Default occurring pursuant to Sections 6.01(a)(1) and 6.01(a)(2) or (2) any Default or Event of Default of which the Trustee shall have received written notification in the manner set forth in this Indenture or a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have obtained actual knowledge. Delivery of reports, information and documents to the Trustee under Section 5.03 is for informational purposes only and the information and the Trustee’s receipt of the foregoing shall not constitute constructive notice of any information contained therein, or determinable from information contained therein including the Company’s compliance with any of their covenants thereunder (as to which the Trustee is entitled to rely exclusively on an Officers’ Certificate).

Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities.

(a) The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same.

(b) The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.

(c) The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities, or for the use or application of any moneys paid over by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.

Section 7.04 May Hold Securities.

The Trustee or any paying agent or Security Registrar, in its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar.

Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust.

Subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for the purposes for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree with the Company to pay thereon.

Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement.

(a) The Company covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee, and the Trustee shall be entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the compensation of a trustee of an express trust) as the Company and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing, for all services rendered by it in the execution of the trusts hereby created and in the exercise and performance of any of the powers and duties hereunder of the Trustee, and, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the Company will pay or reimburse the Trustee upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee in accordance with any of the provisions of this Indenture (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel and of all Persons not regularly in its employ), except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may arise from its negligence or bad faith and except as the Company and Trustee may from time to time agree in writing. The Company also covenants to indemnify the Trustee (and its officers, agents, directors and employees) for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this trust, including the reasonable costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim of liability in the premises.

(b) The obligations of the Company under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances shall constitute additional indebtedness hereunder. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured by a lien prior to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for the benefit of the holders of particular Securities.

Section 7.07 Reliance on Officers’ Certificate.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01, whenever in the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it reasonably necessary or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officers’ Certificate delivered to the Trustee and

such certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.

Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests.

If the Trustee has or shall acquire any “conflicting interest” within the meaning of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee and the Company shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.

Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility.

There shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to the Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a corporation organized and doing business under the laws of the United States of America or any state or territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person permitted to act as trustee by the Securities and Exchange Commission, authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having a combined capital and surplus of at least fifty million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination by federal, state, territorial, or District of Columbia authority.

If such corporation or other Person publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining authority, then for the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation or other Person shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any time the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect specified in Section 7.10.

Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.

(a) The Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed may at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written notice thereof to the Company and by transmitting notice of resignation by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders of such series, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly appoint a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor trustee. If no successor trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the mailing of such notice of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor trustee.

(b) In case at any time any one of the following shall occur:

(i) the Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions of Section 7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months; or

(ii) the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder; or

(iii) the Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property shall be appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation; then, in any such case, the Company may remove the Trustee with respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor trustee, or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf of that holder and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee and appoint a successor trustee.

(c) The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying the Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with the consent of the Company.

(d) Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any of the provisions of this Section shall become effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 7.11.

(e) Any successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all of such series, and at any time there shall be only one Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series.

Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.

(a) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company and to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor trustee all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring

Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.

(b) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company, the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto wherein each successor trustee shall accept such appointment and which (i) shall contain such provisions as shall be necessary or desirable to transfer and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates, (ii) shall contain such provisions as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the retiring Trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested in the retiring Trustee, and (iii) shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee shall be trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the execution and delivery of such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective to the extent provided therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance of the duties and obligations vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on request of the Company or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates.

(c) Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Company shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such rights, powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section, as the case may be.

(d) No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article.

(e) Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company.

Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business.

Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, including the administration of the trust created by this Indenture, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided that such corporation shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section 7.09, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding. In case any Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities.

Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company.

The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act to the extent included therein.

Section 7.14 Notice of Default

If any Default or any Event of Default occurs and is continuing and if such Default or Event of Default is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee, the Trustee shall mail to each Securityholder in the manner and to the extent provided in Section 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act notice of the Default or Event of Default within 45 days after it occurs, unless such Default or Event of Default has been cured; provided, however , that, except in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security, the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee of directors and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determine that the withholding of such notice is in the interest of the Securityholders.

ARTICLE 8

CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS

Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders.

Whenever in this Indenture it is provided that the holders of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series may take any action (including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of any other action), the fact that at the time of taking any such action the holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities of that series in person or by agent or proxy appointed in writing.

If the Company shall solicit from the Securityholders of any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company may, at its option, as evidenced by an Officers’ Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination of Securityholders entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company shall have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the close of business on the record date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite proportion of Outstanding Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed as of the record date; provided, however, that no such authorization, agreement or consent by such Securityholders on the record date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six months after the record date.

Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders.

Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, proof of the execution of any instrument by a Securityholder (such proof will not require notarization) or his agent or proxy and proof of the holding by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner:

(a) The fact and date of the execution by any such Person of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.

(b) The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.

The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary.

Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners.

Prior to the due presentment for registration of transfer of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar may deem and treat the Person in whose name such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Company as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or writing thereon made by anyone other than the Security Registrar) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section 2.03) interest on such Security and for all other purposes; and neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.

Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded.

In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Securities of a particular series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this

Indenture, the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor. In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel shall be full protection to the Trustee.

Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders.

At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section 8.01, of the taking of any action by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action, any holder of a Security of that series that is shown by the evidence to be included in the Securities the holders of which have consented to such action may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section 8.02, revoke such action so far as concerns such Security. Except as aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor, on registration of transfer thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such Security. Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the holders of all the Securities of that series.

ARTICLE 9

SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES

Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders.

In addition to any supplemental indenture otherwise authorized by this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent of the Securityholders, for one or more of the following purposes:

(a) to cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein or in the Securities of any series;

(b) to comply with Article Ten;

(c) to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities;

(d) to add to the covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions relating to the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of Securities (and if such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities, stating that such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series), to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default, or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company;

(e) to add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication, and delivery of Securities, as herein set forth;

(f) to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;

(g) to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section 2.01, to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of Securities;

(h) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee; or

(i) to comply with any requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.

The Trustee is hereby authorized to join with the Company in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be therein contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise.

Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions of this Section may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of any of the Securities at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section 9.02.

Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders.

manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01 the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture shall, without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a) extend the fixed maturity of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture.

It shall not be necessary for the consent of the Securityholders of any series affected thereby under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it shall be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.

Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures.

Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, this Indenture shall, with respect to such series, be and be deemed to be modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders of Securities of the series affected thereby shall thereafter be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for any and all purposes.

Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures.

Securities of any series affected by a supplemental indenture, authenticated and delivered after the execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements of any securities exchange upon which such series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, to any modification of this Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee and delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding.

Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures.

Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may receive an Officers’ Certificate or an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or permitted by, and conforms to, the

terms of this Article and that it is proper for the Trustee under the provisions of this Article to join in the execution thereof; provided, however, that such Officers’ Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided in connection with the execution of a supplemental indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.

Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of all series affected thereby as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any failure of the Trustee to mail such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.

ARTICLE 10

SUCCESSOR ENTITY

Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc.

Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, nothing contained in this Indenture shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company) or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property of the Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to any other corporation (whether or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors) authorized to acquire and operate the same; provided, however, (a) the Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the survivor of such transaction), sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, the due and punctual payment of the principal of (premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to their tenor, and the due and punctual performance and observance of all the covenants and conditions of this Indenture with respect to each series or established with respect to such series pursuant to Section 2.01 to be kept or performed by the Company shall be expressly assumed, by supplemental indenture (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, as then in effect) reasonably satisfactory in form to the Trustee executed and delivered to the Trustee by the entity formed by such consolidation, or into which the Company shall have been merged, or by the entity which shall have acquired such property and (b) in the event that the Securities of any series then Outstanding are convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities of the Company, such entity shall, by such supplemental indenture, make provision so that the Securityholders of Securities of that series shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange of such Securities the number of securities or property to which a holder of the number of shares of common stock or other securities of the Company deliverable upon conversion or exchange of those Securities would have been entitled had such conversion or exchange occurred immediately prior to such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition.

Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted.

(a) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition and upon the assumption by the successor entity by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered to the Trustee and satisfactory in form to the Trustee, of the obligations set forth under Section 10.01 on all of the Securities of all series Outstanding, such successor entity shall succeed to and be substituted for the Company with the same effect as if it had been named as the Company herein, and thereupon the predecessor corporation shall be relieved of all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities.

(b) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter to be issued as may be appropriate.

(c) Nothing contained in this Article shall require any action by the Company in the case of a consolidation or merger of any Person into the Company where the Company is the survivor of such transaction, or the acquisition by the Company, by purchase or otherwise, of all or any part of the property of any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company).

Section 10.03 Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee.

The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may receive an Officers’ Certificate or an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, and any such assumption, comply with the provisions of this Article.

ARTICLE 11

SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE

Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture.

If at any time: (a) the Company shall have delivered to the Trustee for cancellation all Securities of a series theretofore authenticated and not delivered to the Trustee for cancellation (other than any Securities that shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.07 and Securities for whose payment money or Governmental Obligations have theretofore been deposited in trust or segregated and held in trust by the Company and thereupon repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided in Section 11.05); or (b) all such Securities of a particular series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and the Company shall deposit or cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations or a combination thereof, sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification thereof delivered to the Trustee, to pay at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable

hereunder with respect to such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect to such series except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03 and 7.10, that shall survive until the date of maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter, and the Trustee, on demand of the Company and at the cost and expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series.

Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations.

If at any time all such Securities of a particular series not heretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or that have not become due and payable as described in Section 11.01 shall have been paid by the Company by depositing irrevocably with the Trustee as trust funds moneys or an amount of Governmental Obligations sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all such Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder by the Company with respect to such series, then after the date such moneys or Governmental Obligations, as the case may be, are deposited with the Trustee the obligations of the Company under this Indenture with respect to such series shall cease to be of further effect except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4,01, 4.02, 4,03, 7.06, 7.10 and 11.05 hereof that shall survive until such Securities shall mature and be paid.

Thereafter, Sections 7.06 and 11.05 shall survive.

Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust.

All moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Sections 11.01 or 11.02 shall be held in trust and shall be available for payment as due, either directly or through any paying agent (including the Company acting as its own paying agent), to the holders of the particular series of Securities for the payment or redemption of which such moneys or Governmental Obligations have been deposited with the Trustee.

Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents.

In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture all moneys or Governmental Obligations then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture shall, upon demand of the Company, be paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations.

Section 11.05 Repayment to Company.

premium, if any) or interest on such Securities shall have respectively become due and payable, or such other shorter period set forth in applicable escheat or abandoned or unclaimed property law, shall be repaid to the Company on May 31 of each year or upon the Company’s request or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged from such trust; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations, and the holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter, as a general creditor, look only to the Company for the payment thereof.

ARTICLE 12

IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

Section 12.01 No Recourse.

No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect thereof, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, either directly or through the Company or any such predecessor or successor corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations, and that no such personal liability whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom; and that any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and released as a condition of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.

ARTICLE 13

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns.

All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements in this Indenture made by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not.

Section 13.02 Actions by Successor.

Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the Company shall and may be done

and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful successor of the Company.

Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers.

The Company by instrument in writing executed by authority of its Board of Directors and delivered to the Trustee may surrender any of the powers reserved to the Company, and thereupon such power so surrendered shall terminate both as to the Company and as to any successor corporation.

Section 13.04 Notices.

Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, any notice, request or demand that by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given, made or served by the Trustee or by the holders of Securities or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or on the Company may be given or served by being deposited in first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Trustee), as follows: Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 11494 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California, 92121, Attn: Chief Financial Officer. Any notice, election, request or demand by the Company or any Securityholder or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to have been sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made in writing at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee.

Section 13.05 Governing Law.

This Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a contract made under the internal laws of the State of New York, and for all purposes shall be construed in accordance with the laws of said State, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.

Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt.

It is intended that the Securities will be treated as indebtedness and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of this Indenture shall be interpreted to further this intention.

Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent.

(a) Upon any application or demand by the Company to the Trustee to take any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Company shall furnish to the Trustee an Officers’ Certificate stating that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture (other than the certificate to be delivered pursuant to Section 13.12) relating to the proposed action have been complied with and an Opinion of Counsel stating that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of any such application or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this Indenture relating to such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.

(b) Each certificate or opinion provided for in this Indenture and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant in this Indenture shall include (i) a statement that the Person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition; (ii) a brief statement as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or opinion are based; (iii) a statement that, in the opinion of such Person, he has made such examination or investigation as is reasonably necessary to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has been complied with; and (iv) a statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such Person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.

Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days.

Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption of any Security shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and premium, if any) may be made on the next succeeding Business Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for the period after such nominal date.

Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act.

If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture limits, qualifies or conflicts with the duties imposed by Sections 310 to 317, inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act, such imposed duties shall control.

Section 13.10 Counterparts.

This Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.

Section 13.11 Separability.

In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this Indenture or of such Securities, but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable provision had never been contained herein or therein.

Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates.

purposes of this Section 13.12, such compliance shall be determined without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided under this Indenture. If the officer of the Company signing such certificate has knowledge of such a Default or Event of Default, the certificate shall describe any such Default or Event of Default and its status.

I N W ITNESS W HEREOF , the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.


I NOVIO P HARMACEUTICALS , I NC .

By:
Name:
Title:

[T RUSTEE ] , as Trustee

By:
Name:
Title:

CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE (1)


Section of Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as Amended		Section of Indenture
310(a)		7.09
310(b)		7.08
		7.10
310(c)		Inapplicable
311(a)		7.13
311(b)		7.13
311(c)		Inapplicable
312(a)		5.01
		5.02(a)
312(b)		5.02(c)
312(c)		5.02(c)
313(a)		5.04(a)
313(b)		5.04(b)
313(c)		5.04(a)
		5.04(b)
313(d)		5.04(c)
314(a)		5.03
		13.12
314(b)		Inapplicable
314(c)		13.07(a)
314(d)		Inapplicable
314(e)		13.07(b)
314(f)		Inapplicable
315(a)		7.01(a)
		7.01(b)
315(b)		7.14
315(c)		7.01
315(d)		7.01(b)
315(e)		6.07
316(a)		6.06
		8.04
316(b)		6.04
316(c)		8.01
317(a)		6.02
317(b)		4.03
318(a)		13.09

(1)	This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.

EXHIBIT 4.3

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

SUBORDINATED DEBT SECURITIES

INDENTURE

Dated as of

________________________________

Trustee

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS


		P AGE
ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS			1

Section 1.01	Definitions of Terms		1

ARTICLE 2 ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES			5

Section 2.01	Designation and Terms of Securities		5

Section 2.02	Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate		7

Section 2.03	Denominations: Provisions for Payment		7

Section 2.04	Execution and Authentications		9

Section 2.05	Registration of Transfer and Exchange		9

Section 2.06	Temporary Securities		10

Section 2.07	Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities		11

Section 2.08	Cancellation		12

Section 2.09	Benefits of Indenture		12

Section 2.10	Authenticating Agent		12

Section 2.11	Global Securities		13

ARTICLE 3 REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS			14

Section 3.01	Redemption		14

Section 3.02	Notice of Redemption		14

Section 3.03	Payment Upon Redemption		15

Section 3.04	Sinking Fund		16

Section 3.05	Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities		16

Section 3.06	Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund		16

ARTICLE 4 COVENANTS			17

Section 4.01	Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest		17

Section 4.02	Maintenance of Office or Agency		17

Section 4.03	Paying Agents		17

Section 4.04	Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee		19

Section 4.05	Compliance with Consolidation Provisions		19

ARTICLE 5 SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE			19

Section 5.01	Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders		19

-i-

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

(CONTINUED)


		P AGE
Section 5.02	Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders		19

Section 5.03	Reports by the Company		20

Section 5.04	Reports by the Trustee		20

ARTICLE 6 REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT			20

Section 6.01	Events of Default		20

Section 6.02	Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee		22

Section 6.03	Application of Moneys Collected		23

Section 6.04	Limitation on Suits		24

Section 6.05	Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver		25

Section 6.06	Control by Securityholders		25

Section 6.07	Undertaking to Pay Costs		25

ARTICLE 7 CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE			26

Section 7.01	Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee		26

Section 7.02	Certain Rights of Trustee		27

Section 7.03	Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities		28

Section 7.04	May Hold Securities		29

Section 7.05	Moneys Held in Trust		29

Section 7.06	Compensation and Reimbursement		29

Section 7.07	Reliance on Officers’ Certificate		29

Section 7.08	Disqualification; Conflicting Interests		30

Section 7.09	Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility		30

Section 7.10	Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor		30

Section 7.11	Acceptance of Appointment By Successor		31

Section 7.12	Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business		33

Section 7.13	Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company		33

Section 7.14	Notice of Default		33

ARTICLE 8 CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS			33

Section 8.01	Evidence of Action by Securityholders		33

Section 8.02	Proof of Execution by Securityholders		34

-ii-

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

(CONTINUED)


		P AGE
Section 8.03	Who May be Deemed Owners		34

Section 8.04	Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded		35

Section 8.05	Actions Binding on Future Securityholders		35

ARTICLE 9 SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES			35

Section 9.01	Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders		35

Section 9.02	Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders		37

Section 9.03	Effect of Supplemental Indentures		37

Section 9.04	Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures		37

Section 9.05	Execution of Supplemental Indentures		37

ARTICLE 10 SUCCESSOR ENTITY			38

Section 10.01	Company May Consolidate, Etc		38

Section 10.02	Successor Entity Substituted		39

Section 10.03	Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee		39

ARTICLE 11 SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE			39

Section 11.01	Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture		39

Section 11.02	Discharge of Obligations		40

Section 11.03	Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust		40

Section 11.04	Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents		40

Section 11.05	Repayment to Company		41

ARTICLE 12 IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS			41

Section 12.01	No Recourse		41

ARTICLE 13 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS			42

Section 13.01	Effect on Successors and Assigns		42

Section 13.02	Actions by Successor		42

Section 13.03	Surrender of Company Powers		42

Section 13.04	Notices		42

Section 13.05	Governing Law		42

Section 13.06	Treatment of Securities as Debt		42

Section 13.07	Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent		43

-iii-

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

(CONTINUED)


		P AGE
Section 13.08	Payments on Business Days		43

Section 13.09	Conflict with Trust Indenture Act		43

Section 13.10	Counterparts		43

Section 13.11	Separability		43

Section 13.12	Compliance Certificates		44

ARTICLE 14 SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES			44

Section 14.01	Subordination Terms		44

-iv-

INDENTURE

I NDENTURE , dated as of [ • ], 201 , between I NOVIO P HARMACEUTICALS , I NC . a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [ T RUSTEE ], as trustee (the “Trustee”):

W HEREAS , for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of subordinated debt securities (hereinafter referred to as the “Securities”), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated by the certificate of the Trustee;

W HEREAS , to provide the terms and conditions upon which the Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the execution of this Indenture; and

W HEREAS , all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.

ARTICLE 1

DEFINITIONS

Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms.

“ Authenticating Agent ” means an authenticating agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by the Trustee pursuant to Section 2.10.

“ Bankruptcy Law ” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.

“ Board of Directors ” means the Board of Directors of the Company or any duly authorized committee of such Board.

“ Certificate ” means a certificate signed by any Officer. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07.

“ Custodian ” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.

“ Default ” means any event, act or condition that with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute an Event of Default.

“ Event of Default ” means, with respect to Securities of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period of time, if any, therein designated.

Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to any such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt.

made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu of or in substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07.

“ Securities ” means the debt Securities authenticated and delivered under this Indenture.

“ Securityholder ”, “holder of Securities”, “registered holder”, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security shall be registered on the books of the Company kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this Indenture.

“ Security Register ” and “ Security Registrar ” shall have the meanings as set forth in Section 2.05.

“ Trust Indenture Act ” means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.

other than shares, interests, participations or other equivalents having such power only by reason of the occurrence of a contingency.

ARTICLE 2

ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES

Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities.

(1) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities);

(4) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any;

(6) the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods and the duration of such extension;

(9 ) the form of the Securities of the series including the form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series;

(10) if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable;

(12) whether the Securities are issuable as a Global Security and, in such case, the terms and the identity of the Depositary for such series;

(16) if other than dollars, the coin or currency in which the Securities of the series are denominated (including, but not limited to, foreign currency);

(18) any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the Securities of the series; and

(19) the subordination terms of the Securities of the series.

Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate.

Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment.

Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications.

The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile signature.

Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange.

Section 2.06 Temporary Securities.

Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities.

Section 2.08 Cancellation.

Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture.

Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and the holders of the Securities (and, with respect to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities of any series are subordinated) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the holders of the Securities (and, with respect to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities of any series are subordinated).

Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent.

Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.

Section 2.11 Global Securities.

deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(c) shall be registered in such names and in such authorized denominations as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in whose names such Securities are so registered.

ARTICLE 3

REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS

Section 3.01 Redemption.

The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.

Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption.

the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of that series to be redeemed in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed.

Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption.

Company, a new Security of the same series of authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.

Section 3.04 Sinking Fund.

Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities.

Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund.

ARTICLE 4

COVENANTS

Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest.

Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency.

Section 4.03 Paying Agents.

(a) If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to

execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section:

(4) that it will perform all other duties of paying agent as set forth in this Indenture.

Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee.

Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions.

ARTICLE 5

SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE

Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders.

Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders.

(b) The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.

Section 5.03 Reports by the Company.

Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee.

(b) The Trustee shall comply with Section 313(b) and 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act.

ARTICLE 6

REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT

Section 6.01 Events of Default.

(a) Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a particular series, “Event of Default” means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing:

the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;

No such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.

Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee.

Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected.

FIRST: To the payment of reasonable costs and expenses of collection and of all amounts payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06;

SECOND: To the payment of all indebtedness of the Company to which such series of Securities is subordinated to the extent required by Section 7.06 and Article Fourteen;

THIRD: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which such money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and

FOURTH: To the payment of the remainder, if any, to the Company or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.

Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits.

Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed cumulative and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to such Securities.

Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders.

Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs.

All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any Securities by such holder’s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require, in

any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder, or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.

ARTICLE 7

CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE

Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee.

be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture;

Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01:

degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs;

Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities.

(a) The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same.

(b) The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.

Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.

Section 7.04 May Hold Securities.

Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust.

Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement.

(b) The obligations of the Company under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances shall constitute indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities are subordinated. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured by a lien prior to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for the benefit of the holders of particular Securities.

Section 7.07 Reliance on Officers’ Certificate.

hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officers’ Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.

Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests.

Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility.

Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.

may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor trustee.

(b) In case at any time any one of the following shall occur:

Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.

successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor trustee all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.

(d) No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article.

(e) Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail,

first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company.

Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business.

Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company.

Section 7.14 Notice of Default

ARTICLE 8

CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS

Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders.

holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities of that series in person or by agent or proxy appointed in writing.

Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders.

(a) The fact and date of the execution by any such Person of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.

(b) The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.

The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary.

Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners.

Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded.

In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Securities of a particular series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture, the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor. In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel shall be full protection to the Trustee.

Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders.

ARTICLE 9

SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES

Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders.

(a) to cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein or in the Securities of any series;

(b) to comply with Article Ten;

(c) to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities;

(f) to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;

(h) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee; or

(i) to comply with any requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.

Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders.

With the consent (evidenced as provided in Section 8.01) of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series affected by such supplemental indenture or indentures at the time Outstanding, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01 the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture shall, without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a) extend the fixed maturity of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture.

Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures.

Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures.

Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures.

Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence

of the consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may receive an Officers’ Certificate or an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or permitted by, and conforms to, the terms of this Article and that it is proper for the Trustee under the provisions of this Article to join in the execution thereof; provided, however, that such Officers’ Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided in connection with the execution of a supplemental indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.

ARTICLE 10

SUCCESSOR ENTITY

Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc.

indenture, make provision so that the Securityholders of Securities of that series shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange of such Securities the number of securities or property to which a holder of the number of shares of common stock or other securities of the Company deliverable upon conversion or exchange of those Securities would have been entitled had such conversion or exchange occurred immediately prior to such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition.

Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted.

Section 10.03 Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee.

ARTICLE 11

SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE

Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture.

Company shall deposit or cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations or a combination thereof, sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification thereof delivered to the Trustee, to pay at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder with respect to such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect to such series except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03 and 7.10, that shall survive until the date of maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter, and the Trustee, on demand of the Company and at the cost and expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series.

Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations.

Thereafter, Sections 7.06 and 11.05 shall survive.

Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust.

Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents.

shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations.

Section 11.05 Repayment to Company.

Any moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with any paying agent or the Trustee, or then held by the Company, in trust for payment of principal of or premium, if any, or interest on the Securities of a particular series that are not applied but remain unclaimed by the holders of such Securities for at least two years after the date upon which the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on such Securities shall have respectively become due and payable, or such other shorter period set forth in applicable escheat or abandoned or unclaimed property law, shall be repaid to the Company on May 31 of each year or upon the Company’s request or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged from such trust; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations, and the holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter, as a general creditor, look only to the Company for the payment thereof.

ARTICLE 12

IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

Section 12.01 No Recourse.

ARTICLE 13

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns.

All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements in this Indenture made by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not.

Section 13.02 Actions by Successor.

Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the Company shall and may be done and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful successor of the Company.

Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers.

Section 13.04 Notices.

Section 13.05 Governing Law.

Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt.

It is intended that the Securities will be treated as indebtedness and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of this Indenture shall be interpreted to further this intention.

Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent.

Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days.

Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officers’ Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption of any Security shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and premium, if any) may be made on the next succeeding Business Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for the period after such nominal date.

Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act.

Section 13.10 Counterparts.

This Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.

Section 13.11 Separability.

Indenture or of such Securities, but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable provision had never been contained herein or therein.

Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates.

The Company shall deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year during which any Securities of any series were outstanding, an officer’s certificate stating whether or not the signers know of any Default or Event of Default that occurred during such fiscal year. Such certificate shall contain a certification from the principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer of the Company that a review has been conducted of the activities of the Company and the Company’s performance under this Indenture and that the Company has complied with all conditions and covenants under this Indenture. For purposes of this Section 13.12, such compliance shall be determined without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided under this Indenture. If the officer of the Company signing such certificate has knowledge of such a Default or Event of Default, the certificate shall describe any such Default or Event of Default and its status.

ARTICLE 14

SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES

Section 14.01 Subordination Terms.

The payment by the Company of the principal of, premium, if any, and interest on any series of securities issued hereunder shall be subordinated to the extent set forth in an indenture supplemental hereto relating to such Securities.

I N W ITNESS W HEREOF , the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.


I NOVIO P HARMACEUTICALS , I NC .

By:
Name:
Title:


[T RUSTEE ] , as Trustee

By:
Name:
Title:

CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE (1)


Section of Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as Amended		Section of Indenture
310(a)		7.09
310(b)		7.08
		7.10
310(c)		Inapplicable
311(a)		7.13
311(b)		7.13
311(c)		Inapplicable
312(a)		5.01
		5.02(a)
312(b)		5.02(c)
312(c)		5.02(c)
313(a)		5.04(a)
313(b)		5.04(b)
313(c)		5.04(a)
		5.04(b)
313(d)		5.04(c)
314(a)		5.03
		13.12
314(b)		Inapplicable
314(c)		13.07(a)
314(d)		Inapplicable
314(e)		13.07(b)
314(f)		Inapplicable
315(a)		7.01(a)
		7.01(b)
315(b)		7.14
315(c)		7.01
315(d)		7.01(b)
315(e)		6.07
316(a)		6.06
		8.04
316(b)		6.04
316(c)		8.01
317(a)		6.02
317(b)		4.03
318(a)		13.09

(1)	This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.

EXHIBIT 5.1

[DUANE MORRIS LLP LETTERHEAD]

July 23, 2014

Board of Directors

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

1787 Sentry Park West

Blue Bell, Pennsylvania 19422

Re:

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Corporation”) Registration Statement on Form S-3

Gentlemen:

We have acted as counsel to the Corporation, a Delaware corporation, in connection with its Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the “Registration Statement”) filed pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Registration Statement, including the prospectus which forms a part of the Registration Statement (the “Prospectus”), and as may be supplemented from time to time by one or more prospectus supplements (each, a “Prospectus Supplement”), provides for the registration by the Corporation of:

(i) Shares of common stock, par value $.001 per share (the “Common Stock”);

(ii) Shares of preferred stock, par value $.001 per share (the “Preferred Stock”);

(iii) Senior debt securities in one or more series or subordinated debt securities in one or more series (the senior or subordinated debt securities, together, the “Debt Securities”), which the Corporation may issue under the respective indentures (each, including any supplements to the respective indentures between the Corporation and a trustee to be selected by the Corporation, an “Indenture”) filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement;

(iv) Warrants to purchase the Common Stock, the Preferred Stock or the Debt Securities (the “Securities Warrants”), which the Corporation may issue under warrant agreements between the Corporation and a warrant agent to be selected by the Corporation, to be dated on or about the date of the first issuance of the applicable Securities Warrants thereunder;

(v) Units comprised of one or more of the Common Stock, the Preferred Stock, the Debt Securities or the Securities (the “Units”).

(vi) We collectively refer to the Common Stock, the Preferred Stock, the Debt Securities, the Securities Warrants and the Units in the Registration Statement and any Prospectus Supplement as the “Securities.” The Corporation is registering the Securities for offering and sale from time to time pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act.

In connection with this opinion, we have examined and relied upon the originals, or copies certified to our satisfaction, of such records, documents, certificates and other instruments as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate to enable us to render the opinions expressed below. Insofar as this opinion letter relates to factual matters, we have assumed and without independent investigation that the statements of the Corporation contained in the Registration Statement are true and correct as to all factual matters stated therein.

Board of Directors

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Page 2

July 23, 2014

In rendering this opinion, we have assumed the genuineness and authenticity of all signatures on original documents, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to originals of all documents submitted to us as copies, the accuracy, completeness and authenticity of certificates of public officials and the due authorization, execution and delivery of all documents where authorization, execution and delivery are prerequisites to the effectiveness of such documents, other than the due authorization, execution and delivery by the Corporation of an Indenture.

We have assumed:

•

With respect to our opinion as to the Offered Common Stock, as defined below, that, at the time of issuance and sale, the Corporation has authorized and reserved and made available for issuance a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock and that the consideration for the issuance and sale of the Offered Common Stock is cash in an amount that is not less than the par value of the Common Stock;

•

With respect to our opinion as to the Offered Preferred Stock, as defined below, that, at the time of issuance and sale, the Corporation has authorized and reserved and made available for issuance a sufficient number of shares of Preferred Stock and that the consideration for the issuance and sale of the Offered Preferred Stock is cash in an amount that is not less than the par value of the Preferred Stock;

•

With respect to Securities being issued upon conversion of any convertible Offered Preferred Stock, the applicable convertible Offered Preferred Stock will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable; and

•

With respect to any Securities being issued upon conversion of any convertible Offered Debt Securities, as defined below, or upon exercise of any Offered Warrants, as defined below, or upon settlement of any Offered Unit Securities, as defined below, the applicable convertible Offered Debt Securities, Offered Warrants or Offered Unit Securities will be valid and legally binding obligations of the Corporation, enforceable against the Corporation in accordance with their terms, except as enforcement thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, or other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles, regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity.

We express our opinion solely with respect to the federal laws of the United States, the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) and, as to the Debt Securities constituting valid and legally binding obligations of the Corporation, the laws of the State of New York. We base our opinion on these laws as in effect on the date hereof, and we disclaim any undertaking to advise you of any subsequent changes in the facts stated or assumed in the Registration Statement or any Prospectus Supplement or of any subsequent changes in applicable law. We are not rendering any opinion as to compliance with any federal or state antifraud law, rule or regulation relating to securities, or to the sale or issuance thereof.

Board of Directors

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Page 3

July 23, 2014

On the basis of the foregoing and in reliance thereon, and subject to the qualifications stated in this opinion, we are of the opinion that:

1. With respect to the Common Stock offered under the Registration Statement (the “Offered Common Stock”), provided that (i) the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act and the Prospectus and any Prospectus Supplement required by applicable laws have been delivered as required by such laws; (ii) the Corporation has duly authorized the issuance of the Offered Common Stock by all necessary corporate action; (iii) the issuance and sale of the Offered Common Stock does not violate any applicable law or the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), or the Corporation’s By-laws, as amended (the “By-laws”) or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Corporation and complies with any applicable requirement or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Corporation, and (iv) the certificates for the Offered Common Stock have been duly executed by the Corporation, countersigned by the transfer agent therefor and duly delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment therefor, then the Offered Common Stock, when issued and sold as contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement and in accordance with any applicable duly authorized, executed and delivered purchase, underwriting or similar agreement, or upon conversion of any convertible Offered Preferred Stock or convertible Offered Debt Securities in accordance with their terms, or upon exercise of any Offered Warrants in accordance with their terms, or upon settlement of any Offered Unit Securities in accordance with their terms, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

2. With respect to the Preferred Stock offered under the Registration Statement (the “Offered Preferred Stock”), provided that (i) the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act and the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement required by applicable laws have been delivered as required by such laws; (ii) the Corporation has duly authorized the issuance of the Offered Preferred Stock by all necessary corporate action; (iii) the issuance and sale of the Offered Preferred Stock does not violate any applicable law or the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Corporation and complies with any applicable requirement or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Corporation, and (iv) the certificates for the Offered Preferred Stock have been duly executed by the Corporation, countersigned by the transfer agent therefor and duly delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment therefor, then the Offered Preferred Stock, when issued and sold as contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement and in accordance with any applicable duly authorized, executed and delivered purchase, underwriting or similar agreement, or upon conversion of any convertible Offered Debt Securities in accordance with their terms, or upon exercise of any Offered Warrants in accordance with their terms, or upon settlement of any Offered Unit Securities in accordance with their terms, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

3. With respect to any series of Debt Securities issued under an Indenture and offered under the Registration Statement (the “Offered Debt Securities”), provided that (i) the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act and the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement required by applicable laws have been delivered as required by such laws; (ii) the Corporation has duly authorized the issuance of the Offered Debt Securities by all necessary corporate action; (iii) the issuance and sale of the Offered Debt Securities does not violate any applicable law or

Board of Directors

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Page 4

July 23, 2014

the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Corporation and complies with any applicable requirement or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Corporation, and (iv) the Offered Debt Securities have been duly executed and delivered by the Corporation and authenticated by the Trustee pursuant to an Indenture and duly delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment therefor, then the Offered Debt Securities, when issued and sold as contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement and in accordance with any applicable duly authorized, executed and delivered purchase, underwriting or similar agreement or upon exercise of any Offered Warrants in accordance with their terms, will be valid and legally binding obligations of the Corporation, enforceable against the Corporation in accordance with their terms, except as enforcement thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles, regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity.

4. With respect to the Warrants offered under the Registration Statement (the “Offered Warrants”), provided that (i) the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act and the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement required by applicable laws have been delivered as required by such laws; (ii) the Corporation has duly authorized the issuance of the Offered Warrants by all necessary corporate action; (iii) the issuance and sale of the Offered Warrants does not violate any applicable law or the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Corporation and complies with any applicable requirement or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Corporation, and (iv) the Offered Warrants have been duly executed and delivered by the Corporation and authenticated by the warrant agent therefor pursuant to the applicable warrant agreement and duly delivered to the purchasers thereof against payment therefor, then the Offered Warrants, when issued and sold as contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement and in accordance with any applicable duly authorized, executed and delivered purchase, underwriting or similar agreement, or upon conversion of any convertible Offered Preferred Stock or convertible Offered Debt Securities in accordance with their terms, will be valid and legally binding obligations of the Corporation, enforceable against the Corporation in accordance with their terms, except as enforcement thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles, regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity.

5. With respect to the Units offered under the Registration Statement (the “Offered Unit Securities”), provided that (i) the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act and the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement required by applicable laws have been delivered as required by such laws; (ii) the Corporation has duly authorized the issuance of the Offered Unit Securities by all necessary corporate action; (iii) the issuance and sale of the Offered Unit Securities does not violate any applicable law or the Certificate of Incorporation or By-laws or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Corporation and complies with any applicable requirement or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Corporation and (iv) the Corporation has duly executed and delivered the Offered Unit Securities against payment therefor, then the Offered Unit Securities, when issued and sold as contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement and

Board of Directors

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Page 5

July 23, 2014

in accordance with any applicable duly authorized, executed and delivered purchase, underwriting or similar agreement, will be valid and legally binding obligations of the Corporation, enforceable against the Corporation in accordance with their terms, except as enforcement thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles, regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity.

The opinions set forth above are subject to the following additional exceptions, limitations and qualifications: (a) the effect of applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership, moratorium, fraudulent conveyance, and transfer, or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors and legal principles of general application; (b) the effect of general principles of equity, including principles of materiality, reasonableness and good faith, and the application of such equitable principles to limit the availability of equitable remedies, such as specific performance and injunctive relief (regardless of whether considered in a proceeding at law or in equity) (such principles of equity are of general application, and in applying such principles a court, among other things, might not allow a creditor to accelerate maturity of debt under certain circumstances including, without limitation, upon the occurrence of a default deemed immaterial or might decline to order the Company to perform covenants); (c) public policy considerations that may limit the rights of parties to obtain remedies; (d) the unenforceability under certain circumstances under law or court decisions of provisions providing for the indemnification of, or contribution to, a party with respect to a liability, whether because such indemnification or contribution is contrary to public policy or otherwise; (e) we express no opinion concerning the enforceability of the waiver of rights or defenses contained in an Indenture; (f) the unenforceability of any provision requiring the payment of attorneys’ fees, except to the extent a court determines such fees to be reasonable; (g) we express no opinion with respect to any provisions of the Debt Securities or an Indenture that may provide for interest on interest or penalty interest or whether acceleration of the Debt Securities may affect the collectability of that portion of the stated principal amount thereof that might be determined to constitute unearned interest thereon; (h) requirements that a claim with respect to any Debt Securities denominated in a currency, currency unit or composite currency other than United States dollars (or a judgment denominated other than in United States dollars in respect of such claim) be converted into United States dollars at a rate of exchange prevailing on a date determined pursuant to applicable law; (i) governmental authority to limit, delay or prohibit the making of payments outside the United States or in foreign currencies, currency units or composite currencies; (j) we express no opinion regarding the effectiveness of any waiver in respect of any of the Securities of any rights that a party has, or of duties that are owed to it, as a matter of law, or that is broadly stated or does not describe the right or duty purportedly waived with reasonable specificity; (k) the Securities being offered, issued and sold solely in the manner stated in the Registration Statement, any appropriate Prospectus Supplement or other offering material; and (l) in the case of an Indenture, the Warrants (or related warrant agreement), any certificate of designations, any Units, any underwriting agreement and any other agreements or instruments pursuant to which any Securities are to be issued or sold that come into existence after the date of this opinion or that were otherwise not provided to us (including, without limitation, any supplements to or other amendments of an Indenture), that such agreements or instruments shall, if necessary, have been duly filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or duly incorporated therein by reference and that there shall be no terms or provisions contained therein that would have the effect, under then applicable law, of vitiating or creating a contractual defense to the validity and legally binding nature of such instrument or agreement, or that would affect the validity of any of the opinions rendered herein.

Board of Directors

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Page 6

July 23, 2014

This opinion is to be used only in connection with the offer and sale of the Securities while the Registration Statement is in effect and may not be used, quoted or relied upon for any other purpose nor may this opinion be furnished to, quoted to or relied upon by any other person or entity, for any purpose, without our prior written consent.

We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) as an exhibit to the Registration Statement in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and to the use of this firm’s name therein and in the related prospectus under the caption “Validity of Securities.” In giving this consent, we do not thereby admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder. This opinion is expressed as of the date hereof unless otherwise expressly stated, and we disclaim any undertaking to advise you of any subsequent changes in the facts stated or assumed herein or of any subsequent changes in applicable law.

Sincerely,

/s/ Duane Morris LLP

DUANE MORRIS LLP

Exhibit 12.1

STATEMENT OF COMPUTATION OF RATIOS


	Years Ended December 31,															Three Months Ended March 31,
	2009			2010			2011			2012			2013			2014
Earnings:
Net loss	$	(24,458,924	)	$	(17,638,746	)	$	(15,304,095	)	$	(19,712,980	)	$	(66,083,532	)	$	(10,830,868	)
Add: fixed charges		408,647			261,425			141,900			146,520			313,500			90,090

Earnings, as defined	$	(24,050,277	)	$	(17,377,321	)	$	(15,162,195	)	$	(19,566,460	)	$	(65,770,032	)	$	(10,740,778	)


Fixed charges and preferred stock dividends:
Interest expensed	$	210,977		$	61,115		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Estimated interest component of rent		197,670			200,310			141,900			146,520			313,500			90,090

Total fixed charges		408,647			261,425			141,900			146,520			313,500			90,090


Preferred stock dividends		—			—			—			—			—			—

Total fixed charges and preferred stock dividends	$	408,647		$	261,425		$	141,900		$	146,520		$	313,500		$	90,090


Ratio of earnings to fixed charges		—			—			—			—						—


Ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock dividends		—			—			—			—						—

We reported a net loss for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and the three months ended March 31, 2014 and would have needed to generate additional income of $24,458,924, $17,638,746, $15,304,095, $19,712,980, $66,083,532 and $10,830,868, respectively, to cover our fixed charges of $408,647, $261,425, $141,900, $146,520, $313,500 and $90,090, respectively.

For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges, earnings consist of net loss plus fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest expense and an estimate of the interest within rental expense.

Exhibit 23.2

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the reference to our firm under the caption “Experts” in the Registration Statement (Form S-3) and related Prospectus of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the registration of up to $175,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units and to the incorporation by reference therein of our reports dated March 17, 2014, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2013, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

San Diego, California

July 23, 2014

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

Smaller reporting company