Item 3. Key Information

The following tables set forth our selected historical financial and operating data.

On January 4, 2011, Omega Holdco B.V., which later changed its name to Constellium Holdco B.V., and then again to Constellium N.V. (“Constellium”) acquired the Engineered Aluminum Products business unit (the “EAP Business”) from affiliates of Rio Tinto, a leading international mining group (the “Acquisition”).

The selected historical financial information as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”) included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected historical financial information as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2014 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report.

The audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report have been prepared in a manner that complies, in all material respects, with the International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (the “IASB”), and as endorsed by the European Union (“EU”).

Effective January 1, 2014, we changed the measure of profitability for our segments under IFRS 8 “Operating Segments” from Management Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted EBITDA.

References to “tons” throughout this Annual Report are to metric tons.

References to the Wise Acquisition refer to our January 5, 2015 acquisition of Wise Metals Intermediate Holdings LLC and its subsidiaries, which companies we refer to collectively as “Wise.”

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Not applicable.

Not applicable.

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this Annual Report. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline. This Annual Report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Special Note

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About Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors.

Risks Related to Our Business

We may not be able to compete successfully in the highly competitive markets in which we operate, and new competitors could emerge, which could negatively impact our share of industry sales, sales volumes and selling prices.

We are engaged in a highly competitive industry. We compete in the production and sale of rolled and extruded aluminium products with a number of other producers, some of which are larger and have greater financial and technical resources than we do. Producers with a different cost basis may, in certain circumstances, have a competitive pricing advantage. Our competitors may be better able to withstand reductions in price or other adverse industry or economic conditions.

In addition, a current or new competitor may also add or build new capacity, which could diminish our profitability by decreasing prices in our markets. New competitors could emerge from within Europe or North America or globally, including from China, Russia and the Middle East, and could include existing producers and sellers of steel and other products that may seek to compete in our industry. Emerging or transitioning markets in these regions with abundant natural resources, low-cost labor and energy, and lower environmental and other standards may pose a significant competitive threat to our business. Our competitive position may also be affected by exchange rate fluctuations that may make our products less competitive. Changes in regulation that have a disproportionately negative effect on us or our methods of production may also diminish our competitive advantage and industry position. In addition, technological innovation is important to our customers who require us to lead or keep pace with new innovations to address their needs. If we do not compete successfully, our share of industry sales, sales volumes and selling prices may be negatively impacted.

In addition, the aluminium industry has experienced consolidation over the past years and there may be further industry consolidation in the future. Although industry consolidation has not yet had a significant negative impact on our business, if we do not have sufficient market presence or are unable to differentiate ourselves from our competitors, we may not be able to compete successfully against other companies. If as a result of consolidation, our competitors are able to obtain more favorable terms from suppliers or otherwise take actions that could increase their competitive strengths, our competitive position and therefore our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

The beverage can sheet industry is competitive, and our competitors have greater resources and product and geographic diversity than we do.

The market for beverage can sheet products is competitive. Our competitors have market presence, operating capabilities and financial and other resources that are greater than ours. They also have greater product and geographic diversity than we do. Because of their greater resources and product and geographic diversity, these competitors may have an advantage over us in their abilities to research and develop technology, pursue acquisition, investment and other business opportunities, market and sell their products and services, capitalize on market opportunities, enter new markets and withstand business interruptions or adverse global economic conditions. There are no assurances that we will be able to compete successfully in these circumstances.

In addition, we are subject to competition from non-aluminium sources of packaging, such as plastics and glass. Consumer demand and preferences also impact customer selection of packaging materials. While we believe that the recyclability of aluminium, coupled with increasing consumer focus on resource conservation, may reduce the impact of competition from certain alternative packaging sources, there is no guarantee that such competition will be reduced.

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Our business requires substantial capital investments that we may be unable to fulfill. We may be unable to timely complete our expected capital investments, including in Auto Body Sheet (“ABS”), or may be unable to achieve the anticipated benefits of such investments.

Our operations are capital intensive. Our total capital expenditures were €276 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, and €355 million and €350 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete our capital investments, including our expected investments in ABS, on schedule, or that we will be able to achieve the anticipated benefits of such capital investments. In addition, we are under no legal obligation to complete the expansion of our ABS program. We may at any time determine not to complete the expansion of our ABS program. Additionally, we may not generate sufficient operating cash flows and our external financing sources may not be available in an amount sufficient to enable us to make anticipated capital expenditures (including completing our expected ABS investments), service or refinance our indebtedness or fund other liquidity needs, including additional investments. We may experience delays in materializing demand for our ABS products, and we may not receive customer orders for ABS products as quickly as we had anticipated. Delays in materializing demand or revenues from our ABS investments could adversely affect our results of operations.

If we are unable to make upgrades, repairs or purchase new plants and equipment, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by higher maintenance costs, lower sales volumes due to the impact of reduced product quality, reduced production capacity and other competitive factors. In addition, if we are unable to, or determine not to, complete our expected or additional ABS investments, or such investments are delayed, we will not realize the anticipated benefits of such investments, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

We may experience difficulties in the launch or production ramp-up of our existing or new products.

As we begin manufacturing processes in our new locations or for newly introduced products, we may experience difficulties, including manufacturing disruptions, delays or other complications, which could adversely affect our ability to serve our customers, our reputation or our costs of production and ultimately, our financial position and results of operations.

We are subject to unplanned business interruptions that may materially adversely affect our business and financial results.

Our operations may be materially adversely affected by unplanned business interruptions caused by events such as explosions, fires, war or terrorism, inclement weather, natural disasters, accidents, equipment failure and breakdown, IT systems and process failures, electrical blackouts or outages, transportation interruptions and supply interruptions. Operational interruptions at one or more of our production facilities could cause substantial losses and delays in our production capacity, increase our operating costs and have a negative financial impact on the company and our customers. In addition, replacement of assets damaged by such events could be difficult, lengthy or expensive, and to the extent these losses are not covered by insurance or our insurance policies have significant deductibles, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected by such events. For example, in September 2015, Constellium’s Neuf-Brisach plant suffered an unplanned outage at the manufacturing facility as a result of the breakdown of a scalper, which adversely affected earnings. From time to time, we have similar or other equipment failures impacting our production capacity, which may adversely affect our financial results.

Furthermore, because customers may be dependent on planned deliveries from us, customers that have to reschedule, delay or cancel their own production due to our delivery delays or operational challenges, may be able to pursue financial and legal claims against us, and we may incur costs to correct such problems in addition

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to any liability resulting from such claims. Interruptions may also harm our reputation among actual and potential customers, and the reputation of our customers, potentially resulting in a loss of business, operational shutdowns or other adverse consequences for us and our customers. In addition, because in many cases we have dedicated facilities and arrangements with customers, production outages or other business operations at an isolated facility could adversely affect our ability to timely fulfill orders for the applicable customer, potentially adversely affecting our relationship with that customer or our business and results of operations.

Our production capacity might not be able to meet customer or market demand or changing market conditions.

We may be unable to meet customer or market demand, or changing market conditions due to production capacity constraints or operational challenges and disruptions. Meeting such demand may also require us to make substantial capital investments to repair, maintain, upgrade, and expand our facilities and equipment. Notwithstanding our ongoing plans and investments to increase our capacity, we may not be able to expand our production capacity quickly enough in response to operational challenges or changing market conditions, and there can be no assurance that our production capacity will be able to meet our existing obligations and the growing market demand for our products. If we are unable to adequately expand our production capacity, we may be unable to take advantage of improved market conditions and increased demand for our products. We may also experience loss of market share, operational challenges, increased costs, penalties for late delivery, disruption in our ability to supply our products, reduction in demand for our products, our reputation with actual and potential customers may be harmed, and our customer’s reputation may be harmed, resulting in loss of business and a negative impact on our financial performance.

We could experience labor disputes and work stoppages that could disrupt our business and have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we may experience labor disputes and work stoppages at our facilities. For example, we experienced work stoppages and labor disturbances at our Ravenswood, West Virginia facility in 2012 in conjunction with the renegotiation of the collective bargaining agreement. Additionally, we experienced work stoppages and labor disturbances at our Issoire and Neuf-Brisach facilities in November 2013 and resumed normal operations in early December 2013. We also faced minor stoppages in our Issoire site in December 2015 during the yearly collective bargaining agreement negotiations. Existing collective bargaining agreements may not prevent a strike or work stoppage at our facilities in the future. Any such stoppages or disturbances may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations by limiting plant production, sales volumes, profitability and operating costs.

In addition, in light of demographic trends in the labor markets where we operate, we expect that our factories will be confronted with high levels of natural attrition in the coming years due to retirements. Strategic workforce planning will be a challenge to ensure a controlled exit of skills and competencies and the timely acquisition of new talent and competencies, in line with changing technological and industrial needs.

We are dependent on a limited number of customers for a substantial portion of our sales, and a failure to successfully renew, renegotiate or re-price our long-term or other agreements with our customers may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our business is exposed to risks related to existing market concentration of our customers. We estimate that our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 55% of our consolidated revenues in 2017, two of which accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenues over the same period. A significant downturn in the business or financial condition of our significant customers exposes us to the risk of default on contractual agreements and trade receivables, and this risk is increased by weak and deteriorating economic conditions on a global, regional or industry sector level.

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We have long-term contracts and related arrangements with a significant number of our customers. Some of our long-term customer contracts and related arrangements have provisions that, by their terms, may become less favorable to us over time. If we fail to successfully renegotiate or re-price these less favorable provisions, including payment terms, in our long-term agreements and related arrangements then our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, some of our long-term contracts and related arrangements are subject to renewal, renegotiation or re-pricing at periodic intervals or upon changes in competitive and regulatory supply conditions, or provide termination rights to our customers. If we fail to renew, renegotiate or re-price these long-term contracts or arrangements at all, or on favorable terms, including payment terms, then our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Any of these risks, or any material deterioration in, or termination of, these customer relationships, could result in a reduction or loss in sales volume or revenue, which could adversely affect our results of operations. If we are not successful in replacing business lost from such customers, or in negotiating favorable terms, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, our strategy of having dedicated facilities and arrangements with customers subjects us to the inherent risk of increased dependence on a single or a few customers with respect to these facilities. In such cases, the loss of such a customer, or the reduction of that customer’s business at one or more of our facilities, could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and we may be unable to timely replace, or replace at all, lost order volumes and revenue.

Customer consolidation could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Customers in our end-markets, including the can, packaging, aerospace and automotive sectors, may consolidate and grow in a manner that could affect their relationships with us. For example, if one of our competitors’ customers acquires any of our customers, we may lose that acquired customer’s business. Additionally, if our customers become larger and more concentrated, they could exert pressure in pricing and payment terms on all suppliers, including us. Accordingly, our ability to maintain or raise prices in the future may be limited, including during periods of raw material and other cost increases. If we are forced to reduce prices or maintain prices during periods of increased costs, or if we lose customers because of consolidation, pricing or other methods of competition, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected.

If our products fail to meet customer requirements, we could incur losses and could adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations.

Product manufacturing in our business is a highly complex process. Our customers specify quality, performance and reliability standards that we must meet. If our products do not meet these standards or are defective, we may be required to replace or rework the products. In some cases, our products may contain undetected defects or flaws that only become evident at a later time, including after shipment. Problems may arise during manufacturing for a variety of reasons, including equipment malfunction, failure to follow specific protocols and procedures, problems with raw materials, supply chain interruptions, natural disasters, labor unrest and environmental factors. We have experienced product quality, performance or reliability problems and defects from time to time, and similar defects or failures may occur in the future. If these failures or defects occur, they could result in losses or product recalls, customer penalties, contract cancellation and product liability exposure. A significant product recall could adversely affect product demand, result in negative publicity, damage to our reputation and could lead to a loss of customer confidence in our products. Any of such consequences could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations.

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The qualification process for our products can be lengthy and unpredictable, potentially delaying adoption of our products and causing us to incur expense potentially without recovery.

Qualification of our products by many of our customers can be lengthy and unpredictable and many of these customers have extensive sourcing and qualification processes. The qualification process requires substantial time and financial resources, with no certainty of success or recovery of our related expenses. In addition, even after an extensive qualification process, our products may fail to meet the standards sought by our customers and may not be qualified for use by such customers. Further, our continued process improvements and cost-reduction efforts may require us or our customers to re-qualify our products. Failure to qualify or re-qualify our products may result in us losing such customers or customer contracts, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are dependent on a limited number of suppliers for a substantial portion of our aluminium supply and a failure to successfully renew, renegotiate or re-price our long-term agreements or other arrangements with our suppliers may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our ability to produce competitively priced aluminium products depends on our ability to procure competitively priced supply of aluminium in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities to meet our production needs. We have supply arrangements with a limited number of suppliers for aluminium and other raw materials. Our top ten suppliers accounted for approximately 40% of our total purchases for the year ended December 31, 2017. Increasing aluminium demand levels have caused regional supply constraints in the industry, and further increases in demand levels, could exacerbate these issues. We maintain long-term contracts for a majority of our supply requirements, and for the remainder we depend on annual and spot purchases. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew, or obtain replacements for, any of our long-term contracts or any related arrangements when they expire on terms that are as favorable as our existing agreements or at all. Additionally, if any of our key suppliers is unable to deliver sufficient quantities on a timely basis, our production may be disrupted, and we could be forced to purchase primary metal and other supplies from alternative sources, which may not be available in sufficient quantities or may only be available on terms that are less favorable to us. As a result, an interruption in key supplies required for our operations could have a material adverse effect on our ability to produce and deliver products on a timely or cost-efficient basis and therefore on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, a significant downturn in the business or financial condition of our significant suppliers exposes us to the risk of default by the supplier on our contractual agreements. This risk is increased by weak and deteriorating economic conditions on a global, regional or industry sector level.

We depend on scrap aluminium for our operations and acquire our scrap inventory from numerous sources. Our suppliers generally are not bound by long-term contracts and have no obligation to sell scrap metal to us. In periods of low inventory prices, suppliers may elect to hold scrap until they are able to charge higher prices. In addition, a decrease in the supply of used beverage containers (“ UBCs ”) available to us resulting from a decrease in the rate at which consumers consume or recycle products contained or packaged in aluminium beverage cans could negatively impact our supply of aluminium. For example, the slowdown in industrial production and consumer consumption during the most recent economic crisis reduced and may continue to reduce the supply of scrap metal available. Previously, we had relied on our relationship with AB InBev to provide us with certain amounts of UBCs but, since November 2016, we transitioned the procurement of UBCs inhouse to Constellium Metal Procurement, in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. If an adequate supply of scrap metal is not available to us, we would be unable to recycle metals at desired volumes and our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, we seek to take advantage of the lower price of scrap aluminium compared to primary aluminium to provide a cost-competitive product. A decrease in the supply of scrap aluminium could increase its cost. To the extent the discount between the primary aluminium price and scrap price narrows, our competitive advantage may be reduced. We cannot make use of financial markets to effectively hedge against reductions in this discount as this market is not readily available. If the difference between the price of primary and scrap

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aluminium is narrow for a considerable period of time, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The loss of certain key members of our management team may have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Our success will depend, in part, on the efforts of our senior management and other key employees. These individuals including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, possess sales, marketing, engineering, technical, manufacturing, financial and administrative skills that are critical to the operation of our business. If we lose or suffer an extended interruption in the services of one or more of our senior officers or other key employees, our ability to operate and expand our business, improve our operations, develop new products, and, as a result, our financial condition and results of operations, may be adversely affected. Moreover, the hiring of qualified individuals is highly competitive in our industry, and we may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel to replace or succeed members of our senior management or other key employees.

If we fail to implement our business strategy, including our productivity improvement initiatives, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our future financial performance and success depend in large part on our ability to successfully implement our business strategy, including investing in high-return opportunities in our core markets, focusing on higher-margin, technologically advanced products, differentiating our products, expanding our strategic relationships with customers in selected international regions, fixed-cost containment and cash management, and executing on our manufacturing productivity improvement programs. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully implement our business strategy or be able to continue improving our operating results.

Implementation of our business strategy could be affected by a number of factors beyond our control, such as increased competition, legal and regulatory developments, or general economic conditions. Any failure to successfully implement our business strategy could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may decide to alter or discontinue certain aspects of our business strategy at any time. Although we have undertaken and expect to continue to undertake productivity and manufacturing system and process transformation initiatives to improve performance, we cannot assure you that all of these initiatives will be completed or that any estimated cost savings from such activities will be fully realized. Even when we are able to generate new efficiencies in the short- to medium-term, we may not be able to continue to reduce costs and increase productivity over the long term.

Our results of operations, cash flows and liquidity could be adversely affected if we are unable to execute on our hedging policy, if counterparties to our derivative instruments fail to honor their agreements or if we are unable to enter into certain derivative instruments.

We purchase and sell LME and other forwards, futures and options contracts as part of our efforts to reduce our exposure to changes in currency exchange rates, aluminium prices and other raw materials and energy prices. If we are unable to enter into such derivative instruments to manage those risks due to the cost or availability of such instruments or other factors, or if we are not successful in passing through the costs of our risk management activities, our results of operations, cash flows and liquidity could be adversely affected. Our ability to realize the benefit of our hedging program is dependent upon many factors, including factors that are beyond our control. For example, our foreign exchange hedges are scheduled to mature on the expected payment date by the customer; therefore, if the customer fails to pay an invoice on time and does not warn us in advance, we may be unable to reschedule the maturity date of the foreign exchange hedge, which could result in an outflow of foreign currency that will not be offset until the customer makes the payment. We may realize a gain or a loss in unwinding such hedges. In addition, our metal-price hedging program depends on our ability to match our monthly exposure to sold and purchased metal, which can be made difficult by seasonal variations in metal demand, unplanned changes in metal delivery dates by either us or by our customers and other disruptions to our

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inventories, including for maintenance. As an example, in 2015, we were unable to hedge all of our exposure to the decrease in the Midwest regional premium component of aluminium prices, resulting in unrecovered Midwest premium charges of €22 million at our Muscle Shoals facility.

We may also be exposed to losses if the counterparties to our derivative instruments fail to honor their agreements.

To the extent our hedging transactions fix prices or exchange rates and if primary aluminium prices, energy costs or foreign exchange rates are below the fixed prices or rates established by our hedging transactions, then our income and cash flows will be lower than they otherwise would have been. Similarly, if we do not effectively manage and adequately hedge for prices and premiums (including the Midwest regional premium) of our aluminium and other raw materials, our financial results may also be adversely affected. Further, with the exception of derivatives hedging forecasted cash flows on certain long-term aerospace contracts, we do not apply hedge accounting to our forwards, futures or option contracts. Unrealized gains and losses on our derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in our consolidated results of operations. The inclusion of such unrealized gains and losses in earnings may produce significant period-over-period earnings volatility that is not necessarily reflective of our underlying operating performance. In addition, in certain scenarios when market price movements result in a decline in value of our current derivatives position, our mark-to-market expense may exceed our credit line and counterparties may request the posting of cash collateral which, in turn, can be a significant demand on our liquidity.

At certain times, hedging instruments may simply be unavailable or not available on terms acceptable to us. In addition, recent legislation has been adopted to increase the regulatory oversight of over-the-counter derivatives markets and derivative transactions. The companies and transactions that are subject to these regulations may change. If future regulations subject us to additional capital or margin requirements or other restrictions on our trading and commodity positions, this could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our cash flows and liquidity could be adversely affected as a result of the maturity mismatch between certain of our derivative instruments and the underlying exposure.

We use financial derivatives to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with the repayment of a portion of our U.S. Dollar-denominated debt. These financial derivatives may have a shorter maturity than either the maturity or call date of the hedged debt instrument. This could result in an adverse impact on our cash flows and liquidity as the impact from changes in foreign exchange rates on the hedging instruments could result in a cash outflow before the corresponding favourable impact on the underlying hedged debt results in a positive cash flow.

Our joint venture with UACJ in ABS products in the United States may not generate the expected returns and we may be unable to execute on our strategy with respect to the joint venture.

We have a joint venture with UACJ to produce ABS sheet in the United States and establish a leadership position in the growing North American ABS market. In 2016, we expanded the scope of our joint venture agreement to include investment in two additional 100 kt finishing lines, to be funded 51% by Constellium and 49% by Tri-Arrows Aluminum Holdings, a U.S. affiliate of UACJ. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully implement the planned expansion or our business strategy with respect to our joint venture with UACJ. Any inability to execute on the expansion or our strategy with respect to the joint venture could materially reduce our expected earnings and could adversely affect our operations overall.

The joint venture’s automotive line continues to undergo an extensive qualification process and production ramp up for original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) products. Any significant delays incurred during this qualification process and production ramp up, which would jeopardize the start of series production of OEM

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customer products, would be detrimental to the financial performance of our joint venture and would adversely affect our North American ABS strategy and our anticipated return on investments.

In addition, we believe joint ventures generally involve special risks. Whether or not we hold a majority interest or maintain operational control in a joint venture, our partners may have economic or business interests or goals that may be inconsistent with our interests or goals. Further, an important element in the success of any joint venture is a constructive relationship between the members of that joint venture. If there were to be a change in ownership, a change of control, a change in management or management philosophy, a change in business strategy or another event with respect to UACJ or its affiliates who are involved in our joint venture, the joint venture and the relationship between the joint venture members, as well as our financial results and operations, could be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully develop and implement new technology initiatives and other strategic investments in a timely manner.

We have invested in, and are involved with, a number of technology and process initiatives, including the development of new aluminium-lithium products. Being at the forefront of technological development is important to remain competitive. Several technical aspects of certain of these initiatives are still unproven and/or the eventual commercial outcomes and feasibility cannot be assessed with any certainty. Even if we are successful with these initiatives, we may not be able to bring them to market as planned before our competitors or at all, and the initiatives may end up costing more than expected. As a result, the costs and benefits from our investments in new technologies and the impact on our financial results may vary from present expectations.

In addition, we have undertaken and may continue to undertake growth, streamlining and productivity initiatives to improve performance. We cannot assure you that these initiatives will be completed or that they will have their intended benefits. Capital investments in debottlenecking or other organic growth initiatives may not produce the returns we anticipate. Even if we are able to generate new efficiencies successfully in the short- to medium-term, we may not be able to continue to reduce cost and increase productivity over the long term.

Interruptions or failures in our IT systems, or failure to protect our IT systems against cyber-attacks or information security breaches, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.

The efficient operation of our business depends on our IT systems. We rely on our IT systems to effectively manage and operate our business, including such processes as data, accounting, financial reporting, communications, supply chain, order entry and fulfillment and other business processes. The failure of our IT systems to perform as we anticipate could disrupt our business and could result in transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, and the loss of sales and customers, causing our business and results of operations to suffer.

In addition, some of our IT are nearing obsolescence, in that the software versions they are developed on are no longer fully supported or kept up-to-date by the original vendors. While day-to-day operations are not at risk, major new requirements (e.g., in legal or payroll) might require manual workarounds if the current software versions do not support those new functionalities. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks.

A failure in, or breach of, our IT systems as a result of cyber-attacks or information security breaches could disrupt our business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase our costs or cause losses. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we are expending additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures and be able to investigate and remediate promptly any information security vulnerabilities. We experienced a few security incidents in 2017, but they were successfully detected and handled. They did not have a material negative impact on the Company, our business or our operations.

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We continue to make investments and adopt measures designed to enhance our protection, detection, response, and recovery capabilities, and to mitigate potential risks to our technology, products, services and operations from potential cyber-attacks. However, given the unpredictability, nature and scope of cyber-attacks, it is possible that potential vulnerabilities could go undetected for an extended period. We could potentially be subject to production downtimes, operational delays, other detrimental impacts on our operations or ability to provide products and services to our customers, the compromise of confidential or otherwise protected information, misappropriation, destruction or corruption of data, security breaches, other manipulation or improper use of our or third-party systems, networks or products, financial losses from remedial actions, loss of business or potential liability, and/or damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

The process of upgrading our IT infrastructure may disrupt our operations.

We have performed an evaluation of our IT systems and requirements and have implemented or plan to implement upgrades to our IT systems that support our business. These upgrades involve replacing legacy systems with state-of-the-art systems, making changes to legacy systems or acquiring new systems with new functionality. There are inherent risks associated with replacing, changing or acquiring new systems, including accurately capturing data and system disruptions. We may experience operational problems with our information systems as a result of system failures, viruses, computer “hackers” or other causes. Any material disruption or slowdown of our systems, including a disruption or slowdown caused by our failure to successfully upgrade our systems could cause information losses, including data related to customer orders. Such a disruption could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

A substantial percentage of our workforce is unionized or covered by collective bargaining agreements that may not be successfully renegotiated.

A significant number of our employees are represented by unions or equivalent bodies or are covered by collective bargaining or similar agreements that are subject to periodic renegotiation. Although we believe that we will be able to successfully negotiate new collective bargaining agreements when the current agreements expire, these negotiations may not prove successful, and may result in a significant increase in the cost of labor, or may break down and result in the disruption or cessation of our operations.

As part of our ongoing evaluation of our operations, we may undertake additional restructuring efforts in the future, which could in some instances result in significant severance-related costs and other restructuring charges.

We recorded restructuring charges of €4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, €5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and €8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Restructuring costs in 2017, 2016, and 2015 were primarily related to corporate and production sites’ restructuring operations. We may pursue additional restructuring activities in the future, which could result in significant severance-related costs, restructuring charges and related costs and expenses, including resulting labor disputes, which could materially adversely affect our profitability and cash flows.

Our business involves significant activity in Europe, and adverse conditions and disruptions in European economies could have a material adverse effect on our operations or financial performance.

A material portion of our sales are generated by customers located in Europe. The financial markets remain concerned about the ability of certain European countries to finance their deficits and service growing debt burdens amidst difficult economic conditions. This loss of confidence led to rescue measures by Eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund. Despite these measures, concerns persist regarding the debt burden of certain Eurozone countries and their ability to meet future financial obligations, the overall stability of the euro and the suitability of the euro as a single currency given the diverse economic and political

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circumstances in individual Eurozone countries. The interdependencies among European economies and financial institutions have also exacerbated concern regarding the stability of European financial markets generally. These concerns could lead to the re-introduction of individual currencies in one or more Eurozone countries, or, in more extreme circumstances, the possible dissolution of the euro currency entirely. Should the euro dissolve entirely, the legal and contractual consequences for holders of euro-denominated obligations would be determined by laws in effect at such time. These potential developments, or market perceptions concerning these and related issues, could materially adversely affect the value of our euro-denominated assets and obligations.

In addition, Brexit could have implications on economic conditions globally as a result of changes in policy direction which may in turn influence the economic outlook for the European Union and its key trading partners. There can be no assurance that the actions we have taken or may take in response to global economic conditions more generally may be sufficient to counter any continuation or reoccurrence of the downturn or disruptions. A significant global economic downturn or disruptions in the financial markets would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

A portion of our revenues is derived from our international operations, which exposes us to certain risks inherent in doing business globally.

We have operations primarily in the United States, Germany, France, Slovakia, Switzerland, the Czech Republic and China and primarily sell our products across Europe, Asia and North America. We also continue to explore opportunities to expand our international operations. Our operations generally are subject to financial, political, economic, regulatory and business risks in connection with our global operations, including:

The occurrence of any of these events could cause our costs to rise, limit growth opportunities or have a negative effect on our operations and our ability to plan for future periods. In certain emerging markets, the degree of these risks may be higher due to more volatile economic conditions, less developed and predictable legal and regulatory regimes and increased potential for various types of adverse governmental action.

We could be required to make unexpected contributions to our defined benefit pension plans as a result of adverse changes in interest rates and the capital markets.

Most of our pension obligations relate to funded defined benefit pension plans for our employees in the United States and Switzerland, unfunded pension benefits in France and Germany, and lump sum indemnities

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payable to our employees in France and Germany upon retirement or termination. Our pension plan assets consist primarily of funds invested in listed stocks and bonds. Our estimates of liabilities and expenses for pensions and other post-retirement benefits incorporate a number of assumptions, including interest rates used to discount future benefits. Our liquidity or shareholders’ equity in a particular period could be materially adversely affected by capital market returns that are less than their assumed long-term rate of return or a decline in the rate used to discount future benefits. If the assets of our pension plans do not achieve assumed investment returns for any period, such deficiency could result in one or more charges against shareholders’ equity for that period. In addition, changing economic conditions, poor pension investment returns or other factors may require us to make unexpected cash contributions to the pension plans in the future, preventing the use of such cash for other purposes.

We also participate in various “multi-employer” pension plans in one of our facilities in the United States administered by labor unions representing some of our employees. Our withdrawal liability for any multi-employer plan would depend on the extent of the plan’s funding of vested benefits. In the ordinary course of our renegotiation of collective bargaining agreements with labor unions that maintain these plans, we could decide to discontinue participation in a plan, and in that event we could face a withdrawal liability. We could also be treated as withdrawing from participation in one of these plans if the number of our employees participating in these plans is reduced to a certain degree over certain periods of time. Such reductions in the number of our employees participating in these plans could occur as a result of changes in our business operations, such as facility closures or consolidations. Any withdrawal liability could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may not be able to adequately protect proprietary rights to our technology.

Our success depends in part upon our proprietary technology and processes. We believe that our intellectual property has significant value and is important to the marketing of our products and maintaining our competitive advantage. Although we attempt to protect our intellectual property rights both in the United States and in foreign countries through a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright laws, as well as through confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements and other measures, these measures may not be adequate to fully protect our rights. For example, we have a presence in China, which historically has afforded less protection to intellectual property rights than the United States or Europe. Our failure to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have applied for patent protection relating to certain existing and proposed products and processes. While we generally apply for patents in those countries where we intend to make, have made, use or sell patented products, we may not accurately predict all of the countries where patent protection will ultimately be desirable. If we fail to timely file a patent application in any such country, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that any of our patent applications will be approved. We also cannot assure you that the patents issued as a result of our foreign patent applications will have the same scope of coverage as our United States patents. The patents we own could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented by others and may not be of sufficient scope or strength to provide us with any meaningful protection or commercial advantage. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors or other third parties will not infringe our patents, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our patents.

We also rely on unpatented proprietary technology. It is possible that others will independently develop the same or similar technology or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technology. To protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information, we require employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements. We cannot assure you that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use, misappropriation or disclosure of such trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information. If we are unable to maintain the proprietary nature of our technologies, we could be materially adversely affected.

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We rely on our trademarks, trade names and brand names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors, and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks. We cannot assure you that our trademark applications will be approved. Third parties may also oppose our trademark applications, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors or other third parties will not infringe our trademarks, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

Other legal proceedings or investigations, including our enforcement of our intellectual property rights, could increase our operating costs and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may from time-to-time be involved in, or be the subject of, disputes, proceedings and investigations with respect to a variety of matters, including matters related to personal injury, intellectual property, employees, taxes, contracts, anti-competitive or anti-corruption practices as well as other disputes and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. It could be costly to address these claims or any investigations involving them, whether meritorious or not, and legal proceedings and investigations could divert management’s attention as well as operational resources, adversely affecting our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Although the unauthorized use of our intellectual property may adversely affect our results of operations, as our competitors would be able to utilize such property without having had to incur the costs of developing it, thus potentially reducing our relative profitability, any attempts to enforce our intellectual property rights, even if successful, could result in costly and prolonged litigation, divert management’s attention and resources, and materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Furthermore, we may be subject to claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of another. Even if without merit, such claims could result in costly and prolonged litigation, cause us to cease making, licensing or using products or technologies that incorporate the challenged intellectual property, require us to redesign, reengineer or rebrand our products, if feasible, divert management’s attention and resources, and materially adversely affect our results of operations. We may also be required to enter into licensing agreements in order to continue using technology that is important to our business, or we may be unable to obtain license agreements on acceptable terms. The requirements of such licensing agreements, failure to obtain the rights granted under such agreements, failure to conclude them on acceptable terms or litigation related to such agreements could adversely affect our financial position or results of operations.

Current liabilities under, as well as the cost of compliance with, environmental, health and safety laws could increase our operating costs and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations are subject to international, national, state and local laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we do business, which govern, among other things, air emissions, wastewater discharges, the handling, storage and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the remediation of contaminated sites, and employee health and safety. At December 31, 2017, we had close-down and environmental remediation costs provisions of €81 million. Future environmental regulations or more aggressive enforcement of existing regulations could impose stricter compliance requirements on us and on the industries in which we operate. Additional pollution control equipment, process changes, or other environmental control measures may be needed at some of our facilities to meet future requirements. If we are unable to comply with these laws and regulations, we could incur substantial costs, including fines and civil or criminal sanctions, or costs associated with upgrades to our facilities or changes in our manufacturing processes in order to achieve and maintain compliance. Additionally, evolving regulatory standards and expectations can result in increased litigation and/or increased costs. There are also no assurances that newly discovered conditions, or new or more aggressive enforcement of applicable environmental requirements, or any failure by counterparties to perform indemnification obligations, will not have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Financial responsibility for contaminated property can be imposed on us where current or former operations have had an environmental impact. Such liability can include the cost of investigating and remediating contaminated soil or ground water, financial assurance, fines and penalties sought by environmental authorities, and damages arising out of personal injury, contaminated property and other toxic tort claims, as well as lost or impaired natural resources. Certain environmental laws impose strict, and in certain circumstances joint and several, liability for certain kinds of matters, such that a person can be held liable without regard to fault for all of the costs of a matter regardless of legality at the time of conduct and even though others were also involved or responsible.

We have accrued, and expect to accrue, costs relating to the above matters that are reasonably expected to be incurred based on available information. However, it is possible that actual costs may differ, perhaps significantly, from the amounts expected or accrued. Similarly, the timing of those expenditures may occur faster than anticipated. These differences could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Product liability claims against us could result in significant costs and could materially adversely affect our reputation and our business.

If any of the products that we sell are defective or cause harm to any of our customers, we could be exposed to product liability lawsuits and/or warranty claims. If we were found liable under product liability claims or are obligated under warranty claims, we could be required to pay substantial monetary damages. Even if we successfully defend ourselves against these types of claims, we could still be forced to spend a substantial amount of money in litigation expenses, our management could be required to devote significant time and attention to defending against these claims, and our reputation could suffer, any of which could harm our business.

Our operations present significant risk of injury or death.

Because of the heavy industrial activities conducted at our facilities, there exists a risk of injury or death to our employees or other visitors, notwithstanding the safety precautions we take. Our operations are subject to regulation by national, state and local agencies responsible for employee health and safety, which has from time to time levied fines against us for certain isolated incidents. While such fines have not been material and we have in place policies to minimize such risks, we may nevertheless be unable to avoid material liabilities for any employee death or injury that may occur in the future, and any such incidents may materially adversely affect our reputation.

The insurance level that we maintain may not fully cover all potential exposures.

We maintain property, casualty and workers’ compensation insurance in accordance with market practice, but such insurance may not fully cover all risks associated with the hazards of our business and is subject to limitations, including deductibles and maximum liabilities covered. We may incur losses beyond the limits, or outside the coverage, of our insurance policies, including, but not limited to, liabilities for breach of contract, environmental compliance or remediation. In addition, from time to time and depending on market conditions, various types of insurance coverage for companies in our industry may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or, in some cases, may not be available at all. In the future, we may not be able to obtain coverage at current levels, and our premiums may increase significantly on coverage that we maintain.

Risks Related to Our Industry

Our financial results could be adversely affected by the volatility in aluminium prices.

The overall price of primary aluminium consists of several components: (1) the underlying base metal component, which is typically based on quoted prices from the London Metal Exchange (“LME”); (2) the

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regional premium, which represents an incremental price over the base LME component that is associated with the physical delivery of metal to a particular region (e.g., the Midwest premium for metal sold in the United States or the Rotterdam premium for metal sold in Europe); and (3) the product premium, which represents a separate incremental price for receiving physical metal in a particular shape (e.g., billet, slab, rod, etc.), alloy, or purity. Each of these three components has its own drivers of variability. The LME price is typically driven by macroeconomic factors, including the global supply and demand of aluminium. Regional premiums tend to vary based on the supply and demand for metal in a particular region, changes in tariffs and associated warehousing and transportation costs. Product premiums generally are a function of supply and demand as well as production and raw material costs for a given primary aluminium shape and alloy combination in a particular region.

Speculative trading in aluminium has increased in recent years, contributing to higher levels of price volatility. In 2017, the LME cash price of aluminium reached a high of $2,246 per metric ton and a low of $1,701 per metric ton. In 2016, the LME cash price of aluminium reached a high of $1,777 per metric ton and a low of $1,453 per metric ton, compared to a high of $1,919 and a low of $1,424 per metric ton in 2015. During 2014, regional premiums reached levels substantially higher than historical averages, whereas in 2015, such premiums experienced significant decreases in all regions, reverting to levels that are closer to historical averages. The Rotterdam regional premium increased to 26% of the LME base price in December 2014 and the Midwest regional premium increased to 27% of the LME base price. In December 2017, regional premiums represented 8% of the LME base price for the Rotterdam regional premium and 10% of the LME base price for the U.S. Midwest regional premium. Sustained high aluminium prices, increases in aluminium prices, the inability to meaningfully hedge our exposure to aluminium prices, or the inability to pass through any fluctuation in regional premiums or product premiums to our customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and cash flow.

Aluminium may become less competitive with alternative materials, which could reduce our share of industry sales, lower our selling prices and reduce our sales volumes.

Our fabricated aluminium products compete with products made from other materials—such as steel, glass, plastics and composite materials—for various applications. Higher aluminium prices relative to substitute materials tend to make aluminium products less competitive with these alternative materials. The willingness of customers to accept aluminium substitutes could result in reduced prices or sales volumes, either of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Environmental and other regulations may also increase our costs and may be passed on to our customers, and may restrict the use of chemicals needed to produce aluminium products. These regulations may make our products less competitive as compared to materials that are subject to fewer regulations. Certain existing regulations may make our products more attractive than competing products, including the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (“CAFE”) standards that require material improvements in the automotive and light truck miles per gallon by 2025 in the U.S. We believe such standards have increased demand for lighter materials used in the vehicle’s body in North America. Any deregulation or relaxation of the CAFE or other fuel economy or emissions standards, which was signaled by the new Trump Administration, could reduce or delay the need for lighter materials among our customers. Any reduction in the competitiveness of our products relative to alternative materials could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Customers in our end-markets, including the can, packaging, aerospace and automotive sectors, use and continue to evaluate the further use of alternative materials to aluminium in order to reduce the weight and increase the efficiency of their products. Although trends in “light-weighting” have generally increased use of aluminium and substitution of aluminium for other materials, the willingness of customers to accept substitutions for aluminium, or the ability of large customers to exert leverage in the market to reduce the pricing for fabricated aluminium products, could adversely affect the demand for our products, and thus materially adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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If we are unable to substantially pass on to our customers the cost of price increases of our raw materials, including aluminium, our profitability could be adversely affected.

Prices for the raw materials we require are subject to continuous volatility and may increase from time to time. Although our sales are generally made on a “margin over metal price” basis, if prices increase, we may not be able to pass on the entire cost of the increases to our customers. There could also be a time lag between when changes in prices under our purchase contracts are effective and the point when we can implement corresponding changes under our sales contracts with our customers. As a result, we are exposed to fluctuations in raw materials prices, including metal, since during this time lag we may have to temporarily bear the additional cost of the price change under our purchase contracts. Further, although most of our contracts allow us to substantially pass through metal prices to our customers, we have certain contracts that are based on fixed metal pricing, where pass through is not available. Similarly, in certain contracts we have ineffective pass through mechanisms related to regional premium fluctuation. A related risk is that a sustained significant increase in raw materials prices may cause some of our customers to substitute our products with other materials. We attempt to mitigate these risks, including through hedging, but we may not be able to successfully reduce or eliminate any resulting impact, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Significant regulatory developments stemming from the current U.S. administration could have an adverse effect on us.

Changes or uncertainties in U.S. political and regulatory conditions or laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, and development and investment in resulting from the current U.S. administration, could adversely affect our business and financial statements. For example, the current U.S. administration has called for substantial changes to trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement. If the United States takes action to withdraw from or materially modify certain international trade agreements, or to change regulations with respect to trade, or impose restrictions, quotas or tariffs, such actions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In April 2017, the current U.S. administration directed a national security investigation under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, with respect to steel and aluminium imports for the potential imposition of tariffs on foreign imports of these raw materials. On March 8, 2018, the current U.S. administration authorized the imposition of tariffs on steel and aluminium imports into the United States. The imposition of tariffs on the entry or re-entry of aluminium into the United States from foreign locations could adversely affect customer demand for our products, our relationships and agreements with customers. In addition, the imposition of tariffs by the United States may result in retaliatory tariffs or other adverse actions toward the United States by our customers in those countries, any of which could in turn adversely affect our business. Any of these factors could increase our operating costs and make it more difficult for us to compete in the United States and overseas markets, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The price volatility of energy costs may adversely affect our profitability.

Our operations use natural gas and electricity, which represent the third largest component of our cost of sales, after metal and labor costs. We purchase part of our natural gas and electricity on a market basis. The volatility in costs of fuel, principally natural gas, and other utility services, principally electricity, used by our production facilities affects operating costs. Fuel and utility prices have been, and will continue to be, affected by factors outside our control, such as supply and demand for fuel and utility services in both local and regional markets as well as governmental regulation and imposition of further taxes on energy. Although we have secured a large part of our natural gas and electricity under fixed price commitments or long-term contracts with suppliers, future increases in fuel and utility prices, or disruptions in energy supply, may have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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Adverse changes in currency exchange rates could adversely affect our financial results.

The financial condition and results of operations of some of our operating entities are reported in various currencies and then translated into euros at the applicable exchange rate for inclusion in our Consolidated Financial Statements. As a result, the appreciation of the euro against the currencies of our operating local entities may have a negative impact on reported revenues and operating profit, and the resulting accounts receivable, while depreciation of the euro against these currencies may generally have a positive effect on reported revenues and operating profit. We do not hedge translation of forecasted results or actual results.

In addition, while the majority of costs incurred are denominated in local currencies, a portion of the revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars and other currencies. As a result, appreciation in the U.S. dollar may have a positive impact on earnings while depreciation of the U.S. dollar may have a negative impact on earnings. While we engage in significant hedging activity to attempt to mitigate this foreign transactions currency risk, this may not fully protect us from adverse effects due to currency fluctuations on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The cyclical and seasonal nature of the metals industry and our end-use markets and our customers’ industries could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The metals industry is generally cyclical in nature, and these cyclical fluctuations tend to directly correlate with changes in general and local economic conditions. These conditions include the level of economic growth, financing availability, the availability of affordable energy sources, employment levels, interest rates, consumer confidence and housing demand. Historically, in periods of recession or periods of minimal economic growth, metals companies have often tended to underperform other sectors.

We are particularly sensitive to cycles in the aerospace, defense, automotive, other transportation, building and construction and general engineering end-markets, which are highly cyclical. During recessions or periods of low growth, these industries typically experience major cutbacks in production, resulting in decreased demand for aluminium products. This leads to significant fluctuations in demand and pricing for our products and services. Because our operations are capital intensive and we generally have high fixed costs and may not be able to reduce costs and production capacity on a sufficiently rapid basis, our near-term profitability may be significantly affected by decreased processing volumes. Accordingly, reduced demand and pricing pressures may significantly reduce our profitability and materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In particular, we derive a significant portion of our revenues from products sold to the aerospace industry, which is highly cyclical and tends to decline in response to overall declines in the general economy. The commercial aerospace industry is historically driven by the demand from commercial airlines for new aircraft. Demand for commercial aircraft is influenced by airline industry profitability, trends in airline passenger traffic, the state of the U.S. and global economies and numerous other factors, including the effects of terrorism. A number of major airlines have undergone Chapter 11 bankruptcy or comparable insolvency proceedings and experienced financial strain from volatile fuel prices. The aerospace industry also suffered significantly in the wake of the events of September 11, 2001, resulting in a sharp decrease globally in new commercial aircraft deliveries and order cancellations or deferrals by the major airlines. Despite existing backlogs, continued financial uncertainty in the industry, inadequate liquidity of certain airline companies, production issues and delays in the launch of new aircraft programs at major aircraft manufacturers, stock variations in the supply chain, terrorist acts or the increased threat of terrorism may lead to reduced demand for new aircraft that utilize our products, which could materially adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Further, the demand for our automotive extrusions and rolled products and many of our general engineering and other industrial products is dependent on the production of cars, light trucks, and heavy duty vehicles and trailers. The automotive industry is highly cyclical, as new vehicle demand is dependent on consumer spending

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and is tied closely to the strength of the overall economy. We note that the demand for luxury vehicles in China has become significant over the past several years and therefore fluctuations in the Chinese economy may adversely affect the demand for our products. Production cuts by manufacturers may adversely affect the demand for our products. Many automotive-related manufacturers and first tier suppliers are burdened with substantial structural costs, including pension, healthcare and labor costs that have resulted in severe financial difficulty, including bankruptcy, for several of them. A worsening of these companies’ financial condition or their bankruptcy could have further serious effects on the conditions of the markets, which directly affects the demand for our products. In addition, the loss of business with respect to, or a lack of commercial success of, one or more particular vehicle models for which we are a significant supplier could have a materially adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Customer demand in the aluminium industry is also affected by holiday seasons, weather conditions, economic and other factors beyond our control. Our volumes are impacted by the timing of the holiday seasons in particular, the lowest volumes typically occurring in August and December and highest volumes occurring in January to June. Our business is also impacted by seasonal slowdowns and upturns in certain of our customers’ industries. Historically, the beverage can industry is strongest in the spring and summer season, whereas the automotive and construction sectors encounter slowdowns in both the third and fourth quarters of the calendar year. Therefore, our quarterly financial results could fluctuate as a result of climatic or other seasonal changes, and a prolonged period of unusually cool summers in different regions in which we conduct our business could have a negative effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

A sustained regional or global economic downturn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Economic downturns in regional and global economies, including in Europe and North America, or a prolonged recession in our principal industry segments, have had a negative impact on our operations in the past by reducing overall demand of our products, and could have a negative impact on our future financial condition or results of operations. During periods of sustained economic downturn or significant supply/demand imbalances impacting our automotive, aerospace or beverage can businesses, our sales may be negatively impacted as our customers and consumers shift their purchases in response to such downturns. Our diversified customer base and product applications may help mitigate the effects of economic fluctuations, however, many of our customers and suppliers are reliant on liquidity from global credit markets and, in some cases, require external financing to purchase products or finance operations. Lack of liquidity or inability to access the credit markets by our customers could adversely affect our ability to collect the outstanding amounts due to us. Although we continue to seek to diversify our business on a geographic and end-market basis, the occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Ongoing uncertainty in or deterioration of the global economy due to political, regulatory or other developments may adversely affect our operating results.

Our headquarters are in the European Union, and we maintain a significant presence in various European markets and the United States through our operating subsidiaries, including significant sales to customers in both Europe and the United States. If political and regulatory conditions in Europe, the United States or other key markets, remain uncertain or deteriorate, our customers may respond by suspending, delaying or reducing their capital expenditures, which may adversely affect our sales, cash flows and results of operations. For example, in June 2016, the United Kingdom held a non-binding advisory referendum in which voters voted for the United Kingdom to exit the European Union (“Brexit”). The final agreement with respect to Brexit remains under review by the parties involved. Political or geographical events, such as Brexit, or diplomatic tensions could result in changes in trade policy, taxes, market volatility or currency exchange rate fluctuations, and resulting uncertainty in the economy and markets could cause our customers and potential customers to delay or reduce spending on our products or services. Any of these effects, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Additionally, as with the environmental laws and regulations, other laws and regulations which govern our business are subject to change at any time. Compliance with changes to existing laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Reductions in demand for our products may be more severe than, and may occur prior to, reductions in demand for our customers’ products.

Customers purchasing our products, such as those in the cyclical aerospace industry, generally require significant lead time in the production of their own products. Therefore, demand for our products may increase prior to demand for our customers’ products. Conversely, demand for our products may decrease as our customers anticipate a downturn in their respective businesses. As demand for our customers’ products begins to soften, our customers could meet the reduced demand for their products using their existing inventory without replenishing the inventory, which would result in a reduction in demand for our products greater than the reduction in demand for their products. Further, the reduction in demand for our products can be exacerbated if inventory levels held by our customers exceed normal levels and our customers can utilize existing inventory for their own production requirements. This amplified reduction in demand for our products while our customers consume their inventory to meet their business needs may adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

A higher consumer focus on obesity and other health concerns may lead to a tax upon and/or otherwise reduce customer demand in our can end-market, which could reduce demand for our products and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Consumers, public health officials and government officials are becoming increasingly concerned about the public health consequences associated with obesity, particularly among young people. In addition, some researchers, health advocates and dietary guidelines are encouraging consumers to reduce consumption of certain types of beverages, especially sugar-sweetened beverages, which include some of the beverages in which our aluminium packaging is used. Increasing public concern about these issues and possible new taxes on and governmental regulations related to these beverages may reduce demand for these beverages, which could adversely affect the demand for our products. Any reduction in the demand for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Regulations regarding carbon dioxide emissions, and unfavorable allocation of rights to emit carbon dioxide or other air emission related issues, as well as other environmental laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Global climate change associated with increased levels of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, has led to significant legislative and regulatory efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Measures to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions that directly or indirectly affect us or our suppliers have been implemented and more such measures are being developed or may be developed in the future. Substantial quantities of greenhouse gases are released as a consequence of our operations. Compliance with regulations governing such emissions tend to become more stringent over time and could lead to a need for us to further reduce such greenhouse gas emissions, to purchase rights to emit from third parties, or to make other changes to our business, all of which could result in significant additional costs or could reduce demand for our products. In addition, we are a significant purchaser of energy. Existing and future regulations relating to the emission of carbon dioxide by our energy suppliers could result in materially increased energy costs for our operations, and we may be unable to pass along these increased energy costs to our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change resulted in an agreement (the “Paris Agreement”), that calls for the parties to undertake “ambitious efforts” to limit the average global temperature and to conserve and enhance sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases and establishes a framework for the parties to cooperate and report actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of the Paris Agreement,

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whether through a revised European emissions trading system or other measures, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our fabrication process is subject to regulations that may hinder our ability to manufacture our products. Some of the chemicals we use in our fabrication processes are subject to government regulation, such as REACH (“Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals”) in the EU. Under REACH, we are required to register some of our products with the European Chemicals Agency, and compliance with the registration process or obtaining necessary approvals could impose significant costs on our facilities or delay our introduction of new products. We may be required to make significant expenditures to reformulate the chemicals that we use in our products and materials or incur costs to register such chemicals to gain and/or regain compliance, and we may lose customers or revenue as a result. Additionally, if we fail to comply with these or similar laws and regulations, we could be subject to significant fines or other civil and criminal penalties should we not achieve such compliance. To the extent that other nations in which we operate also require chemical registration, potential delays similar to those in Europe may delay our entry into these markets. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining regulatory approvals for chemical products used in our facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Market-driven balancing of global aluminium supply and demand may be disrupted by non-market forces or other impediments to production closures.

In response to market-driven factors relating to the global supply and demand of aluminium and alumina, certain producers in the aluminium market have curtailed or closed portions of their production capacity. Certain other industry producers have independently undertaken to reduce production as well. Reductions in production may be delayed or impaired by the terms of long-term contracts to buy power or raw materials. The existence of non-market forces on global aluminium industry capacity, such as political pressures in certain countries to keep jobs or to maintain or further develop industry self-sufficiency, may prevent or delay the closure or curtailment of certain producers’ smelters, irrespective of their position on the industry cost curve. The impact of such non-market forces on the industry as a whole might adversely affect the company and its results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financial Reporting

Our level of indebtedness could limit cash flow available for our operations and capital expenditures and could adversely affect our ability to service our debt or obtain additional financing, if necessary.

We have now and will continue to have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2017, we had total indebtedness of €2,127 million (of which €2,062 million consisted of the principal amount of the Notes, net of €36 million of issuance costs, and €65 million of the principal amount of borrowings under the Pan-U.S. ABL Facility, as defined below). Further, we have substantial pension and other post-employment benefit obligations, resulting in net liabilities of €664 million as of December 31, 2017.

Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our operations. Among other things, our substantial indebtedness could:

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In addition, if we are unable to meet our debt service obligations and pay our expenses, we may be forced to reduce or delay business activities and capital expenditures, sell assets, obtain additional debt or equity capital, restructure or refinance all or a portion of our debt before maturity or take other measures. Such measures may materially adversely affect our business. If these alternative measures are unsuccessful, we could default on our obligations, which could result in the acceleration of our outstanding debt obligations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the indentures and agreements governing our existing indebtedness do not fully prohibit us or our subsidiaries from doing so. If new debt is added to our and our subsidiaries’ current debt levels, the related risks that we and they now face could intensify.

The terms of our indebtedness contain covenants that restrict our current and future operations, and a failure by us to comply with those covenants may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The agreements governing our existing indebtedness contains, and the agreements governing any future indebtedness we may incur would likely contain, a number of financial and other restrictive covenants that will limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. These include, without limitation, restrictions on our ability to, among other things: (i) incur or guarantee additional debt; (ii) pay dividends and make other restricted payments and investments; (iii) create or incur certain liens; (iv) make certain loans, acquisitions or investments; (v) engage in sales of assets and subsidiary stock; (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates; (vii) transfer all or substantially all of our assets or enter into merger or consolidation transactions; and (viii) enter into sale and lease-back transactions.

In addition, the Pan-U.S. ABL Facility for our Ravenswood and Muscle Shoals sites provides that at any time during which borrowing availability thereunder is below 10% of the aggregate commitments under the Pan-U.S. ABL Facility, we will be required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 and a minimum Borrower EBITDA Contribution of 25%, in each case calculated on a trailing twelve-month basis. “Borrower EBITDA Contribution” means, for any period, the ratio of (x) the combined EBITDA of the borrowers under the Pan-U.S. ABL Facility and their subsidiaries for such period, to (y) the consolidated EBITDA of the Company and its subsidiaries for such period.

A failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we default under our indebtedness, we may not be able to borrow additional amounts and our lenders could elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued and unpaid interest and fees, to be due and payable, or take other remedial actions. Our indebtedness also contains cross-default provisions, which means that if an event of default occurs under certain material indebtedness, such event of default may trigger an event of default under our other indebtedness. If our indebtedness were to be accelerated, we cannot assure you that our assets would be sufficient to repay such indebtedness in full and our lenders could foreclose on our pledged assets.

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A deterioration in our financial position or a downgrade of our ratings by a credit rating agency could increase our borrowing costs, lead to our inability to access liquidity facilities, and adversely affect our business relationships.

A deterioration in our financial position or a downgrade of our credit ratings could adversely affect our financing, limit access to the capital or credit markets or our liquidity facilities, or otherwise adversely affect the availability of other new financing on favorable terms or at all, result in more restrictive covenants in agreements governing the terms of any future indebtedness that we incur, increase our borrowing costs, or otherwise impair our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While the terms of our other existing financing arrangements do not require us to maintain a specific credit rating, the commitments of Hitachi Capital America Corp. and Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A., New York Branch (the “Wise Factoring Purchasers”), under the Wise Factoring Facility (as defined herein) are conditioned on, among other things, (i) Constellium’s corporate credit rating not having been withdrawn by either Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s or downgraded below B- by Standard & Poor’s and B3 by Moody’s, and (ii) there not having occurred a material adverse change in the business condition, operations, or performance of Wise Alloys Funding II LLC, since renamed Constellium Muscle Shoals Funding II LLC, (the “New Wise RPA”), Wise Alloys LLC, since renamed Constellium Muscle Shoals LLC, (“Wise Alloys”), or Constellium Holdco II B.V (“Holdco II”). See “Item 10. Additional Information—C. Material Contracts—Wise Factoring Facilities.” If Constellium’s corporate credit rating is withdrawn by either Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s or downgraded below B- by Standard & Poor’s and B3 by Moody’s, or a material adverse change occurs in the business condition, operations or performance of the New Wise RPA Seller, Wise Alloys, or Holdco II, a condition precedent to the obligation of the Wise Factoring Purchasers under the Wise Factoring Facility to purchase receivables from the New Wise RPA Seller will not be satisfied, and all purchases under the Wise Factoring Facility will become uncommitted. If the Wise Factoring Facility is not extended, refinanced or replaced, Wise’s cash collections from customers will be on longer terms than currently funded through the Wise Factoring Facility. As a result, the Company’s liquidity could meaningfully decrease, causing the Company to have insufficient liquidity to operate its business and service its indebtedness, unless another source of liquidity is identified.

A deterioration of our financial position or a downgrade of our credit ratings for any reason could also increase our borrowing costs and have an adverse effect on our business relationships with customers, suppliers and hedging counterparties. As discussed above, we enter into various forms of hedging arrangements against currency, interest rate or metal price fluctuations and trade metal contracts on the LME. Financial strength and credit ratings are important to the availability and pricing of these hedging and trading activities. As a result, any downgrade of our credit ratings may make it more costly for us to engage in these activities, and changes to our level of indebtedness may make it more difficult or costly for us to engage in hedging and trading activities in the future.

Our existing, and any future, variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our annual debt service obligations to increase significantly.

A portion of our indebtedness is, and our future indebtedness may be, subject to variable rates of interest, exposing us to interest rate risk. See “Item 10. Additional Information—C. Material Contracts.” If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase, resulting in a reduction of our net income that could be significant, even though the principal amount borrowed would remain the same.

To service our indebtedness, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.

Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures and research and development efforts will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. Although there can be no assurances, we believe that the cash provided by our operations will be sufficient to provide for our

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cash requirements for the foreseeable future. However, our ability to satisfy our obligations will depend on our future operating performance and financial results, which will be subject, in part, to factors beyond our control, including interest rates and general economic, financial and business conditions. We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt, we may be required to:

If we are required to take any of these actions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we cannot assure you that we would be able to take any of these actions, that these actions would enable us to continue to satisfy our capital requirements or that these actions would be permitted under the terms of our various debt instruments.

Our historical financial information presented in this report may not be representative of future results, our relatively short history operating as a standalone company may pose some challenges and we have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs and demands upon resources as a result of being a public company.

Due to inherent uncertainties of our business, the historical financial information does not necessarily indicate what our results of operations, financial position, cash flows or costs and expenses will be in the future as past performance is not necessarily an indicator of future performance. In addition, we have a relatively short history operating as a standalone company which may pose some operational challenges to our management. We incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company, including costs resulting from public company reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and regulations regarding internal control over financial reporting, as well as compliance with NYSE requirements. Our management is required to devote substantial time and attention to our public company reporting obligations and other compliance matters. We evaluate and monitor developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs as rules and regulations change. Our reporting and other compliance obligations as a public company may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future which may divert management’s attention from running our core business or otherwise materially adversely affect our operating results.

If we do not adequately maintain and continue to evolve our financial reporting and internal controls (which could result in higher operating costs), we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

We will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new, financial reporting and management systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively and support our growth in the future. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures and controls, or the obsolescence of existing financial control systems, could harm our ability to accurately forecast sales demand and record and report financial and management information on a timely and accurate basis.

We could also suffer a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements if our independent registered public accounting firm reports a material weakness in our internal controls, if we do not develop and

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maintain effective controls and procedures or if we are otherwise unable to deliver timely and reliable financial information. Any loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements or other negative reaction to our failure to develop timely or adequate disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls could result in a decline in the trading price of our ordinary shares. In addition, if we fail to remedy any material weakness, our financial statements may be inaccurate, we may face restricted access to the capital markets and the price of our ordinary shares may be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Ownership of our Ordinary Shares

We are a foreign private issuer under the U.S. securities laws and within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules. As a result, we qualify for and rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements and may rely on other exemptions available to us in the future.

As a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), we are permitted to follow our home country practice in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of the NYSE, including the NYSE requirements that (i) a majority of the board of directors consists of independent directors; (ii) the nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and (iii) the compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from certain U.S. securities law requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including the requirement to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, to distribute a proxy statement pursuant to Section 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), in connection with the solicitation of proxies for shareholder meetings, and Section 16 filings.

We rely on the exemptions for foreign private issuers and follow Dutch corporate governance practices in lieu of some of the NYSE corporate governance rules specified above. We currently rely on exemptions from the requirements set out in (i), (ii) and (iii) above, but in the future, we may change what home country corporate governance practices we follow, and, accordingly, which exemptions we rely on from the NYSE requirements. So long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, you may not have the same protections applicable to companies that are subject to all of the NYSE corporate governance requirements.

If we were to lose our status as a foreign private issuer or otherwise not be considered a foreign private issuer, the regulatory and compliance costs to the Company could be significantly more than the costs we occur as a foreign private issuer. We would be required to file periodic reports, including audited financial statements, and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, including proxy statements pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act. These SEC disclosure requirements are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. Furthermore, if we were not a foreign private issuer, we would be required to meet such filing requirements on a more abbreviated timetable than is applicable to our current filings with the SEC. In addition, our directors, executive officers and 10% owners would become subject to insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery rules under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. We could also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with corporate governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. In addition, we would lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain NYSE corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers. In particular, within six months of losing our foreign private issuer status we would be required to have a majority of independent directors and a nominating/corporate governance committee and a compensation committee comprised entirely of independent directors, unless other exemptions are available under the NYSE rules. Any of these changes would likely increase our regulatory and compliance costs and expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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If we fail to meet the continuing listing requirements to maintain the listing of our ordinary shares on the NYSE, our ordinary shares could be delisted by the NYSE prior to any voluntary delisting.

Our ordinary shares are currently listed on the NYSE under the symbol “CSTM” (we voluntarily delisted our ordinary shares from Euronext Paris on February 2, 2018). We must meet continuing listing requirements to maintain the listing of our ordinary shares on the NYSE. If we fail to meet certain listing standards on the NYSE, our ordinary shares may be subject to delisting after the expiration of the period of time, if any, that we are allowed for regaining compliance. We may also voluntarily delist our ordinary shares from the NYSE under certain circumstances. There can be no assurance that our ordinary shares will remain listed on the NYSE. Any delisting of our ordinary shares could adversely affect a shareholder’s ability to dispose, or obtain quotations as to the market value, of such shares and the market price and liquidity of such ordinary shares.

We do not comply with all the provisions of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code, which could affect your rights as a shareholder.

We are subject to the Dutch Corporate Governance Code, which applies to all Dutch companies listed on a regulated market, whether in the Netherlands or elsewhere, including the NYSE. The Dutch Corporate Governance Code contains principles and best practice provisions for boards of directors, shareholders and general meetings of shareholders, financial reporting, auditors, disclosure, compliance and enforcement standards. The Dutch Corporate Governance Code is based on a “comply or explain” principle. Accordingly, companies are required to disclose in their annual reports, filed in the Netherlands, whether they comply with the provisions of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code and, if they do not comply with those provisions, to give the reasons for such noncompliance. The principles and best practice provisions apply to the board (relating to, among other matters, the board’s role and composition, conflicts of interest and independence requirements, board committees and remuneration), shareholders and the general meeting of shareholders (for example, regarding anti-takeover protection and obligations of a company to provide information to its shareholders), and financial reporting (such as external auditor and internal audit requirements). We have decided not to comply with a number of the provisions of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code because such provisions conflict, in whole or in part, with the corporate governance rules of the NYSE and U.S. securities laws that apply to our company whose ordinary shares are traded on the NYSE, or because such provisions do not reflect best practices of global companies listed on the NYSE. This may affect your rights as a shareholder and you may not have the same level of protection as a shareholder in a Dutch company that fully complies with the Dutch Corporate Governance Code. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance—Dutch Corporate Governance Code.”

The market price of our ordinary shares may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our ordinary shares may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control and could result in significant fluctuations, including: (i) the failure of financial analysts to cover our ordinary shares, changes in financial estimates by analysts or any failure by us to meet or exceed any of these estimates; (ii) actual or anticipated variations in our operating results; (iii) announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts or acquisitions; (iv) the recruitment or departure of key personnel; (v) regulatory and litigation developments; (vi) developments in our industry; (vii) future sales of our ordinary shares; and (viii) investor perceptions of us and the industries in which we operate.

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced substantial price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies affected. These broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of certain companies’ securities, securities class action litigation has been instituted against these companies. If any such litigation is instituted against us, it could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. This could also impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of our equity securities. In addition, the sale of our ordinary shares by our officers and directors in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.

Prior to the completion of our IPO in May 2013, we amended our memorandum and articles of association (the “Amended and Restated Articles of Association”) to provide authorization to issue up to 400,000,000 Class A ordinary shares. Since August 18, 2015, the date of our effective Amended and Restated Articles of Association, our authorized capital amounts to €8,000,000 and consists of 400,000,000 Class A ordinary shares. On November 3, 2017, we sold 28,750,000 Class A ordinary shares in an underwritten public offering pursuant to an Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”), dated as of October 31, 2017, by and among the Company, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., as representatives of the underwriters named therein. A total of 134,510,623 Class A ordinary shares are outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

We may issue ordinary shares or other securities from time to time as consideration for, or to finance, future acquisitions and investments or for other capital needs. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our shares or the effect, if any, that future sales and issuances of shares would have on the market price of our ordinary shares. If any such acquisition or investment is significant, the number of ordinary shares or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be substantial and may result in additional dilution to our shareholders. We may also grant registration rights covering ordinary shares or other securities that we may issue in connection with any such acquisitions and investments.

Any shareholder acquiring 30% or more of our voting rights may be required to make a mandatory takeover bid or be subject to voting restrictions.

Under Dutch law, if a party directly or indirectly acquires control of a Dutch company, all or part of whose shares are admitted to trading on a regulated market, that party may be required to make a public offer for all other shares of the company (mandatory takeover bid). “Control” is defined as the ability to exercise, whether or not in concert with others, at least 30% of the voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders. Controlling shareholders existing before an offering are generally exempt from this requirement, unless their controlling interest drops below 30% and then increases again to 30% or more. The purpose of this requirement is to protect the interests of minority shareholders. Any shareholder acquiring 30% or more of our voting rights may be limited in its ability to vote on our ordinary shares.

Provisions of our organizational documents and applicable law may impede or discourage a takeover, which could deprive our investors of the opportunity to receive a premium for their ordinary shares or to make changes in our board of directors.

Several provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Association and the laws of the Netherlands could make it difficult for our shareholders to change the composition of our board of directors, thereby preventing them from changing the composition of our management. In addition, the same provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, consolidation or acquisition that shareholders may consider favorable. Provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Association impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These anti-takeover provisions could substantially impede the ability of our shareholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, may materially adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.

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Our general meeting of shareholders has empowered our board of directors to issue shares and restrict or exclude preemptive rights on those shares for a period of five years. Accordingly, an issue of new shares may make it more difficult for a shareholder to obtain control over our general meeting of shareholders.

In addition, because certain of our products may have applications in the defense sector, we may be subject to rules and regulations in France and other jurisdictions that could impede or discourage a takeover or other change in control of Constellium or its subsidiaries. In particular, Constellium supplies aluminium alloy products, such as plates, sheets, profiles, tubes and castings, and related services and research and development (“R&D”) activities in connection with aerospace and defense programs in France. As a result, a controlling investment in Constellium or certain of its French subsidiaries, or the purchase of assets constituting a business that produces products or provides services with applications in the defense sector, by a company or individual that is considered to be foreign or non-resident in France may be subject to the French Monetary and Financial Code, which requires prior authorization of the French Ministry of Economy.

The rights of our shareholders may be different from the rights of shareholders governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Articles of Association and by the laws governing companies incorporated in the Netherlands. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the rights and obligations of shareholders in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In the performance of its duties, our board of directors is required by Dutch law to consider the interests of our company, its shareholders, its employees and other stakeholders, in all cases with due observation of the principles of reasonableness and fairness. It is possible that some of these parties will have interests that are different from, or in addition to, your interests as a shareholder. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance—Dutch Corporate Governance Code.”

Although shareholders have the right to approve legal mergers or demergers, Dutch law does not grant appraisal rights to a company’s shareholders who wish to challenge the consideration to be paid upon a domestic legal merger or demerger of a company. In addition, if a third party is liable to a Dutch company, under Dutch law shareholders generally do not have the right to bring an action on behalf of the company or to bring an action on their own behalf to recover damages sustained as a result of a decrease in value, or loss of an increase in value, of their stock. Only in the event that the cause of liability of such third party to the company also constitutes a tortious act directly against such shareholder and the damages sustained are permanent, may that shareholder have an individual right of action against such third party on its own behalf to recover damages. The Dutch Civil Code provides for the possibility to initiate such actions collectively. A foundation or an association whose objective, as stated in its articles of association, is to protect the rights of persons having similar interests, may institute a collective action. The collective action cannot result in an order for payment of monetary damages but may result in a declaratory judgment ( verklaring voor recht ), for example, declaring that a party has acted wrongfully or has breached a fiduciary duty. The foundation or association and the defendant are permitted to reach (often on the basis of such declaratory judgment) a settlement that provides for monetary compensation for damages. A designated Dutch court may declare the settlement agreement binding upon all the injured parties with an opt-out choice for an individual injured party. An individual injured party, within the period set by the court, may also individually institute a civil claim for damages if such injured party is not bound by a collective agreement.

The provisions of Dutch corporate law and our Amended and Restated Articles of Association have the effect of concentrating control over certain corporate decisions and transactions in the hands of our board of directors. As a result, holders of our shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions by members of the board of directors than if we were incorporated in the United States.

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United States civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands and substantial portions of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, certain directors, officers and experts named herein reside outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or such other persons residing outside the United States, or to enforce outside the United States judgments obtained against such persons in U.S. courts in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. In addition, it may be difficult for investors to enforce, in original actions brought in courts in jurisdictions located outside the United States, rights predicated upon the U.S. federal securities laws.

There is no treaty between the United States and the Netherlands for the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters. Therefore, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws, would not be enforceable in the Netherlands unless the underlying claim is re-litigated before a Dutch court. However, under current practice, the courts of the Netherlands may be expected to render a judgment in accordance with the judgment of the relevant U.S. court, provided that such judgment (i) is a final judgment and has been rendered by a court which has established its jurisdiction on the basis of internationally accepted grounds of jurisdictions, (ii) has not been rendered in violation of elementary principles of fair trial, (iii) is not contrary to the public policy of the Netherlands, and (iv) is not incompatible with (a) a prior judgment of a Netherlands court rendered in a dispute between the same parties, or (b) a prior judgment of a foreign court rendered in a dispute between the same parties, concerning the same subject matter and based on the same cause of action, provided that such prior judgment is not capable of being recognized in the Netherlands. It is uncertain whether this practice extends to default judgments as well.

Based on the foregoing, there can be no assurance that U.S. investors will be able to enforce against us or members of our board of directors, officers or certain experts named herein who are residents of the Netherlands or countries other than the United States any judgments obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters, including judgments under the U.S. federal securities laws.

In addition, there is doubt as to whether a Dutch court would impose civil liability on us, the members of our board of directors, our officers or certain experts named herein in an original action predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws brought in a court of competent jurisdiction in the Netherlands against us or such members, officers or experts, respectively.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports or publish unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business or our industry. We may have limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no significant securities or industry analysts cover our company, the trading price for our shares could be adversely affected. In the event that one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts, or those who currently cover us, ceases to cover us or fails to publish regular reports on us, interest in the purchase of our shares could decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Our plan to convert the Company into a Societas Europaea and transfer our corporate seat from the Netherlands to France is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including shareholder approval, and may not be completed in accordance with the expected plans or at all.

We announced in July 2017 that we intend to move our corporate seat to France and close our Amsterdam office (the “Corporate Seat Transfer”). The Corporate Seat Transfer is intended to enable us to reorganize in a

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manner that would, among other things, reduce costs and simplify our corporate structure. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Recent Developments—Plan to Transfer Corporate Seat to France.”

The Corporate Seat Transfer is subject to shareholder approval. Pursuant to governing law, two separate shareholder approvals are required for the conversion from its present form, a Dutch public company or Naamloze Vennootschap (“NV”), into a European public company ( Societas Europaea or “SE”) and for the Corporate Seat Transfer. We are required to obtain shareholder approval for, first, the conversion into an SE and, second, the transfer of the corporate seat to France. The holding of the first shareholder meeting can only take place at the end of the negotiations with the employee representative body known as the Special Negotiation Body (the “SNB”), with which we are negotiating the involvement of our European employees within the proposed SE corporate form, the duration and results of which are not entirely within our control. If we do not obtain both of the required shareholder approvals we will not be able to consummate the Corporate Seat Transfer or realize the anticipated benefits.

We are continuing to evaluate the requirements for effectuating such conversion and transfer, and it is possible that adverse impacts of such requirements on our Company or failure to obtain required approvals could delay or prevent the completion of such plans or could cause us to materially modify or abandon such plans. If the Corporate Seat Transfer is not approved or successfully completed, we will continue to be governed by Dutch law.

We may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the Corporate Seat Transfer.

If approved by our shareholders and implemented by management, the Corporate Seat Transfer may not result in the expected benefits. A variety of factors, some of which are outside the control of the Company, could result in the actual benefits that we realize from the Corporate Seat Transfer to be materially different from those we currently expect. Any failure or delay in the implementation of the Corporate Seat Transfer may reduce the expected benefits from such transaction, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In such event, we may not be able to reduce our corporate cost structure and benefit from additional potential tax savings to the extent we expect would be possible as a public limited liability company governed by the laws of France.

If the Corporate Seat Transfer is completed, we may be exposed to the risk of future adverse changes in French law which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

If the Corporate Seat Transfer is approved and completed, we will be a public limited liability company registered under and governed by the laws of France and our revised articles of association will be amended to conform to French corporate law. As a result, the Company would be subject to the risk of future changes in French law (including French corporate and tax law), which could have adverse effects on our results of operations.

The rights of shareholders after the Corporate Seat Transfer, if approved and completed, will not be the same as the rights of the shareholders at present.

We are currently subject to Dutch statutory rules governing public limited liability companies. If the Corporate Seat Transfer is approved and completed, we will be a public limited liability company registered under the laws of France and the rights of holders of our securities will be governed by French corporate law and our revised articles of association, as amended to conform to French corporate law. Due to differences between Dutch and French law, and differences between our constituent documents before and after implementing the Corporate Seat Transfer, your rights as a shareholder would change and may be limited if the Corporate Seat Transfer is approved and completed.

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Risks Related to Taxation

Increases or decreases in income tax rates, changes in income tax laws, additional income tax liabilities due to unfavorable resolution of tax audits and challenges to our tax position could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

We operate in multiple tax jurisdictions and believe that we file our tax returns in compliance with the tax laws and regulations of these jurisdictions. Various factors determine our effective tax rate and/or the amount we are required to pay, including changes in or interpretations of tax laws and regulations in any given jurisdiction or global- and EU-based initiatives such as the Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the “OECD”) and the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (EU/2016/1164 as amended by EU/2017/952) which aim among other things to address tax avoidance by multinational companies, changes in geographical allocation of income and expense, our ability to use net operating loss and other tax attributes, and our evaluation of our deferred tax assets that requires significant judgment. The current incorporation into domestic tax law of the OECD principles related to BEPS included in the final reports released by the OECD as well as the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS signed in Paris on June 7, 2017 could increase administrative efforts within the Company and impact existing structures. Furthermore, the European Commission published a corporate reform package proposal on October 25, 2016 including three new proposals that aim at (i) re-launching the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (“CCCTB”) which is a single set of rules to compute companies’ taxable profits in the EU, (ii) avoiding loopholes associated with profit-shifting for tax between EU countries and non-EU countries, and (iii) providing new dispute resolution rules to relieve problems with double taxation for businesses. Changes to our effective tax rate could materially adversely affect our financial position, liquidity, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, due to the size and nature of our business, we are subject to ongoing reviews by taxing authorities on various tax matters, including challenges to positions we assert on our income tax and withholding tax returns. We accrue income tax liabilities and tax contingencies based upon our best estimate of the taxes ultimately expected to be paid after considering our knowledge of all relevant facts and circumstances, existing tax laws and regulations, our experience with previous audits and settlements, the status of current tax examinations and how the tax authorities and courts view certain issues. Such amounts are included in income taxes payable, other non-current liabilities or deferred income tax liabilities, as appropriate, and updated over time as more information becomes available or on the basis of the lapse of the statute of limitation. We record additional tax expense or reduce tax expenses in the period in which we determine that the recorded tax liability is less than or in excess of the ultimate assessment we expect. We are currently subject to audit and review in a number of jurisdictions in which we operate, and further audits may commence in the future.

The Company is incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands and on this basis is subject to Dutch tax laws as a Dutch resident taxpayer. In July 2017, we announced the Corporate Seat Transfer. In anticipation of the envisaged Corporate Seat Transfer, the Company is in the process of executing certain restructuring steps including amongst others the establishment of a French branch which is engaged in holding activities. We believe that, until completion of the Corporate Seat Transfer, because of the manner in which we conduct our business, the Company remains resident only in the Netherlands and has a French branch, which is subject to French taxes for the operations attributable to this branch. The Company will in principle have to continue filing on an annual basis a Dutch corporate income tax return following the Corporate Seat Transfer. As we anticipate that the Company will not have a permanent establishment in the Netherlands following the Corporate Seat Transfer and as we anticipate that the double tax treaty between the Netherlands and France will on that basis allocate taxation rights with respect to any income of the Company to France, this could possibly be a nil return. We have approached the tax authorities in the Netherlands (“Dutch Revenue”) to apply for a tax ruling confirming that for book years starting after the Corporate Seat Transfer this filing requirement will stop. The Company also believes that the Corporate Seat Transfer does not trigger a Dutch corporate income tax cost as the Company may not have assets and/or liabilities that include hidden taxable reserves and/or goodwill and the

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Company has tax losses which could off-set corporate income tax due, if any. Following the transfer of its corporate seat to France, if effectuated, the Company will become subject to the laws of France. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Recent Developments—Plan to Transfer Corporate Seat to France” and the risk factors below for a discussion of the Corporate Seat Transfer and the risks related thereto.

However, if our tax position were successfully challenged by applicable tax authorities, or if there were changes in the tax laws, tax treaties, or the interpretation or application thereof (which could in certain circumstances have retroactive effect) or in the manner in which we conduct our business, this could materially adversely affect our financial position.

We may not be able to make use of the remittance reduction with retroactive effect.

Currently, for Dutch dividend withholding tax purposes, we may be able to use the remittance reduction with respect to dividends received by Holdco II from our qualifying foreign subsidiaries. However, on the basis of a conclusion of the Advocate General to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the Dutch Cabinet has announced emergency remedial measures in the event the CJEU were to follow this conclusion about the ‘per element’ approach, which may also have an impact on the remittance reduction. The emergency remedial measures mean that, with retroactive effect to 11:00 a.m. on October 25, 2017, some Dutch corporate income tax and dividend withholding tax rules, such as the remittance reduction, will also have to be applied in domestic relationships as if there is no fiscal unity. At present, there is still uncertainty about how the remedial measures will exactly be implemented and when. However, there is a risk that we can no longer make use of the remittance reduction with retroactive effect to 11:00 a.m. on October 25, 2017 in relation to dividends that are received by Holdco II from our qualifying foreign subsidiaries.

We may have to withhold Dutch withholding taxes on interest payments starting in 2019.

The new Dutch government has—as part of a coalition agreement published on October 10, 2017—announced that it may start levying withholding taxes on interest payments to “low tax jurisdictions.” At this stage no legislative proposal has been published yet. The Annex to the published coalition agreement suggests that such withholding taxes on interest may at the earliest be levied as from 2023.

If we pay dividends after the Corporate Seat Transfer, we may need to withhold Dutch dividend withholding tax on any dividends payable to Dutch resident holders of our ordinary shares, non-Dutch resident holders of ordinary shares with a taxable presence in the Netherlands and holders of our shares from which the identity cannot be assessed upon a payment of a dividend.

After the Corporate Seat Transfer, if effectuated, our dividends paid on our ordinary shares generally should be subject to French dividend withholding tax and not to Dutch dividend withholding tax on the basis of the double tax treaty between the Netherlands and France. However, Dutch dividend withholding tax may be required to be withheld from any such dividends paid, if and when paid to Dutch resident holders of our ordinary shares (and non-Dutch resident holders of our ordinary shares that have a permanent establishment in the Netherlands to which the ordinary shares are attributable). We have approached Dutch Revenue to apply for a tax ruling confirming that no withholding of any Dutch dividend tax is applicable to any dividends paid by us after the Corporate Seat Transfer. Should we not obtain the tax ruling from Dutch Revenue, we will be required to identify our shareholders in order to assess whether there are Dutch resident holders of our ordinary shares or non-Dutch resident holders of our ordinary shares with a permanent establishment in the Netherlands to which the ordinary shares are attributable in respect of which Dutch dividend tax has to be withheld on dividends paid after the Corporate Seat Transfer. Such identification may not always be possible in practice. If the identity of our shareholders cannot be assessed upon a payment of dividend after the Corporate Seat Transfer, withholding of both French and Dutch dividend withholding tax from such dividend may occur. This could adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares.

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We may have to pay Dutch dividend withholding tax and Dutch corporate income tax upon the conversion of the Company from an NV into an SE.

As part of the Corporate Seat Transfer, the Company will be converted from an NV into an SE. Dutch dividend withholding tax may be required to be paid upon the conversion in case such conversion should be considered a deemed liquidation for Dutch dividend withholding tax purposes. Similarly, if the conversion would be considered a deemed liquidation, income may be recognized that could trigger a Dutch corporate income tax costs. We believe Dutch Revenue should—also taking into account statements made during the legislative history—not have compelling reasons to apply the deemed liquidation rule in our case as the envisaged conversion is based on the EU Council Regulation on the Statute for an European Company rather than on the Dutch Civil Code. Should the conversion nevertheless be considered a deemed liquidation, we or our shareholders may be faced with Dutch dividend withholding tax for the balance between the fair market value of our ordinary shares and the amount of the fiscally recognized paid-up share capital on such ordinary shares. As mentioned, if the conversion nevertheless would be considered a deemed liquidation, income may be recognized. The Company believes that such income should not trigger a Dutch corporate income tax cost as the Company may not have assets and/or liabilities that include hidden taxable reserves and/or goodwill and the Company has tax losses which could off-set corporate income tax due, if any. We have approached Dutch Revenue to apply for a tax ruling confirming that no Dutch dividend withholding tax or Dutch corporate income tax is triggered upon the conversion.

After the Corporate Seat Transfer, dividends paid on our ordinary shares will be subject to French withholding tax on dividends.

Under French law, dividends paid by a French corporation, as the Company would be after the completion of the Corporate Seat Transfer, to non-residents of France are generally subject to French withholding tax at a rate of (i) 12.8% for payments to individuals, (ii) 15% for payments to not-for-profit organizations whose head office is located in a member State of the European Union or in another State party to the European Economic Area Agreement which has entered into a convention on administrative assistance with France to fight tax evasion and fraud, and (iii) 30% until December 31, 2019, 28% as from January 1, 2020, 26.5% as from January 1, 2021, 25% as from January 1, 2022, for payments to legal persons or organizations other than those mentioned at (ii). The withholding tax rate is increased to 75% for dividends paid by a French corporation in a non-cooperative State or territory within the meaning of Article 238-0 A of the FTC.

Under the France-U.S. Treaty, the rate of French withholding tax on dividends paid to an eligible U.S. holder who is a U.S. resident as defined pursuant to the provisions of the France-U.S. Treaty and whose ownership of the ordinary shares is not effectively connected with a permanent establishment or fixed base that such U.S. holder has in France, may be reduced to 15% (or 5% if such U.S. holder is a corporation and owns directly or indirectly at least 10% of the share capital of the issuing company).

The impact of recent U.S. Tax reform is uncertain.

New U.S. federal tax legislation (commonly referred to as “The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”) was enacted in December 2017. This legislation made significant changes to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, many of which are highly complex and may require interpretations and implementing regulations. As a result, we may incur meaningful expenses (including professional fees) as the new legislation is implemented. The expected impact of certain aspects of the legislation is unclear and subject to change.

French tax legislation may restrict the deductibility, for French tax purposes, of all or a portion of the interest on our indebtedness incurred in France, thus reducing the cash flow available to service our indebtedness.

Under Article 212 § II of the French Tax Code ( code général des impôts ) (the “FTC”), the deduction of interest paid on loans granted by a related party or on loans granted by a third party that are guaranteed by a

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related party (a “Third Party Assimilated to a Related Party”) may be subject to certain limitations pursuant to French thin-capitalization rules.

These thin-capitalization rules could apply at the level of the Issuer’s French subsidiaries for any amount of the proceeds of the Notes (as defined below) used by the Issuer to grant intragroup loans to such subsidiaries as well as, more generally, in respect of any loans contracted by the Issuer’s French subsidiaries from any related party or Third Party Assimilated to a Related Party. As from the effective date of the Corporate Seat Transfer, these rules would also apply in respect of any loans contracted by the Issuer from any related party or Third Party Assimilated to a Related Party.

It should also be noted that interest paid by an entity to its shareholders are only tax deductible up to the rate referred to in Article 39-1-3 of the FTC (i.e. the annual average of the average effective floating rates on bank loans to companies with an initial maturity exceeding two years) or, if higher, up to the rate that the borrowing entity could have obtained from independent financial credit institutions in similar circumstances. These rules could apply (i) at the level of the Issuer’s French subsidiaries for any intragroup loans granted to such subsidiaries from any related party and (ii) to the Issuer as from the effective date of the Corporate Seat Transfer.

In addition, Article 209 § IX of the FTC provides for a limitation of tax deductibility of financial expenses incurred in relation to the acquisition of shares that benefit from the participation-exemption regime, provided at Article 219 I a quinquies of the FTC, by a French company if the company is not able to demonstrate, under conditions further specified at Article 209 § IX, that (i) the decisions relating to such acquired shares are actually taken by the company having acquired them and (ii) where control or influence is exercised over the acquired company, such control or influence is exercised by the acquiring company.

Moreover, Article 212 bis of the FTC provides for a general limitation of deductibility of net financial charges, subject to certain exceptions. Adjusted net financial charges incurred by French companies that are subject to French corporate income tax and are not members of a consolidated French tax group are deductible from their taxable result only up to 75% of their amount, to the extent that such companies’ financial charges (net of financial income) are at least equal to €3.0 million in a given fiscal year. Under Article 223 B bis of the FTC, special computation rules apply to companies that belong to French tax consolidated groups. These rules which currently apply in respect of interest on loans borne by the Issuer’s French subsidiaries would become applicable to the Issuer as from the effective date of the Corporate Seat Transfer.

Pursuant to Article 212 I (b) of the FTC, if the lender is a related party to the borrower within the meaning of Article 39.12 of the FTC, the French borrower shall demonstrate, at the French tax authorities’ request, that the lender is, for the current fiscal year and with respect to the concerned interest, subject to income tax in an amount that is at least equal to 25% of the corporate income tax determined under standard French tax rules. Accordingly, our ability to deduct interest payments in respect of any loans contracted by the Issuer’s French subsidiaries, or the Issuer as from the effective date of the Corporate Seat Transfer, from any related party would also depend on the tax treatment of the interest payments at the level of the person to which they are made.

We expect the French restrictions on interest deduction to be amended at the latest by January 1, 2024 pursuant to the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive EU/2016/1164 of 12 July 2016 (“ATAD Directive”) providing, among other things, for a limitation of deductibility of net interest expenses to an amount of 30% of the taxpayer’s earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization excluding tax-exempt income (adjusted EBITDA), it being noted that net financial expenses may in any case be deductible up to a maximum amount of €3.0 million in a given fiscal year. The detailed implementation of such new rules in France remains largely unknown, including whether these rules will replace existing French limitation regimes or be added in full or in part to them.

Finally, on February 22, 2017, the Council of the European Union adopted the EU Directive EU/2017/952 of May 29, 2017, (“ATAD 2 Directive”), amending the ATAD Directive, which, inter alia, extends the scope of

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the ATAD Directive to hybrid mismatches involving third countries, which would be applicable as from January 1, 2020, except for certain of its provisions which would be applicable as from January 1, 2022.

The above-mentioned tax rules and the ATAD and ATAD 2 Directives (once implemented under French domestic law) may limit our ability to deduct interest accrued on our indebtedness incurred in France and may thus increase our tax burden, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and reduce the cash flow available to service our indebtedness. Similarly, until the effective date of the Corporate Seat Transfer, the detailed Dutch rules limiting interest deductions and the ATAD and ATAD 2 Directives may limit our ability to deduct interest in the Netherlands and may thus decrease the amount of our Dutch tax losses and increase our tax burden.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could subject U.S. investors in our ordinary shares to significant adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

A foreign corporation will be a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a “PFIC”) in any taxable year in which, after taking into account the income and assets of the corporation and certain subsidiaries pursuant to applicable “look-through rules,” either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income,” or (ii) at least 50% of its assets produce or are held for the production of “passive income.” For this purpose, “passive income” generally includes dividends, interest, royalties and rents and certain other categories of income, subject to certain exceptions. We believe that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year and that we have not been a PFIC for prior taxable years and we expect that we will not become a PFIC in the foreseeable future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination that includes ascertaining the fair market value (or, in certain circumstances, tax basis) of all of our assets on a quarterly basis and the character of each item of income we earn. This determination is made annually and cannot be completed until the close of a taxable year. It depends upon the portion of our assets (including goodwill) and income characterized as passive under the PFIC rules. Accordingly, it is possible that we may become a PFIC due to changes in our income or asset composition or a decline in the market value of our equity. Because PFIC status is a fact-intensive determination, no assurance can be given that we are not, have not been, or will not become, classified as a PFIC.

If we were to be classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, U.S. Holders (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences”) generally would be subject to special tax rules that could result in materially adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. Further, investors should assume that a “qualified electing fund” election, which, if made, could serve as an alternative to the general PFIC rules and could reduce any adverse consequences to U.S. Holders if we were to be classified as a PFIC, will not be available because we do not intend to provide U.S. Holders with the information needed to make such an election. A mark-to-market election may be available, however, if our ordinary shares are regularly traded. For more information, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences” and consult your tax advisor concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of acquiring, owning or disposing of our ordinary shares if we are or become classified as a PFIC.

Transactions in our ordinary shares could be subject to the European financial transaction tax, if adopted.

On February 14, 2013, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a directive on a common financial transaction tax (the “FTT”) to be implemented under the enhanced cooperation procedure by several Member States (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Spain (the “Participating Member States”) and Estonia. However, Estonia has since stated that it will not participate.

The proposed FTT has a very broad scope and could, if introduced in its current form, apply to certain dealings in our ordinary shares (including secondary market transactions) in certain circumstances. The

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mechanism by which the tax would be applied and collected is not yet known, but if the proposed directive or any similar tax is adopted, transactions in our ordinary shares would be subject to higher costs, and the liquidity of the market for our ordinary shares may be diminished.

Under the 2013 proposals, the FTT could apply in certain circumstances to persons both within and outside of the Participating Member States. Generally, it would apply to certain dealings in our ordinary shares where at least one party is a financial institution, and at least one party is established in a Participating Member State. A financial institution may be, or be deemed to be, “established” in a Participating Member State in a broad range of circumstances, including (a) by transacting with a person established in a Participating Member State, or (b) where the financial instrument which is subject to the dealings is issued in a Participating Member State.

However, the FTT proposal remains subject to negotiation between the Participating Member States. It may therefore be altered prior to any implementation, the timing of which remains unclear. Additional EU Member States such as for example the Netherlands may decide to participate and/or certain of the Participating Member States may decide to withdraw. Prospective holders of our ordinary shares are advised to seek their own professional advice in relation to the consequences of the FTT.