The following tables present selected historical financial and operating data for the Company derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. You should read the following information in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes, and the information under “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in this annual report.

The financial data at and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and for the nine-month period ended December 31, 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, unless otherwise stated.

The financial data at and for the unaudited nine-month period ended December 31, 2012 is presented solely for the purpose of providing meaningful comparisons with the audited nine-month period ended December 31, 2013. The unaudited consolidated financial information for the nine-month period ended December 31, 2012 was derived from the interim financial information included in the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013. Similarly, the financial data at and for the unaudited twelve-month period ended December 31, 2013 is provided solely for the purposes of meaningful comparison with the audited fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. The unaudited consolidated financial information for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2013 was prepared by compiling the financial information presented in the consolidated financial statements for the nine-month period ended December 31, 2013 with the unaudited interim financial information for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, which was included in the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013.

In the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012 our sugar and ethanol assets were contributed to the formation of the joint ventures, Raízen Energia and Raízen Combustíveis, and the revenues from such operations ceased to be consolidated into the results of operations, as these joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method, in accordance with IFRS 11.

Business Segments and Presentation of Segment Financial Data

The Company presents the following reportable segments:

(1) Raízen Energia: production and marketing of a variety of products derived from sugar cane, including raw sugar (VHP), anhydrous and hydrated ethanol, and activities related to energy cogeneration from sugarcane bagasse. In addition, this segment holds interests in companies engaged in research and development on new technology;

(2) Raízen Combustíveis: distribution and marketing of fuels, mainly through a franchised network of service stations under the “Shell” brand throughout Brazil;

(3) Comgás: distribution of piped natural gas under a concession covering part of the State of São Paulo (approximately 180 municipalities, including the São Paulo metropolitan area) to customers in the industrial, residential, commercial, automotive, thermo-generation and cogeneration sectors;

(4) Cosan Logística: logistics services for rail transportation, storage and port loading of commodities, mainly for grains and sugar;

(5) Moove, consisting of Cosan Lubrificantes e Especialidades S.A. or “Cosan Lubrificantes” and Comma Oil & Chemicals Ltd. or “Comma:” production and distribution of lubricants under the Mobil brand in Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay and Spain, as well as in the European and Asian markets under the Comma trademark; and

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Reconciliation

(1) Cosan Corporate: other investments (including Radar and its affiliates, which manages, buys, sells and leases agricultural land), in addition to the corporate activities of the Company. The other business segments include the financing subsidiaries for the Cosan group.

Following the adoption of IFRS 11, as of April 1, 2013 Cosan no longer proportionally consolidates Raízen Energia and Raízen Combustíveis in its consolidated statement of financial position, consolidated statement of profit or loss and comprehensive income and consolidated cash flows, and the results from these businesses are accounted for under the line item “Equity in income of jointly controlled entity” in our consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.

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The table below provides a reconciliation of Net debt, a non-GAAP measure:

Exchange Rates

The Brazilian foreign exchange system allows the purchase and sale of foreign currency and the international transfer of Reais by any person or legal entity, regardless of the amount, subject to certain regulatory procedures.

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Since 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank has allowed the Real /U.S. dollar exchange rate to float freely, which resulted in increasing exchange rate volatility. Until early 2003, the Real declined against the U.S. dollar. Between 2004 and 2008, the Real strengthened against the U.S. dollar, except in the most severe periods of the global economic crisis. Given the recent turmoil in international markets and the current Brazilian macroeconomic outlook, the Real depreciated against the U.S. dollar from mid-2011 to early 2016. Beginning in early 2016 through the end of 2016, the Real appreciated against the U.S. dollar, primarily as a result of Brazil’s changing political conditions. In 2017 to the date of this annual report, the Real has continued to appreciate against the U.S. dollar due to optimism about economic recovery in Brazil and the improved political climate. In the past, the Brazilian Central Bank has intervened occasionally to control high volatility in the foreign exchange rates. We cannot predict whether the Brazilian Central Bank or the Brazilian government will continue to permit the Real to float freely or will intervene in the exchange rate market through the return of a currency band system or otherwise. In the future, the Real may fluctuate substantially against the U.S. dollar.

Furthermore, Brazilian law provides that, whenever there is a serious imbalance in Brazil’s balance of payments or there are compelling reasons to foresee a serious imbalance, temporary restrictions may be imposed on remittances of foreign capital abroad. Any such restrictions on remittances of foreign capital abroad may limit our ability to receive dividends from our subsidiaries Cosan S.A. and Cosan Logística S.A. We cannot assure you that such measures will not be taken by the Brazilian government in the future. Exchange rate fluctuation will affect the U.S. dollar equivalent of the market price of our Brazilian Depositary Receipts, or “BDRs,” on BM&FBOVESPA, as well as the U.S. dollar value of any distributions we receive from our subsidiaries Cosan S.A. and Cosan Logística S.A., which will be made in Reais . See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Brazil.”

The following tables set forth the selling rate, expressed in Reais per U.S. dollar (R$/U.S.$), for the periods indicated:

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

This section is intended to be a summary of more detailed discussion contained elsewhere in this annual report. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of the risks and uncertainties described below. As a result, the market price of our shares and the BDRs could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our financial condition and business operations.

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Risks Related to Our Businesses, the Operations of Our Joint Venture, and Industries in Which We Operate

We may not be successful in reducing operating costs and increasing operating efficiencies.

As part of our strategy, we continue to seek to reduce operating costs and increase operating efficiencies to improve our future financial performance. We may not be able to achieve the cost savings that we expect to achieve as a result of several factors, including increases in the price of our raw materials and other cost inputs.

Given the highly competitive markets in which we operate, with prices often being defined by global supply and demand, it is highly likely that we will not pass on material cost increases, which would materially adversely affect our financial performance.

The expansion of our business through acquisitions and strategic alliances creates risks that may reduce the benefits we anticipate from these transactions.

We have grown substantially through acquisitions. We may continue to expand by acquiring or investing, directly or indirectly, from time to time, in businesses considered suitable by our management that are consistent with our values and that are expected to generate positive returns. We may also enter into strategic alliances to increase our competitiveness. However, our management is unable to predict whether or when any prospective acquisitions or strategic alliances will occur, or the likelihood of any particular transaction being completed on favorable terms and conditions. Our ability to continue to expand our business through acquisitions or alliances depends on many factors, including our ability to identify acquisitions or access capital markets on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to identify acquisition targets and obtain the necessary financing to make these acquisitions, we could financially overextend ourselves.

Acquisitions, especially involving sizeable enterprises, may present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including diversion of management attention from existing business and difficulties in integrating operations and personnel. Any failure by us to integrate new businesses or manage any new alliances successfully could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Some of our major competitors may be pursuing growth through acquisitions and alliances, which may reduce the likelihood that we will be successful in completing acquisitions and alliances. In addition, any major acquisition we consider may be subject to antitrust and other regulatory approvals. We may not be successful in obtaining required approvals on a timely basis or at all.

Acquisitions also pose the risk that we may be exposed to successor liability relating to prior actions involving an acquired company, or contingent liabilities incurred before the acquisition. Due diligence conducted in connection with an acquisition, and any contractual guarantees or indemnities that we receive from sellers of acquired companies, may not be sufficient to protect us from, or compensate us for, actual liabilities. A material liability associated with an acquisition, such as labor- or environmental-related liabilities, could adversely affect our reputation and financial performance and reduce the benefits of the acquisition.

We may engage in hedging transactions, which involve risks that can harm our financial performance.

We are exposed to market risks arising from the conduct of our business activities—in particular, market risks arising from changes in commodity prices, exchange rates or interest rates. In an attempt to minimize the effects of volatility of sugar prices and exchange rates on our cash flows and results of operations, we engage in hedging transactions involving commodities and exchange rate futures, options, forwards and swaps. We also engage in interest rate-related hedging transactions from time to time. Hedging transactions expose us to the risk of financial loss in situations where the counterparty to the hedging contract defaults on its contract or there is a change in the expected differential between the underlying price in the hedging agreement and the actual price of commodities or exchange rate. We may incur significant hedging-related losses in the future. We hedge against market price fluctuations by fixing the prices of our sugar export volumes and exchange rates. Since we record derivatives at fair value, to the extent that the market prices of our products exceed the fixed price under our hedging policy, our results will be lower than they would have been if we had not engaged in such transactions as a result of the related non-cash derivative expenses. As a result, our financial performance would be adversely affected during periods in which commodities prices increase. Alternatively, we may choose not to engage in hedging transactions in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance during periods in which commodities prices decrease.

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The costs of complying with current and future legislation related to environmental protection, health and safety, and the contingencies arising from environmental damage and affected third parties may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations as well as on our financial condition.

The judicial and administrative penalties, including criminal sanctions, imposed on those who fail to comply with environmental laws are applied irrespective of whether there exists any obligation on such persons to repair any damage caused to the environment. Furthermore, the obligation to repair environmental damage caused may be imposed upon all parties deemed to be involved in such damage, whether directly or indirectly and regardless of such parties’ actual culpability. As a result, when we hire third parties to perform work for us, such as the disposal of waste or vegetation suppression, we are not exempt from liability for any environmental damage caused by these independent contractors. In addition, we can be held liable for any and all consequences arising from the exposure of people to harmful substances or other environmental damage. The costs of complying with current and future legislation related to environmental protection, health and safety, and the contingencies arising from environmental damage and affected third parties may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations as well as on our financial condition.

Technological advances could affect demand for our products or require substantial capital expenditures for us to remain competitive.

The development and implementation of new technologies may result in a significant reduction in the costs of sugar and ethanol production. We cannot predict when new technologies may become available, the rate of acceptance of new technologies by our competitors or the costs associated with such new technologies. Advances in the development of alternatives to sugar and ethanol also could significantly reduce demand or eliminate the need for sugar and ethanol as a fuel oxygenate. Any advances in technology which require significant capital expenditures to remain competitive or which otherwise reduce demand for sugar and ethanol will have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

We may not be able to obtain or renew all licenses and permits required for our business.

We are currently in the process of obtaining or renewing, as the case may be, certain licenses and permits (including real estate licenses and permits) required for the continuity of our activities. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to obtain or renew all licenses and permits (including real estate licenses and permits) required for our business and operations.

We may be unable to implement our growth strategy successfully.

Our future growth and financial performance will depend, in part, on the successful implementation of our business strategy, including: (a) our ability to attract new clients or increase volume from existing clients in specific markets and locations, (b) our capacity to finance investments (through indebtedness or otherwise) and (c) our ability to increase our operational capacity and expand our current capacity to supply to new markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to achieve these objectives successfully or at all. Our failure to achieve any of these objectives as a result of competitive difficulties, cost or restrictions on our ability to invest may limit our ability to implement our growth strategy successfully. We may need to incur additional indebtedness in order to finance new investments to implement our growth strategy. Unfavorable economic conditions in Brazil and in the global credit markets, such as high interest rates on new loans, reduced liquidity or reduced interest of financial institutions in granting loans, may limit our access to new credit. Furthermore, failure to achieve our expected growth may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and our ability to repay our debt obligations.

We may face conflicts of interest in transactions with related parties.

We engage in business and financial transactions with our controlling shareholder and other shareholders that may create conflicts of interest between our Company and these shareholders. For example, we enter into land leasing agreements with our affiliates, including Amaralina Agrícola Ltda., or Amaralina, Santa Bárbara Agrícola S.A., or Santa Bárbara and São Francisco S.A., or São Francisco. The accounts payable balances result mainly from the lease of agriculture land, which are at prices and on terms equivalent to the average terms and prices of transactions that we enter into with third parties. Commercial and financial transactions between our affiliates and us, even on if entered into on an arm’s-length basis, create the potential for, or could result in, conflicts of interests.

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Lack of service providers for our expansion projects could adversely affect our business.

We are engaged in a number of expansion projects within our concession area that will require a significant number of service providers, which may not be available. Consequently, if we are unable to contract the necessary services due to service industry shortages or a lack of providers with the technical ability to provide the services we require, this could have an adverse on our expansion projects or lead to delays in the execution of our expansion projects as new service providers go through an approval process and develop the technical qualification to commence operations. Any delay or failure to commence or continue our expansion projects within our projected timeframe or budget could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could adversely affect our business.

We depend on information technology systems for significant elements of our operations, including the storage of data and retrieval of critical business information. Our information technology systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including network failures, malicious human acts, and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, and similar disruptive problems. Failures or significant disruptions to our information technology systems or those used by our third-party service providers could prevent us from conducting our general business operations. Any disruption or loss of information technology systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Further, we store highly confidential information on our information technology systems, including information related to our products. If our servers or the servers of the third party on which our data is stored are attacked by a physical or electronic break-in, computer virus or other malicious human action, our confidential information could be stolen or destroyed. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential information of our suppliers, customers, or others, whether by us or a third party, could (1) subject us to civil and criminal penalties, (2) have a negative impact on our reputation, or (3) expose us to liability to our suppliers, customers, other third parties or government authorities. Any of these developments could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our performance depends on favorable labor relations with our employees and our compliance with labor laws. Any deterioration of those relations or increase in labor costs could adversely affect our business.

All of our employees are represented by labor organizations. Our relationships with these labor organizations are governed by labor agreements or collective bargaining agreements which we negotiate with labor organizations. Upon the expiry of such agreements, we are required to renegotiate new agreements with the applicable labor organizations. As part of these renegotiations, new terms and conditions may be established. In certain cases, these agreements may not be renewed, which could lead to strikes and/or stoppages in our activities and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in industries in which the supply, demand and the market price for our products are cyclical and are affected by general economic conditions in Brazil and globally.

The ethanol and sugar industries, both globally and in Brazil, have historically been cyclical and sensitive to domestic and international changes in supply and demand.

Our sugar production depends on the volume and sucrose content of the sugarcane that we cultivate or is provided to us by farmers located near our plants. Crop yields and sucrose content of the sugarcane mainly depend on weather conditions, such as rainfall and temperature, which may vary and may be influenced by global climate change.

Weather conditions have caused volatility in the ethanol and sugar sectors and, consequently, in our operational results by causing crop failures or reduced harvests. Floods, droughts and frosts, which can be influenced by global climate change, may affect the supply and prices of the agricultural commodities we sell and use in our business. Future climate conditions may reduce the quantity of sugar and sugarcane that we can obtain in a given crop or the sucrose content of the sugarcane. In addition, our production of sugar and ethanol is contingent on our ability to incur capital expenditures to renew sugarcane crops.

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Historically, the international sugar market has experienced periods of limited supply—causing sugar prices and industry profit margins to increase—followed by an expansion in the industry that results in oversupply—causing declines in sugar prices and industry profit margins. In addition, fluctuations in prices for ethanol or sugar may occur, for various other reasons, including factors beyond our control, such as:

The prices we are able to obtain for sugar depends, in large part, on prevailing market conditions. These market conditions, both in Brazil and internationally, are beyond our control. The wholesale price of sugar has a significant impact on our profits. Like other agricultural commodities, sugar is subject to price fluctuations resulting from weather, natural disasters, harvest levels, agricultural investments, government policies and programs for the agricultural sector, domestic and foreign trade policies, shifts in supply and demand, increasing purchasing power, global production of similar or competing products, and other factors beyond our control. In addition, a significant portion of the total worldwide sugar production is traded on exchanges and thus is subject to speculation, which could affect the price of sugar and our results of operations. The price of sugar, in particular, is also affected by producers’ compliance with sugar export requirements and the resulting effects on domestic supply. As a consequence, sugar prices have been subject to higher historical volatility when compared to many other commodities. Competition from alternative sweeteners, including saccharine and high fructose corn syrup, known as “HFCS,” changes in Brazilian or international agricultural or trade policies or developments relating to international trade, including those under the World Trade Organization, are factors that can directly or indirectly result in lower domestic or global sugar prices. Sugar prices reached their highest levels in nearly 30 years during the 2010 fiscal year, reflecting the deficit in global sugar production. However, from 2010 to 2014, sugar prices decreased due to the increase in global sugar supplies. Any prolonged or significant decrease in sugar prices could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

Ethanol is marketed as a fuel additive to reduce vehicle emissions from gasoline, as an enhancer to improve the octane rating of gasoline with which it is blended or as a substitute fuel for gasoline. As a result, ethanol prices are influenced by the supply of and demand for gasoline, and our business and financial performance may be materially adversely affected by fluctuations in the demand for and/or price of gasoline. The increase in the production and sale of flex fuel vehicles (hybrid vehicles, that run with ethanol or gasoline or both combined in any proportion) has resulted, in part, from lower taxation, since 2002, of such vehicles compared to gasoline only cars. This favorable tax treatment may be eliminated and the production of flex fuel vehicles may decrease, which could adversely affect demand for ethanol.

If we are unable to maintain sales at generally prevailing market prices for ethanol and sugar in Brazil and internationally, or if we are unable to export sufficient quantities of ethanol and sugar to assure an appropriate domestic market balance, our ethanol and sugar business as well as our cash flow may be adversely affected.

Ethanol prices are directly correlated to the price of sugar, so that a decline in the price of sugar will adversely affect both our ethanol and sugar businesses.

The price of ethanol generally is closely associated with the price of sugar and is increasingly becoming correlated to the price of oil. A vast majority of ethanol in Brazil is produced at sugarcane mills that produce both ethanol and sugar. Because sugarcane millers are able to alter their product mix in response to the relative prices of ethanol and sugar, this results in the prices of both products being directly correlated, and the correlation between ethanol and sugar may increase over time. In addition, sugar prices in Brazil are determined by prices in the world market, so that there is a correlation between Brazilian ethanol prices and world sugar prices.

Because flex fuel vehicles allow consumers to choose between gasoline and ethanol at the pump rather than at the showroom, ethanol prices are now becoming increasingly correlated to gasoline prices and, consequently, oil prices. We believe that the correlation among the three products will increase over time. Accordingly, a decline in sugar prices will have an adverse effect on the financial performance of our ethanol and sugar businesses, and a decline in oil prices may have an adverse effect on that of our ethanol business, including on its cash flows.

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We may not successfully implement our plans to sell energy from our cogeneration projects, and the Brazilian government’s regulation of the energy sector may adversely affect our business and financial performance.

Our current total installed energy cogeneration capacity is approximately 940 MW, which is used to generate energy for our own industrial operations and to sell surplus energy to third parties. The Brazilian government regulates the energy sector extensively. We may not be able to satisfy all the requirements necessary to enter into new contracts or to otherwise comply with Brazilian energy regulation. Changes to the current energy regulation or federal authorization programs, and the creation for more stringent criteria for qualification in future public energy auctions, may adversely affect the implementation of this element of our business strategy.

Any failure in the implementation of these plans may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A reduction in market demand for ethanol or a change in governmental policies requiring that ethanol be added to gasoline may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We produce and sell three different types of ethanol: hydrous ethanol, anhydrous ethanol for fuel and industrial ethanol. The primary type of ethanol consumed in Brazil is hydrous ethanol, which is used as an alternative to gasoline for flex fuel vehicles (as opposed to anhydrous ethanol which is used as an additive to gasoline).

Governmental authorities of several countries, including Brazil and the United States, currently require the use of anhydrous ethanol as an additive to gasoline. Since 1997, the Brazilian Sugar and Alcohol Interministerial Council ( Conselho Interministerial do Açúcar e Álcool ) has set the percentage of anhydrous ethanol that must be used as an additive to gasoline. According to CIMA Resolution No. 1 dated March 04, 2015, the current anhydrous ethanol percentage for regular gasoline is 27% and for additive/premium gasoline is 25%. Approximately one-half of all fuel ethanol in Brazil is used to fuel automobiles that run on a blend of anhydrous ethanol and gasoline; the remainder is used in either flex fuel vehicles or vehicles powered by hydrous ethanol alone. Other countries have similar governmental policies requiring various blends of anhydrous ethanol and gasoline. In addition, flex fuel vehicles in Brazil are currently taxed at lower levels than gasoline-only vehicles, which has contributed to the increase in the production and sale of flex fuel vehicles. Any reduction in the percentage of ethanol required to be added to gasoline or increase in the levels at which flex fuel vehicles are taxed in Brazil, as well as growth in the demand for natural gas and other fuels as an alternative to ethanol, lower gasoline prices or an increase in gasoline consumption (versus ethanol), may cause demand for ethanol to decline and affect our business. In addition, ethanol prices are influenced by the supply and demand for gasoline; therefore, a reduction in oil prices resulting in a decrease in gasoline prices and an increase in gasoline consumption (versus ethanol), may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Government policies and regulations affecting the agricultural and fuel sectors and related industries could have a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability.

Agricultural production and trade flows are significantly affected by Brazilian federal, state and municipal, as well as foreign, government policies and regulations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies and import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products, may influence industry profitability, the planting of certain crops versus others, the uses of agricultural resources, the location and size of crop production, the trading levels for unprocessed versus processed commodities, and the volume and types of imports and exports.

Future government policies in Brazil and elsewhere may adversely affect the supply, and demand for, and prices of, our products or restrict our ability to do business in our existing and target markets, which could adversely affect our financial performance. Our operations are currently concentrated in the state of São Paulo. Any changes affecting governmental policies and regulations regarding natural gas in the state of São Paulo (at the federal, state or municipal level) may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

In addition, petroleum and petroleum products have historically been subject to price controls in Brazil. Currently there is no legislation or regulation in force giving the Brazilian government the power to set prices for petroleum, petroleum products, ethanol or vehicular natural gas. However, given that Petrobras, the only supplier of oil-based fuels in Brazil, is a government-controlled company, prices of petroleum and petroleum products are subject to government influence, resulting in potential inconsistencies between international prices and internal oil derivative prices that affect our business and our financial results, which are not linked to international prices.

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Raízen Energia, Raízen Combustíveis and Moove are subject to the application of regulatory penalties in the event of non-compliance with the terms and conditions of their respective authorizations, including the possible revocation of such authorizations.

Raízen Energia performs generation activities in accordance with the regulation applicable to the energy sector and with the terms and conditions of authorizations granted by the Brazilian government, through ANEEL. The duration of such authorizations varies from 30 to 35 years.

ANEEL may apply regulatory penalties to Raízen Energia in the event of non-compliance with the authorizations or with the energy sector regulation. Such penalties may include warnings, fines (in some cases up to 2% of our revenues for the last 12 months), restrictions on Raízen Energia’s operations, temporary suspension from participating in public bidding procedures to obtain new permissions, authorizations and concessions, prohibition from contracting with ANEEL, and revocation of its authorizations, based upon the gravity of the infraction.

In addition, Raízen Combustíveis performs fuel distribution activities and Moove manufactures and distributes lubricants in accordance with the regulation applicable to the oil and gas sector and with the terms and conditions of the authorizations granted by the Brazilian government, through the ANP. The ANP may apply regulatory penalties to Raízen Combustíveis and Cosan Lubrificantes in the event of non-compliance with the authorizations or with the oil and gas sector regulation. Such penalties may include fines, seizure and/or destruction of product, cancellation of product registry, partial or total interdiction of commercial establishments, and revocation of regulatory authorization, among others. The fines may vary from R$5,000 to R$5,000,000 based upon the type and gravity of the infraction.

Raízen Energia, Raízen Combustíveis and Moove cannot assure that they will not be penalized by ANEEL or ANP, respectively, nor can they assure you that they will comply with all terms and conditions of their authorizations and with the regulation applicable to their respective businesses, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Raízen Energia and Raízen Combustíveis face significant competition, which may have a material adverse effect on our market share and profitability.

The ethanol and sugar industries are highly competitive. Internationally, we compete with global ethanol and sugar producers in the United States, India, Thailand, Australia, among other countries and producers such as Poet, Inc., Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Cargill, Inc. and A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company (a subsidiary of Tate & Lyle, PLC). Some of our competitors are divisions of larger enterprises and have greater financial resources than us. In Brazil, we compete with numerous small to medium-size producers. Despite increased consolidation, the Brazilian ethanol and sugar industries remain highly fragmented. Our major competitors in Brazil are Biosev (the second largest ethanol and sugar producer in Brazil), Tereos—Guarani (the third-largest ethanol and sugar producer in Brazil), Bunge, Santa Terezinha, São Martinho, Carlos Lyra, Tercio Wanderley, Zilor, Oscar Figueiredo, Da Pedra, and Irmãos Biagi and other ethanol and sugar producers in Brazil that market their ethanol and sugar products through the Cooperative of Sugarcane, Sugar and Ethanol Producers of the state of São Paulo ( Cooperativa de Produtores de Cana-de-açúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo ), or Copersucar. Copersucar consists of producers in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná. We are not a member of Copersucar.

We face strong competition from international producers, particularly in highly regulated and protected markets, such as the United States and the European Union. Historically, imports of sugar have not provided substantial competition for us in Brazil due to, among other factors, the production and logistical cost-competitiveness of sugar produced in Brazil. If the Brazilian government were to create incentives for sugar imports, we could face increased competition in the Brazilian market by foreign producers. Many factors influence our competitive position, including the availability, quality and cost of fertilizer, energy, water, chemical products and labor. Some of our international competitors have greater financial and marketing resources, larger customer bases and broader product ranges than we do. If we are unable to remain competitive with these producers in the future, our market share may be adversely affected.

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The fuel distribution and lubricant market in Brazil is highly competitive. For example, we compete with domestic fuel distributors who purchase substantially all of their fuel from Petrobras. There are very few domestic competitors, such as us, who import certain products into Brazil. In addition, we compete with producers and marketers in other industries that supply alternative forms of energy and fuel to satisfy the requirements of our industrial, commercial and retail consumers. Certain of our competitors, such as Petrobras, have larger fuel distribution networks and vertically integrated oil refineries, and may be able to realize lower per-barrel costs or higher margins per barrel of throughput. Our principal competitors in the fuel distribution and the lubricant market are larger and have substantially greater resources than we do. Because of their integrated operations and larger capitalization, these companies may be more flexible in responding to volatile industry or market conditions, such as shortages of crude oil and other feedstock or intense price fluctuations. The actions of our competitors could lead to lower prices or reduced margins for the products we sell, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and our financial performance.

Government laws and regulations governing the burning of sugarcane, including requirements in respect of the Legal Reserve, could have a material adverse impact on our business or financial performance.

The state of São Paulo and some local governments have established laws and regulations that limit our ability to burn sugarcane or that reduce and/or entirely prohibit the burning of sugarcane. The costs to comply with existing or new laws or regulations are likely to increase the cost of production, and, as a result, our ability to operate our own mills and harvest our sugarcane crops may be materially adversely affected.

In addition to restrictions that limit sugarcane burning and other environmental restrictions, we are required to preserve a percentage of our rural properties (sugarcane fields and other facilities), in order to contribute to a biodiversity preservation and ecologic rehabilitation fund known as the “Legal Reserve.” For rural areas located in the state of São Paulo, 20% of the property must be preserved to comply with the Brazilian Forestry Code’s obligations.

Any failure to comply with these laws and regulations may subject us to legal and administrative actions. These actions can result in administrative or criminal penalties, including, but not limited to, suspension, shutdowns, a requirement to pay fines, which may range from R$50 to R$50 million and can be doubled or tripled in case of recidivism, an obligation to make capital and other expenditures or an obligation to materially change or cease some operations. In addition, we may be subject to civil liabilities, which include the obligation to redress any eventual damages caused to the environment and/or public health. The demonstration of the cause-effect relationship between the damage caused and action or omission is sufficient to trigger the obligation to redress environmental damage.

Adverse weather conditions may reduce the volume and sucrose content of sugarcane that we can cultivate and purchase in a given harvest as well as demands for natural gas, and we are affected by seasonality of the sugarcane growing cycle.

Our sugar production depends on the volume and sucrose content of the sugarcane that we cultivate or that is supplied to us by growers located in the vicinity of our mills. Crop yields and sucrose content depend primarily on weather conditions such as rainfall and temperature, which vary and may be influenced by global climate change. Weather conditions have historically caused volatility in the ethanol and sugar industries and, consequently, in our results of operations, by causing crop failures or reduced harvests. Flood or drought, which may be influenced by global climate change, can have a material adverse effect on the supply and pricing of the agricultural commodities that we sell and use in our business. Future weather patterns may reduce the amount of sugar or sugarcane that we can recover in a given harvest or its sucrose content.

During the third and fourth quarter of 2014, a severe drought affected southeast Brazil, Comgás’ concession area, during which time residents were encouraged to save water. As a relevant portion of Comgás’ revenues is derived from the residential segment, and a significant portion of natural gas used by residential consumers is used for heating water, Comgás experienced a decrease in its net revenues derived from the residential segment. Therefore, our and Comgás’ business may be materially affected by unusual climate patterns.

In addition, our business is subject to seasonal trends based on the sugarcane growing cycle in the central-south region of Brazil. The annual sugarcane harvesting period in the central-south region of Brazil begins in April/May and ends in November/December. This creates fluctuations in our inventory, usually peaking in December to cover sales between crop harvests ( i.e. , December through April), and a degree of seasonality in our gross profit, with ethanol and sugar sales significantly lower in the quarter ended on December 31. Seasonality and any reduction in the volumes of sugar recovered could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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We may be adversely affected by a shortage of sugarcane or by high sugarcane costs.

Sugarcane is the principal raw material used by Raízen Energia (a company which we jointly control with Shell) for the production of ethanol and sugar. As of December 31, 2016, sugarcane purchased from suppliers accounted for 49% of our total crushed sugarcane. Historically, approximately 92% of the sugarcane purchased by us has been under medium- and long-term contracts with sugarcane growers, 2% on a spot basis and the remaining 6% from sugarcane growers with whom we have long-term relationships but no contractual arrangements. We generally enter into medium- and long-term supply contracts for periods varying from three and one-half to seven years. As of December 31, 2016, we also leased approximately 528,000 hectares to produce our own sugarcane in contracts with an average term of twelve years. Any shortage in sugarcane supply or increase in sugarcane prices in the near future, including as a result of the termination of supply contracts or lease agreements representing a material reduction in the sugarcane available to us for processing or increase in sugarcane prices may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operation.

We are subject to developments affecting the Brazilian agribusiness sector as a whole.

We cannot assure you that. in the future, the Brazilian agribusiness sector will (i) maintain the rate of growth and development which it has experienced in recent years, and (ii) will not suffer losses due to unfavorable climatic conditions, reduction of the prices of the agricultural commodities in the national and international markets, changes in credit policies for domestic producers, both by government agencies and private entities, that may affect our income, as well as other economic and political crises that may affect the agricultural industry in general. Any deterioration in the overall condition of the Brazilian agribusiness sector may have a material adverse effect on us.

Raízen may be subject to expropriation of real estate intended for rural production.

The real estate used by Raízen, or by third parties with whom Raízen maintains a partnership or lease relationship, for the cultivation of sugarcane may be unilaterally expropriated by the Brazilian government for purposes of public and social interest, and we cannot assure you that the payment of the indemnification that they may have to pay to Raízen will be fair. Pursuant to Brazilian law, the Brazilian government may expropriate the real estate of rural producers where the sugarcane plantation is planted by necessity or public utility or social interest, partially or totally. In the event of expropriation, we cannot assure you that the price paid by the Brazilian government will be fair, equivalent to the market value, or that it will effectively and adequately compensate Raízen for the amounts invested. Accordingly, the eventual expropriation of any real estate used by Raízen, or by third parties with whom Raízen maintains partnership or lease relationships, may adversely and significantly affect Raízen’s financial situation and results, and may also impact Raízen’s activities.

Alternative sweeteners have negatively affected demand for our sugar products in Brazil and other countries.

We believe that the use of alternative sweeteners, especially artificial alternative sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharine and HFCS, has adversely affected the growth of the overall demand for sugar in Brazil and abroad. Soft drink bottlers in many countries have switched from sugar to, or increased consumption of, alternative sweeteners. In addition, the use of alternative sweeteners by sugar consumers, including soft drink bottlers, may also reduce the demand for sugar in Brazil. A substantial decrease in sugar consumption, or the increased use of alternative or artificial sweeteners, would decrease demand for our sugar products and could result in lower growth in our net sales and overall financial performance.

Raízen Energia’s sugar and ethanol products are sold to a small number of customers who may be able to exercise significant bargaining power concerning pricing and other sale terms.

A substantial portion of Raízen Energia’s sugar and ethanol production is sold to a small number of customers that acquire large portions of our production and thus may be able to exercise significant bargaining power concerning pricing and other sale terms. In addition, intensive competition in the ethanol and sugar industries further increases the bargaining power of customers and the potential for customers to purchase part of their sugar or ethanol from competitors, or for Raízen Energia to lose these customers altogether, creating a material adverse effect on its sales volumes.

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Raízen Energia’s export sales are subject to a broad range of risks associated with international operations.

In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, Raízen Energia’s net sales from exports represented 54% of our total net sales, while in the year ended December 31, 2015, the net sales from exports represented 60% of our total net sales.

In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, the net sales from sugar exports were R$4,357.4 million, representing 33.2% of its total net sales for the period. In the year ended December 31, 2015, net sales from sugar exports were R$3,660.1 million, representing 33% of total net sales for the period. Further, in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, net sales from exports of ethanol were R$2,670.0 million, representing 20.3% of total net sales for that period and in the year ended December 31, 2015, net sales from ethanol exports were R$2,982.6 million, representing 26.9% of total net sales for that period.

We expect to expand the ethanol exports in the future. Expansion of ethanol exports depends on factors beyond our control, including liberalization of existing trade barriers and the establishment of distribution systems for hydrous ethanol in countries outside of Brazil. The future financial performance will depend, to a significant extent, on economic, political and social conditions in our main export markets.

Most ethanol and/or sugar producing countries, including the United States and member countries of the European Union, protect local producers from foreign competition by establishing government policies and regulations that affect ethanol and sugar production, including quotas, import and export restrictions, subsidies, tariffs and duties. As a result of these policies, domestic ethanol and sugar prices vary greatly in individual countries. We have limited or no access to these large markets as a result of trade barriers. If these protectionist policies continue, we may not be able to expand our export activities at the rate we currently expect, or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Also, if new trade barriers are established in our key export markets, we may face difficulties in reallocating our products to other markets on favorable terms, and our business and financial performance may be adversely affected.

Failure to comply with the licenses and permits required for our business may have a material adverse effect on us.

We are required to obtain specific licenses and permits from governmental authorities in order to carry out certain of our operations. Raízen Combustíveis is also required to obtain specific licenses with respect to its terminals from the applicable environmental authorities, which are applied in particular to the emission, ejection and emanation of products and by-products resulting from distribution activities. The laws and regulations which govern these licenses may occasionally require us to purchase and install costly pollution-control equipment or to make operational changes to limit our impact on the environment and/or the health of our employees. Any failure to comply with the terms of such laws, regulations and licenses and permits may result in significant financial penalties, criminal sanctions, revocation of operating licenses and permits and/or the prohibition of certain of our activities.

Raízen may be adversely affected if the outsourcing of mechanized sugarcane cutting becomes prohibited.

Raízen Energia is a defendant in a Public Civil Proceeding in which the Labor Public Prosecutor’s Office ( Ministério Público de Trabalho ) is seeking the prohibition of the outsourcing of mechanized sugarcane cutting and of the transshipment of sugarcane as contemplated by Raízen Energia’s services agreement relating to the transshipment of chopped sugarcane.

Raízen Energia has appealed the second instance decision issued in June 2016, which was unfavorable to us, to the Superior Labor Court ( Tribunal Superior do Trabalho ). Raízen Energia may be required to recognize the existence of an employment relationship with the currently-outsourced workers and compensate them for collective damages in significant amounts, which could have a material adverse effect on Raízen’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any mismatches between the cash outflows for the payment of litigation costs of Raízen and the time of receipt of the related reimbursement by the Joint Venture’s shareholders may lead to pressures on Raízen Energia and Raízen Combustíveis’ cash flows.

Pursuant to the framework agreement which was entered into during the formation of the Joint Venture, Raízen Energia has agreed that it will reimburse Cosan S.A. and Shell or will be reimbursed by them, as applicable, for any amounts received or paid in connection with legal proceedings, provided that the triggering events for such payments or receipts occurred before the formation of the Joint Venture on June 1, 2011 and provided that any such sums have actually been paid or received.

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The framework agreement also provides that Cosan S.A. is required to indemnify Raízen for any expense related to litigation (tax, labor, civil and other) that has been caused by events prior to the formation of the Joint Venture.

Any mismatches between the cash outflows from Raízen for the payment of litigation costs and the time of receipt of the related reimbursement by Cosan S.A. or Shell, as applicable, or any failure by Cosan S.A. or Shell to reimburse Raízen, may lead to pressures on Raízen’s cash flows.

Brazilian courts, in some circumstances, have understood that a controlling shareholder, a successor entity of another corporation, an assignee company of another company’s assets and other companies subject to common control to the assignor or predecessor company shall all be liable, jointly and severally, for, among other obligations, labor, social security, civil, tax or environmental obligations of the assignor, assignee or predecessor. Therefore, we may be liable for obligations of their controlling shareholders for which we have not constituted and do not intend to constitute any provisions, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Raízen is subject to risks arising from legal proceedings based on claims related to alleged breaches of the intellectual property rights of third parties.

Raízen is subject to risks arising from legal proceedings based on claims related to alleged breaches of the intellectual property rights of third parties. Raízen Energia uses third-party cultivars (i.e., plant varieties that have been produced through selective breeding) in part of its properties and pays royalties in order to be authorized to use these third-party cultivars. Raízen Energia also uses cultivars that belong to the public domain, and on which no royalties are therefore due to third parties, in certain of its properties. Finally, in a small part of its properties, Raízen Energia use varieties of cultivars still in the test phase and which are therefore not registered with the National Register of Cultivars ( Registro Nacional de Cultivares ) nor with the National Service of Protection of Cultivars ( Serviço Nacional de Proteção aos Cultivares ).

Raízen Energia uses third-party cultivars in part of its properties, for which it pays royalties. We may alter the way in which we produce, in whole or in part, products which third parties allege infringe their intellectual property rights and / or pay significant indemnification amounts, royalties or licensing fees in connection with the use of third parties’ patents or copyrighted materials. The filing of a lawsuit or the review of a product that is in violation of third parties’ intellectual property rights may adversely affect Raízen Energia’s reputation and the demand for its products. In addition, new lawsuits require the attention of Raízen Energia’s management, as well as additional costs for Raízen Energia’s defense and, in certain cases, the establishment of provisions that could affect Raízen Energia’s results.

Contamination of our products and other related risks could adversely affect our reputation, leading to judicial and administrative proceedings and/or resulting in the closure of our production facilities.

Certain of our products may have adverse effects on our consumers (including certain components, raw materials, supplies used to produce our products), including as a result of product contamination or following errors in the production or distribution chain.

Contamination of any of our products may result in a need for recalls or the beginning of legal and administrative proceedings against us, which may adversely affect our reputation, our business, the operation of our production facilities, our financial condition and our operating results. Any damage to our reputation could have a material adverse effect on us.

The modification, suspension, cancellation or non-renewal of certain tax benefits which we have been granted could have a material adverse effect on us.

We benefit from certain tax incentives, benefit programs and special regimes, such as:

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We cannot assure you that these tax benefits will be maintained or renewed or that we will be able to obtain new tax benefits. If we lose our existing tax benefits, due to our noncompliance with future requirements or if the current tax programs and agreements from which we benefit are modified, suspended, cancelled or not renewed, we could be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, the state tax benefits relating to ICMS from which we benefit may be declared unconstitutional by the Brazilian Supreme Court if they have been granted without the approval of all the States and Federal District through the Brazilian National Council of Fiscal Policy ( Conselho Nacional de Política Fazendária —CONFAZ). The Brazilian Supreme Court may grant retroactive or prospective effects to the declaration of unconstitutionality. The foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on us.

The shareholders’ and certain other definitive agreements with respect to the Joint Venture and Comgás are subject to various put and call options and termination provisions.

Shell and Cosan have entered into certain definitive agreements with respect to the Joint Venture. Specifically, these agreements set forth the rights and obligations of each shareholder in respect of Cosan’s and Shell’s interest in the Joint Venture and establish certain options whereby Cosan or Shell may acquire the other shareholder’s interest in the Joint Venture, certain lock-up provisions, rules governing the intra-group transfers regarding to the economic group of Cosan and Shell, and remedies for fundamental breaches of the documentation governing the incorporation and operation of the Joint Venture. If triggered, these provisions may cause the Joint Venture, or our participation in it, to terminate prior to the scheduled expiration date of the agreements in June 2031.

In November 2016, Cosan and Shell executed amendments to certain agreements between them to remove the fixed date call options over Raízen Energia and Raízen Combustíveis shares exercisable in 2021 and 2026 and replace them with certain call and put options exercisable by Shell or Cosan in certain circumstances, including, among others: (i) fundamental breaches of the obligations provided for in the agreements governing the Joint Venture; (ii) breach of anticorruption laws, (iii) insolvency or bankruptcy of a party, (iv) change of control, and (v) in the event of the death or disability of Cosan’s current Chairman, Mr. Rubens Ometto Silveira Mello. Moreover, Shell and Cosan agreed to renew the existing lock-up period for five years from the date of the execution of the amendment, following which the parties may sell their shares in each of Raízen Energia and Raízen Combustíveis subject to compliance with certain preemption rights in each other’s favor.

We granted a put option in respect of Comgás shares to Shell Gas B.V., Integral Investments B.V. (“Shell B.V.”)—a shareholder in Comgás—exercisable in three annual tranches, beginning on September 20, 2015, with the last one maturing on October 19, 2017. If exercised, Cosan Limited will receive all the shares of Comgás held directly and indirectly and deliver to Shell B.V. 30,917,231 shares issued by Cosan and held by Cosan Limited. As of the date of this annual report, this option has not been exercised.

If any of these or other similar provisions are triggered under the shareholders’ agreements or any of the other related agreements our partnerships, or certain rights we hold in connection therewith, could terminate prior to the scheduled expiration, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Raw material and supply service costs are subject to wide fluctuations that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Raw materials used in our business and the cost of services we contract for distribution of natural gas are subject to wide fluctuations depending on market conditions. These prices are influenced by several factors over which we have little or no control, including, but not limited to international and national economic conditions, regulations, government policies, tariff adjustments and global effects of supply and demand. We cannot ensure that our tariff adjustment will be conducted in a timely manner or be sufficient to reflect and/or offset increases in inflation, operation costs and expenses, amortization of investments and taxes. As a result, we might not be able to pass on the increase in our cost structure to our customers, which could decrease our profit margin and result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may not successfully acquire or develop additional production capacity through greenfield projects or expansion of existing facilities.

We may explore growth opportunities in the future through the acquisition or development of greenfield projects or through the expansion of our existing facilities. For example, we do not have environmental or other permits, designs or engineering, procurement and construction contracts with respect to any potential projects. Any such growth is subject to factors that are beyond our control, such as the existence of opportunities that fit our profile, as well as risks associated with due diligence, project development timelines and governmental approvals. As a result, we may not complete these projects on a timely basis or at all, and may not realize the related benefits we anticipate. In addition, we may be unable to obtain the required financing for these projects or the expansion of our existing facilities on satisfactory terms, or at all.

The integration of greenfield projects or expansion of our existing facilities may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and may require significant financial and managerial resources that would otherwise be used for our current operations. Planned or future greenfield projects or expansion of existing facilities may not enhance our financial performance.

Any failure in the implementation of growth projects and/or expansion of existing facilities may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fire and other disasters could affect our agricultural and manufacturing properties and our facilities and distribution networks, which would have a material adverse effect on our production and distribution volumes and, consequently, results of operations.

Our operations are subject to risks affecting our agricultural properties and facilities and distribution networks, including fire potentially destroying some or all of our crop and facilities. In addition, our operations are subject to hazards associated with the manufacture of inflammable products and transportation of raw materials and inflammable products. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to provide full protection against these types of casualties.

Crop disease and pestilence may strike our crops which may result in destruction of a significant portion of our harvest. Crop disease and pestilence can occur from time to time and have a devastating effect on our crops, potentially rendering useless or unusable all or a substantial portion of affected harvests. Even when only a portion of the crop is damaged, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected because we may have incurred a substantial portion of the production cost for the related harvest. The cost of treatment of crop disease tends to be high. Any serious incidents of crop disease or pestilence, and related costs, may adversely affect our production levels and, as a result, our net sales and overall financial performance.

Anticompetitive practices in the fuel and lubricants distribution market may distort market prices.

In the last few years, anticompetitive practices have been one of the main problems affecting fuel distributors in Brazil. Generally these practices have involved a combination of tax evasion and fuel adulteration, such as the dilution of gasoline by mixing solvents or adding anhydrous ethanol in an amount greater than the 27% permitted by applicable law (the overall taxation of anhydrous ethanol is lower than hydrated ethanol and gasoline). Taxes constitute a significant portion of the cost of fuels sold in Brazil. For this reason, tax evasion by some fuel distributors has been prevalent, allowing them to lower the prices they charge. These practices have enabled certain distributors to supply large quantities of fuel products at prices lower than those offered by the major distributors, including us, which has resulted in a considerable increase in the sales volumes of the distributors who have adopted these practices. The final prices for fuels are calculated based on the taxes levied on their purchase and sale, among others factors. As a result, anticompetitive practices as such tax evasion may affect our sales volume, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If such practices become more prevalent, it could lead to lower prices or reduced margins for the products we sell, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

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In Brazil, Petrobras is the main supplier of base oils, the primary distributor of fuel and the dominant company in the natural gas sector. In the event of an interruption of supply of fuels from Petrobras, significant disruption to Raízen Combustíveis and Moove operations sales may occur.

Petrobras is the principal supplier of fuel in Brazil and the distribution policies it sets forth directly affect the Brazilian energy matrix. With the recent discoveries in the pre-salt oil fields, and the beginning of production in the Santos basin, which is located close to our concession area, we face uncertainties regarding the production of alternative fuel. Petrobras is also the subject of “ Lava Jato ” investigations by the Brazilian Federal Police, the Brazilian Federal Prosecutor’s Office, the CVM and the SEC in connection with corruption allegations, which could cause disruption in Petrobras’ activities. Significant disruption to our fuels and lubricant sales may occur in the event of an interruption of supply from Petrobras. Any interruption would immediately affect our ability to provide fuel and lubricant products to our customers. If we are not able to obtain an adequate supply of fuel and base oil products from Petrobras under acceptable terms, we may seek to meet our demands through purchases on the international market. The cost of fuel and base oil products on the international market may be more expensive than the price we obtain through Petrobras.

In addition, we may be adversely affected if Petrobras significantly modifies its business plan or reduces its activities related to the distribution of fuel in Brazil. In particular, the most recently published divestment plan of Petrobras suggests that Petrobras is scaling back its positions in logistics, which may result in disruption of logistics services and result in changes to distribution policies which may adversely affect the competitiveness of fuel distributors.

Disruption of transportation and logistics services or insufficient investment in public infrastructure could adversely affect our operating results.

One of the principal disadvantages of the Brazilian agriculture sector is that key growing regions lie far from major ports. As a result, efficient access to transportation infrastructure and ports is critical to the growth of Brazilian agriculture as a whole and of our operations in particular. As part of our business strategy, we are investing in areas where existing transportation infrastructure is underdeveloped. Improvements in transportation infrastructure are likely to be required to make more agricultural production accessible to export terminals at competitive prices. A substantial portion of Brazilian agricultural production is currently transported by truck, a means of transportation significantly more expensive than the rail transportation available to U.S. and other international producers. Our dependence on truck transport may affect our position as a low-cost producer, such that our ability to compete in world markets may be impaired.

Even though road and rail improvement projects have been considered for some areas of Brazil, and in some cases implemented, substantial investments are required for road and rail improvement projects, which may not be completed on a timely basis – if at all. Any delay or failure in developing infrastructure systems could hurt the demand for our products, impede our delivery of products or impose additional costs on us. We currently outsource the transportation and logistics services necessary to operate our business. Any disruption in these services could result in supply problems at our processing plants and impair our ability to deliver processed products to our customers in a timely manner. In addition, a natural disaster or other catastrophic event could result in disruption in regional transportation infrastructure systems affecting our third-party transportation providers.

The production of lubricants and the storage and transportation of fuel products and lubricant products are inherently hazardous.

The complex manufacturing operations we perform at our lubricants oil blending plant involve a variety of safety and other operating risks, including the handling, production, storage and transportation of toxic materials. These risks could result in personal injury and death, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage. A material accident at one of our plants, service stations or storage facilities could force us to suspend our operations and result in significant remediation costs and lost revenue. In addition, insurance proceeds, if available, may not be received on a timely basis and may be insufficient to cover all losses, including lost profit. Equipment breakdowns, natural disasters, and delays in obtaining supplies or required replacement parts or equipment could also have a material adverse effect on our manufacturing operations and consequently our results of operations. Disruption of transportation and logistics services or insufficient investment in public infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

We may be adversely affected by unfavorable outcomes in pending legal proceedings.

We are involved in a significant number of tax, civil and labor proceedings as to which, at December 31, 2016, we recorded a provision totaling R$1,268.6 million for proceedings in which we deem the risk of loss as probable and had net of judicial deposits or restricted bank accounts totaling R$714.7 million. We cannot predict whether we will prevail in these or other proceedings, or whether we will have to pay significant amounts, including penalties and interest, as payment for our liabilities, which would materially and adversely impact our business and financial performance.

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In addition, unfavorable decisions in criminal proceedings involving members of our management may have a material adverse effect on us. Certain members of our management have been named as defendants in criminal proceedings (1) in their capacity as officers of the predecessor entity of Raízen Energia for alleged artificial price fixing of fuel and the formation of a cartel with the purpose of establishing control over the regional market and (2) in their capacity as officers of Raízen Energia and Cosan for alleged tax evasion carried out by these entities. In the event of a final non-appealable conviction, one or more of these officers may be barred from holding executive positions within our Company, and depending on the development of the proceedings, our reputation in the opinion of our clients, suppliers and investors may be materially adversely affected.

Raízen Combustíveis is currently the subject of a criminal investigation, which commenced with an administrative proceeding before the Brazilian antitrust authority, or CADE, in 2009 against certain resellers and distributors. The proceeding is related to the alleged artificial price fixing of fuel and the formation of a cartel among fuel distributors and resellers in the Brazilian Federal District in order to establish regional market control. In 2010, the CADE issued an opinion that alleged the existence of cartels within the sector. In November 2015, the Brazilian federal police executed search and seizure warrants against certain resellers and fuel distributors, including Raízen Combustíveis at its distribution terminal in Brasília. Raízen Combustíveis is cooperating with Brazilian authorities in connection with the investigation, which is currently ongoing. As of the date of this annual report, no individual (including gas station owners) indicted in connection with the investigation has any relationship or affiliation with Raízen Combustíveis. In the event formal criminal proceedings are instituted, Raízen Combustíveis or any of its employees determined to have been involved in the misconduct may be subject to penalties, including fines or imprisonment. In the opinion of counsel responsible for Raízen Combustíveis’ defense, the likelihood that a decision favorable to Raízen Combustíveis is rendered in connection with this investigation is probable.

One of Rumo’s subsidiary, Malha Paulista, is currently a party to a public civil action before the labor courts. This proceeding originated in an inspection of the company MS Teixeira, which was hired by the company Prumo Engenharia, our subcontractor at the time. The inspecting authority alleged that workers for MS Teixeira were working in conditions that were degrading and analogous to slavery. Prumo Engenharia assumed responsibility for the condition of the employees, including labor and contractual liabilities and all losses resulting from the alleged unlawful working conditions maintained by its subcontractors, and the dismissal agreements of such employees were approved by the Ministry of Labor, without any participation by us. Moreover, a criminal investigation against Malha Paulista in the matter was filed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Labor Prosecutors’ Office filed a public civil action solely against Malha Paulista, which is being fully contested. In the public civil action, the Labor Prosecutor’s Office is seeking the payment of indemnity for collective moral damages in the amount of R$100 million and the fulfillment of obligation to act and to not act related to work conditions, including the regulatory norms of the Ministry of Labor and Employment on safety and labor medicine, under penalty of payment of a fine in the amount of R$100 thousand per irregularity or per worker in case of any future infraction listed in the statement of claim and other labor obligations. Malha Paulista was ordered (in both the first instance and on initial appeal) to comply with several obligations relating to workplace conditions, and pay collective moral damages in an amount of R$15 million, as well as fines of R$100 thousand per breach or per worker in the event of future labor breaches. As of the date of this annual report, no provisions have been made with respect to these proceedings. An adverse outcome in this lawsuit could result in losses of approximately R$15 million to Rumo at this time, and adversely affect Rumo’s reputation. Malha Paulista has appealed this decision. If Malha Paulista’s appeal is rejected by the superior courts, the final outcome of the action may have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s business, financial condition and results of operations—including as a result of the acceleration of certain financial agreements to which Rumo is a party—and Rumo may suffer damage to its reputation.

We cannot predict whether we will prevail in these or other proceedings, or whether we will have to pay significant amounts, including penalties and interest, as payment for our liabilities, which would materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are the subject of an unfavorable outcome in any of these legal proceedings, the amount of such unfavorable decisions will have a material adverse effect on our financial position and operating results.

Transporting gas involves numerous risks that may result in accidents and other operating risks and costs that could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our activities involve a variety of inherent hazards and operating risks, such as leaks, accidents and mechanical problems, which could cause substantial financial losses. In addition, these risks could result in loss of human life, significant damage to property, environmental pollution and impairment of our operations, which in turn could lead to substantial losses. In accordance with customary industry practice, we maintain insurance against some, but not all, of these risks and losses. The location of pipelines near populated areas, including residential areas, commercial business centers and industrial sites, could increase the level of damages resulting from these risks. The occurrence of any of these events if not fully covered by insurance could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

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The volatility and uncertainties in international oil and gas prices as well as a significant depreciation of the Real relative to the U.S. dollar may affect the operating costs and competitive positions of our businesses, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Natural gas and oil prices historically have been volatile and may continue to be volatile in the future. Prices for natural gas and oil are subject to a variety of factors that are beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to, the level of consumer demand for, and the supply of, natural gas, processing, gathering and transportation availability, statutory gas supply purchase obligations, price and availability of alternative fuel sources, weather conditions, natural disasters and political conditions or hostilities in natural gas producing regions.

In addition, the amounts we pay under our natural gas supply agreements are composed of two components: (1) one that is indexed to a basket of combustible oils in the international market that is adjusted quarterly, and (2) one that is adjusted annually based on the inflation rate. We have no control over either of these components. Furthermore, natural gas supply agreements often take the form of a “take or pay” agreement, pursuant to which we might be required to pay the difference in amounts between actual consumption and the contract amount. Variations and uncertainties in the price and demand of oil and gas are beyond our control and may adversely affect our results of operations.

Renewal of our natural gas concession agreement is not guaranteed, the terms we will receive if such renewal is granted could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition and our growth strategy would be materially adversely affected if we cannot obtain new concessions on similar terms or if our existing concession is terminated.

We, through our affiliate Comgás, carry out our natural gas distribution activities pursuant to a concession agreement entered into with the Government of the State of São Paulo and regulated by ARSESP for a 30-year term with a one-time possibility of renewal for an additional 20 years at the discretion of the Government of the State of São Paulo, subject to certain conditions, including approval by ARSESP. The Brazilian Constitution (Article 175) requires that all concessions relating to public services be awarded through a public bidding process.

Due to the discretionary power of the Government of the State of São Paulo in granting the renewal of our concession agreement, we cannot assure you that our concession agreement will be renewed, or that it will be renewed on the same terms. Moreover, pursuant to the terms of our concession agreement, the Government of the State of São Paulo may terminate our concession agreement upon the occurrence of certain conditions. If our concession agreement is not renewed, or is renewed with less favorable terms, or is terminated, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

Our business is subject to regulation, control and supervision of ARSESP, which could affect our financial performance. ARSESP establishes the maximum values of our rates and regulates and supervises our business. Pursuant to our concession agreement, every five years – or whenever ARSESP deems the economic and financial balance of the concession agreement to be adversely affected due to the variation of costs incurred by Comgás – our rates are reviewed by ARSESP, which directly affects our margins and our results, either positively or negatively. Such margins are adjusted annually by the IGP-M minus the efficiency factor determined for each tariff cycle by ARSESP. As a result, the implementation of our growth strategy and the normal course of our business may be adversely affected by government actions.

We cannot guarantee that changes arising from the tariff review process will be supportive of our strategy.

The principal rights and obligations of the holders of concessions are included in the concession agreement, and in the regulations established by ARSESP. Among the items provided in the concession agreement is the tariff review, which should occur in five-year cycles and serves to reestablish the economic and financial balance of the concession, setting the average margin for the cycle and the rates that will apply for each segment. We cannot assure you that in the future tariffs will be set at a level that would permit us to continue to operate profitably.

In addition, in its regulatory capacity, ARSESP may impose penalties on us if we fail to comply with any provision of the concession agreement. Depending on the severity of noncompliance, applicable penalties include, among others:

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We cannot guarantee that we will not be penalized by ARSESP for breaching our natural gas concession agreement or that the concession will not be revoked in the future. The compensation to which we would be entitled in the event of possible revocation of the concessions may not be sufficient to recover the full value of certain assets. Therefore, the imposition of fines or penalties on us or the revocation of the concessions may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on third parties to provide our customers and us with facilities and services that are integral to our business.

We have entered into agreements with third-party contractors to provide facilities and services required for our operations, including storage facilities and transportation services for our ethanol and sugar operations. The loss or expiration of our agreements with third-party contractors or our inability to renew these agreements or to negotiate new agreements with other providers at comparable rates could harm our business and financial performance. Our reliance on third parties to provide essential services on our behalf also gives us less control over the costs, efficiency, timeliness and quality of those services. Contractors’ negligence could compromise the safety of the transportation of ethanol from our production facilities to our export facilities and expose us to the risk of liability for environmental damage caused by such third parties. We expect to be dependent on such agreements for the foreseeable future, and if we enter any new market segments, we will need to have similar agreements in place. Also, pursuant to Brazilian law, if labor authorities deem that such third party contractors are performing activities considered to be part of our core business, we may be exposed to fines, prohibition on the outsourcing of such activities and labor liabilities in connection with the outsourced workforce.

Our international operations expose us to political and economic risks in other countries.

We derive 5.4% of our revenues from exports. In particular, Moove distributes and sells Mobil brand products manufactured in Brazil and sold in Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, and, in July 2012, we acquired Comma, which produces and distributes lubricants throughout Europe and Asia. In addition, Moove has recently started a new distribution operation under the Mobil brand, in Spain, aligned with its strategy to leverage the ExxonMobil partnership and expand abroad. Our international activities expose us to risks not faced by companies that operate solely in Brazil. Risks associated with our international operations include: (1) foreign exchange controls; (2) changes in the political or economic conditions in a specific country or region, especially in emerging markets; (3) potentially negative consequences resulting from changes to regulatory requirements; (4) difficulties and costs associated with our observance of different laws, treaties and complex international regulations; (5) tax rates that may exceed those applicable in Brazil and other countries or gains that may be subject to withholding regimes and an increase in repatriation taxes; (6) imposition of trade barriers; and (7) limitations on the repatriation of undistributed profits.

The realization of any of these risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We may not be able to maintain rights to use blending formulas and brands supplied by ExxonMobil.

We, through our subsidiary Moove, are the manufacturer and exclusive distributor of lubricants in Brazil based on formulas that have been provided under the terms of the Principal Lubricants Agreement that we have entered into with ExxonMobil, which will expire on December 1, 2018. The termination or failure to renew these agreements, or the failure by ExxonMobil to adequately maintain and protect its intellectual property rights, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations or could require significant unplanned investments by us if we are forced to develop or acquire alternative technology. In the future, it may be necessary or desirable to obtain other third-party technology licenses relating to one or more of our products or relating to current or future technologies to enhance our product offerings. However, we may not be able to obtain licensing rights to the needed technology or components on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

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We incur substantial costs to comply with environmental regulations and may be exposed to liabilities in the event we fail to comply with these regulations or as a result of our handling of hazardous materials.

We are subject to various Brazilian federal, state and municipal environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other matters:

We are also required to obtain environmental and health permits and/or authorizations (such as installation and operation permits as well as permits for the removal of vegetation) from governmental authorities for certain aspects of our operations. Failure to obtain environmental and/or health permits or comply with the conditions under which such permits are issued could subject us to criminal, administrative and/or civil liabilities. These laws, regulations and permits often require us to purchase and install expensive pollution control equipment or to make operational changes to limit actual or potential impacts on the environment and/or health of our employees. In addition, Brazilian environmental laws establish restrictions to obtain financing from public entities in case of breach of certain environmental protection obligations. Any violations of these laws and regulations or permit conditions can result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions, and revocations of operating permits and/or shutdowns of our facilities.

Due to the possibility of changes to environmental and/or health regulations and other unanticipated developments, the amount and timing of future environmental and health expenditures may vary substantially from those currently anticipated. Under Brazilian environmental laws, we could be held strictly liable for all of the costs relating to any contamination at our or our predecessors’ current and former facilities and at third-party waste disposal sites used by us or any of our predecessors. We could also be held responsible for any and all consequences arising out of human exposure to hazardous substances, such as pesticides, herbicides, soil or groundwater contamination or other kinds of environmental damage.

We are party to a number of administrative and judicial proceedings for alleged failures to comply with environmental and health laws (especially relating to contaminated areas and environmental damages caused by sugarcane burning), which may result in fines, shutdowns, or other adverse effects on our operations. Actions that give rise to administrative proceedings may also lead to civil or criminal claims against us. We have not recorded any relevant provisions or reserves for these proceedings as we do not currently believe that they will result in liabilities material to our business or financial performance. Our costs of complying with current and future environmental and health and safety laws, and our liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances could adversely affect our business or financial performance.

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Our business would be materially adversely affected if operations at our transportation and distribution facilities experienced significant interruptions. Our business would also be materially adversely affected if the operations of our customers and suppliers experienced significant interruptions.

The distribution of natural gas is by its nature subject to inherent risks, including interruptions or disturbances in the natural gas distribution system which may be caused by accidents or force majeure events. Our operations are dependent upon the uninterrupted operation of our terminal and storage facilities and various means of transportation and distribution facilities. We are also dependent upon the uninterrupted operation of certain facilities owned or operated by our suppliers and customers. Operations at our facilities and at the facilities owned or operated by our suppliers and customers could be partially or completely shut down, temporarily or permanently, as the result of any number of circumstances that are not within our control, such as:

Any significant interruption at these facilities or inability to transport products to or from these facilities or to or from our customers for any reason could subject us to liability in judicial, administrative or other proceedings, even for disruptions caused by events outside of our control. If we are held liable for such events, results of operations and cash flow would be materially adversely affected.

In addition, the majority of our supply of natural gas originates from Bolivia pursuant to our agreement with Petrobras. Any changes in the political or economic conditions of Bolivia to the extent that they impact the ability of Petrobras to supply us with natural gas, may have a material adverse effect on us. In particular, our natural gas supply agreement with Petrobras that is sourced out of Bolivia comes due in 2019 and we cannot assure you that it will be renewed. Petrobras has recently announced its intention to cease distributing natural gas to distributors in order to focus on supplying its own refineries and thermal plants and therefore not renew our natural gas supply agreement in 2019. There can be no assurance that we will be able to identify new suppliers for the natural gas we receive through Petrobras or negotiate natural gas supply agreements with any such suppliers on favorable terms, which could materially and adversely affect us, our financial condition and results of operations.

Rumo depends on a few major customers for a significant portion of its revenue.

The majority of cargo that Rumo transports is for the agricultural commodities industry. Rumo’s major clients are export companies participating in this market, such as Bunge, Raízen, Cargill, Amaggi and Archer Daniels Midland. In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, Bunge accounted for 17.6% of Rumo’s total net revenue from services, while Rumo’s five major clients accounted for 51.6% of its total net revenue from services. In 2015, Bunge accounted for 16.3% of Rumo’s total net revenue from services, while Rumo’s five major clients accounted for 43% of Rumo’s total net revenue from services. Bunge is the principal customer of Rumo’s Northern and Southern operations and is active in agricultural commodities, especially corn, soy and derivatives thereof, loading cargo in transshipment terminals destined for ports which Rumo operates.

Rumo’s major clients in the rail sector are export companies such as Bunge, Cargill, Amaggi, Archer Daniels Midland and Louis Dreyfus, which jointly accounted for 40.9% of Rumo’s net revenue from services from the rail sector in 2015 and 58% in 2016. Bunge alone accounted for 15.4% and 21% of Rumo’s net revenue from services from the rail sector in each of 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Rumo’s major clients in the port elevation sector include Raízen, Bunge, Sucden, Cofco and Czarnikow, which jointly accounted for 60% of our net revenue from services from the port elevation sector in 2015 and 68.9% in 2016. Raízen alone accounted for 20% of Rumo’s net revenue from services in the port elevation sector in 2015 and 24.1% in 2016.

We cannot guarantee that Rumo will obtain similar revenue from its major clients in the future. Any decline by Rumo’s major clients in their demand for transportation services, including logistics services, may have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, Rumo’s revenue predominantly derives from transportation agreements between Rumo and its clients. We cannot guarantee that these transportation agreements will be renewed once they have expired, which may adversely affect Rumo business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Rumo’s significant debt could adversely affect its financial health and prevent it from fulfilling its debt obligations, which would have a material adverse effect on us, our financial condition and our results of operations.

Rumo has a significant amount of debt. As of December 31, 2016, Rumo’s gross debt was R$10,116.4 million, of which R$2,045.7 million was short-term debt.

Rumo’s debt level and the composition of its debt could have important consequences to its business. For example, it could: (1) require Rumo to reserve a substantial part of its operational cash flows to pay principal and interest on our debt, which will reduce the availability of its cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and investments; (2) limit its flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; (3) limit its ability to borrow additional funds, obtain bank guarantees or collateral insurance and generally increase its borrowing costs; and (4) place Rumo at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.

Any of the aforementioned developments could have a material adverse effect on us, our financial condition and results of operations.

Significant deterioration in Rumo’s short-term liquidity could materially affect our business, result of operations and financial condition.

Rumo is currently facing challenges with respect to our short-term liquidity. Our adjusted working capital (defined as our current assets excluding cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash) less current liabilities (excluding short-term loans and financings) was negative R$802 million as of December 31, 2016 and negative R$1,168.9 million as of December 31, 2015.

If Rumo fails to improve its short-term liquidity, we may face difficulties in fulfilling its obligations relating to financing agreements, and agreements with suppliers and/or subcontractors, among others. For example, as of December 31, 2016, Rumo’s material contractual financial obligations maturing in less than one year totaled R$1,467.7 million (amortization only), while such obligations with maturities between one to two years totaled R$1,444.3 million (based on our contracted undiscounted cash flow). Rumo’s failure to comply with these obligations and/or other undertakings may have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Rumo’s concessions to operate port terminals are subject to expiration, limitation on renewal and early termination by the granting authority.

Rumo leases 118,434.38 square meters of property located in the port of Santos (state of São Paulo), which has two docking cradles for loading sugar and solid agricultural bulk (corn and soy). This property is leased pursuant to lease agreement PRES-05/96, which matures on March 6, 2036. Pursuant to Article 57 of the Ports Modernization Law and Article 19 of Decree No. 8,033/2013, a renewal of the maturity for the Lease Agreement is not possible because the lease has already been renewed once. Pursuant to the lease agreement, Rumo has an obligation to make investments totaling an estimated R$308 million, of which we have already invested 82%. Rumo estimate that the investments shall be completed by February 2019.

Rumo also holds equity interests in: (1) Terminal XXXIX and the adjacent areas for moving agricultural products and bulk as well as other goods capable of being transported in those port installations, through a port lease agreement due to expire in 2022; (2) facilities, equipment and track for rail transport of goods and import/export through the right bank of the port of Santos, by means of a lease agreement with Portofer Transporte Ferroviário Ltda. due to expire in 2025; (3) Terminal de Granéis do Guarujá (TGG) located on the left bank of the port of Santos, for the transport of solid and liquid bulk, through an area used by Rumo Malha Norte S.A., or “Malha Norte” via a leasing agreement due to expire in 2022; and (4) Terminal Marítimo do Guarujá (TERMAG), located on the left bank of the port of Santos, mainly for the transport of solid and liquid bulk, through an area used by Malha Norte via a lease agreement due to expire in 2022.

There are ongoing legal proceedings regarding whether the lease agreements (as amended) relating to Terminal XXXIX, Terminal de Granéis do Guarujá and Terminal Marítimo do Guarujá should be subject to the public procurement regime. These proceedings are currently under appeal in the Brazilian superior courts ( Superior Tribunal de Justiça and Supremo Tribunal Federal ). With regards to the Portofer lease agreement, there is a public civil action filed by the Brazilian Federal Prosecutors’ Office, to challenge the legal validity of the agreement.

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If Rumo fails to comply with the applicable regulatory rules or contractual obligations relating to Terminals 16 and 19, its lease may be terminated early pursuant to the Concessions Law (Law No. 8,987/1995), which applies to port leases. Below is a list of the termination events applicable to the port lease agreements:

The lease agreements and applicable legislation confer several rights of the granting authority pursuant to the specific rules and regulations for the industry. Accordingly, there are contractual provisions that allow, among other things, amendments to the agreement, assignment and/or transfer of the lease agreement (the latter subject to prior consent from the granting authority), provided, however, that all amendments to the agreement must abide by the rules and proceedings set out in the specific law or regulation.

Termination of Rumo’s port lease agreements may adversely impact Rumo’s transportation costs and the turnaround time for the export of Rumo’s products, as well as Rumo’s revenues from service agreements related to Rumo’s port facilities.

In addition, port assets deemed essential to the continuity of port operations will revert to the granting authority upon expiration of the concession. The reversion following expiration is subject to indemnification for investments in assets not yet amortized or depreciated which were undertaken to guarantee service continuity. Upon termination of the concession, it is possible that the investments made in those assets will have not been entirely amortized or depreciated. In this case, Rumo and the granting authority will negotiate the amount of any indemnification for such investments, to the extent such investments have been previously approved by the granting authority. As the final decision on this amount will be made solely by the granting authority, Rumo’s financial condition may be negatively impacted if indemnification eventually approved is not sufficient to compensate us for the investments made.

Any of the aforementioned developments could have a material adverse effect on us, our financial condition and results of operations.

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We are unable to estimate the impact of new regulations applicable to port operations in Brazil.

Until December 6, 2012, port operations in Brazil were governed by Federal Law No. 8,630/1993, or the Ports Modernization Law, which provided the legal framework applicable to the development and operation of ports and port facilities in Brazil. To improve the applicable legislation, the Brazilian government enacted Law No. 12,815/2013, or the “New Ports Law”, which has been regulated by Decree No. 8,033/2013. Such law revoked the Ports Modernization Law and established a new legal framework for port operations in Brazil. As a result, public ports are governed by the New Ports Law and by specific complementary regulations enacted at the federal level, particularly by the Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários and by the Secretaria Especial de Portos da Presidência da República , or SEP (SEP has been integrated within the structure of the Federal Government’s Transportation Ministry by Federal Law No. 13,341/2016).

Pursuant to the New Ports Law, there is no longer a distinction between third-party and own cargo handled at private port terminals, i.e., the activities carried out in private terminals will be identical to those performed at public terminals with respect to the rendering of services. As a result, public ports are expected to face higher competition from the potential increase in development of operations in private ports. Accordingly, new port lease grants may be carried out by the Brazilian federal government, which may affect inter and intra-port competition. Finally, Rumo may not be able to meet the minimum cargo volumes provided for in Rumo’s port lease agreements, which may subject it to fines and, upon repeated violations, to the early termination of the relevant grants.

Although the New Ports Law does not retroactively adjust the terms of any concession agreement currently in effect, it is possible that the supplemental regulations provide for such retroactive adjustment (including by means of unilateral requirements from the granting authority). New regulations applicable to port operations in Brazil that modify the terms of Rumo’s grant documents may materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

The early termination of Brazilian railway concessions may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Brazilian railway concessions are subject to early termination in certain circumstances, including the Brazilian authorities reassuming control of the service pursuant to applicable law or by the termination of the relevant concession for breach of any underlying contractual agreements, in particular the inadequate provision of rail transportation services provided for in the concession agreements. Pursuant to Federal Law No. 8,987/1995, concession agreements may be terminated as a consequence of: (1) expiration of the contractual term; (2) expropriation of the port concessions in the public interest (i.e., encampação ); (3) forfeiture ( caducidade ); (4) termination; (5) annulment; (6) bankruptcy; or (7) expiration of the concession-holding entity.

Encampação is the seizure of the service by the granting authority during the concession term to the benefit of public interest, by means of a specific authorizing law and after payment of an indemnity. The granting authority may, declare the forfeiture of the agreement in the cases in which the concessionaire recurrently defaults on its obligations, or annulment in the cases that the bidding documents for the concession or the concession agreement are tainted by unlawful provisions, or declare penalties, due to total or partial non-performance of the agreement. The granting authority may forfeit the concession when, among other events: (1) the service is being rendered in an inadequate or insufficient manner, according to the norms, criteria, indicators and parameters defining the quality of the service; (2) the concessionaire breaches contractual, regulatory or legal provisions concerning the concession; (3) the concessionaire interrupts the service other than for acts of god or force majeure events; (4) the concessionaire no longer possesses the economic, technical or operational conditions required to adequately render the services under the concession; and (5) the concessionaire does not comply with the penalties imposed for breaches within the established deadlines.

Upon termination of a concession, the leased or operated assets revert to the granting authority, and the amount of compensation received may not be sufficient to cover the losses incurred by us as a result of such early termination. In addition, certain creditors may have priority with regards to such compensation.

We cannot guarantee that the Brazilian authorities will not terminate Rumo’s railway concessions prior to their stated terms (i.e., apply encampação with respect to the concessions) in the future. Any such action by the Brazilian authorities would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Rumo may also suffer a material adverse effect to its business, financial condition and results of operations because the networks for rendering railroad services are interconnected. Rumo’s concession agreements and the regulation of the Brazilian Transportation Authority ( Agência Nacional de Transporte Terrestre ), or “ANTT,” pursuant to Resolution No. 3,965/2011, provide for the creation of passage rights and mutual traffic. Passage rights are a transaction under which a concessionaire that needs to move cargo from one location within the federal railroad network to another may use (for a fee) the permanent railroad and train-licensing system of another concessionaire. Mutual traffic is a transaction in which a concessionaire shares a permanent railroad or operational resources with another concessionaire (for a fee), to render or cease rendering railroad transportation of cargo services. Accordingly, the early termination of a certain concession may adversely affect passage rights and/or mutual traffic transactions carried out by Rumo and result in negotiations with other entities rendering railroad transport services through Rumo’s rail network.

In addition, the breach of Rumo’s contractual or regulatory obligations may lead to the forfeiture of certain concessions. Such obligations include, among others, all obligations set out in the granting documents, applicable law and, notably, in ANTT regulations. For example, the ANTT enacted Resolution No. 3,696/2011, which approved certain rules relating to safety and productivity thresholds for public rail cargo transportation services. As a result, concession holders are required to submit a proposal for safety and productivity thresholds to the ANTT by June 1 of the final year before the expiration of the term of the goals currently agreed with the ANTT. This proposal will cover the thresholds to be met in the following five years.

After the ANTT and the concession holders negotiate the thresholds, the agreed-upon thresholds will be binding for the following year and indicative for the subsequent years. Compliance with such thresholds is tested by the ANTT annually. In this context, or inability to fulfill our contractual or regulatory obligations concerning the provision of our services may result in penalties ranging from fines to the filing of a proceeding for the forfeiture of the concession. Rumo’s activities may be adversely affected if Rumo incurs any of such penalties.

In addition, Rumo’s business may be materially adversely affected if Rumo is fined due to the breach of contractual and legal obligations. The failure to comply with the obligations set forth in the concession agreements by entities controlled and related to Rumo in the applicable laws and regulations may result, without prejudice of any other consequences provided for in applicable law, in civil liability and fines. The severity of the penalties to be imposed by the granting authority depends on the nature and seriousness of the actions of our controlled and related entities. If the granting authority imposes penalties due to infractions committed by our controlled and related entities, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Rumo may not obtain early renewals of the Rumo Malha Paulista S.A., or “Malha Paulista,” and Rumo Malha Sul S.A., or “Malha Sul,” concession agreements, currently under review by the ANTT, which may have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s investment plan and growth strategy.

The concession agreements for Malha Paulista and Malha Sul expire in 2028 and 2027, respectively. In September 2015, Rumo filed formal requests with the ANTT for early renewals of such agreements.

Such requests are under review by the ANTT, with the Malha Paulista request expected to be finalized by the end of 2017. We cannot guarantee, given that the decision relating to the renewals is a discretionary decision of the granting authority, that Rumo’s request for renewal will be successful. The granting authority will review the renewal request relating to Malha Sul once it reaches a decision with respect to Malha Paulista. Furthermore, the new Brazilian government is also reviewing these matters and could make additional demands and requests (e.g. with regards to inventory) which may cause delays in the renewal process.

Malha Paulista is a pass-through network that is part of a larger system which includes Malha Norte (in relation to which the concession runs until 2079). Combined, these two concessions form Rumo’s northern operations, which are responsible for a significant portion of Rumo’s cash generation. If the formal requests for renewal of the Malha Sul concession agreements with the ANTT are not approved, Rumo will not make the expected investments into the rail networks covered by such concession, although Rumo’s investment plan will continue with regards to Malha Norte. Under this scenario, there is a risk that Rumo would have to engage with a new operator of the Malha Paulista network from 2028 onwards that will be responsible for investments and will charge a fee to allow access to the network.

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Rumo may incur additional liabilities if it obtains an early renewal of the Malha Paulista concession agreement, currently under review by the ANTT.

Malha Paulista’s concession agreement is due to expire in 2028. In September 2015, Rumo filed a formal request with the ANTT for early renewal of such concession agreement. The extension request is currently under review by the ANTT. If the ANTT approves the extension request, it is estimated that, in addition to the investment commitments provided for in its business plan, Malha Paulista may incur additional liabilities currently estimated by the ANTT to be in an amount of approximately R$1 billion. Once the value of these liabilities has been confirmed, Rumo may, pursuant to (i) article 9º, §1º and article 24, §1º of the Provisional Measure No. 752/2016 and (ii) clause 6.2 of the draft of the amendment to the Malha Paulista’s concession agreement, which is currently subject to the public consultation procedure by the ANTT, enter into an agreement with the ANTT whereby instead of indemnifying the ANTT for such liabilities, Rumo would be required to invest a substantial amount in our rail networks (both within Malha Paulista and in other parts of our logistics business).

Rumo’s Brazilian rail tariffs are subject to a maximum rate established by the Brazilian government.

Under Rumo’s rail network concession agreements, tariffs for our rail freight services are subject to a maximum rate. Maximum tariff rates that Rumo is allowed to charge are adjusted for inflation according to variations in the IGP-DI index (or a substitute index) in accordance with applicable Brazilian law or concession agreements. Currently, tariff adjustments are performed on an annual basis, at different months of the year, depending on the terms of each concession agreement. Additionally, the tariffs Rumo charges for rail freight services on our rail network can be revised upwards or downwards if there is a justified, permanent market and/or costs change that may alter the rail network concession agreements’ economic and financial balance, or as determined by the Brazilian government every five years. The mechanisms for restoring the financial balance are defined in Brazilian law or in the agreements and must be requested by the non-breaching party along with adequate economic evidence. Rumo’s tariffs are currently below the maximum tariff levels allowable under Rumo’s concession agreements. In 2012, the ANTT implemented a review of reference rates that altered the original methodology for defining such rates. The use of revised rate charts could affect Rumo’s capacity to generate revenues, as such review revised most rates downwards and established a cap for Malha Norte, which originally was not subject to a cap. Before the ALL Acquisition, ALL obtained an injunction suspending the application of such revised rate charts by the ANTT and, therefore, is not subject to them. However, we cannot assure you that in the future tariffs will be set at a level that would permit Rumo to continue to operate profitably.

Rumo may become subject to strict additional environmental requirements

In September 2016, CETESB ( Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental ), the environmental agency of the state of São Paulo, enacted a regulation (Board Decision No. 210/2016/I/C) requiring private ports in the state of São Paulo to comply with more stringent requirements with respect to environmental permits. As a result, Rumo received notifications requiring it to present a regularization plan to CETESB, setting forth how it proposes to comply with these more stringent requirements. This regularization plan will form the basis of a settlement agreement between Rumo and CETESB. We are unable to estimate the amounts Rumo may have to spend in order to fully comply with the settlement agreement. If these amounts are significant, Rumo’s business, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to extensive environmental regulation.

Our business activities in Brazil are subject to extensive laws and regulations concerning environmental protection, which impose on us various environmental obligations, such as environmental licensing requirements, standards for the release of effluents, management of solid waste, protection of certain areas (including Legal Reserve, indigenous areas, quilombolas community areas, conservation units, archeological sites and permanent preservation areas), and the need for special authorizations for the use of water, among others.

The failure to comply with such laws and regulations (including failure to obtain or maintain the relevant environmental permits) may subject the violator to administrative fines, mandatory interruption of activities and criminal sanctions, in addition to the obligation to cure and pay environmental and third-party damage compensation, without any caps. In addition, Brazilian environmental law adopts a joint and several and strict liability system for environmental damages, which makes the polluter liable regardless of fault or intentional misconduct and would make us jointly and severally liable for the obligations of our producers or off-takers. If we become subject to environmental liabilities, any costs we may incur to rectify possible environmental damage would lead to a reduction in the financial resources which would otherwise remain at our disposal for current or future strategic investment, thus causing an adverse impact on us.

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As environmental laws and their enforcement become increasingly stringent, our expenses for complying with environmental requirements are likely to increase in the future. Furthermore, the possible implementation of new regulations, changes in existing regulations or the adoption of other measures could cause the amount and frequency of our expenditures on environmental preservation to vary significantly compared to present estimates or historical costs. Any unplanned future expenses could force us to reduce or forego strategic investments and as a result could materially and adversely affect us.

The occurrence of environmental damage may lead to the need to make significant financial resources available for both containment and repair of these damages. The occurrence of such events may also lead to a disruption in production due to intervention by government agencies. In either case, financial and/or image impacts may be significant. In addition, the creation of new regulations may lead to the need for greater expenses with environmental preservation. Furthermore, extensive environmental regulation can also lead to delays in the implementation of new projects as bureaucratic procedures for obtaining environmental licenses from various government agencies may take considerable time.

The realization of any of these risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We cannot predict the outcome of an investigation into the conduct of former employees of ALL prior to its acquisition by Rumo.

During the course of 2016, Rumo became aware of certain press reports alleging that improper payments to government officials were made by former employees of ALL (prior to being acquired by Rumo) in connection with an investment by Fundo de Investimento do Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço , or FI-FGTS, in Rumo’s indirect subsidiary Brado Logística and in ALL. As a result of these allegations, Rumo has engaged external legal counsel and consultants to conduct an internal investigation. In connection with the investigation, Rumo voluntarily sought out and provided information to local authorities. At this time, we can neither predict the outcome of the internal investigation, the consequences of any findings or any measures that may be taken by local authorities, any of which may have a material adverse effect on Rumo.

Rumo may not have access to new financing on favorable conditions to meet its capital needs and fulfill its financial obligations.

Rumo relies on obtaining financing and refinancing of existing loans, particularly from BNDES, in order to operate its business, implement its strategy and grow its business. Rumo needs bank guarantees to obtain credit facilities from both BNDES and banks, and typically needs insurance guarantees in order to participate in court proceedings to which it is a party. Recent disruptions in the global credit markets and their effect on the global and Brazilian economies could affect Rumo’s ability to raise capital and materially and adversely affect Rumo’s business.

Substantial volatility in the global capital markets, unavailability of financing in the global capital markets at reasonable rates and credit market disruptions have had a significant negative impact on financial markets, as well as on the global and domestic economies. In particular, the cost of financing in the global debt markets has increased substantially, greatly restricting the availability of funds in such markets. Further, volatility in the markets has led to increased costs for obtaining financing in the credit markets, as many creditors have raised interest rates, adopted more rigorous loan policies, reduced volume and, in some cases, ceased offering financing to borrowers on reasonable terms.

If Rumo is unable to obtain new financing or to refinance existing loans when necessary, or obtain or renew insurance guarantees on reasonable terms or at all, Rumo may not be able to comply with its financial obligations or explore business opportunities. This would have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Rumo may not be successful in reducing operating costs and increasing operating efficiencies.

Rumo may not be able to achieve our expected cost savings, which rely on several factors such as rail track prices, railroad ties, fuel, iron, engineering and other resources required for our operations. Given the competitive markets in which Rumo operates, it is likely that it will not be able to pass increases in costs of materials onto the price of our services (including as a result of limits applying to our tariffs), which would materially and adversely affect its financial performance.

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Rumo may not have sufficient funds to invest in technology, which may adversely affect Rumo’s ability to increase its rail transportation capacity and reduce accidents.

The development and implementation of new technologies may result in a significant reduction in the cost of logistics services and a reduction in accidents. We cannot predict when new technologies may become available, the rate of acceptance of new technologies by competitors or the costs associated with such new technologies. Rumo may not have enough funds to keep up with advances in technology, which could reduce demand for the logistics services Rumo provides and affect Rumo’s capacity to reduce accidents in its activities.

The exercise of an option granted under the shareholders’ agreement of one of Rumo’s subsidiaries, Brado Logística, may have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s financial condition or result in a dilution of Rumo’s shareholders’ equity interest.

Fundo de Investimento do Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço (“FI-FGTS”), Logística Brasil—Fundo de Investimento em Participações (“FIP – BRZ”), Deminvest Empreendimentos e Participações S.A. (“Deminvest”), Markinvest Gestão de Participações Ltda. (“Markinvest”, referred to jointly with FIP – BRZ and Deminvest, the “Original Shareholders”) and Brado Holding S.A. (“Brado Holding” referred to jointly with FI-FGTS and the Original Shareholders as the “Brado Shareholders”) are party to a shareholders’ agreement governing the investment in Brado Logística, Rumo’s subsidiary active in the intermodal container logistics sector (the “Brado Shareholders’ Agreement”).

The Brado Shareholders’ Agreement provides that, to the extent the initial public offering of Brado LP has not occurred prior to March 31, 2014, the Brado Shareholders are entitled to swap the totality of their shares in Brado Logística for, at the discretion of Brado Holding: (1) shares as provided for in the Brado Shareholders’ Agreement, or (2) an amount corresponding to the market value of such shares. The exchange ratio would be based on fair market value. If the Brado Shareholders do not reach consensus on the appraisal thereof, the fair market value would be based on independent appraisals carried out as provided for in the Brado Shareholders’ Agreement.

The option described above became exercisable on April 1, 2014 and was exercised on each of April 20 and 23, 2015. There is an ongoing confidential arbitration proceeding against Rumo relating to the appraisal reports prepared by financial institutions appointed pursuant to the shareholders’ agreement of Brado Logística and the type of consideration (money or shares) due as a result of the exercise of the option. Rumo’s external counsel estimates the chance of loss in such arbitration proceedings as possible and no provision has been made.

In addition, the exercise of the option by FI-FGTS may occur between the fifth and the seventh anniversary of the date of signing of the Brado Shareholders’ Agreement (which was August 5, 2013). FI-FGTS will lose the right to exercise its option if the aforementioned initial public offering is undertaken (even if such initial public offering is undertaken after the aforementioned dates).

The exercise of the option may result in: (1) disbursement of material amounts by Rumo, which may adversely affect Rumo’s results of operations and financial condition; or (2) the issuance of new shares by Rumo in a quantity which may dilute the equity interests held by Rumo’s shareholders.

Downturns in certain cyclical market sectors in which Rumo’s customers operate could have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s business.

The transportation and logistics industries are highly cyclical, generally tracking the cycles of the world economy. Accordingly, the transportation industry is affected by macroeconomic conditions and by various factors within each particular industry that may influence operating results. Some of Rumo’s customers do business in highly cyclical markets, including the oil and gas and agricultural sectors.

Soybean harvests generally occur between January and May, corn harvests (which is mainly for export) generally occur between April and July and sugar harvests generally occur between March and November. These oscillations have a significant impact on demand for transportation of these commodities. For this reason, Rumo typically transports larger volumes of goods in the second and third quarters of each year and lower volumes in the “off season” (i.e., the first and fourth quarters of each year).

Any downturn in these industries may have a material adverse effect on Rumo’s business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, some of the products Rumo transports have shown a historical pattern of price cyclicality, which has typically been influenced by the general economic environment, industry capacity and demand. We cannot assure you that prices and demand for these products will not decline in the future, adversely affecting those industries and, in turn, Rumo’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Rumo operates in a competitive industry, and if it is unable to adequately address factors that may adversely affect its revenue and costs, Rumo’s business could suffer.

Competition in the transportation services industry is intense and includes:

Rumo’s main competitors are companies in the truck transportation business, which has historically been the main cargo transportation mode in Brazil. According to CNT, in 2015 trucks transported 61% of Brazil’s production, while only 21% of that production was transported by rail, and 14% on waterways and through coastal shipping. Although Rumo plans to capture market share from the truck transportation business for medium- and long-distance transportation to further expand our intermodal services, any new measures by the Brazilian government that lower costs for road transportation, such as cheaper toll fares or permanent suspension of the toll-road concession program, may limit Rumo’s growth prospects.

Increased competition may lead to decreases in Rumo’s revenues, smaller profit margins or loss of market share. If, Rumo is unable compete adequately, this may adversely impact Rumo’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Rumo operates in a regulated environment, and measures taken by public authorities may impact Rumo’s activities.

Rumo’s railroad concession agreements have been entered into with the Brazilian Ministry of Transportation (acting as granting authority when the grants took place), later substituted by the ANTT after the enactment of Federal Law No. 10,233/2001. Rumo’s operations take place in a regulated environment because concessions agreements are administrative contracts (such that the public administration may determine the imposition of unilateral measures such as the modification of contractual matters). The ANTT has the legal authority to regulate rail activities in the country (by means of the enactment of applicable regulations).

Therefore, notwithstanding the concessionaire’s right to maintain the financial balance of the concession agreement, actions taken by the public administration in general may affect the services rendered by Rumo. For example, if (1) new obligations are imposed; (2) additional investments not originally provided for in the concession agreements are required as a result of unilateral measures provided for in the statute or through the creation of new regulations by the ANTT; (3) the scope of the concession agreements is reduced or certain actions taken by Rumo are rejected or not given effect (such as anticipated concession renewals, extensions of grants in force or extensions under conditions not favorable to Rumo), Rumo’s economic-financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.

Moreover, the ANTT carried out the Tomada de Subsídios 008/2015, seeking public proposals for plans regarding the early renewal of railroad concession agreements currently in effect. Such renewal has the following objectives: (1) obtaining new investments in rail networks aiming at: (a) an increase in transportation capacity; (b) an increase in safety of railroad transportation; and (c) improvements to the quality of rail infrastructure and to asset management efficiency; (2) conforming the concession agreements to the best regulation practices under the current legal framework; and (3) sharing railroad infrastructure and operational resources among concessionaires, authorized entities and transporters of cargo. Article 23, I and XII of Brazilian Federal Law No. 8,987/95 provides that concession agreements entered into by the granting authority and concession holders during the proceedings for the privatization of the federal railroad network in the 1990s must include clauses regarding the duration of the concession and the conditions applicable to any renewal thereof.

In order to commence the concession renewal process, the concession holder must express its interest in doing so and the ANTT, in its capacity as the granting authority, must analyze any renewal requests based on the guidelines set by the Brazilian Ministry of Transportation by means of Ruling No. 399/15.

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Accordingly, transportation agreements currently in force, certain investments planned by Rumo or by users of the railroad network, as well as the rendering of railroad services by Rumo in the long-term, may be adversely affected in the event the anticipated renewals are not granted by the ANTT or if requirements for renewals of the concessions are denied upon the expiration or the maturity of such concessions.

We are exposed to the possibility of losses related to natural disasters, catastrophes, accidents, fire and other events not in our control, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

Our operations are subject to certain risks that affect our properties, facilities, permanent passageways, rail banks and inventory, including, among others, fire, which may destroy machinery, equipment and facilities, as well as client cargo being transported. Fires, explosions, fuel leaks and other flammable products as well as other environmental events, cargo loss or damage, railroad, cargo loading and unloading terminal, accidents, business interruptions due to political events as well as labor claims, demonstrations by social and/or environmental groups or associations, strikes (of our own employees or of those linked to entities with which we have a relationship, such as port operators), adverse weather conditions and natural disasters, such as floods, may result in the loss of revenues, assumption of liabilities or cost increases. Moreover, our operations may be periodically affected by crop shortfalls, landslides and other natural disasters.

Our transportation and handling of cargo exposes us to risks of catastrophes, mechanical and electrical failures, collisions and loss of assets. A portion of our freight activities involves petroleum products and other flammable materials, and the presence of such products may aggravate the effects of any catastrophe.

Because our insurance does not cover all potential risks and losses we may incur, the occurrence of a natural disaster of large proportions, catastrophes, mechanical failures, loss of assets or any other of the events referred to above, and any resulting damage to our business, may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition, including as a result of civil, administrative and/or criminal sanctions relating to environmental liability (including civil, administrative and/or criminal sanctions of such nature imposed on our management).

We are exposed to credit and other counterparty risks of our customers in the ordinary course of our business.

We have various credit terms with virtually all of our wholesale and retail industrial customers, and our customers have varying degrees of creditworthiness which exposes us to the risk of nonpayment or other default under our contracts and other arrangements with them. In the event that a significant number of material customers default on their payment obligations to us, our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, could be materially and adversely affected.

Our inability to post judicial collateral or provide guarantees in pending legal or administrative proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not have sufficient funds to post collateral or provide guarantees in judicial or administrative proceedings involving substantial amounts. Even if we do not post such collateral or provide guarantees, we will be liable for paying any amounts due pursuant to any unfavorable outcomes in legal proceedings. We cannot assure you that, if we cannot make such payments, our assets, including financial assets, will not be attached, or that we will be able to obtain tax good standing certificates, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We are subject to anticorruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and other international trade laws and regulations.

We are subject to anticorruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and other international trade laws and regulations. We are required to comply with the laws and regulations of Brazil and various jurisdictions where we conduct operations. In particular, we are subject to the Brazilian Anti-corruption Law nº 12.846, to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the “FCPA,” to the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010, as well as economic sanction programs, including those administered by the United Nations, the European Union and the United States, including the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or “OFAC.” The FCPA prohibits providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. As part of our business, we may deal with entities and employees which are considered foreign officials for purposes of the FCPA. In addition, economic sanctions programs restrict our dealings with certain sanctioned countries, individuals and entities. Although we have internal policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable anti-fraud, anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations, potential violations of anti-corruption laws have been identified on occasion as part of our compliance and internal control processes. When such issues arise, we attempt to act promptly to learn relevant facts, conduct appropriate due diligence, and take any appropriate remedial action to address the risk. Given the size of our operations and the complexity of the production chain, there can be no assurance that our internal policies and procedures will be sufficient to prevent or detect all inappropriate practices, fraud or violations of law by our employees, directors, officers, partners, agents and service providers or that such persons will not take actions in violation of our policies and procedures (or otherwise in violation of the relevant anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations) for which we or they may be ultimately held responsible. Violations of anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may be subject to one or more enforcement actions, investigations and proceedings by authorities for alleged infringements of these laws. These proceedings may result in penalties, fines, sanctions or other forms of liability and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Funding, especially on terms acceptable to us, may not be available to meet our financial obligations and future capital needs.

We rely on obtaining financing and refinancing of existing loans in order to operate our business, implement our strategy and grow our business. We need bank guarantees to obtain credit facilities and we typically need insurance guarantees in order to participate in court proceedings to which we are a party.

If we are unable to obtain new financing or to refinance existing loans when necessary, or obtain or renew insurance guarantees on reasonable terms or at all, we may not be able to comply with our financial obligations, or explore business opportunities, and responding to competitive pressures may become challenging. This would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in industry sectors that require significant financial resources that will require access to the capital markets and bank financing in significant volumes to meet our investment objectives.

We obtain funds for our activities through loans from financial institutions, domestic and foreign lenders, and through access to the capital markets. Our ability to obtain funding to finance our growth or operate our business depends on several factors, including our level of indebtedness and market conditions. Global market and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, disruptive and volatile. The debt capital markets have been impacted by significant write-offs in the financial services sector and the re-pricing of credit risk, sovereign defaults, political and economic developments in and affecting Brazil such as the “ Lava Jato ” scandal, among other things. These events have negatively affected general economic conditions. In particular, the cost of raising money in the debt capital markets has increased substantially while the availability of funds from those markets for Brazilian companies has diminished significantly. Also, as a result of concerns about the stability of financial markets generally and the solvency of counterparties specifically, the cost of obtaining money from the credit markets has increased as many lenders and institutional investors have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards and reduced and, in some cases, ceased to provide funding to borrowers on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our failure to obtain the necessary resources on reasonable terms may adversely affect our investment strategy. If we decide to increase our debt levels, we may be subject to risks, including our inability to pay outstanding debt, which may adversely affect our financial condition.

In addition, in connection with any new indebtedness we incur, we may be required to meet certain covenants in our financing arrangements, such as maintaining financial ratios, and may be subject to restrictions on our ability to incur new debt or make new investments. A breach of these covenants may result in a mandatory prepayment or acceleration of the maturity of our outstanding debt. In the event of a prepayment or acceleration, our assets and cash flow might not be sufficient to pay the full amount due, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

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Our debt level could adversely affect our financial health and prevent us from fulfilling our debt obligations, which would reduce our ability to raise capital to finance our investments and operations and would adversely impact our ability to recover from economic changes.

Our debt level and the composition of our debt could, among other things: (1) require us to reserve a substantial part of our operational cash flows to pay principal and interest on our debt, which will reduce the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and investments; (2) limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate; (3) limit our ability to borrow additional funds, obtain bank guarantees or collateral insurance and generally increase our borrowing costs; and (4) place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.

Any of the aforementioned developments could have a material adverse effect on us, our financial condition and our results of operations.

We may be unable to comply with restrictive covenants under our financing agreements.

We are subject to certain restrictive covenants based on certain financial and non-financial indicators which are set forth in the majority of the indebtedness and finance agreements to which we are a party. The majority of such covenants relate to requirements to comply with certain pre-determined levels of leverage.

Any failure by us to comply with the restrictive covenants in our credit agreements as a result of adverse conditions in our business environment may trigger the acceleration of part of our indebtedness, limit our access to new credit facilities as well as adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may raise additional capital in the future for strategic partnerships or by issuing securities, which may result in a potential dilution of your equity interest.

We are constantly analyzing alternatives and considering the possibility of entering into strategic partnerships, disposing of assets, raising additional capital through a public or private issuance of shares and/or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares. Any strategic partnership, issuance or placement of shares and/or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares may affect the market price of our shares and could result in dilution of your equity interest.

Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses and/or liabilities that may be incurred in our operations.

Our operations are subject to a number of hazards and risks. We maintain insurance at levels that are customary in our industry to protect against these liabilities; however, our insurance may not be adequate to cover all losses or liabilities that might be incurred in our operations.

For example, we do not maintain coverage for business interruptions of any nature for our Brazilian operations, including business interruptions caused by labor disruptions. If, for instance, our workers were to strike, the resulting work stoppages could have a material and adverse effect on us. Similarly, we do not insure most of our assets against war or sabotage. Therefore, an attack or an operational incident causing an interruption of our business could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Moreover, we will be subject to the risk that we may not be able to maintain or obtain insurance of the type and amount desired at reasonable rates. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may engage in hedging transactions, which involve risks that can harm our financial performance.

We are exposed to market risks arising from the conduct in all of our business activities—in particular, market risks arising from changes in commodity prices, exchange rates or interest rates. In an attempt to minimize the effects of volatility of exchange rates on our cash flows and results of operations, we engage in hedging transactions involving commodities and exchange rate futures, options, forwards and swaps. We also engage in interest rate-related hedging transactions from time to time. Hedging transactions expose us to the risk of financial loss in situations where the counterparty to the hedging contract defaults on its contract or there is a change in the expected differential between the underlying price in the hedging agreement and the actual price of commodities or exchange rate. We may incur significant hedging-related losses in the future. We hedge against market price fluctuations by fixing the prices of our sugar export volumes and exchange rates. Since we record derivatives at fair value, to the extent that the market prices of our products exceed the fixed price under our hedging policy, our results will be lower than they would have been if we had not engaged in such transactions as a result of the related non-cash derivative expenses. As a result, our financial performance would be adversely affected during periods in which commodities prices increase. Alternatively, we may choose not to engage in hedging transactions in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance during periods in which commodities prices decrease.

Any failure relating to our strategic partnerships may result in additional financial or performance obligations by us, which would reduce our profitability.

We may enter into strategic partnerships, joint ventures, combinations, alliances and collaborations, including, among other things, partnerships with our customers. The success of these and other partnerships depends, in part, on the satisfactory performance of our and our partners’ obligations.

If we or our partners do not satisfactorily perform such obligations, our strategic partnerships may fail to perform as expected or to deliver the agreed services. Should this occur, we may be required to make additional investments and provide additional services to guarantee the adequate performance and delivery of the agreed services, or terminate such partnerships prior to their stated maturity. The performance by us of additional obligations with respect to our strategic partnerships may result in the reduction of our profits and material losses to us.

Likewise, the failure of our strategic partners to fulfill their obligations under our partnership agreements may have a material adverse effect on such partnerships. In addition, the failure to reach an agreement as to certain matters may result in deadlock pursuant to certain of the shareholders’ and other agreements governing our strategic partnerships.

Strategic partnerships are essential to the continuity of our operations and our growth. If we fail to maintain our existing partnerships or identify new partnerships, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We are highly dependent on our chairman and other members of our management to develop and implement our strategy and to oversee our operations.

We are dependent upon our chairman and controlling shareholder, other members of senior management and certain members of our board of directors, especially with respect to business planning, strategy and operations. If any of these key members of our management leaves our Company, our business and financial performance may be negatively affected. Our business is particularly dependent on our chairman, who is also our controlling shareholder. We currently do not carry any key man insurance.

We are indirectly controlled by a single individual who has the power to control us.

Our controlling shareholder and chairman, has the power to indirectly control us, including the power to:

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Currently, because of the share capital structure of our parent company Cosan Limited, our controlling shareholder is able to control substantially all matters submitted to our shareholders for a vote or approval even if the controlling shareholder comes to own less than 50% of our issued and outstanding share capital. The concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and, consequently, we may take actions that our shareholders do not view as beneficial. Moreover, Cosan’s controlling shareholder may make decisions that are contrary to the interests of their other shareholders, and diverge from those minority shareholders. These may include actions to conduct acquisitions, divest assets, engage in new business partnerships, and engage in new financings or similar operations. As a result, the market price of our shares could be adversely affected.

We operate in industry sectors that require significant financial resources that will require access to the capital markets and bank financing in significant volumes to meet our investment objectives.

We obtain funds for our activities through loans from financial institutions, domestic and foreign lenders, and through access to the capital markets. Our ability to obtain funding to finance our growth or operate our business depends on several factors, including our level of indebtedness and market conditions. Global market and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, disruptive and volatile. The debt capital markets have been impacted by significant write-offs in the financial services sector and the re-pricing of credit risk, sovereign defaults, political and economic developments in and affecting Brazil such as the “ Lava Jato ” scandal, among other things. These events have negatively affected general economic conditions. In particular, the cost of raising money in the debt capital markets has increased substantially while the availability of funds from those markets for Brazilian companies has diminished significantly. Also, as a result of concerns about the stability of financial markets generally and the solvency of counterparties specifically, the cost of obtaining money from the credit markets has increased as many lenders and institutional investors have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards and reduced and, in some cases, ceased to provide funding to borrowers on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our failure to obtain the necessary resources on reasonable terms may adversely affect our investment strategy. If we decide to increase our debt levels, we may be subject to risks, including our inability to pay outstanding debt, which may adversely affect our financial condition.

In addition, in connection with any new indebtedness we incur, we may be required to meet certain covenants in our financing arrangements, such as maintaining financial ratios, and may be subject to restrictions on our ability to incur new debt or make new investments. A breach of these covenants may result in a mandatory prepayment or acceleration of the maturity of our outstanding debt. In the event of a prepayment or acceleration, our assets and cash flow might not be sufficient to pay the full amount due, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

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Risks Related to Our Common Shares

We are a Bermuda company, and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or our directors and executive officers.

We are a Bermuda exempted company, so that the rights of holders of our shares will be governed by Bermuda law and our bye-laws. The rights of shareholders under Bermuda law may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies incorporated in other jurisdictions. All of our directors and some of the experts referred to in this annual report are not citizens or residents of the United States, and all of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process on those persons in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or those persons based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal or state securities laws. We have been advised by our Bermuda counsel, ASW Law Limited, that uncertainty exists as to whether courts in Bermuda will enforce judgments obtained in other jurisdictions, including the United States, against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of those jurisdictions or entertain actions in Bermuda against us or our directors or officers under the securities laws of other jurisdictions. The United States and Bermuda do not currently have a treaty providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Therefore, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not based solely on U.S. federal or state securities laws, may not necessarily be enforceable in Bermuda.

Bermuda law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and Brazil and may afford less protection to shareholders.

Our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States or Brazil. As a Bermuda company, we are governed by the Companies Act 1981. The Companies Act 1981 differs in material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. or Brazilian corporations and their shareholders, including the provisions relating to interested directors, amalgamations, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of directors.

Under Bermuda law, directors and officers of a company generally owe fiduciary duties to the company and not to individual shareholders. Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law. The Bermuda courts may, however, in certain circumstances permit a shareholder to commence an action in the name of a company to remedy a wrong to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the corporate power of the company or illegal, or would result in the violation of the company’s memorandum of association or bye-laws. Consideration would be given by a Bermuda court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or, for example, where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of the company’s shareholders than that which actually approved it. The Companies Act 1981 imposes a duty on directors and officers to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company and to exercise the care and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. Directors of a Bermuda company have a duty to avoid conflicts of interest. However, if a director discloses a direct or indirect interest in any contract or arrangement with us as required by Bermuda law, our bye-laws provide that such director is entitled to be counted for quorum purposes, but may not vote in respect of any such contract or arrangement in which he or she is interested. In addition, the rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under the Companies Act 1981 are not as clearly established as under statutes or judicial precedent in jurisdictions in the United States, particularly in the State of Delaware.

Provisions in our bye-laws may discourage takeovers, which could affect the return on the investment of our shareholders.

Our bye-laws contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions provide, among other things, for:

These bye-law’s provisions could deter a third party from seeking to acquire us, even if the third party’s offer may be considered beneficial by many shareholders.

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As a holding company, we may face limitations on our ability to receive distributions from our subsidiaries.

We conduct all of our operations through subsidiaries and are dependent upon dividends or other intercompany transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations. For example, Brazilian law permits the Brazilian government to impose temporary restrictions on conversions of Brazilian currency into foreign currencies and on remittances to foreign investors of proceeds from their investments in Brazil, whenever there is a serious imbalance in Brazil’s balance of payments or there are reasons to expect a pending serious imbalance. The Brazilian government last imposed remittance restrictions for approximately six months in 1989 and early 1990. The Brazilian government may take similar measures in the future. Any imposition of restrictions on conversions and remittances could hinder or prevent us from converting into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies and remitting abroad dividends, distributions or the proceeds from any sale in Brazil of common shares of our Brazilian subsidiaries. We currently conduct all of our operations through our Brazilian subsidiaries. As a result, any imposition of exchange controls restrictions could reduce the market prices of the class A common shares.

Our bye-laws restrict shareholders from bringing legal action against our directors and officers and also provide our directors and officers with indemnification from their actions and omissions, although such indemnification for liabilities under the Securities Act is unenforceable in the United States.

Our bye-laws contain a broad waiver by our shareholders of any claim or right of action, both individually and on our behalf, against any of our officers or directors. The waiver applies to any action taken by an officer or director, or the failure of an officer or director to take any action, in the performance of his or her duties, except with respect to any matter involving any fraud or dishonesty on the part of the officer or director. This waiver limits the right of shareholders to assert claims against our officers and directors unless the act or failure to act involves fraud or dishonesty. Our bye-laws also indemnify our directors and officers in respect of their actions and omissions, except in respect of their fraud or dishonesty. The indemnification provided in our bye-laws is not exclusive of other indemnification rights to which a director or officer may be entitled, provided these rights do not extend to his or her fraud or dishonesty. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we understand that, in the opinion of the staff of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable in the United States.

The sale, or issuance, of a significant number of our common shares may adversely affect the market value of our class A common shares.

The sale of a significant number of our common shares, or the perception that such a sale could occur, may adversely affect the market price of our class A common shares. We have an authorized share capital of 1,000,000,000 class A common shares and 188,886,360 class B common shares, of which 174,355,341 class A common shares are issued and outstanding and 96,332,044 class B series 1 common shares are issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016. Our bye-laws establish that our board of directors is authorized to issue any of our authorized, but unissued share capital. Our shareholders at a shareholders general meeting may authorize the increase of our authorized share capital. As a result, we will be able to issue a substantial number of new shares after the lock-up period, which, if we decided to do so, could dilute the participation of our shareholders in our share capital.

Actual dividends paid on our shares may not be consistent with the dividend policy adopted by our board of directors.

Our board of directors has a dividend policy that provides, subject to Bermuda law, for the payment of dividends to shareholders equal to approximately 25% of our annual consolidated net income (as calculated in accordance with IFRS as issued by IASB). Our board of directors may, in its discretion and for any reason, amend or repeal this dividend policy. Our board of directors may decrease the level of dividends provided for in this dividend policy or entirely discontinue the payment of dividends. Future dividends with respect to our common shares, if any, will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, distribution of dividends made by our subsidiaries, contractual restrictions, business opportunities, provisions of applicable law and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

To the extent we pay dividends to our shareholders, we will have less capital available to meet our future liquidity needs.

Our business strategy contemplates substantial growth over the next several years, and we expect that such growth will require considerable liquidity. To the extent that we pay dividends in accordance with our dividend policy, the amounts distributed to our shareholders will not be available to us to fund future growth and meet our other liquidity needs.

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We may require additional funds in the future, which may not be available or which may result in dilution of the interests of shareholders in our company.

We may need to issue debt or equity securities in order to obtain additional public or private financing. The securities that we issue may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our shares. If we decide to raise additional capital through an offering of common shares, the participation of our shareholders in our share capital may be diluted. Moreover, additional funding that may be required in the future may not be available under favorable terms.

The price of our class A common shares is subject to volatility.

The market price of our class A common shares could be subject to significant fluctuations due to various factors, including actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial performance, losses of key personnel, economic downturns, political events in Brazil or other jurisdictions in which we operate, developments affecting the ethanol and sugar industries, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts, the introduction of new products or technologies by us or our competitors, or our failure to meet expectations of analysts or investors.

Risks Related to Brazil

Historically, the Brazilian government has influenced and continues to influence the economy in the country, which may negatively affect our business and financial performance.

Political and economic conditions directly affect our business and can result in a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. Macroeconomic policies imposed by the government can have significant impacts on Brazilian companies, including Cosan and Comgás, as well as market conditions and securities prices in Brazil.

The Brazilian economy has been characterized by frequent and occasionally extensive intervention by the Brazilian government and unstable economic cycles. The Brazilian government has often changed monetary, taxation, credit, tariff and other policies to influence the course of Brazil’s economy. The Brazilian government’s actions to control inflation have at times involved setting wage and price controls, blocking access to bank accounts, imposing exchange controls and limiting imports into Brazil. For example, on August 31, 2016, Brazil’s Senate removed president Dilma Rousseff from office for infringing budgetary laws. Michel Temer, the former vice president, who has run Brazil since Ms. Rousseff’s suspension in May, was sworn in by the Senate to serve out the remainder of the presidential term until 2018. However, the resolution of the political and economic crisis in Brazil still depends on the outcome of the “Lava Jato” investigation and approval of reforms that are expected to be promoted by the new president. We cannot predict which policies Mr. Temer may adopt or change during his mandate or the effect that any such policies might have on our business and on the Brazilian economy. Any such new policies or changes to current policies may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business, financial performance and prospects, as well as the market prices of our shares, may be adversely affected by, among others, the following factors:

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Instability resulting from any changes made by the Brazilian government to policies or regulations that may affect these or other factors in the future may contribute to economic uncertainty in Brazil and intensify the volatility of Brazilian securities markets and securities issued abroad by Brazilian companies. The President of Brazil has the power to define the policies and actions of the Brazilian government in relation to the Brazilian economy and thereby affect the operations and financial performance of Brazilian companies. The Brazilian government may be subject to internal pressure to indent the current macroeconomic policies in order to achieve higher rates of economic growth. We cannot predict what policies will be adopted by the Brazilian government. Moreover, in the past, the Brazilian economy has been affected by the country’s political events, which have also affected the confidence of investors and the public in general, thereby adversely affecting the performance of the Brazilian economy. Furthermore, any indecisiveness by the Brazilian government in implementing changes to certain policies or regulations may contribute to economic uncertainty in Brazil and heightened volatility for the Brazilian securities markets and securities issued abroad by Brazilian companies.

These factors, as well as uncertainty as to whether the Brazilian government will apply changes to its policy or regulations that may affect any of the above mentioned factors or other factors in the future, can lead to economic uncertainty and increase the volatility of the capital markets and the securities issued by Brazilian companies. Changes in such policies and regulations may have a negative impact on our operating results and financial position and the price of the shares.

The levels of economic activity, reflected in Brazilian GDP, can influence our distributed volumes. The growth rates in natural gas consumption may occur primarily by substituting other resources, notably fuel oil, gasoline and to a lesser extent other products derived from oil, depending on the prices of each kind of fuel.

We, our subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities generally invoice our sales in Reais , but a substantial portion of our, our subsidiaries’ and jointly controlled entities’ net sales is from export sales that are billed in U.S. dollars. At the same time, the majority of our, our subsidiaries’ and jointly controlled entities’ costs are denominated in Reais . As a result, our operating margins are negatively affected when there is an appreciation of the Real to the U.S. dollar. Additionally, we have indebtedness with fixed and floating rates, and we are thus exposed to the risk of fluctuations in interest rates. If there is an increase in interest rates, our financial results may be affected.

The ongoing economic and political crisis in Brazil may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

The recent economic instability in Brazil caused by the rise of inflation, a slowdown in GDP growth, and uncertainty as to whether the Brazilian government will enact the necessary economic reforms in 2017 to improve Brazil’s deteriorating fiscal accounts and economy have led to a decline in market confidence in the Brazilian economy and a government crisis.

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On October 26, 2014, President Dilma Rousseff was re-elected following a tightly contested presidential election campaign. President Dilma Rousseff’s second term has been characterized by significant discontent among certain segments of the Brazilian population as evidenced by widespread protests. Such discontent is attributable to developments such as the worsening Brazilian economic scenario (including an increase in inflation and fuel prices as well as rising unemployment), the perception of widespread corruption (including accusations relating to the widely reported Petrobras corruption scandal), among other factors. Moreover, President Dilma Rousseff is currently subject to impeachment proceedings. On May 12, 2016, the Brazilian Senate voted to begin its review of the impeachment proceedings against President Dilma Rousseff. President Dilma Rousseff was suspended from office pending the outcome of the Brazilian Senate’s review, which must be completed within 180 days. After the legal and administrative process for the impeachment, Brazil’s Senate removed president Dilma Rousseff from office on August 31, 2016 for infringing budgetary laws. Michel Temer, the former vice president, who has run Brazil since Ms. Rousseff’s suspension in May, was sworn in by the Senate to serve out the remainder of the presidential term until 2018. However, the resolution of the political and economic crisis in Brazil still depends on the outcome of the “ Lava Jato ” investigation and approval of reforms that are expected to be promoted by the new president. We cannot predict which policies Mr. Temer may adopt or change during his mandate or the effect that any such policies might have on our business and on the Brazilian economy. Any such new policies or changes to current policies may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Moreover, the Brazilian government may be subject to internal pressure to change its current macroeconomic policies in order to achieve higher rates of economic growth. We cannot predict what policies will be adopted by the Brazilian government. Moreover, as has happened in the past, the Brazilian economy has been affected by the country’s political events, which have also affected the confidence of investors and the public in general, thereby adversely affecting the performance of the Brazilian economy. Furthermore, any indecisiveness by the Brazilian government in implementing changes to certain policies or regulations may contribute to economic uncertainty in Brazil and heightened volatility for the Brazilian securities markets and securities issued abroad by Brazilian companies.

We are not able to fully estimate the impact of global and Brazilian political and macroeconomic developments on our business. In addition, due to the current political instability, there exists substantial uncertainty regarding future economic policies and we cannot predict what policies will be adopted by the Brazilian government and whether these policies will negatively affect the economy or our business or financial performance. Recent economic and political instability has led to a negative perception of the Brazilian economy and higher volatility in the Brazilian securities markets, which also may adversely affect us and our securities. Any continued economic instability and political uncertainty may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Inflation and government measures to curb inflation may adversely affect the Brazilian economy, the Brazilian securities market, our business and operations and the market prices of our shares.

Brazil has experienced extremely high rates of inflation in the past and has therefore implemented monetary policies that have resulted in one of the highest interest rates in the world. According to the IGP-M, a general price inflation index, the inflation rates in Brazil were, 5.1% in 2011, 7.8% in 2012, 5.5% in 2013, 3.7% in 2014, 10.5% in 2015 and 7.2% in 2016. In addition, according to the National Extended Consumer Price Index ( Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo ), published by the IBGE, the Brazilian price inflation rates were 6.1% in 2011, 6.2% in 2012, 5.6% in 2013, 6.2% in 2014, 11.3% in 2015 and 6.6% in 2016. Despite the Brazilian Central Bank’s repeated increases of interest rates during the period from 2013 to 2015, the Brazilian price inflation rate (IPCA) has continued to increase, reaching 10.7% in 2015 (the highest level recorded since 2003), and reaching 6.3% for the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2016.

The Brazilian government’s measures to control inflation have often included maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting availability of credit and reducing economic growth. Inflation, actions to combat inflation and public speculation about possible additional actions have also contributed materially to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in the Brazilian securities markets. The Brazilian government’s measures to fight inflation, principally through the Central Bank, have had and may in the future have significant effects on the Brazilian economy and our business.

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Brazil may experience high levels of inflation in future periods. Periods of higher inflation may slow the rate of growth of the Brazilian economy, which could lead to reduced demand for our products in Brazil and decreased net sales. Inflation is also likely to increase some of our costs and expenses, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers and, as a result, may reduce our profit margins and net income. In addition, high inflation generally leads to higher domestic interest rates, and, as a result, the costs of servicing any floating-rate Real-denominated debt may increase, resulting in lower net income. Inflation and its effect on domestic interest rates can, in addition, lead to reduced liquidity in the domestic capital and lending markets, which could affect our ability to refinance our indebtedness in those markets. Future Brazilian governmental actions, including interest rate decreases, intervention in the foreign exchange market and actions to adjust or fix the value of the Real, may trigger increases in inflation and adversely affect the performance of the Brazilian economy as a whole. Any of the aforementioned developments may adversely affect the Brazilian economy as a whole, as well as on our financial conditions, operations and profits. Any decline in our net sales or net income and any deterioration in our financial performance would also likely lead to a decline in the market price of our shares.

High interest rates may adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

The Brazilian government’s measures to control inflation have frequently included maintaining a restrictive monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby limiting the availability of credit and reducing economic growth. As a consequence, official interest rates in Brazil at the end of 2016, 2015 and 2014 were 13.75%, 14.25% and 11.75% per year, respectively, as established by the monetary policy committee of the Central Bank (COPOM). Brazilian interest rates have remained high and any increase of such interest rates may negatively affect our profits and results of operations, thereby increasing the costs of financing our operations.

High interest rates may impact our cost of obtaining loans and also the cost of indebtedness, resulting in an increase in our financial expenses. This increase may adversely affect our ability to pay our financial obligations, as it reduces our cash availability. Mismatches between contracted indexes for assets versus liabilities and/or high volatilities in interest rates may result in financial losses for us.

As of December 31, 2016, our consolidated gross debt was either fixed or linked to interest rates based on the CDI (Interbank Deposit Certificate) rate, the TJLP (Long-Term Interest Rate), the IPCA and the SELIC rate. The aggregate amounts indexed are as follows: R$5,202 million, R$2,800.2 million, R$1,823.2 million and R$318.7 million, respectively.

Significant volatility in the value of the Real in relation to the U.S. dollar could harm our ability to meet our U.S. dollar-denominated liabilities.

Due to inflationary pressures and adjustments to economic policy, the Brazilian currency has historically experienced volatility against the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies. In the past, the Brazilian government has implemented various economic plans and exchange rate policies, including sudden devaluations and periodic mini-devaluations, during which the frequency of adjustments has ranged from daily to monthly, fluctuation band exchange rate systems, exchange controls and dual exchange rate markets.

There have been significant fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Brazilian currency and the U.S. dollar and other currencies. For example, the Brazilian Real depreciated 19.7% and 53.2% against the U.S. dollar in 2001 and 2002, respectively and appreciated 18.0%, 8.0%, 12.3%, 8.5% and 17.0% against the U.S. dollar in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. In 2008, the Real depreciated again approximately 31.9% against the U.S. dollar. In 2009, the Real appreciated 25.3% against the U.S. dollar, while in December 31, 2010 the Real to U.S. dollar exchange rate was R$1.6662, according to the Brazilian Central Bank. In 2011, the Real depreciated by 13.6% against the U.S. dollar, from R$1.6510 in the beginning of the period to R$1.8758 by the end of the period, and in 2012 the Real went from R$1.8683 in the beginning of the year to R$2.0435 by the end of the period, amounting to a 9.4% depreciation against the U.S. dollar. In 2013, the Real went from R$2.0415 in the beginning of the year to R$2.3426 by the end of the period. In 2014, the Real went from R$2.3975 in the beginning of the year to R$2.6562 by the end of the period, corresponding to a 10.8% depreciation against the U.S. dollar.

However, during 2015, due to the poor economic conditions in Brazil, including as a result of political instability, the Real has devalued at a rate that is much higher than in previous years. On September 24, 2015, the Real fell to the lowest level since the introduction of the currency, at R$4.1949 per U.S.$1.00. In 2015, the Real depreciated 45%, reaching R$3.9048 per U.S.$1.00 on December 31, 2015. Conversely, in 2016, the Real went from R$4.0387 per U.S.$1.00 at the beginning of the year to R$3.2591 per U.S.$1.00 on December 31, 2016, corresponding to a 19.3% appreciation against the U.S. dollar. There can be no assurance that the Real will not depreciate or appreciate further against the U.S. dollar.

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Because Cosan, its subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities generally invoices its sales in Reais , devaluation of the Real against foreign currencies may generate losses from our foreign currency-denominated liabilities as well as an increase in our funding costs with a negative impact on our ability to finance our operations through access to the international capital markets and on the market value of the shares. A strengthening of the Real in relation to the U.S. dollar generally has the opposite effect. Further devaluations of the Brazilian currency may occur and impact our business in the future. These foreign exchange and monetary gains or losses can be substantial, which can significantly impact our earnings from one period to the next. In addition, depreciation of the Real relative to the U.S. dollar could (1) result in additional inflationary pressures in Brazil by generally increasing the price of imported products and services and requiring recessionary government policies to curb demand and (2) weaken investor confidence in Brazil and reduce the market price of the shares. On the other hand, further appreciation of the Real against the U.S. dollar may lead to a deterioration of the country’s current account and the balance of payments and may dampen export-driven growth.

In addition, we are active in the credit market, obtaining funds denominated in national and foreign currencies to finance our investments and working capital. Our foreign currency exposure related to indebtedness as of December 31, 2016 was R$5,864.3 million compared to R$6,969.8 million at December 31, 2015. We manage a portion of our exchange rate risk through foreign currency derivative instruments, but our foregoing currency debt obligations are not completely hedged. As a result, the possible depreciation of the Real against the U.S. dollar could increase the cost of our obligations in foreign currency, and therefore significantly affect our liquidity and our cash flows in the short term. The depreciation of the Real may limit our access to international capital markets and may favor state intervention in the economy, including the imposition of potentially recessionary policies.

Infrastructure and workforce deficiency in Brazil may impact economic growth and have a material adverse effect on us.

Our performance depends on the overall health and growth of the Brazilian economy. Brazilian GDP growth has fluctuated over the past few years, with growth of 1.8% in 2012, improving to 2.7% in 2013 but decreasing to 0.1% in 2014 and then to a contraction of 3.8% in 2015, and a contraction of 3.6% in 2016. Continued growth is limited by inadequate infrastructure, including potential energy shortages and deficient transportation, logistics and telecommunication sectors, the lack of a qualified labor force, and the lack of private and public investments in these areas, which limit productivity as well as efficiency. Any of these factors could lead to labor market volatility and generally impact income, purchasing power and consumption levels, which could limit growth or result in contraction and ultimately have a material adverse effect on our business.

Furthermore, deficiencies in the road, rail or waterway network of the areas in which we operate, such as unpaved or maintenance-free roads, lack of railroads, especially in regions farthest from the port, cause high logistics costs and, consequently, loss of profitability of sugarcane. Likewise, failure or malpractice in transportation handling, whether on trains, trucks or vessels, may lead to loss of production, waste of quantities or damage to sugarcane. Constant climate change, such as excessive rainfall, has led to a worsening of the road’s conservation status, which may lead to an increase in over-production losses. The aforementioned infrastructure deficiencies may make it more difficult for us to conduct our business in the areas in which we operate and thereby adversely affect us.

Developments and the perception of risk in other countries may adversely affect the Brazilian economy and market price of Brazilian issuers’ securities.

The market value of securities of Brazilian issuers is affected by economic and market conditions in other countries, including the United States, European countries, as well as in other Latin American and emerging market countries. Although economic conditions in Europe and the United States may differ significantly from economic conditions in Brazil, investors’ reactions to developments in these other countries may have an adverse effect on the market value of securities of Brazilian issuers. Additionally, crises in other emerging market countries may diminish investor interest in securities of Brazilian issuers, including our securities, as well as adversely affect the availability of credit to Brazilian companies in the foreign market, with the significant outflow of resources from the country and decrease in the amount of foreign currency invested in the country. In addition, negative events in the Brazilian financial and capital markets, any news or evidence of corruption in publicly traded companies and other issuers of securities, and the lack of rigorous application of investor protection rules or lack of transparency of information or eventual crisis situations in the Brazilian economy and in other economies may influence the Brazilian capital markets and negatively impact the securities issued in Brazil. This could adversely affect the market price of our securities, restrict our access to capital markets and compromise our ability to finance our operations in the future on favorable terms, or at all.

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In 2013, 2014 and 2015, there was an increase in volatility in all Brazilian markets due to, among other factors, uncertainties about how monetary policy adjustments in the United States would affect the international financial markets, the increasing risk aversion to emerging market countries, and the uncertainties regarding Brazilian macroeconomic and political conditions. These uncertainties adversely affected us and the market value of our securities.

On January 20, 2017, Donald Trump became the President of the United States. The results for the 2016 United States presidential and congressional elections have generated volatility in the global capital markets. Such volatility and uncertainty, as well as changes in administrative and governmental policies of the new administration may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Asset valuations, currency exchange rates and credit ratings may be especially subject to increased market volatility. We have no control over and cannot predict the effects arising from the new United States administration or its policies. Any disruption to global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets could have a material adverse effect on us and the market value of our securities.

In addition, we continue to be exposed to disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets because of their effects on the financial and economic environment, particularly in Brazil, such as a slowdown in the economy, an increase in the unemployment rate, a decrease in the purchasing power of consumers and the lack of credit availability.

Disruption or volatility in the global financial markets could further increase negative effects on the financial and economic environment in Brazil, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In a referendum held in the United Kingdom on June 23, 2016, a majority of those voting voted for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union (referred to as Brexit) and on March 29, 2017 the United Kingdom formally notified the European Union of its intention to withdraw from the bloc. Brexit could impair our ability to transact business in the United Kingdom and in countries in the European Union. Brexit has already and could continue to adversely affect European and/or worldwide economic and market conditions and could continue to contribute to instability in the global financial markets. The long-term effects of Brexit will depend in part on any agreements the United Kingdom makes to retain access to markets in the European Union following the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union. In addition, we expect that Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replicate or replace. Any of the effects of Brexit could adversely affect our business, business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Events in other countries may have a negative impact on the Brazilian economy.

Global economic conditions may affect the Brazilian economy as well as the demand for our products. For example, a global recession may lead to a reduction in global demand for our products, either through lower consumption or via measures to protect local production. In both cases the consequence would be to reduce prices for our products in the foreign market, affecting our financial performance. Notwithstanding, as a portion of our net operating revenues, generated from export activities, is normally billed in U.S. dollars and, at the same time, most of our costs are denominated in Reais , our operating margins may be adversely affected when the Real appreciates against the U.S. dollar. In addition, we have indebtedness at pre and post fixed rates and, therefore, we are exposed to the risk of interest rate variations. If there is an increase in interest rates, our financial results may be affected.

A reduction in the volume of foreign investments in Brazil may have a negative impact on us.

Any reduction in the volume of foreign investments in Brazil may have an impact on the balance of payments, which may force the Brazilian government to have a greater need to raise funds, both in the domestic and in the international markets, at higher interest rates. Likewise, any significant increase in Brazilian inflation rates and the current slowdowns of the European and American economies may have a negative impact on the Brazilian economy and affect interest rate levels, raising expenses on loans already obtained and costs of new funding from resources by Brazilian companies, including us.

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Future governmental policy and regulations may adversely affect our operations and profitability.

Trade flows are materially affected by policies and regulations from Brazilian and foreign federal, state and municipal government. Governmental policies affecting economic activity such as tariffs, taxes, subsidies and restrictions on the import and export of agricultural goods and commodities, which represent a substantial part of the cargo we transport, may influence the profitability of the industry as well as the volume and type of imports and exports.

Future Brazilian and foreign governmental policies may adversely affect the supply, demand and prices of our logistics services or otherwise restrict our capacity to operate in our current or prospective markets, potentially affecting our financial performance.

Changes in tax laws may increase our tax burden and, as a result, adversely affect our profitability.

The Brazilian government regularly implements changes to tax regimes that may increase the tax burden on Cosan S.A., its subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities and its customers. These changes include modifications in the rate of assessments and, on occasion, enactment of new or temporary taxes, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated governmental purposes.

In May 2014, Law 12,973, which converts into law the provisions provided for in Provisional Measure No. 627 of November 11, 2013, was enacted. Law 12,973 introduces changes to tax rules, revokes a temporary tax regime which had been in force between 2008 and 2014, and regulates the transition between the then-applicable Brazilian accounting practices and international IFRS standards. Among other things, Law 12,973 makes certain changes to the tax treatment of accounting income, the tax basis of goodwill on acquisition of shareholdings, the fiscal treatment of mergers and acquisitions, present value adjustments in the investee, pre-operational expenses and leases.

Law 12,973 came into effect on January 1, 2014, for entities which have voluntarily adopted the measures early, and in January 1, 2015 for entities which have not opted for early compliance. Cosan S.A. and its subsidiaries have not opted for early compliance with the provisions of Law 12,973, and, consequently, Cosan S.A. and its subsidiaries have only been subject to the provisions of Law 12,973 since January 1, 2015.

Cosan S.A. and Cosan Logística have performed a full analysis of the provisions of Law 12,973, and concluded that there was no material impact on its 2016 financial statements as a result of the application of such law.

The ongoing investigations regarding corruption in Brazil may adversely affect the growth of the Brazilian economy and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Petrobras (Brazil’s state-owned oil company and one of the country’s largest companies and a supplier of the Company) and certain Brazilian companies active in the oil and gas, energy, construction and infrastructure sectors are facing investigations by the CVM, the SEC, the Brazilian Federal Police and the Brazilian Federal Prosecutor’s Office, the Comptroller General of Brazil and other relevant governmental authorities, in connection with corruption allegations (the so called “ Lava Jato ” investigations). In addition, elected officials and other public officials in Brazil are also being investigated for allegations of unethical and illegal conduct identified during the new phase of the Lava Jato investigations, which began in July 2015, as well as other investigations.

Depending on the duration and outcome of such investigations, the companies involved may face a reduction in their revenues, downgrades from rating agencies or funding restrictions, among other negative effects. These investigations have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on Brazil’s growth prospects in the near to medium term given the relatively significant weight in relation to the Brazilian economy of the companies cited in the investigation. Negative effects on a number of companies may also impact the level of investments in infrastructure in Brazil, which may lead to lower economic growth in the near to medium term.

The allegations under the “ Lava Jato ” investigations along with the economic downturn resulted in Brazil being downgraded to non-investment grade status by S&P in September 2015, by Fitch Ratings in December 2015, and by Moody’s in February 2016, as well as in the downgrade of various major Brazilian companies. Such downgrades have further worsened the conditions of the Brazilian economy and the condition of Brazilian companies, especially those relying on foreign investments.

Such investigations have recently extended to persons in high positions in the executive and legislative branches of the Brazilian government, which has caused considerable political instability. It is difficult to predict the effects of such political instability. Persistent economic hardship in Brazil resulting from, among other factors, such investigations, the developments arising therefrom and a scenario of high political instability may have a material adverse effect on us.

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Persistently poor macroeconomic conditions in Brazil resulting from, among other things, the “ Lava Jato ” investigations and their consequences could have a material adverse effect on us.

If we do not successfully comply with laws and regulations designed to prevent governmental corruption in countries in which we sell our products, we could become subject to fines, penalties or other regulatory sanctions and our sales and profitability could suffer.

Our anti-corruption policies and procedures designed to prevent governmental corruption violations may not prevent our management, employees or third parties acting on our behalf in the countries in which we operate from taking actions that violate applicable laws and regulations on improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or business advantages. Laws prohibiting such behaviors include (but are not limited to) laws relating to the OECD’s 1997 Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and Brazilian Law No. 12,846/13, or the Anticorruption Act, which has been in effect since January 29, 2014. Any breach thereof may have a material adverse effect on our business, including the acceleration of loans and financing.

The Anticorruption Act imposes strict liability on companies for acts of corruption, fraud or manipulation of public tenders and government contracts; and interference with investigations or inspections by governmental authorities. Companies found liable under the Anticorruption Act face fines of up to 20% of their gross revenue in the immediately preceding year or, if such annual gross revenue cannot be estimated, such fines may range from R$6 thousand to R$60 million. Among other sanctions, the Anticorruption Act also provides for the seizure of assets or benefits obtained illegally, the suspension or partial prohibition of operations, the dissolution of the entity and/or the prohibition to receive incentives, subsidies, donations or financing from the government or from government-controlled entities for up to five years. In assessing penalties under the Anticorruption Act, Brazilian authorities may consider the adoption of an effective compliance program. Other relevant laws applicable to corruption-related violations, such as Law No. 8.492/92, or the Administrative Improbity Law, also provide for penalties that include the prohibition to enter into government contracts for up to ten years.

Consequently, if we, our management, employees or third parties acting on our behalf in the countries in which we sell our products become involved in any anti-corruption or criminal investigations or proceedings in connection to our business in Brazil or in any other jurisdiction, our business could be materially adversely affected.