U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM 40 - F

 

 

[Check One]

REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

 

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13(a) OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018        Commission File Number: 1 - 14678

 

 

CANADIAN IMPERIAL BANK OF COMMERCE

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Canada   6029   13-1942440

(Province or other jurisdiction

of incorporation or organization)

 

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

Commerce Court

Toronto, Ontario

Canada, M5L 1A2

(416) 980-2211

(Address and telephone number of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Michael G. Capatides

Senior Executive Vice-President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

425 Lexington Avenue – 3 rd Floor

New York, New York, 10017

(212) 667-8301

(Name, address (including zip code) and telephone number (including area code)

of agent for service in the United States)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

 

Title of each class   Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares   New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

Not Applicable

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

Debt Securities

(Title of Class)

For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this Form:

 

  Annual Information Form     Audited annual financial statements

 

 

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

 

Common Shares

     442,823,361  

Class A Preferred Shares:

  

Series 39

     16,000,000  

Series 41

     12,000,000  

Series 43

     12,000,000  

Series 45

     32,000,000  

Series 47

     18,000,000  

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant by filing the information contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). If “Yes” is marked, indicate the file number assigned to the Registrant in connection with such Rule.

Yes  ☐            No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes  ☒            No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes  ☒            No  ☐

Not Applicable  ☐

†  The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

 

 

 


UNDERTAKING

Registrant undertakes to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the Commission staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the Commission staff, information relating to: the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises or transactions in said securities.

DISCLOSURE REQUIRED BY NYSE LISTED COMPANY MANUAL

A summary of the significant differences between the governance practices of the Registrant and those required of U.S. domestic companies under the New York Stock Exchange listing standards can be found in the Governance section of the Registrant’s website at https://www.cibc.com/en/about-cibc/corporate-governance/practices/disclosure-nyse-manual.html .

DISCLOSURE REQUIRED BY IRAN THREAT REDUCTION AND SYRIA HUMAN RIGHTS ACT OF 2012

Under the Iran Threat Reduction and Syrian Human Rights Act of 2012 (“ITRSHRA”), which added Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, the Registrant is required to include certain disclosures in its periodic reports if it or any of its “affiliates” knowingly engaged in certain specified activities during the period covered by the report. The Registrant is not presently aware that it or its affiliates have knowingly engaged in any transaction or dealing reportable under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act during the year ended October 31, 2018.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.

 

Date: November 29, 2018     CANADIAN IMPERIAL BANK OF COMMERCE
    By:  

/s/ Victor G. Dodig

      Victor G. Dodig
      President and Chief Executive Officer
    By:  

/s/ Kevin Glass

      Kevin Glass
      Senior Executive Vice-President and
      Chief Financial Officer


EXHIBITS

(Information to be filed on this Form pursuant to General Instruction (references are to paragraphs to General Instructions))

 

Exhibit

 

Description of Exhibit

B.3(a)   Annual Information Form
B.3(b)   Audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2018 excerpted from pages 94-180 of the 2018 Annual Report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) including the Independent auditors’ reports of registered public accounting firm to shareholders with respect to the report on financial statement related to the consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2018 and the report on internal controls under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) as of October 31, 2018
B.3(c)   Management’s discussion and analysis excerpted from pages 1-93 of CIBC’s 2018 Annual Report
B.3(d)   Other Pages of CIBC’s 2018 Annual Report incorporated in Annual Information Form
B.6(a)(1)   Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(a)
B.6(a)(2)   Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
B.6(b)   Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures (contained in Exhibit B.3(c))
B.6(c)   Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting (contained in Exhibit B.3(c))
B.6(d)   Report of the registered public accounting firm on management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting (contained in Exhibit B.3(b))
B.6(e)   Changes in internal control over financial reporting (contained in Exhibit B.3(c))
B.7   None
B.8   Disclosure regarding audit committee financial expert
B.9   Disclosure regarding code of ethics
B.10   Principal accountant fees and services
B.11   Disclosure regarding off-balance sheet arrangements (contained in Exhibit B.3(c))
B.12   Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations
B.14   Identification of the audit committee (contained in Exhibit B.3(a))
D.9   Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
101   Interactive Data File
Table of Contents

Exhibit B.3(a): Annual Information Form


Table of Contents

LOGO

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

ANNUAL

INFORMATION

FORM

November 28, 2018


Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

2    A NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

3    INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

3    CORPORATE STRUCTURE

3    Name, Address and Incorporation

3    Intercorporate Relationships

 

3    DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

3    The CIBC Organization

4    Competitive Conditions

4    Social and Environmental Policies

4    Risk Factors

 

4    GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS

4    Three Year History

 

5    DIVIDENDS

 

5    CAPITAL STRUCTURE

5    Description of Common Shares

5    Description of Preferred Shares

6    Certain Conditions of the Class  A Preferred Shares as a Class

6    Bank Act (Canada) restrictions related to share ownership

7    Liquidity and Credit Ratings

 

8    MARKET FOR SECURITIES

8    Trading Prices and Volume

8    Prior Sales

8    Escrow Securities

 

9    DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

9    Directors and Board Committees

9    Executive Officers

9    Shareholdings of Directors and Executive Officers

10    Corporate Cease Trade Orders or Bankruptcies

10    Penalties or Sanctions

10    Personal Bankruptcies

10    Conflicts of Interest

 

10    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS

 

10    INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS

 

10    TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR

 

11    EXPERTS

 

11    AUDIT COMMITTEE

11    Education and Experience

 

12    PRE-APPROVAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

 

12    FEES FOR SERVICES PROVIDED BY SHAREHOLDERS’ AUDITORS

 

12    ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

13    Appendix A: Rating Definitions

 

15    Appendix B: Audit Committee Mandate

 

 

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A NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including in this Annual Information Form, in other filings with Canadian securities regulators or the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and in other communications. All such statements are made pursuant to the “safe harbour” provisions of, and are intended to be forward-looking statements under applicable Canadian and U.S. securities legislation, including the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements made about our operations, business lines, financial condition, risk management, priorities, targets, ongoing objectives, strategies, the regulatory environment in which we operate and outlook for calendar year 2019 and subsequent periods. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “target”, “objective” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “should”, “would” and “could”. By their nature, these statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific. A variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, affect our operations, performance and results, and could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. These factors include: credit, market, liquidity, strategic, insurance, operational, reputation and legal, regulatory and environmental risk; the effectiveness and adequacy of our risk management and valuation models and processes; legislative or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions where we operate, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations issued and to be issued thereunder, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Common Reporting Standard, and regulatory reforms in the United Kingdom and Europe, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s global standards for capital and liquidity reform, and those relating to bank recapitalization legislation and the payments system in Canada; amendments to, and interpretations of, risk-based capital guidelines and reporting instructions, and interest rate and liquidity regulatory guidance; the resolution of legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters; the effect of changes to accounting standards, rules and interpretations; changes in our estimates of reserves and allowances; changes in tax laws; changes to our credit ratings; political conditions and developments, including changes relating to economic or trade matters; the possible effect on our business of international conflicts and terrorism; natural disasters, public health emergencies, disruptions to public infrastructure and other catastrophic events; reliance on third parties to provide components of our business infrastructure; potential disruptions to our information technology systems and services; increasing cyber security risks which may include theft of assets, unauthorized access to sensitive information, or operational disruption; social media risk; losses incurred as a result of internal or external fraud; anti-money laundering; the accuracy and completeness of information provided to us concerning clients and counterparties; the failure of third parties to comply with their obligations to us and our affiliates or associates; intensifying competition from established competitors and new entrants in the financial services industry including through internet and mobile banking; technological change; global capital market activity; changes in monetary and economic policy; currency value and interest rate fluctuations, including as a result of market and oil price volatility; general business and economic conditions worldwide, as well as in Canada, the U.S. and other countries where we have operations, including increasing Canadian household debt levels and global credit risks; our success in developing and introducing new products and services, expanding existing distribution channels, developing new distribution channels and realizing increased revenue from these channels; changes in client spending and saving habits; our ability to attract and retain key employees and executives; our ability to successfully execute our strategies and complete and integrate acquisitions and joint ventures; the risk that expected synergies and benefits of the acquisition of PrivateBancorp, Inc. will not be realized within the expected time frame or at all; and our ability to anticipate and manage the risks associated with these factors. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements. These and other factors should be considered carefully and readers should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that is contained in this Annual Information Form or in other communications except as required by law.

 

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INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain disclosures in this Annual Information Form (AIF) are incorporated by reference from CIBC’s 2018 Annual Report for the year ended October 31, 2018. The table below identifies pages from the 2018 Annual Report which are incorporated by reference into this AIF. The 2018 Annual Report is available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

 

 

AIF Item

 

 

2018 Annual Report – Page Reference

 

   

CORPORATE STRUCTURE

   

Intercorporate Relationships

  173
   

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

   

The CIBC Organization

  1–93

Social and Environmental Policies

  78

Risk Factors

  41–78
   

DIVIDENDS

  151–153
   

CAPITAL STRUCTURE

  150–154
   

DIRECTORS AND BOARD COMMITTEES

  194
   

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

  167–169
   

TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR

  192
   

AUDIT COMMITTEE

   

Fees for Services provided by Shareholders’ Auditors

  93
   

GLOSSARY

 

 

186–191

 

Unless otherwise specified, this AIF presents information as at October 31, 2018.

CORPORATE STRUCTURE

Name, Address and Incorporation

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is a diversified financial institution governed by the Bank Act (Canada). CIBC was formed through the amalgamation of The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada in 1961. The Canadian Bank of Commerce was originally incorporated as Bank of Canada by special act of the legislature of the Province of Canada in 1858. Subsequently, the name was changed to The Canadian Bank of Commerce and it opened for business under that name in 1867. Imperial Bank of Canada was incorporated in 1875 by special act of the Parliament of Canada and commenced operations in that year. The address of the registered and head office of CIBC is Commerce Court, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5L 1A2.

Intercorporate Relationships

Information about the intercorporate relationships among CIBC and its significant subsidiaries is provided on page 173 of the 2018 Annual Report.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

The CIBC Organization

CIBC is a leading North American financial institution. CIBC serves its clients through four main strategic business units: Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management and Capital Markets.

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking provides personal and business clients across Canada with financial advice, products and services through a team in our banking centres, as well as through our direct, mobile and remote channels.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management services to middle-market companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families across Canada. In addition, we provide asset management services to institutional investors.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  3


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U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented commercial, personal and small business banking, as well as wealth management services to meet the needs of middle-market companies, executives, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families in the markets we serve in the U.S.

Capital Markets provides integrated global markets products and services, investment banking advisory and execution, corporate banking and top-ranked research to corporate, government and institutional clients around the world.

CIBC’s four main strategic business units are supported by the following functional groups: Administration, Client Connectivity and Innovation, Finance, Human Resources and Communications, Internal Audit, Risk Management, and Technology and Operations, as well as other support groups, which are all included in Corporate and Other. Information about CIBC’s business lines and functional groups is provided in the 2018 Annual Report on pages 1 to 93.

A more complete description of services provided by Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management and Capital Markets can be found in the 2018 Annual Report on pages 18 to 27.

Competitive Conditions

CIBC was the fifth largest Canadian chartered bank in terms of market capitalization as at October 31, 2018.

CIBC operated in an environment of moderate economic growth in Canada, and of accelerating growth in the U.S. in 2018. Canada enjoyed low unemployment rates that supported household credit quality, but both consumer and mortgage credit growth decelerated due to higher interest rates, softer housing inflation, and regulatory policy decisions. Corporate credit quality remained strong despite a slowing in profit growth, while business investment spending and loan demand accelerated. A slower increase in non-financial corporate bond issuance activity was more than offset by the accelerating issuance of financial sector bonds, while equity issuance activity was light. Government debt continued to grow but at a slightly slower pace than 2017. The U.S. economy showed strong growth and robust employment gains as fiscal stimulus more than offset rising interest rates, helping to drive a pick-up in business lending after a slow 2017. U.S. equity markets had a strong start to the year but gave up that ground in the fall on concerns over global growth and rising interest rates.

Social and Environmental Policies

Additional information about our environmental policies and environmental risks can be found under “Management of risk – Other risks – Environmental and social risk” on page 78 of our 2018 Annual Report. Furthermore, CIBC’s Corporate Responsibility Report and Public Accountability Statement summarizes our commitment to our stakeholders and highlights the activities we are undertaking to enhance our economic, environmental, social and governance contributions. This report is available at https://www.cibc.com/content/cibcpublic/en/about-cibc/corporate-responsibility.html.

Risk Factors

A discussion of risk factors related to CIBC and its business, and the steps taken to manage those risks appears throughout the 2018 Annual Report and in particular under the heading “Management of risk” on pages 41 to 78.

GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS

Three Year History

At CIBC, we are building a relationship-oriented bank for a modern world.

For many years, CIBC has reported a scorecard of financial objectives to evaluate and report on our progress to external stakeholders. These measures, for which CIBC has set targets over the medium term, defined as three to five years, can be categorized into five key areas of shareholder value:

 

1.

Earnings Growth

   

Average annual earnings per share (EPS) growth of 5% to 10%.

2.

Efficiency Ratio

   

Run rate efficiency ratio (ratio of non-interest expenses to total revenue) of 55% by 2019 and 52% by 2022.

3.

Return on Common Shareholders’ Equity

   

Return on common shareholders’ equity (ROE) of at least 15%.

4.

Total Shareholder Return

   

Dividend payout ratio of 40% to 50% of earnings to common shareholders.

   

Total shareholder return that exceeds the industry average, which we have defined as the Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (S&P)/Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) Composite Banks Index, over a rolling five-year period.

5.

Balance Sheet Strength

   

Maintain strong capital ratios that comfortably exceed the regulatory target set by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI).

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  4


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1.

Earnings Growth

Reported diluted EPS was $11.65 in 2018, compared with $11.24 in 2017, up 4%. Reported diluted EPS was $10.70 in 2016. Adjusted diluted EPS (1) was $12.21 in 2018, compared with $11.11 in 2017, up 10%. Adjusted diluted EPS (1) was $10.22 in 2016.

 

2.

Efficiency Ratio

In 2018, CIBC made progress towards its efficiency ratio objectives. The reported efficiency ratio was 57.5% compared with 58.8% in 2017 and 59.7% in 2016. The adjusted efficiency ratio (1) was 55.6% compared with 57.2% in 2017 and 58.0% in 2016.

 

3.

Return on Common Shareholders’ Equity

In 2018, reported ROE of 16.6% was above the 15% target but down from 18.3% in 2017. Reported ROE was 19.9% in 2016. Adjusted ROE (1) of 17.4% was above our target but down from 18.1% reported in 2017. Adjusted ROE (1) was 19.0% in 2016.

 

4.

Total Shareholder Return

CIBC’s 2018 reported dividend payout ratio was 45.5%, compared with 45.6% in 2017. The reported dividend payout ratio was 44.3% in 2016. CIBC’s 2018 adjusted dividend payout ratio (1) was 43.4% compared with 46.2% in 2017. The adjusted dividend payout ratio (1) was 46.4% in 2016.

CIBC’s rolling five-year total shareholder return for the period ended October 31, 2018 was 60.6% compared with 62.0% for the S&P/TSX Composite Banks Index.

 

5.

Balance Sheet Strength

At the end of 2018, CIBC’s Basel III Common Equity Tier 1 ratio on an all-in basis was 11.4%, well above the current OSFI target.

 

(1)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section on page 14 of the 2018 Annual Report.

DIVIDENDS

CIBC has a common share dividend sub-policy of maintaining a balance between the distribution of profits to shareholders and the need to retain capital for safety and soundness, and to support growth of the businesses. In the context of this overall policy, CIBC’s key criteria for considering dividend increases are the current payout ratio compared to the target, and its view on the sustainability of the level of current earnings through the cycle. Going forward, CIBC will continue to target a dividend payout ratio of 40% to 50%.

The cash dividends declared and paid per share for each class of CIBC shares and restrictions on the payment of dividends can be found on pages 151 to 153 of the 2018 Annual Report.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE

The following summary of CIBC’s capital structure is qualified in its entirety by CIBC’s by-laws and the actual terms and conditions of such shares. Additional detail on CIBC’s capital structure is provided on pages 150 to 154 of the 2018 Annual Report.

Description of Common Shares

CIBC’s authorized common share capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares without nominal or par value. The holders of common shares are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the Board of Directors of CIBC (the Board), subject to the preference of holders of preferred shares. A holder of common shares is entitled to notice of and to attend all shareholders’ meetings, except meetings at which only holders of a specified class or series of shares are entitled to vote, and for all purposes will be entitled to one vote for each common share held. In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of CIBC, after payment of all outstanding deposits and debts and subject to the preference of any shares ranking senior to the common shares, the holders of common shares will be entitled to a pro rata distribution of the remaining assets of CIBC. The holders of common shares have no pre-emptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. The rights, preferences and privileges of the common shares are subject to the rights of the holders of preferred shares.

Description of Preferred Shares

CIBC is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Class A Preferred Shares and Class B Preferred Shares without nominal or par value, issuable in series, with such rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions as the Board may determine, provided that, for each class of preferred shares, the maximum aggregate consideration for all outstanding shares, at any time does not exceed $10 billion. There are five series of Class A Preferred Shares currently outstanding (Series 39, 41, 43, 45 and 47) and no Class B Preferred Shares currently outstanding.

The Bank Act (Canada) requires that banks maintain adequate capital in relation to their operations. The Superintendent of Financial Institutions (the Superintendent) establishes capital adequacy requirements for issuances of regulatory capital by banks. These requirements include that all regulatory capital must be able to absorb losses in a failed financial institution. Effective January 1, 2013, in accordance with

 

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capital adequacy requirements adopted by the Superintendent, non-common capital instruments issued after January 1, 2013, including preferred shares, must include non-viability contingent capital (NVCC) provisions, providing for the full and permanent automatic conversion (an NVCC Automatic Conversion) of such non-common capital instruments into common shares upon the occurrence of certain trigger events relating to financial viability (the NVCC Provisions) in order to qualify as regulatory capital.

The following describes certain general terms and conditions of the preferred shares.

Certain Conditions of the Class A Preferred Shares as a Class

The following is a summary of certain provisions attached to the Class A Preferred Shares as a class.

Priority

The Class A Preferred Shares of each series of Class A Preferred Shares rank on a parity with every other series of Class A Preferred Shares and rank in priority to the Class B Preferred Shares and the common shares of CIBC with respect to the payment of dividends and on the distribution of assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of CIBC, provided that an NVCC Automatic Conversion as contemplated under the NVCC Provisions applicable to a series of Class A Preferred Shares has not occurred.

Restrictions on Creation of Additional Class A Preferred Shares

In addition to any shareholder approvals required by applicable law, the approval of the holders of the Class A Preferred Shares given in the manner described under “Modification” below, is required for any increase in the maximum aggregate consideration for which the Class A Preferred Shares may be issued and for the creation of any shares ranking prior to or on a parity with the Class A Preferred Shares.

Modification

Approval of amendments to the provisions of the Class A Preferred Shares as a class and any other authorization required to be given by the holders of Class A Preferred Shares may be given by a resolution carried by an affirmative vote of not less than 66 2/3 % of the votes cast at a meeting at which the holders of 10% of the outstanding Class A Preferred Shares are present or represented by proxy or, if no quorum is present at such meeting, at an adjourned meeting at which the shareholders then present would form the necessary quorum.

Rights on Liquidation

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of CIBC, provided that an NVCC Automatic Conversion as contemplated under the NVCC Provisions applicable to a series of Class A Preferred Shares has not occurred, the holders of the Class A Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive an amount equal to the price at which such shares are issued together with such premium, if any, as shall have been provided for with respect to the Class A Preferred Shares of any series, together with all declared and unpaid dividends, before any amount is paid or any assets of CIBC are distributed to the holders of any shares ranking junior to the Class A Preferred Shares. Upon payment to the holders of the Class A Preferred Shares of the amounts so payable to them, they will not be entitled to share in any further distribution of the assets of CIBC. If an NVCC Automatic Conversion as contemplated under the NVCC Provisions applicable to a series of Class A Preferred Shares has occurred, all of the Class A Preferred Shares of such series shall have been converted into common shares of CIBC in accordance with a pre-determined conversion formula specified at the time of issuance of the Class A Preferred Shares of such series and will rank on parity with all other common shares of CIBC.

Voting Rights

Subject to the provisions of the Bank Act (Canada), the directors of CIBC are empowered to set voting rights, if any, for each series of Class A Preferred Shares.

Contingent Conversion of Certain Series of Class A Preferred Shares

All of CIBC’s currently outstanding Class A Preferred Shares (Series 39, 41, 43, 45 and 47) were issued after January 1, 2013 and, accordingly, contain NVCC Provisions in their respective share terms and conditions. The number of common shares into which such Class A Preferred Shares would be converted upon an NVCC Automatic Conversion will be determined in accordance with a pre-determined conversion formula specified at the time of issuance of such Class A Preferred Shares.

Bank Act (Canada) Restrictions Related to Share Ownership

The Bank Act (Canada) contains restrictions on the issue, transfer, acquisition, beneficial ownership and voting of all shares of a chartered bank. By way of summary, no person, or persons acting jointly or in concert, shall be a major shareholder of a bank if the bank has equity of $12 billion or more (which would include CIBC). A person is a major shareholder of a bank where: (i) the aggregate of the shares of any class of voting shares beneficially owned by that person, by entities controlled by that person and by any person associated or acting jointly or in concert with that person (as contemplated by the Bank Act (Canada)) is more than 20% of that class of voting shares; or (ii) the aggregate of the shares of any class of non-voting shares beneficially owned by that person, by entities controlled by that person and by any person associated or acting jointly or in concert with that person (as contemplated by the Bank Act (Canada)) is more than 30% of that class of non-voting shares. No person, or persons acting jointly or in concert, shall have a significant interest in any class of shares of a bank,

 

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including CIBC, unless the person first receives the approval of the Minister of Finance (Canada). For purposes of the Bank Act (Canada), a person has a significant interest in a class of shares of a bank where the aggregate of any shares of the class beneficially owned by that person, by entities controlled by that person and by any person associated or acting jointly or in concert with that person (as contemplated by the Bank Act (Canada)) exceeds 10% of all of the outstanding shares of that class of shares of such bank.

In addition, the Bank Act (Canada) prohibits a bank, including CIBC, from recording in its securities register the transfer or issuance of shares of any class to Her Majesty in right of Canada or of a province, an agent or agency of Her Majesty, a government of a foreign country or any political subdivision of a foreign country, or an agent or agency of a foreign government. The Bank Act (Canada) also suspends the exercise of any voting rights attached to any share of a bank, including CIBC, that is beneficially owned by Her Majesty in right of Canada or of a province, an agency of Her Majesty, a government of a foreign country or any political subdivision of a foreign country, or any agency thereof.

Liquidity and Credit Ratings

CIBC funds its operations with client-sourced deposits, supplemented with a wide range of wholesale funding.

CIBC’s principal approach aims to fund its balance sheet with deposits primarily raised from personal and commercial banking channels. CIBC maintains a foundation of relationship-based core deposits, whose stability is regularly evaluated through internally developed statistical assessments.

We routinely access a range of short-term and long-term secured and unsecured funding sources diversified by geography, depositor type, instrument, currency and maturity. We raise long-term funding from existing programs including covered bonds, asset securitizations and unsecured debt.

CIBC continuously evaluates opportunities to diversify into new funding products and investor segments in an effort to maximize funding flexibility and minimize concentration and financing costs. We regularly monitor wholesale funding levels and concentrations to internal limits consistent with our desired liquidity risk profile.

The Global Asset Liability Committee and the Risk Management Committee of the Board review and approve CIBC’s funding plan, which incorporates projected asset and liability growth, funding maturities, and output from our liquidity position forecasting.

Access to wholesale funding sources and the cost of funds are dependent on various factors including credit ratings. CIBC’s wholesale funding and credit ratings are also discussed on pages 73 to 74 of the 2018 Annual Report under the heading “Management of risk – Liquidity risk”.

The table below provides the ratings for CIBC’s Class A Preferred Shares and debt obligations as at November 28, 2018:

 

     

DBRS Limited

(DBRS)

  Fitch Ratings, Inc.
(Fitch)
   Moody’s Investors
Service, Inc. (Moody’s)
   Standard & Poor’s
Ratings Services (S&P)

 Deposit/Counterparty (1)

   AA   AA-    Aa2    A+

 Legacy senior debt (2)

   AA   AA-    Aa2    A+

 Senior debt (3)

   AA (low)   AA-    A2    BBB+

 Subordinated indebtedness

   A (high)   A+    Baa1    BBB+

 Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC

   A (low)   A+    Baa1    BBB

 Preferred shares – NVCC

   Pfd-2   n/a    Baa3    P-3 (high)

 Short-term debt

   R-1 (high)   F1+    P-1    A-1

 Outlook

   Stable   Stable    Stable    Stable

 

(1)

DBRS Long-Term Issuer Rating; Moody’s Long-Term Deposit and Counterparty Risk Assessment Rating; S&P’s Issuer Credit Rating; Fitch Long-Term Issuer Default and Derivative Counterparty Rating.

(2)

Includes senior debt issued prior to September 23, 2018 as well as senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to the bank recapitalization (bail-in) conversion regulations issued by the Department of Finance (Canada).

(3)

Comprises liabilities which are subject to conversion under the bail-in regulations.

n/a

Not available.

The ratings should not be construed as a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold CIBC securities. Ratings may be revised or withdrawn at any time by the respective rating agencies.

Definitions of rating categories are available on the respective rating agencies’ websites and are outlined in Appendix A. More detailed explanations of the various rating categories may be obtained directly from the rating agencies.

As is common practice, CIBC has paid fees charged by all four of the above-noted rating agencies for their rating services and, to certain of the rating agencies, for other services during the last two years. CIBC reasonably expects that such payments will continue to be made for services in the future.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  7


Table of Contents

MARKET FOR SECURITIES

CIBC maintains a listing of its common shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. CIBC maintains a listing of its Class A Preferred Shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange (1) .

The following subordinated indebtedness securities issued by CIBC are listed on the London Stock Exchange:

 

 

U.S. Dollar Floating Rate Debenture Notes Due 2084 with interest at 6-month US$ LIBOR plus 0.25%. To CIBC’s knowledge, the issue did not trade on the exchange during the year ended October 31, 2018.

 

 

U.S. Dollar Floating Rate Subordinated Capital Debentures Due 2085 with interest at 6-month US$ LIBOR plus 0.125%. To CIBC’s knowledge, the issue did not trade on the exchange during the year ended October 31, 2018.

 

(1)

From time to time, securities of CIBC may be listed on other stock exchanges or quotation systems by investors, brokers or others without the consent or involvement of CIBC. This section does not include debt instruments that are deposits.

Trading Prices and Volume (1)

 

    2017     2018  
    Nov.     Dec.     Jan.     Feb.     Mar.     Apr.     May     Jun.     Jul.     Aug.     Sep.     Oct.  

Common Shares

 

High

  $ 118.72     $ 123.87     $ 124.37     $ 121.69     $ 118.86     $ 113.73     $ 117.24     $ 117.95     $ 118.88     $ 123.34     $ 125.21     $ 122.10  

Low

  $ 112.05     $ 118.00     $ 121.06     $ 112.52     $ 112.19     $ 110.00     $ 111.30     $ 112.51     $ 114.00     $ 118.33     $ 120.99     $ 111.31  

Volume (thousands)

    21,971     29,847     27,992     30,219     31,630     21,613     27,089     22,948     18,144     24,298     21,534     26,159

Preferred Shares Series 39

 

High

      $ 23.99         $ 23.95         $ 24.44         $ 24.10         $ 24.00         $ 23.12         $ 24.04         $ 23.64         $ 23.50         $ 23.89         $ 23.87         $ 23.71  

Low

      $ 23.65         $ 22.99         $ 23.50         $ 23.53         $ 23.07         $ 22.70         $ 22.85         $ 23.13         $ 23.10         $ 23.50         $ 23.45         $ 21.59  

Volume (thousands)

    152     157     460     230     255     140     187     219     185     214     49     316

Preferred Shares Series 41

 

High

      $ 23.75         $ 23.45         $ 23.90         $ 23.74         $ 23.49         $ 22.80         $ 23.58         $ 23.31         $ 23.24         $ 23.34         $ 23.34         $ 23.16  

Low

      $ 23.32         $ 22.71         $ 23.22         $ 23.18         $ 22.77         $ 22.39         $ 22.49         $ 22.85         $ 22.81         $ 23.00         $ 22.95         $ 21.26  

Volume (thousands)

    456     279     412     158     245     177     240     104     185     216     190     360

Preferred Shares Series 43

 

High

      $ 24.75         $ 24.79         $ 24.80         $ 24.69         $ 24.44         $ 24.40         $ 25.00         $ 24.60         $ 24.66         $ 24.88         $ 24.82         $ 24.87  

Low

      $ 24.36         $ 23.89         $ 24.16         $ 24.14         $ 24.05         $ 23.78         $ 24.21         $ 24.08         $ 24.06         $ 24.43         $ 24.40         $ 23.05  

Volume (thousands)

    141     126     243     213     295     191     245     138     98     146     213     284

Preferred Shares Series 45

 

High

      $ 25.99         $ 25.89         $ 25.70         $ 25.49         $ 25.38         $ 25.14         $ 25.41         $ 25.32         $ 25.35         $ 25.55         $ 25.53         $ 25.30  

Low

      $ 25.38         $ 25.28         $ 25.20         $ 24.82         $ 25.00         $ 24.87         $ 25.10         $ 24.90         $ 24.91         $ 25.16         $ 25.15         $ 24.42  

Volume (thousands)

    714     536     1,374     676     875     960     642     260     389     555     1,086     707

Preferred Shares Series 47

 

High

   
Issued January 18,
2018
 
 
      $ 25.00         $ 24.94         $ 24.74         $ 24.75         $ 24.72         $ 24.23         $ 24.01         $ 24.54         $ 24.53         $ 24.21  

Low

      $ 24.80         $ 24.39         $ 24.25         $ 24.05         $ 23.90         $ 23.79         $ 23.55         $ 23.79         $ 24.01         $ 22.70  

Volume (thousands)

    1,724     1,675     470     1,276     848     312     413     466     541     539

 

(1)

Data from the TSX Historical Data Access.

Prior Sales

CIBC sold one issue of subordinated indebtedness during the year ended October 31, 2018. The issue is not listed or quoted on an exchange:

 

 

$1.5 billion 3.45% Debentures due April 4, 2028 (subordinated indebtedness) were issued on April 4, 2018, at a price of 99.97%.

Escrow Securities

The following securities were held in escrow as at October 31, 2018. AST Trust Company (Canada) is the custodian of these securities. These securities will remain in escrow and not be released until the date and conditions set out in the escrow agreement are met.

 

Designation of class    Number of securities held in escrow or that are
subject to a contractual restriction on transfer
     Percentage of class  

Common shares

     350,535      0.079  

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  8


Table of Contents

DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Directors and Board Committees

Information concerning the directors and board committees of CIBC is found on page 194 of the 2018 Annual Report.

All of the directors have held their business affiliations indicated on page 194 of the 2018 Annual Report for the past five years with the exception of the following:

 

(i)

John P. Manley was previously President and Chief Executive Officer, Business Council of Canada from 2010 to 2018.

Directors are elected annually. Under the Bank Act (Canada) and CIBC’s by-laws, a director’s term expires at the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders, which is scheduled for April 4, 2019.

Executive Officers

The following are CIBC’s executive officers, their titles and their municipalities of residence, as at November 28, 2018:

 

Name    Title   

Municipality of

Residence

Victor G. Dodig

   President and Chief Executive Officer, CIBC    Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Michael G. Capatides

   Senior Executive Vice-President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel    Morristown, New
Jersey, U.S.

Harry Culham

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Capital Markets    Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Laura Dottori-Attanasio

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Risk Officer    Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Kevin Glass

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer    Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Jon Hountalas

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, Canada    Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Deepak Khandelwal

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Client Connectivity and Innovation    Oakville, Ontario,
Canada

Christina Kramer

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Personal and Small Business Banking, Canada    Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Kevin Patterson

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Technology and Operations    Niagara-on-the-Lake,
Ontario, Canada

Larry D. Richman

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, US Region; President and CEO, CIBC Bank USA    Chicago, Illinois,
U.S.

Sandy Sharman

   Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Human Resources and Communications Officer    Burlington, Ontario,
Canada

All of the executive officers have held their present position or another executive position in CIBC for more than five years except for Deepak Khandelwal who was at Rogers Communications Inc. from 2014 to 2017 where he was Chief Customer Officer and prior to that was at Google Inc. from 2010 to 2014 where he held a series of senior positions and was last VP, Global Customer Experience; and Larry D. Richman who was at The PrivateBank from 2007 to 2017, where he was President and CEO.

Shareholdings of Directors and Executive Officers

To CIBC’s knowledge, as at October 31, 2018, the directors and executive officers of CIBC as a group, beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, or exercised control or direction over less than 1% of the outstanding common shares of CIBC or FirstCaribbean International Bank Limited.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  9


Table of Contents

Corporate Cease Trade Orders or Bankruptcies

Except as set out below, to CIBC’s knowledge, in the last ten years, no director or executive officer of CIBC is or has been a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of a company that: (i) while that person was acting in that capacity, was the subject of a cease trade or similar order or an order that denied the company access to any exemption under securities legislation, for a period of more than 30 consecutive days; or (ii) was subject to such an order that was issued, after that person ceased to be a director or chief executive officer or chief financial officer, and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer. Except as set out below, to CIBC’s knowledge, in the last ten years, no director or executive officer of CIBC is or has been a director or executive officer of a company that, while that person was acting in that capacity or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets.

 

 

Mr. John P. Manley, a director of CIBC, was a director of Nortel Networks Corporation and Nortel Networks Limited (collectively the Nortel Companies) when the Nortel Companies and certain other Canadian subsidiaries initiated creditor protection proceedings under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA) in Canada on January 14, 2009. Certain U.S. subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions in the United States under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and certain Europe, Middle East and Africa subsidiaries made consequential filings in Europe and the Middle East. These proceedings are ongoing. Mr. Manley resigned as a director of the Nortel Companies on August 10, 2009.

 

 

Ms. Jane L. Peverett, a director of CIBC, was a director of Postmedia Network Canada Corp. (Postmedia) between April 2013 and January 2016. On October 5, 2016, Postmedia completed a recapitalization transaction pursuant to a court approved plan of arrangement under the Canada Business Corporations Act under which, approximately US$268.6 million of debt was exchanged for shares that represented approximately 98% of the outstanding shares at that time. Additionally, Postmedia repaid, extended and amended the terms of its outstanding debt obligations pursuant to the recapitalization transaction.

Penalties or Sanctions

To CIBC’s knowledge, no director or executive officer of CIBC: (i) has been subject to any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities regulatory authority, or (ii) has been subject to any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision.

Personal Bankruptcies

To CIBC’s knowledge, in the last ten years, no director or executive officer has become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold the assets of the director or executive officer.

Conflicts of Interest

To CIBC’s knowledge, no director or executive officer of CIBC or its subsidiaries has an existing or potential material conflict of interest with CIBC or any of its subsidiaries.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS

A description of significant legal proceedings to which CIBC is a party is provided under the heading “Contingent liabilities and provision” on pages 167 to 169 of the 2018 Annual Report.

INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS

To CIBC’s knowledge, no director or executive officer of CIBC, or any of their associates has any material interest, directly or indirectly, in any transaction within the three most recently completed financial years that has materially affected or is reasonably expected to materially affect CIBC.

TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR

The addresses for CIBC’s transfer agent and registrar are provided on page 192 of the 2018 Annual Report.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  10


Table of Contents

EXPERTS

Ernst & Young LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants, Toronto, Ontario, is the external auditor who prepared the Independent auditors’ reports of registered public accounting firm to shareholders in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) – which includes the reports on CIBC’s consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting. Ernst & Young LLP is independent with respect to CIBC within the meaning of the Rules of Professional Conduct of the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario, and is an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to CIBC within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the applicable rules and regulations thereunder adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the PCAOB.

AUDIT COMMITTEE

The Audit Committee Mandate as approved by the Board is included in Appendix B. The members of the Audit Committee are listed below. Each member of the Audit Committee is independent and financially literate as defined by Canadian securities laws. At least one member of the Audit Committee has been designated by the Board as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the rules of the SEC.

Education and Experience

This section describes the education and experience of CIBC’s Audit Committee members that is relevant to the performance of their responsibilities.

Each member of the Audit Committee currently is, or has previously been, in charge of, or an advisor or a consultant to, a significant business operation, often as president, chief executive officer, chief financial officer or chief operating officer of a large public company. Given the breadth and complexity of a financial institution’s accounting issues, the Audit Committee members participate from time to time in internal or external sessions related to accounting matters or developments. Travel and attendance costs are paid by CIBC. Further detail on the education and experience of each Audit Committee member is set out below.

Luc Desjardins

Mr. Desjardins has been President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Superior Plus Corp. since 2011. From 2008 to 2011, he was a partner at The Sterling Group, LP, a private equity firm. From 2000 to 2008, Mr. Desjardins was with Transcontinental Inc. first as the President and Chief Operating Officer and subsequently as the President and Chief Executive Officer. For the preceding 10 years, Mr. Desjardins held chief executive officer roles at other companies: Mail-Well Inc. from 1998 to 2000; and Supremex Inc. from 1992 to 1998. Mr. Desjardins is a director of Gestion Jourdan SEC and a member of the World Presidents’ Organization. In 2005, Mr. Desjardins received a “Nouveaux Performants Award” granted to successful executives who excel in management practices. Mr. Desjardins holds a Master of Business Administration degree from Université du Québec à Montréal and is a graduate of the Harvard Business School Management Development Program.

Kevin J. Kelly

Mr. Kelly was Lead Director of the Ontario Securities Commission from 2010 to 2012 and Commissioner from 2006 to 2010. Prior to joining the Ontario Securities Commission, Mr. Kelly held progressive roles in wealth and asset management in Canada and the U.S. He was Co-Chief Executive Officer of Wellington West Capital, Inc. from 2004 to 2005. For the preceding 15 years, Mr. Kelly held president and chief executive officer roles at other companies: FMR LLC from 1996 to 2003; Bimcor Inc. from 1992 to 1996; and Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan from 1990 to 1992. He also held the role of President and Chief Operating Officer of Midland Capital Corporation from 1989 to 1990. Mr. Kelly holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Dalhousie University.

Christine E. Larsen

Ms. Larsen has been Executive Vice-President, Chief Operations Officer of First Data Corporation since 2013. Prior to joining First Data Corporation, she held progressive roles in the financial services industry. At JPMorgan Chase & Co. she was the Executive Vice-President, Head of Process Improvement from 2012 to 2013; Head of Mortgage Servicing from 2011 to 2012; Chief Operating Officer, Treasury and Securities Services from 2009 to 2011; and Head of Shared Operations and Technology from 2006 to 2009. At Citigroup, Inc. she was the Managing Director, Co-Head of Global Operations and Head of Global Transactions Services from 1994 to 2006. From 1984 to 1994 she led projects for Accenture with financial services companies. She is a member of the Board of Trustees of Syracuse University and was named one of the Most Influential Women in Payments for 2015 and 2017. Ms. Larsen holds a Master of Library Science degree from Syracuse University (University Fellow) and a Bachelor of Arts (Magna Cum Laude) degree from Cornell College.

Nicholas D. Le Pan

Mr. Le Pan has extensive experience in financial services matters. He was Superintendent of Financial Institutions for Canada from 2001 to 2006 and led the OSFI supervision sector including the supervision programs for banks and other deposit taking institutions from 1997 to 2000. He is Chair of the Canadian Public Accountability Board, which regulates auditors of public companies. Mr. Le Pan has held various roles with the Federal Government, Department of Finance including as a Special Advisor and as the Assistant Deputy Minister, Financial Sector Policy Branch. He has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation; Chairman of the Basel Accord Implementation Group; Vice Chairman of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision; Chairman of the Independent Review Committee of Brandes Investment Funds; Chair of the Basel Committee Accounting Task Force; and Member of the Canadian Accounting Standards Oversight Council. Mr. Le Pan received a Bachelor of Arts degree (Honours) in Economics from Carleton University and a Master of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Toronto.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  11


Table of Contents

Jane L. Peverett, FCMA, ICD.D (Chair of the Audit Committee)

Ms. Peverett was President and Chief Executive Officer of British Columbia Transmission Corporation (BCTC) from 2005 to 2009 and Chief Financial Officer of BCTC from 2003 to 2005. Prior to joining BCTC, Ms. Peverett was with Westcoast Energy Inc., from 1988 to 2003, where she held progressively senior finance, regulatory and executive roles. From 2001 to 2003 Ms. Peverett was President & CEO of Union Gas Limited, a subsidiary of Westcoast Energy Inc. Ms. Peverett is a director and Chair of the Audit Committee of CP Rail and a director of Northwest Natural Gas Company. She is a Certified Management Accountant and a Fellow of the Society of Management Accountants and a member of the Institute of Corporate Directors with the designation ICD.D. Ms. Peverett holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from McMaster University and a Master of Business Administration degree from Queen’s University.

PRE-APPROVAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

The Audit Committee has adopted the CIBC Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditors (the “Scope of Services Policy”) to provide a consistent approach for the engagement of the shareholders’ auditors. The Scope of Services Policy requires that work performed by the shareholders’ auditors for CIBC or its subsidiaries be pre-approved by the Audit Committee, along with the related fee for that work. The Audit Committee may establish pre-approval policies and procedures that are specific to a particular service. Under the Scope of Services Policy, the shareholders’ auditors will only perform audit, audit-related and tax work, and other work if pre-approved by the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee may approve exceptions to the Scope of Services Policy if it determines that such an exception is in the overriding best interests of CIBC, and the exception does not impair the independence of the shareholders’ auditors. However, certain non-audit activities set out in the Scope of Services Policy are generally prohibited and will not be considered for exception from the Policy. On a quarterly basis, the Audit Committee is presented with a summary report of all engagements of the shareholders’ auditors that are currently underway or have been completed since the prior quarter’s report, including engagements entered into pursuant to pre-approved quarterly limits. The summary report will describe the nature of each engagement, confirm that each engagement is in compliance with the Scope of Services Policy and state the fees received by the shareholders’ auditors for each engagement. The Scope of Services Policy also sets out ongoing relationship standards and requires that the shareholders’ auditors annually certify compliance with the Policy.

FEES FOR SERVICES PROVIDED BY SHAREHOLDERS’ AUDITORS

The information on professional service fees paid to the shareholders’ auditors is provided on page 93 of the 2018 Annual Report.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Additional information with respect to CIBC, including directors’ and officers’ remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of CIBC’s securities and securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, where applicable, is contained in CIBC’s management proxy circular for its most recent annual meeting of shareholders that included in its proceedings the election of directors. Additional financial information is provided in the 2018 Annual Report. These documents, as well as additional information relating to CIBC, are available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

For a description of Canadian bank resolution powers and the consequent risk factors attaching to certain liabilities of CIBC reference is made to “Bank recapitalization (Bail-in) conversion regulations” on page 35 of the 2018 Annual Report and https://www.cibc.com/content/dam/about_cibc/investor_relations/pdfs/debt_info/canadian-bail-in-website-disclosure-en.pdf. The information on our website does not form a part of this AIF.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  12


Table of Contents

Appendix A

Rating Definitions

DBRS

 

Short-term debt    Rating: R-1 (high)

Short-term debt ratings deal with the risk that an issuer will not be able to meet its short-term financial obligations in a timely manner. Short-term debt rated R-1 (high) is of the highest credit quality, indicative of an entity with an exceptionally high capacity to repay its short-term financial obligations. R-1 is the highest of six short-term debt rating categories. The R-1 and R-2 categories are further denoted with “high”, “middle” and “low” subcategories.

 

Legacy senior deb t (1)    Rating: AA
Senior debt (2)    Rating: AA (low)

Senior debt ratings provide an assessment of the risk that an issuer will not be able to meet its financial obligations under its long-term debt obligations. Senior debt rated AA is ranked in the second highest of ten categories. It is considered to be of superior credit quality, with capacity for payment considered to be high. The credit quality of obligations rated AA differs from the highest AAA category only to a small degree, and is unlikely to be significantly susceptible to future events. The AA category is further denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of a “high” or “low” indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

 

Subordinated indebtedness    Rating: A (high)
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC    Rating: A (low)

Long-term debt ratings provide an assessment of the risk that an issuer will not be able to meet its financial obligations under its long-term debt obligations. Long-term debt rated A is ranked in the third highest of ten categories. It is considered to be of good credit quality, with substantial capacity for payment. The A category is further denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of a “high” or “low” indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

 

Preferred shares – NVCC    Rating: Pfd-2

Preferred share ratings provide an assessment of the risk that an issuer will not be able to meet its dividend and principal obligations in a timely manner. Preferred shares rated Pfd-2 are of satisfactory credit quality with substantial protection of dividends and principal. A Pfd-2 rating is the second highest of six categories for preferred shares. Each category is further denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of a “high” or “low” indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

Fitch

 

Short-term debt    Rating: F1+

The F1 category is for obligations of the highest short-term credit quality and indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments. The F1 rating is the highest of seven categories used for short-term debt; a “+” may be added to indicate an exceptionally strong credit feature.

 

Legacy senior deb t (1)    Rating: AA-
Senior debt (2)    Rating: AA-

AA is the second highest of eleven rating categories for long-term obligations and indicates an assessment of very high credit quality and very low default risk. This rating indicates a very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments that is not significantly susceptible to foreseeable events.

 

Subordinated indebtedness    Rating: A+
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC    Rating: A+

The A category is the third highest of the rating categories for long-term obligations and indicates an assessment of high credit quality and low default risk. The capacity for payment is considered strong, but may be more susceptible to adverse business or economic conditions than that of higher rating categories.

(The designation “+” or “-” may be used to denote relative position within certain major long-term rating categories, while the absence of such a modifier indicates a rating in the middle of the category.)

 

(1)

Includes senior debt issued prior to September 23, 2018 as well as senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to the bail-in regulations.

(2)

Comprises liabilities which are subject to conversion under the bail-in regulations.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  13


Table of Contents

Moody’s

 

Short-term debt    Rating: P-1

Short-term debt ratings are assessments of an issuer’s ability to repay obligations with an original maturity of 13 months or less. Moody’s has four categories of short-term ratings with the P-1 category being the highest credit quality. Borrowers rated P-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

 

Legacy senior debt (1)    Rating: Aa2

Long-term debt ratings assess both the likelihood of default on contractual payments and the expected loss in the event of default on obligations with an original maturity of one year or more. The Aa rating category is the second highest of nine categories and includes obligations judged to be high quality and subject to very low credit risk.

 

Senior debt (2)    Rating: A2

The A rating category is the third highest of nine categories and includes obligations judged to be upper medium grade and subject to low credit risk.

 

Subordinated indebtedness    Rating: Baa1
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC    Rating: Baa1
Preferred shares – NVCC    Rating: Baa3

The Baa rating category is the fourth highest of nine categories on the long-term rating scale and includes obligations judged to be medium grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

(The modifiers 1, 2 and 3 are used with certain long-term rating categories to indicate that an obligation ranks in the higher, middle or lower range of the rating category respectively.)

S&P

 

Short-term debt    Rating: A-1

The A-1 category is the highest of six categories used by S&P for short-term debt. An obligation rated A-1 indicates that the borrower’s capacity to meet its financial commitment with respect to the obligation is strong.

 

Legacy senior debt (1)    Rating: A+

The A rating category is the third highest of ten categories used by S&P for long-term debt obligations. Although the obligor’s ability to meet its financial commitment is strong, obligations rated A are somewhat more vulnerable to the negative effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions when compared to obligations in higher rating categories. A “+” or “-” may be used to denote the relative standing of a rating within the category.

 

Senior debt (2)    Rating: BBB+
Subordinated indebtedness    Rating: BBB+
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC    Rating: BBB

The BBB rating category is the fourth highest of ten categories used by S&P for long-term debt obligations. The obligor’s ability to meet its financial commitment is adequate, however, negative economic conditions or changes in circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakening of this capacity. A “+” or “-” may be used to denote the relative standing of a rating within the category.

 

Preferred shares – NVCC    (Canadian Preferred Share Scale) Rating: P-3 (high)

P-3 is the third highest of the eight categories used by S&P in its Canadian Preferred Share Scale, which is used to rate an issuer’s creditworthiness with respect to a specific preferred share obligation issued in Canada. A “High” or “Low” modifier may be used to indicate the relative standing of a credit within a particular rating category, while the absence of such a modifier indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

 

(1)

Includes senior debt issued prior to September 23, 2018 as well as senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to the bail-in regulations.

(2)

Comprises liabilities which are subject to conversion under the bail-in regulations.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  14


Table of Contents

Appendix B

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

Audit Committee Mandate

 

1.

Purpose

 

  (1)

The primary functions of the Audit Committee (Committee) are to: (i) fulfill its responsibilities for reviewing the integrity of CIBC’s financial statements, related management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) and internal control over financial reporting; (ii) monitor the system of internal control; (iii) monitor CIBC’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; (iv) select the external auditors for shareholder approval; (v) review the qualifications, independence and service quality of the external auditors and CIBC’s internal auditors; and (vi) act as the audit committee for certain federally regulated subsidiaries.

 

2.

Responsibilities

 

  (1)

Financial Reporting

 

      

The Committee will review and recommend Board approval of the following items:

 

  (a)

the integrity of CIBC’s financial statements and financial disclosures;

 

  (b)

the annual consolidated audited financial statements of CIBC, the related MD&A and the external auditors’ report on the consolidated financial statements;

 

  (c)

the interim consolidated financial statements of CIBC, the related MD&A and the external auditors’ review report on the interim consolidated financial statements;

 

  (d)

the Annual Information Form of CIBC, the Form 40-F of CIBC, financial disclosure in a news release disclosing financial results and any other material financial disclosure; and

 

  (e)

such other periodic disclosure documents as requested by regulators or that may be required by law.

 

  (2)

Review Considerations

In conducting its review of the annual consolidated financial statements or the interim financial statements, and the related MD&A, the Committee will:

 

  (a)

meet with management and the external auditors to discuss the financial statements and MD&A;

 

  (b)

review the disclosures in the financial statements and the MD&A and satisfy itself that the financial statements, present fairly, in all material respects in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of CIBC;

 

  (c)

review the reports prepared by the external auditors for the Committee summarizing their key findings and required communications in respect of the annual audit and the interim reviews;

 

  (d)

discuss with management, the external auditors and internal legal counsel, as requested, any litigation claim or other contingency that could have a material effect on the financial statements;

 

  (e)

review key areas of risk for material misstatement of the financial statements including critical accounting policies, models and estimates and other areas of measurement uncertainty or judgment underlying the financial statements and the MD&A as presented by management;

 

  (f)

review areas of significant auditor judgment as it relates to their evaluation of accounting policies, accounting estimates and financial statement disclosures; discuss and review estimates with management and the external auditor, whether the external auditor considers estimates/models to be within an acceptable range and in accordance with IFRS;

 

  (g)

review any material effects of regulatory and accounting changes, significant or unusual transactions, and the impact of material subsequent events between the reporting date and the approval date of the financial statements and the MD&A as presented by management;

 

  (h)

review management’s and the external auditors’ reports on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting;

 

  (i)

review correspondence between the external auditor and management related to any substantive matters in the external auditors’ findings and any difficult or contentious matters noted by the external auditor;

 

  (j)

review results of CIBC’s whistleblowing program; and

 

  (k)

review any other matters, related to the financial statements and the MD&A, that are brought forward by the internal auditors, external auditors, management or which are required to be communicated to the Committee under auditing standards or applicable law.

 

  (3)

External Auditors

 

  (a)

General — The Committee will be responsible for overseeing the work of the external auditors in auditing and reviewing CIBC’s financial statements and internal control over financial reporting.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  15


Table of Contents
  (b)

Appointment and Compensation — The Committee will recommend the appointment of the external auditors for shareholder approval and compensation of the external auditors for Board approval.

The Committee will satisfy itself that the level of the audit fees is commensurate with the scope of work undertaken and conducive to a quality audit. The Committee will also assess whether any proposed change to the external auditor’s materiality level and/or scope continues to ensure a quality audit.

 

  (c)

Audit Plan — At least annually, and as required, the Committee will review and approve the external auditors’ scope, terms of engagement and annual audit plan to ensure that it is risk based and addresses all relevant activities. The Committee will review any material changes to the scope of the plan and the coordination of work between the internal and external auditors.

 

  (d)

Independence of External Auditors — At least annually, and before the external auditors issue their report on the annual financial statements, the Committee will review a formal written statement from the external auditors confirming their objectivity and independence and delineating all relationships between the external auditors and CIBC consistent with the rules of professional conduct adopted by the provincial institute or order of chartered professional accountants to which they belong or other regulatory bodies, as applicable. The Committee will also ensure that any concern raised by regulators or other stakeholders about the external auditors’ independence are appropriately reviewed and addressed.

 

  (e)

Annual and Periodic Comprehensive Review of External Auditors — At least annually, the Committee will assess the qualifications, independence and service quality of the external auditors. The Committee will review a report by the external auditors describing: (i) their lead partner rotation and internal quality–control procedures; and (ii) any material issues raised by their most recent internal quality-control review or by any inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities within the preceding five years respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the external auditors and any steps taken to deal with any findings. The Committee will also review additional reports or communications of the external auditors as required by the Canadian Public Accountability Board, Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). At least every five years, the Committee will conduct a periodic comprehensive review of the external auditors.

 

  (f)

Pre-Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services — The Committee will pre-approve any retainer of the external auditors for any audit and non-audit service to CIBC or its subsidiaries in accordance with law and Board approved policies and procedures. The Chair of the Committee may pre-approve on behalf of the Committee and may delegate pre-approval authority to a member of the Committee. The Committee may also establish pre-approval policies and procedures that are specific to a particular service and will review these policies or procedures annually to verify they continue to be appropriate. The decisions of any member of the Committee to whom this authority has been delegated, as well as any pre-approvals of a particular service must be presented to the full Committee for ratification at its next scheduled Committee meeting.

 

  (g)

Hiring Practices — The Committee will review and approve policies regarding the hiring of employees or former employees of the current or former external auditors.

 

  (4)

Internal Audit Function

The Committee will be responsible for overseeing the performance of the Internal Audit function.

 

  (a)

Organizational Framework — At least annually, the Committee will review and approve the Internal Audit organizational framework and charter having regard to its role as an independent control function.

 

  (b)

Chief Auditor — The Chief Auditor will have unfettered access to the Committee. Further, the Committee will review and recommend Board approval of the appointment, reappointment or removal of the Chief Auditor. At least annually, the Committee will review the goals and review and approve the mandate of the Chief Auditor and review an assessment of the effectiveness and performance of the Chief Auditor.

 

  (c)

Effectiveness Review — At least annually, the Committee will:

 

  (i)

review and recommend Board approval of the Internal Audit function’s financial plan and staff resources;

 

  (ii)

review management’s assessment of the independence and effectiveness of the Internal Audit function;

 

  (iii)

review any difficulties encountered by the Chief Auditor in the course of internal audits; and

 

  (iv)

review the compliance of Internal Audit with professional standards.

On a periodic basis, the Committee will engage an independent third party to assess the Internal Audit function in accordance with professional standards and the Committee will review the results of that assessment.

 

  (d)

Audit Plan — At least annually, the Committee will review and approve the audit plan including the audit scope and the overall risk assessment methodology presented by the Chief Auditor to ensure that it is risk based and addresses all relevant activities over a measurable cycle. On a quarterly basis, the Committee will review with the Chief Auditor the status of the audit plan and any changes needed, including a review of:

 

  (i)

the results of audit activities, including any significant issues reported to management and management’s response and/or corrective actions;

 

  (ii)

the status of identified control weaknesses; and

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  16


Table of Contents
  (iii)

the overall design and operating effectiveness of the system of internal control.

At least annually, the Committee will review a report from the Chief Auditor with Internal Audit’s assessment of CIBC’s risk governance framework and its assessment of the oversight by Finance, Risk Management and Compliance.

 

  (e)

Succession Planning — At least annually, the Committee will review succession plans for the Chief Auditor.

 

  (5)

Finance Function

 

  (a)

Organizational Framework — At least annually, the Committee will review and approve the Finance organizational framework, having regard to its role as an independent control function.

 

  (b)

Chief Financial Officer — The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) will have unfettered access to the Committee. The Committee will review and approve the appointment or removal of the CFO. At least annually, the Committee will review the goals, approve the mandate of the CFO and review an assessment of the effectiveness of the CFO.

 

  (c)

Effectiveness Review — At least annually, the Committee will:

 

  (i)

review and recommend Board approval of the Finance function’s financial plan and staff resources; and

 

  (ii)

review management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Finance function.

On a periodic basis, the Committee will engage an independent third party to assess the Finance function.

 

  (d)

Succession Planning — At least annually, the Committee will review succession plans for the CFO.

 

  (6)

Internal Control

 

  (a)

General — The Committee will monitor the system of internal control and ensure that senior management establishes and maintains adequate and effective internal control systems and processes.

 

  (b)

Establishment, Review and Approval — The Committee will require management to implement and maintain appropriate policies and systems of internal control in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and guidance, including internal control over financial reporting and disclosure and to review, evaluate and approve these policies and systems of internal control. The Committee will review management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting and the external auditors’ report on internal control over financial reporting. As part of this review at least annually, the Committee will consider and review the following with management, the external auditors and the Chief Auditor:

 

  (i)

the effectiveness of, or weaknesses or deficiencies in: the design or operation of CIBC’s internal controls; the overall control environment for managing business risks, accounting, financial and disclosure controls, operational controls, and legal and regulatory controls and the impact of any identified weaknesses in internal controls on management’s conclusions;

 

  (ii)

any significant changes in internal control over financial reporting that are disclosed, or considered for disclosure;

 

  (iii)

any material issues raised by any inquiry or investigation by CIBC’s regulators as they pertain to responsibilities under this mandate;

 

  (iv)

CIBC’s fraud prevention and detection program, including deficiencies in internal controls that may impact the integrity of financial information, or may expose CIBC to other significant internal or external fraud losses and the extent of those losses and any disciplinary action in respect of fraud taken against management or other employees who have a significant role in financial reporting;

 

  (v)

any related significant issues and recommendations of the external auditors and internal auditors together with management’s responses thereto; and

 

  (vi)

consideration of matters that may be jointly addressed with other committees of the Board.

 

  (7)

Certain Federally Regulated Subsidiaries — The Committee will be the audit committee for certain federally regulated subsidiaries of CIBC that require an audit committee under applicable law.

 

  (8)

Regulatory Reports and Returns — The Committee will provide or review, as applicable, all reports and returns required of the Committee under applicable law.

 

  (9)

Compliance with Legal and Regulatory Requirements — The Committee will review reports from management, the external auditor and the Chief Auditor on the assessment of compliance with applicable laws as they pertain to responsibilities under this mandate, and management’s plans to remediate any deficiencies identified. The Committee will report any material findings to the Board and recommend changes it considers appropriate.

 

  (10)

Whistleblowing Procedures — The Committee will ensure that procedures are established for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by CIBC from employees or others, confidentially and anonymously, regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters. The Committee will review management reports on the procedures.

 

  (11)

Adverse Investments and Transactions — The Committee will review any investments and transactions that could adversely affect the well-being of CIBC.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  17


Table of Contents
  (12)

Committee Disclosure — The Committee will review and approve any audit committee disclosures required by securities regulators in CIBC’s disclosure documents.

 

3.

Membership

 

  (1)

Number — The Committee will consist of at least three Board members.

 

  (2)

Appointment or Removal of Members — The Board will appoint Committee members annually until the member’s resignation, disqualification or removal from the Committee or the Board. The Board may fill a vacancy in Committee membership.

 

  (3)

Chair — The Board will appoint a Committee Chair from among the Committee members to preside over meetings; coordinate fulfilment of the Committee’s mandate; and oversee development of meeting agendas and workplans. The Chair may vote on any matter requiring a vote but does not have a second vote in the case of a tie. If the Chair is not available for a Committee meeting, Committee members may appoint a Chair from among the members who are present.

 

  (4)

Qualifications — Each Committee member will meet the independence standards approved by the Board. Committee membership will reflect a balance of experience and expertise required to fulfill the Committee’s mandate, notably relevant financial industry and risk management expertise.

 

      

Each Committee member will be financially literate or become financially literate within a reasonable period after appointment to the Committee. At least one member will be an “audit committee financial expert” in accordance with legal requirements.

 

  (5)

Service on Multiple Audit Committees — No member of the Audit Committee may serve on the audit committees of more than two other public companies, unless the Board determines that this simultaneous service would not impair the ability of the member to effectively serve on the Audit Committee.

 

4.

Meetings

 

  (1)

Meetings — The Committee will hold at least four meetings annually and any other meetings as required to fulfill its mandate. Meetings may be called by the Committee Chair or a Committee member, the Chair of the Board, external auditors, Chief Auditor, Chief Financial Officer or the Chief Executive Officer. The external auditors are entitled to attend and be heard at each Committee meeting. CIBC management members and others may attend meetings as the Committee Chair considers appropriate.

 

  (2)

Notice of Meeting — Notice of a meeting may be given in writing or by telephone or electronic means, at least 24 hours before the time fixed for the meeting, at the member’s contact information recorded with the Corporate Secretary. A member may waive notice of a meeting in any manner and attendance at a meeting is waiver of notice of the meeting, except where a member attends for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the grounds that the meeting is not lawfully called.

 

  (3)

Written Resolution — A resolution in writing signed by all members entitled to vote on that resolution at a Committee meeting will be as valid as if it had been passed at a Committee meeting.

 

  (4)

Secretary and Minutes — The Corporate Secretary or any other person the Committee requests, will act as secretary at Committee meetings. The Corporate Secretary will record meeting minutes for Committee approval.

 

  (5)

Quorum — A quorum for meetings is a majority of Committee members. If a quorum cannot be obtained, Board members who qualify as Committee members may, at the request of the Committee Chair, serve as Committee members for that meeting.

 

  (6)

Access to Management and Outside Advisors — The Committee will have unrestricted access to the external auditors, management and employees of CIBC and authority to retain and terminate external counsel and other advisors to assist it in fulfilling its responsibilities. CIBC will provide funding, as determined by the Committee, for the service of an advisor. The Committee will be responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of an advisor. The Committee will hold portions of regularly scheduled meetings to meet separately with the Chief Auditor, the Chief Financial Officer and the external auditors.

 

  (7)

Meetings Without Management — The Committee will hold portions of regularly scheduled meetings to meet without management members present.

 

  (8)

Access to Other Committees — The Committee Chair or a member may request input of another Board committee on any responsibility in the Committee’s mandate.

 

  (9)

Delegation — The Committee may designate a sub-committee to review any matter within the Committee’s mandate.

 

5.

Reporting to the Board

The Committee Chair will report to the Board on recommendations and material matters arising at Committee meetings.

 

6.

Committee Member Development and Performance Review

The Committee Chair will co-ordinate orientation and continuing director development programs relating to the Committee’s mandate. At least annually, the Committee will evaluate and review its performance and the adequacy of the Committee’s mandate.

 

7.

Currency of the Committee Mandate

This mandate was last revised and approved by the Board on August 23, 2018.

 

CIBC 2018 Annual Information Form  18

Exhibit B.3(b):    Audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2018 excerpted from pages 94-180 of the 2018 Annual Report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) including the Independent auditors’ reports of registered public accounting firm to shareholders with respect to consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2018 and the report on internal controls under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) as of October 31, 2018


Consolidated financial statements

 

Consolidated financial statements

 

95    Financial reporting responsibility
96    Report of independent registered public accounting firm
98    Consolidated balance sheet
99    Consolidated statement of income
100    Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
101    Consolidated statement of changes in equity
102    Consolidated statement of cash flows
103    Notes to the consolidated financial statements

 

 

Details of the notes to the consolidated financial statements

 

103    Note 1     Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies
117    Note 2     Fair value measurement
125    Note 3     Significant transactions
127    Note 4     Securities
129    Note 5     Loans
136    Note 6     Structured entities and derecognition of financial assets
139    Note 7     Land, buildings and equipment
140    Note 8     Goodwill, software and other intangible assets
142    Note 9     Other assets
142    Note 10     Deposits
142    Note 11     Other liabilities
143    Note 12     Derivative instruments
147    Note 13     Designated accounting hedges
150    Note 14     Subordinated indebtedness
151    Note 15     Common and preferred share capital
154    Note 16     Capital Trust securities
155    Note 17     Share-based payments
157    Note 18     Post-employment benefits
162    Note 19     Income taxes
164    Note 20     Earnings per share
165    Note 21     Commitments, guarantees and pledged assets
167    Note 22     Contingent liabilities and provision
170    Note 23     Concentration of credit risk
171    Note 24     Related-party transactions
172    Note 25     Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures
173    Note 26     Significant subsidiaries
174    Note 27     Financial instruments – disclosures
175    Note 28     Offsetting financial assets and liabilities
176    Note 29     Interest income and expense
177    Note 30     Segmented and geographic information
180    Note 31     Future accounting policy changes

 

 

 

 

 

 

94   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Financial reporting responsibility

Management of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is responsible for the preparation, presentation, accuracy and reliability of the Annual Report, which includes the consolidated financial statements and management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A). The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Section 308(4) of the Bank Act (Canada), which requires that the financial statements be prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. The MD&A has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of applicable securities laws.

The consolidated financial statements and MD&A contain items that reflect the best estimates and judgments of the expected effects of current events and transactions with appropriate consideration to materiality. Financial information appearing throughout the Annual Report is consistent with the consolidated financial statements.

Management has developed and maintains effective systems, controls and procedures to ensure that information used internally and disclosed externally is reliable and timely. During the past year, we have continued to improve, document and test the design and operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. The results of our work have been subjected to audit by the shareholders’ auditors. Management has assessed the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting as at year-end using the Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based upon this assessment, we have determined that internal control over financial reporting is effective in all material respects and CIBC is in compliance with the requirements set by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

CIBC’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have certified CIBC’s annual filings with the SEC under the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act and with the Canadian Securities Administrators under Canadian securities laws.

The Internal Audit department reviews and reports on the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control, risk management and governance systems and processes, including accounting and financial controls, in accordance with the audit plan approved by the Audit Committee. Our Chief Auditor has unfettered access to the Audit Committee.

The Board of Directors oversees management’s responsibilities for financial reporting through the Audit Committee, which is composed of independent directors. The Audit Committee reviews CIBC’s interim and annual consolidated financial statements and MD&A and recommends them for approval by the Board of Directors. Other key responsibilities of the Audit Committee include monitoring CIBC’s system of internal control, and reviewing the qualifications, independence and service quality of the shareholders’ auditors and internal auditors.

Ernst & Young LLP, the shareholders’ auditors, obtain an understanding of CIBC’s internal controls and procedures for financial reporting to plan and conduct such tests and other audit procedures as they consider necessary in the circumstances to express their opinions in the reports that follow. Ernst & Young LLP has unrestricted access to the Audit Committee to discuss their audit and related matters.

The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) Canada is mandated to protect the rights and interest of depositors and creditors of CIBC. Accordingly, OSFI examines and enquires into the business and affairs of CIBC, as deemed necessary, to ensure that the provisions of the Bank Act (Canada) are being complied with and that CIBC is in sound financial condition.

 

Victor G. Dodig   Kevin Glass  
President and Chief Executive Officer   Chief Financial Officer   November 28, 2018

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     95  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Report of independent registered public accounting firm

To the shareholders and directors of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

Opinion on the consolidated financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2018 and 2017, the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2018, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of CIBC as at October 31, 2018 and 2017, and its financial performance and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2018, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Adoption of IFRS 9

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, CIBC changed its method of accounting for the classification and measurement of financial instruments in 2018 due to the adoption of IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments”. Our opinion is not qualified with respect to this matter.

Report on internal control over financial reporting

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2018, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated November 28, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for opinion

Management’s responsibility for the consolidated financial statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

Auditors’ responsibility

Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Those standards also require that we comply with ethical requirements, including independence. We are required to be independent with respect to CIBC in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the consolidated financial statements in Canada, the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB.

An audit includes performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatements of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included obtaining and examining, on a test basis, audit evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on our judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to CIBC’s preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances.

An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies and principles used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our audits is sufficient and appropriate to provide a reasonable basis for our audit opinion.

We have served as CIBC’s auditors since 2002.

Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

Toronto, Canada

November 28, 2018

 

96   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Report of independent registered public accounting firm

To the shareholders and directors of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

Opinion on internal control over financial reporting

We have audited Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce’s (CIBC) internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, CIBC maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2018 and 2017, the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2018, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information and our report dated November 28, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for opinion

CIBC’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying management’s discussion and analysis. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to CIBC in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the consolidated financial statements in Canada, the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

Toronto, Canada

November 28, 2018

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     97  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Consolidated balance sheet

 

Millions of Canadian dollars, as at October 31    2018      2017  

ASSETS

     

Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks

   $ 4,380      $ 3,440

Interest-bearing deposits with banks

     13,311        10,712

Securities (1)   (Note 4)

     101,664        93,419

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

     5,488        5,035

Securities purchased under resale agreements

     43,450        40,383

Loans (Note 5)

     

Residential mortgages

     207,749        207,271

Personal

     43,058        40,937

Credit card

     12,673        12,378

Business and government

     109,555        97,766

Allowance for credit losses

     (1,639      (1,618
       371,396        356,734

Other

     

Derivative instruments (Note 12)

     21,431        24,342

Customers’ liability under acceptances

     10,265        8,824

Land, buildings and equipment (Note 7)

     1,795        1,783

Goodwill (Note 8)

     5,564        5,367

Software and other intangible assets (Note 8)

     1,945        1,978

Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures (Note 25)

     526        715

Deferred tax assets (Note 19)

     601        727

Other assets (Note 9)

     15,283        11,805
       57,410        55,541
     $ 597,099      $ 565,264

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

     

Deposits (Note 10)

     

Personal

   $ 163,879      $ 159,327

Business and government

     240,149        225,622

Bank

     14,380        13,789

Secured borrowings

     42,607        40,968
       461,015        439,706

Obligations related to securities sold short

     13,782        13,713

Cash collateral on securities lent

     2,731        2,024

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     30,840        27,971

Other

     

Derivative instruments (Note 12)

     20,973        23,271

Acceptances

     10,296        8,828

Deferred tax liabilities (Note 19)

     43        30

Other liabilities (Note 11)

     18,223        15,275
       49,535        47,404

Subordinated indebtedness (Note 14)

     4,080        3,209

Equity

     

Preferred shares (Note 15)

     2,250        1,797

Common shares (Note 15)

     13,243        12,548

Contributed surplus

     136        137

Retained earnings

     18,537        16,101

Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI)

     777        452

Total shareholders’ equity

     34,943        31,035

Non-controlling interests

     173        202

Total equity

     35,116        31,237
     $     597,099      $     565,264

 

(1)

Securities balances have been aggregated in the current year, with prior periods amended to reflect this presentation. See Note 4 for additional details.

The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

Victor G. Dodig    Jane L. Peverett
President and Chief Executive Officer    Director

 

98   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Consolidated statement of income

 

Millions of Canadian dollars, except as noted, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Interest income

      

Loans

   $     13,901   $     11,028   $       9,833

Securities

     2,269     1,890     1,774

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements

     1,053     495     329

Deposits with banks

     282     180     156
       17,505   (1)         13,593         12,092

Interest expense

      

Deposits

     6,240     3,953     3,215

Securities sold short

     272     226     199

Securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements

     736     254     127

Subordinated indebtedness

     174     142     137

Other

     18     41     48
       7,440     4,616     3,726

Net interest income

     10,065     8,977     8,366

Non-interest income

      

Underwriting and advisory fees

     420     452     446

Deposit and payment fees

     877     843     832

Credit fees

     851     744     638

Card fees

     510     463     470

Investment management and custodial fees

     1,247     1,034     882

Mutual fund fees

     1,624     1,573     1,462

Insurance fees, net of claims

     431     427     396

Commissions on securities transactions

     357     349     342

Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), net (2017 and 2016: Trading income (loss) and designated at fair value (FVO) gains (losses), net)

     603     227   (2)        (71 (2)  

Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and amortized cost, net (2017 and 2016: Available-for-sale (AFS) debt and equity securities gains, net) (Note 4)

     (35 )     143     73

Foreign exchange other than trading (FXOTT)

     310     252     367

Income from equity-accounted associates and joint ventures (Note 25)

     121     101     96

Other (Note 3)

     453     695     736
       7,769     7,303     6,669

Total revenue

     17,834     16,280     15,035

Provision for credit losses (Note 5)

     870     829     1,051

Non-interest expenses

      

Employee compensation and benefits

     5,665     5,198     4,982

Occupancy costs

     875     822     804

Computer, software and office equipment

     1,742     1,630     1,398

Communications

     315     317     319

Advertising and business development

     327     282     269

Professional fees

     226     229     201

Business and capital taxes

     103     96     68

Other

     1,005     997     930
       10,258     9,571     8,971

Income before income taxes

     6,706     5,880     5,013

Income taxes (Note 19)

     1,422     1,162     718

Net income

   $ 5,284   $ 4,718   $ 4,295

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests

   $ 17   $ 19   $ 20

Preferred shareholders

   $ 89   $ 52   $ 38

Common shareholders

     5,178     4,647     4,237

Net income attributable to equity shareholders

   $ 5,267   $ 4,699   $ 4,275

Earnings per share (EPS) (in dollars) (Note 20)

      

Basic

   $ 11.69   $ 11.26   $ 10.72

Diluted

     11.65     11.24     10.70

Dividends per common share (in dollars) (Note 15)

     5.32     5.08     4.75

 

(1)

Interest income included $16.0 billion for the year ended October 31, 2018 calculated based on the effective interest rate method.

(2)

Reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     99  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

 

Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017      2016  

Net income

   $ 5,284   $ 4,718    $ 4,295

Other comprehensive income (OCI), net of income tax, that is subject to subsequent reclassification to net income

 

    

Net foreign currency translation adjustments

       

Net gains (losses) on investments in foreign operations

     635     (1,148      487

Net (gains) losses on investments in foreign operations reclassified to net income

              (272

Net gains (losses) on hedges of investments in foreign operations

     (349     772      (257

Net (gains) losses on hedges of investments in foreign operations reclassified to net income

              121
       286     (376      79

Net change in debt securities measured at FVOCI (2017 and 2016: AFS debt and equity securities)

       

Net gains (losses) on securities measured at FVOCI

     (142     6      125

Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income

     (29     (107      (58
       (171     (101      67

Net change in cash flow hedges

       

Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

     (25 )     70      13

Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income

     (26     (60      (12
       (51     10      1

OCI, net of income tax, that is not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income

       

Net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans

     226     139      (390

Net gains (losses) due to fair value change of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in credit risk

     (2 )     (10      (5

Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI

     29     n/a        n/a  

Total OCI (1)

     317     (338      (248

Comprehensive income

   $ 5,601   $ 4,380    $ 4,047

Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests

   $ 17   $ 19    $ 20

Preferred shareholders

   $ 89   $ 52    $ 38

Common shareholders

     5,495     4,309      3,989

Comprehensive income attributable to equity shareholders

   $     5,584   $     4,361    $     4,027

 

(1)

Includes $19 million of losses for 2018 (2017: $24 million of losses; 2016: $6 million of gains) relating to our investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures.

n/a

Not applicable.

 

Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Income tax (expense) benefit allocated to each component of OCI

      

Subject to subsequent reclassification to net income

      

Net foreign currency translation adjustments

      

Net gains (losses) on investments in foreign operations

   $ (31   $ 42   $ (17

Net (gains) losses on investments in foreign operations reclassified to net income

             37

Net gains (losses) on hedges of investments in foreign operations

           43     (170     128

Net (gains) losses on hedges of investments in foreign operations reclassified to net income

             (26
       12     (128     122

Net change in debt securities measured at FVOCI (2017 and 2016: AFS debt and equity securities)

      

Net gains (losses) on securities measured at FVOCI

     18     (23     (24

Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income

     8            36            15
       26     13     (9

Net change in cash flow hedges

      

Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

     8       (23     (5

Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income

     9     22     5
       17     (1    

Not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income

      

Net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans

     (87     (54     149

Net gains (losses) due to fair value change of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in credit risk

     1       4     1

Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI

     (11     n/a       n/a  
     $     (42   $ (166   $ 263

 

n/a

Not applicable.

The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

 

100   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

 

Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017      2016  

Preferred shares (Note 15)

       

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 1,797   $ 1,000    $ 1,000

Issue of preferred shares

     450     800     

Treasury shares

     3     (3     

Balance at end of year

   $ 2,250   $ 1,797    $ 1,000

Common shares (Note 15)

       

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 12,548   $ 8,026    $ 7,813

Issued pursuant to the acquisition of The PrivateBank

     194     3,443     

Issued pursuant to the acquisition of Geneva Advisors

         126     

Issued pursuant to the acquisition of Wellington Financial

     47         

Other issue of common shares

     555     957      273

Purchase of common shares for cancellation

     (104          (61

Treasury shares

     3     (4      1

Balance at end of year

   $ 13,243   $ 12,548    $ 8,026

Contributed surplus

       

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 137   $ 72    $ 76

Issue of replacement equity-settled awards pursuant to the acquisition of The PrivateBank

         72     

Compensation expense arising from equity-settled share-based awards

     31     7      5

Exercise of stock options and settlement of other equity-settled share-based awards

     (32     (15      (9

Other

         1     

Balance at end of year

   $ 136   $ 137    $ 72

Retained earnings

       

Balance at beginning of year under IAS 39

   $ 16,101   $ 13,584    $ 11,433

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

     (144     n/a        n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

     15,957     n/a        n/a  

Net income attributable to equity shareholders

     5,267     4,699      4,275

Dividends (Note 15)

       

Preferred

     (89     (52      (38

Common

     (2,356     (2,121      (1,879

Premium on purchase of common shares for cancellation

     (313          (209

Realized gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI reclassified from AOCI

     49     n/a        n/a  

Other

     22   (1)         (9      2

Balance at end of year

   $ 18,537   $ 16,101    $ 13,584

AOCI, net of income tax

       

AOCI, net of income tax, that is subject to subsequent reclassification to net income

       

Net foreign currency translation adjustments

       

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 738   $ 1,114    $ 1,035

Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments

     286     (376      79

Balance at end of year

   $ 1,024   $ 738    $ 1,114

Net gains (losses) on debt securities measured at FVOCI (2017 and 2016: AFS debt and equity securities)

       

Balance at beginning of year under IAS 39

   $ 60   $ 161    $ 94

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

     (28     n/a        n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

     32     n/a        n/a  

Net change in securities measured at FVOCI

     (171     (101      67

Balance at end of year

   $ (139   $ 60    $ 161

Net gains (losses) on cash flow hedges

       

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 33   $ 23    $ 22

Net change in cash flow hedges

     (51     10      1

Balance at end of year

   $ (18   $ 33    $ 23

AOCI, net of income tax, that is not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income

       

Net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans

       

Balance at beginning of year

   $ (369   $ (508    $ (118

Net change in post-employment defined benefit plans

     226     139      (390

Balance at end of year

   $ (143   $ (369    $ (508

Net gains (losses) due to fair value change of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in credit risk

       

Balance at beginning of year

   $ (10   $    $ 5

Net change attributable to changes in credit risk

     (2 )     (10      (5

Balance at end of year

   $ (12   $ (10    $

Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI

       

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

   $ 85     n/a        n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

     85     n/a        n/a  

Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI

     29     n/a        n/a  

Realized gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI reclassified to retained earnings (2)

     (49     n/a        n/a  

Balance at end of year

   $ 65     n/a        n/a  

Total AOCI, net of income tax

   $ 777   $ 452    $ 790

Non-controlling interests

       

Balance at beginning of year under IAS 39

   $ 202   $ 201    $ 193

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

     (4     n/a        n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

     198     n/a        n/a  

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests

     17     19      20

Dividends

     (31     (8      (19

Other

     (11     (10      7

Balance at end of year

   $ 173   $ 202    $ 201

Equity at end of year

   $     35,116   $     31,237    $     23,673

 

(1)

Includes the recognition of loss carryforwards relating to foreign exchange translation amounts on CIBC’s net investment in foreign operations that were previously reclassified to retained earnings as part of our transition to IFRS in 2012.

(2)

Includes $11 million of gains reclassified to retained earnings (2017: n/a; 2016: n/a), relating to our investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures.

n/a

Not applicable.

The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     101  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Consolidated statement of cash flows

 

Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017      2016  

Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities

       

Net income

   $ 5,284   $ 4,718    $ 4,295

Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities:

       

Provision for credit losses

     870     829      1,051

Amortization and impairment (1)

     657     542      462

Stock options and restricted shares expense

     31     7      5

Deferred income taxes

     69     21      (20

Losses (gains) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost (2017 and 2016: AFS debt and equity securities (gains), net)

     35       (143      (73

Net losses (gains) on disposal of land, buildings and equipment

     (14 )     (305      (72

Other non-cash items, net

     (292 )     (15      (692

Net changes in operating assets and liabilities

       

Interest-bearing deposits with banks

     (2,599     394      4,919

Loans, net of repayments

     (16,155 )     (30,547      (27,464

Deposits, net of withdrawals

     20,770     18,407      28,440

Obligations related to securities sold short

     69       3,375      532

Accrued interest receivable

     (341 )     (34      (98

Accrued interest payable

     205     90      (72

Derivative assets

     2,780     3,588      (1,425

Derivative liabilities

     (2,084 )     (5,549      (232

Securities measured at FVTPL (2017 and 2016: Trading and FVO securities)

     (647 )     (657      (3,722

Other assets and liabilities designated at fair value (2017 and 2016: Other FVO assets and liabilities)

     (380 )     1,071      807

Current income taxes

     (301 )     (1,063      8

Cash collateral on securities lent

     707       (494      1,089

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     2,869     16,277      2,780

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

     (453     398      (2,188

Securities purchased under resale agreements

     (1,195 )     (10,556      1,712

Other, net

     (18 )     2,103      169
       9,867     2,457      10,211

Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities

       

Issue of subordinated indebtedness

     1,534          1,000

Redemption/repurchase/maturity of subordinated indebtedness

     (638 )     (55      (1,514

Issue of preferred shares, net of issuance cost

     445     792     

Issue of common shares for cash

     186     194      100

Purchase of common shares for cancellation

     (417          (270

Net sale (purchase) of treasury shares

     6     (7      1

Dividends paid

     (2,109 )     (1,425      (1,753
       (993 )     (501      (2,436

Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities

       

Purchase of securities measured/designated at FVOCI and amortized cost (2017 and 2016: Purchase of AFS securities)

     (33,011 )     (37,864      (31,625

Proceeds from sale of securities measured/designated at FVOCI and amortized cost (2017 and 2016: Proceeds from sale of AFS securities)

     12,992     18,787      10,750

Proceeds from maturity of debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost (2017 and 2016: Proceeds from maturity of AFS securities)

     12,402       19,368      12,299

Cash used in acquisitions, net of cash acquired

     (315 )     (2,517     

Net cash provided by dispositions of investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures

     200     60      1,363

Net sale (purchase) of land, buildings and equipment

     (255 )     201      (170
       (7,987 )     (1,965      (7,383

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks

     53     (51      55

Net increase (decrease) in cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks during year

     940     (60      447

Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks at beginning of year

     3,440     3,500      3,053

Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks at end of year (2)

   $        4,380   $ 3,440    $ 3,500

Cash interest paid

   $ 7,235   $        4,526    $       3,798

Cash interest received

     16,440     12,611      10,961

Cash dividends received

     724     949      1,033

Cash income taxes paid

     1,654     2,204      730

 

(1)

Comprises amortization and impairment of buildings, furniture, equipment, leasehold improvements, and software and other intangible assets.

(2)

Includes restricted balance of $438 million (2017: $436 million; 2016: $422 million).

The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 

102   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

 

 

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is a diversified financial institution governed by the Bank Act (Canada). CIBC was formed through the amalgamation of the Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada in 1961. Through our four strategic business units (SBUs) – Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets – CIBC provides a full range of financial products and services to 10 million (1) personal banking, business, public sector and institutional clients in Canada, the U.S. and around the world. Refer to Note 30 for further details on our business units. CIBC is incorporated and domiciled in Canada with our registered and principal business offices located at Commerce Court, Toronto, Ontario.

 

(1)

Revised to consider clients that have banking relationships with both CIBC and Simplii Financial.

 

Note  1   Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies

 

Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of CIBC have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). These consolidated financial statements also comply with Section 308(4) of the Bank Act (Canada) and the requirements of the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI).

CIBC has consistently applied the same accounting policies throughout all periods presented, except for the adoption of IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” effective November 1, 2017 without restatement of comparative periods as discussed below under the section titled “Accounting for Financial Instruments”.

These consolidated financial statements are presented in millions of Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated.

These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors (the Board) on November 28, 2018.

Summary of significant accounting policies

The following paragraphs describe our significant accounting policies.

Use of estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recognized and measured amounts of assets, liabilities, net income, comprehensive income and related disclosures. Significant estimates and assumptions are made in the areas of the valuation of financial instruments, impairment of AFS securities, allowance for credit losses, the evaluation of whether to consolidate structured entities (SEs), asset impairment, income taxes, provisions and contingent liabilities and post-employment and other long-term benefit plan assumptions. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Basis of consolidation

We consolidate entities over which we have control. We have control over another entity when we have: (i) power to direct relevant activities of the entity; (ii) exposure, or rights, to variable returns from our involvement with the entity; and (iii) the ability to affect those returns through our power over the entity.

Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities over which CIBC has control. Generally, CIBC has control of its subsidiaries through a shareholding of more than 50% of the voting rights in its subsidiaries, and has significant exposure to the subsidiaries based on its ownership interests of more than 50%. The effects of potential voting rights that CIBC has the practical ability to exercise are considered when assessing whether control exists. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date control is obtained by CIBC, and are deconsolidated from the date control is lost. Consistent accounting policies are applied for all consolidated subsidiaries. Details of our significant subsidiaries are provided in Note 26.

Structured entities

An SE is an entity that has been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the significant relevant activities are directed by contractual arrangements. SEs often have some or all of the following features or attributes: (i) restricted activities; (ii) a narrow and well-defined objective, such as to securitize our own financial assets or third-party financial assets to provide sources of funding or to provide investment opportunities for investors by passing on risks and rewards associated with the assets of the SE to investors; (iii) insufficient equity to permit the SE to finance its activities without subordinated financial support; or (iv) financing in the form of multiple contractually linked instruments to investors that create concentrations of credit or other risks. Examples of SEs include securitization vehicles, asset-backed financings, and investment funds.

When voting rights are not relevant in deciding whether CIBC has power over an entity, particularly for complex SEs, the assessment of control considers all facts and circumstances, including the purpose and design of the investee, its relationship with other parties and each party’s ability to make decisions over significant activities, and whether CIBC is acting as a principal or as an agent.

Consolidation conclusions are reassessed whenever there is a change in the specific facts and circumstances relevant to one or more of the three elements of control. Factors that trigger the reassessment include, but are not limited to, significant changes in ownership structure of the entities, changes in contractual or governance arrangements, provision of a liquidity facility beyond the original terms, transactions with the entities that were not contemplated originally and changes in the financing structure of the entities.

Transactions eliminated on consolidation

All intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains and losses on transactions are eliminated on consolidation.

Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as a separate component of equity that is distinct from CIBC’s shareholders’ equity. The net income attributable to non-controlling interests is presented separately in the consolidated statement of income.

 

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Associates and joint ventures

We classify investments in entities over which we have significant influence, and that are neither subsidiaries nor joint ventures, as associates. Significant influence is presumed to exist where we hold, either directly or indirectly, between 20% and 50% of the voting rights of an entity, or, in the case of a limited partnership, where CIBC is a co-general partner. Significant influence also may exist where we hold less than 20% of the voting rights of an entity, for example if we have influence over the policy-making processes through representation on the entity’s Board of Directors, or by other means. Where we are a party to a contractual arrangement whereby together with one or more parties, we undertake an economic activity that is subject to joint control, we classify our interest in the venture as a joint venture.

Investments in associates and interests in joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method, such investments are initially measured at cost, including attributable goodwill and intangible assets, and are adjusted thereafter for the post-acquisition change in our share of the net assets of the investment.

In applying the equity method for an investment that has a different reporting period from that of CIBC, adjustments are made for the effects of any significant events or transactions that occur between the reporting date of the investment and CIBC’s reporting date.

Foreign currency translation

Monetary assets and liabilities and non-monetary assets and liabilities measured at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currencies of operations at prevailing exchange rates at the date of the consolidated balance sheet. Revenue and expenses are translated using average monthly exchange rates. Realized and unrealized gains and losses arising from translation into functional currencies are included in the consolidated statement of income, with the exception of unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses on AFS equity securities, which are included in AOCI.

Assets and liabilities of foreign operations with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rates prevailing as at the consolidated balance sheet date, while revenue and expenses of these foreign operations are translated into Canadian dollars at the average monthly exchange rates. Exchange gains and losses arising from the translation of these foreign operations and from the results of hedging the net investment in these foreign operations, net of applicable taxes, are included in Net foreign currency translation adjustments, in AOCI.

Any accumulated exchange gains and losses, including the impact of hedging, and any applicable taxes in AOCI are reclassified into the consolidated statement of income when there is a disposal of a foreign operation. On partial disposal of a foreign operation, the proportionate share of the accumulated exchange gains and losses, including the impact of hedging, and any applicable taxes previously recognized in AOCI are reclassified into the consolidated statement of income.

Accounting for Financial Instruments

CIBC adopted IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” (IFRS 9) in place of IAS 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement” (IAS 39) as of November 1, 2017 to comply with OSFI’s advisory that requires that domestic systemically important banks (D-SIBs) adopt IFRS 9 for their annual periods beginning on November 1, 2017, one year earlier than required by the IASB. We applied IFRS 9 on a retrospective basis. As permitted, we did not restate our prior period comparative consolidated financial statements, which are reported under IAS 39 and are therefore not comparable to the information presented for 2018.

The adoption of IFRS 9 in the first quarter of 2018 resulted in changes in accounting policy in two principal areas, classification and measurement and impairment as described in more detail below. We had previously early adopted the “own credit” provisions of IFRS 9 as of November 1, 2014 and we have elected, as a policy choice permitted under IFRS 9, to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39.

Classification and measurement of financial instruments under IAS 39

CIBC recognizes financial instruments on its consolidated balance sheet when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Under IAS 39, all financial assets were classified at initial recognition as trading, AFS, fair value option (FVO), held-to-maturity (HTM), or loans and receivables, based on the purpose for which the instrument was acquired and its characteristics. All financial assets and derivatives were required to be measured at fair value with the exception of loans and receivables, debt securities classified as HTM, and AFS equity instruments whose fair value could not be reliably measured. Reclassification of non-derivative financial assets out of trading to loans and receivables was allowed when they were no longer held for trading, and if they met the definition of loans and receivables and we had the intention and ability to hold the financial assets for the foreseeable future or until maturity. Reclassification of non-derivative financial assets out of trading to AFS was also allowed under rare circumstances. Non-derivative financial assets could be reclassified out of AFS to loans and receivables if they met the definition of loans and receivables and we had the intention and ability to hold the financial assets for the foreseeable future or until maturity, or reclassified out of AFS to HTM if we had the intention to hold the financial assets until maturity.

Financial liabilities, other than derivatives, obligations related to securities sold short and FVO liabilities, were measured at amortized cost. Derivatives, obligations related to securities sold short and FVO liabilities were measured at fair value. Interest expense was recognized on an accrual basis using the effective interest rate method.

Loans and receivables

Under IAS 39, loans and receivables were defined as non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that did not have a quoted market price in an active market and for which we did not intend to sell immediately or in the near term at the time of inception. Loans and receivables were recognized initially at fair value, which represents the cash advanced to the borrower plus direct and incremental transaction costs. Subsequently, they were measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, net of an allowance for credit losses. Interest income was recognized on an accrual basis using the effective interest rate method. Certain loans and receivables could be designated at fair value (see below).

Trading financial instruments

Under IAS 39, trading financial instruments were defined as assets and liabilities that were held for trading activities or that were part of a managed portfolio with a pattern of short-term profit taking. These were measured initially at fair value. Loans and receivables that we intended to sell immediately or in the near term were classified as trading financial instruments.

Trading financial instruments were remeasured at fair value as at the consolidated balance sheet date. Gains and losses realized on disposition and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value were included in Non-interest income as Trading income (loss), except to the extent they were economically hedging an FVO asset or liability, in which case the gains and losses were included in FVO gains (losses), net. Dividends and interest income earned on trading securities and dividends and interest expense incurred on securities sold short were included in Interest income and Interest expense, respectively.

 

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AFS financial assets

Under IAS 39, AFS financial assets were defined as non-derivative financial assets that were not classified as trading, FVO or loans and receivables, and were measured initially at fair value, plus direct and incremental transaction costs. Only equity instruments whose fair value could not be reliably measured were measured at cost. We determined that all of our equity securities had reliable fair values. As a result, all AFS financial assets were remeasured at FVOCI subsequent to initial recognition, except that foreign exchange gains or losses on AFS debt instruments were recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses on AFS equity securities, along with all other fair value changes, were recognized in OCI until the investment is sold or impaired, whereupon the cumulative gains and losses previously recognized in OCI were transferred from AOCI to the consolidated statement of income. Realized gains and losses on sale, determined on an average cost basis, and write-downs to reflect impairment, were included in AFS securities gains (losses), net. Dividends and interest income from AFS financial assets were included in Interest income.

Designated at fair value financial instruments

Under IAS 39, FVO financial instruments were defined as those that we designated on initial recognition as instruments that we would measure at fair value through the consolidated statement of income. This designation, once made, was irrevocable. In addition to the requirement that reliable fair values were available, there were restrictions imposed by IFRS and by OSFI on the use of this designation. The criteria for applying the FVO at inception was met when: (i) the application of the FVO eliminated or significantly reduced the measurement inconsistency that otherwise would arise from measuring assets or liabilities on a different basis; or (ii) the financial instruments were part of a portfolio which was managed on a fair value basis, in accordance with our investment strategy, and were reported internally on that basis. FVO could also be applied to financial instruments that had one or more embedded derivatives that would otherwise require bifurcation as they significantly modified the cash flows of the contract.

Gains and losses realized on dispositions and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of FVO financial instruments, and gains and losses arising from changes in fair value of derivatives, trading securities and obligations related to securities sold short that were managed as economic hedges of the FVO financial instruments, were included in FVO gains (losses), net. Dividends and interest earned and interest expense incurred on FVO assets and liabilities were included in Interest income and Interest expense, respectively. Changes in the fair value of FVO liabilities that were attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in OCI.

Classification and measurement of financial instruments under IFRS 9

Under IFRS 9, all financial assets must be classified at initial recognition as financial instruments mandatorily measured at FVTPL (trading and non-trading), financial instruments measured at amortized cost, debt financial instruments measured at FVOCI, equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI, or financial instruments designated at FVTPL, based on the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets and the business model under which the financial assets are managed. All financial assets and derivatives are required to be measured at fair value with the exception of financial assets measured at amortized cost. Financial assets are required to be reclassified when and only when the business model under which they are managed has changed. All reclassifications are to be applied prospectively from the reclassification date.

The IFRS 9 classification and measurement model requires that all debt instrument financial assets that do not meet a “solely payment of principal and interest” (SPPI) test, including those that contain embedded derivatives, be classified at initial recognition as FVTPL. The SPPI test is conducted to identify whether the contractual cash flows of a financial instrument are “solely payments of principal and interest” such that any variability in the contractual cash flows is consistent with a “basic lending arrangement”. “Principal” for the purpose of this test is defined as the fair value of the financial asset at initial recognition and may change over the life of the financial asset, for example, due to repayments of principal or amortization of the premium/discount. “Interest” for the purpose of this test is defined as the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk, which are the most significant elements of interest within a lending arrangement. Contractual terms that introduce a more than de minimis exposure to risks or volatility in the contractual cash flows that are unrelated to a basic lending arrangement do not give rise to contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the amount outstanding. The intent of the SPPI test is to ensure that debt instruments that contain non-basic lending features, such as conversion options and equity-linked payouts, are measured at FVTPL.

For debt instrument financial assets that meet the SPPI test, classification at initial recognition is determined based on the business model under which these instruments are managed. Debt instruments that are managed on a “held for trading” or “fair value” basis are classified as FVTPL. Debt instruments that are managed on a “hold to collect and for sale” basis are classified as FVOCI for debt. Debt instruments that are managed on a “hold to collect” basis are classified as amortized cost. We consider the following in our determination of the applicable business model for financial assets:

I)

The business purpose of the portfolio;

II)

The risks that are being managed and the type of business activities that are being carried out on a day-to-day basis to manage the risks;

III)

The basis on which performance of the portfolio is being evaluated; and

IV)

The frequency and significance of sales activity.

All equity instrument financial assets are classified at initial recognition as FVTPL unless they are not held with the intent for short-term profit taking and an irrevocable designation is made to classify the instrument as FVOCI for equities.

The classification and measurement of financial liabilities remain essentially unchanged from the IAS 39 requirements, except that changes in the fair value of liabilities designated at FVTPL using the FVO which are attributable to changes in own credit risk are presented in OCI, rather than profit or loss. We early adopted the “own credit” provisions of IFRS 9 as of November 1, 2014.

Derivatives continue to be measured at FVTPL under IFRS 9, except to the extent that they are designated in a hedging relationship, in which case the IAS 39 hedge accounting requirements continue to apply.

Financial instruments mandatorily measured at FVTPL (trading and non-trading)

Under IFRS 9, trading financial instruments are mandatorily measured at FVTPL as they are held for trading purposes or are part of a managed portfolio with a pattern of short-term profit taking. Non-trading financial assets are also mandatorily measured at fair value if their contractual cash flow characteristics do not meet the SPPI test or if they are managed together with other financial instruments on a fair value basis.

Trading and non-trading financial instruments mandatorily measured at FVTPL are remeasured at fair value as at the consolidated balance sheet date. Gains and losses realized on disposition and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value are included in Non-interest income as Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net. Interest income and dividends earned on trading and non-trading securities and dividends and interest expense incurred on securities sold short are included in Interest income and Interest expense, respectively.

Financial instruments designated at FVTPL (fair value option)

Under IFRS 9, financial instruments designated at FVTPL are those that we voluntarily designate at initial recognition as instruments that we will measure at fair value through the consolidated statement of income that would otherwise fall into a different accounting category. As was the case under IAS 39, the

 

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FVO designation, once made, is irrevocable and can only be applied if reliable fair values are available, when doing so eliminates or significantly reduces the measurement inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities on a different basis and if certain OSFI requirements are met. Financial liabilities may also be designated at FVTPL when they are part of a portfolio which is managed on a fair value basis, in accordance with our investment strategy, and are reported internally on that basis. Designation at FVTPL may also be applied to financial liabilities that have one or more embedded derivatives that would otherwise require bifurcation. Unlike IAS 39, however, there is no need to apply FVO to equity instruments as the default accounting is financial instruments mandatorily measured at FVTPL. As was the case under IAS 39, we apply the FVO to certain mortgage commitments.

Gains and losses realized on dispositions and unrealized gains and losses from changes in the fair value of FVO financial instruments are treated in the same manner as financial instruments which are mandatorily measured at FVTPL, except that changes in the fair value of FVO liabilities that are attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in OCI. Dividends and interest earned and interest expense incurred on FVO assets and liabilities are included in Interest income and Interest expense, respectively.

Financial assets measured at amortized cost

Under IFRS 9, financial assets measured at amortized cost are debt financial instruments with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and are managed on a “hold to collect” basis. These financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus or minus direct and incremental transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, net of an allowance for expected credit losses (ECL).

Consistent with IAS 39, loans measured at amortized cost under IFRS 9 include residential mortgages, personal loans, credit cards and most business and government loans. Most securities classified as HTM under IAS 39 and certain portfolios of treasury securities that were classified as AFS under IAS 39 (but which are managed on a “hold to collect” basis) are also classified as amortized cost under IFRS 9. Also consistent with IAS 39, most deposits with banks, securities purchased under resale agreements, cash collateral on securities borrowed and most customers’ liability under acceptances are accounted for at amortized cost under IFRS 9.

Debt financial assets measured at FVOCI

Under IFRS 9, debt financial instruments measured at FVOCI are non-derivative financial assets with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and are managed on a “hold to collect and for sale” basis.

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments classified at FVOCI under IFRS 9 operates in a similar manner to AFS debt securities under IAS 39, except that the expected credit losses (ECL) impairment model must be applied to these instruments under IFRS 9. As a result, FVOCI debt instruments are measured initially at fair value, plus direct and incremental transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, FVOCI debt instruments are remeasured at FVOCI, with the exception that changes in ECL allowances in addition to related foreign exchange gains or losses are recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Cumulative gains and losses previously recognized in OCI are transferred from AOCI to the consolidated statement of income when the debt instrument is sold. Realized gains and losses on sale, determined on an average cost basis, and changes in ECL allowances, are included in Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net in the consolidated statement of income. Interest income from FVOCI debt instruments is included in Interest income. FVOCI debt instruments include our treasury securities which are managed on a “hold to collect and for sale” basis.

A debt financial instrument is classified as impaired (stage 3) when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that financial instrument have occurred after its initial recognition. Evidence of impairment includes indications that the borrower is experiencing significant financial difficulties, or a default or delinquency has occurred.

Equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI

Under IFRS 9, equity financial instruments are measured at FVTPL unless an irrevocable designation is made to measure them at FVOCI. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of equity instruments designated at FVOCI, including any related foreign exchange gains or losses, are recognized in OCI. In contrast to AFS equity securities under IAS 39, amounts recognized in OCI will not be subsequently recycled to profit or loss, with the exception of dividends. Instead, cumulative gains or losses upon derecognition of the equity instrument will be transferred within equity from AOCI to retained earnings and presented in Realized gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI reclassified to retained earnings in the consolidated statement of changes in equity. Financial assets designated as FVOCI include non-trading equity securities, primarily related to our investment in private companies and limited partnerships.

Impairment of financial assets under IAS 39

We classified a loan as impaired when, in our opinion, there was objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more loss events that occurred after initial recognition of the loans with a negative impact on the estimated future cash flows of a loan or a portfolio of loans.

Objective evidence of impairment included indications that the borrower was experiencing significant financial difficulties, or a default or delinquency had occurred. Generally, loans on which repayment of principal or payment of interest was contractually 90 days in arrears were automatically considered impaired unless they were fully secured and in the process of collection. Notwithstanding management’s assessment of collectability, such loans were considered impaired if payments were 180 days in arrears. Exceptions were as follows:

 

Credit card loans were not classified as impaired and were fully written off at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, enlistment of credit counselling services, or when payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

 

Loans guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were classified as impaired only when payments were contractually 365 days in arrears.

In certain circumstances, we could modify a loan for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties. Once a loan was modified, if management still did not expect full collection of payments under the modified loan terms, the loan was classified as impaired. An impaired loan was measured at its estimated realizable value determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at the loan’s original effective interest rate. When a loan or a group of loans had been classified as impaired, interest income was recognized thereafter using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss. For credit card loans, interest was accrued only to the extent that there was an expectation of receipt.

A loan was no longer considered impaired when all past due amounts, including interest, had been recovered, and it was determined that the principal and interest were fully collectable in accordance with the original contractual terms or revised market terms of the loan with all criteria for the impaired classification having been remedied. Once a loan was modified and management expects full collection of payments under the modified loan terms, the loan was not considered impaired. No portion of cash received on an impaired loan was recognized in the consolidated statement of income until the loan returned to unimpaired status.

Loans were written off, either partially or in full, against the related allowance for credit losses when we judged that there was no realistic prospect of future recovery in respect of amounts written off. When loans were secured, this was generally after all collateral had been realized or transferred to CIBC, or

 

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in certain circumstances, when the net realizable value of any collateral and other available information suggested that there was no reasonable expectation of further recovery. In subsequent periods, any recoveries of amounts previously written off were credited to the provision for credit losses.

Allowance for credit losses

Under IAS 39, allowance for credit losses consisted of individual and collective components:

Individual allowance

We conducted ongoing credit assessments of the majority of the business and government loan portfolios on an account-by-account basis at each reporting date and we established an allowance for credit losses when there was objective evidence that a loan is impaired.

Collective allowance

Loans were grouped in portfolios of similar credit risk characteristics and impairment was assessed on a collective basis in two circumstances:

 

(i)

Incurred but not yet identified credit losses – for groups of individually assessed loans for which no objective evidence of impairment had been identified on an individual basis:

   

A collective allowance was provided for losses which we estimated were inherent in the business and government portfolio as at the reporting date, but which had not yet been specifically identified from an individual assessment of the loan.

   

The collective allowance was established with reference to expected loss rates associated with different credit portfolios at different risk levels and the estimated time period for losses that were present but yet to be specifically identified. We also considered estimates of the time periods over which losses that were present would be identified and a provision taken, our view of economic and portfolio trends, and evidence of credit quality improvements or deterioration. The period between a loss occurring and its identification was estimated by management for each identified portfolio. The parameters that affected the collective allowance calculation were updated regularly, based on our experience and that of the market in general.

   

Expected loss rates were based on the risk rating of each credit facility and on the probability of default (PD) factors, as well as estimates of loss given default (LGD) associated with each risk rating. The PD factors reflected our historical loss experience and were supplemented by data derived from defaults in the public debt markets. Historical loss experience was adjusted based on current observable data to reflect the effects of current conditions. LGD estimates were based on our experience over past years.

(ii)

For groups of loans where each loan was not considered to be individually significant:

   

Residential mortgages, credit card loans, personal loans, and certain small business loan portfolios consisted of large numbers of homogeneous balances of relatively small amounts, for which collective allowances were established by reference to historical ratios of write-offs to current accounts and balances in arrears.

   

For residential mortgages, personal loans and certain small business loans, this historical loss experience enabled CIBC to determine appropriate PD and LGD parameters, which were used in the calculation of the collective allowance. For credit card loans, the historical loss experience enabled CIBC to calculate roll-rate models in order to determine an allowance amount driven by flows to write-off.

   

We also considered estimates of the time periods over which losses that were present would be identified and a provision taken, our view of current and ongoing economic and portfolio trends, and evidence of credit quality improvements or deterioration. The parameters that affected the collective allowance calculation were updated regularly, based on our experience and that of the market in general.

Individual and collective allowances were provided for off-balance sheet credit exposures that were not measured at fair value. These allowances were included in Other liabilities.

AFS debt instruments

An AFS debt instrument was identified as impaired when there was objective observable evidence about our inability to collect the contractual principal or interest.

When an AFS debt instrument was determined to be impaired, an impairment loss was recognized by reclassifying the cumulative unrealized losses in AOCI to the consolidated statement of income. Impairment losses previously recognized in the consolidated statement of income were reversed in the consolidated statement of income if the fair value subsequently increases and the increase could be objectively determined to relate to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized.

AFS equity instruments

Objective evidence of impairment for an investment in an AFS equity instrument existed if there had been a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the investment below its cost, or if there was information about significant adverse changes in the technological, market, economic, or legal environment in which the issuer operates, or if the issuer was experiencing significant financial difficulty.

When an AFS equity instrument was determined to be impaired, an impairment loss was recognized by reclassifying the cumulative unrealized losses in AOCI to the consolidated statement of income. Impairment losses previously recognized in the consolidated statement of income could not be subsequently reversed. Further decreases in fair value subsequent to the recognition of an impairment loss were recognized directly in the consolidated statement of income, and subsequent increases in fair value were recognized in OCI.

Impairment of financial assets under IFRS 9

Under IFRS 9, ECL allowances are recognized on all financial assets that are debt instruments classified either as amortized cost or FVOCI and for all loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL. The application of an ECL model represents a significant change from the incurred loss model under IAS 39. ECL allowances represent credit losses that reflect an unbiased and probability-weighted amount which is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, the time value of money and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Forward-looking information is explicitly incorporated into the estimation of ECL allowances, which involves significant judgment (see Note 5 for additional details). In contrast, the incurred loss model under IAS 39 incorporated a single best estimate, the time value of money and information about past events and current conditions.

ECL allowances for loans and acceptances are included in allowance for credit losses on the consolidated balance sheet. ECL allowances for FVOCI debt securities are included as a component of the carrying value of the securities, which are measured at fair value. ECL allowances for other financial assets are included in the carrying value of the instrument. ECL allowances for guarantees and loan commitments are included in other liabilities.

 

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ECL allowances are measured at amounts equal to either: (i) 12-month ECL; or (ii) lifetime ECL for those financial instruments which have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or when there is objective evidence of impairment. In contrast, under the incurred loss model lifetime credit losses were recognized when there was objective evidence of impairment and allowances for incurred but not identified credit losses were also recognized.

The calculation of ECL allowances is based on the expected value of three probability-weighted scenarios to measure the expected cash shortfalls, discounted at the effective interest rate. A cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due and the cash flows that we expect to receive. The key inputs in the measurement of ECL allowances are as follows:

 

The probability of default (PD) is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon;

 

The LGD is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default occurs at a given time; and

 

The exposure at default (EAD) is an estimate of the exposure at a future default date.

Lifetime ECL is the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. 12-month ECL is the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that represent the expected credit losses that result from default events on the financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.

Due to the inclusion of relative credit deterioration criteria and consideration of forward-looking information, lifetime credit losses are generally recognized earlier under IFRS 9.

Stage migration and significant increase in credit risk

As a result of the requirements above, financial instruments subject to ECL allowances are categorized into three stages.

For performing financial instruments:

Stage 1 is comprised of all performing financial instruments which have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. We recognize 12 months of ECL for stage 1 financial instruments. In assessing whether credit risk has increased significantly, we compare the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date, with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of its initial recognition.

Stage 2 is comprised of all performing financial instruments which have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. We recognize lifetime ECL for stage 2 financial instruments. In subsequent reporting periods, if the credit risk of the financial instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then we revert to recognizing 12 months of ECL as the financial instrument has migrated back to stage 1.

We determine whether a financial instrument has experienced a significant increase in credit risk since its initial recognition on an individual financial instrument basis. Changes in the required ECL allowance, including the impact of financial instruments migrating between stage 1 and stage 2, are recorded in Provision for credit losses in the consolidated statement of income. Significant judgment is also required in the application of significant increase in credit risk (see Note 5 for additional details).

Stage 3 financial instruments are those that we have classified as impaired. We recognize lifetime ECL for all stage 3 financial instruments. We classify a financial instrument as impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that financial instrument have occurred after its initial recognition. Evidence of impairment includes indications that the borrower is experiencing significant financial difficulties, or a default or delinquency has occurred. Under IFRS 9, all financial instruments on which repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically considered impaired, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was the same under IAS 39, except that under IAS 39: (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were classified as impaired only when payments were contractually 365 days in arrears; and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were classified as impaired only when payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

A financial instrument is no longer considered impaired when all past due amounts, including interest, have been recovered, and it is determined that the principal and interest are fully collectable in accordance with the original contractual terms or revised market terms of the financial instrument with all criteria for the impaired classification having been remedied.

Financial instruments are written off, either partially or in full, against the related allowance for credit losses when we judge that there is no realistic prospect of future recovery in respect of those amounts. When financial instruments are secured, this is generally after all collateral has been realized or transferred to CIBC, or in certain circumstances, when the net realizable value of any collateral and other available information suggests that there is no reasonable expectation of further recovery. In subsequent periods, any recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to the provision for credit losses.

Purchased loans

Both purchased performing and purchased credit-impaired loans are initially measured at their acquisition date fair values. As a result of recording these loans at fair value, no allowance for credit losses is recognized in the purchase equation at the acquisition date under either IAS 39 or IFRS 9. Fair value is determined by estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. At the acquisition date, we classify a loan as performing where we expect timely collection of all amounts in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan and as credit-impaired where it is probable that we will not be able to collect all contractually required payments.

For purchased performing loans, the acquisition date fair value adjustment on each loan is amortized to interest income over the expected remaining life of the loan using the effective interest rate method under both IAS 39 and IFRS 9. The remaining unamortized amounts relating to those loans are recorded in income in the period that the loan is repaid. Under IFRS 9, ECL allowances are established in Provision for credit losses in the consolidated statement of income immediately after the acquisition date based on classifying each loan in stage 1, since the acquisition date is established as the initial recognition date of purchased performing loans for the purpose of assessing whether a significant increase in credit risk has occurred. This is comparable to the requirements under IAS 39 where collective allowances were established after the acquisition date as the purchased loan portfolio turned over and to the extent that the credit quality of the acquired portfolio deteriorated. Subsequent to the acquisition date, ECL allowances are estimated in a manner consistent with our significant increase in credit risk and impairment policies that we apply to loans that we originate. Under IAS 39, actual individual allowances for credit losses were recorded as they arose subsequent to the acquisition date in a manner that was consistent with our IAS 39 impairment policy for loans that we originated.

For purchased credit-impaired loans under both IAS 39 and IFRS 9, the acquisition date fair value adjustment on each loan consists of management’s estimate of the shortfall of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected and the time value of money. The time value of money component of the fair value adjustment is amortized to interest income over the expected remaining life of the loan using the effective interest rate method. Subsequent to

 

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the acquisition date, we regularly re-estimate the expected cash flows for purchased credit-impaired loans. Decreases in the expected cash flows will result in an increase in our ECL allowances under IFRS 9, which is consistent with the previous IAS 39 requirements. Increases in the expected cash flows will result in a recovery of the ECL allowance under IFRS 9. Under IAS 39, increases in the expected cash flows resulted in a recovery of provision for credit losses and a reduction in our allowance for credit losses, or if no allowance existed, an increase in interest income. ECL allowances for purchased credit-impaired loans are reported in stage 3.

Originated credit impaired financial assets

The accounting for originated credit impaired financial assets operates in a similar manner to the accounting for purchased credit-impaired loans in that originated credit impaired assets are initially recognized at fair value with no initial expected credit loss allowance as concerns about the collection of future cash flows is instead reflected in the origination date discount. The time value of money component of the discount is amortized to interest income over the expected remaining life of the financial asset using the effective interest rate method. Changes in expectation regarding the contractual cash flows for loans are recognized immediately in provision for credit losses and for securities are recognized in Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net.

This accounting generally applies to financial assets that result from debt restructuring arrangements in which a previously impaired financial asset is exchanged for a new financial asset that is either recognized at a fair value that represents a deep discount to par or for which there are significant concerns over the ability to collect the contractual cash flows.

Other significant accounting policies related to the accounting for financial instruments following the application of IFRS 9 are as follows:

Determination of fair value

The transition to IFRS 9 did not impact the definition of fair value, which continues to be defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability between market participants in an orderly transaction in the principal market at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., the exit price). Fair value measurements are categorized into three levels within a fair value hierarchy (Level 1, 2 or 3) based upon the market observability of the valuation inputs used in measuring the fair value. See Note 2 for more details about fair value measurement subsequent to initial recognition by type of financial instrument.

Transaction costs

Transaction costs relating to financial instruments mandatorily measured or designated at FVTPL are expensed as incurred under IFRS 9, consistent with the accounting for transaction costs related to trading and FVO instruments under IAS 39. Transaction costs are amortized over the expected life of the instrument using the effective interest rate method for instruments measured at amortized cost under both IFRS 9 and IAS 39, and debt instruments measured at FVOCI under IFRS 9 and as AFS under IAS 39. For equity instruments designated at FVOCI under IFRS 9 and for equity instruments accounted for at AFS under IAS 39, transaction costs are included in the instrument’s carrying value.

Date of recognition of securities

Under IFRS 9, we continue to account for all securities on our consolidated balance sheet using settlement date accounting, consistent with our accounting under IAS 39.

Effective interest rate

Under IFRS 9, interest income and expense for all financial instruments measured at amortized cost and for debt securities measured at FVOCI is recognized in Interest income and Interest expense using the effective interest rate method, which is similar to the requirements under IAS 39 for loans and receivables and AFS debt securities. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts or payments through the expected life of the financial instrument to the net carrying value of the financial asset or liability upon initial recognition. When calculating the effective interest rate, we estimate future cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument, but not future credit losses.

Fees relating to loan origination, including commitment, restructuring and renegotiation fees, are considered an integral part of the yield earned on the loan and are accounted for using the effective interest rate method. Fees received for commitments that are not expected to result in a loan are included in Non-interest income over the commitment period. Loan syndication fees are included in Non-interest income on completion of the syndication arrangement, provided that the yield on the portion of the loan we retain is at least equal to the average yield earned by the other lenders involved in the financing; otherwise, an appropriate portion of the fee is deferred as unearned income and amortized to interest income using the effective interest rate method.

Under IFRS 9, interest income is recognized on stage 1 and stage 2 financial assets measured at amortized cost by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of the financial instrument. For stage 3 financial instruments, interest income is recognized using the rate of interest used to discount the estimated future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss and applied to the net carrying value of the financial instrument, which is similar to the methodology under IAS 39 applied to impaired loans.

Securitizations and derecognition of financial assets

Securitization of our own assets provides us with an additional source of liquidity. As we generally retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, assets remain on the consolidated balance sheet and funding from these transactions is accounted for as Deposits – secured borrowing transactions.

Under both IAS 39 and IFRS 9, securitizations to non-consolidated structured entities (SEs) are accounted for as sales, with the related assets being derecognized, only where:

 

Our contractual right to receive cash flows from the assets has expired;

 

We transfer our contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset, and have: (i) transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, or (ii) neither retained nor transferred substantially all the risks and rewards, but have not retained control; or

 

The transfer meets the criteria of a qualifying pass-through arrangement.

Derecognition of financial liabilities

Under both IFRS 9 and IAS 39, a financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled or expires. If an existing financial liability is replaced by another liability from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of the existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability, and the difference in

 

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the respective carrying values is recognized in the consolidated statement of income. The repurchase of a debt instrument is considered an extinguishment of that debt instrument even if we intend to resell the instrument in the near term.

Financial guarantees

Financial guarantees are financial contracts that require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.

Under both IAS 39 and IFRS 9, financial guarantee contracts issued by CIBC that are not classified as insurance contracts are initially recognized as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantees, which is generally the premium received or receivable on the date the guarantee was given. Subsequently, financial guarantee liabilities are measured at the higher of the initial fair value, less cumulative amortization, and the applicable allowance. Under IFRS 9 the allowance is calculated using the ECL methodology, while under IAS 39 the allowance, if any, represented the present value of any expected payment when a payment under the guarantee had become probable. A financial guarantee that qualifies as a derivative is remeasured at fair value as at each reporting date and reported as Derivative instruments in assets or liabilities, as appropriate.

Mortgage commitments

Mortgage interest rate commitments are extended to our retail clients in contemplation of borrowing to finance the purchase of homes under mortgages to be funded by CIBC in the future. These commitments are usually for periods of up to 120 days and generally entitle the borrower to receive funding at the lower of the interest rate at the time of the commitment and the rate applicable at the funding date. We use financial instruments, such as interest rate derivatives, to economically hedge our exposure to an increase in interest rates. Based on our estimate of the commitments expected to be exercised, a financial liability would be recognized on our consolidated balance sheet, to which we apply the FVO. We also carry the associated economic hedges at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the fair value of the FVO commitment liability and the associated economic hedges are included in gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net under IFRS 9 and FVO gains (losses), net under IAS 39. In addition, since the fair value of the commitments is priced into the mortgage, the difference between the mortgage amount and its fair value at funding is recognized in the consolidated statement of income to offset the carrying value of the mortgage commitment that is released upon its expiry.

Offsetting of financial assets and financial liabilities

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset, and the amount presented net, when we have a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intend to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Acceptances and customers’ liability under acceptances

Acceptances constitute a liability of CIBC on negotiable instruments issued to third parties by our customers. We earn a fee for guaranteeing and then making the payment to the third parties. The amounts owed to us by our customers in respect of these guaranteed amounts are reflected in assets as Customers’ liability under acceptances.

Securities purchased under resale agreements and obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

Securities purchased under resale agreements are treated as collateralized lending transactions as they represent the purchase of securities affected with a simultaneous agreement to sell them back at a future date at a fixed price, which is generally near term. These transactions are classified and measured at amortized cost under IFRS 9, as they meet the SPPI criteria and are managed under a hold to collect business model. Under IAS 39, they were also generally accounted for at amortized cost unless they were designated under the FVO. Under IFRS 9, an ECL is applied to these instruments, while under IAS 39 an allowance was only provided to the extent there was an impairment. Under both IFRS 9 and IAS 39 interest income is accrued using the effective interest rate method and is included in Interest income – Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements in the consolidated statement of income.

Similarly, securities sold under agreements to repurchase are treated as collateralized borrowing transactions with interest expense accrued using the effective interest rate method and are included in Interest expense – Securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements in the consolidated statement of income.

Cash collateral on securities borrowed and securities lent

The right to receive back cash collateral paid and the obligation to return cash collateral received on borrowing and lending of securities, which is generally near term, is recognized as cash collateral on securities borrowed and securities lent, respectively. These transactions are classified and measured at amortized cost as they meet the SPPI criteria and are managed under a hold to collect business model. Under IFRS 9, an ECL is applied to these instruments, while under IAS 39 an allowance was only provided to the extent there was an impairment. Interest income on cash collateral paid and interest expense on cash collateral received together with the security borrowing fees and security lending income are included in Interest income – Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements and Interest expense – Securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements, respectively. For securities borrowing and lending transactions where securities are pledged or received as collateral, securities pledged by CIBC remain on the consolidated balance sheet and securities received by CIBC are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheet.

Derivatives

We use derivative instruments for both asset/liability management (ALM) and trading purposes. The derivatives used for ALM purposes allow us to manage financial risks, such as movements in interest and foreign exchange rates, while our derivative trading activities are primarily driven by client trading activities. We may also take proprietary trading positions with the objective of earning income.

Under both IAS 39 and IFRS 9, all derivative instruments are recognized initially, and are measured subsequently, at fair value and are reported as assets where they have a positive fair value and as liabilities where they have a negative fair value, in both cases as derivative instruments. Any realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivatives used for trading purposes were recognized immediately in Trading income (loss) under IAS 39 and are recognized in Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net under IFRS 9. The accounting for derivatives used for ALM purposes depends on whether they qualify for hedge accounting as discussed below.

Fair values of exchange-traded derivatives are based on quoted market prices. Fair values of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, including OTC derivatives that are centrally cleared, are obtained using valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models and option pricing models. See Note 12 for further information on the valuation of derivatives.

 

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Derivatives used for ALM purposes that qualify for hedge accounting

As permitted under IFRS 9, we have elected to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39. However, we have adopted the new hedge accounting disclosure requirements under the amendments to IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures”. Details of the additional disclosures are provided in Note 13.

We apply hedge accounting for derivatives held for ALM purposes that meet specified criteria. There are three types of hedges: fair value, cash flow and hedges of net investments in foreign operations (NIFOs). When hedge accounting is not applied, the change in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in the consolidated statement of income (see “Derivatives used for ALM purposes that are not designated for hedge accounting” below).

In order for derivatives to qualify for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship must be designated and formally documented at its inception in accordance with IAS 39. The particular risk management objective and strategy, the specific asset, liability or cash flow being hedged, as well as how hedge effectiveness is assessed, are documented. Hedge effectiveness requires a high correlation of changes in fair values or cash flows between the hedged and hedging items.

We assess the effectiveness of derivatives in hedging relationships, both at inception and on an ongoing basis. Ineffectiveness results to the extent that the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative differs from the change in the fair value of the hedged risk in the hedged item; or the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedging derivative exceeds the cumulative change in the fair value of expected future cash flows of the hedged item. The amount of ineffectiveness of hedging instruments is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of income.

Fair value hedges

We designate fair value hedges primarily as part of interest rate risk management strategies that use derivatives to hedge changes in the fair value of financial instruments with fixed interest rates. Changes in fair value attributed to the hedged interest rate risk are accounted for as basis adjustments to the hedged financial instruments and are included in Net interest income. Changes in fair value from the hedging derivatives are also included in Net interest income. Any differences between the two represent hedge ineffectiveness that is included in Net interest income.

Similarly, for hedges of foreign exchange risk, changes in the fair value from the hedging derivatives and non-derivatives are included in FXOTT. Changes in the fair value of the hedged item from the hedged foreign exchange risk are accounted for as basis adjustments and are also included in FXOTT. Any difference between the two represents hedge ineffectiveness.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or where the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship is terminated and the basis adjustment applied to the hedged item is amortized over the remaining term of the hedged item. If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized basis adjustment is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of income.

Cash flow hedges

We designate cash flow hedges as part of interest rate risk management strategies that use derivatives to mitigate our risk from variable cash flows by effectively converting certain variable-rate financial instruments to fixed-rate financial instruments, and as part of foreign exchange rate risk management strategies to hedge forecasted foreign currency denominated cash flows. We also designate cash flow hedges to hedge changes in CIBC’s share price in respect of certain cash-settled share-based payment awards.

The effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative instrument is recognized in OCI until the variability in cash flows being hedged is recognized in the consolidated statement of income in future accounting periods, at which time an appropriate portion of the amount that was in AOCI is reclassified into the consolidated statement of income. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the hedging derivative is included in Net interest income, FXOTT, or Non-interest expenses immediately as it arises.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or where the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship is terminated. Upon termination of the hedge relationship, any remaining amount in AOCI remains therein until it is recognized in the consolidated statement of income when the variability in cash flows hedged or the hedged forecast transaction is ultimately recognized in the consolidated statement of income. When the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the related cumulative gain or loss in AOCI is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of income.

Hedges of NIFOs with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar

We may designate NIFO hedges to mitigate the foreign exchange risk on our NIFOs with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar.

These hedges are accounted for in a similar manner to cash flow hedges. The change in fair value of the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion is recognized in OCI. The change in fair value of the hedging instrument attributable to the forward points and relating to the ineffective portion are recognized immediately in FXOTT. Gains and losses in AOCI are reclassified to the consolidated statement of income upon the disposal or partial disposal of the investment in the foreign operation, as explained in the “Foreign currency translation” policy above.

Derivatives used for ALM purposes that are not designated for hedge accounting

The change in fair value of the derivatives not designated as accounting hedges but used to economically hedge FVO assets or liabilities was included in FVO gains (losses), net under IAS 39 and Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net under IFRS 9. The change in fair value of other derivatives not designated as accounting hedges but used for other economic hedging purposes is included in FXOTT, Non-interest income, or in the case of economic hedges of cash-settled share-based payment obligations, in compensation expense, as appropriate.

Embedded derivatives

Under both IAS 39 and IFRS 9, derivatives embedded in financial liabilities are accounted for as separate derivatives when their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the host instrument and the terms of the embedded derivative represent those of a freestanding derivative in situations where the combined instrument is not classified as FVTPL or designated as FVTPL using the FVO. These embedded derivatives, which are classified together with the host instrument on the consolidated balance sheet, are measured at fair value, with changes therein included in the consolidated statement of income. The residual amount of the host liability is accreted to its maturity value through Interest income and Interest expense, respectively, using the effective interest rate method.

Gains at inception on derivatives embedded in financial instruments bifurcated for accounting purposes are not recognized at inception; instead they are recognized over the life of the residual host instrument. Where an embedded derivative is separable from the host instrument but the fair value, as at the acquisition or reporting date, cannot be reliably measured separately or is otherwise not bifurcated, the entire combined contract is measured at FVTPL.

Under IFRS 9, embedded derivatives are no longer bifurcated from financial assets as was the case under IAS 39. Instead the financial asset is classified in its entirety into the appropriate classification at initial recognition through an assessment of the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset and the business model under which it is managed.

 

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Accumulated other comprehensive income

AOCI is included on the consolidated balance sheet as a separate component of total equity, net of income tax. It includes net unrealized gains and losses on FVOCI debt and equity securities under IFRS 9 (AFS under IAS 39), the effective portion of gains and losses on derivative instruments designated within effective cash flow hedges, unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses on foreign operations with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar net of gains or losses on related hedges, net gains (losses) related to fair value changes of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk, and net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans.

Treasury shares

Where we repurchase our own equity instruments, these instruments are treated as treasury shares and are deducted from equity at their cost with any gain or loss recognized in Contributed surplus or Retained earnings as appropriate. No gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of income on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of our own equity instruments. Any difference between the carrying value and the consideration, if reissued, is also included in Contributed surplus.

Liabilities and equity

We classify financial instruments as a liability or equity based on the substance of the contractual arrangement. An instrument is classified as a liability if it is a contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset, or to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities at potentially unfavourable terms. A contract is also classified as a liability if it is a non-derivative and could obligate us to deliver a variable number of our own shares or it is a derivative other than one that can be settled by the delivery of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of our own equity instruments. An instrument is classified as equity if it evidences a residual interest in our assets after deducting all liabilities. The components of a compound financial instrument are classified and accounted for separately as assets, liabilities, or equity as appropriate. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of equity instruments are shown in equity, net of income tax.

Land, buildings and equipment

Land is recognized initially at cost and is subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Buildings, furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements are recognized initially at cost and are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

Depreciation commences when the assets are available for use and is recognized on a straight-line basis to depreciate the cost of these assets to their estimated residual value over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

 

Buildings – 40 years

 

Computer equipment – 3 to 7 years

 

Office furniture and other equipment – 4 to 15 years

 

Leasehold improvements – over the estimated useful life

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each annual reporting date and are adjusted if appropriate.

Gains and losses on disposal are included in Non-interest income – Other.

We consider a portion of land and a building underlying a finance lease arrangement as investment property since we sub-lease this portion to third parties. Our investment property is recognized initially at cost and is subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Our investment property is depreciated on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, being the term of the lease.

Rental income is included in Non-interest income – Other.

Goodwill, software and other intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired in business combinations. Identifiable intangible assets are recognized separately from goodwill when they are separable or arise from contractual or other legal rights, and have fair values that can be reliably measured.

Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to impairment review at least annually or more frequently if there are indicators that the goodwill may be impaired. Refer to the “Impairment of non-financial assets” policy below.

Intangible assets represent software and customer relationships, core deposit intangibles, investment management contracts, and brand names recognized as part of past acquisitions. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Each intangible asset is assessed for legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive or other factors to determine if the useful life is definite. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows:

 

Software – 5 to 10 years

 

Contract-based intangibles – 8 to 15 years

 

Core deposit and customer relationship intangibles – 3 to 16 years

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Indefinite life intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. Refer to the “Impairment of non-financial assets” policy below.

Impairment of non-financial assets

The carrying values of non-financial assets with definite useful lives, including buildings and equipment, investment property, and intangible assets with definite useful lives are reviewed to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. If any such indication of impairment exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss, if any.

For the purpose of reviewing non-financial assets with definite useful lives for impairment, asset groups are reviewed at their lowest level for which identifiable cash inflows are largely independent of cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets. This grouping is referred to as a cash-generating unit (CGU).

Corporate assets do not generate separate cash inflows. Corporate assets are tested for impairment at the minimum collection of CGUs to which the corporate asset can be allocated reasonably and consistently.

 

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The recoverable amount is the greater of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from the asset or CGU. When the carrying value exceeds its recoverable amount, an impairment loss equal to the difference between the two amounts is recognized in the consolidated statement of income. If an impairment subsequently reverses, the carrying value of the asset is increased to the extent that the carrying value of the underlying assets does not exceed the carrying value that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment had been recognized. Any impairment reversal is recognized in the consolidated statement of income in the period in which it occurs.

Goodwill is assessed for impairment based on the group of CGUs expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination, and the lowest level at which management monitors the goodwill. Any potential goodwill impairment is identified by comparing the recoverable amount of the CGU grouping to which the goodwill is allocated to its carrying value including the allocated goodwill. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of income in the period in which it occurs. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed if conditions change.

Income taxes

Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax. Income tax is recognized in the consolidated statement of income, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in OCI or directly in equity, in which case it is recognized accordingly.

Current tax is the tax expected to be payable on the taxable profit for the year, calculated using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted as at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Current tax assets and liabilities are offset when CIBC intends to settle on a net basis and the legal right to offset exists.

Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying value of assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and the corresponding amounts attributed to such assets and liabilities for tax purposes. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences unless the temporary differences relate to our NIFOs and will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax assets, other than those arising from our NIFOs, are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Deferred tax assets arising from our NIFOs are recognized for deductible temporary differences which are expected to reverse in the foreseeable future to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which these deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Deferred tax is not recognized for temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable income, or for taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to the temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted as at the reporting date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity or tax reporting group.

Pension and other post-employment benefits

We are the sponsor of a number of employee benefit plans. These plans include both defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, and various other post-employment benefit plans including post-retirement medical and dental benefits.

Defined benefit plans

The cost of pensions and other post-employment benefits earned by employees is actuarially determined separately for each plan using the projected unit credit method and our best estimate of salary escalation, retirement ages of employees, mortality and expected health-care costs. This represents CIBC’s defined benefit obligation, which is measured as at the reporting date. The discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation is based on the yield of a portfolio of high-quality corporate bonds denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid and with terms to maturity that, on average, match the terms of the defined benefit obligation.

Plan assets are measured at fair value as at the reporting date.

The net defined benefit asset (liability) represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation less the fair value of plan assets. The net defined benefit asset (liability) is included in Other assets and Other liabilities, respectively.

Current service cost reflects the cost of providing post-employment benefits earned by employees in the current period. Current service cost is calculated as the present value of the benefits attributed to the current year of service and is recognized in the consolidated statement of income. The current service cost is calculated using a separate discount rate to reflect the longer duration of future benefit payments associated with the additional year of service to be earned by the plan’s active participants.

Past service costs arising from plan amendments or curtailments are recognized in net income in the period in which they arise.

Net interest income or expense comprises interest income on plan assets and interest expense on the defined benefit obligation. Interest income is calculated by applying the discount rate to the plan assets, and interest expense is calculated by applying the discount rate to the defined benefit obligation. Net interest income or expense is recognized in the consolidated statement of income.

Actuarial gains and losses represent changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation which result from changes in actuarial assumptions and differences between previous actuarial assumptions and actual experience, and from differences between the actual return on plan assets and assumed interest income on plan assets. Net actuarial gains and losses are recognized in OCI in the period in which they arise and are not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income. Cumulative net actuarial gains and losses are included in AOCI.

When the calculation results in a net defined benefit asset, the recognized asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (the asset ceiling). For plans where we do not have an unconditional right to a refund of surplus, we determine the asset ceiling by reference to future economic benefits available in the form of reductions in future contributions to the plan, in which case the present value of economic benefits is calculated giving consideration to minimum funding requirements for future service that apply to the plan. Where a reduction in future contributions to the plan is not currently realizable at the reporting date, we estimate whether we will have the ability to reduce contributions for future service at some point during the life of the plan by taking into account, among other things, expected future returns on plan assets. If it is anticipated that we will not be able to recover the value of the net defined benefit asset, after considering minimum funding requirements for future service, the net defined benefit asset is reduced to the amount of the asset ceiling.

When the payment in the future of minimum funding requirements related to past service would result in a net defined benefit surplus, or an increase in a net defined benefit surplus, the minimum funding requirements are recognized as a liability to the extent that the surplus would not be fully available as a refund or a reduction in future contributions. Any funded status surplus is limited to the present value of future economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     113  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Defined contribution plans

Costs for defined contribution plans are recognized during the year in which the service is provided.

Other long-term employee benefits

CIBC sponsors a closed long-term disability plan that is classified as a long-term defined benefit arrangement. As the amount of the long-term disability benefit does not depend on the length of service, the obligation is recognized when an event occurs that gives rise to an obligation to make payments. CIBC also offers other medical and dental benefits to employees while on long-term disability.

The amount of other long-term employee benefits is actuarially calculated using the projected unit credit method. Under this method, the benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The methodology used to determine the discount rate used to value the long-term employee benefit obligation is consistent with that for pension and other post-employment benefit plans. Actuarial gains and losses and past service costs are recognized in the consolidated statement of income in the period in which they arise.

Share-based payments

We provide compensation to certain employees and directors in the form of share-based awards.

Compensation expense for share-based awards is recognized from the service commencement date to the earlier of the contractual vesting date or the employee’s retirement eligible date. For grants regularly awarded in the annual incentive compensation cycle (annual incentive grant), the service commencement date is considered to be the start of the fiscal year that precedes the fiscal year in which the grant is made. The service commencement date in respect of special awards granted outside of the annual cycle is the grant date. The amount of compensation expense recognized is based on management’s best estimate of the number of share-based awards expected to vest, including estimates of expected forfeitures, which are revised periodically as appropriate. For the annual incentive grant, compensation expense is recognized from the service commencement date based on the estimated fair value of the forthcoming grant with the estimated fair value adjusted to the actual fair value at the grant date.

Under the Restricted Share Award (RSA) plans, where grants are settled in the cash equivalent of common shares, changes in the obligation which arise from fluctuations in the market price of common shares, net of related hedges, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as compensation expense in proportion to the award recognized. Under the Restricted Stock plan, where restricted stock is granted and settled in common shares, compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value. Compensation expense results in a corresponding increase to contributed surplus. When the restricted stock vests and is released from restriction, the amount recognized in Contributed surplus is credited to common share capital.

Under the Performance Share Unit (PSU) plan, where grants are settled in the cash equivalent of common shares, changes in the obligation which arise from fluctuations in the market price of common shares, and revised estimates of the performance factor, net of related hedges, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as compensation expense in proportion to the award recognized. The performance factor ranges from 75% to 125% of the initial number of units awarded based on CIBC’s performance relative to the other major Canadian banks.

Compensation expense in respect of the Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) is based on the grant date fair value. Where the service commencement date precedes the grant date, compensation expense is recognized from the service commencement date based on the estimated fair value of the award at the grant date, with the estimated fair value adjusted to the actual fair value at the grant date. Compensation expense results in a corresponding increase to contributed surplus. If the ESOP award is exercised, the proceeds we receive, together with the amount recognized in Contributed surplus, are credited to common share capital. If the ESOP award expires unexercised, the compensation expense remains in Contributed surplus.

As part of our acquisition of Wellington Financial Fund V LP (Wellington Financial) in the first quarter of 2018, equity-settled awards in the form of exchangeable shares with specific service and non-market performance vesting conditions were issued to selected employees. Compensation expense in respect of the exchangeable shares is based on the grant date fair value, adjusted for changes in the estimated impact of the non-market performance conditions.

Compensation in the form of Deferred Share Units (DSUs) issued pursuant to the Deferred Share Unit Plan, the Deferred Compensation Plan (DCP), and the Directors’ Plan, entitle the holder to receive the cash equivalent of a CIBC common share. At the time DSUs are granted, the related expense in respect of the cash compensation that an employee or director would otherwise receive would have been fully recognized. Changes in the obligations which arise from fluctuations in the market price of common shares, net of related hedges, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as compensation expense for employee DSUs and as Non-interest expense – Other for Directors’ DSUs.

Our contributions under the Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) are expensed as incurred.

The impact due to changes in common share price in respect of cash-settled share-based compensation under the RSA and PSU plans is hedged through the use of derivatives. We designate these derivatives within cash flow hedge accounting relationships. The effective portion of the change in fair value of these derivatives is recognized in OCI and is reclassified into compensation expense, within the consolidated statement of income, over the period that the hedged awards impact the consolidated statement of income. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the hedging derivatives is recognized in the consolidated statement of income immediately as it arises.

Provisions and contingent liabilities

Provisions are liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. A provision is recognized when we have a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The provision is recognized as the best estimate of the amount required to settle the obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risk and uncertainties related to the obligation. Where material, provisions are discounted to reflect the time value of money and the increase in the obligation due to the passage of time is presented as Interest expense in the consolidated statement of income.

Contingent liabilities are possible obligations that arise from past events whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence, or non-occurrence, of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of CIBC, or are present obligations that have arisen from past events but are not recognized because it is not probable that settlement will require the outflow of economic benefits.

Provisions and contingent liabilities are disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.

Fee and commission income

The recognition of fee and commission income is determined by the purpose of the fee or commission and the basis of accounting for any associated financial instrument. Income earned on completion of a significant act is recognized when the act is completed. Income earned from the provision of services is recognized as revenue as the services are provided. Income which forms an integral part of the effective interest rate of a financial instrument is recognized as an adjustment to the effective interest rate.

Underwriting and advisory fees, and commissions on securities transactions are recognized as revenue over the period that the related services are provided or at the time the related services are completed.

 

114   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Deposit and payment fees and insurance fees consist of monthly and annual fees that are recognized over the period that the related services are provided, and transactional fees that are recognized at the time the related services are provided.

Card fees primarily include interchange income, overlimit fees, cash advance fees, and annual fees. Card fees are recognized as billed, except for annual fees, which are recognized over the 12-month period to which they relate, and the portion of interchange income related to loyalty points, which is recognized when the loyalty points are redeemed.

Investment management fees are primarily based on the respective value of the assets under management (AUM) or assets under administration (AUA) and are recognized over the period that the related services are provided. Investment management fees relating to our asset management and private wealth management business are generally calculated based on point-in-time AUM balances, whereas investment management fees relating to our retail brokerage business are generally calculated based on point-in-time AUA balances. Custodial fees are recognized as revenue over the applicable service period, which is generally the contract term.

Mutual fund fees are recognized over the period that the mutual funds are managed and are based upon the daily net asset values of the respective mutual funds.

Earnings per share

We present basic and diluted EPS for our common shares.

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income for the period attributable to CIBC common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income for the period attributable to CIBC common shareholders by the weighted-average number of diluted common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted common shares reflect the potential dilutive effect of contingently issuable shares and the exercise of stock options based on the treasury stock method. The number of contingently issuable shares included in diluted EPS is based on the number of shares that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. For stock options, the treasury stock method determines the number of incremental common shares by assuming that outstanding stock options, whose exercise price is less than the average market price of common shares during the period, are exercised and then reduced by the number of common shares assumed to be repurchased with the exercise proceeds from the assumed exercise of the options. When there is a loss attributable to CIBC common shareholders, diluted EPS equals basic EPS. The number of contingently issuable shares included in diluted EPS is based on the number of shares that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     115  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Transition impact from adoption of IFRS 9

As indicated above, CIBC adopted IFRS 9 in place of IAS 39 as of November 1, 2017. As permitted, we did not restate our prior period comparative consolidated financial statements, which are reported under IAS 39 and are therefore not comparable to the information presented for 2018. Differences in the carrying amounts of financial instruments that resulted from the adoption of IFRS 9, other than from the voluntary adoption of the “own credit” provisions, have been recognized in our opening November 1, 2017 retained earnings and AOCI as if we had always followed the requirements of IFRS 9. The following table reconciles the carrying amounts under IAS 39 to the carrying amounts under IFRS 9, and the impact, net of tax, on shareholders’ equity and total equity due to the transition to IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017:

 

$ millions    IAS 39 carrying
amount as at
Oct. 31, 2017
    Reclassification     Remeasurements     IFRS 9 carrying
amount as at
Nov. 1, 2017
 

ASSETS

        

Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks

   $ 3,440   $   $   $ 3,440

Interest-bearing deposits with banks

     10,712             10,712

Securities

        

Trading and FVO securities

        

Opening balance

     50,827      

To securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL

       (50,827 (1)      

Closing balance

          

AFS and HTM securities

        

Opening balance

     42,592      

To debt securities measured at FVOCI

       (32,945 (2)      

To equity securities designated at FVOCI

       (459 (3)      

To securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL

       (1,092 (4)      

To securities measured at amortized cost

       (8,096 (5)      

Closing balance

          

Securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL

        

Opening balance

          

From AFS securities

       1,092    (4)       

From trading and FVO securities

       50,827    (1)       

From loans

       12    (4)       

Closing balance

           51,931

Debt securities measured at FVOCI

        

Opening balance

          

From AFS securities

       32,945    (2)       

Closing balance

           32,945

Equity securities designated at FVOCI

        

Opening balance

          

From AFS securities

       459    (3)       

Closing balance

           459

Securities measured at amortized cost

        

Opening balance

          

From AFS and HTM securities

       8,110    (5)       

Closing balance

                             8,110
       93,419     26         93,445

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

     5,035             5,035

Securities purchased under resale agreements

     40,383  (6)                40,383

Loans

        

Loans, net of allowance for credit losses

     356,734     (375 (4)       (138 (7)       356,221

Loans mandatorily measured at FVTPL

         363    (4)            363
       356,734     (12     (138     356,584

Other

     55,541     2     25     55,568

Total assets

   $ 565,264   $ 16   $ (113   $ 565,167

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

        

Deposits  (8)

   $ 439,706   $   $   $ 439,706

Cash collateral on securities lent

     2,024             2,024

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     27,971             27,971

Subordinated indebtedness

     3,209             3,209

Obligations related to securities sold short

     13,713             13,713

Other

     47,404         (6     47,398

Total liabilities

     534,027         (6     534,021

Equity

        

Preferred shares

     1,797             1,797

Common shares

     12,548             12,548

Contributed surplus

     137             137

Retained earnings

     16,101     4     (148     15,957

Accumulated other comprehensive income

        

Opening balance

     452      

Reclassification of AFS debt securities to securities measured at amortized cost

       16    

Reclassification of AFS equity securities to securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL

       (4    

Recognition of ECL under IFRS 9 on debt securities measured at FVOCI

         45  

Closing balance

                             509

Total shareholders’ equity

     31,035     16     (103     30,948

Non-controlling interests

     202         (4     198

Total equity

     31,237     16     (107     31,146
     $     565,264   $           16   $     (113   $     565,167

 

(1)

In our structured credit run-off portfolio, certain securities have been reclassified from FVO to securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL.

(2)

Certain AFS debt securities have been reclassified to debt securities measured at FVOCI as the securities met the “solely payment of principal and interest” criteria under IFRS 9 and are managed under a “hold to collect and to sell” business model.

(3)

Certain securities have been reclassified from AFS to equity securities designated at FVOCI.

(4)

Certain asset-backed securities and asset-backed loans have been reclassified from either AFS or loans to securities or loans mandatorily measured at FVTPL.

(5)

Certain debt securities have been reclassified from AFS to securities measured at amortized cost as they met the “solely payment of principal and interest” criteria under IFRS 9 and are held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect the contractual cash flows. The fair value of these securities that were still held at October 31, 2018 was $3,970 million. The change in fair value of these securities that would have been recognized in OCI during the year was a loss of $35 million had these securities continued to be measured at fair value through OCI. In addition, certain HTM securities that are managed under a “hold to collect” business model were reclassified to securities measured at amortized cost.

(6)

Includes $1,450 million of certain securities purchased under resale agreements that are measured at FVTPL using the FVO under IAS 39 and as mandatorily measured at FVTPL under IFRS 9.

(7)

Comprises measurement adjustments of $69 million related to ECL and $69 million related to the application of the effective interest rate method recognized upon transition to IFRS 9.

(8)

Includes FVO deposits of $5,947 million under both IAS 39 and IFRS 9.

 

116   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

The most significant impact was in respect of the transition from an incurred loss model under IAS 39 to an expected credit loss model under IFRS 9 for the determination of allowances for credit losses. For our business and government portfolios, the individually assessed allowances for impaired instruments recognized under IAS 39 have generally been replaced by stage 3 allowances under IFRS 9, while the collective allowances for performing financial instruments have generally been replaced by either stage 1 or stage 2 allowances under IFRS 9. For our retail portfolios, the portion of our collective allowances that relate to impaired financial instruments under IAS 39 have generally been replaced by stage 3 allowances under IFRS 9, while the performing portion of our collective allowances have generally been replaced by either stage 1 or stage 2 allowances under IFRS 9.

The following table reconciles the closing allowance for credit losses in accordance with IAS 39 as at October 31, 2017, to the opening ECL allowance determined in accordance with IFRS 9 as at November 1, 2017:

 

$ millions, as at             October 31, 2017                                 November 1, 2017  
     IAS 39             IFRS 9  
       Individual
allowance
     Collective
allowance
     Total      Remeasurements      Stage 1      Stage 2      Stage 3      Total  (1)  

Loans

                       

Residential mortgages

   $ 2    $ 201    $ 203    $ 19    $ 28    $ 43    $ 151    $ 222  

Personal

     7      488      495      (19      164      202      110      476  

Credit card

          386      386      128      101      413           514  

Business and government

     183      470      653      (65      234      150      204      588  
     $ 192    $ 1,545    $ 1,737    $ 63    $ 527    $ 808    $ 465    $ 1,800  

Comprises:

                       

Loans

   $     192    $     1,426    $     1,618    $       69    $     474    $     748    $     465    $     1,687  

Undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures (2)

          119      119      (6      53      60           113  

Securities

                       

Debt securities measured at FVOCI (3)

     n/a        n/a        n/a      $ 49    $ 14    $ 35    $    $ 49  
(1)

In addition, ECL allowances for other financial assets classified as amortized cost were immaterial as at November 1, 2017.

(2)

Included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

(3)

The ECL allowances for debt securities measured at FVOCI are recognized in AOCI and do not affect the carrying value on our consolidated balance sheet, as these securities are measured at fair value.

n/a

Not applicable under IAS 39.

 

Note 2   Fair value measurement

 

This note presents the fair values of financial instruments and explains how we determine those values. Note 1, “Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies” sets out the accounting treatment for each measurement category of financial instruments.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, between market participants in an orderly transaction in the principal market at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., the exit price). The determination of fair value requires judgment and is based on market information, where available and appropriate. Fair value measurements are categorized into three levels within a fair value hierarchy (Level 1, 2 or 3) based on the valuation inputs used in measuring the fair value, as outlined below.

 

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities we can access at the measurement date. Bid prices, ask prices or prices within the bid and ask, which are the most representative of the fair value, are used as appropriate to measure fair value. Fair value is best evidenced by an independent quoted market price for the same instrument in an active market. An active market is one where transactions are occurring with sufficient frequency and volume to provide quoted prices on an ongoing basis.

 

Level 2 – Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are inactive or observable market quotes for similar instruments, or use of valuation techniques where all significant inputs are observable. Inactive markets may be characterized by a significant decline in the volume and level of observed trading activity or through large or erratic bid/offer spreads. In instances where traded markets do not exist or are not considered sufficiently active, we measure fair value using valuation models.

 

Level 3 – Non-observable or indicative prices or use of valuation techniques where one or more significant inputs are non-observable.

For a significant portion of our financial instruments, quoted market prices are not available because of the lack of traded markets, and even where such markets do exist, they may not be considered sufficiently active to be used as a final determinant of fair value. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we would consider using valuation models. The valuation model and technique we select maximizes the use of observable market inputs to the extent possible and appropriate in order to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction would take place at the measurement date. In an inactive market, we consider all reasonably available information, including any available pricing for similar instruments, recent arm’s-length market transactions, any relevant observable market inputs, indicative dealer or broker quotations, and our own internal model-based estimates.

Valuation adjustments are an integral component of our fair valuation process. We apply judgment in establishing valuation adjustments that take into account various factors that may have an impact on the valuation. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the bid-offer spread, illiquidity due to lack of market depth, parameter uncertainty and other market risk, model risk and credit risk.

Generally, the unit of account for a financial instrument is the individual instrument, and valuation adjustments are applied at an individual instrument level, consistent with that unit of account. In cases where we manage a group of financial assets and liabilities that consist of substantially similar and offsetting risk exposures, the fair value of the group of financial assets and liabilities are measured on the basis of the net open risks.

We apply judgment in determining the most appropriate inputs and the weighting we ascribe to each such input as well as in our selection of valuation methodologies. Regardless of the valuation technique we use, we incorporate assumptions that we believe market participants would make for credit, funding, and liquidity considerations. When the fair value of a financial instrument at inception is determined using a valuation technique that incorporates significant non-observable market inputs, no inception profit or loss (the difference between the determined fair value and the transaction price) is recognized at the time the asset or liability is first recorded. Any gains or losses at inception are deferred and recognized only in future periods over the term of the instruments or when market quotes or data become observable.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     117  


Consolidated financial statements

 

We have an ongoing process for evaluating and enhancing our valuation techniques and models. Where enhancements are made, they are applied prospectively, so that fair values reported in prior periods are not recalculated on the new basis. Valuation models used, including analytics for the construction of yield curves and volatility surfaces, are vetted and approved, consistent with our model risk policy.

To ensure that valuations are appropriate, we have established internal guidance on fair value measurement, which is reviewed periodically in recognition of the dynamic nature of markets and the constantly evolving pricing practices in the market. A number of policies and controls are put in place to ensure that the internal guidance on fair value measurement is being applied consistently and appropriately. Fair value of publicly issued securities and derivatives is independently validated at least once a month. Valuations are verified to external sources such as exchange quotes, broker quotes or other management-approved independent pricing sources. Key model inputs, such as yield curves and volatilities, are independently verified. The results from the independent price validation and any valuation adjustments are reviewed by the Independent Price Verification Committee on a monthly basis. This includes, but is not limited to, reviewing fair value adjustments and methodologies, independent price verification results, limits and valuation uncertainty. Fair value of privately issued securities is reviewed on a quarterly basis.

Due to the judgment used in applying a wide variety of acceptable valuation techniques and models, as well as the use of estimates inherent in this process, estimates of fair value for the same or similar assets may differ among financial institutions. The calculation of fair value is based on market conditions as at each consolidated balance sheet date, and may not be reflective of ultimate realizable value.

Methods and assumptions

Financial instruments with fair value equal to carrying value

For financial instruments that are not carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value and where we consider the carrying value to be a reasonable approximation of fair value due to their short-term nature and generally negligible credit risk, the fair values disclosed for these financial instruments are assumed to equal their carrying values. These financial instruments are: cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks; short-term interest-bearing deposits with banks; cash collateral on securities borrowed; securities purchased under resale agreements; customers’ liability under acceptances; cash collateral on securities lent; obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements; acceptances; deposits with demand features; and certain other financial assets and liabilities.

Securities

The fair value of debt or equity securities and obligations related to securities sold short are based on quoted bid or ask market prices where available in an active market.

Securities for which quotes in an active market are not available are valued using all reasonably available market information as described below.

Fair value of government issued or guaranteed securities that are not traded in an active market are calculated by applying valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow models using implied yields derived from the prices of actively traded government securities and most recently observable spread differentials.

The fair value of corporate debt securities is determined using the most recently executed transaction prices, and where appropriate, adjusted to the price of these securities obtained from independent dealers, brokers, and third-party multi-contributor consensus pricing sources. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using observable discounting curves such as benchmark and government yield curves and spread differentials observed through independent dealers, brokers, and third-party multi-contributor consensus pricing sources.

Asset-backed securities (ABS) and mortgage-backed securities (MBS) not issued or guaranteed by a government are valued using discounted cash flow models making maximum use of market observable inputs, such as broker quotes on identical or similar securities and other pricing information obtained from third-party pricing sources adjusted for the characteristics and the performance of the underlying collateral. Other key inputs used include prepayment and liquidation rates, credit spreads, and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. These assumptions factor information that is derived from actual transactions, underlying reference asset performance, external market research, and market indices, where appropriate.

Privately issued debt and equity securities, which include certain Community Reinvestment Act equity investments and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock are valued using recent market transactions, where available. Otherwise, fair values are derived from valuation models using a market or income approach. These models consider various factors, including projected cash flows, earnings, revenue or other third-party evidence as available. The fair value of limited partnership investments is based upon net asset values published by third-party fund managers and is adjusted for more recent information, where available and appropriate. The carrying value of Community Reinvestment Act equity investments and FHLB stock approximates fair value.

Loans

The fair value of variable-rate loans and loans for which interest rates are repriced or reset frequently are assumed to be equal to their carrying value. The fair value for fixed-rate loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that uses market interest rates.

The ultimate fair value of loans disclosed is net of the associated allowance for credit losses. The fair value of loans is not adjusted for the value of any credit derivatives used to manage the credit risk associated with them. The fair value of these credit derivatives is disclosed separately.

Other assets and other liabilities

Other assets and other liabilities mainly comprise accrued interest receivable or payable, brokers’ client accounts receivable or payable, and accounts receivable or payable.

The fair values of other assets and other liabilities are primarily assumed to be at cost or amortized cost as we consider the carrying value to be a reasonable approximation of fair value. Other assets also include investment in bank-owned life insurance carried at the cash surrender value, which is assumed to be a reasonable approximation of fair value.

Deposits

The fair values of floating-rate deposits and demand deposits are assumed to be equal to their amortized cost. The fair value of fixed-rate deposits is determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using either current market interest rates with similar remaining terms or rates estimated using internal models and broker quotes. The fair value of deposit notes issued to CIBC Capital Trust is determined by reference to the quoted market prices of CIBC Tier 1 Notes issued by CIBC Capital Trust. The fair value of deposit liabilities with embedded optionality includes the fair value of those options. The fair value of equity- and commodity-linked notes includes the fair value of embedded equity and commodity derivatives.

 

118   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Certain FVO deposits are structured notes that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of commodities, debt or equity securities. Fair value of these structured notes is estimated using internally vetted valuation models for the debt and embedded derivative portions of the notes by incorporating market observable prices of the referenced securities or comparable securities, and other inputs such as interest rate yield curves, market volatility levels, foreign exchange rates and changes in our own credit risk, where appropriate. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. Appropriate market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs are assessed in all such instances.

The fair value of secured borrowings, which comprises liabilities issued by or as a result of activities associated with the securitization of residential mortgages, the Covered Bond Programme, and consolidated securitization vehicles, is based on identical or proxy market observable quoted bond prices or determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using maximum market observable inputs, such as market interest rates, or credit spreads implied by debt instruments of similar credit quality, as appropriate.

Subordinated indebtedness

The fair value of subordinated indebtedness is determined by reference to market prices for the same or similar debt instruments.

Derivative instruments

The fair value of exchange-traded derivatives such as options and futures is based on quoted market prices. OTC derivatives primarily consist of interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards, equity and commodity derivatives, interest rate and currency derivatives, and credit derivatives. For such instruments, where quoted market prices or third-party consensus pricing information are not available, valuation techniques are employed to estimate fair value on the basis of pricing models. Such vetted pricing models incorporate current market measures for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices and indices, credit spreads, corresponding market volatility levels, and other market-based pricing factors.

In order to reflect the observed market practice of pricing collateralized and uncollateralized derivatives, our valuation approach uses overnight indexed swap (OIS) curves as the discount rate for valuing collateralized derivatives and uses an estimated market cost of funds curve as the discount rate for valuing uncollateralized derivatives. The impact of valuing uncollateralized derivatives based on an estimated market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative assets incremental to the reduction in fair value for credit risk already reflected through the credit valuation adjustment (CVA). In contrast, the use of a market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities in a manner that generally includes adjustments for our own credit. As market practices continue to evolve in regard to derivative valuation, further adjustments may be required in the future.

In determining the fair value of complex and customized derivatives, such as equity, credit, and commodity derivatives written in reference to indices or baskets of reference, we consider all reasonably available information including any relevant observable market inputs, third-party consensus pricing inputs, indicative dealer and broker quotations, and our own internal model-based estimates, which are vetted and pre-approved in accordance with our model risk policy, and are regularly and periodically calibrated. The model calculates fair value based on inputs specific to the type of contract, which may include stock prices, correlation for multiple assets, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, yield curves, and volatility surfaces. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. Appropriate parameter uncertainty and market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs and other model risk valuation adjustments are assessed in all such instances.

In addition to reflecting estimated market funding costs in our valuation of uncollateralized derivative receivables, we also consider whether a CVA is required to recognize the risk that any given derivative counterparty may not ultimately be able to fulfill its obligations. The CVA is driven off market-observed credit spreads or proxy credit spreads and our assessment of the net counterparty credit risk exposure. In assessing this exposure, we also take into account credit mitigants such as collateral, master netting arrangements, and settlements through clearing houses. As noted above, the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities based on market cost of funding generally includes adjustments for our own credit.

Mortgage commitments

The fair value of FVO mortgage commitments is for fixed-rate residential mortgage commitments and is based on changes in market interest rates for the loans between the commitment and the consolidated balance sheet dates. The valuation model takes into account the expected probability that outstanding commitments will be exercised as well as the length of time the commitment is offered.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     119  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Fair value of financial instruments

 

         IFRS 9  
         Carrying value              
$ millions, as at October 31    Amortized
cost
     Mandatorily
measured
at FVTPL
     Designated
at FVTPL
     Fair value
through
OCI
     Total    

Fair

value

    Fair value
over (under)
carrying value
 

2018

 

Financial assets

                  
 

Cash and deposits with banks

   $ 17,637    $ 54    $    $    $ 17,691   $ 17,691   $  
 

Securities

     12,876          52,394      184          36,210      101,664     101,507     (157
 

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

     5,488                     5,488     5,488      
 

Securities purchased under resale agreements

     40,128      3,322                43,450     43,450      
 

Loans

                  
 

Residential mortgages

     207,523      12                207,535     205,868     (1,667
 

Personal

     42,577                     42,577     42,559     (18
 

Credit card

     12,255                     12,255     12,255      
 

Business and government

     92,605      16,424                109,029     108,917     (112
 

Derivative instruments

          21,431                21,431     21,431      
 

Customers’ liability under acceptances

     10,265                     10,265     10,265      
    Other assets      10,230                     10,230     10,230      
  Financial liabilities                   
 

Deposits

                  
 

Personal

   $   163,113    $    $ 766    $    $   163,879   $   163,642   $ (237
 

Business and government

     233,174               6,975           240,149     240,374     225  
 

Bank

     14,380                     14,380     14,380      
 

Secured borrowings

     42,481           126           42,607     42,868     261  
  Derivative instruments           20,973                20,973     20,973      
  Acceptances      10,296                     10,296     10,296      
 

Obligations related to securities sold short

          13,782                13,782     13,782      
 

Cash collateral on securities lent

     2,731                     2,731     2,731      
 

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     30,840                     30,840     30,840      
  Other liabilities      13,030      95      17           13,142     13,142      
    Subordinated indebtedness      4,080                     4,080     4,340     260  
         IAS 39  
         Carrying value              
$ millions, as at October 31    Amortized
cost
     Trading      Designated
at fair value
     Fair value
through
OCI
     Total    

Fair

value

    Fair value
over (under)
carrying value
 

2017

  Financial assets                   
 

Cash and deposits with banks

   $ 13,735    $ 417    $    $    $ 14,152   $ 14,152   $  
 

Securities

     2,435      50,679      148          40,157      93,419     93,406     (13
 

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

     5,035                     5,035     5,035      
 

Securities purchased under resale agreements

     38,933           1,450           40,383     40,383      
 

Loans

                  
 

Residential mortgages

     207,056      12                207,068     206,135     (933
 

Personal

     40,442                     40,442     40,438     (4
 

Credit card

     11,992                     11,992     11,992      
 

Business and government

     83,222      14,010                97,232     97,188     (44
 

Derivative instruments

          24,342                24,342     24,342      
 

Customers’ liability under acceptances

     8,824                     8,824     8,824      
    Other assets      7,386                     7,386     7,386      
 

Financial liabilities

                  
 

Deposits

                  
 

Personal

   $     158,690    $    $ 637    $    $ 159,327   $     159,302   $ (25
 

Business and government

     220,050               5,572               225,622     225,955         333  
 

Bank

     13,789                     13,789     13,789      
 

Secured borrowings

     40,634           334           40,968     41,391     423  
 

Derivative instruments

              23,271                23,271     23,271      
 

Acceptances

     8,828                     8,828     8,828      
 

Obligations related to securities sold short

          13,713                13,713     13,713      
 

Cash collateral on securities lent

     2,024                     2,024     2,024      
 

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     27,971                     27,971     27,971      
 

Other liabilities

     9,782      126      9           9,917     9,917      
    Subordinated indebtedness      3,209                     3,209     3,541     332  

 

120   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Fair value of derivative instruments

 

$ millions, as at October 31                           2018                     2017  
                    Positive     Negative     Net     Positive     Negative     Net  

Held for trading

             

Interest rate derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

 

– Forward rate agreements

    $ 113   $ 8   $ 105   $ 56   $ 44   $ 12
 

– Swap contracts

      4,603     5,901     (1,298     6,968     7,220     (252
 

– Purchased options

      92         92     153         153
   

– Written options

                100     (100         168     (168
                  4,808     6,009     (1,201     7,177     7,432     (255

Exchange-traded

 

– Purchased options

      1         1            
   

– Written options

                            153     (153
                  1         1         153     (153

Total interest rate derivatives

            4,809     6,009     (1,200     7,177     7,585     (408

Foreign exchange derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

 

– Forward contracts

      2,916     2,655     261     3,603     3,097     506
 

– Swap contracts

      4,825     4,979     (154     6,028     6,012     16
 

– Purchased options

      240         240     217         217
   

– Written options

                233     (233         243     (243
                  7,981     7,867     114     9,848     9,352     496

Total foreign exchange derivatives

            7,981     7,867     114     9,848     9,352     496

Credit derivatives

               

Over-the-counter

 

– Credit default swap contracts – protection purchased

      115     13     102       130     31     99
   

– Credit default swap contracts – protection sold

            3     131     (128 )     11     148     (137

Total credit derivatives

            118     144     (26     141     179     (38

Equity derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

      1,951     2,340     (389     1,197     2,323     (1,126

Exchange-traded

            1,659     1,490     169     1,541     936     605

Total equity derivatives

            3,610     3,830     (220     2,738     3,259     (521

Precious metal derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

      63     29     34     40     74     (34

Exchange-traded

            143     229     (86     186     50     136

Total precious metal derivatives

            206     258     (52     226     124     102

Other commodity derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

      2,527     838     1,689     1,138     775     363

Exchange-traded

            67     258     (191     84     1     83

Total other commodity derivatives

            2,594     1,096     1,498     1,222     776     446

Total held for trading

            19,318     19,204     114     21,352     21,275     77

Held for ALM

             

Interest rate derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

 

– Forward rate agreements

          1     (1     1         1
 

– Swap contracts

      773     243     530     1,065     300     765
 

– Purchased options

      11         11     3         3
   

– Written options

                8     (8 )         2     (2

Total interest rate derivatives

                784     252     532     1,069     302     767

Foreign exchange derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

 

– Forward contracts

      117     7     110     87     14     73
 

– Swap contracts

      1,205     1,461     (256 )     1,707     1,631     76
 

– Purchased options

                    1         1
   

– Written options

                            1     (1

Total foreign exchange derivatives

            1,322     1,468     (146     1,795     1,646     149

Credit derivatives

               

Over-the-counter

 

– Credit default swap contracts – protection purchased

          3     (3         3     (3
   

– Credit default swap contracts – protection sold

                               

Total credit derivatives

                3     (3         3     (3

Equity derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

            7     46     (39     126     44     82

Total equity derivatives

            7     46     (39     126     44     82

Other commodity derivatives

             

Over-the-counter

                            1     (1

Total other commodity derivatives

                            1     (1

Total held for ALM

            2,113     1,769     344     2,990     1,996     994

Total fair value

      21,431     20,973     458     24,342     23,271     1,071

Less: effect of netting

            (11,789     (11,789         (13,977     (13,977    
            $        9,642   $        9,184   $         458   $      10,365   $        9,294   $      1,071

Assets and liabilities not carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value

The table below presents the fair values by level within the fair value hierarchy for those assets and liabilities in which fair value is not assumed to equal the carrying value:

    Level 1           Level 2           Level 3                    
    Quoted market price           Valuation technique –
observable market inputs
          Valuation technique –
non-observable market inputs
         

Total

2018

   

Total

2017

 
$ millions, as at October 31   2018      2017             2018      2017             2018  (1)      2017          

Financial assets

                        

Amortized cost securities (2017: HTM securities)

  $     –      $     –       $     12,283      $ 2,422     $ 436      $     $     12,719     $ 2,422

Loans

                        

Residential mortgages

                              205,856          206,123       205,856         206,123

Personal

                          42,559      40,438       42,559       40,438

Credit card

                          12,255      11,992       12,255     11,992

Business and government

                          92,493      83,178       92,493     83,178

Investment in equity-accounted associates (1)

         192                              101      164             101     356

Financial liabilities

                        

Deposits

                        

Personal

  $      $     $     48,116      $     43,047     $ 1,989      $ 1,524     $ 50,105     $ 44,571

Business and government

               120,612      117,461       1,489      1,801       122,101     119,262

Bank

               10,003      8,568                  10,003     8,568

Secured borrowings

               38,612      37,995       4,130      3,062       42,742     41,057

Subordinated indebtedness

                     4,340      3,541                              4,340     3,541

 

(1)

See Note 25 for details of our equity-accounted associates.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     121  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Financial instruments carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value

The table below presents the fair values of financial instruments by level within the fair value hierarchy:

 

    Level 1           Level 2           Level 3                    
    Quoted market price          

Valuation technique –

observable market inputs

         

Valuation technique –

non-observable market inputs

         

Total

2018

   

Total

2017

 
$ millions, as at October 31   2018     2017             2018     2017             2018     2017          

Financial assets

                     

Deposits with banks

  $     –     $             $     54     $ 417             $     –     $             $     54     $ 417

Securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL (2017: Trading and FVO securities)

                     

Government issued or guaranteed

    4,264     2,403       16,328  (1)       13,103  (1)                    20,592     15,506

Corporate equity

    25,140     30,737       208     255       6     32       25,354     31,024

Corporate debt

              3,675     2,256       26           3,701     2,256

Mortgage- and asset-backed

                    2,612   (2)       1,944             319     97   (2)                2,931     2,041
      29,404       33,140             22,823     17,558             351     129             52,578     50,827

Loans mandatorily measured at FVTPL (2017: Trading loans)

                     

Business and government

              15,942     13,907       482     103       16,424     14,010

Residential mortgages

                    12     12                             12     12
                        15,954     13,919             482     103             16,436     14,022

Debt securities measured at FVOCI (2017: AFS debt securities)

                     

Government issued or guaranteed

    2,844     4,299       24,763     21,015                 27,607     25,314

Corporate debt

              4,543     5,152           4       4,543     5,156

Mortgage- and asset-backed

                    3,498     7,544                 1,674             3,498     9,218
      2,844     4,299             32,804     33,711                 1,678             35,648     39,688

Equity securities designated at FVOCI (2017: AFS equity securities)

                     

Corporate equity

    42     28             235     152             285     289             562     469
      42     28             235     152             285     289             562     469

Securities purchased under resale agreements measured at FVTPL (2017: FVO securities purchased under resale agreements)

                    3,322     1,450   (3)                                3,322     1,450

Derivative instruments

                     

Interest rate

              5,593     8,218           28       5,593     8,246

Foreign exchange

              9,303     11,643                 9,303     11,643

Credit

              3     11       115     130       118     141

Equity

    1,727     1,541       1,783     1,285       107     38       3,617     2,864

Precious metal

              206     226                 206     226

Other commodity

    143     270             2,451     952                             2,594     1,222
      1,870     1,811             19,339     22,335             222     196             21,431     24,342

Total financial assets

  $      34,160   $      39,278           $      94,531   $      89,542             $      1,340   $      2,395           $      130,031   $      131,215

Financial liabilities

                     

Deposits and other liabilities (4)

  $   $       $ (7,556   $ (6,309     $ (423   $ (369     $ (7,979   $ (6,678

Obligations related to securities sold short

    (4,443     (7,291             (9,339     (6,422                             (13,782     (13,713
      (4,443     (7,291             (16,895     (12,731             (423     (369             (21,761     (20,391

Derivative instruments

                     

Interest rate

              (6,152     (7,867       (109     (20       (6,261     (7,887

Foreign exchange

              (9,335     (10,998                 (9,335     (10,998

Credit

              (16     (34       (131     (148       (147     (182

Equity

    (1,489     (937       (2,268     (2,289       (119     (77       (3,876     (3,303

Precious metal

              (258     (124                 (258     (124

Other commodity

    (487     (203             (609     (574                             (1,096     (777
      (1,976     (1,140             (18,638     (21,886             (359     (245             (20,973     (23,271

Total financial liabilities

  $ (6,419   $ (8,431           $ (35,533   $ (34,617           $ (782   $ (614           $ (42,734   $ (43,662

 

(1)

Includes $52 million related to securities designated at FVTPL (2017: included $54 million related to FVO securities).

(2)

Includes $132 million (2017: $94 million) related to FVO asset-backed securities.

(3)

Certain securities purchased under resale agreements were designated at fair value by electing the FVO under IAS 39. These securities are measured at FVTPL under IFRS 9.

(4)

Comprises FVO deposits of $7,517 million (2017: $5,947 million), net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities of $350 million (2017: $596 million), FVO other liabilities of $17 million (2017: $9 million), and other financial liabilities measured at fair value of $95 million (2017: $126 million).

 

122   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are deemed to have occurred at the beginning of the year in which the transfer occurred. Transfers between levels can occur as a result of additional or new information regarding valuation inputs and changes in their observability. During the year, we transferred $211 million of securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL (2017: nil) and $854 million of securities sold short (2017: $405 million) from Level 1 to Level 2 due to reduced observability in the inputs used to value these securities. In addition, transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 were made during 2018 and 2017, primarily due to changes in the observability of certain market volatility inputs that were used in measuring the fair value of our embedded derivatives.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of financial assets and liabilities in Level 3. These instruments are measured at fair value utilizing non-observable market inputs. We often hedge positions with offsetting positions that may be classified in a different level. As a result, the gains and losses for assets and liabilities in the Level 3 category presented in the table below do not reflect the effect of offsetting gains and losses on the related hedging instruments that are classified in Level 1 and Level 2.

 

                      Net gains (losses)
included in income  (1)
                                                 
$ millions, for the year ended October 31   IAS 39
Opening
balance
   

Reclassification

upon

adoption

of IFRS 9  (2)

    IFRS 9
Opening
balance
    Realized  (3)     Unrealized  (3)(4)     Net unrealized
gains (losses)
included in OCI  (5)
   

Transfer

in to

Level 3

   

Transfer

out of

Level 3

    Purchases     Issuances     Sales     Settlements     Closing
balance
 

2018

                         

Securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL (2017: Trading securities)

                         

Corporate equity

  $ 32   $ 10     $ 42   $ 2     $ (3   $     $   $   $   $   $ (3 )   $ (32 )   $ 6

Corporate debt

                                                    26                         26  

Mortgage- and asset-backed

    3     707       710     3       9             12         95         (105 )     (405 )     319

Securities designated at FVTPL (2017: FVO securities)

                         

Asset-backed

    94     (94 )                                                    

Loans mandatorily measured at FVTPL (2017: Trading loans)

                         

Business and government

    103     363       466           (5     (5         (2 )     704     91     (171 )     (596 )     482

Debt securities measured at FVOCI (2017: AFS debt securities)

                         

Government issued or guaranteed

                                        479                         (479            

Corporate debt

    4           4     (5     1                     26           (26          

Mortgage- and asset-backed

    1,674         (1,674                                                      

Equity securities designated at FVOCI (2017: AFS equity securities)

                         

Corporate equity

    289     (10     279     (3     (2     5               219         (213 )         285

Derivative instruments

                         

Interest rate

    28           28           (20                               (8 )    

Credit

    130           130     (17     2                                     115

Equity

    38           38           (27           12     (1 )     109             (24 )     107

Total assets

  $ 2,395   $ (698   $   1,697   $ (20   $ (45   $     $ 503   $ (3 )   $ 1,179   $ 91   $ (997 )   $ (1,065 )   $   1,340

Deposits and other liabilities  (6)

  $ (369   $     $ (369   $     –     $ 117     $     $ (126 )   $ 81   $   $ (226 )   $   $ 100   $ (423

Derivative instruments

                         

Interest rate

    (20 )           (20           (79                               (10 )     (109

Credit

    (148 )           (148     17       (2                               2     (131

Equity

    (77 )           (77           40             (71 )     46         (147 )         90     (119

Total liabilities

  $ (614   $     $ (614   $ 17     $ 76     $     $ (197 )   $ 127   $   $ (373 )   $   $ 182   $ (782

2017

                         

Trading securities

                         

Corporate equity

  $ 40     n/a       n/a     $     $ 4     $     $   $   $   $   $   $ (12   $ 32

Mortgage- and asset-backed

    496     n/a       n/a       2       (3                               (492     3

FVO securities

                         

Asset-backed

    94     n/a       n/a       3       8                                 (11     94

Trading loans

                         

Business and government

        n/a       n/a             1                     13     101     (8     (4     103

AFS securities

                         

Corporate equity

    344     n/a       n/a       71       (10     (46             40     27     (137         289

Corporate debt

    5     n/a       n/a             (1                                   4

Mortgage- and asset-backed

    1,947     n/a       n/a       5             (5             653             (926     1,674

Derivative instruments

                         

Interest rate

    31     n/a       n/a             (2                   1             (2     28

Credit

    140     n/a       n/a       (11     1                                     130

Equity

    24     n/a       n/a             19             6     (19     21             (13     38

Total assets

  $   3,121     n/a       n/a     $ 70     $ 17     $   (51   $ 6   $ (19   $   728   $    128   $   (145   $   (1,460   $ 2,395

Deposits and other liabilities (6)

  $ (506     n/a       n/a     $     $ (101   $     $ (15   $ 65   $   $ (191   $   $ 379   $ (369

Derivative instruments

                         

Interest rate

    (35     n/a       n/a             14                 1                     (20

Credit

    (197     n/a       n/a       20                                       29     (148

Equity

    (42     n/a       n/a             (25           (41     35         (22         18     (77

Total liabilities

  $ (780     n/a       n/a     $ 20     $   (112   $     $   (56   $   101   $   $ (213   $   $ 426   $ (614

 

(1)

Cumulative AOCI gains or losses related to equity securities designated at FVOCI are reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings at the time of disposal or derecognition.

(2)

Certain reclassifications have been made upon adoption of IFRS 9. See Note 1 for more details about our transition to IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017.

(3)

Includes foreign currency gains and losses related to debt securities measured at FVOCI.

(4)

Comprises unrealized gains and losses relating to these assets and liabilities held at the end of the reporting year.

(5)

Foreign exchange translation on loans mandatorily measured at FVTPL held by foreign operations is included in OCI.

(6)

Includes FVO deposits of $112 million (2017: $40 million) and net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities of $311 million (2017: $329 million).

n/a

Not applicable.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     123  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Quantitative information about significant non-observable inputs

Valuation techniques using one or more non-observable inputs are used for a number of financial instruments. The following table discloses the valuation techniques and quantitative information about the significant non-observable inputs used in Level 3 financial instruments:

 

                              Range of inputs  
$ millions, as at October 31   2018      Valuation techniques     Key non-observable inputs              Low     High  

Securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL

             

Corporate equity

  $ 6      Adjusted net asset value  (1)        Net asset value          n/a       n/a  
               Valuation multiple       Earnings multiple                17.1       17.1  

Corporate debt

    26        Discounted cash flow       Discount rate                7.5   %      7.5  % 

Mortgage- and asset-backed

    319        Discounted cash flow       Credit spread          0.9   %      2.3  % 
               Market proxy or direct broker quote       Market proxy or direct broker quote                  %      0.5  % 

Equity securities designated at FVOCI

             

Corporate equity

             

Limited partnerships

    210      Adjusted net asset value   (1)        Net asset value                n/a       n/a  

Private companies

    75      Valuation multiple       Revenue multiple          1.5     6.9
               Discounted cash flow       Discount rate                18.9   %      18.9  % 

Loans mandatorily measured at FVTPL

             

Business and government

    482      Discounted cash flow       Credit spread          0.6   %      0.7  % 
               Discounted cash flow       Discount rate                4.8   %      4.8  % 

Derivative instruments

             

Credit

    115      Market proxy or direct broker quote       Market proxy or direct broker quote                  %      18.5  % 

Equity

    107      Option model       Market volatility          13.4   %      13.4  % 
                       Market correlation                33.3   %      88.4  % 

Total assets

  $     1,340                                          

Deposits and other liabilities

  $ (423 )      Option model       Market volatility          7.7   %      39.2  % 
                       Market correlation                (100.0 ) %      100.0  % 

Derivative instruments

             

Interest rate

    (109 )      Proprietary model   (2)        n/a          n/a       n/a  
               Option model       Market volatility                12.0   %      26.8  % 

Credit

    (131 )      Market proxy or direct broker quote       Market proxy or direct broker quote            %      18.5  % 

Equity

    (119 )      Option model       Market correlation                20.2   %      97.4  % 

Total liabilities

  $ (782 )                                          

 

(1)

Adjusted net asset value is determined using reported net asset values obtained from the fund manager or general partner of the limited partnership and may be adjusted for current market levels where appropriate.

(2)

Using valuation techniques which we consider to be non-observable.

n/a

Not applicable.

Sensitivity of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities

The following section describes the significant non-observable inputs identified in the table above, the interrelationships between those inputs, where applicable and the change in fair value if changing one or more of the non-observable inputs within a reasonably possible range would impact the fair value significantly.

The fair value of our investments in private companies is derived from applying applicable valuation multiples to financial indicators such as revenue or earnings. Earnings multiples or revenue multiples represent the ratios of earnings or revenue to enterprise value and are often used as non-observable inputs in the fair value measurement of our investments in private companies. We apply professional judgment in our selection of the multiple from comparable listed companies, which is then further adjusted for company-specific factors. The fair value of private companies is sensitive to changes in the multiple we apply. An increase or a decrease in earnings multiples or revenue multiples generally results in an increase or a decrease respectively, in the fair value of our investments in private companies. By adjusting the multiple upward and downward within a reasonably possible range, the aggregate fair value of our investments in private companies would increase by $11 million or decrease by $8 million (2017: increase by $10 million or decrease by $8 million).

The fair value of our limited partnerships is determined based on the net asset value provided by the fund managers, adjusted as appropriate. The fair value of limited partnerships is sensitive to changes in the net asset value and by adjusting the net asset value within a reasonably possible range, the aggregate fair value of our limited partnerships would increase or decrease by $23 million (2017: $22 million).

While our standalone derivatives are recorded as derivative assets or derivative liabilities, our derivatives embedded in our structured note deposit liabilities or FVO deposit liabilities are recorded within deposits and other liabilities. The determination of the fair value of certain Level 3 embedded derivatives and certain standalone derivatives requires significant assumptions and judgment to be applied to both the inputs and the valuation techniques employed. These derivatives are sensitive to long-dated market volatility and correlation inputs, which we consider to be non-observable. Market volatility is a measure of the anticipated future variability of a market price and is an important input for pricing options, which are inherent in many of our Level 3 derivatives. A higher market volatility generally results in a higher option price, with all else held constant, due to the higher probability of obtaining a greater return from the option, and results in an increase in the fair value of our Level 3 derivatives. Correlation inputs are used to value those derivatives where the payout is dependent upon more than one market price. For example, the payout of an equity basket option is based upon the performance of a basket of stocks, and the interrelationships between the price movements of those stocks. A positive correlation implies that two inputs tend to change the fair value in the same direction, while a negative correlation implies that two inputs tend to change the fair value in the opposite direction. Changes in market correlation could result in an increase or a decrease in the fair value of our Level 3 derivatives and embedded derivatives. By adjusting the non-observable inputs by reasonably alternative amounts, the fair value of our net Level 3 standalone derivatives and embedded derivatives would increase by $67 million or decrease by $68 million (2017: increase by $58 million or decrease by $56 million).

FVO assets

FVO securities include certain debt securities (2017: debt securities and reverse repos) that were designated as FVO on the basis of being managed together with derivatives to eliminate or significantly reduce financial risks.

 

124   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

FVO liabilities

FVO deposits and other liabilities include:

 

Certain business and government deposit liabilities and certain secured borrowings that are economically hedged with derivatives and other financial instruments, and certain financial liabilities that have one or more embedded derivatives that significantly modify the cash flows of the host liability but are not bifurcated from the host instrument; and

 

Our mortgage commitments to retail clients to provide mortgages at fixed rates that are economically hedged with derivatives and other financial instruments.

The carrying value of our FVO securities represents our maximum exposure to credit risk related to these FVO assets. The change in fair value attributable to change in credit risk of these FVO assets during the year is insignificant (2017: insignificant). The fair value of a FVO liability reflects the credit risk relating to that liability. For those FVO liabilities for which we believe changes in our credit risk would impact the fair value from the note holders’ perspective, the related fair value changes were recognized in OCI. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in our own credit are measured as the difference between: (i) the period-over-period change in the present value of the expected cash flows using a discount curve adjusted for our own credit; and (ii) the period-over-period change in the present value of the same expected cash flows using a discount curve based on the benchmark curve adjusted for our own credit as implied at inception of the FVO liability. The pre-tax impact of changes in CIBC’s own credit risk on our FVO liabilities were losses of $4 million for the year, and $18 million, cumulatively. A net gain of $37 million, net of hedges was realized for FVO assets and FVO liabilities, which is included in the consolidated statement of income under Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net.

The estimated contractual amount payable at maturity of FVO deposits, which is based on the par value and the intrinsic value of the applicable embedded derivatives, is $391 million higher (2017: $253 million higher) than its fair value.

 

Note 3   Significant transactions

 

Aeroplan developments

Air Canada announced on May 11, 2017, that it would not be renewing its exclusive Aeroplan partnership with Aimia Inc. (Aimia) upon the expiry of the contract on June 29, 2020. CIBC’s Aeroplan clients would not be immediately impacted by this announcement, as Aeroplan members may continue to collect and redeem Aeroplan Miles for Air Canada travel until Aimia’s contract with Air Canada expires. On August 21, 2018, Air Canada, The Toronto-Dominion Bank, CIBC and Visa Canada Corporation announced that an agreement in principle with Aimia had been reached for the purchase of the Aeroplan loyalty business for cash of $450 million and the assumption of the Aeroplan Miles liability of approximately $1.9 billion. Definitive agreements were signed on November 26, 2018, including credit card agreements securing CIBC’s participation in Air Canada’s new loyalty program for a period of 10 years, conditional upon completion of Air Canada’s acquisition of the Aeroplan loyalty business. If finalized, this arrangement will allow our Aeroplan clients to transfer their Aeroplan Miles to Air Canada’s new loyalty program, expected to launch in 2020. The agreements are subject to Aimia shareholder approval and certain other closing conditions, including receipt of applicable regulatory approvals. Upon closing, CIBC will contribute $200 million plus applicable sales tax towards this transaction, which we expect to recognize as an expense in 2019. In addition, we will make a payment of $92 million plus applicable sales tax to Air Canada, at closing, as a prepayment to be applied towards future monthly payments in respect of Aeroplan miles. We expect to recognize this prepayment as a charge to net income over the term of the new credit card agreement with Air Canada as loyalty points are purchased.

Acquisition of Wellington Financial

On January 5, 2018, CIBC acquired both the loan assets of Wellington Financial and its management team for a combination of cash, common shares, and exchangeable shares. The acquisition supports the launch of CIBC Innovation Banking, a full service business that delivers strategic advice and funding to North American technology and innovation clients at each stage of their business cycle, and further deepens CIBC’s capabilities and complements CIBC Bank USA’s existing commercial banking team. Goodwill of $62 million was recognized as a result of the acquisition.

The exchangeable shares issued as part of the consideration for the acquisition are economically equivalent to CIBC common shares, and are subject to various vesting and performance conditions. A portion of the exchangeable shares are treated as equity-settled share-based compensation awards, and are amortized into income over the relevant vesting periods.

The results of the acquired business have been consolidated from the date of close and are included in our Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     125  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Acquisition of PrivateBancorp, Inc.

On June 23, 2017, we completed the acquisition of PrivateBancorp, Inc. (PrivateBancorp) and its subsidiary, The PrivateBank and Trust Company (The PrivateBank, subsequently rebranded as CIBC Bank USA) for total consideration of US$5.0 billion (C$6.6 billion). This acquisition expands our U.S. presence which diversifies earnings and strengthens our platform for long-term growth. The acquisition also creates a platform for CIBC to deliver high-quality middle market commercial and private banking capabilities, which advances our client-focused strategy.

We acquired 100% of the outstanding share capital of PrivateBancorp for a final transaction value of US$61.00 per PrivateBancorp share. During the first quarter of 2018, we finalized the purchase price allocation, and recognized an increase in goodwill of $29 million primarily due to additional information arising from the settlement of the dispute with former PrivateBancorp shareholders who validly exercised their dissent and appraisal rights under Delaware law.

The following summarizes the total purchase consideration of $6.6 billion as of the acquisition date, including the impact of final settlement of obligation to dissenting shareholders in the first quarter of 2018:

 

$ millions, as at June 23, 2017         

Issuance of CIBC common shares (1)

   $ 3,443

Cash (2)

     2,770

Estimated obligation payable to dissenting shareholders (3)

     327

Issuance of replacement equity-settled awards (4)

     72

Total purchase consideration estimated in 2017

   $     6,612

Adjustment to purchase consideration in 2018 (3)

   $ 29

Total final purchase consideration

   $     6,641

 

(1)

32,137,402 CIBC common shares were issued at a price of US$80.95 per share to satisfy the equity component of the merger consideration of 0.4176 of a CIBC common share per PrivateBancorp share.

(2)

US$2.1 billion in cash was transferred to satisfy the cash component of the merger consideration of US$27.20 per PrivateBancorp share.

(3)

Former PrivateBancorp shareholders who validly exercised their dissent and appraisal rights under Delaware law did not receive the merger consideration and instead filed petitions against PrivateBancorp seeking a payment equal to the “fair value” of their PrivateBancorp shares as determined by a Delaware court following an appraisal proceeding. In such a proceeding, a Delaware court may require a purchaser to pay to the dissenting shareholders an amount more or less than, or the same as, the merger consideration. As at June 23, 2017, CIBC estimated the fair value of the obligation payable to dissenting shareholders using the final transaction value of US$61.00 per PrivateBancorp share. In November 2017, CIBC and the petitioners entered into an agreement to settle the dispute, subject to the court’s entry of an order dismissing the consolidated petition. This matter was settled in November 2017 through a combination of $162 million cash and $194 million CIBC common shares, and resulted in an increase in goodwill of $29 million.

(4)

Equity-settled share-based awards issued to employees of PrivateBancorp and The PrivateBank consisted of 190,789 replacement restricted shares and 988,544 replacement stock options with a fair value of US$54 million relating to the portion of these awards attributable to pre-acquisition service. The fair values of the restricted shares and the stock options were estimated based on the final transaction value of US$61.00 per PrivateBancorp share.

The following summarizes the fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date that were reflected in 2017, updated for the impact of final settlement of obligation to dissenting shareholders in the first quarter of 2018:

 

$ millions, as at June 23, 2017         

Fair values of assets acquired

  

Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks

   $ 280

Interest-bearing deposits with banks

     441

AFS and HTM securities

     5,577

Loans (1)

     20,642

Other assets

     33

Intangible assets (2)

     370

Total fair value of identifiable assets acquired

         27,343

Fair values of liabilities assumed

  

Deposits

     24,059

Other liabilities

     496

Total fair value of identifiable liabilities assumed

     24,555

Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired

     2,788

Goodwill

     3,853

Total purchase consideration

   $ 6,641

 

(1)

The fair value for loans reflects estimates of incurred and expected future credit losses at the acquisition date and interest rate premiums or discounts relative to prevailing market rates. The gross principal amount is $20.9 billion.

(2)

Intangible assets include core deposits, customer relationships, and software. Core deposit and customer relationship intangibles arising from the acquisition are amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives, which range from 3-10 years.

The goodwill recognized of $3.8 billion primarily reflects the expected growth of our combined U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management businesses, the ability to cross sell products between SBUs, and expected synergies from the integration of certain technology and operational platforms. Goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

All results of operations are included in our U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU. In 2017, our acquisition of PrivateBancorp increased our consolidated revenue and net income by $448 million and $96 million, respectively. If our acquisition of PrivateBancorp had occurred on November 1, 2016 it would have increased our 2017 consolidated revenue and net income by $1,228 million and $304 million, respectively. These amounts exclude transaction and integration costs, which are primarily recognized in non-interest expenses and included in Corporate and Other.

 

126   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Acquisition of Geneva Advisors

On August 31, 2017, we completed the acquisition of Geneva Advisors, LLC (Geneva Advisors), an independent private wealth management firm, for total estimated consideration of US$179 million (C$224 million). This acquisition will expand CIBC’s private wealth management client base and investment management capabilities in the U.S. The purchase price consisted of $39 million of cash consideration and 1,204,344 CIBC common shares valued at $126 million, plus estimated contingent consideration of $59 million to be paid over the next three years subject to future performance conditions being met. Contingent consideration of up to US$65 million may ultimately be payable dependent upon the level of achievement of future performance conditions.

The following summarizes the fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

 

$ millions, as at August 31, 2017         

Cash

   $ 12

Other assets

     2

Intangible assets (1)

     102

Other liabilities

     (12

Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired

     104

Goodwill (2)

     120

Total purchase consideration

   $     224

 

(1)

Intangible assets include customer relationships and contract-based intangibles. The customer relationship intangible asset arising from the acquisition is amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 7 years. Contract-based intangibles arising from the acquisition are amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives, which range from 5 to 9 years.

(2)

Goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

During the first quarter of 2018, we finalized the purchase price allocation. No adjustments were recorded as a result of the finalization.

All results of operations are included in our U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU. Transaction and integration costs are included in Corporate and Other.

Launch of Simplii Financial and wind-down of President’s Choice Financial consumer banking offer

On August 16, 2017, we announced both the launch of Simplii Financial and the wind-down of our President’s Choice Financial branded consumer banking offer with Loblaw Companies Limited (Loblaw). Under the terms of the wind-down agreement negotiated with Loblaw, CIBC is required to pay certain fees to Loblaw. In addition, as a result of the agreement, we incurred ancillary asset impairment and severance costs, as well as ongoing project-related costs. In aggregate, CIBC incurred fees and charges of approximately $98 million ($71 million after-tax) in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Lease of new premises

On April 12, 2017, we announced that we had entered into a lease agreement to become the anchor tenant at a new office complex in downtown Toronto. We have agreed to lease up to 1.75 million square feet of total office space in two buildings to be constructed at the site within the next six years. The aggregate future minimum lease commitments related to the lease, which begins in 2020, are $2.3 billion.

Sale and lease back of certain retail properties

During the first quarter of 2017, we sold and leased back 89 retail properties located mainly in Ontario and British Columbia, and recognized a gain of $299 million ($245 million after-tax) on proceeds of $390 million in our Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking SBU. The gain is included in Non-interest income – Other.

 

Note  4   Securities

 

Securities

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  
       IFRS 9
Carrying
amount
     IAS 39
Carrying
amount
 

AFS debt securities

   $ n/a      $ 39,688

Debt securities measured at FVOCI

     35,648      n/a  

AFS equity securities

     n/a        469

Equity securities designated at FVOCI

     562      n/a  

HTM securities

     n/a        2,435

Securities measured at amortized cost (1)

     12,876      n/a  

Trading and FVO securities

     n/a        50,827

Securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL

     52,578      n/a  
     $     101,664    $     93,419

 

(1)

There were no sales of securities measured at amortized cost during the year ended October 31, 2018.

n/a

Not applicable.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     127  


Consolidated financial statements

 

    Residual term to contractual maturity           IFRS 9           IAS 39  
$ millions, as at October 31   Within 1 year     1 to 5 years     5 to 10 years     Over 10 years     No specific
maturity
           

2018

Total

           

2017

Total

 
     

Carrying

value

    Yield  (1)    

Carrying

value

    Yield  (1)    

Carrying

value

    Yield  (1)    

Carrying

value

    Yield  (1)    

Carrying

value

    Yield  (1)            

Carrying

value

    Yield  (1)            

Carrying

value

   

Yield  (1)

 

Debt securities measured at FVOCI (2017: AFS debt securities)

                               

Securities issued or guaranteed by:

                               

Canadian federal government

  $     433       1.4  %    $     6,121     2.1  %    $     66     3.2  %    $     –      %    $     –      %      $     6,620     2.1  %      $ 5,473     1.7  % 

Other Canadian governments

    1,193     1.6     5,121     2.8     2,911     3.0     24     3.2               9,249     2.7       5,266     2.0

U.S. Treasury and agencies

    1,710     1.4     5,597     2.0     427     2.0     8     2.7               7,742     1.8       10,431     1.3

Other foreign governments

    1,600     1.9     2,079     2.4     153     4.4     164     4.6               3,996     2.3       4,144     2.2

Mortgage-backed securities (2)

    167     1.2     650     2.5     359     2.4     2,254     2.7               3,430     2.5       6,984     1.6

Asset-backed securities

                            68     2.5               68     2.5       2,234     2.0

Corporate public debt

    541     2.1     3,999     2.3     3     2.6                       4,543     2.3       5,152     1.6

Corporate private debt

                                                                    4     10.0
      5,644             23,567             3,919             2,518                                 35,648                     39,688        

Equity securities designated at FVOCI (2017: AFS equity securities)

                               

Corporate public equity

                                    43     n/m         43     n/m         32     n/m  

Corporate private equity

                                    519     n/m               519     n/m               437     n/m  
                                                      562                     562                     469        

Securities measured at amortized cost (2017: HTM Securities)

                               

Securities issued or guaranteed by:

                               

Canadian federal government

  $     $ 147     $ 33     $     $       $ 180       $  

Other Canadian governments

          981       3,406       485               4,872            

U.S. Treasury and agencies

    335       1,994                           2,329          

Other foreign governments

    158       159             376               693         1    

Mortgage-backed securities (3)

    174       1,029       940       1,584               3,727         2,426  

Asset-backed securities

            130       214                     344            

Corporate public debt

    116             536             79                                             731                     8          
    $ 783             $ 4,976             $ 4,672             $ 2,445             $                     $ 12,876                     $ 2,435          

Securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL (2017: Trading and FVO securities)

                               

Securities issued or guaranteed by:

                               

Canadian federal government

  $ 2,839     $ 3,996     $ 1,863     $ 2,010     $       $ 10,708       $ 6,505  

Other Canadian governments

    1,070       996       1,068       4,921               8,055         7,033  

U.S. Treasury and agencies

    2       503       119       281               905         1,705  

Other foreign governments

    341       472       45       66               924         263  

Mortgage-backed securities (4)

    74       1,631       69                     1,774         1,732  

Asset-backed securities

    203         540       47       367               1,157         309  

Corporate public debt

    1,206         1,970         381         144                   3,701           2,256    

Corporate public equity

                                                    25,354                     25,354                     31,024        
    $ 5,735             $ 10,108             $ 3,592             $ 7,789             $ 25,354                     $ 52,578                     $ 50,827          

Total securities (5)

  $   12,162           $   38,651           $   12,183           $   12,752           $   25,916                   $   101,664                   $   93,419        

 

(1)

Represents the weighted-average yield, which is determined by applying the weighted average of the yields of individual fixed income securities.

(2)

Includes securities backed by mortgages insured by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), with amortized cost of $517 million (2017: $1,343 million) and fair value of $518 million (2017: $1,343 million); securities issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), with amortized cost of $1,267 million (2017: $1,895 million) and fair value of $1,238 million (2017: $1,891 million); securities issued by Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), with amortized cost of $689 million (2017: $2,703 million) and fair value of $673 million (2017: $2,700 million); and securities issued by Government National Mortgage Association, a U.S. government corporation (Ginnie Mae), with amortized cost of $1,003 million (2017: $1,051 million) and fair value of $1,001 million (2017: $1,050 million).

(3)

Includes securities backed by mortgage insured by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) with amortized cost of $806 million (2017: nil) and fair value of $807 million (2017: nil); securities issued by Fannie Mae, with amortized cost of $1,275 million (2017: $948 million) and fair value of $1,226 million (2017: $943 million); securities issued by Freddie Mac, with amortized cost of $1,527 million (2017: $1,337 million) and fair value of $1,461 million (2017: $1,329 million); and securities issued by Ginnie Mae, with amortized cost of $119 million (2017: $141 million) and fair value of $113 million (2017: $141 million).

(4)

Includes securities backed by mortgages insured by the CMHC of $1,701 million (2017: $1,690 million).

(5)

Includes securities denominated in U.S. dollars with carrying value of $40.3 billion (2017: $40.3 billion) and securities denominated in other foreign currencies with carrying value of $1,799 million (2017: $1,491 million).

n/m

Not meaningful.

Fair value of debt securities measured and equity securities designated at FVOCI

 

$ millions, as at October 31           2018                      2017  
    IFRS 9, FVOCI securities            IAS 39, AFS securities  
     

Amortized

cost  (1)

    

Gross

unrealized

gains

    

Gross

unrealized

losses

   

Fair

value

            

Amortized

cost

    

Gross

unrealized

gains

    

Gross

unrealized

losses

   

Fair

value

 

Securities issued or guaranteed by:

                      

Canadian federal government

  $ 6,608      $ 15    $ (3   $ 6,620      $ 5,439    $ 35    $ (1   $ 5,473

Other Canadian governments

    9,220        31      (2     9,249        5,236      30          5,266

U.S. Treasury and agencies

    7,824        7      (89     7,742        10,459      6      (34     10,431

Other foreign governments

    3,997        16      (17     3,996        4,147      12      (15     4,144

Mortgage-backed securities

    3,476        5      (51     3,430        6,992      5      (13     6,984

Asset-backed securities

    68                 68        2,236      1      (3     2,234

Corporate public debt

    4,567        2      (26     4,543        5,163      8      (19     5,152

Corporate private debt

                           5           (1     4

Corporate public equity (2)

    34        14      (5     43        13      19          32

Corporate private equity

    434        100      (15     519              351      86          437
    $     36,228      $     190    $     (208   $     36,210            $     40,041    $     202    $     (86   $     40,157

 

(1)

Net of allowance for credit losses for debt securities measured at FVOCI of $23 million (2017: nil).

(2)

Includes restricted stock.

Fair value of equity securities designated at FVOCI that were disposed of during the year was $35 million. Realized cumulative after-tax gains of $38 million for the year resulting from dispositions of equity securities designated at FVOCI and return on capital distributions from limited partnerships designated at FVOCI were reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings.

Dividend income recognized for the year ended October 31, 2018 on equity securities designated at FVOCI that were still held as at October 31, 2018 was $5 million. Dividend income recognized on equity securities designated at FVOCI that were disposed of was nil for the year.

 

128   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

The table below presents profit or loss recognized on FVOCI securities (2017 and 2016: AFS securities):

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31   2018     2017     2016  

Realized gains

  $ 56   $ 178   $     108

Realized losses

    (13 )     (25     (8

Provision for credit losses on debt securities

    (78 )     n/a       n/a  

Impairment write-downs

     

Equity securities

    n/a       (10     (27
    $     (35   $     143   $ 73

 

n/a

Not applicable.

Allowance for credit losses

The following table provides a reconciliation of the opening balance to the closing balance of the ECL allowance under IFRS 9 for debt securities measured at FVOCI:

 

         Stage 1      Stage 2     Stage 3     In accordance
with IFRS 9
 
$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31   Collective provision
12-month ECL
performing
     Collective provision
lifetime ECL
performing
    Collective and
individual provision
lifetime ECL
credit-impaired
    Total  

2018

   Debt securities measured at FVOCI         
  

Balance at beginning of year

  $ 14    $ 35   $   $ 49
  

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses (1)

    1      (32         109     78
  

Write-offs

                 (5 )     (5 )
    

Other

               (99 (2)     (99 )
     Balance at end of year   $     15      $        3   $     5   $      23  

 

(1)

Included in the gains (losses) from financial instruments measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net on our consolidated statement of income.

(2)

Includes ECL of $99 million relating to Barbados debt securities that were derecognized in the fourth quarter of 2018 as a result of a debt restructuring agreement completed with the Government of Barbados.

Barbados debt restructuring

As a result of a comprehensive debt restructuring agreement completed with the Government of Barbados in the fourth quarter of 2018, which impacts Barbados dollar-denominated debt instruments and excludes US dollar-denominated debt, we derecognized debt securities measured at FVOCI with a par value of $467 million and expected credit losses of $99 million, and derecognized loans measured at amortized cost with a par value of $116 million and expected credit losses of $48 million. In exchange for the securities and loans that were derecognized, we recognized longer-dated securities with a par value of $522 million as originated credit-impaired amortized cost securities at a carrying value equal to the estimated fair value of $375 million with no initial allowance for expected credit losses as risk of future losses was reflected in the acquisition date discount, and recognized shorter-dated securities with a par value of $61 million as stage 1 amortized cost securities with expected credit losses of $1 million.

HTM securities

As at October 31, 2017, we had HTM securities carried at amortized cost with a carrying value of $2,435 million and a fair value of $2,422 million. HTM securities measured at amortized cost are required to be assessed for impairment on a periodic basis. Impairment exists when, in management’s opinion, there is no longer reasonable assurance that the full amount of principal and interest can be collected. As at October 31, 2017, we determined that these HTM securities were not impaired. During 2017, no HTM securities were sold.

 

Note  5   Loans (1)(2)

 

 

    In accordance with IFRS 9           In accordance with IAS 39  
$ millions, as at October 31                                   2018                                             2017  
      Gross
amount
    Stage 3
allowance
    Stages 1
and 2
allowance
    Total
allowance
   

Net

total

            Gross
amount
    Individual
allowance
    Collective
allowance
    Total
allowance
   

Net

total

 

Residential mortgages (3)

  $ 207,749   $ 143   $ 71   $ 214   $ 207,535     $ 207,271   $ 2   $ 201   $ 203   $ 207,068

Personal (4)

    43,058     109     372     481     42,577       40,937     7     488     495     40,442

Credit card

    12,673         418     418     12,255       12,378         386     386     11,992

Business and government (3)

    109,555     230     296     526     109,029             97,766     183     351     534     97,232
    $   373,035   $   482   $   1,157   $   1,639   $   371,396           $   358,352   $   192   $   1,426   $   1,618   $   356,734

 

(1)

Loans are net of unearned income of $421 million (2017: $376 million).

(2)

Includes gross loans of $61.0 billion (2017: $53.1 billion) denominated in U.S. dollars and $4.8 billion (2017: $4.8 billion) denominated in other foreign currencies.

(3)

Includes $12 million of residential mortgages (2017: $12 million) and $16,424 million of business and government loans (2017: $14,010 million) that are measured at FVTPL (2017: Trading loans).

(4)

Includes $42 million (2017: $47 million) related to loans provided to certain individuals while employed by CIBC to finance a portion of their participation in funds which make private equity investments on a side-by-side basis with CIBC and its affiliates. These loans are secured by the borrowers’ interest in the funds. Of the total amount outstanding, $41 million (2017: $47 million) relates to individuals who are no longer employed by CIBC.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     129  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Allowance for credit losses (1)

The following table provides a reconciliation of the opening balance to the closing balance of the ECL allowance under IFRS 9:

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31    2018  
     Stage 1     Stage 2     Stage 3           

In accordance

with IFRS 9

 
       Collective provision
12-month ECL
performing
    Collective provision
lifetime ECL
performing
    Collective and
individual provision
lifetime ECL
credit-impaired 
(2)
             Total  

Residential mortgages

           

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 28   $ 43   $ 151        $ 222

Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions

     7     (6 )     (13        (12 )

Changes in model

     (2 )     1     22          21

Net remeasurement (3)

     (25 )     13     60          48

Transfers (3)

           

– to 12-month ECL

     20     (16 )     (4       

– to lifetime ECL performing

     (1 )     9     (8       

– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired

         (2 )     2               

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses (4)

     (1 )     (1 )     59          57

Write-offs (5)

             (54        (54 )

Recoveries

                     

Interest income on impaired loans

             (10        (10 )

Foreign exchange and other

         2     (3              (1 )

Balance at end of year

   $ 27   $ 44   $ 143              $ 214

Personal

           

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 164   $ 202   $ 110        $ 476

Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions

     34     (22 )     (5        7  

Changes in model

     (2 )                  (2 )

Net remeasurement (3)

     (116 )     148     299          331

Transfers (3)

           

– to 12-month ECL

     151     (148 )     (3       

– to lifetime ECL performing

     (40 )     49     (9       

– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired

         (31 )     31               

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses (4)

     27     (4 )     313          336

Write-offs (5)

             (368        (368 )

Recoveries

             58          58

Interest income on impaired loans

             (3        (3 )

Foreign exchange and other

     (1 )     1     (1              (1 )

Balance at end of year

   $ 190   $ 199   $ 109              $ 498

Credit card

           

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 101   $ 413   $        $ 514

Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions

           (24 )              (24 )

Changes in model

         2              2

Net remeasurement (3)

     (143 )     370     145          372

Transfers (3)

           

– to 12-month ECL

     179     (179 )             

– to lifetime ECL performing

     (35 )     35             

– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired

         (247 )     247               

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses (4)

     1     (43 )     392          350

Write-offs (5)

             (512        (512 )

Recoveries

             120          120

Interest income on impaired loans

                     

Foreign exchange and other

                           

Balance at end of year

   $ 102   $ 370   $              $ 472

Business and government

           

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 234   $ 150   $ 204        $ 588

Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions

     19       (10 )     (15        (6 )

Changes in model

     (11 )     (7 )     1          (17 )

Net remeasurement (3)

     (109 )     72     187          150  

Transfers (3)

           

– to 12-month ECL

     66     (60 )     (6       

– to lifetime ECL performing

     (21 )     25     (4       

– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired

     (1 )     (24 )     25               

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses (4)

     (57 )     (4 )     188          127

Write-offs (5)

             (116        (116 )

Recoveries

             12          12

Interest income on impaired loans

             (10        (10 )

Foreign exchange and other

     3     1     (48 (6)                (44 )

Balance at end of year

   $ 180   $ 147   $ 230              $ 557

Total ECL allowance (1)

   $ 499   $ 760   $ 482              $ 1,741

Comprises:

           

Loans

   $     450   $     707   $     482        $     1,639

Undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures (7)

     49     53                    102

 

(1)

See Note 4 for the ECL allowance on debt securities measured at FVOCI. The ECL allowances for other financial assets classified at amortized cost were immaterial as at October 31, 2018 and were excluded from the table above. Other financial assets classified at amortized cost are presented on our consolidated balance sheet net of ECL allowances.

(2)

Includes the ECL allowance for purchased credit-impaired loans from the acquisition of The PrivateBank.

(3)

Transfers represent stage movements of prior year ECL allowances to the current year stage classification. Net remeasurement represents the current year change of ECL allowances for transfers, net write-offs, changes in forecasts of forward-looking information, parameter updates, and partial repayments in the year.

(4)

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses for loans and undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures is presented as provision for (reversal of) credit losses on our consolidated statement of income.

(5)

We generally continue to pursue collection on the amounts that were written off. The degree of collection efforts varies from one jurisdiction to another, depending on the local regulations and original agreements with customers.

(6)

Includes ECL of $48 million relating to Barbados loans that were derecognized in the fourth quarter of 2018 as a result of a debt restructuring agreement completed with the Government of Barbados.

(7)

Included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet.

 

130   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Allowance for credit losses

The following table provides a reconciliation of the opening balance to the closing balance of allowance for credit losses under IAS 39:

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31    2017  
                 In accordance
with IAS 39
 
       Individual
allowance
    Collective
allowance
    Total  

Residential mortgages

      

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 1   $ 220   $ 221

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

         39     39

Write-offs

         (38     (38

Recoveries

            

Interest income on impaired loans

         (8     (8

Foreign exchange and other

     1     (12     (11

Balance at end of year

   $ 2   $ 201   $ 203

Personal

      

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 8   $ 489   $ 497

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

         308     308

Write-offs

         (359     (359

Recoveries

         54     54

Interest income on impaired loans

            

Foreign exchange and other

     (1     (4     (5

Balance at end of year

   $ 7   $ 488   $ 495

Credit card

      

Balance at beginning of year

   $   $ 386   $ 386

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

         410     410

Write-offs

         (529     (529

Recoveries

         119     119

Interest income on impaired loans

            

Foreign exchange and other

            

Balance at end of year

   $   $ 386   $ 386

Business and government

      

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 249   $ 460   $ 709

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

     61     11     72

Write-offs

     (107     (24     (131

Recoveries

     15     5     20

Interest income on impaired loans

     (18         (18

Foreign exchange and other

     (17     18     1

Balance at end of year

   $ 183   $ 470   $ 653

Total allowance for credit losses

   $ 192   $ 1,545   $ 1,737

Comprises:

      

Loans

   $      192   $     1,426   $     1,618

Undrawn credit facilities and other off–balance sheet exposures (1)

         119     119

 

(1)

Included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet.

Inputs, assumptions and model techniques

Our ECL allowances are estimated using complex models that incorporate inputs, assumptions and model techniques that involve a high degree of management judgment. In particular, the following ECL elements are subject to a high level of judgment that can have a significant impact on the level of ECL allowances provided:

 

Determining when a significant increase in credit risk of a loan has occurred;

 

Measuring both 12-month and lifetime credit losses; and

 

Forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of the scenarios.

In addition, the interrelationship between these elements is also subject to a high degree of judgment which can also have a significant impact on the level of ECL recognized.

Determining when a significant increase in credit risk has occurred

The determination of whether a loan has experienced a significant increase in credit risk has a significant impact on the level of ECL allowance as loans that are in stage 1 are measured at 12-month ECL, while loans in stage 2 are measured at lifetime ECL. Migration of loans between stage 1 and stage 2 can cause significant volatility in the amount of the recognized ECL allowances and the provision for credit losses in a particular period.

For the majority of our retail loan portfolios, we determine a significant increase in credit risk based on relative changes in the loan’s lifetime PD since its initial recognition. The PDs used for this purpose are the expected value of our upside, downside and base case lifetime PDs. Significant judgment is involved in determining the upside, downside and base case lifetime PDs through the incorporation of forward-looking information into long run PDs, in determining the probability weightings of the scenarios, and in determining the relative change in PDs that are indicative of a significant increase in credit risk for our various retail products. Increases in the expected PDs or decreases in the thresholds for changes in PDs that are indicative of a significant increase in credit risk can cause significant migration of loans from stage 1 to stage 2, which in turn can cause a significant increase in the amount of ECL allowances recognized. In contrast, decreases in the expected PDs or increases in the thresholds for changes in PDs that are indicative of a significant increase in credit risk can cause significant migration of loans from stage 2 to stage 1.

For the majority of our business and government loan portfolios, we determine a significant increase in credit risk based on relative changes in internal risk ratings since initial recognition. Significant judgment is involved in the determination of the internal risk ratings. Deterioration or improvement in the risk ratings or adjustments to the risk rating downgrade thresholds used to determine a significant increase in credit risk can cause significant migration of loans and securities between stage 1 and stage 2, which in turn can have a significant impact on the amount of ECL allowances recognized.

 

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Consolidated financial statements

 

While potentially significant to the level of ECL allowances recognized, the thresholds for changes in PDs that are indicative of a significant increase in credit risk for our retail portfolios and the risk rating downgrade thresholds used to determine a significant increase in credit risk for our business and government loan portfolios are not expected to change frequently.

All loans on which repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually 30 days in arrears and all business and government loans that have migrated to the watch list are automatically migrated to stage 2 from stage 1.

As at October 31, 2018, if the ECL for the stage 2 performing loans were measured using stage 1 ECL as opposed to lifetime ECL, the expected credit losses would be $273 million lower than the total recognized IFRS 9 ECL on performing loans.

Measuring both 12-month and lifetime expected credit losses

Our ECL models leverage the PD, LGD, and EAD parameters, as well as the portfolio segmentation used to calculate Basel expected loss regulatory adjustments for the portion of our retail and business and government portfolios under the advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB) approach. Adjustments are made to the Basel parameters to meet IFRS 9 requirements, including the conversion of through-the-cycle and downturn parameters used in the Basel regulatory calculations to point-in-time parameters used under IFRS 9 that considers forward-looking information. For standardized business and government portfolios, available long-run PDs, LGDs and EADs are also converted to point-in-time parameters through the incorporation of forward-looking information for the purpose of measuring ECL under IFRS 9.

Significant judgment is involved in determining which forward-looking information variables are relevant for particular portfolios and in determining the extent by which through-the-cycle parameters should be adjusted for forward-looking information to determine point-in-time parameters. While changes in the set of forward-looking information variables used to convert through-the cycle PDs, LGDs and EADs into point-in-time parameters can either increase or decrease ECL allowances in a particular period, changes to the mapping of forward-looking information variables to particular portfolios are expected to be infrequent. However, changes in the particular forward-looking information parameters used to quantify point-in-time parameters will be frequent as our forecasts are updated on a quarterly basis. Increases in the level of pessimism in the forward-looking information variables will cause increases in expected credit losses, while increases in the level of optimism in the forward-looking information variables will cause decreases in expected credit losses. These increases and decreases could be significant in any particular period and will start to occur in the period where our outlook of the future changes.

With respect to the lifetime of a financial instrument, the maximum period considered when measuring ECL is the maximum contractual period over which we are exposed to credit risk. For revolving facilities, such as credit cards, the lifetime of a credit card account is the expected behavioural life. Significant judgment is involved in the estimate of the expected behavioural life. Increases in the expected behavioural life will increase the amount of ECL allowances, in particular for revolving loans in stage 2.

Forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of the scenarios

As indicated above, forward-looking information is incorporated into both our assessment of whether the financial asset has experienced a significant increase in credit risk since its initial recognition and in our estimate of ECL. From analysis of historical data, our risk management function has identified and reflected in our ECL allowance those relevant forward-looking information variables that contribute to credit risk and losses within our retail and business and government loan portfolios. Within our retail loan portfolio, key forward-looking information variables include unemployment rates, housing prices and GDP growth. In many cases these variables are forecast at the provincial level. Housing prices are also forecasted at the municipal level in some cases. Within our business and government loan portfolio, key drivers that impact the credit performance of the entire portfolio include S&P 500 growth rates, business credit growth rates, unemployment rates and credit spreads, while forward-looking information variables such as commodity prices are significant for certain portfolios.

Our forecasting process leverages the process used prior to the adoption of IFRS 9. For the majority of our loan portfolios, our forecast of forward-looking information variables is established from a “base case” or most likely scenario that is used internally by management for planning and forecasting purposes. For most of the forward-looking information variables related to our Canadian businesses, we have forecast scenarios by province. In forming the “base case” scenario, we consider the forecasts of monetary authorities such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Bank of Canada, as well as private sector economists. We then derive reasonably possible “upside case” and “downside case” scenarios using external forecasts that are above and below our “base case” and the application of management judgment. A probability weighting is assigned to our “base case”, “upside case” and “downside case” scenarios based on management judgment.

The following table provides the base case, upside case and downside case scenario forecasts for select forward-looking information variables used to estimate our October 31, 2018 ECL. The base case amounts shown represent the average value of the forecasts over the respective projection horizons. The upside case and downside case amounts shown represent the average value of the forecasts over the entire projection horizon.

 

     Base case     Upside case     Downside case  
$ millions, as at October 31, 2018    Average value over
the next 12 months
    Average value over
the remaining
forecast period
    Average value over
the forecast period
    Average value over
the forecast period
 

Canadian GDP year-over-year growth (1)

     1.9  %      1.4  %      2.3  %      1.2  % 

Canadian unemployment rate (1)

     5.8  %      6.0  %      5.3  %      6.4  % 

Canadian Housing Price Index growth (1)

     2.2  %      2.3  %      6.4  %      (1.2 )% 

S&P 500 Index growth rate

     4.6  %      (1.4 )%      11.3  %      (10.8 )% 

West Texas Intermediate Oil Price ($US)

   $     67     $     65     $       78       $        52  

 

(1)

Federal level forward-looking forecasts are presented in the table above, which represent the aggregation of the provincial level forecasts used to estimate our ECL. Housing Price Index growth rates are also forecasted at the municipal level in some cases. As a result, the forecasts for individual provinces or municipalities reflected in our ECLs will differ from the federal forecasts presented above.

The forecasting process is overseen by a governance committee consisting of internal stakeholders from across our bank including Risk Management, Economics, Finance and the impacted SBUs and involves a significant amount of judgment both in determining the forward-looking information forecasts for our various scenarios and in determining the probability weighting assigned to the scenarios. In general, a worsening of our outlook on forecasted forward-looking information for each scenario or an increase in the probability of the “downside case” scenario occurring will both increase the number of loans migrating from stage 1 to stage 2 and increase the estimated ECL allowance. In contrast, an improvement in our outlook on forecasted forward-looking information or an increase in the probability of the “upside case” scenario occurring will have the opposite impact. It is not possible to meaningfully isolate the impact of changes in the various forward-looking information variables for a particular scenario because of both the interrelationship between the variables and the interrelationship between the level of pessimism inherent in a particular scenario and its probability of occurring.

As indicated above, forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of the scenarios involves a high degree of management judgment. If we were to only use our downside case scenario for the measurement of ECL for our performing loans, our ECL allowance would be $241 million higher than the recognized ECL as at October 31, 2018. This sensitivity is isolated to the measurement of ECL and therefore

 

132   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

did not consider the additional migration of exposures to stage 2 from the additional significant increase in credit risk that would have resulted in a 100% downside scenario.

Management overlays to ECL allowance estimates are adjustments which we use in circumstances where we judge that our existing inputs, assumptions and model techniques do not capture all relevant risk factors. The emergence of new macroeconomic, microeconomic or political events, along with expected changes to parameters, models or data that are not incorporated in our current parameters, internal risk rating migrations, or forward-looking information are examples of such circumstances. The use of management overlays requires the application of significant judgment that may impact the amount of ECL allowances recognized.

The following tables provide the gross carrying amount of loans, and the contractual amounts of undrawn credit facilities and other off–balance sheet exposures based on the application of our 12-month point in time PDs under IFRS 9 to our risk management PD bands for retail exposures, and based on our internal risk ratings for business and government exposures. Refer to “Credit risk” section of the MD&A for details on the CIBC risk categories.

Loans (1)

 

$ millions, as at October 31                               2018  
       Stage 1      Stage 2      Stage 3  (2)(3)(4)      Total  

Residential mortgages

           

– Exceptionally low

   $ 141,556    $    $      $ 141,556

– Very low

     40,225                  40,225

– Low

     15,321      798             16,119

– Medium

     859      4,905             5,764

– High

          996             996

– Default

               510        510

– Not rated

     2,163      249      167        2,579

Gross residential mortgages (5)(6)

     200,124      6,948      677        207,749

ECL allowance

     27      44      143        214

Net residential mortgages

     200,097      6,904      534        207,535

Personal

           

– Exceptionally low

     23,808                  23,808

– Very low

     3,813      1,374             5,187

– Low

     5,954      702             6,656

– Medium

     4,428      1,151             5,579

– High

     245      691             936

– Default

               142        142

– Not rated

     677      33      40        750

Gross personal (6)

     38,925      3,951      182        43,058

ECL allowance

     176      196      109        481

Net personal

     38,749      3,755      73        42,577

Credit card

           

– Exceptionally low

     3,405                  3,405

– Very low

     1,747      50             1,797

– Low

     3,809      710             4,519

– Medium

     1,011      1,241             2,252

– High

     10      528             538

– Default

                     

– Not rated

     162                  162

Gross credit card

     10,144      2,529             12,673

ECL allowance

     88      330             418

Net credit card

     10,056      2,199             12,255

Business and government

           

– Investment grade

     42,532      221             42,753

– Non-investment grade

     68,798      3,818             72,616

– Watchlist

     145      1,120             1,265

– Default

               504        504

– Not rated

     2,397      168      117        2,682

Gross business and government (5)(7)

     113,872      5,327      621        119,820

ECL allowance

     159      137      230        526

Net business and government

     113,713      5,190      391        119,294

Total net amount of loans

   $     362,615    $     18,048    $     998      $     381,661

 

(1)

Other financial assets classified at amortized cost were excluded from the table above as their ECL allowances were immaterial as at October 31, 2018. In addition, the table excludes debt securities measured at FVOCI, for which ECL allowances of $23 million were recognized in AOCI.

(2)

Includes purchased credit–impaired loans from the acquisition of The PrivateBank.

(3)

Excludes foreclosed assets of $14 million which were included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheet.

(4)

As at October 31, 2018, 89% of stage 3 impaired loans were either fully or partially collateralized.

(5)

Includes $12 million of residential mortgages and $16,424 million of business and government loans that are measured at FVTPL.

(6)

The internal risk rating grades presented for residential mortgages and certain personal loans do not take into account loan guarantees or insurance issued by the Canadian government (federal or provincial), Canadian government agencies, or private insurers, as the significant increase in credit risk of these loans is based on relative changes in the loans’ lifetime PD without considering collateral or other credit enhancements.

(7)

Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10,265 million.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     133  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures

 

$ millions, as at October 31                               2018  
       Stage 1      Stage 2      Stage 3      Total  

Retail

           

– Exceptionally low

   $ 100,772    $    $    $ 100,772

– Very low

     10,217      1,014           11,231

– Low

     7,873      1,612           9,485

– Medium

     1,729      1,188           2,917

– High

     234      417           651

– Default

               13      13

– Not rated

     348      33           381

Gross retail

     121,173      4,264      13      125,450

ECL allowance

     28      43           71

Net retail

     121,145      4,221      13      125,379

Business and government

           

– Investment grade

     78,672      390           79,062

– Non-investment grade

     41,727      1,198           42,925

– Watchlist

     75      402           477

– Default

               7      7

– Not rated

     735      51           786

Gross business and government

     121,209      2,041      7      123,257

ECL allowance

     21      10           31

Net business and government

     121,188      2,031      7      123,226

Total net undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures

   $     242,333    $     6,252    $     20    $     248,605

The following tables provide the credit quality of business and government loans and acceptances and retail loans by carrying value as at October 31, 2017. For details on the CIBC rating categories and PD bands, see the “Credit risk” section of the MD&A.

Net business and government loans and acceptances

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31                                       2017  
Grade   CIBC rating      Corporate      Sovereign      Banks      Total  

Investment grade

    00 – 47      $ 37,800    $ 1,943    $ 719    $ 40,462

Non-investment grade

    51 – 67        38,946      472      188      39,606

Watch list

    70 – 80        745                745

Default

    90      257                257

Total AIRB exposure

 

   $ 77,748    $ 2,415    $ 907    $ 81,070

Strong

     $ 765    $    $    $ 765

Good

       126                126

Satisfactory

       9                9

Weak

                     

Default

             4                  4

Total slotted exposure

 

   $ 904    $    $    $ 904

Standardized exposure

 

   $ 23,761    $ 213    $ 451    $ 24,425
             $     102,413    $     2,628    $     1,358    $     106,399

Less: collective allowance on performing loans

 

                     $ 343

Net business and government loans and acceptances (1)

 

                     $ 106,056

 

(1)

Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $8,824 million.

Net retail loans

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31                                   2017  
Risk level   PD bands     Residential
mortgages
    Personal     Credit
cards
    Total  

Exceptionally low

    0.01% – 0.20%     $ 158,372   $ 22,384   $ 3,257   $ 184,013

Very low

    0.21% – 0.50%       22,512     4,107     1,767     28,386

Low

    0.51% – 2.00%       19,223     6,307     4,031     29,561

Medium

    2.01% – 10.00%       3,076     6,222     2,482     11,780

High

    10.01% – 99.99%       340     895     686     1,921

Default

    100%       176     8         184

Total AIRB exposure

          $ 203,699   $ 39,923   $ 12,223   $ 255,845

Strong

    $ 104   $   $   $ 104

Good

      4             4

Satisfactory

      12             12

Weak

                 

Default

            1             1

Total slotted exposure

          $ 121   $   $   $ 121

Standardized exposure

          $ 3,306   $ 873   $ 155   $ 4,334
            $ 207,126   $ 40,796   $ 12,378   $ 260,300

Less: collective allowance on performing loans

          $ 58   $ 354   $ 386   $ 798

Net retail loans

          $     207,068   $     40,442   $     11,992   $     259,502

 

134   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Impaired loans

 

     In accordance with IFRS 9            In accordance with IAS 39  
$ millions, as at October 31                      2018                                         2017  
       Gross
impaired
     Stage 3
allowance
     Net
impaired
             Gross
impaired
     Individual
allowance
     Collective
allowance  (1)
     Net
impaired
 

Residential mortgages

   $ 677    $ 143    $ 534      $ 513    $ 2    $ 143      $ 368

Personal

     182      109      73        171      7      134        30

Business and government

     621      230      391              626      183      8        435

Total impaired loans (2)(3)

   $     1,480    $     482    $     998            $     1,310    $     192    $     285      $     833

 

(1)

Includes collective allowance relating to personal, scored small business and mortgage impaired loans that are greater than 90 days delinquent. In addition, we have a collective allowance of $1,260 million on balances and commitments which are not impaired.

(2)

Average balance of gross impaired loans was $1,333 million (2017: $1,376 million).

(3)

Foreclosed assets of $14 million (2017: $21 million) were included in Other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Purchased credit-impaired loans

The following table provides details of our purchased credit-impaired loans resulting from the acquisition of The PrivateBank:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018     2017  

Unpaid principal balance (1)

   $ 20   $      81

Credit related fair value adjustments

     (3     (15

Time value of money

     (1     (3

Carrying value

     16     63

Stage 3 allowance (2017: Individually assessed allowance)

     (2     (2

Carrying value net of related allowance

   $     14   $ 61

 

(1)

Represents principal amount owed net of write-offs since the acquisition of the loan.

Contractually past due loans but not impaired

This comprises loans where repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually in arrears. The following table provides an aging analysis of the contractually past due loans:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    Less than
31 days
    

31 to

90 days

    

Over

90 days

    

2018  (1)

Total

    

2017

Total

 

Residential mortgages

   $ 2,505    $ 849    $    $ 3,354    $ 3,546

Personal

     751      186           937      915

Credit card

     547      172      103      822      853

Business and government

     525      158           683      811
     $     4,328    $     1,365    $     103    $     5,796    $     6,125

 

(1)

Effective November 1, 2017, all loans that are contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically classified as impaired and as stage 3 under IFRS 9, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was generally the same under IAS 39, except (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 365 days in arrears, and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

During the year, gross interest income that would have been recorded if impaired loans were treated as current was $81 million (2017: $78 million), of which $27 million (2017: $23 million) was in Canada and $54 million (2017: $55 million) was outside Canada. During the year, interest recognized on impaired loans was $23 million (2017: $26 million), and interest recognized on loans before being classified as impaired was $59 million (2017: $45 million), of which $41 million (2017: $35 million) was in Canada and $18 million (2017: $10 million) was outside Canada.

Net interest income after provision for credit losses

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017      2016  

Interest income

   $     17,505    $     13,593    $     12,092

Interest expense

     7,440      4,616      3,726

Net interest income

     10,065      8,977      8,366

Provision for credit losses

     870      829      1,051

Net interest income after provision for credit losses

   $ 9,195    $ 8,148    $ 7,315

Modified financial assets

From time to time, we may modify the contractual terms of loans classified as stage 2 and stage 3 for which the borrower has experienced financial difficulties, through the granting of a concession in the form of below-market rates or terms that we would not otherwise have considered. Changes to the present value of the estimated future cash payments through the expected life of the modified loan discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate are recognized through changes in the ECL allowance and provision for credit losses. During the year ended October 31, 2018, loans classified as stage 2 with an amortized cost of $133 million and loans classified as stage 3 with an amortized cost of $119 million, in each case before the time of modification, were modified through the granting of a financial concession in response to the borrower having experienced financial difficulties. In addition, the gross carrying amount of previously modified stage 2 or stage 3 loans that have returned to stage 1 during the year ended October 31, 2018 was $42 million.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     135  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note 6   Structured entities and derecognition of financial assets

 

Structured entities

SEs are entities that have been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements. SEs are entities that are created to accomplish a narrow and well-defined objective. CIBC is involved with various types of SEs for which the business activities include securitization of financial assets, asset-backed financings, and asset management.

We consolidate an SE when the substance of the relationship indicates that we control the SE.

Consolidated structured entities

We consolidate the following SEs:

Multi-seller conduit

We sponsor a consolidated multi-seller conduit in Canada that purchases financial assets from clients and finances the purchases by issuing ABS. The sellers to the conduit continue to service the assets and are exposed to credit losses realized on these assets through the provision of over-collateralization. We hold all of the outstanding ABS.

Credit card securitization trusts

We sell an ownership interest in a revolving pool of credit card receivables generated under certain credit card accounts to Cards II Trust (Cards II). Cards II purchases a proportionate share of credit card receivables on certain credit card accounts within designated portfolios, with the proceeds received from the issuance of notes.

Our credit card securitizations are revolving securitizations, with credit card receivable balances fluctuating from month to month as credit card clients repay their balances and new receivables are generated.

The notes are presented as Secured borrowings within Deposits on the consolidated balance sheet.

As at October 31, 2018, $4.1 billion of credit card receivable assets with a fair value of $4.1 billion (2017: $3.0 billion with a fair value of $3.0 billion) supported associated funding liabilities of $4.1 billion with a fair value of $4.1 billion (2017: $3.0 billion with a fair value of $3.0 billion).

Covered bond guarantor

We have two covered bond programs, structured and legislative. Covered bonds are full recourse on-balance sheet obligations that are also fully collateralized by assets over which bondholders enjoy a priority claim in the event of CIBC’s insolvency. Under the structured program, we transfer a pool of CMHC insured mortgages to the CIBC Covered Bond Guarantor Limited Partnership that warehouses these mortgages and serves as a guarantor to bondholders for payment of interest and principal. Under the legislative program, we transfer a pool of conventional uninsured mortgages to the CIBC Covered Bond (Legislative) Guarantor Limited Partnership that warehouses these mortgages and serves as a guarantor to bondholders for payment of interest and principal.

For both covered bond programs, the assets are owned by the guarantor and not CIBC. As at October 31, 2018, our structured program had outstanding covered bond liabilities of $0.3 billion with a fair value of $0.3 billion (2017: $0.3 billion with a fair value of $0.3 billion) and our legislative program had outstanding covered bond liabilities of $19.5 billion with a fair value of $19.6 billion (2017: $17.1 billion with a fair value of $17.3 billion). The covered bond liabilities are supported by a contractually determined portion of the assets transferred to the guarantor and certain contractual arrangements designed to protect the bondholders from adverse events, including foreign currency fluctuations.

CIBC-managed investment funds

We establish and manage investment funds such as mutual funds and pooled funds. We act as an investment manager and earn market-based management fees, and for certain pooled funds, performance fees which are generally based on the performance of the funds. Seed capital is provided from time to time to CIBC-managed investment funds for initial launch. We consolidate those investment funds in which we have power to direct the relevant activities of the funds and in which our seed capital, or our units held, are significant relative to the total variability of returns of the funds such that we are deemed to be a principal rather than an agent. As at October 31, 2018, the total assets and non-controlling interests in consolidated CIBC-managed investment funds were $64 million and $31 million, respectively (2017: $70 million and $12 million, respectively). Non-controlling interests in consolidated CIBC-managed investment funds are included in Other liabilities as the investment fund units are mandatorily redeemable at the option of the investor.

Community-based tax-advantaged investments

We sponsor certain SEs that invest in community development projects in the U.S. through the issuance of below-market loans that generate a return primarily through the realization of tax credits. As at October 31, 2018, the program had outstanding loans of $59 million (2017: $44 million).

Non-consolidated structured entities

The following SEs are not consolidated by CIBC:

Single-seller and multi-seller conduits

We manage and administer a single-seller conduit and several CIBC-sponsored multi-seller conduits in Canada. The multi-seller conduits acquire direct or indirect ownership or security interests in pools of financial assets from our clients and finance the acquisitions by issuing asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) to investors. The single-seller conduit acquires financial assets and finances these acquisitions through a credit facility provided by a syndicate of financial institutions. The sellers to the conduits may continue to service the assets and may be exposed to credit losses realized on these assets, typically through the provision of over-collateralization or another form of retained interest. The conduits may obtain credit enhancement from third-party providers. As at October 31, 2018, the total assets in the single-seller conduit and multi-seller conduits amounted to $0.5 billion and $7.1 billion, respectively (2017: $0.5 billion and $5.7 billion, respectively).

We generally provide the multi-seller conduits with commercial paper backstop liquidity facilities, securities distribution, and provide both the single and multi-seller conduits with accounting, cash management, and operations services. The liquidity facilities for the managed and administered multi-seller conduits require us to provide funding, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions with respect to the conduits, for ABCP not placed with external investors. We also may purchase ABCP issued by the multi-seller conduits for market making purposes.

 

136   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

We are required to maintain certain short-term and/or long-term debt ratings with respect to the liquidity facilities that we provide to the sponsored multi-seller conduits. If we are downgraded below the level specified under the terms of those facilities, we must provide alternative satisfactory liquidity arrangements, such as procuring an alternative liquidity provider that meets the minimum rating requirements.

We may also act as the counterparty to derivative contracts entered into by a multi-seller conduit in order to convert the yield of the underlying assets to match the needs of the multi-seller conduit’s investors or to mitigate the interest rate, basis, and currency risk within the conduit.

All fees earned in respect of activities with the conduits are on a market basis.

Third-party structured vehicles – continuing

We have investments in and provide loans, liquidity and credit facilities to third-party SEs. We also have investments in limited partnerships in which we generally are a passive investor of the limited partnerships as a limited partner, and in some cases, we are the co-general partner and have significant influence over the limited partnerships. Similar to other limited partners, we are obligated to provide funding up to our commitment level to these limited partnerships.

Pass-through investment structures

We have exposure to units of third-party or CIBC-managed investment funds. We enter into equity derivative transactions with third-party investment funds to pass-through the return of these referenced funds. These transactions provide the investors of the third-party managed investment funds with the desired exposure to the referenced funds in a tax efficient manner.

Commercial mortgage securitization trust

We sold commercial mortgages through a pass-through arrangement with a trust that securitized these mortgages into various classes of ownership certificates held by various external investors. We continue to perform special servicing of the mortgages in exchange for a market-based fee. As at October 31, 2018, the total outstanding ownership certificates in the Commercial mortgage securitization trust were nil (2017: $11 million).

CIBC Capital Trust

We have issued senior deposit notes to CIBC Capital Trust, which funds the purchase of these notes through the issuance of CIBC Tier 1 Notes (Notes) that match the term of the senior deposit notes. The Notes are eligible for Tier 1 regulatory capital treatment and are subject to the phase-out rules for capital instruments that will be viewed as non-qualifying capital instruments. See Note 16 for additional details.

CIBC-managed investment funds

As indicated above, we establish investment funds, including mutual funds and pooled funds, to provide clients with investment opportunities and we may receive management fees and performance fees. We may hold insignificant amounts of fund units in these CIBC-managed funds. We do not consolidate these funds if we do not have significant variability of returns from our interests in these funds such that we are deemed to be an agent through our capacity as the investment manager, rather than a principal. We do not guarantee the performance of CIBC-managed investment funds. As at October 31, 2018, the total AUM in the non-consolidated CIBC-managed investment funds amounted to $114.4 billion (2017: $113.9 billion).

CIBC structured collateralized debt obligation vehicles

We hold exposures to structured CDO vehicles through investments in, or written credit derivatives referencing, these structured vehicles. We may also provide liquidity facilities or other credit facilities. The structured vehicles are funded through the issuance of senior and subordinated tranches. We may hold a portion of those senior and/or subordinated tranches.

We previously curtailed our business activity in structuring CDO vehicles within our structured credit run-off portfolio. Our exposures to CDO vehicles mainly arose through our previous involvement in acting as structuring and placement agent for the CDO vehicles. As at October 31, 2018, the assets in the CIBC structured CDO vehicles have a total principal amount of $334 million (2017: $382 million).

Third-party structured vehicles – structured credit run-off

Similar to our structured activities, we also curtailed our business activities in third-party structured vehicles, within our structured credit run-off portfolio. These positions were initially traded as intermediation, correlation and flow trading, which earned us a spread on matching positions.

Community Reinvestment Act investments

We hold debt and equity investments in limited liability entities to further our U.S. Community Reinvestment Act initiatives with a carrying value of $241 million (2017: $159 million). These entities invest in qualifying community development projects, including affordable housing projects, that generate a return primarily by the realization of tax credits. Similar to other limited investors in these entities, we are obligated to provide funding up to our commitment level to these limited liability entities. As at October 31, 2018, the total assets of these limited liability entities were $4.6 billion (2017: $3.9 billion).

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     137  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Our on-balance sheet amounts and maximum exposure to loss related to SEs that are not consolidated are set out in the table below. The maximum exposure comprises the carrying value of unhedged investments, the notional amounts for liquidity and credit facilities, and the notional amounts less accumulated fair value losses for unhedged written credit derivatives on SE reference assets. The impact of CVA is not considered in the table below.

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018   Single-seller
and multi-seller
conduits
    Third-party
structured
vehicles –
continuing
     Structured
vehicles
run-off  (1)
     Other  (2)  

On-balance sheet assets at carrying value (3)

         

Securities

  $ 9   $ 1,769    $ 3    $ 293

Loans

    93     1,577          

Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures

        1           5

Derivatives (4)

                  5
    $ 102   $ 3,347    $ 3    $ 303

October 31, 2017

  $ 94   $ 3,025    $ 109    $ 528

On-balance sheet liabilities at carrying value (3)

         

Deposits

  $   $    $    $ 1,600

Derivatives (4)

             131     
    $   $    $ 131    $ 1,600

October 31, 2017

  $   $    $ 148    $     1,656

Maximum exposure to loss, net of hedges

         

Investments and loans

  $ 102   $ 3,347    $ 3    $ 298

Notional of written derivatives, less fair value losses

             26     

Liquidity, credit facilities and commitments

    7,136  (5)         1,656      13      114

Less: hedges of investments, loans and written derivatives exposure

             (29      (44
    $ 7,238   $ 5,003    $ 13    $ 368

October 31, 2017

  $     5,835     $     5,284    $     119      $ 258  

 

(1)

Includes CIBC structured CDO vehicles and third-party structured vehicles.

(2)

Includes pass-through investment structures, a commercial mortgage securitization trust, CIBC Capital Trust, and CIBC-managed investment funds and Community Reinvestment Act-related investment vehicles.

(3)

Excludes SEs established by CMHC, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae, FHLB, Federal Farm Credit Bank, and Student Loan Marketing Association.

(4)

Comprises written credit default swaps (CDS) and total return swaps (TRS) under which we assume exposures. Excludes foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives and other derivatives provided as part of normal course client facilitation.

(5)

Excludes an additional $1.7 billion (2017: $3.0 billion) relating to our backstop liquidity facilities provided to the multi-seller conduits as part of their commitment to fund purchases of additional assets and $9 million (2017: nil) relating to our direct investments in the multi-seller conduits which we consider investment exposure.

We also hold investments in a variety of third-party investment funds, which include, but are not limited to, exchange-traded funds, mutual funds, and investment trusts. We buy and sell units of these investment funds as part of trading activities or client facilitation businesses that are managed as part of larger portfolios. We generally are a passive investor and are not the investment manager in any of these investment funds. We are not the sponsor of any third-party investment funds, nor do we have the power over key decision-making activities of the funds. Our maximum exposure to loss from our investments is limited to the carrying amounts of our investments and any unutilized commitment we have provided to these funds. In addition, we issue certain structured notes and enter into equity derivatives that are referenced to the return of certain investment funds. Accordingly, we do not include our interests in these third-party investment funds in the table above.

Derecognition of financial assets

We enter into transactions in the normal course of business in which we transfer recognized financial assets directly to third parties, but retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of those assets. The risks include credit, interest rate, foreign exchange, pre-payment and other price risks whereas the rewards include income streams associated with the assets. Due to the retention of risks, the transferred financial assets are not derecognized and such transfers are accounted for as secured borrowing transactions.

The majority of our financial assets transferred to non-consolidated entities that do not qualify for derecognition are: (i) residential mortgage loans under securitization transactions; (ii) securities held by counterparties as collateral under repurchase agreements; and (iii) securities lent under securities lending agreements.

Residential mortgage securitizations

We securitize fully insured fixed- and variable-rate residential mortgage pools through the creation of National Housing Act (NHA) MBS under the NHA MBS Program, sponsored by CMHC. Under the Canada Mortgage Bond Program, sponsored by CMHC, we sell MBS to a government-sponsored securitization trust that issues securities to investors. We do not consolidate the securitization trust. We may act as a counterparty in interest rate swap agreements where we pay the trust the interest due to investors and receive the interest on the MBS. We have also sold MBS directly to CMHC under the Government of Canada’s Insured Mortgage Purchase Program as well as other third-party investors.

The sale of mortgage pools that comprise the NHA MBS do not qualify for derecognition as we retain the pre-payment, credit, and interest rate risks associated with the mortgages, which represent substantially all the risks and rewards. As a result, the mortgages remain on our consolidated balance sheet and are carried at amortized cost. We also recognize the cash proceeds from the securitization as Deposits – Secured borrowings.

Securities held by counterparties as collateral under repurchase agreements

We enter into arrangements whereby we sell securities but enter into simultaneous arrangements to repurchase the securities at a fixed price on a future date thereby retaining substantially all the risks and rewards. As a result, the securities remain on our consolidated balance sheet.

Securities lent for cash collateral or for securities collateral

We enter into arrangements whereby we lend securities but with arrangements to receive the securities at a future date, thereby retaining substantially all the risks and rewards. As a result, the securities remain on our consolidated balance sheet.

 

138   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

The following table provides the carrying amount and fair value of transferred financial assets that did not qualify for derecognition and the associated financial liabilities:

 

$ millions, as at October 31             2018               2017  
       Carrying
amount
     Fair
value
     Carrying
amount
    

Fair

value

 

Residential mortgage securitizations (1)

   $ 18,433    $ 18,286    $ 19,948    $ 19,857

Securities held by counterparties as collateral under repurchase agreements (2)

     10,482      10,482      10,391      10,391

Securities lent for cash collateral (2)

     15      15      72      72

Securities lent for securities collateral (2)

     21,277      21,277      19,291      19,291
     $ 50,207    $ 50,060    $ 49,702    $ 49,611

Associated liabilities (3)

   $     50,448    $     50,564    $     50,261    $     50,492

 

(1)

Consists mainly of Canadian residential mortgage loans transferred to Canada Housing Trust. Certain cash in transit balances related to the securitization process amounting to $705 million (2017: $809 million) have been applied to reduce these balances.

(2)

Does not include over-collateralization of assets pledged. Repurchase and securities lending arrangements are conducted with both CIBC-owned and third-party assets on a pooled basis. The carrying amounts represent an estimated allocation related to the transfer of our own financial assets.

(3)

Includes the obligation to return off-balance sheet securities collateral on securities lent.

 

Note  7   Land, buildings and equipment

 

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31    Land and
buildings  (1)
    Computer
equipment
    Office furniture,
equipment
and other  (2)
     Leasehold
improvements
    Total  

2018

  

Cost

           
  

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 1,356     $ 1,060   $ 884      $ 1,073   $ 4,373
  

Additions (3)

     27     136     62      62     287
  

Disposals (4)

     (16     (35     (13      (5     (69
    

Adjustments (5)

     17     3     4      4     28
    

Balance at end of year

   $     1,384   $     1,164   $     937    $     1,134   $     4,619

2017

  

Balance at end of year

   $ 1,356   $ 1,060   $ 884    $ 1,073   $ 4,373

2018

  

Accumulated amortization

           
  

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 606   $ 868   $ 436    $ 680   $ 2,590
  

Amortization (4)

     37     101     46      73     257
  

Disposals (4)

     (8     (19     (5      (5     (37
    

Adjustments (5)

     9     3          2     14
    

Balance at end of year

   $ 644   $ 953   $ 477    $ 750   $ 2,824

2017

  

Balance at end of year

   $ 606   $ 868   $ 436    $ 680   $ 2,590
  

Net book value

           
  

As at October 31, 2018

   $ 740   $ 211   $ 460    $ 384   $ 1,795
    

As at October 31, 2017

   $ 750     $ 192   $ 448      $ 393   $ 1,783

 

(1)

Includes land and building underlying a finance lease arrangement. See below for further details.

(2)

Includes $152 million (2017: $133 million) of work-in-progress not subject to amortization.

(3)

Includes acquisitions through business combinations of nil (2017: $62 million).

(4)

Includes write-offs of fully amortized assets.

(5)

Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.

Net additions and disposals during the year were: Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking net additions of $45 million (2017: net disposals of $97 million); Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net additions of $6 million (2017: net disposals of $9 million); U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net additions of $28 million (2017: net additions of $68 million); Capital Markets net additions of $1 million (2017: net additions of nil); and Corporate and Other net additions of $138 million (2017: net additions of $82 million).

Finance lease property

Included in land and buildings above is a finance lease property, a portion of which is rented out and considered an investment property. The carrying value of the finance lease property is as follows:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017  

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 379   $ 418

Amortization

     (23 )     (24

Foreign currency adjustments

     7     (15

Balance at end of year

   $     363   $     379

Rental income of $97 million (2017: $99 million; 2016: $99 million) was generated from the investment property. Interest expense of $25 million (2017: $28 million; 2016: $30 million) and non-interest expenses of $49 million (2017: $40 million; 2016: $49 million) were incurred in respect of the finance lease property. Our commitment related to the finance lease is disclosed in Note 21.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     139  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  8   Goodwill, software and other intangible assets

 

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually as at August 1 and whenever there are events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill is allocated to CGUs for the purposes of impairment testing based on the lowest level for which identifiable cash inflows are largely independent of cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the recoverable amount of the CGU to which goodwill has been allocated, with the carrying amount of the CGU including goodwill, with any deficiency recognized as impairment to goodwill. The recoverable amount of a CGU is defined as the higher of its estimated fair value less cost to sell and value in use.

We have three significant CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are allocated to each CGU as follows:

         CGUs        
$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31   CIBC
FirstCaribbean
     Canadian
Wealth
Management
     U.S.
Commercial
Banking and
Wealth
Management
    Other     Total  

2018

   Balance at beginning of year   $ 405    $ 884    $ 3,952     $ 126   $ 5,367
  

Acquisitions

              29 (1)         62     91
  

Impairment

                       
    

Foreign currency translation adjustments

    8           97       1     106
     Balance at end of year   $ 413    $ 884    $ 4,078     $ 189   $ 5,564

2017

   Balance at beginning of year (2)   $ 421    $ 884    $ 107     $ 127   $ 1,539
  

Acquisitions

              3,944           3,944
  

Impairment

                       
    

Foreign currency translation adjustments

    (16           (99     (1     (116
     Balance at end of year   $     405    $     884    $     3,952     $     126   $     5,367

 

(1)

Additional goodwill recognized from our acquisition of The PrivateBank. See Note 3 for additional details.

(2)

Net of cumulative impairment charges for FirstCaribbean International Bank Limited (CIBC FirstCaribbean) goodwill of $623 million, and nil for other CGUs.

Impairment testing of goodwill and key assumptions

CIBC FirstCaribbean

CIBC became the majority shareholder of CIBC FirstCaribbean in December 2006 and now holds 91.7% of its shares. CIBC FirstCaribbean is a major Caribbean bank offering a full range of financial services in corporate and investment banking, retail and business banking, and wealth management. CIBC FirstCaribbean, which has assets of approximately US$12 billion, operates in the Caribbean and is traded on the stock exchanges of Barbados, Trinidad, and Eastern Caribbean. The results of CIBC FirstCaribbean are included in Corporate and Other.

The recoverable amount of CIBC FirstCaribbean is based on a value in use calculation that is estimated using a five-year cash flow projection approved by management of CIBC FirstCaribbean and an estimate of the capital required to be maintained in the region to support ongoing operations.

In the second and third quarters of 2018 we performed off-cycle goodwill impairment tests in response to the market conditions that led to the withdrawal of CIBC FirstCaribbean’s initial public offering, and the announcement by the Barbados government to restructure its public debt, respectively. In both quarters, we determined that an impairment charge was not required.

In the fourth quarter we performed our annual impairment test as at August 1, 2018, and continued to determine that the estimated recoverable amount of the CIBC FirstCaribbean CGU approximated its carrying amount. As a result, no impairment charge was recognized during 2018. The forecast for CIBC FirstCaribbean used in our impairment test reflects an expectation of continued productive loan growth during the forecast period as well as the expected cash flows from the Government of Barbados debt restructuring.

A terminal growth rate of 2.5% as at August 1, 2018 (August 1, 2017: 2.5%) was applied to the years after the five-year forecast. All of the forecasted cash flows were discounted at an after-tax rate of 14.7% as at August 1, 2018 (16.5% pre-tax) which we believe to be a risk-adjusted discount rate appropriate to CIBC FirstCaribbean (we used an after-tax rate of 14% as at August 1, 2017). The determination of a discount rate and a terminal growth rate require the exercise of judgment. The discount rate was determined based on the following primary factors: (i) the risk-free rate; (ii) an equity risk premium; (iii) beta adjustment to the equity risk premium based on a review of betas of comparable publicly traded financial institutions in the region; and (iv) a country risk premium. The terminal growth rate was based on management’s expectations of real growth and forecast inflation rates.

Estimation of the recoverable amount is an area of significant judgment. Reductions in the estimated recoverable amount could arise from various factors, such as, reductions in forecasted cash flows, an increase in the assumed level of required capital, and any adverse changes to the discount rate or the terminal growth rate either in isolation or in any combination thereof. We estimated that a 10% decrease in each of the terminal year’s and subsequent years’ forecasted cash flows would result in a reduction in the estimated recoverable amount of the CIBC FirstCaribbean CGU of approximately $135 million as at August 1, 2018. We also estimated that a 50 basis point increase in the after-tax discount rate would result in a reduction in the estimated recoverable amount of the CIBC FirstCaribbean CGU of approximately $78 million as at August 1, 2018. These sensitivities are indicative only and should be considered with caution, as the effect of the variation in each assumption on the estimated recoverable amount is calculated in isolation without changing any other assumptions. In practice, changes in one factor may result in changes in another, which may magnify, counteract or obfuscate the disclosed sensitivities.

Canadian Wealth Management

The recoverable amount of the Canadian Wealth Management CGU is based on a fair value less cost to sell calculation. The fair value is estimated using an earnings-based approach whereby the forecasted earnings are based on the Wealth Management internal plan which was approved by management and covers a three-year period. The calculation incorporates the forecasted earnings multiplied by an earnings multiple derived from observable price-to-earnings multiples of comparable wealth management institutions. The price-to-earnings multiples of those comparable wealth management institutions ranged from 9.2 to 19.2 as at August 1, 2018 (August 1, 2017: 10.8 to 22.3).

We have determined that the estimated recoverable amount of the Wealth Management CGU was well in excess of its carrying amount as at August 1, 2018. As a result, no impairment charge was recognized during 2018.

If alternative reasonably possible changes in key assumptions were applied, the result of the impairment test would not differ.

 

140   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

During 2017, we completed the acquisitions of The PrivateBank and Geneva Advisors. The goodwill arising from both acquisitions has been allocated to the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management CGU.

The recoverable amount of U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management is based on a value in use calculation that is estimated using a five-year cash flow projection approved by management, and an estimate of the capital required to be maintained to support ongoing operations.

We have determined that for the impairment testing performed as at August 1, 2018, the estimated recoverable amount of the CIBC U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management CGU was in excess of its carrying amount. As a result, no impairment charge was recognized during 2018.

A terminal growth rate of 3.5% as at August 1, 2018 (August 1, 2017: n/a) was applied to the years after the five-year forecast. All of the forecasted cash flows were discounted at an after-tax rate of 10.0% as at August 1, 2018 (11.2% pre-tax) which we believe to be a risk-adjusted discount rate appropriate to U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. The determination of a discount rate and a terminal growth rate require the exercise of judgment. The discount rate was determined based on the following primary factors: (i) the risk-free rate; (ii) an equity risk premium; and (iii) beta adjustment to the equity risk premium based on a review of betas of comparable publicly traded financial institutions in the region. The terminal growth rate was based on management’s expectations of real growth and forecast inflation rates.

Other

The goodwill relating to the Other CGUs is comprised of amounts which individually are not considered to be significant. We have determined that for the impairment testing performed as at August 1, 2018, the estimated recoverable amount of these CGUs was in excess of their carrying amounts.

Allocation to strategic business units

Goodwill of $5,564 million (2017: $5,367 million) is allocated to the SBUs as follows: Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management of $954 million (2017: $892 million), Corporate and Other of $462 million (2017: $454 million), U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management of $4,078 million (2017: $3,952 million), Capital Markets of $63 million (2017: $62 million), and Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking of $7 million (2017: $7 million).

Software and other intangible assets

The carrying amount of indefinite-lived intangible assets is provided in the following table:

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31    Contract
based  (1)
     Brand name  (2)      Total  

2018

   Balance at beginning of year    $ 116      $ 25      $ 141
     Foreign currency translation adjustments             1        1
     Balance at end of year    $ 116      $ 26      $ 142

2017

   Balance at beginning of year    $ 116      $ 26      $ 142
     Foreign currency translation adjustments             (1      (1
     Balance at end of year    $     116      $     25      $     141

 

(1)

Represents management contracts purchased as part of past acquisitions.

(2)

Acquired as part of the CIBC FirstCaribbean acquisition.

The components of finite-lived software and other intangible assets are as follows:

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31    Software  (1)     Core deposit
intangibles  (2)
     Contract
based  (3)
    Customer
relationships  (4)
     Total  

2018

   Gross carrying amount             
  

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 2,632   $ 599    $ 44   $ 310    $ 3,585
  

Additions

     363                     363
  

Disposals (5)

     (4          (12 )          (16
    

Adjustments (6)

     (5     12      2     4      13
    

Balance at end of year

   $ 2,986   $ 611    $ 34   $ 314    $ 3,945

2017

  

Balance at end of year

   $ 2,632   $ 599    $ 44   $ 310    $ 3,585

2018

   Accumulated amortization             
  

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 1,403   $ 239    $ 9   $ 97    $ 1,748
  

Amortization and impairment (5)(7)

     285     75      8     32      400
  

Disposals (5)

              (12 )          (12 )
    

Adjustments (6)

     (3     6      1     2      6
    

Balance at end of year

   $ 1,685   $ 320    $ 6   $ 131    $ 2,142

2017

  

Balance at end of year

   $ 1,403   $ 239    $ 9   $ 97    $ 1,748
   Net book value             
  

As at October 31, 2018

   $ 1,301   $ 291    $ 28   $ 183    $ 1,803
    

As at October 31, 2017

   $     1,229     $     360      $     35     $     213      $     1,837

 

(1)

Includes $467 million (2017: $456 million) of work-in-progress not subject to amortization.

(2)

Acquired as part of the acquisitions of CIBC FirstCaribbean and The PrivateBank.

(3)

Represents a combination of management contracts purchased as part of past acquisitions, as well as management contracts purchased as part of our acquisitions of The PrivateBank and Geneva Advisors in 2017.

(4)

Represents customer relationships associated with past acquisitions, including CIBC Atlantic Trust, and the MasterCard portfolio, as well as customer relationships associated with our acquisitions of The PrivateBank and Geneva Advisors in 2017.

(5)

Includes write-offs of fully amortized assets.

(6)

Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.

(7)

Includes nil impairment losses relating to software (2017: $2 million).

Net additions and disposals of gross carrying amount during the year were: Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking net additions of nil (2017: net additions of $1 million); Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net disposals of nil (2017: net disposals of $28 million); U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net additions of $12 million (2017: net additions of $471 million); Capital Markets net additions of nil (2017: net additions of $1 million); and Corporate and Other net additions of $351 million (2017: net additions of $392 million).

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     141  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  9   Other assets

 

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  

Accrued interest receivable

   $ 1,292      $ 951

Defined benefit asset (Note 18)

     362      200

Gold and silver certificates

     251      186

Brokers’ client accounts

     2,997      1,503

Current tax receivable

     3,175      2,783

Other prepayments

     685      697

Derivative collateral receivable

     5,071      4,420

Accounts receivable

     868      512

Other

     582      553
     $     15,283      $     11,805

 

Note 10   Deposits (1)(2)

 

 

$ millions, as at October 31    Payable on
demand
 (3)
     Payable after
notice
 (4)
     Payable on a
fixed date
 (5)(6)
    

2018

Total

    

2017

Total

 

Personal

   $     11,845      $     100,926      $ 51,108      $     163,879      $     159,327

Business and government (7)

     58,989        52,309        128,851        240,149      225,622

Bank

     4,186        191        10,003        14,380      13,789

Secured borrowings (8)

                   42,607        42,607      40,968
     $ 75,020      $ 153,426      $     232,569      $ 461,015      $ 439,706

Comprises:

              

Held at amortized cost

            $ 453,498      $ 433,759

Designated at fair value

                                7,517      5,947
                                $ 461,015      $ 439,706

Total deposits include:

              

Non-interest-bearing deposits

              

In domestic offices

            $ 49,858      $ 50,810

In foreign offices

              12,115      12,289

Interest-bearing deposits

              

In domestic offices

              321,188      297,997

In foreign offices

                                77,854      78,610
                                $ 461,015      $ 439,706

 

(1)

Includes deposits of $155.5 billion (2017: $145.6 billion) denominated in U.S. dollars and deposits of $24.3 billion (2017: $19.9 billion) denominated in other foreign currencies.

(2)

Net of purchased notes of $2,689 million (2017: $2,465 million).

(3)

Includes all deposits for which we do not have the right to require notice of withdrawal. These deposits are generally chequing accounts.

(4)

Includes all deposits for which we can legally require notice of withdrawal. These deposits are generally savings accounts.

(5)

Includes all deposits that mature on a specified date. These deposits are generally term deposits, guaranteed investment certificates, and similar instruments.

(6)

Includes $190 million (2017: nil) of deposits which are subject to the bank recapitalization (bail-in) conversion regulations issued by the Department of Finance (Canada). These regulations provide certain statutory powers to the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC), including the ability to convert specified eligible shares and liabilities of CIBC into common shares in the event that CIBC is determined to be non-viable.

(7)

Includes $1,600 million (2017: $1,625 million) of Notes issued to CIBC Capital Trust.

(8)

Comprises liabilities issued by or as a result of activities associated with the securitization of residential mortgages, covered bond programme, and consolidated securitization vehicles.

 

Note 11   Other liabilities

 

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  (1)  

Accrued interest payable

   $ 1,300      $ 1,095

Defined benefit liability (Note 18)

     645      766

Gold and silver certificates

     95      126

Brokers’ client accounts

     3,829      2,366

Derivative collateral payable

     4,118      3,660

Other deferred items

     688      683

Negotiable instruments

     930      886

Accrued employee compensation and benefits

     2,303        2,085  

Accounts payable and accrued expenses

     2,138      1,486

Other

     2,177      2,122
     $     18,223      $     15,275

 

(1)

Certain information has been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

 

142   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note 12   Derivative instruments

 

As described in Note 1, in the normal course of business, we use various derivative instruments for both trading and ALM purposes. These derivatives limit, modify or give rise to varying degrees and types of risk.

 

$ millions, as at October 31      2018               2017  
       Assets      Liabilities      Assets      Liabilities  

Trading (Note 2)

   $     19,318      $     19,204      $     21,352    $     21,275

ALM (Note 2)

           

Designated accounting hedges (Note 13)

     1,566      1,303      2,454      1,222

Economic hedges (1)

     547      466      536      774
     $ 21,431      $     20,973      $ 24,342    $ 23,271

 

(1)

Comprises derivatives not designated in hedge accounting relationships under IAS 39.

Derivatives used by CIBC

The majority of our derivative contracts are OTC transactions. OTC transactions consist of: (i) contracts that are bilaterally negotiated and settled between CIBC and the counterparty to the contract; and (ii) contracts that are bilaterally negotiated and then cleared through a central counterparty (CCP). Bilaterally negotiated and settled contracts are usually traded under a standardized International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) agreement with collateral posting arrangements between CIBC and its counterparties. Terms are negotiated directly with counterparties and the contracts have industry-standard settlement mechanisms prescribed by ISDA. Centrally cleared contracts are generally bilaterally negotiated and then novated to, and cleared through, a CCP. The industry promotes the use of CCPs to clear OTC trades. The central clearing of derivative contracts generally facilitates the reduction of credit exposures due to the ability to net settle offsetting positions. Consequently, derivative contracts cleared through CCPs generally attract less capital relative to those settled with non-CCPs.

The remainder of our derivative contracts are exchange-traded derivatives, which are standardized in terms of their amounts and settlement dates, and are bought and sold on organized and regulated exchanges. These exchange-traded derivative contracts consist primarily of options and futures.

Interest rate derivatives

Forward rate agreements are OTC contracts that effectively fix a future interest rate for a period of time. A typical forward rate agreement provides that at a pre-determined future date, a cash settlement will be made between the counterparties based upon the difference between a contracted rate and a market rate to be determined in the future, calculated on a specified notional principal amount. No exchange of principal amount takes place. Certain forward rate agreements are bilaterally transacted and then novated and settled through a clearing house which acts as a CCP.

Interest rate swaps are OTC contracts in which two counterparties agree to exchange cash flows over a period of time based on rates applied to a specified notional principal amount. A typical interest rate swap would require one counterparty to pay a fixed market interest rate in exchange for a variable market interest rate determined from time to time, with both calculated on a specified notional principal amount. No exchange of principal amount takes place. Certain interest rate swaps are bilaterally transacted and then novated and settled through a clearing house which acts as a CCP.

Interest rate options are contracts in which one party (the purchaser of an option) acquires from another party (the writer of an option), in exchange for a premium, the right, but not the obligation, to either buy or sell, on a specified future date or within a specified time, a specified financial instrument at a contracted price. The underlying financial instrument has a market price which varies in response to changes in interest rates. Options are transacted in both OTC and exchange-traded markets.

Interest rate futures are standardized contracts transacted on an exchange. They are based upon an agreement to buy or sell a specified quantity of a financial instrument on a specified future date, at a contracted price. These contracts differ from forward rate agreements in that they are in standard amounts with standard settlement dates and are transacted through an exchange.

Foreign exchange derivatives

Foreign exchange forwards are OTC contracts in which one counterparty contracts with another to exchange a specified amount of one currency for a specified amount of a second currency, at a future date or range of dates.

Foreign exchange futures contracts are similar in mechanics to foreign exchange forward contracts except that they are in standard currency amounts with standard settlement dates and are transacted through an exchange.

Foreign exchange swap contracts comprise foreign exchange swaps and cross-currency interest rate swaps. Foreign exchange swaps are transactions in which a currency is simultaneously purchased in the spot market and sold for a different currency in the forward market, or vice versa. Cross-currency interest rate swaps are transactions in which counterparties exchange principal and interest flows in different currencies over a period of time. These contracts are used to manage both currency and interest rate exposures.

Credit derivatives

Credit derivatives are OTC contracts designed to transfer the credit risk in an underlying financial instrument (usually termed as a reference asset) from one counterparty to another. The most common credit derivatives are CDS and certain TRS.

CDS contracts provide protection against the decline in value of a reference asset as a result of specified credit events such as default or bankruptcy. These derivatives are similar in structure to an option whereby the purchaser pays a premium to the seller of the CDS contract in return for payment contingent on the occurrence of a credit event. The protection purchaser has recourse to the protection seller for the difference between the face value of the CDS contract and the fair value of the reference asset at the time of settlement. Neither the purchaser nor the seller under the CDS contract has recourse to the entity that issued the reference asset. Certain CDS contracts are cleared through a CCP.

In credit derivative TRS contracts, one counterparty agrees to pay or receive cash amounts based on the returns of a reference asset, including interest earned on these assets in exchange for amounts that are based on prevailing market funding rates. These cash settlements are made regardless of whether there is a credit event. Upon the occurrence of a credit event, the parties may either exchange cash payments according to the value of the defaulted assets or exchange cash based on the notional amount for physical delivery of the defaulted assets.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     143  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Equity derivatives

Equity swaps are OTC contracts in which one counterparty agrees to pay, or receive from the other, cash amounts based on changes in the value of a stock index, a basket of stocks or a single stock in exchange for amounts that are based either on prevailing market funding rates or changes in the value of a different stock index, basket of stocks or a single stock. These contracts generally include payments in respect of dividends.

Equity options give the purchaser of the option, for a premium, the right, but not the obligation, to buy from or sell to the writer of an option, an underlying stock index, basket of stocks, or a single stock at a contracted price. Options are transacted in both OTC and exchange markets.

Equity index futures are standardized contracts transacted on an exchange. They are based on an agreement to pay or receive a cash amount based on the difference between the contracted price level of an underlying stock index and its corresponding market price level at a specified future date. There is generally no actual delivery of stocks that comprise the underlying index. These contracts are in standard amounts with standard settlement dates.

Precious metal and other commodity derivatives

We also transact in other derivative products, including commodity forwards, futures, swaps and options, such as precious metal and energy-related products in both OTC and exchange markets.

Notional amounts

The notional amounts are not recorded as assets or liabilities, as they represent the face amount of the contract to which a rate or price is applied to determine the amount of cash flows to be exchanged. In most cases, notional amounts do not represent the potential gain or loss associated with market or credit risk of such instruments.

The following table presents the notional amounts of derivative instruments:

 

$ millions, as at October 31                                                 2018               2017  
     Residual term to contractual maturity                                     
      

Less

than 1 year

     1 to 5 years      Over
5 years
    

Total

notional
amounts

     Trading      ALM      Trading      ALM  

Interest rate derivatives

                       

Over-the-counter

                       

Forward rate agreements

   $ 13,843      $ 25      $      $ 13,868      $ 5,925      $ 7,943      $ 5,352    $ 4,496

Centrally cleared forward rate agreements

     230,383        43,145           273,528      273,528           235,787     

Swap contracts

     49,556        171,052      74,089      294,697      242,620      52,077      243,136      77,429

Centrally cleared swap contracts

     1,166,780        1,079,707      327,149      2,573,636      2,264,721      308,915      1,782,769      263,629

Purchased options

     6,308        4,688      792      11,788      8,697      3,091      7,813      5,038

Written options

     7,396        4,278      584      12,258      10,417      1,841      6,086      2,072
       1,474,266        1,302,895      402,614      3,179,775      2,805,908      373,867      2,280,943      352,664

Exchange-traded

                       

Futures contracts

     74,461        26,765      78      101,304      99,156      2,148      72,362      1,036

Purchased options

     7,273                  7,273      7,273           3,850     

Written options

     2,500                  2,500      2,500           2,500     
       84,234        26,765      78      111,077      108,929      2,148      78,712      1,036

Total interest rate derivatives

     1,558,500        1,329,660      402,692      3,290,852      2,914,837      376,015      2,359,655      353,700

Foreign exchange derivatives

                       

Over-the-counter

                       

Forward contracts

     400,397        7,462        839      408,698      387,509      21,189      293,292      6,240

Swap contracts

     273,924        60,250      24,108      358,282      299,073      59,209      258,668      61,385

Purchased options

     19,096        1,405      63      20,564      20,562      2      22,861      16

Written options

     21,060        1,419      64      22,543      22,513      30      23,009      25
       714,477        70,536      25,074      810,087      729,657      80,430      597,830      67,666

Exchange-traded

                       

Futures contracts

     11                  11      11           1     

Total foreign exchange derivatives

     714,488        70,536      25,074      810,098      729,668      80,430      597,831      67,666

Credit derivatives

                       

Over-the-counter

                       

Total return swap contracts – protection sold

                                         

Credit default swap contracts – protection purchased

     22        372      365      759      634      125      376      111

Centrally cleared credit default swap
contracts – protection purchased

            404      197      601      443      158      1,016      155

Credit default swap contracts – protection sold

     26        76      157      259      157      102      343      111

Centrally cleared credit default swap contracts – protection sold

            13      198      211      211           258     

Total credit derivatives

     48        865      917      1,830      1,445      385      1,993      377

Equity derivatives

                       

Over-the-counter

     79,276        22,876      94      102,246      100,762      1,484      73,064      1,143

Exchange-traded

     60,654        20,275      1,109      82,038      82,038           54,897     

Total equity derivatives

     139,930        43,151      1,203      184,284      182,800      1,484      127,961      1,143

Precious metal derivatives

                       

Over-the-counter

     4,880        19           4,899      4,899           3,154     

Exchange-traded

     1,057        34           1,091      1,091           2,929     

Total precious metal derivatives

     5,937        53           5,990      5,990           6,083     

Other commodity derivatives

                       

Over-the-counter

     16,045        14,738      2,478      33,261      33,261           27,628      3

Centrally cleared commodity derivatives

     21        8           29      29           27     

Exchange-traded

     17,177        9,331      444      26,952      26,952           20,363     

Total other commodity derivatives

     33,243        24,077      2,922      60,242      60,242           48,018      3

Total notional amount of which:

   $   2,452,146      $   1,468,342      $   432,808      $   4,353,296      $   3,894,982      $   458,314      $   3,141,541    $   422,889

Over-the-counter (1)

     2,289,013        1,411,937      431,177      4,132,127      3,675,961      456,166      2,984,639      421,853

Exchange-traded

     163,133        56,405      1,631      221,169      219,021      2,148      156,902      1,036

 

(1)

For OTC derivatives that are not centrally cleared, $1,064.5 billion (2017: $933.8 billion) are with counterparties that have two-way collateral posting arrangements, $33.8 billion (2017: $17.3 billion) are with counterparties that have one-way collateral posting arrangements, and $185.8 billion (2017: $171.8 billion) are with counterparties that have no collateral posting arrangements. All counterparties with whom we have one-way collateral posting arrangements are sovereign entities.

 

144   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Risk

In the following sections, we discuss the risks related to the use of derivatives and how we manage these risks.

Market risk

Derivatives are financial instruments where valuation is linked to changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity, commodity, credit prices or indices. Changes in value as a result of the aforementioned risk factors is referred to as market risk.

Market risk arising from derivative trading activities is managed in order to mitigate risk in line with CIBC’s risk appetite. To manage market risk, we set market risk limits and may enter into hedging transactions.

Credit risk

Credit risk arises from the potential for a counterparty to default on its contractual obligations and the possibility that prevailing market conditions are such that a loss would occur in replacing the defaulted transaction. We limit the credit risk of OTC derivatives through the use of ISDA master netting agreements, collateral, CCPs and other credit mitigation techniques. We clear eligible derivatives through CCPs in accordance with various global initiatives. Where feasible, we novate existing bilaterally negotiated and settled derivatives to a CCP in an effort to reduce CIBC’s credit risk exposure.

We negotiate netting agreements to contain the build-up of credit exposure resulting from multiple transactions with more active counterparties. Such agreements provide for the simultaneous close-out and netting of all transactions with a counterparty, in the case of a counterparty default. A number of these agreements incorporate a Credit Support Annex, which is a bilateral security agreement that, among other things, provides for the exchange of collateral between parties in the event that one party’s exposure to the other exceeds agreed upon thresholds.

Written OTC options, including CDS, generally have no credit risk for the writer if the counterparty has already performed in accordance with the terms of the contract through payment of the premium at inception. These written options will, however, have some credit risk to the extent of any unpaid premiums.

Credit risk on exchange-traded futures and options is limited, as these transactions are standardized contracts executed on established exchanges, whose CCPs assume the obligations of both counterparties. Similarly, swaps that are centrally cleared represent limited credit risk because these transactions are novated to the CCP, which assumes the obligations of the original bilateral counterparty. All exchange-traded and centrally cleared contracts are subject to initial margin and daily settlement of variation margins, designed to protect participants from losses incurred from a counterparty default.

The following table summarizes our credit exposure arising from derivatives, except for those that are traded on an exchange or are CCP settled. The calculation of the risk-weighted amount is prescribed by OSFI. The current replacement cost is the estimated cost to replace all contracts that have a positive market value, representing an unrealized gain to us. The replacement cost of an instrument is dependent upon its terms relative to prevailing market prices, and will fluctuate as market prices change and as the derivative approaches its scheduled maturity.

The credit equivalent amount is the sum of the current replacement cost and the potential credit exposure, adjusted for master netting agreements and the impact of collateral. The potential credit exposure is an estimate of the amount by which the current replacement cost could increase over the remaining term of each transaction, based on a formula prescribed by OSFI. The credit equivalent amount is then multiplied by counterparty risk variables to arrive at the risk-weighted amount. The risk-weighted amount is used in determining the regulatory capital requirements for derivatives.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     145  


Consolidated financial statements

 

$ millions, as at October 31             2018                                     2017  
    Current replacement cost     Credit
equivalent
amount 
(1)
    Risk-
weighted
amount
    Current replacement cost     Credit
equivalent
amount  (1)
    Risk-
weighted
amount
 
      Trading     ALM     Total     Trading     ALM     Total  

Interest rate derivatives

                   

Over-the-counter

                   

Forward rate agreements

  $ 113     $     $ 113     $ 39     $ 2     $ 56   $ 1   $ 57   $ 29     $ 3

Swap contracts

    4,603     773     5,376     5,359       539     6,968     1,065     8,033     4,993       653

Purchased options

    92     11     103     20       8     153     3     156     55       22
      4,808     784     5,592     5,418       549     7,177     1,069     8,246     5,077       678

Exchange-traded

    1         1     170       5                 88       2
      4,809     784     5,593     5,588       554     7,177     1,069     8,246     5,165       680

Foreign exchange derivatives

                   

Over-the-counter

                   

Forward contracts

    2,916     117     3,033     3,793       1,017     3,603     87     3,690     3,644       938

Swap contracts

    4,825     1,205     6,030     4,528       886     6,028     1,707     7,735     4,350       847

Purchased options

    240         240     259       83     217     1     218     310       81
      7,981     1,322     9,303     8,580       1,986     9,848     1,795     11,643     8,304       1,866

Credit derivatives

                   

Over-the-counter

                   

Credit default swap contracts

                   

– protection purchased

    115         115     46       9     130         130     90       10

– protection sold

    3         3     3           11         11     6      
      118         118     49       9     141         141     96       10

Equity derivatives

                   

Over-the-counter

    1,951     7     1,958     2,259       535     1,197     126     1,323     2,033       520

Exchange-traded

    1,659         1,659     4,131       116     1,541         1,541     2,837       84
      3,610     7     3,617     6,390       651     2,738     126     2,864     4,870       604

Precious metal derivatives

                   

Over-the-counter

    63         63     62       23     40         40     43       19

Exchange-traded

    143         143     17       1     186         186     24       1
      206         206     79       24     226         226     67       20

Other commodity derivatives

                   

Over-the-counter

    2,527         2,527     4,046       1,523     1,138         1,138     2,314       902

Exchange-traded

    67         67     1,480       59     84         84     1,003       40
      2,594         2,594     5,526       1,582     1,222         1,222     3,317       942

Non-trade exposure related to central counterparties

                                    224                                     176

Common equity tier 1 (CET1) CVA charge

                                    4,236                                     3,498

Total derivatives before netting

      19,318       2,113     21,431     26,212       9,266       21,352       2,990     24,342     21,819       7,796

Less: effect of netting

                    (11,789 )                                     (13,977                

Total derivatives

 

  $   9,642     $   26,212     $   9,266                     $   10,365   $   21,819     $   7,796

 

(1)

Sum of current replacement cost and potential future exposure, adjusted for master netting agreements and the impact of collateral amounting to $5,036 million (2017: $4,359 million). The collateral comprises cash of $3,961 million (2017: $3,534 million) and government securities of $1,075 million (2017: $825 million). Of the collateral, $5,020 million (2017: $4,341 million) relates to eligible financial collateral for AIRB exposures that is reflected in the loss given default risk variable used in the determination of risk-weighted assets.

Operating limits

We establish counterparty credit limits and limits for CCP exposures based on a counterparty’s creditworthiness and the type of trading relationship with each counterparty (underlying agreements, business volumes, product types, tenors, etc.)

CVA

A CVA is determined using the fair value based exposure we have on derivative contracts. We believe that we have made appropriate fair value adjustments to date. The establishment of fair value adjustments involves estimates that are based on accounting processes and judgments by management. We evaluate the adequacy of the fair value adjustments on an ongoing basis. Market and economic conditions relating to derivative counterparties may change in the future, which could result in significant future losses.

Our methodology in establishing CVA against other derivative counterparties is calculated using a fair value based exposure measure. We use market-observed credit spreads or proxies, as appropriate. During the year, we recorded a loss of $6 million (2017: gain of $48 million; 2016: loss of $12 million), excluding the impact of the adoption of funding valuation adjustments, on our positions with derivative counterparties.

 

146   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  13   Designated accounting hedges

 

Hedge accounting

We apply hedge accounting as part of managing the market risk of certain non-trading portfolios arising from changes due to interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and equity market prices. Please see the shaded sections of the “Non-trading activities” on page 68 of the MD&A for further information on our risk management strategy for these risks. See Note 12 for further information on the derivatives used by CIBC.

Interest rate risk

The majority of our derivative contracts used to hedge certain exposures to benchmark interest rate risk are interest rate swaps. For fair value hedges, we convert our fixed interest rate exposures from the hedged financial instruments to floating interest rate exposures. For cash flow hedges, we convert certain exposures to cash flow variability from our variable rate instruments to fixed interest rate exposures.

Foreign currency risk

For our fair value hedges, we mainly use various combinations of cross-currency interest rate swaps and interest rate swaps to hedge our exposures to foreign currency risk together with interest rate risk, converting our fixed foreign currency rate exposures to floating functional currency rate exposures.

For our cash flow hedges, the majority of our derivative contracts are used to hedge our exposures to cash flow variability arising from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, and mainly consist of cross-currency interest rate swaps. We also use foreign exchange forwards and synthetic forwards created from interest rate swaps to hedge certain foreign currency contractual expenses.

For NIFO hedges, we use a combination of foreign denominated deposit liabilities and foreign exchange forwards to manage our foreign currency exposure of our NIFOs with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar.

Equity price risk

We use cash settled total return swaps in designated cash flow hedge relationships to hedge changes in CIBC’s share price in respect of certain cash-settled share-based compensation awards. Note 17 provides details on our cash-settled share-based compensation plans.

For the hedge relationships above, hedge effectiveness is assessed at the inception of the hedge relationship and on an ongoing basis, primarily using the dollar offset method. The sources of hedge ineffectiveness are mainly attributed to the following:

 

Utilization of hedging instruments that have a non-zero fair value at the inception of the hedge relationship;

 

Differences in fixed rates, when contractual coupons of the fixed rate hedged items are designated;

 

Differences in the discounting factors between the hedged item and the hedging instruments arising from different rate reset frequencies and timing of cash flows; and

 

Differences in the discount curves to determine the basis adjustments of the hedged items and the fair value of the hedging derivatives, including from the application of OIS and CVA to the valuation of derivatives when they are applicable.

Designated hedging instruments

The following table provides a summary of financial instruments designated as hedging instruments:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018   Notional
amount of
the hedging
instrument  (1)
    Maturity range     Fair value of the
hedging derivatives
    Gains (losses) on
changes in fair value
used for calculating
hedge ineffectiveness
 
  Less than
1 year
   

1-5

years

    Over 5
years
    Assets     Liabilities  

Cash flow hedges

             

Foreign exchange risk

             

Foreign exchange forwards

  $ 138   $ 138   $   $   $ 2   $   $ (5 )

Cross-currency interest rate swaps

    18,421     13,377     5,044         351     234     82

Interest rate risk

             

Interest rate swaps

    4,468     395     4,073             15     (57 )

Equity share price risk

             

Equity swaps

    1,406     173     1,233             89     26
    $ 24,433   $ 14,083   $ 10,350   $   $ 353   $ 338   $      46

NIFO hedges

             

Foreign exchange risk

             

Foreign exchange forwards

  $ 193     $ 193     $     $     $ 11     $ 6     $ (4

Deposits (2)

    17,158       17,158                   n/a       n/a       (388
    $ 17,351     $ 17,351     $     $     $ 11     $ 6     $ (392

Fair value hedges

             

Interest rate risk

             

Interest rate swaps

  $ 174,556   $ 50,347   $ 110,948   $ 13,261   $ 380   $ 164   $ (36 )

Foreign exchange / interest rate risk

 

           

Cross-currency interest rate swaps

    36,308     15,528     19,267     1,513     799     795     (63 )

Interest rate swaps

    17,310     3,850     12,817     643     23           (15 )
    $ 228,174   $ 69,725   $ 143,032   $ 15,417   $ 1,202   $ 959   $ (114 )
    $     269,958     $     101,159     $     153,382     $     15,417     $     1,566     $     1,303     $ (460

 

(1)

For some hedge relationships, we apply a combination of derivatives to hedge the underlying exposures, therefore, the notional amounts of the derivatives generally exceed the carrying amount of the hedged items.

(2)

Notional amount represents the principal amount of deposits as at October 31, 2018.

n/a

Not applicable.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     147  


Consolidated financial statements

 

The following table provides the average rate or price of the hedging derivatives:

 

As at October 31, 2018           Average
exchange rate  (1)
            Average fixed
interest rate
            Average
share price
 

Cash flow hedges

                 

Foreign exchange risk

                 

Foreign exchange forwards

   USD – CAD      1.29           n/a           n/a  

Cross-currency interest rate swaps

   EUR – CAD      1.51           n/a           n/a  
   GBP – CAD      1.72           n/a           n/a  
   USD – CAD      1.28           n/a           n/a  

Interest rate risk

                 

Interest rate swaps

        n/a      CAD      2.45  %          n/a  
        n/a      USD      2.16  %          n/a  

Equity share price risk

                 

Equity swaps

          n/a             n/a           $     109.52

NIFO hedges

                 

Foreign exchange risk

                 

Foreign exchange forwards

   AUD – CAD      0.93           n/a           n/a  
   HKD – CAD      0.17           n/a           n/a  
     JPY – CAD      0.01             n/a             n/a  

Fair value hedges

                 

Interest rate risk

                 

Interest rate swaps

        n/a      CAD      1.84  %          n/a  

Foreign exchange / interest rate risk

                 

Cross-currency interest rate swaps

   EUR – CAD      1.49           0.10  %          n/a  
   GBP – CAD      1.60           1.06  %          n/a  
   USD – CAD      1.30           2.36  %          n/a  

Interest rate swaps

        n/a      EUR      0.05  %          n/a  
            n/a      GBP      0.78  %            n/a  

 

(1)

Includes average foreign exchange rates and interest rates relating to significant hedging relationships.

n/a

Not applicable.

Designated hedged items

The following table provides information on designated hedged items:

 

     Carrying amount of
the hedged item
     Accumulated amount
of fair value hedge
adjustments on the
hedged item
   

Gains (losses) on
changes in fair
value used for
calculating hedge
ineffectiveness

 
$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31, 2018    Assets      Liabilities      Assets     Liabilities  

Cash flow hedges (1)

            

Foreign exchange risk

            

Forecasted expenses

     n/a        n/a        n/a       n/a     $ 5  

Deposits

   $    $ 13,456      n/a     n/a     (81 )

Interest rate risk

            

Loans

     4,463             n/a     n/a     57  

Equity share price risk

            

Share-based payment

          1,186      n/a     n/a     (27 )
     $ 4,463      $ 14,642      n/a     n/a   $ (46

NIFO hedges

   $ 17,351    $      n/a     n/a   $ 392

Fair value hedges (2)

            

Interest rate risk

            

Securities

   $ 17,046      $    $ (370 )   $   $     (338

Loans

     61,363             (1,036 )         (626

Deposits

          72,839          (1,205 )     907

Subordinated indebtedness

          3,893          (48 )     58

Foreign exchange / interest rate risk

            

Loans

     6                            

Deposits

          19,844          (112 )     82
     $     78,416      $     96,576    $     (1,404 )   $     (1,364 )   $ 83  

 

(1)

As at October 31, 2018, the amount remaining in AOCI related to the discontinued cash flow hedges was immaterial .

(2)

As at October 31, 2018, the accumulated fair value hedge net liability adjustment remaining on the consolidated balance sheet related to discontinued fair value hedges was $153 million.

n/a

Not applicable.

 

148   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Hedge accounting gains (losses) on the consolidated statement of income and consolidated statement of comprehensive income

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31, 2018   Beginning
balance
of AOCI –
hedge
reserve
(after-tax)
    Change in
the value of
the hedging
instrument
recognized
in OCI
(before-tax)
    Amount
reclassified from
accumulated
OCI to income
(before-tax)  (1)
    Tax
benefit
(expense)
    Ending balance
of AOCI
hedge reserve
(after-tax)
    Hedge
ineffectiveness
gains (losses)
recognized
in income
 

Cash flow hedges

           

Foreign exchange risk

  $ 5     $ 6     $ (6   $     $ 5     $  

Interest rate risk

    (3 )     (56 )     (2 )     16     (45    

Equity share price risk

    31            17     (27 )     1     22     (1 )
    $ 33     $ (33   $     (35   $     17     $ (18   $     (1

NIFO hedges – foreign exchange risk

           

Hedges of net investment in foreign operations

  $     (780   $   (392   $     $ 43     $     (1,129   $  

 

(1)

During the year ended October 31, 2018, the amount reclassified from AOCI to net income for cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions that were no longer expected to occur was nil.

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31, 2018    Gains (losses)
on the hedging
instruments
     Gains (losses) on
the hedged items
attributed
to hedged risk
     Hedge Ineffectiveness
gains (losses)
recognized in income
 

Fair value hedges

        

Interest rate risk

   $ (36    $ 1      $ (35

Foreign exchange / interest rate risk

     (78      82        4
     $     (114    $     83      $     (31

The following table provides the notional and carrying values of the derivatives designated as the hedging instruments in 2017:

 

    

Derivatives

notional amount

     Carrying value  
$ millions, as at October 31, 2017    Positive      Negative  

Fair value hedges

   $ 210,019    $ 1,717    $ 907

Cash flow hedges

     23,332      419      315

NIFO hedges

     5,712      318     
     $     239,063    $     2,454    $     1,222

In addition, as at October 31, 2017, foreign currency denominated deposit liabilities of $45 million and $17.9 billion had been designated as hedging instruments in fair value hedges of foreign exchange risk and NIFO hedges, respectively.

The following table presents hedge ineffectiveness gains (losses) recognized in the consolidated statement of income for 2017 and 2016:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2017     2016  

Fair value hedges (1)

    

Gains (losses) on hedging instruments

   $     (24   $     (520

Gains (losses) on hedged items attributable to hedged risks

     73     458
     $ 49   $ (62

Cash flow hedges (2)(3)

   $   $

 

(1)

Recognized in Net interest income.

(2)

Recognized in Non-interest income – Other and Non-interest expenses – Other.

(3)

Includes NIFO hedges.

Portions of derivative gains (losses) that by designation were excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness for fair value, cash flow, and NIFO hedging activities are included in the consolidated statement of income, and are not significant for the years ended October 31, 2017 and 2016.

As at October 31, 2017, the cash flows designated as hedged items were expected to occur as follows:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2017   

Within

1 year

    

1 – 3

years

    

3 – 8

years

     Over
8 years
 

Net cash flows

   $     (465    $     (921    $     (8    $     –  

As at October 31, 2017, cash flows designated in cash flow hedges of $332 million, $189 million and $8 million were expected to affect net income in the next 12 months, 1 to 3 years and 3 to 8 years, respectively.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     149  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  14   Subordinated indebtedness

 

The debt issues included in the table below are outstanding unsecured obligations of CIBC and its subsidiaries and are subordinated to the claims of depositors and other creditors as set out in their terms. Foreign currency denominated indebtedness funds foreign currency denominated assets (including our NIFOs). All redemptions are subject to regulatory approval.

Terms of subordinated indebtedness

 

$ millions, as at October 31                             2018               2017  
            Earliest date redeemable                                  
Interest
rate %
   

Contractual

maturity date

   

At greater of
Canada Yield Price  (1)

and par

    At par     Denominated
in foreign
currency
    Par
value
    Carrying
value 
(2)
    

Par

value

     Carrying
value  (2)
 
  Fixed   (3)        September 23, 2018           TT$195 million   (4)      $     $      $ 37    $ 37  
  6.00   (5)(6)        June 6, 2023       June 6, 2008       June 6, 2018                    600      598  
  5.75   (7)       July 11, 2024         July 11, 2018       TT$175 million       34     34              
  3.00   (8)(9)        October 28, 2024         October 28, 2019         1,000     986        1,000      986  
  3.42   (9)(10)        January 26, 2026         January 26, 2021         1,000     966        1,000      975  
  3.45   (9) (11)        April 4, 2028         April 4, 2023         1,500     1,479              
  8.70     May 25, 2029   (12)              25     38        25      41  
  11.60     January 7, 2031       January 7, 1996           200     178        200      188  
  10.80     May 15, 2031       May 15, 2021           150     132        150      139  
  8.70     May 25, 2032   (12)              25     39        25      43  
  8.70     May 25, 2033   (12)              25       40        25      43  
  8.70     May 25, 2035   (12)              25     42        25      45  
  Floating   (13)        July 31, 2084         July 27, 1990       US$66 million   (14)        86     86        85      85  
  Floating  (15)       August 31, 2085               August 20, 1991       US$17 million   (16)        23     23        22      22  
            4,093     4,043        3,194      3,202  
 

Subordinated indebtedness sold short (held) for trading purposes

      37     37        7      7  
                                        $     4,130     $     4,080      $     3,201    $     3,209  

 

(1)

Canada Yield Price: a price calculated at the time of redemption to provide a yield to maturity equal to the yield of a Government of Canada bond of appropriate maturity plus a pre-determined spread.

(2)

Carrying values of fixed-rate subordinated indebtedness notes reflect the impact of interest rate hedges in an effective hedge relationship.

(3)

During 2018, we redeemed all $37 million of our Guaranteed Subordinated Term Notes due September 23, 2018. In accordance with their terms, the Debentures were redeemed at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon.

(4)

TT$195 million (2017: nil) was redeemed during the year.

(5)

Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at a rate of 2.50% above the three-month Canadian dollar bankers’ acceptance rate.

(6)

$600 million (2017: nil) was redeemed during the year.

(7)

Guaranteed Subordinated Term Notes in Trinidad and Tobago dollars issued on July 11, 2018 by FirstCaribbean International Bank (Trinidad & Tobago) Limited, a subsidiary of CIBC FirstCaribbean, and guaranteed on a subordinated basis by CIBC FirstCaribbean.

(8)

Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at a rate of 1.19% above the three-month Canadian dollar bankers’ acceptance rate.

(9)

Debentures are also subject to a non-viability contingent capital (NVCC) provision, necessary for the Debentures to qualify as Tier 2 regulatory capital under Basel III. As such, the Debentures are automatically converted into common shares upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event as described in the capital adequacy guidelines. In such an event, the Debentures are convertible into a number of common shares, determined by dividing 150% of the par value plus accrued and unpaid interest by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements) subject to a minimum price of $5.00 per share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements).

(10)

Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at a rate of 2.57% above the three-month Canadian dollar bankers’ acceptance rate.

(11)

Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at a rate of 1.00% above the three-month Canadian dollar bankers’ acceptance rate.

(12)

Not redeemable prior to maturity date.

(13)

Interest rate is based on the six-month US$ London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus 0.25%.

(14)

Nil (2017: US$34 million) of this issue was repurchased and cancelled during the year.

(15)

Interest rate is based on the six-month US$ LIBOR plus 0.125%.

(16)

Nil (2017: US$19 million) of this issue was repurchased and cancelled during the year.

 

150   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  15   Common and preferred share capital

 

The following table presents the outstanding number of shares and dividends paid:

Outstanding shares and dividends paid

 

$ millions, except number of shares and per share
amounts, as at or for the year ended October 31
    2018                             2017                             2016  
      Shares outstanding     Dividends paid     Shares outstanding     Dividends paid     Shares outstanding     Dividends paid  
      Number
of shares
    Amount     Amount     $ per
share
    Number
of shares
    Amount     Amount     $ per
share
    Number
of shares
    Amount     Amount     $ per
share
 

Common shares

    442,823,361   $ 13,242   $     2,356   $     5.32       439,329,713   $   12,550   $   2,121   $   5.08     397,055,398   $   8,025   $   1,879   $   4.75

Class A Preferred Shares

                       

Series 39

    16,000,000     400     16     0.98     16,000,000     400     16     0.98     16,000,000     400     16     0.98

Series 41

    12,000,000     300     11     0.94     12,000,000     300     11     0.94     12,000,000     300     11     0.94

Series 43

    12,000,000     300     11     0.90     12,000,000     300     11     0.90     12,000,000     300     11     0.90

Series 45

    32,000,000     800     35     1.10     32,000,000     800     14     0.46                

Series 47

    18,000,000     450     16       0.88                                  
            $     2,250   $ 89                   $ 1,800   $ 52                   $ 1,000   $ 38        

Treasury shares –common shares

    3,019   $ 1         (16,410   $ (2         14,882   $ 1    

Treasury shares –preferred shares

                            (116,671     (3                                        

Common shares

CIBC’s authorized capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares, without nominal or par value.

Common shares issued

 

$ millions, except number of shares, as at or for the year ended October 31     2018              2017               2016  
       Number
of shares
    Amount     Number
of shares
     Amount      Number
of shares
     Amount  

Balance at beginning of year

     439,313,303   $ 12,548     397,070,280    $ 8,026      397,291,068    $ 7,813

Issuance pursuant to:

               

Acquisition of The PrivateBank

     1,689,450     194     32,137,402      3,443          

Acquisition of Geneva Advisors

             1,204,344      126          

Acquisition of Wellington Financial

     378,848     47                   

Equity-settled share-based compensation plans

     999,675     95     990,934      91      815,767      72

Shareholder investment plan (1)

     2,880,782     337     6,870,584      749      1,662,972      164

Employee share purchase plan (2)

     1,044,893     123     1,071,051      117      373,382      37
     446,306,951     $ 13,344     439,344,595    $ 12,552      400,143,189    $ 8,086

Purchase of common shares for cancellation

     (3,500,000 )     (104 )               (3,081,300      (61

Treasury shares

     19,429     3     (31,292      (4      8,391      1

Balance at end of year (3)

     442,826,380     $     13,243     439,313,303   (4)      $     12,548        397,070,280    $     8,026

 

(1)

Commencing on October 28, 2016, CIBC has met the requirements for additional common shares for the Shareholder Investment Plan (the Plan) by issuing shares from Treasury. The participants in the Dividend Reinvestment Option and the Stock Dividend Option of the Plan received a 2% discount to average market price on dividends reinvested in additional common shares. Effective with the dividends paid on April 27, 2018, the discount was removed. The participants in the Share Purchase Option of the Plan continue to receive shares issued from Treasury with no discount.

(2)

Commencing June 29, 2016, employee contributions to our Canadian ESPP have been used to purchase common shares from Treasury.

(3)

Excludes 60,764 restricted shares as at October 31, 2018 (2017: 190,285; 2016: nil).

(4)

Excludes 2,010,890 common shares which were issued and outstanding but which had not been acquired by a third party as at October 31, 2017. These shares were issued as a component of our acquisition of The PrivateBank.

Common shares reserved for issue

As at October 31, 2018, 15,703,861 common shares (2017: 6,654,170) were reserved for future issue pursuant to stock option plans, 16,160,842 common shares (2017: 19,041,624) were reserved for future issue pursuant to the Shareholder Investment Plan, 3,043,087 common shares (2017: 2,771,650) were reserved for future issue pursuant to the employee share purchase plan and other activities, and 1,561,767,500 common shares (2017: 1,012,992,500) were reserved for future issue pursuant to instruments which include an NVCC provision requiring conversion into common shares upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event as described in the capital adequacy guidelines.

Normal course issuer bid

On May 31, 2018, we announced that the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) had accepted the notice of CIBC’s intention to commence a normal course issuer bid (NCIB). Purchases under this bid will terminate upon the earlier of: (i) CIBC purchasing up to a maximum of 9 million common shares; (ii) CIBC providing a notice of termination; or (iii) June 3, 2019. During the year, we purchased and cancelled 3,500,000 common shares under this bid at an average price of $119.22 for a total amount of $417 million.

The following table shows common shares purchased and cancelled under previously expired NCIBs.

 

$ millions, except number of shares, as at or for the year ended October 31      2018               2017               2016  
TSX approval date    Number
of shares
     Amount      Number
of shares
     Amount      Number
of shares
     Amount  

September 16, 2015  (1)

        $         $      3,081,300    $ 270

March 10, 2017  (2)

                               
          $     –           $     –        3,081,300    $     270

 

(1)

Common shares were repurchased at an average price of $87.83 under this NCIB, including 1,400,000 common shares purchased and cancelled under a private agreement at an average price of $86.94 for a total amount of $122 million on January 8, 2016.

(2)

No common shares were repurchased under this NCIB.

 

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Consolidated financial statements

 

Preferred shares

CIBC is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Class A Preferred Shares and Class B Preferred Shares without nominal or par value, issuable in series, provided that, for each class of preferred shares, the maximum aggregate consideration for all outstanding shares, at any time does not exceed $10 billion. There are no Class B Preferred Shares currently outstanding.

Preferred share rights and privileges

Class A Preferred Shares

Each series of Class A Preferred Shares bears quarterly non-cumulative dividends. Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 39, 41, 43, 45, and 47 (NVCC) are redeemable, subject to regulatory approval if required, for cash by CIBC on or after the specified redemption dates at the cash redemption prices indicated in the terms of the preferred shares.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 47 (NVCC) (Series 47 shares)

On January 18, 2018, we issued 18 million Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 47 (NVCC) (Series 47 shares) with a par value of $25.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $450 million. For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of January 31, 2023, the Series 47 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 4.50%. On January 31, 2023, and on January 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.45%.

Holders of the Series 47 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 48 (NVCC) (Series 48 shares), subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2023 and on January 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 48 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.45%. Holders of the Series 48 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 47 shares, subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2028 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 47 shares at par on January 31, 2023 and on January 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 48 shares at par on January 31, 2028 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 45 (NVCC) (Series 45 shares)

On June 2, 2017, we issued 32 million Series 45 shares with a par value of $25.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $800 million. For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of July 31, 2022, the Series 45 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 4.40%. On July 31, 2022, and on July 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 3.38%.

Holders of the Series 45 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 46 (NVCC) (Series 46 shares), subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2022 and on July 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 46 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 3.38%. Holders of the Series 46 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 45 shares, subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2027 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 45 shares at par on July 31, 2022 and on July 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 46 shares at par on July 31, 2027 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 43 (NVCC) (Series 43 shares)

On March 11, 2015, we issued 12 million Series 43 shares with a par value of $25.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $300 million. For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of July 31, 2020, the Series 43 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 3.60%. On July 31, 2020, and on July 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.79%.

Holders of the Series 43 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 44 (NVCC) (Series 44 shares), subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2020 and on July 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 44 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.79%. Holders of the Series 44 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 43 shares, subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2025 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 43 shares at par on July 31, 2020 and on July 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 44 shares at par on July 31, 2025 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 41 (NVCC) (Series 41 shares)

On December 16, 2014, we issued 12 million Series 41 shares with a par value of $25.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $300 million. For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of January 31, 2020, the Series 41 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 3.75%. On January 31, 2020, and on January 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.24%.

Holders of the Series 41 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 42 (NVCC) (Series 42 shares), subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2020 and on January 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 42 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.24%. Holders of the Series 42 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 41 shares, subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2025 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 41 shares at par on January 31, 2020 and on January 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 42 shares at par on January 31, 2025 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 39 (NVCC) (Series 39 shares)

On June 11, 2014, we issued 16 million Series 39 shares with a par value of $25.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $400 million. For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of July 31, 2019, the Series 39 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 3.90%. On July 31, 2019, and on July 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.32%.

 

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Consolidated financial statements

 

Holders of the Series 39 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 40 (NVCC) (Series 40 shares), subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2019 and on July 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 40 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.32%. Holders of the Series 40 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 39 shares, subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2024 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 39 shares at par on July 31, 2019, and on July 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 40 shares at par on July 31, 2024, and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Series 39, Series 40, Series 41, Series 42, Series 43, Series 44, Series 45, Series 46, Series 47, and Series 48 shares are subject to an NVCC provision, necessary for the shares to qualify as regulatory capital under Basel III. As such, the shares are automatically converted into common shares upon the occurrence of a “Trigger Event”. As described in the Capital Adequacy Guidelines, a Trigger Event occurs when OSFI determines the bank is or is about to become non-viable and, if after conversion of all contingent instruments and consideration of any other relevant factors or circumstances, it is reasonably likely that its viability will be restored or maintained; or if the bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection or equivalent support from a federal or provincial government, without which OSFI would have determined the bank to be non-viable. Each such share is convertible into a number of common shares, determined by dividing the par value of $25.00 plus declared and unpaid dividends by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement) subject to a minimum price of $5.00 per share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement). We have recorded the Series 39, Series 41, Series 43, Series 45, and Series 47 shares as equity.

Terms of Class A Preferred Shares

 

Outstanding as at October 31, 2018    Quarterly
dividends per share  (1)
     Earliest specified
redemption date
     Cash redemption
price per share
 

Series 39

   $ 0.243750        July 31, 2019      $ 25.00

Series 41

   $ 0.234375        January 31, 2020      $ 25.00

Series 43

   $ 0.225000        July 31, 2020      $ 25.00

Series 45

   $ 0.275000        July 31, 2022      $ 25.00

Series 47

   $     0.281250        January 31, 2023      $     25.00

 

(1)

Quarterly dividends may be adjusted depending on the timing of issuance or redemption.

Restrictions on the payment of dividends

Under Section 79 of the Bank Act (Canada), a bank, including CIBC, is prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends on its preferred or common shares if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the bank is, or the payment would cause it to be, in contravention of any capital adequacy or liquidity regulation or any direction to the bank made by OSFI.

In addition, our ability to pay common share dividends is also restricted by the terms of the outstanding preferred shares. These terms provide that we may not pay dividends on our common shares at any time without the approval of holders of the outstanding preferred shares, unless all dividends to preferred shareholders that are then payable have been declared and paid or set apart for payment.

We have agreed that if CIBC Capital Trust fails to pay any interest payments on its $1,300 million of CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A, due June 30, 2108 or its $300 million of CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series B, due June 30, 2108, we will not declare dividends of any kind on any of our preferred or common shares for a specified period of time. For additional details see Note 16.

Currently, these limitations do not restrict the payment of dividends on our preferred or common shares.

Capital

Objectives, policy and procedures

Our objective is to employ a strong and efficient capital base. We manage capital in accordance with a capital policy approved by the Board. The policy includes specific guidelines that relate to capital strength, capital mix, dividends and return of capital, and the unconsolidated capital adequacy of regulated entities and capital is monitored continuously for compliance.

Each year, a Capital Plan and three-year outlook are established as a part of the financial plan, and they encompass all material elements of capital: forecasts of sources and uses of capital including earnings, dividends, business growth, and corporate initiatives, as well as maturities, redemptions, and issuances of capital instruments. The Capital Plan is stress-tested to ensure that it is sufficiently robust under severe but plausible stress scenarios. The level of capital and capital ratios are monitored throughout the year including a comparison to the Capital Plan. There were no significant changes made to the objectives, policy, guidelines and procedures during the year.

Regulatory capital requirements under Basel III

Our regulatory capital requirements are determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI, which are based on the risk-based capital standards developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS).

CIBC has been designated by OSFI as a D-SIB in Canada, and is subject to a CET1 surcharge equal to 1.0% of risk-weighted assets (RWAs). In June 2018, OSFI publicly disclosed that it requires D-SIBs to hold a Domestic Stability Buffer, currently set at 1.5% of RWAs. This results in current all-in targets, including all buffer requirements, for CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios of 9.5%, 11.0%, and 13.0%, respectively. These targets may be higher for certain institutions at OSFI’s discretion.

“All-in” is defined by OSFI as capital calculated to include all of the regulatory adjustments that will be required by 2019, but retaining the phase-out rules for non-qualifying capital instruments. Certain deductions from CET1 capital that were phased in at 20% per year from 2014 for the calculation of capital under the transitional rules are now fully deducted, and therefore, there is no longer a determination of transitional capital.

Regulatory capital and ratios

Regulatory capital under Basel III consists of CET1, Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital.

CET1 capital includes common shares, retained earnings, AOCI (excluding AOCI relating to cash flow hedges and changes to FVO liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk), and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated banking subsidiary to third parties, less regulatory adjustments for items such as goodwill and other intangible assets (net of related deferred tax liabilities), certain deferred tax assets, net assets related to defined benefit pension plans as reported on our consolidated balance sheet (net of related deferred tax liabilities), and certain investments. Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital primarily includes NVCC preferred shares, qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties, and non-qualifying innovative Tier 1 notes subject

 

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Consolidated financial statements

 

to phase-out rules for capital instruments. Tier 2 capital includes NVCC subordinated indebtedness, non-qualifying subordinated indebtedness subject to phase-out rules for capital instruments, eligible collective allowance under the standardized approach, and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties.

Our capital ratios and leverage ratio are presented in the table below:

 

$ millions, as at October 31         2018     2017  

All-in basis

     

CET1 capital

    $     24,641   $ 21,618

Tier 1 capital

  C     27,908     24,682

Total capital

      32,230     28,129

CET1 capital RWA (1)

      216,144     203,321

Tier 1 capital RWA (1)

      216,303     203,321

Total capital RWA (1)

      216,462     203,321

CET1 ratio

      11.4  %      10.6  % 

Tier 1 capital ratio

      12.9  %      12.1  % 

Total capital ratio

      14.9  %      13.8  % 

Leverage ratio exposure

  D   $     653,946   $     610,353

Leverage ratio

  C/D     4.3  %      4.0  % 

 

(1)

Before any capital floor requirement as applicable, there are three different levels of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) for the calculation of the CET1, Tier 1, and Total capital ratios arising from the option CIBC has chosen for the phase-in of the CVA capital charge. Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the AIRB approach for credit risk. Effective in the second quarter of 2018, the capital floor is determined by comparing a capital requirement calculated by reference to the Basel II standardized approach against the Basel III calculation, as specified by OSFI. Any shortfall in the Basel III capital requirement compared with the floor factor applied to the capital requirements under the Basel II standardized approach is added to RWAs (75% is the floor factor in the fourth quarter of 2018). Prior to the second quarter of 2018, the capital floor for banks using the AIRB approach for credit risk was determined by reference to the Basel I instead of the Basel II standardized approach calculation. All-in RWAs as at October 31, 2017 included a capital floor adjustment under this methodology.

During the years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, we have complied with OSFI’s regulatory capital requirements, including a 1.5% Domestic Stability Buffer since June 2018.

 

Note 16   Capital Trust securities

 

On March 13, 2009, CIBC Capital Trust, a trust wholly owned by CIBC and established under the laws of the Province of Ontario, issued $1,300 million of CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A, due June 30, 2108, and $300 million of CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series B, due June 30, 2108 (collectively, the Notes). CIBC Capital Trust is not consolidated by CIBC and the senior deposit notes issued by CIBC to CIBC Capital Trust are reported as Deposits – Business and government on the consolidated balance sheet.

The Notes are structured to achieve Tier 1 regulatory capital treatment and, as such, have features of equity capital, including the deferral of cash interest under certain circumstances (Deferral Events). In the case of a Deferral Event, holders of the Notes will be required to invest interest paid on the Notes in our perpetual preferred shares. Should CIBC Capital Trust fail to pay the semi-annual interest payments on the Notes in full, we will not declare dividends of any kind on any of our preferred or common shares for a specified period of time.

In addition, the Notes will be automatically exchanged for our perpetual preferred shares upon the occurrence of any one of the following events: (i) proceedings are commenced for our winding-up; (ii) OSFI takes control of us or our assets; (iii) we or OSFI are of the opinion that our Tier 1 capital ratio is less than 5% or our Total capital ratio is less than 8%; or (iv) OSFI directs us pursuant to the Bank Act (Canada) to increase our capital or provide additional liquidity and we elect such automatic exchange or we fail to comply with such direction. Upon such automatic exchange, holders of the Notes will cease to have any claim or entitlement to interest or principal against CIBC Capital Trust.

CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A pays interest, at a rate of 9.976%, semi-annually until June 30, 2019. On June 30, 2019, and on each five-year anniversary thereafter, the interest rate on the CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A will reset to the five-year Government of Canada bond yield at such time plus 10.425%. CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series B pays interest, at a rate of 10.25%, semi-annually until June 30, 2039. On June 30, 2039, and on each five-year anniversary thereafter, the interest rate on the CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series B will reset to the five-year Government of Canada bond yield at such time plus 9.878%.

Subject to the approval of OSFI, CIBC Capital Trust may, in whole or in part, on the redemption dates specified in the table below, and on any date thereafter, redeem the CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A or Series B without the consent of the holders. Also, subject to the approval of OSFI, CIBC Capital Trust may redeem all, but not part of, the CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A or Series B prior to the earliest redemption date specified in the table below without the consent of the holders, upon the occurrence of certain specified tax or regulatory events.

OSFI’s capital adequacy guidelines confirmed the adoption of Basel III in Canada and clarified the treatment of non-qualifying capital instruments. Non-qualifying capital instruments are subject to a 10% phase-out per annum commencing in 2013. Banks are expected to develop and maintain a redemption schedule for non-qualifying capital instruments that gives priority to redeeming instruments at their regular par redemption dates before exercising any regulatory event redemption rights. With the adoption of Basel III, innovative capital instruments such as the CIBC Tier 1 Notes are considered non-qualifying capital instruments. We expect to exercise our regulatory event redemption rights in fiscal 2022 in respect of the $300 million CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series B.

The table below presents the significant terms and conditions of the Notes. As at October 31, 2018, we held $8 million in net long trading positions (2017: $2 million in net short trading positions) of the Notes.

 

$ millions, as at October 31                                        2018      2017  
                         Earliest redemption dates    

 

     Principal amount  
       Issue date      Interest payment dates      Yield     At greater of
Canada Yield
Price and par  (1)
     At par                            

Series A

     March 13, 2009        June 30, December 31        9.976  %      June 30, 2014        June 30, 2019        $     1,300      $     1,300

Series B

     March 13, 2009        June 30, December 31        10.250  %      June 30, 2014        June 30, 2039                300      300
                                                         $ 1,600    $ 1,600

 

(1)

Canada Yield Price: a price calculated at the time of redemption (other than an interest rate reset date applicable to the series) to provide a yield to maturity equal to the yield on a Government of Canada bond of appropriate maturity plus: (i) for the CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A, (a) 1.735% if the redemption date is any time prior to June 30, 2019, or (b) 3.475% if the redemption date is any time on or after June 30, 2019; and (ii) for the CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series B, (a) 1.645% if the redemption date is any time prior to June 30, 2039, or (b) 3.29% if the redemption date is any time on or after June 30, 2039.

 

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Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  17   Share-based payments

 

We provide the following share-based compensation to certain employees and directors in the form of cash-settled or equity-settled awards.

Restricted share award plan

Under the RSA plan, share unit equivalents (RSA units) are granted to certain key employees on an annual basis or during the year as special grants. RSA grants are made in the form of cash-settled awards which generally vest and settle in cash either at the end of three years or one-third annually beginning one year after the date of the grant. Dividend equivalents on RSA units are paid in cash or in the form of additional RSA units to the employees over or at the end of the vesting period or settlement date.

Grant date fair value of each cash-settled RSA unit granted in the normal course is calculated based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to a date specified in the grant terms. Upon vesting, each RSA unit is settled in cash based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to the vesting date. Grant date fair value of each cash-settled RSA unit granted as part of the acquisition of The PrivateBank in 2017 was based on a 10-day average volume-weighted share price prior to the acquisition date.

During the year, 2,653,437 RSAs were granted at a weighted-average price of $115.20 (2017: 4,331,700 granted at a weighted-average price of $105.67; 2016: 2,320,497 granted at a weighted-average price of $99.99) and the number of RSAs outstanding as at October 31, 2018 was 8,252,167 (2017: 7,590,852; 2016: 5,422,030). Compensation expense in respect of RSAs, before the impact of hedging, totalled $352 million in 2018 (2017: $323 million; 2016: $218 million). As at October 31, 2018, liabilities in respect of RSAs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $858 million (2017: $720 million).

Performance share unit plan

Under the PSU plan, awards are granted to certain key employees on an annual basis in December. PSU grants are made in the form of cash-settled awards which vest and settle in cash at the end of three years. Dividend equivalents on PSUs granted prior to December 2015 are paid in cash to the employees over the vesting period. For PSUs granted in December 2015 and later, employees receive dividend equivalents in the form of additional PSUs.

Grant date fair value of each cash-settled PSU is calculated based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to a date specified in the grant terms. The final number of PSUs that vest will range from 75% to 125% of the initial number awarded based on CIBC’s performance relative to the other major Canadian banks. Upon vesting, each PSU is settled in cash based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to the vesting date.

During the year, 894,040 PSUs were granted at a weighted-average price of $115.23 (2017: 952,434 granted at a weighted-average price of $105.15; 2016: 905,028 granted at a weighted-average price of $99.86). As at October 31, 2018, the number of PSUs outstanding, before the impact of CIBC’s relative performance, was 2,920,695 (2017: 2,651,991; 2016: 2,507,808). Compensation expense in respect of PSUs, before the impact of hedging, totalled $123 million in 2018 (2017: $128 million; 2016: $93 million). As at October 31, 2018, liabilities in respect of PSUs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $328 million (2017: $287 million).

Restricted stock plan

As part of the acquisition of The PrivateBank in 2017, CIBC restricted stock was issued to replace previously issued PrivateBancorp restricted stock held by employees of The PrivateBank with substantially the same terms and vesting schedule. Under the restricted stock plan, awards were granted to certain key employees in the form of equity-settled awards. Pursuant to the acquisition, each restricted stock represents a CIBC common share with transferability restriction. The common shares are not restricted to voting rights, but dividends are subject to forfeiture under the terms of the grant. Dividends are payable in cash and are distributed to the holders to the extent and at the same time the underlying shares vest and are released from restriction. The transfer restrictions generally vest over a three-year period and vesting is contingent upon continued employment. At the acquisition date, restricted stock was granted at a 10-day average volume-weighted share price of US$80.09 and the number of restricted stock outstanding as at October 31, 2018 was 60,764 (2017: 190,285). Compensation expense in respect of restricted stock totalled $4 million in 2018 (2017: $2 million).

Exchangeable shares

As part of our acquisition of Wellington Financial in the first quarter of 2018, equity-settled awards in the form of exchangeable shares, which vest over a period of up to 5 years and have specific service and non-market performance vesting conditions, were issued to selected employees. Employees receive dividend equivalents in the form of additional exchangeable shares upon vesting. Compensation expense in respect of the exchangeable shares is based on the grant date fair value, adjusted for the impact of best estimates on the satisfaction of the service requirements and non-market performance conditions. At the acquisition, each exchangeable share was granted at $123.99, and the number of exchangeable shares outstanding as at October 31, 2018 was 493,310. Compensation expense in respect of exchangeable shares totalled $20 million in 2018.

Deferred share unit plan/deferred compensation plan

Under the DSU plan, certain key employees are granted DSUs during the year as special grants. Under the DSU plan and the DCP plan assumed through the acquisition of The PrivateBank in 2017, certain employees can also elect to receive DSUs in exchange for cash compensation that they would otherwise be entitled to. DSUs vest in accordance with the vesting schedule defined in the grant agreement or plan document and settle in cash on a date elected by the employee that is not less than two years after the deferral commitment, or after the employee leaves CIBC in a lump sum payment or up to 10 annual installments. Employees receive dividend equivalents in the form of additional DSUs.

Grant date fair value of each cash-settled DSU that is not granted under the DCP, is calculated based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to a date specified in the grant terms. These DSUs are settled in cash based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to the payout date and after the employee’s termination of employment. For the DCP plan, the grant date fair value for units issued as part of the acquisition of The PrivateBank in 2017 was based on a 10-day average volume-weighted share price prior to the acquisition date. The grant date fair value for subsequent DCP grants is based on the closing stock price on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on the last day of the quarter. Upon distribution, each DSU is settled in cash based on the average closing price per common share on the NYSE for the 10 trading days prior to the date of the distribution.

During the year, 132,739 DSUs were granted at a weighted-average price of $115.60 (2017: 198,301 granted at a weighted-average price of $106.21; 2016: 14,326 granted at a weighted-average price of $99.86) and the number of DSUs outstanding as at October 31, 2018 was 447,200 (2017: 248,032; 2016: 45,410). Compensation expense in respect of DSUs, before the impact of hedging, totalled $26 million in 2018 (2017: $20 million; 2016: $9 million). As at October 31, 2018, liabilities in respect of DSUs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $64 million (2017: $42 million).

 

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Consolidated financial statements

 

Directors’ plans

Under the Director DSU/Common Share Election Plan, each director who is not an officer or employee of CIBC may elect to receive the annual equity retainer as either DSUs or common shares.

Under the Non-Officer Director Share Plan, each non-officer director may elect to receive all or a portion of their remuneration in the form of cash, common shares or DSUs.

The value of DSUs credited to a director is payable when he or she is no longer a director or employee of CIBC or of an affiliate of CIBC. In addition, for directors subject to section 409A of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the director is not providing any services to CIBC or any member of its controlled group as an independent contractor. In addition, under the Director DSU/Common Share Election Plan, the value of DSUs is payable only if the director is not related to, or affiliated with, CIBC as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada).

Other non-interest expense in respect of the DSU components of these plans, totalled $3 million in 2018 (2017: $5 million; 2016: $2 million). As at October 31, 2018, liabilities in respect of DSUs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $25 million (2017: $22 million).

Stock option plans

At the April 2018 Annual Meeting, CIBC received shareholder approval to increase the number of common shares reserved for issuance by 10,000,000 common shares to a maximum of 52,634,500 common shares under the ESOP. In addition, in 2017, 1,119,211 common shares were reserved for issue pursuant to the terms in the merger agreement of the acquisition of The PrivateBank, which specified that each PrivateBancorp outstanding and unexercised option was converted into an option to purchase CIBC shares.

On November 30, 2017, the Board terminated the Non-Officer Director Stock Option Plan.

As at October 31, 2018, 15,703,861 (2017: 6,654,170) common shares were reserved for future issue under our stock option plans. Stock options in respect of 4,713,163 (2017: 4,876,673) common shares have been granted but not yet exercised under the ESOP. 10,990,698 (2017: 1,777,497) common shares remain available for future stock option grants.

Under the ESOP, stock options are periodically granted to certain key employees. Options provide the employee with the right to purchase common shares from CIBC at a fixed price not less than the closing price of the shares on the trading day immediately preceding the grant date. In general, the options vest by the end of the fourth year and expire 10 years from the grant date.

The fair value of options granted during the year were measured at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Model assumptions are based on observable market data for the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield; contractual terms for the exercise price; and historical experience for expected life. Volatility assumptions are best estimates of market implied volatility matching the exercise price and expected life of the options.

The fair value of in-the-money options granted as part of the acquisition of The PrivateBank in 2017 approximated their intrinsic value.

The following weighted-average assumptions were used as inputs into the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options on the date of grant, excluding the options granted pursuant to the acquisition of The PrivateBank:

 

For the year ended October 31   2018     2017     2016  

Weighted-average assumptions

     

Risk-free interest rate

    2.08  %      1.58  %      1.34  % 

Expected dividend yield

    5.15  %      5.75  %      6.14  % 

Expected share price volatility

    14.74  %      14.53  %      17.26  % 

Expected life

      6 years       6 years       6 years  

Share price/exercise price

  $ 120.02   $     110.83   $     97.73

For 2018, the weighted-average grant date fair value of options, was $7.06 (2017: $5.31; 2016: $5.12). The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted pursuant to the acquisition of The PrivateBank was $63.75 in 2017.

Compensation expense in respect of stock options totalled $7 million in 2018 (2017: $5 million; 2016: $5 million).

Stock option plans

 

As at or for the year ended October 31            2018               2017               2016  
       Number
of stock
options
   

Weighted-
average
exercise

price  (1)

    

Number
of stock

options

     Weighted-
average
exercise
price
     Number
of stock
options
     Weighted-
average
exercise
price
 

Outstanding at beginning of year

     4,876,673   $     84.28      4,073,451    $     86.92      4,100,310    $     82.62

Granted

     756,516     120.02        1,935,997      75.83      804,923      97.73

Exercised (2)

     (876,309 )     67.84      (990,934      76.78      (815,767      75.86

Forfeited

     (42,443 )     103.98      (133,581      99.77      (13,380      91.99

Cancelled/expired

     (1,274 )     45.08      (8,260      58.99      (2,635      87.36

Outstanding at end of year

     4,713,163   $ 91.05      4,876,673    $ 84.28      4,073,451    $ 86.92

Exercisable at end of year

     1,898,125   $ 71.89      1,988,449    $ 64.28      1,485,607    $ 74.94

Available for grant

     10,990,698              1,777,497               2,452,442         

 

(1)

For foreign currency-denominated options granted and exercised during the year, the weighted-average exercise prices are translated using exchange rates as at the grant date and settlement date, respectively. The weighted-average exercise price of outstanding balances as at October 31, 2018 reflects the conversion of foreign currency-denominated options at the year-end exchange rate.

(2)

The weighted-average share price at the date of exercise was $120.55 (2017: $110.44; 2016: $99.66).

 

156   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Stock options outstanding and vested

 

As at October 31, 2018   Stock options outstanding            Stock options vested  
Range of exercise prices  

Number

outstanding

    

Weighted-

average

contractual life

remaining

    

Weighted-

average

exercise

price

            

Number

outstanding

    

Weighted-

average

exercise

price

 

$11.00 – $55.00

    406,223      3.53    $ 30.99          406,223    $ 30.99  

$55.01 – $65.00

    256,369      6.81      60.09          112,313      61.06  

$65.01 – $75.00

    309,799      2.41      71.21          308,942      71.22  

$75.01 – $85.00

    449,095      3.68      79.77          448,600      79.77  

$85.01 – $95.00

    401,117      5.28      90.92          383,443      90.86  

$95.01 – $105.00

    1,231,988      6.66      99.63          238,604      102.25  

$105.01 – $115.00

    1,658,572      8.59      114.95                      
      4,713,163      6.40    $       92.45                1,898,125    $       71.89  

Employee share purchase plan

Under our Canadian ESPP, qualifying employees can choose each year to have any portion of their eligible earnings withheld to purchase common shares. We match 50% of the employee contribution amount, up to a maximum contribution of 3% of eligible earnings, subject to a ceiling of $2,250 annually. CIBC contributions vest after employees have two years of continuous participation in the plan, and all subsequent contributions vest immediately. Similar programs exist in other regions globally, where each year qualifying employees can choose to have a portion of their eligible earnings withheld to purchase common shares and receive a matching employer contribution subject to each plan’s provisions. Commencing June 29, 2016, employee contributions to our ESPP have been used to purchase common shares from Treasury. Previously, these shares were acquired in the open market. CIBC FirstCaribbean operates an ESPP locally, in which contributions are used by the plan trustee to purchase CIBC FirstCaribbean common shares in the open market.

Our contributions are expensed as incurred and totalled $45 million in 2018 (2017: $43 million; 2016: $40 million).

 

Note  18   Post-employment benefits

 

We sponsor pension and other post-employment benefit plans for eligible employees in a number of jurisdictions including Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean. Our pension plans include registered funded defined benefit pension plans, supplemental arrangements that provide pension benefits in excess of statutory limits, and defined contribution plans. We also provide certain health-care, life insurance, and other benefits to eligible employees and retired members. Plan assets and defined benefit obligations related to our defined benefit plans are measured for accounting purposes as at October 31 each year.

Plan characteristics, funding and risks

Pension plans

Pension plans include CIBC’s Canadian, U.S., U.K., and Caribbean pension plans. CIBC’s Canadian pension plans represent approximately 90% of our consolidated defined benefit obligation. All of our Canadian pension plans are defined benefit plans, the most significant of which is our principal Canadian pension plan (the CIBC Pension Plan), which encompasses approximately 63,000 active, deferred, and retired members.

The CIBC Pension Plan provides members with monthly pension income at retirement based on a prescribed plan formula which is based on a combination of maximum yearly pensionable earnings, average earnings at retirement and length of service recognized in the plan. There is a two-year waiting period for members to join the CIBC Pension Plan.

The CIBC Pension Plan is funded through a separate trust. Actuarial funding valuations are prepared by the Plan’s external actuary at least once every three years or more frequently as required by Canadian pension legislation to determine CIBC’s minimum funding requirements as well as maximum permitted contributions. Any deficits determined in the funding valuations must generally be funded over a period not exceeding fifteen years. CIBC’s pension funding policy is to make at least the minimum annual required contributions required by regulations; any contributions in excess of the minimum requirements are discretionary.

The CIBC Pension Plan is registered with OSFI and the Canada Revenue Agency and is subject to the acts and regulations that govern federally regulated pension plans.

Other post-employment plans

Other post-employment plans include CIBC’s Canadian, U.S. and Caribbean post-retirement health-care benefit plans (referred to for disclosure purposes as other post-employment plans). CIBC’s Canadian other post-employment plan (the Canadian post-employment plan) represents more than 90% of our consolidated other post-employment defined benefit obligation.

The Canadian post-employment plan provides medical, dental and life insurance benefits to retirees that meet specified eligibility requirements, including specified age and service period eligibility requirements. CIBC reimburses 100% of the cost of benefits for eligible employees that retired prior to January 1, 2009, whereas the contribution level for medical and dental benefits for eligible employees that retire subsequent to this date has been fixed at a specified level. The plan is funded on a pay as-you-go basis.

Benefit changes

There were no material changes to the terms of our defined benefit pension or other post-employment plans in 2018 or 2017.

Risks

CIBC’s defined benefit plans expose the group to actuarial risks (such as longevity risk), currency risk, interest rate risk, market (investment) risk and health-care cost inflation risks.

The CIBC pension plan operates a currency overlay strategy, which may use forwards or similar instruments, to manage and mitigate its currency risk.

Interest rate risk is managed as part of the CIBC pension plan’s liability driven investment strategy through a combination of physical bonds, overlays funded in the repo market, and/or derivatives.

Market (investment) risk is mitigated through a multi-asset portfolio construction process that diversifies across a variety of market risk drivers.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     157  


Consolidated financial statements

 

The use of derivatives within the CIBC pension plan is governed by its derivatives policy that was approved by the Pension Benefits Management Committee (PBMC) and permits the use of derivatives to manage risk at the discretion of the Pension Investment Committee (PIC). Risk reduction and mitigation strategies, in addition to interest rate risk, may include hedging of currency, credit spread and/or equity risks. The derivatives policy also permits the use of derivatives to enhance plan returns.

Plan governance

All of CIBC’s pension arrangements are governed by local pension committees, senior management or a board of trustees; however, all significant plan changes require approval from the Management Resources and Compensation Committee (MRCC). For the Canadian pension plans, the MRCC is also responsible for the establishment of the investment policies (such as asset mix, permitted investments, and use of derivatives), reviewing performance including funded status, and approving material plan design or governance changes.

While specific investment policies are determined at a plan level to reflect the unique characteristics of each plan, common investment policies for all plans include the optimization of the risk-return relationship using a portfolio of multiple asset classes diversified by market segment, economic sector, and issuer. The objectives are to secure the benefits promised by our funded plans, to maximize long-term investment returns while not compromising the benefit security of the respective plans, manage the level of funding contributions in conjunction with the stability of the funded status, and implement all policies in a cost effective manner. Investments in quoted debt and equity (held either directly or indirectly through investment funds) represent the most significant asset allocations.

The use of derivatives is limited to the purposes and instruments described in the derivatives policy of the CIBC Pension Plan. These include the synthetic return of debt or equity instruments, currency hedging, risk reduction and enhancement of returns.

Investments in specific asset classes are further diversified across funds, managers, strategies, sectors and geographies, depending on the specific characteristics of each asset class.

The exposure to any one of these asset classes will be determined by our assessment of the needs of the plan assets and economic and financial market conditions. Factors evaluated before adopting the asset mix include demographics, cash-flow payout requirements, liquidity requirements, actuarial assumptions, expected benefit increases, and corporate cash flows.

Management of the assets of the various Canadian plans has been delegated primarily to the PIC, which is a committee that is composed of CIBC management. The PIC is responsible for the appointment and termination of individual investment managers (which includes CIBC Asset Management Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of CIBC), who each have investment discretion within established target asset mix ranges as set by the MRCC. Should a fund’s actual asset mix fall outside specified ranges, the assets are re-balanced as required to be within the target asset mix ranges. On a periodic basis, an Asset-Liability Matching study is performed in which the consequences of the strategic investment policies are analyzed.

Management of the actuarial valuations of the various Canadian plans is primarily the responsibility of the Pension Finance & Administration Committee (PFAC). The PFAC is responsible for approving the actuarial assumptions for the valuations of the plans, and for recommending the level of annual funding for the Canadian plans to CIBC senior management.

Local committees with similar mandates manage our non-Canadian plans and annually report back to the MRCC on all material governance activities.

Amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheet

The following tables present the financial position of our defined benefit pension and other post-employment plans for Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and our Caribbean subsidiaries. Other minor plans operated by some of our subsidiaries are not material and are not included in these disclosures.

 

     Pension plans     Other post-employment plans  
$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2018      2017  

Defined benefit obligation

         

Balance at beginning of year

   $     7,613   $     7,418   $      696    $      725

Current service cost

     223     214     13      14

Past service cost

         (5         

Interest cost on defined benefit obligation

     281     272     25      25

Employee contributions

     5     6         

Benefits paid

     (334 )     (350     (29 )      (30

Special termination benefits

         2         

Foreign exchange rate changes

     9     (15     1      (2

Net actuarial (gains) losses on defined benefit obligation

     (427 )     71     (117 )      (36

Balance at end of year

   $ 7,370   $ 7,613   $ 589    $ 696

Plan assets

         

Fair value at beginning of year

   $ 7,758   $ 7,458   $    $

Interest income on plan assets  (1)

     294     279         

Net actuarial gains (losses) on plan assets  (1)

     (234 )     221         

Employer contributions

     199     167     29      30

Employee contributions

     5     6         

Benefits paid

     (334 )     (350     (29 )      (30

Plan administration costs

     (6 )     (6         

Net transfer out

     (1 )     (1         

Foreign exchange rate changes

     10     (16         

Fair value at end of year

   $ 7,691   $ 7,758   $    $

Net defined benefit asset (liability)

     321     145     (589      (696

Valuation allowance  (2)

     (10 )     (11         

Net defined benefit asset (liability), net of valuation allowance

   $ 311   $ 134   $ (589    $ (696

 

(1)

The actual return on plan assets for the year was $60 million (2017: $500 million).

(2)

The valuation allowance reflects the effect of asset ceiling on plans with a net defined benefit asset.

 

158   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

The net defined benefit asset (liability), net of valuation allowance, included in other assets and other liabilities is as follows:

 

     Pension plans     Other post-employment plans  
$ millions, as at October 31    2018     2017     2018      2017  

Other assets  (1)

   $ 361     $ 199   $      $

Other liabilities  (1)

     (50 )     (65     (589 )      (696
     $     311     $     134   $     (589    $     (696

 

(1)

Excludes $1 million of other assets (2017: $1 million) and $6 million (2017: $5 million) of other liabilities for other post-employment plans of immaterial subsidiaries.

The defined benefit obligation and plan assets by region are as follows:

 

     Pension plans      Other post-employment plans  
$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017      2018      2017  

Defined benefit obligation

           

Canada

   $     6,684      $     6,932    $     541      $     646

U.S., U.K., and the Caribbean

     686      681      48      50

Defined benefit obligation at the end of year

   $ 7,370      $ 7,613    $ 589      $ 696

Plan assets

           

Canada

   $ 6,908      $ 6,971    $      $  

U.S., U.K., and the Caribbean

     783      787          

Plan assets at the end of year

   $ 7,691      $ 7,758    $      $  

Amounts recognized in the consolidated statement of income

The net defined benefit expense for our defined benefit plans in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean is as follows:

 

     Pension plans      Other post-employment plans  
$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016      2018      2017      2016  

Current service cost  (1)

   $     223     $      214   $      185    $     13      $     14    $     11

Past service cost

         (5     (8                2

Interest cost on defined benefit obligation

     281     272     292      25      25      28

Interest income on plan assets

     (294 )     (279     (319               

Interest cost on effect of asset ceiling

         1     1               

Plan administration costs

     6     6     6               

Gain on settlements

                           

Special termination benefits

         2     3               

Net defined benefit plan expense recognized in net income

   $ 216     $ 211   $ 160    $ 38      $ 39    $ 41

 

(1)

The 2018, 2017 and 2016 current service costs were calculated using separate discount rates of 3.72%, 3.72%, and 4.57%, respectively, to reflect the longer duration of future benefits payments associated with the additional year of service to be earned by the plan’s active participants. Previously, the current service cost was calculated using the same discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation for both active and retired participants. The impact of the change was not significant.

Amounts recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income

The net remeasurement gains (losses) recognized in OCI for our defined benefit plans in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean is as follows:

 

     Pension plans      Other post-employment plans  
$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016      2018      2017      2016  

Actuarial gains (losses) on defined benefit obligation arising from:

               

Demographic assumptions

   $         4     $ 1   $ 2    $ 46      $ 26    $  

Financial assumptions

     488     19     (730      67      5      (70

Experience assumptions

     (65 )     (91     (6      4      5      10

Net actuarial gains on plan assets

     (234 )     221     237               

Changes in asset ceiling excluding interest income

     1     8     1               

Net remeasurement gains (losses) recognized in OCI (1)

   $ 194     $     158   $     (496    $     117      $     36    $     (60

 

(1)

Excludes net remeasurement gains recognized in OCI in respect of immaterial subsidiaries not included in the disclosures totalling $2 million (2017: $1 million of net losses; 2016: $17 million of net gains).

Canadian defined benefit plans

As the Canadian defined benefit pension and other post-employment benefit plans represent approximately 90% of our consolidated defined benefit obligation, they are the subject and focus of the disclosures in the balance of this note.

Disaggregation and maturity profile of defined benefit obligation

The breakdown of the defined benefit obligation for our Canadian plans between active, deferred and retired members is as follows:

 

     Pension plans      Other post-employment plans  
$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017      2018      2017  

Active members

   $     3,482      $     3,755    $     142      $ 188

Deferred members

     484      490          

Retired members

     2,718      2,687      399      458

Total

   $ 6,684      $ 6,932    $     541      $     646

The weighted-average duration of the defined benefit obligation for our Canadian plans is as follows:

 

     Pension plans      Other post-employment plans  
As at October 31    2018      2017      2018      2017  

Weighted-average duration, in years

     15.5      15.6      12.6      13.8

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     159  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Plan assets

The major categories of our defined benefit pension plan assets for our Canadian plans are as follows:

 

$ millions, as at October 31   2018     2017  

Asset category (1)

       

Canadian equity securities (2)

  $ 636       9  %    $ 750     11  % 

Debt securities (3)

       

Government bonds (4)

    2,636     38     2,249     32

Corporate bonds

    1,027     15     865     12

Inflation adjusted bonds

    69     1     346     5
    3,732     54     3,460     49

Investment funds (5)

       

Canadian equity funds

    23         27     1

U.S. equity funds

    342     5     293     4

International equity funds (6)

    25         26     1

Global equity funds (6)

    1,077     16     1,033     15

Emerging markets equity funds

    247     4     257     4

Fixed income funds

    93     1     146     2
    1,807     26     1,782     27

Other (2)

       

Hedge funds

    10         435     6

Infrastructure and private equity

    507     7     356     5

Cash and cash equivalents and other

    216     4     188     2
      733     11     979     13
    $     6,908       100  %    $     6,971     100  % 

 

(1)

Asset categories are based upon risk classification including synthetic exposure through derivatives. The fair value of derivatives as at October 31, 2018 was a net derivative liability of $7 million (2017: net derivative liability of $63 million).

(2)

Pension benefit plan assets include CIBC issued securities and deposits of $13 million (2017: $18 million), representing 0.2% of Canadian plan assets (2017: 0.3%). All of the equity securities held as at October 31, 2018 and 2017 have daily quoted prices in active markets except hedge funds, infrastructure, and private equity.

(3)

All debt securities held as at October 31, 2018 and 2017 are investment grade, of which $38 million (2017: $134 million) have daily quoted prices in active markets.

(4)

Includes repurchase agreement amounts of $100 million for the currency overlay hedging program.

(5)

$24 million (2017: $26 million) of the investment funds and other assets held as at October 31, 2018 have daily quoted prices in active markets (excludes securities held indirectly that have daily quoted prices in active markets).

(6)

Global equity funds include North American and international investments, whereas International equity funds do not include North American investments.

Principal actuarial assumptions

The weighted-average principal assumptions used to determine the defined benefit obligation for our Canadian plans are as follows:

 

     Pension plans     Other post-employment plans  
As at October 31    2018     2017     2018     2017  

Discount rate

     4.1  %      3.6  %      4.0  %      3.6  % 

Rate of compensation increase (1)

     2.3  %      2.3  %      2.3  %      2.3  % 

 

(1)

Rates of compensation increase for 2018 and 2017 have been updated to reflect the use of a salary growth rate assumption table that is based on the age and tenure of the employees. The table yields a weighted-average salary growth rate of approximately 2.3% per annum.

Assumptions regarding future mortality have been based on published statistics and mortality tables. The current longevities underlying the values of the defined benefit obligation of our Canadian plans are as follows (in years):

 

As at October 31    2018      2017  

Longevity at age 65 for current retired members

     

Males

     23.3      23.2

Females

     24.7      24.7

Longevity at age 65 for current members aged 45

     

Males

     24.2      24.2

Females

     25.7      25.7

The assumed health-care cost trend rates of the Canadian other post-employment plan providing medical, dental, and life insurance benefits are as follows:

 

For the year ended October 31    2018     2017  

Health-care cost trend rates assumed for next year

     5.3  %      5.7  % 

Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline

     4.0  %      4.5  % 

Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate

     2040     2029

 

160   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Sensitivity analysis

Reasonably possible changes to one of the principal actuarial assumptions, holding other assumptions constant, would have affected the defined benefit obligation of our Canadian plans as follows:

 

Estimated increase (decrease) in defined benefit obligation    Pension plans     Other post-employment plans  
$ millions, as at October 31    2018     2018  

Discount rate (100 basis point change)

    

Decrease in assumption

   $     1,061     $     81  

Increase in assumption

     (874     (65)

Rate of compensation increase (100 basis point change)

    

Decrease in assumption

     (201 )     (1 )

Increase in assumption

     227     1

Health-care cost trend rates (100 basis point change)

    

Decrease in assumption

     n/a       (22 )

Increase in assumption

     n/a       26  

Future mortality

    

1 year shorter life expectancy

     (156 )     (10 )

1 year longer life expectancy

     152     11

 

n/a

Not applicable.

The sensitivity analyses presented above are indicative only, and should be considered with caution as they have been calculated in isolation without changing any other assumptions. In practice, changes in one assumption may result in changes in another, which may magnify or counteract the disclosed sensitivities.

Future cash flows

Cash contributions

The most recently completed actuarial valuation of the CIBC Pension Plan for funding purposes was as at October 31, 2017. The next actuarial valuation of this plan for funding purposes will be effective as of October 31, 2018.

The minimum contributions for 2019 are anticipated to be $194 million for the Canadian defined benefit pension plans and $27 million for the Canadian other post-employment benefit plans. These estimates are subject to change since contributions are affected by various factors, such as market performance, regulatory requirements, and management’s ability to change funding policy.

Expected future benefit payments

The expected future benefit payments for our Canadian plans for the next 10 years are as follows:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2019      2020      2021      2022      2023      2024–2028      Total  

Defined benefit pension plans

   $     310      $     317      $     325      $     334      $     343      $     1,854      $     3,483  

Other post-employment plans

     27      28      29      30      31      169      314
     $ 337      $ 345    $ 354    $ 364    $ 374      $ 2,023      $ 3,797  

Defined contributions and other plans

We also maintain defined contribution plans for certain employees and make contributions to government pension plans. The expense recognized in the consolidated statement of income for these benefit plans is as follows:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017      2016  

Defined contribution pension plans

   $ 27      $ 21    $ 20

Government pension plans  (1)

     124      107      96
     $     151      $     128    $     116

 

(1)

Includes Canada Pension Plan, Quebec Pension Plan, and U.S. Federal Insurance Contributions Act.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     161  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  19   Income taxes

 

Total income taxes

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018  (1)     2017     2016  

Consolidated statement of income

      

Provision for current income taxes

      

Adjustments for prior years

   $ (39 )   $ (19   $ (44

Current income tax expense

     1,392     1,160     782
       1,353       1,141     738

Provision for deferred income taxes

      

Adjustments for prior years

     32     6     13

Effect of changes in tax rates and laws

     87     3     (11

Origination and reversal of temporary differences

     (50 )     12     (22
       69     21     (20
     1,422     1,162     718

OCI

     42     166     (263

Total comprehensive income

   $     1,464   $     1,328   $      455

 

(1)

Excludes loss carryforwards that were recognized directly in retained earnings relating to foreign exchange translation amounts on CIBC’s net investment in foreign operations. These amounts were previously reclassified to retained earnings as part of our transition to IFRS in 2012.

Components of income tax

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017     2016  

Current income taxes

       

Federal

   $ 686    $ 683   $ 394

Provincial

     467      451     259

Foreign

     188      127     45
       1,341        1,261     698

Deferred income taxes

       

Federal

     54      52     (129

Provincial

     36      33     (89

Foreign

     33      (18     (25
       123        67     (243
     $     1,464    $     1,328   $      455

The combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate varies each year according to changes in the statutory rates imposed by each of these jurisdictions, and according to changes in the proportion of our business carried out in each province. We are also subject to Canadian taxation on income of foreign branches.

Earnings of foreign subsidiaries would generally only be subject to Canadian tax when distributed to Canada. Additional Canadian taxes that would be payable if all foreign subsidiaries’ retained earnings were distributed to the Canadian parent as dividends are estimated to be nil.

The effective rates of income tax in the consolidated statement of income are different from the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rates as set out in the following table:

Reconciliation of income taxes

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017      2016  

Combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate applied to income before income taxes

   $ 1,777      26.5  %     $ 1,558      26.5  %     $     1,328      26.5  % 

Income taxes adjusted for the effect of:

                 

Earnings of foreign subsidiaries

     (220 )      (3.3 )      (137      (2.3      (152      (3.0

Tax-exempt income

     (203 )      (3.0 )      (219      (3.7      (348      (7.0

Disposition

     (1 )           (26      (0.4      (76      (1.5

Changes in income tax rate on deferred tax balances

     88      1.3      3           (11      (0.2

Impact of equity-accounted income

     (29 )      (0.4 )      (25      (0.4      (24      (0.5

Other

     10      0.1      8      0.1      1        (1)   

Income taxes in the consolidated statement of income

   $     1,422      21.2  %     $     1,162      19.8  %     $ 718      14.3  % 

 

(1)

Due to rounding.

 

162   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Deferred income taxes

Sources of and movement in deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred tax assets

$ millions, for the year ended October 31   Allowance
for credit
losses
    Buildings
and
equipment
    Pension
and
employee
benefits
    Provisions     Financial
instrument
revaluation
    Tax loss
carry-
forwards  (1)
    Unearned
income
    Other     Total
assets
 

2018

 

Balance at beginning of year under IAS 39

  $ 245   $ 69   $ 559   $ 47   $ 124   $ 18     $ 105   $ 2   $ 1,169
   

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

    7                 20                   27
 

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

    252       69       559       47       144       18       105       2       1,196  
 

Recognized in net income

    31     (53 )     (45 )     (31 )     (60 )     20       22         (116 )
 

Recognized in OCI

    1         (87 )         (1 )                   (87 )
   

Other (2)

    14     (4 )     10         (17 )           (2 )         1
   

Balance at end of year

  $ 298     $ 12     $ 437     $ 16     $ 66     $ 38     $ 125     $ 2   $ 994  

2017

 

Balance at beginning of year

  $ 227   $ 88   $ 520   $ 31   $ 25   $ 70     $ 115   $ 2   $ 1,078
 

Recognized in net income

    2     (14     19     15     (26     (49     3         (50
 

Recognized in OCI

            (49         19                   (30
 

Acquisitions

    14         86               111           7     3     221
   

Other (2)

    2     (5     (17     1     (5     (3     (20     (3     (50
   

Balance at end of year

  $     245   $      69   $     559   $      47   $ 124   $      18     $     105   $     2   $     1,169

2016

 

Balance at beginning of year

  $ 208   $ 81   $ 353   $ 25   $ 2   $ 62     $ 101   $ 1   $ 833
 

Recognized in net income

    18     2     13     7     7           16     1     64
 

Recognized in OCI

            155         16                   171
   

Other (2)

    1     5     (1     (1         8       (2         10
   

Balance at end of year

  $ 227   $ 88   $ 520   $ 31   $ 25   $ 70     $ 115   $ 2   $ 1,078
Deferred tax liabilities                
$ millions, for the year ended October 31  

Intangible
assets

   

Buildings
and
equipment

    Pension and
employee
benefits
   

Goodwill

   

Financial
instrument
revaluation

    Foreign
currency
    Other     Total
liabilities
 

2018

 

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9  (3)

  $ (329   $ (52   $ (10   $ (93   $ (17 )   $ (1   $ 30   $ (472
 

Recognized in net income

           53         3     1     3         (13 )     47
 

Recognized in OCI

            (3 )         (2 )         13     8
   

Other (2)

    (11 )     5     (1 )            7     4     1     (24 )     (19 )
   

Balance at end of year

  $ (287   $ (47   $ (11   $ (85   $ (12 )   $     $ 6     $ (436

2017

 

Balance at beginning of year

  $ (158   $ (45   $ (8   $ (88   $ (54 )   $ 24   $ 1   $ (328
 

Recognized in net income

    (19     (3 )     1       (5 )          36         19            29
 

Recognized in OCI

              (5 )           (13 )         2     (16
 

Acquisitions

    (143     (7 )                         (150
   

Other (2)

    (9 )     3            2         14     (25     8     (7
   

Balance at end of year

  $ (329   $ (52   $ (10   $ (93   $ (17 )   $ (1   $ 30   $ (472

2016

 

Balance at beginning of year

  $ (124   $ (49   $ (13   $ (81   $ (29 )   $ (38   $     (20   $ (354
 

Recognized in net income

    (33 )            5     8       (6     (29 )         11     (44
 

Recognized in OCI

              (5 )           (8 )          62     4     53
   

Other (2)

    (1     (1 )     2       (1 )     12         6     17
   

Balance at end of year

  $ (158   $ (45   $ (8   $ (88   $ (54 )   $ 24   $ 1   $ (328
                                                                     

Net deferred tax assets as at October 31, 2018

 

  $ 558  

Net deferred tax assets as at October 31, 2017

 

  $ 697

Net deferred tax assets as at October 31, 2016

 

  $ 750

 

(1)

The tax loss carryforwards include $38 million (2017: $18 million; 2016: $70 million) that relate to operating losses (of which $2 million relate to Canada and $36 million relate to the Caribbean) that expire in various years commencing in 2019.

(2)

Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.

(3)

Transition impact from the adoption of IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017 was nil.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are assessed by entity for presentation in our consolidated balance sheet. As a result, the net deferred tax assets of $558 million (2017: $697 million) are presented in the consolidated balance sheet as deferred tax assets of $601 million (2017: $727 million) and deferred tax liabilities of $43 million (2017: $30 million).

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     163  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Unrecognized tax losses

The amount of unused operating tax losses for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized was $1,051 million as at October 31, 2018 (2017: $1,141 million) of which nil (2017: nil) has no expiry date, and of which $1,051 million (2017: $1,141 million) expires within 10 years. These unused tax losses substantially relate to the Caribbean region.

The amount of unused capital tax losses for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized was $614 million as at October 31, 2018 (2017: nil). These unused tax losses relate to Canada.

U.S. Tax Reforms

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (U.S. tax reforms), which reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018, resulting in a significant decrease in CIBC’s U.S. deferred tax assets. The U.S. tax reforms resulted in a net expense of $90 million in the first quarter of 2018, of which $88 million was recognized in income and $2 million was recognized in OCI. The ultimate impact of the U.S. tax reforms may differ from this amount due to changes in assumptions that we have made in our estimation of this amount or as a result of guidance or interpretations that may be issued by regulatory authorities or other bodies. The U.S. tax reforms introduced other important changes to U.S. corporate income tax laws including the creation of a new Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax (BEAT) that subjects certain payments from a U.S. corporation to foreign related parties to additional taxes. The BEAT provision is applicable to CIBC in fiscal 2019. CIBC continues to evaluate the impact of BEAT on our U.S. operations.

Enron

In prior years, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) issued reassessments disallowing the deduction of approximately $3 billion of the 2005 Enron settlement payments and related legal expenses. The Tax Court of Canada trial on the deductibility of the Enron payments is set to commence in January 2019. Should we successfully defend our tax filing position in its entirety, we would recognize an additional accounting tax benefit of $231 million and taxable refund interest of approximately $210 million. Should we fail to defend our position in its entirety, we would incur an additional tax expense of approximately $820 million and non-deductible interest of approximately $157 million.

Dividend Received Deduction

In prior years, the CRA reassessed CIBC approximately $298 million of additional income tax by denying the tax deductibility of certain 2011 and 2012 Canadian corporate dividends on the basis that they were part of a “dividend rental arrangement”. In March 2018, CIBC filed a Notice of Appeal with the Tax Court of Canada with respect to the 2011 taxation year. The matter is now in litigation. The circumstances of the dividends subject to the reassessments are similar to those prospectively addressed by the rules in the 2015 and 2018 Canadian federal budgets. In June 2018, the CRA reassessed CIBC in respect of the 2013 taxation year for approximately $229 million of additional taxes. It is possible that subsequent years may be reassessed for similar activities. CIBC is confident that its tax filing positions were appropriate and intends to defend itself vigorously. Accordingly, no amounts have been accrued in the consolidated financial statements.

 

Note  20   Earnings per share

 

 

$ millions, except per share amounts, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017      2016  

Basic EPS

       

Net income attributable to equity shareholders

   $ 5,267   $ 4,699    $ 4,275

Less: preferred share dividends and premiums

     89     52      38

Net income attributable to common shareholders

     5,178     4,647      4,237

Weighted-average common shares outstanding (thousands)

     443,082     412,636      395,389

Basic EPS

   $ 11.69   $ 11.26    $ 10.72

Diluted EPS

       

Net income attributable to common shareholders

   $ 5,178   $ 4,647    $ 4,237

Weighted-average common shares outstanding (thousands)

     443,082         412,636          395,389

Add: stock options potentially exercisable (1)  (thousands)

     1,111     827      530

Add: restricted shares and equity-settled consideration (thousands)

     434     100     

Weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding (thousands)

     444,627     413,563      395,919

Diluted EPS

   $         11.65   $ 11.24    $ 10.70

 

(1)

Excludes average options outstanding of 688,123 with a weighted-average exercise price of $120.02 (2017: 729,807 with a weighted-average exercise price of $111.69; 2016: 1,304,880 with a weighted-average exercise price of $99.80), as the options’ exercise prices were greater than the average market price of common shares.

 

164   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  21   Commitments, guarantees and pledged assets

 

Commitments

Credit-related arrangements

Credit-related arrangements are generally off-balance sheet instruments and are typically entered into to meet the financing needs of clients. In addition, there are certain exposures for which we could be obligated to extend credit that are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. Our policy of requiring collateral or other security to support credit-related arrangements and the types of security held is generally the same as for loans. The contract amounts presented below for credit-related arrangements represent the maximum amount of additional credit that we could be obligated to extend. The contract amounts also represent the additional credit risk amounts should the contracts be fully drawn, the counterparties default and any collateral held proves to be of no value. As many of these arrangements will expire or terminate without being drawn upon, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements or actual risk of loss.

 

     Contract amounts  
$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017   (1)  

Securities lending (2)

   $       51,550    $ 46,753

Unutilized credit commitments (3)

     224,746        209,433  

Backstop liquidity facilities

     10,520      11,195

Standby and performance letters of credit

     13,242      12,764

Documentary and commercial letters of credit

     199      214
     $ 300,257    $     280,359

 

(1)

Certain information has been reclassified to conform the presentation adopted in the current year.

(2)

Excludes securities lending of $2.7 billion (2017: $2.0 billion) for cash because it is reported on the consolidated balance sheet.

(3)

Includes $116.5 billion (2017: $111.7 billion) of personal, home equity and credit card lines, which are unconditionally cancellable at our discretion.

In addition, the client securities lending of the joint ventures which CIBC has with The Bank of New York Mellon totalled $81.2 billion (2017: $82.4 billion) of which $7.8 billion (2017: $11.7 billion) are transactions between CIBC and the joint ventures.

CIBC has provided indemnities to customers of the joint ventures in respect of securities lending transactions with third parties amounting to $70.6 billion (2017: $68.1 billion).

Securities lending

Securities lending represents our credit exposure when we lend our own or our clients’ securities to a borrower and the borrower defaults on the redelivery obligation. The borrower must fully collateralize the security lent at all times.

Unutilized credit commitments

Unutilized credit commitments are the undrawn portion of lending facilities that we have approved to meet the requirements of clients. These lines may include various conditions that must be satisfied prior to drawdown and include facilities extended in connection with contingent acquisition financing. The credit risk associated with these lines arises from the possibility that a commitment will be drawn down as a loan at some point in the future, prior to the expiry of the commitment. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on our credit evaluation of the borrower and may include a charge over the present and future assets of the borrower.

Backstop liquidity facilities

We provide irrevocable backstop liquidity facilities primarily to ABCP conduits. We are the financial services agent for some of these conduits, while other conduits are administered by third parties. The liquidity facilities for our sponsored ABCP programs, Safe Trust, Sure Trust, and Sound Trust, require us to provide funding, subject to the satisfaction of certain limited conditions with respect to the conduits, to fund non-defaulted assets.

Standby and performance letters of credit

These represent an irrevocable obligation to make payments to third parties in the event that clients are unable to meet their contractual financial or performance obligations. The credit risk associated with these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending irrevocable loan commitments to clients. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on our credit evaluation of the borrower and may include a charge over present and future assets of the borrower.

Documentary and commercial letters of credit

Documentary and commercial letters of credit are short-term instruments issued on behalf of a client, authorizing a third party, such as an exporter, to draw drafts on CIBC up to a specified amount, subject to specific terms and conditions. We are at risk for any drafts drawn that are not ultimately settled by the client; however, the amounts drawn are collateralized by the related goods.

Operating lease commitments (1)

Future minimum lease payments and receipts for operating lease commitments for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter are as follows:

 

     Operating leases  
$ millions, as at October 31, 2018    Payments      Receipts  (2)  

2019

   $     494    $     127

2020

     472      127

2021

     484      132

2022

     435      133

2023

     370      134

2024 and thereafter

         3,505          1,239
(1)

Total rental expense (excluding servicing agreements) in respect of buildings and equipment was $494 million (2017: $476 million; 2016: $445 million).

(2)

Includes sub-lease income from a finance lease property, a portion of which is rented out and considered an investment property.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     165  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Finance lease commitments (1)

Future minimum lease payments for finance lease commitments for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter are as follows:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018         

2019

   $ 52

2020

     50

2021

     48

2022

     45

2023

     42

2024 and thereafter

     285
     522

Less: future interest charges

     168

Present value of finance lease commitments

   $     354

 

(1)

Total interest expense related to finance lease arrangements was $25 million (2017: $28 million; 2016: $30 million).

Other commitments

As an investor in merchant banking activities, we enter into commitments to fund external private equity funds. In connection with these activities, we had commitments to invest up to $194 million (2017: $143 million).

In addition, we act as underwriter for certain new issuances under which we alone or together with a syndicate of financial institutions purchase these new issuances for resale to investors. As at October 31, 2018, the related underwriting commitments were $176 million (2017: $424 million).

Guarantees and other indemnification agreements

Guarantees

A guarantee is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor failed to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. Guarantees include standby and performance letters of credit as discussed above, and credit derivatives protection sold, as discussed in Note 12.

Other indemnification agreements

In the ordinary course of operations, we enter into contractual arrangements under which we may agree to indemnify the counterparty to such arrangement from any losses relating to a breach of representations and warranties, a failure to perform certain covenants, or for claims or losses arising from certain external events as outlined within the particular contract. This may include, for example, losses arising from changes in tax legislation, litigation, or claims relating to past performance. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and officers to indemnify those individuals, to the extent permitted by law, against any and all claims or losses (including any amounts paid in settlement of any such claims) incurred as a result of their service to CIBC. In most indemnities, maximum loss clauses are generally not provided for, and as a result, no defined limit of the maximum potential liability exists. Amounts are accrued when we have a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, when it is both probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to resolve the matter, and when a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. We believe that the likelihood of the conditions arising to trigger obligations under these contract arrangements is remote. Historically, any payments made in respect of these contracts have not been significant. Amounts related to these indemnifications, representations, and warranties reflected within the consolidated financial statements as at October 31, 2018 and 2017 are not significant.

Pledged assets

In the normal course of business, on-and off-balance sheet assets are pledged as collateral against liabilities. The following table summarizes asset pledging amounts and the activities to which they relate:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  (1)  

Assets pledged in relation to:

     

Securities borrowing and lending

   $     47,894    $ 46,086

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     31,058        27,568  

Obligations related to securities sold short

     13,782      13,707

Securitizations

     22,893      23,292

Covered bonds

     21,544      18,805

Derivatives

     11,680      9,084  

Foreign governments and central banks (2)

     686        555  

Clearing systems, payment systems, and depositories (2)

     5,867        4,333  

Other

     675      1,488
     $     156,079      $     144,918  

 

(1)

Certain information has been restated to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

(2)

Includes assets pledged in order to participate in clearing and payment systems and depositories, or to have access to central bank facilities in foreign jurisdictions.

 

166   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  22   Contingent liabilities and provision

 

In the ordinary course of its business, CIBC is a party to a number of legal proceedings, including regulatory investigations, in which claims for substantial monetary damages are asserted against CIBC and its subsidiaries. Legal provisions are established if, in the opinion of management, it is both probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to resolve the matter, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the reliable estimate of probable loss involves a range of potential outcomes within which a specific amount within the range appears to be a better estimate, that amount is accrued. If no specific amount within the range of potential outcomes appears to be a better estimate than any other amount, the mid-point in the range is accrued. In some instances, however, it is not possible either to determine whether an obligation is probable or to reliably estimate the amount of loss, in which case no accrual can be made.

While there is inherent difficulty in predicting the outcome of legal proceedings, based on current knowledge and in consultation with legal counsel, we do not expect the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. However, the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, may be material to our operating results for a particular reporting period. We regularly assess the adequacy of CIBC’s litigation accruals and make the necessary adjustments to incorporate new information as it becomes available.

CIBC considers losses to be reasonably possible when they are neither probable nor remote. It is reasonably possible that CIBC may incur losses in addition to the amounts recorded when the loss accrued is the mid-point of a range of reasonably possible losses, or the potential loss pertains to a matter in which an unfavourable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable.

CIBC believes the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of the amounts accrued, for its significant legal proceedings, where it is possible to make such an estimate, is from nil to approximately $1.2 billion as at October 31, 2018. This estimated aggregate range of reasonably possible losses is based upon currently available information for those significant proceedings in which CIBC is involved, taking into account CIBC’s best estimate of such losses for those cases for which an estimate can be made. CIBC’s estimate involves significant judgment, given the varying stages of the proceedings and the existence of multiple defendants in many of such proceedings whose share of the liability has yet to be determined. The range does not include potential punitive damages and interest. The matters underlying the estimated range as at October 31, 2018, consist of the significant legal matters disclosed below. The matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly from the current estimate. For certain matters, CIBC does not believe that an estimate can currently be made as many of them are in preliminary stages and certain matters have no specific amount claimed. Consequently, these matters are not included in the range.

The following is a description of CIBC’s significant legal proceedings, which we intend to vigorously defend.

Green v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, et al.

In July 2008, a shareholder plaintiff commenced this proposed class action in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice against CIBC and several former and current CIBC officers and directors. It alleges that CIBC and the individual officers and directors violated the Ontario Securities Act through material misrepresentations and non-disclosures relating to CIBC’s exposure to the U.S. sub-prime mortgage market. The plaintiffs instituted this action on behalf of all CIBC shareholders in Canada who purchased shares between May 31, 2007 and February 28, 2008. The action seeks damages of $10 billion. In July 2012, the plaintiffs’ motions for leave to file the statement of claim and for class certification were dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. In February 2014, the Ontario Court of Appeal released its decision overturning the lower court and allowing the matter to proceed as a certified class action. In August 2014, CIBC and the individual defendants were granted leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. The defendants’ appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada was heard on February 9, 2015. In December 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the Ontario Court of Appeal’s decision allowing the matter to proceed as a certified class action. No date has been set for a motion for summary judgment.

Fresco v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

Gaudet v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

In June 2007, two proposed class actions were filed against CIBC in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ( Fresco v. CIBC ) and in the Quebec Superior Court ( Gaudet v. CIBC ). Each makes identical claims for unpaid overtime for full-time, part-time, and retail frontline non-management employees. The Ontario action seeks $500 million in damages plus $100 million in punitive damages for all employees in Canada, while the Quebec action is limited to employees in Quebec and has been stayed pending the outcome of the Ontario action. In June 2009, in the Ontario action, the motion judge denied certification of the matter as a class action. In September 2010, the Ontario Divisional Court upheld the motion judge’s denial of the plaintiff’s certification motion and the award of costs to CIBC by a two-to-one majority. In January 2011, the Ontario Court of Appeal granted the plaintiff leave to appeal the decision denying certification. In June 2012, the Ontario Court of Appeal overturned the lower court and granted certification of the matter as a class action. The Supreme Court of Canada released its decision in March 2013 denying CIBC leave to appeal certification of the matter as a class action, and denying the plaintiff’s cross appeal on aggregate damages. The plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is scheduled for September 2019.

Credit card class actions – Quebec Consumer Protection Act:

Marcotte v. Bank of Montreal, et al.

Corriveau v. Amex Bank of Canada, et al.

Lamoureux v. Bank of Montreal, et al.

St. Pierre v. Bank of Montreal, et al.

Marcotte v. Bank of Montreal, et al. (II)

Giroux v. Royal Bank of Canada, et al.

Pilon v. Amex Bank of Canada, et al.

Since 2004, a number of proposed class actions have been filed in the Quebec Superior Court against CIBC and numerous other financial institutions. The actions, brought on behalf of cardholders, allege that the financial institutions are in breach of certain provisions of the Quebec Consumer Protection Act (CPA). The alleged violations include charging fees on foreign currency transactions, charging fees on cash advances, increasing credit limits without the cardholder’s express consent, and failing to allow a 21-day grace period before posting charges to balances upon which interest is calculated. CIBC and the other defendant banks are jointly raising a constitutional challenge to the Quebec CPA on the basis that banks are not required to comply with provincial legislation because banking and cost of borrowing disclosure is a matter of exclusive federal jurisdiction.

The first of these class actions ( Marcotte v. Bank of Montreal, et al. ), which alleges that charging cardholders fees on foreign currency transactions violates the Quebec CPA, went to trial in 2008. In a decision released in June 2009, the trial judge found in favour of the plaintiffs concluding that the Quebec CPA is constitutionally applicable to federally regulated financial institutions and awarding damages against all the defendants. The court awarded compensatory damages against CIBC in the amount of $38 million plus an additional sum to be determined at a future date. The court awarded punitive damages against a number of the other defendants, but not against CIBC. CIBC and the other financial institutions appealed this decision. The appeal was

 

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heard by the Quebec Court of Appeal in September 2011. In August 2012, the Quebec Court of Appeal allowed the defendant banks’ appeals in part and overturned the trial judgment against CIBC. The plaintiffs and some of the defendant banks appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, and that appeal was heard in February 2014. On September 19, 2014, the Supreme Court of Canada found that the relevant provisions of the Quebec CPA were constitutionally applicable to the banks, but that CIBC is not liable for damages because it fully complied with the Quebec CPA.

The Giroux and Marcotte II proposed class actions were discontinued in January 2015.

The Lamoureux , St. Pierre and Corriveau actions were settled in 2016 subject to court approval. Pursuant to the proposed settlement, CIBC will pay $4.25 million to settle these three actions. The court approval hearing was held in December 2016. In January 2017, the court did not approve CIBC’s proposed settlement as it found the fees for plaintiffs’ counsel were excessive and the end date for one of the actions was later than required. The plaintiffs’ appeal was heard in September 2017 and the appeal was dismissed in March 2018.

The Pilon proposed class action was commenced in January 2018 in Quebec against CIBC and several other financial institutions. The plaintiffs allege that the defendants breached the Quebec Consumer Protection Act and the Bank Act when they unilaterally increased the credit limit on the plaintiffs’ credit cards. The claim seeks the return of all over limit fees charged to Quebec customers beginning in January 2015 as well as punitive damages of $500 per class member.

Credit card class actions – Interchange fees litigation:

Bancroft-Snell v. Visa Canada Corporation, et al.

9085-4886 Quebec Inc. v. Visa Canada Corporation, et al.

Watson v. Bank of America Corporation, et al.

Fuze Salon v. BofA Canada Bank, et al.

1023926 Alberta Ltd. v. Bank of America Corporation, et al.

The Crown & Hand Pub Ltd. v. Bank of America Corporation, et al.

Hello Baby Equipment Inc. v. BofA Canada Bank, et al.

Since 2011 seven proposed class actions have been commenced against VISA Canada Corporation (Visa), MasterCard International Incorporated (MasterCard), CIBC and numerous other financial institutions. The actions, brought on behalf of all merchants who accepted payment by Visa or MasterCard from March 23, 2001 to the present, allege two “separate, but interrelated” conspiracies: one in respect of Visa and one in respect of MasterCard. The claims allege that Visa and MasterCard conspired with their issuing banks to set default interchange rate and merchant discount fees and that certain rules (Honour All Cards and No Surcharge) have the effect of increasing the merchant discount fees. The claims allege civil conspiracy, violation of the Competition Act, interference with economic interests and unjust enrichment. The claims seek unspecified general and punitive damages. The motion for class certification in Watson was granted in March 2014. The appeal of the decision granting class certification was heard in December 2014. In August 2015, the British Columbia Court of Appeal allowed the appeals in part, resulting in certain causes of action being struck and others being reinstated. The matter remains certified as a class action. The trial in Watson , which was scheduled to commence in September 2018, will be adjourned to October 2019. The motion for class certification in 9085-4886 Quebec Inc. (formerly Bakopanos ) was heard in November 2017. In February 2018, the Court certified 9085-4886 Quebec Inc. as a class action. The plaintiffs are appealing the decision.

Mortgage prepayment class actions:

Jordan v. CIBC Mortgages Inc.

Lamarre v. CIBC Mortgages Inc.

Sherry v. CIBC Mortgages Inc.

Haroch v. Toronto Dominion Bank, et al.

In 2011, three proposed class actions were filed in the Superior Courts of Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia against CIBC Mortgages Inc. The representative plaintiffs allege that since 2005, CIBC Mortgages Inc. wrongfully charged or overcharged mortgage prepayment penalties and that the calculation clauses in the mortgage contract that provide for discretion in applying the prepayment penalties are void and unenforceable at law. The motion for class certification in Sherry was granted in June 2014 conditional on the plaintiffs framing a workable class definition. In July 2014, CIBC filed a Notice of Appeal. CIBC’s appeal of the certification decision in Sherry was heard in April 2016. The court reserved its decision. In June 2016, the British Columbia Court of Appeal allowed the appeal in Sherry in part, resulting in certain causes of action being struck. Sherry remains certified as a class action, and continuation of the certification motion on the amended pleading was heard November 2017. In August 2018, the court certified certain of the plaintiffs’ causes of action in Sherry. CIBC is appealing the decision. The certification motion in Jordan was heard in August 2018. The court reserved its decision.

In May 2018, a new proposed class action, Haroch, was filed in the Superior Court of Quebec. The action is brought on behalf of Quebec residents who during the class period allegedly paid a mortgage prepayment charge in excess of three months’ interest. The plaintiffs allege that the defendants created complex prepayment formulas that are contrary to the Quebec Civil Code, the Quebec Consumer Protection Act and the Interest Act and seek damages back to 2015.

Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. and OPY Credit Corp v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and CIBC World Markets Corp.

In March 2013, a claim was filed in New York State Supreme Court against CIBC by Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. and OPY Credit Corp. seeking damages of US$176 million relating to an alleged breach of a credit facility that Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce entered into with OPY Credit Corp. in January 2008 (Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce) . In November 2013, the court dismissed all claims brought by Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. and reduced the claim to one cause of action, a claim by OPY Credit Corp. alleging that Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce breached the credit facility. In January 2014, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint again asserting claims relating to alleged breaches of the credit facility, as well as claims relating to an asset purchase agreement between Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and CIBC World Markets Corp. In October 2014, the court granted CIBC’s motion to dismiss in part, narrowing the claims against CIBC. In July 2018, the court granted CIBC’s motion for summary judgment dismissing the action. As the plaintiffs did not appeal the decision, this matter is now closed.

Cerberus Capital Management L.P. v. CIBC

In October 2015, Securitized Asset Funding 2011-2, LTD., a special purpose investment vehicle affiliated with Cerberus Capital Management L.P. (collectively, “Cerberus”), commenced a Federal Court action in New York against CIBC seeking unspecified damages of “at least hundreds of millions of dollars”. The action relates to two transactions in 2008 and 2011 in which CIBC issued a limited recourse note and certificate to Cerberus which significantly reduced CIBC’s exposure to the U.S. residential real estate market. The complaint alleges that CIBC breached its contract with Cerberus by failing to appropriately calculate and pay with respect to two of the payment streams due under the 2008 note and 2011 certificate.

 

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In November 2015, Cerberus voluntarily dismissed the Federal Court action and filed a new action asserting the same claims in New York State Court. In January 2016, CIBC served its Answer and Counterclaims. In March 2016, Cerberus filed a motion for summary judgment and sought to stay discovery. In April 2016, the court directed the parties to start discovery. In April 2018, the court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment. The plaintiffs appealed the decision, which was heard in November 2018. The court reserved its decision.

Fire & Police Pension Association of Colorado v. Bank of Montreal, et al.

In January 2018, a proposed class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against CIBC, CIBC World Markets Corp., CIBC World Markets Inc. and several other financial institutions. The complaint alleges that the defendant financial institutions conspired to depress a benchmark interest rate called the Canadian Dealer Offered Rate (CDOR) by making coordinated, artificially low submissions to the survey used to calculate the CDOR. The plaintiffs allege that a depressed CDOR benefitted defendants as parties to derivatives transactions that settled by reference to that rate. The complaint asserts claims under the antitrust laws and the Commodity Exchange Act, among others. The representative plaintiff, seeks to represent a putative class of entities that engaged in U.S.-based transactions in financial instruments that were priced, benchmarked, and/or settled based on CDOR between August 9, 2007 and June 30, 2014. In March 2018, the plaintiff delivered an amended claim extending the class period to December 2014. The defendants have brought motions to dismiss, which are pending.

Valeant class actions:

Catucci v. Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc., et al.

Potter v. Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc., et al.

In March 2016, a proposed class action was filed in the Quebec Superior Court on behalf of purchasers of shares in Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc. against the issuer, its directors and officers, its auditors and the underwriting syndicates for six public offerings from 2013 to 2015. CIBC World Markets Corp. was part of the underwriting syndicate for three of the offerings (underwriting 1.5% of a US$1.6 billion offering in June 2013, 1.5% of a US$900 million offering in December 2013 and 0.625% of an offering comprising US$5.25 billion and 1.5 billion in March 2015). The proposed class action alleges various misrepresentations on the part of Valeant and the other defendants, including representations made in the prospectus of the public offerings, relating to Valeant’s relationships with various “specialty pharmacies” who were allegedly acting improperly in the distribution of Valeant’s products resulting in Valeant’s operational results, revenues, and share price during the relevant period being artificially inflated. In July 2016, a similar proposed class action ( Potter v. Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc., et al. ) was commenced in New Jersey Federal Court.

The motion for class certification in Catucci and motion to dismiss in Potter were heard in April 2017. In September 2017, the court certified Catucci as a class action. The defendants sought leave to appeal the certification decision, which was dismissed in December 2017. In Potter the court dismissed the action against the underwriters, without prejudice to the plaintiff to re-plead its allegations.

PrivateBancorp Appraisal Rights Matters

In August 2017, two appraisal petitions were filed against PrivateBancorp by former PrivateBancorp shareholders who exercised their dissent and appraisal rights under Delaware law. In October 2017, PrivateBancorp was named in a third petition. These matters have been consolidated. The petitioners were seeking a judicial determination of the fair value of PrivateBancorp’s common stock at the time the acquisition by CIBC closed on June 23, 2017. In November 2017, CIBC and the petitioners entered into an agreement to settle the dispute, subject to the court’s entry of an order dismissing the consolidated petition. In November 2017, the court entered an order dismissing the consolidated petition. This matter is now closed. See Note 3 for additional details on our acquisition of PrivateBancorp.

Simplii Privacy Class Actions

Bannister v. CIBC (formerly John Doe v. CIBC)

Steinman v. CIBC

In June 2018, two proposed class actions were filed against CIBC on behalf of Simplii Financial clients who allege their personal information was disclosed as a result of a security incident in May 2018. The actions allege that Simplii Financial failed to protect its clients’ personal information. The Bannister proposed class action seeks aggregated damages of approximately $550 million, while the Steinman proposed class action, which has been stayed, sought damages per class member plus punitive damages of $20 million. The motion for certification in Bannister is scheduled for October 2019.

Pozgaj v. CIBC and CIBC Trust

In September 2018, a proposed class action was filed in the Ontario Superior Court against CIBC and CIBC Trust. It alleges that the defendants should not have paid mutual fund trailing commissions to order execution only dealers. The action is brought on behalf of all persons who held units of CIBC mutual funds through order execution only dealers and seeks $200 million in damages.

Legal provisions (1)

The following table presents changes in our legal provisions:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017  

Balance at beginning of year

   $     97   $     118

Additional new provisions recognized

     23     67

Less:

    

Amounts incurred and charged against existing provisions

     (78 )     (70

Unused amounts reversed

     (2 )     (18

Balance at end of year

   $ 40   $ 97

 

(1)

Excludes amounts recognized in respect of the PrivateBancorp Appraisal Rights Matters. See Note 3 for additional details.

 

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Restructuring

The following table presents changes in the restructuring provision:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017  

Balance at beginning of year

   $     149   $     256

Additional new provisions recognized

     28     21

Less:

    

Amounts incurred and charged against existing provisions

     (70 )     (104

Unused amounts reversed

     (36 )     (24

Balance at end of year

   $ 71   $ 149

While the amount of $71 million recognized represents our best estimate as at October 31, 2018 of the amount required to settle the obligation, uncertainty exists with respect to when the obligation will be settled and the amounts that will ultimately be paid, as this will largely depend upon individual facts and circumstances.

 

Note  23   Concentration of credit risk

 

Concentration of credit exposure may arise with a group of counterparties that have similar economic characteristics or are located in the same geographic region. The ability of such counterparties to meet contractual obligations would be similarly affected by changing economic, political or other conditions.

The amounts of credit exposure associated with our on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments are summarized in the following table:

Credit exposure by country of ultimate risk

 

$ millions, as at October 31                           2018                             2017  
      Canada     U.S.    

Other

countries

    Total     Canada     U.S.     Other
countries
    Total  

On-balance sheet

               

Major assets (1)(2)(3)

  $ 431,917   $ 99,063   $ 40,405   $ 571,385   $ 407,878   $ 96,542   $ 38,469   $ 542,889

Off-balance sheet

               

Credit-related arrangements

               

Financial institutions

  $ 45,295   $ 16,358   $ 12,258   $ 73,911   $ 46,069   $ 13,155   $ 7,660   $ 66,884

Governments

    9,880     10     50     9,940     8,377     11     73     8,461

Retail

    124,625     386     390     125,401     120,451     341     381     121,173

Corporate

    58,397     25,158     7,450     91,005     55,847     21,502     6,492     83,841
    $     238,197   $     41,912   $     20,148   $     300,257   $     230,744   $     35,009   $     14,606   $     280,359

Derivative instruments (4)(5)

               

By counterparty type

               

Financial institutions

  $ 4,856   $ 4,341   $ 3,950   $ 13,147   $ 5,846   $ 4,696   $ 5,359   $ 15,901

Governments

    3,361         9     3,370     3,670         2     3,672

Corporate

    1,268     993     783     3,044     1,305     731     922     2,958
    9,485     5,334     4,742     19,561     10,821     5,427     6,283     22,531

Less: effect of netting

    (5,673     (3,252     (2,864     (11,789     (6,739     (3,972     (3,266     (13,977

Total derivative instruments

  $ 3,812   $ 2,082   $ 1,878   $ 7,772   $ 4,082   $ 1,455   $ 3,017   $ 8,554

 

(1)

Major assets consist of cash and deposits with banks, loans and acceptances net of allowance for credit losses, securities, securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, and derivative instruments.

(2)

Includes Canadian currency of $410.5 billion (2017: $397.8 billion) and foreign currencies of $160.9 billion (2017: $145.1 billion).

(3)

No industry or foreign jurisdiction accounted for more than 10% of loans and acceptances net of allowance for credit losses, with the exception of the U.S., which accounted for 10.5% as at October 31, 2018 (2017: 9.7%).

(4)

Derivative instruments are presented at fair value.

(5)

Does not include exchange-traded derivatives of $1,870 million (2017: $1,811 million).

In addition, see Note 21 for details on the client securities lending of the joint ventures which CIBC has with The Bank of New York Mellon.

Also see shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” for a detailed discussion on our credit risk.

 

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Note  24   Related-party transactions

 

In the ordinary course of business, we provide banking services and enter into transactions with related parties on terms similar to those offered to unrelated parties. Related parties include key management personnel (1) , their close family members, and entities that they or their close family members control or jointly control. Related parties also include associates and joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, and post-employment benefit plans for CIBC employees. Loans to these related parties are made in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms as for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. As CIBC’s subsidiaries are consolidated, transactions with these entities have been eliminated and are not reported as related-party transactions. We offer a subsidy on annual fees and preferential interest rates on credit card balances to senior officers which is the same offer extended to all employees of CIBC.

Key management personnel and their affiliates

As at October 31, 2018, loans to key management personnel (1) and their close family members and to entities that they or their close family members control or jointly control totalled $209 million (2017: $186 million), letters of credit and guarantees totalled $5 million (2017: $2 million), and undrawn credit commitments totalled $59 million (2017: $57 million).

These outstanding balances are generally unsecured and we have no provision for credit losses on impaired loans relating to these amounts for the years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017.

 

(1)

Key management personnel are defined as those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of CIBC directly or indirectly and comprise the members of the Board (referred to as directors), and Executive Committee (ExCo) and certain named officers per the Bank Act (Canada) (collectively referred to as senior officers). Board members who are also ExCo members are included as senior officers.

Compensation of key management personnel

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31             2018               2017  
       Directors      Senior
officers
     Directors      Senior
officers
 

Short-term benefits (1)

   $ 2    $ 23    $ 2    $ 23

Post-employment benefits

          3           3

Share-based benefits (2)

     2      35      2      54

Termination benefits

                    14

Total compensation

   $     4      $     61      $     4    $     94

 

(1)

Comprises salaries, statutory and non-statutory benefits related to senior officers and fees related to directors recognized during the year. Also includes annual incentive plan payments related to senior officers on a cash basis.

(2)

Comprises grant-date fair values of awards granted in the year (2017: Included awards granted with respect to the acquisition of The PrivateBank, and changes to CIBC’s leadership team).

Refer to the following Notes for additional details on related-party transactions:

Share-based payment plans

See Note 17 for details of these plans offered to directors and senior officers.

Post-employment benefit plans

See Note 18 for related-party transactions between CIBC and the post-employment benefit plans.

Equity-accounted associates and joint ventures

See Note 25 for details of our investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures.

 

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Note  25   Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures

 

Joint ventures

CIBC is a 50/50 joint venture partner with The Bank of New York Mellon in two joint ventures: CIBC Mellon Trust Company and CIBC Mellon Global Securities Services Company, which provide trust and asset servicing, both in Canada. As at October 31, 2018, the carrying value of our investments in the joint ventures was $463 million (2017: $402 million), which was included in Corporate and Other.

As at October 31, 2018, loans to the joint ventures totalled nil (2017: nil) and undrawn credit commitments totalled $128 million (2017: $128 million).

CIBC, The Bank of New York Mellon, and CIBC Mellon have, jointly and severally, provided indemnities to customers of the joint ventures in respect of securities lending transactions. See Note 21 for additional details.

There was no unrecognized share of losses of any joint ventures, either for the year or cumulatively. In 2018 and 2017, none of our joint ventures experienced any significant restrictions to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends or distributions, or repayment of loans or advances.

The following table provides the summarized aggregate financial information related to our proportionate interest in the equity-accounted joint ventures:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Net income

   $     106     $ 81   $ 64

OCI

     (12 )     (30     2

Total comprehensive income

   $ 94     $      51   $     66

Associates

As at October 31, 2018, the total carrying value of our investments in associates was $63 million (2017: $313 million). These investments comprise: listed associates with a carrying value of nil (2017: $157 million) and a fair value of nil million (2017: $192 million); and unlisted associates with a carrying value of $63 million (2017: $156 million) and a fair value of $101 million (2017: $164 million). Of the total carrying value of our investments in associates, nil (2017: $2 million) was included in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, $1 million (2017: nil) in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, nil (2017: nil) in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, $41 million (2017: $291 million) in Capital Markets, and $21 million (2017: $20 million) in Corporate and Other.

As at October 31, 2018, loans to associates totalled nil (2017: nil) and undrawn credit commitments totalled $79 million (2017: $153 million). We also had commitments to invest up to nil (2017: nil) in our associates.

There was no unrecognized share of losses of any associate, either for the year or cumulatively. In 2018 and 2017, none of our associates experienced any significant restrictions to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends or distributions, or repayment of loans or advances.

The following table provides the summarized aggregate financial information related to our proportionate interest in equity-accounted associates:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017      2016  

Net income  (1)

   $     15     $     20    $     32

OCI

     (7 )     6      4

Total comprehensive income

   $ 8     $ 26    $ 36

 

(1)

Excludes realized gains and losses on the sale of our equity-accounted associates.

 

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Note  26   Significant subsidiaries

 

The following is a list of significant subsidiaries in which CIBC, either directly or indirectly, owns 100% of the voting shares, except where noted.

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018  

Subsidiary name (1)

 

Address of head

or principal office

   

Book value of
shares owned
by CIBC
 
 
  (2)   
Canada and U.S.            

CIBC Asset Management Inc.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada   $        444  

CIBC BA Limited

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada       (3)    

CIBC Bancorp USA Inc.

  Chicago, Illinois, U.S.     9,077  

Canadian Imperial Holdings Inc.

  New York, New York, U.S.  

CIBC Inc.

  New York, New York, U.S.  

CIBC Capital Corporation

  New York, New York, U.S.  

CIBC World Markets Corp.

  New York, New York, U.S.  

CIBC Bank USA

  Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  

CIBC Private Wealth Group, LLC  (4)

  Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.  

CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.

  Chicago, Illinois, U.S.  

CIBC National Trust Company

  Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.  

CIBC Delaware Trust Company

  Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.        

CIBC Investor Services Inc.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada     25  

CIBC Life Insurance Company Limited

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada     23  

CIBC Mortgages Inc.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada     230  

CIBC Securities Inc.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada     2  

CIBC Trust Corporation

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada     591  

CIBC World Markets Inc.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada     306  

CIBC Wood Gundy Financial Services Inc.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada  

CIBC Wood Gundy Financial Services (Quebec) Inc.

  Montreal, Quebec, Canada        

INTRIA Items Inc.

  Mississauga, Ontario, Canada     100  
International            

CIBC Australia Ltd

  Sydney, New South Wales, Australia     19  

CIBC Cayman Holdings Limited

  George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands     1,742  

CIBC Cayman Bank Limited

  George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  

CIBC Cayman Capital Limited

  George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  

CIBC Reinsurance Company Limited

  Warrens, St. Michael, Barbados        

CIBC Investments (Cayman) Limited

  George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands     2,820  

FirstCaribbean International Bank Limited (91.7%)

  Warrens, St. Michael, Barbados  

CIBC Bank and Trust Company (Cayman) Limited (91.7%)

  George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  

CIBC Fund Administration Services (Asia) Limited (91.7%)

  Hong Kong, China  

CIBC Trust Company (Bahamas) Limited (91.7%)

  Nassau, The Bahamas  

FirstCaribbean International Bank (Bahamas) Limited (87.3%)

  Nassau, The Bahamas  

Sentry Insurance Brokers Ltd. (87.3%)

  Nassau, The Bahamas  

FirstCaribbean International Bank (Barbados) Limited (91.7%)

  Warrens, St. Michael, Barbados  

FirstCaribbean International Finance Corporation (Leeward & Windward) Limited (91.7%)

  Castries, St. Lucia  

FirstCaribbean International Securities Limited (91.7%)

  Kingston, Jamaica  

FirstCaribbean International Bank (Cayman) Limited (91.7%)

  George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  

FirstCaribbean International Finance Corporation (Netherlands Antilles) N.V. (91.7%)

  Curacao, Netherlands Antilles  

FirstCaribbean International Bank (Curacao) N.V. (91.7%)

  Curacao, Netherlands Antilles  

FirstCaribbean International Bank (Jamaica) Limited (91.7%)

  Kingston, Jamaica  

FirstCaribbean International Bank (Trinidad and Tobago) Limited (91.7%)

  Maraval, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago  

FirstCaribbean International Wealth Management Bank (Barbados) Limited (91.7%)

  Warrens, St. Michael, Barbados        

CIBC World Markets (Japan) Inc.

  Tokyo, Japan     48  

CIBC World Markets plc

  London, United Kingdom    
490
 

 

(1)

Each subsidiary is incorporated or organized under the laws of the state or country in which the principal office is situated, except for Canadian Imperial Holdings Inc., CIBC Inc., CIBC Capital Corporation, CIBC World Markets Corp., CIBC Private Wealth Group, LLC, CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., and CIBC Bancorp USA Inc., which were incorporated or organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, U.S.; CIBC National Trust Company, which was organized under the laws of the United States; and CIBC World Markets (Japan) Inc., which was incorporated in Barbados.

(2)

The book value of shares of subsidiaries is shown at cost and may include non-voting common and preferred shares. These amounts are eliminated upon consolidation.

(3)

The book value of shares owned by CIBC is less than $1 million.

(4)

In 2018, Atlantic Trust Group, LLC and its subsidiaries were rebranded under the CIBC Private Wealth Management name. Atlantic Trust Group, LLC, AT Investment Advisers, Inc., Atlantic Trust Company, National Association, and Atlantic Trust Company of Delaware were renamed to CIBC Private Wealth Group, LLC, CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., CIBC National Trust Company, and CIBC Delaware Trust Company, respectively.

In addition to the above, we consolidate certain SEs where we have control over the SE. See Note 6 for additional details.

 

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Note  27   Financial instruments – disclosures

 

Certain disclosures required by IFRS 7 are provided in the shaded sections of the “MD&A – Management of risk”, as permitted by IFRS. The following table provides a cross referencing of those disclosures to the MD&A.

 

Description   Section
For each type of risk arising from financial instruments, an entity shall disclose: the exposure to risks and how they arise; objectives, policies and processes used for managing the risks; methods used to measure the risk; and description of collateral.  

Risk overview

 

Credit risk

 

Market risk

   

Liquidity risk

   

Operational risk

   

Reputation and legal risk

   

Regulatory compliance risk

Credit risk: gross exposure to credit risk, credit quality and concentration of exposures.

 

Credit risk

Market risk: trading portfolios – Value-at-Risk (VaR); stressed VaR, incremental risk charge, non-trading portfolios – interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and equity risk.  

Market risk

Liquidity risk: liquid assets, maturity of financial assets and liabilities, and credit commitments.

 

Liquidity risk

We have provided quantitative disclosures related to credit risk consistent with Basel guidelines in the “Credit risk” section of the MD&A. The table below sets out the categories of the on-balance sheet exposures that are subject to the credit risk framework as set out in the Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) Guideline issued by OSFI under the different Basel approaches based on the carrying value of those exposures in our consolidated financial statements. The credit risk framework includes counterparty credit risk exposures arising from over-the-counter derivatives, repo-style transactions and trades cleared through CCPs, as well as securitization exposures. Items not subject to the credit risk framework include exposures that are subject to the market risk framework, amounts that are not subject to capital requirements or are subject to deduction from capital, and amounts relating to CIBC’s insurance subsidiaries, which are excluded from the scope of regulatory consolidation.

 

$ millions, as at October 31  

AIRB

approach

    Standardized
approach
   

Other

credit risk  (1)

    Total
subject to
credit risk
   

Not

subject to
credit risk

    Total
consolidated
balance sheet
 

2018

 

Cash and deposits with banks

  $ 12,278   $ 3,482   $ 1,835   $ 17,595   $ 96   $ 17,691
 

Securities

    42,714     8,915           51,629     50,035     101,664  
 

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

    5,486     2           5,488         5,488  
 

Securities purchased under resale agreements

    43,450               43,450         43,450  
 

Loans

    338,776     33,277     982       373,035         373,035  
 

Allowance for credit losses

    (1,149     (490           (1,639         (1,639
 

Derivative instruments

    21,410     21           21,431         21,431  
 

Customers’ liability under acceptances

    10,264     1           10,265         10,265  
   

Other assets

    11,775     321     5,875       17,971     7,743     25,714  
   

Total credit exposures

  $     485,004   $     45,529   $     8,692     $     539,225   $     57,874   $     597,099  

2017  (2)

 

Total credit exposures

  $ 458,240   $ 41,582   $ 8,635     $ 508,457   $ 56,807   $ 565,264  

 

(1)

Includes credit risk exposures arising from other assets that are subject to the credit risk framework but are not included in the standardized or AIRB frameworks, including other balance sheet assets which are risk-weighted at 100%, significant investments in the capital of non-financial institutions, and amounts below the thresholds for capital deduction which are risk-weighted at 250%.

(2)

Certain information has been restated to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

 

174   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  28   Offsetting financial assets and liabilities

 

The following table identifies the amounts that have been offset on the consolidated balance sheet in accordance with the requirements of IAS 32 “Financial Instruments: Presentation”, and also those amounts that are subject to enforceable netting agreements but do not qualify for offsetting on the consolidated balance sheet either because we do not have a currently enforceable legal right to set-off the recognized amounts, or because we do not intend to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Financial assets

 

    Amounts subject to enforceable netting agreements              
   



Gross
amounts of
recognized
financial
assets
 
 
 
 
 
   



Gross
amounts
offset on the
consolidated
balance sheet
 
 
 
 
  (1)    
     
Related amounts not set-off on
the consolidated balance sheet
 
 
   

Amounts not

subject to

enforceable

netting

agreements

 

 

 

 

  (4)   

   

Net amounts

presented on

the consolidated

balance sheet

 

 

 

 

$ millions, as at October 31    
Net
amounts
 
 
   
Financial
instruments
 
  (2)   
   
Collateral
received
 
  (3)   
   
Net
amounts
 
 

2018

               

Derivatives

  $ 33,862   $ (14,750   $ 19,112   $ (11,789   $ (4,794   $ 2,529   $ 2,319     $ 21,431

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

    5,488           5,488           (5,406     82           5,488

Securities purchased under resale agreements

    45,028     (1,578     43,450           (43,358     92           43,450
    $   84,378   $ (16,328   $ 68,050   $ (11,789   $ (53,558   $ 2,703   $ 2,319     $ 70,369

2017

               

Derivatives

  $ 31,147   $ (9,458   $ 21,689   $ (13,977   $ (3,939   $ 3,773   $ 2,653     $ 24,342

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

    5,035           5,035           (4,901     134           5,035

Securities purchased under resale agreements

    40,999     (616     40,383           (40,334     49           40,383
    $   77,181   $   (10,074   $   67,107   $   (13,977   $   (49,174   $   3,956   $   2,653     $   69,760

Financial liabilities

 

    Amounts subject to enforceable netting agreements              
   

Gross

amounts of

recognized

financial

liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

   

Gross

amounts

offset on the

consolidated

balance sheet

 

 

 

 

  (1)   

     
Related amounts not set-off on
the consolidated balance sheet
 
 
   

Amounts not

subject to

enforceable

netting

agreements

 

 

 

 

  (4)   

   

Net amounts

presented on

the consolidated

balance sheet

 

 

 

 

$ millions, as at October 31    

Net

amounts

 

 

   

Financial

instruments

 

  (2)   

   

Collateral

pledged

 

  (3)   

   

Net

amounts

 

 

2018

               

Derivatives

  $ 33,358   $ (14,750   $ 18,608   $ (11,789   $ (5,539   $ 1,280   $ 2,365     $ 20,973

Cash collateral on securities lent

    2,731           2,731           (2,697     34           2,731

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

    32,418     (1,578     30,840           (30,780     60           30,840
    $ 68,507   $ (16,328   $ 52,179   $ (11,789   $ (39,016   $ 1,374   $ 2,365     $ 54,544

2017

               

Derivatives

  $ 31,058   $ (9,458   $ 21,600   $ (13,977   $ (5,468   $ 2,155   $ 1,671     $ 23,271

Cash collateral on securities lent

    2,024           2,024           (1,983     41           2,024

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

    28,587       (616     27,971           (27,924     47           27,971
    $   61,669   $   (10,074   $   51,595   $   (13,977   $   (35,375   $   2,243   $   1,671     $   53,266

 

(1)

Comprises amounts related to financial instruments which qualify for offsetting. Effective beginning in 2017, derivatives cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) are considered to be settled-to-market and not collateralized-to-market. Derivatives which are settled-to-market are settled on a daily basis, resulting in derecognition, rather than offsetting, of the related amounts. As a result, settled-to-market amounts are no longer considered to be subject to enforceable netting arrangements. In the absence of this change, an amount of $531 million as at October 31, 2018 (2017: $230 million) relating to derivatives cleared through CME would otherwise have been considered to be offset on the consolidated balance sheet.

(2)

Comprises amounts subject to set-off under enforceable netting agreements, such as ISDA agreements, derivative exchange or clearing counterparty agreements, global master repurchase agreements, and global master securities lending agreements. Under such arrangements, all outstanding transactions governed by the relevant agreement can be offset if an event of default or other predetermined event occurs.

(3)

Collateral received and pledged amounts are reflected at fair value, but have been limited to the net balance sheet exposure so as not to include any over-collateralization.

(4)

Includes contractual rights of set-off that are subject to uncertainty under the laws of the relevant jurisdiction, exchange-traded derivatives and derivatives which are settled-to-market.

The offsetting and collateral arrangements discussed above and other credit risk mitigation strategies used by CIBC are further explained in the “Credit risk” section of the MD&A. Certain amounts of securities received as collateral are restricted from being sold or re-pledged.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     175  


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  29   Interest income and expense

 

The table below provides the consolidated interest income and expense by accounting categories.

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    Interest
income
    

Interest

expense

 

2018

  

IFRS 9

     
  

Measured at amortized cost  (1)

   $ 15,275    $ 7,139
  

Debt securities measured at FVOCI  (1)

     749      n/a  
    

Other  (2)

     1,481      301
    

Total

   $ 17,505    $ 7,440

2017

  

IAS 39

     
  

Amortized cost and HTM (1)

   $ 11,712      $ 4,359
  

AFS debt securities  (1)

     480      n/a  
    

Other (2)

     1,401      257
    

Total

   $ 13,593    $ 4,616

2016

  

IAS 39

     
  

Amortized cost and HTM (1)

   $ 10,309    $ 3,509
  

AFS debt securities  (1)

     376      n/a  
    

Other (2)

     1,407      217
    

Total

   $     12,092    $     3,726

 

(1)

Interest income for financial instruments that are measured at amortized cost and debt securities that are measured at FVOCI is calculated using the effective interest rate method.

(2)

Includes interest income and expenses, and dividend income for financial instruments that are mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL (2017 and 2016: Trading and FVO Securities), and equity securities designated at FVOCI (2017 and 2016: AFS equity securities).

n/a

Not applicable.

 

176   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Note  30   Segmented and geographic information

 

CIBC has four SBUs – Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets. These SBUs are supported by Corporate and Other.

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking provides personal and business clients across Canada with financial advice, products and services through a team in our banking centres, as well as through our direct, mobile and remote channels.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management services to middle-market companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families across Canada. In addition, we provide asset management services to institutional investors.

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented commercial, personal and small business banking, as well as wealth management services to meet the needs of middle-market companies, executives, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families in the markets we serve in the U.S.

Capital Markets provides integrated global markets products and services, investment banking advisory and execution, corporate banking and top-ranked research to corporate, government and institutional clients around the world.

Corporate and Other includes the following functional groups – Administration, Client Connectivity and Innovation, Finance, Human Resources and Communications, Internal Audit, Risk Management, and Technology and Operations, as well as other support groups. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. The functional and support costs of CIBC Bank USA are recognized directly in the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC FirstCaribbean and other strategic investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines.

Business unit allocations

Revenue, expenses, and other balance sheet resources related to certain activities are generally allocated to the lines of business within the SBUs.

Treasury activities impact the financial results of the SBUs. Each line of business within our SBUs is charged or credited with a market-based cost of funds on assets and liabilities, respectively, which impacts the revenue performance of the SBUs. Once the interest and liquidity risk inherent in our client-driven assets and liabilities is transfer priced into Treasury, it is managed within CIBC’s risk framework and limits. The residual financial results associated with Treasury activities are reported in Corporate and Other, with the exception of certain Treasury activities in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, which are reported in that SBU. Capital is attributed to the SBUs in a manner that is intended to consistently measure and align economic costs with the underlying benefits and risks associated with SBU activities. Earnings on unattributed capital remain in Corporate and Other. We review our transfer pricing methodologies on an ongoing basis to ensure they reflect changing market environments and industry practices.

To measure and report the results of operations of the lines of business within our Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking and Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBUs, we use a Manufacturer/Customer Segment/Distributor Management Model. The model uses certain estimates and allocation methodologies to process internal payments between lines of business for sales, renewals and trailer commissions to facilitate preparation of segmented financial information. Periodically, the sales, renewals and trailer commission rates paid to customer segments for certain products/services are revised and applied prospectively.

Non-interest expenses incurred by our functional groups are attributed to the SBUs to which they relate based on appropriate criteria.

As part of our adoption of IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired (stage 3) and performing (stages 1 and 2) loans in the respective SBUs. Prior to November 1, 2017, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking.

Changes made to our business segments

2018

We adopted IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017. As permitted, prior period amounts were not restated. See Note 1 for additional details. Our adoption of IFRS 9 impacted how provision for credit losses is attributed to our SBUs. See the “Business unit allocations” section above for additional details.

2017

The following external reporting changes were made in 2017. Prior period amounts were reclassified accordingly. The changes impacted the results of our SBUs, but there was no impact on prior period consolidated net income resulting from these reclassifications.

Fourth Quarter

Changes to our organizational structure

On June 20, 2017, we announced changes to CIBC’s leadership team and organizational structure to further accelerate our transformation. As a result of these changes, our new reporting structure is as follows:

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking – provides personal and small business clients across Canada with financial advice, products and services through a team of advisors in our banking centres, as well as through our direct, mobile and remote channels. Included in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking are the following lines of business:

 

Personal and small business banking; and

 

Other.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management – provides high-touch, relationship-oriented commercial and private banking, as well as wealth management services to meet the needs of middle-market companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families, along with institutional clients across Canada. Included in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management are the following lines of business:

 

Commercial banking; and

 

Wealth management.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     177  


Consolidated financial statements

 

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management – provides high-touch, relationship-oriented commercial, personal and small business banking, as well as wealth management services to meet the needs of middle-market companies, executives, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families in the markets we serve in the U.S. Included in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management are the following lines of business:

 

Commercial banking;

 

Wealth management; and

 

Other.

Capital Markets – provides integrated global markets products and services, investment banking advisory and execution, corporate banking and top-ranked research to corporate, government and institutional clients around the world. Included in Capital Markets are the following lines of business:

 

Global markets;

 

Corporate and investment banking; and

 

Other.

Corporate and Other – includes the following functional groups – Administration, Client Connectivity and Innovation, Finance, Human Resources and Communications, Internal Audit, Risk Management, and Technology and Operations, as well as other support groups. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. The functional and support costs of CIBC Bank USA are recognized directly in the expenses of U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC FirstCaribbean and other strategic investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines.

In addition to the above:

 

The results of Geneva Advisors is included in the wealth management line of business within U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, after the close of the acquisition on August 31, 2017;

 

The results of CIBC Investor’s Edge, previously reported in Canadian Wealth Management, are now included in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking; and

 

The historical results of our minority investment in American Century Investments (ACI) sold in 2016 were reclassified from Canadian Wealth Management to Corporate and Other.

Changes to our transfer pricing methodology

The transfer pricing methodology used by Treasury to charge and credit the SBUs for the cost and benefit of funding assets and liabilities, respectively, was enhanced to better align to our liquidity risk models.

Third Quarter

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

On June 23, 2017, we completed the acquisition of PrivateBancorp and its subsidiary, The PrivateBank, subsequently rebranded as CIBC Bank USA. As a result of the acquisition, a new U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU was created.

In addition to the results of CIBC Bank USA, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management includes:

 

The results of CIBC Atlantic Trust Private Wealth Management (subsequently rebranded, see Note 26 for additional details) in the wealth management line of business, previously reported in the private wealth management line of business within the Wealth Management SBU; and

 

The results of U.S. real estate finance in the commercial banking line of business, previously reported in the corporate and investment banking line of business within Capital Markets.

SBU name changes

Given the addition of the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU, we changed the name of our Retail and Business Banking SBU to Canadian Retail and Business Banking, and the name of our Wealth Management SBU to Canadian Wealth Management. Further changes to our SBU structure were made in the fourth quarter, as noted above.

2016

The following external reporting changes were made in the first quarter of 2016. Prior period amounts were reclassified accordingly. The changes impacted the results of our SBUs, but there was no impact on consolidated net income resulting from these reclassifications.

 

In the corporate and investment banking and business banking lines of business within Capital Markets and Canadian Retail and Business Banking, respectively, our client segmentation was redefined in a manner that reinforced our client-focused strategy, and resulted in a greater degree of industry specialization and expertise, while providing enhanced client coverage. We transferred client accounts accordingly between these lines of business.

 

The transfer pricing methodology used by Treasury to charge and credit the SBUs for the cost and benefit of funding assets and liabilities, respectively, was enhanced to better align to our liquidity risk models.

In addition:

Within Capital Markets:

 

Equity and debt underwriting revenue, previously shared between the global markets and corporate and investment banking lines of business, was transferred to be reported entirely within the corporate and investment banking line of business.

Within Canadian Wealth Management:

 

The wealth advisory services business previously reported in the asset management line of business was transferred to the retail brokerage line of business.

 

An “other” line of business was established to include the results of ACI, previously reported in the asset management line of business.

 

178   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Consolidated financial statements

 

Results by reporting segments and geographic areas

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31   Canadian
Personal
and Small
Business
Banking
    Canadian
Commercial
Banking
and Wealth
Management
    U.S.
Commercial
Banking
and Wealth
Management
    Capital
Markets
    Corporate
and Other
   

CIBC

Total

    Canada  (1)     U.S.  (1)     Caribbean  (1)     Other
countries  (1)
 

2018

 

Net interest income (2)

  $ 6,167   $ 1,120   $ 1,236   $ 1,413   $ 129   $ 10,065   $ 7,963   $ 1,204     $ 793   $ 105  
 

Non-interest income

    1,976     3,219     530     1,487     557     7,769     6,030     895       567     277  
   

Intersegment revenue (3)

    462     (474         12             n/a       n/a       n/a       n/a  
 

Total revenue

    8,605     3,865     1,766     2,912     686     17,834     13,993     2,099       1,360     382  
 

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

    741     5     79     (30     75     870     740     57       75     (2
 

Amortization and impairment (4)

    98     9     107     4     439     657     469     136       44     8  
   

Other non-interest expenses

    4,297     2,059     916     1,488     841     9,601     7,655     1,231       530     185  
 

Income (loss) before income taxes

    3,469     1,792     664     1,450     (669     6,706     5,129     675       711     191  
   

Income taxes (2)

    922     485     99     381     (465     1,422     1,021     288       72     41  
   

Net income (loss)

  $ 2,547   $ 1,307   $ 565   $ 1,069   $ (204   $ 5,284   $ 4,108   $ 387     $ 639   $ 150  
 

Net income (loss) attributable to:

 

                 
 

Non-controlling interests

  $   $   $   $   $ 17   $ 17   $   $     $ 17   $  
   

Equity shareholders

    2,547     1,307     565     1,069     (221     5,267     4,108     387       622     150  
   

Average assets (5)

  $  259,130   $  55,713   $  42,028   $  166,231   $  75,339   $  598,441   $  476,224   $  80,935     $  31,101   $  10,181  

2017

 

Net interest income (2)

  $ 5,752   $ 984   $ 545   $ 1,647   $ 49   $ 8,977   $ 7,829     $ 449     $ 639     $ 60  
 

Non-interest income

    2,193     3,045     331     1,164     570     7,303     5,720       675       646       262  
   

Intersegment revenue (3)

    427     (439         12             n/a       n/a       n/a       n/a  
 

Total revenue

    8,372     3,590     876     2,823     619     16,280     13,549       1,124       1,285       322  
 

Provision for (reversal of)

credit losses

    766     16     84     (4     (33     829     730       68       31        
 

Amortization and impairment (4)

    87     9     33     5     408     542     431       64       39       8  
   

Other non-interest expenses

    4,261     2,012     501     1,368     887     9,029     7,534       805       518       172  
 

Income (loss) before income taxes

    3,258     1,553     258     1,454     (643     5,880     4,854       187       697       142  
   

Income taxes (2)

    838     415     55     364     (510     1,162     928       88       110       36  
   

Net income (loss)

  $ 2,420   $ 1,138   $ 203   $ 1,090   $ (133   $ 4,718   $ 3,926     $ 99     $ 587     $ 106  
 

Net income (loss) attributable to:

                   
 

Non-controlling interests

  $   $   $   $   $ 19   $ 19   $     $     $ 19     $  
   

Equity shareholders

    2,420     1,138     203     1,090     (152     4,699     3,926       99       568       106  
   

Average assets (5)

  $  246,316   $  50,832   $  19,905   $  156,440   $  68,872   $  542,365   $  451,831     $  52,023     $  28,553     $  9,958  

2016

 

Net interest income (2)

  $ 5,473   $ 930   $ 169   $ 1,958   $ (164   $ 8,366   $ 7,639     $ 64     $ 577     $ 86  
 

Non-interest income

    1,896     2,732     216     787     1,038     6,669     5,208       576       620       265  
   

Intersegment revenue (3)

    379     (390         11             n/a       n/a       n/a       n/a  
 

Total revenue

    7,748     3,272     385     2,756     874     15,035     12,847       640       1,197       351  
 

Provision for (reversal of)

credit losses

    736     29     (2     155     133     1,051     890       93       22       46  
 

Amortization and impairment (4)

    91     13     14     5     339     462     374       46       35       7  
   

Other non-interest expenses

    4,023     1,877     274     1,323     1,012     8,509     7,295       556       473       185  
 

Income (loss) before income taxes

    2,898     1,353     99     1,273     (610     5,013     4,288       (55     667       113  
   

Income taxes (2)

    738     362     12     281     (675     718     616       (13     87       28  
   

Net income (loss)

  $ 2,160   $ 991   $ 87   $ 992   $ 65   $ 4,295   $ 3,672     $ (42   $ 580     $ 85  
 

Net income (loss) attributable to:

                   
 

Non-controlling interests

  $   $   $   $   $ 20   $ 20   $     $     $ 20     $  
   

Equity shareholders

    2,160     991     87     992     45     4,275     3,672       (42     560       85  
   

Average assets (5)

  $ 222,642   $ 46,555   $ 8,423   $ 154,805   $ 76,715   $ 509,140   $ 420,432     $ 53,694     $ 27,599     $ 7,415  

 

(1)

Net income and average assets are allocated based on the geographic location where they are recorded.

(2)

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management and Capital Markets net interest income and income taxes include taxable equivalent basis (TEB) adjustments of $2 million and $278 million, respectively (2017: $2 million and $298 million, respectively; 2016: nil and $474 million, respectively) with an equivalent offset in Corporate and Other.

(3)

Intersegment revenue represents internal sales commissions and revenue allocations under the Manufacturer/Customer Segment/Distributor Management Model.

(4)

Comprises amortization and impairment of buildings, furniture, equipment, leasehold improvements, and software and other intangible assets.

(5)

Assets are disclosed on an average basis as this measure is most relevant to a financial institution and is the measure reviewed by management.

n/a

Not applicable.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     179  


Consolidated financial statements

 

The following table provides a breakdown of revenue from our reporting segments:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017  (1)     2016  

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking

       

Personal and small business banking

   $     8,556    $     8,033   $     7,675

Other

     49      339     73
     $ 8,605    $ 8,372   $ 7,748

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

       

Commercial banking

   $ 1,488    $ 1,324   $ 1,211

Wealth management

     2,377      2,266     2,061
     $ 3,865    $ 3,590   $ 3,272

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management (2)

       

Commercial banking

   $ 1,197    $ 532   $ 166

Wealth management

     563      324     217

Other

     6      20     2
     $ 1,766    $ 876   $ 385

Capital Markets (2)

       

Global markets

   $ 1,674    $ 1,601   $ 1,645

Corporate and investment banking

     1,229      1,216     1,093

Other

     9      6     18
     $ 2,912    $ 2,823   $ 2,756

Corporate and Other (2)

       

International banking

   $ 663    $ 723   $ 722

Other

     23        (104     152
     $ 686    $ 619   $ 874

 

(1)

Certain information has been reclassified to conform to the funds transfer pricing methodology adopted in the current year relating to CIBC Bank USA.

(2)

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management and Capital Markets revenue includes a TEB adjustment of $2 million and $248 million, respectively (2017: $2 million and $298 million, respectively; 2016: nil and $474 million, respectively) with an equivalent offset in Corporate and Other.

 

Note  31   Future accounting policy changes

 

IFRS 15 “Revenue From Contracts with Customers” (IFRS 15)

IFRS 15 – issued in May 2014, replaces prior guidance, including IAS 18 “Revenue” and IFRIC 13 “Customer Loyalty Programmes”. In April 2016, the IASB issued amendments to the standard that clarified specific guidance and provided additional transitional relief. IFRS 15 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, which for us will be on November 1, 2018, and can be applied on a retrospective basis or using a modified retrospective approach. As permitted, we will adopt IFRS 15 using the modified retrospective approach by recognizing the cumulative effect of initial application in opening retained earnings as of the effective date. Use of the modified retrospective approach will require us to provide additional disclosures in the year of adoption.

The new guidance includes a five-step, principles-based recognition and measurement approach, as well as requirements for accounting for contract costs, and enhanced quantitative and qualitative disclosure requirements. IFRS 15 excludes from its scope revenue related to lease contracts, insurance contracts and financial instruments. As a result, the majority of our revenue will not be impacted by the adoption of this standard, including net interest income.

IFRS 15 will result in the upfront expensing of previously deferred mutual fund sales commissions. In addition, our credit card loyalty points liability will be subject to both upward and downward remeasurement to reflect the expected cost of redemption as this expectation changes over time. Under IFRIC 13, decreases in the expected cost of redemptions were only recognized as points were redeemed, while increases were recognized immediately.

In addition, the adoption of IFRS 15 will result in changes to the presentation and timing of certain revenue and expense items in the consolidated statement of income. Presentation differences are not expected to be material and include the net presentation of certain expenditures where CIBC is deemed the agent rather than the principal and the gross presentation of certain expenditures where CIBC is deemed the principal rather than the agent.

The cumulative impact that will be recognized in November 1, 2018 opening retained earnings from these differences is not significant.

IFRS 16 “Leases” (IFRS 16)

IFRS 16 – issued in January 2016, replaces IAS 17 “Leases” and is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, which for us will be on November 1, 2019. Early application is permitted if IFRS 15 has also been applied. For lessees, the new standard will result in on-balance sheet recognition for many leases that are considered operating leases under IAS 17, including our property leases, which will result in the gross-up of the balance sheet through the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a liability for the lease component of the future payments. Depreciation expense on the right-of-use asset and interest expense on the lease liability will replace the operating lease expense. The accounting for leases by lessors remains mostly unchanged from IAS 17.

We continue to evaluate the impact of IFRS 16 on our consolidated financial statements.

IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” (IFRS 17)

IFRS 17 – issued in May 2017, replaces IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts”, and was originally effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021, which for us is on November 1, 2021. In November 2018, the IASB tentatively decided to defer the effective date from reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021 to January 1, 2022. IFRS 17 provides comprehensive guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosures of insurance contracts. In May 2018, OSFI issued a final advisory “IFRS 17 Transition and Progress Report Requirements for Federally Regulated Insurers”, which provides pre-transition and transition guidance, including prohibiting early adoption of IFRS 17 by federally regulated insurance subsidiaries.

We continue to evaluate the impact of IFRS 17 on our consolidated financial statements.

 

180   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT

Exhibit B.3(c): Management’s discussion and analysis excerpted from pages 1-93 of CIBC’s 2018 Annual Report


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Management’s discussion and analysis

Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) is provided to enable readers to assess CIBC’s financial condition and results of operations as at and for the year ended October 31, 2018, compared with prior years. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements. Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information in this MD&A has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS or GAAP) and all amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars. Certain disclosures in the MD&A have been shaded as they form an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. The MD&A is current as of November 28, 2018. Additional information relating to CIBC, including the Annual Information Form, is available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) website at www.sec.gov. No information on CIBC’s website (www.cibc.com) should be considered incorporated herein by reference. A glossary of terms used in the MD&A and the audited consolidated financial statements is provided on pages 186 to 191 of this Annual Report.

 

 

 

2   External reporting change
3   Overview
3   CIBC’s strategy
3   Performance against objectives
4   Economic and market environment
5   Financial performance overview
5   Financial highlights
6   2018 Financial results
6   Net interest income and margin
7   Non-interest income
7   Trading activities (TEB)
8   Provision for credit losses
8   Non-interest expenses
9   Taxes
9   Foreign exchange
10   Significant events
10   Fourth quarter review
11   Quarterly trend analysis
12   Review of 2017 financial performance
13   Outlook for calendar year 2019
14   Non-GAAP measures
17   Strategic business units overview
18   Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking
20   Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management
23   U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management
25   Capital Markets
28   Corporate and Other
29   Financial condition
29   Review of condensed consolidated balance sheet
30   Capital resources
40   Off-balance sheet arrangements
41   Management of risk

79

  Accounting and control matters

79

  Critical accounting policies and estimates

84

  Accounting developments
84   Other regulatory developments
85   Related-party transactions
85   Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditors

85

  Controls and procedures

86

  Supplementary annual financial information
 

 

 

A NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS: From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including in this Annual Report, in other filings with Canadian securities regulators or the SEC and in other communications. All such statements are made pursuant to the “safe harbour” provisions of, and are intended to be forward-looking statements under applicable Canadian and U.S. securities legislation, including the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements made in the “Message from the President and Chief Executive Officer”, “Overview – Performance against objectives”, “Financial performance overview – Taxes”, “Financial performance overview – Significant events”, “Financial performance overview – Outlook for calendar year 2019”, “Strategic business units overview – Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking”, “Strategic business units overview – Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management”, “Strategic business units overview – U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management”, “Strategic business units overview – Capital Markets”, “Financial condition – Capital resources”, “Financial condition – Off-balance sheet arrangements”, “Management of risk – Risk overview”, “Management of risk – Top and emerging risks”, “Management of risk – Credit risk”, “Management of risk – Market risk”, “Management of risk – Liquidity risk”, “Accounting and control matters – Critical accounting policies and estimates”, “Accounting and control matters – Financial instruments”, “Accounting and control matters – Accounting developments”, “Accounting and control matters – Other regulatory developments” and “Accounting and control matters – Controls and procedures” sections of this report and other statements about our operations, business lines, financial condition, risk management, priorities, targets, ongoing objectives, strategies, the regulatory environment in which we operate and outlook for calendar year 2019 and subsequent periods. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “target”, “objective” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “should”, “would” and “could”. By their nature, these statements require us to make assumptions, including the economic assumptions set out in the “Financial performance overview – Outlook for calendar year 2019” section of this report, and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific. A variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, affect our operations, performance and results, and could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. These factors include: credit, market, liquidity, strategic, insurance, operational, reputation and legal, regulatory and environmental risk; the effectiveness and adequacy of our risk management and valuation models and processes; legislative or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions where we operate, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations issued and to be issued thereunder, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Common Reporting Standard, and regulatory reforms in the United Kingdom and Europe, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s global standards for capital and liquidity reform, and those relating to bank recapitalization legislation and the payments system in Canada; amendments to, and interpretations of, risk-based capital guidelines and reporting instructions, and interest rate and liquidity regulatory guidance; the resolution of legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters; the effect of changes to accounting standards, rules and interpretations; changes in our estimates of reserves and allowances; changes in tax laws; changes to our credit ratings; political conditions and developments, including changes relating to economic or trade matters; the possible effect on our business of international conflicts and terrorism; natural disasters, public health emergencies, disruptions to public infrastructure and other catastrophic events; reliance on third parties to provide components of our business infrastructure; potential disruptions to our information technology systems and services; increasing cyber security risks which may include theft of assets, unauthorized access to sensitive information, or operational disruption; social media risk; losses incurred as a result of internal or external fraud; anti-money laundering; the accuracy and completeness of information provided to us concerning clients and counterparties; the failure of third parties to comply with their obligations to us and our affiliates or associates; intensifying competition from established competitors and new entrants in the financial services industry including through internet and mobile banking; technological change; global capital market activity; changes in monetary and economic policy; currency value and interest rate fluctuations, including as a result of market and oil price volatility; general business and economic conditions worldwide, as well as in Canada, the U.S. and other countries where we have operations, including increasing Canadian household debt levels and global credit risks; our success in developing and introducing new products and services, expanding existing distribution channels, developing new distribution channels and realizing increased revenue from these channels; changes in client spending and saving habits; our ability to attract and retain key employees and executives; our ability to successfully execute our strategies and complete and integrate acquisitions and joint ventures; the risk that expected synergies and benefits of the acquisition of PrivateBancorp, Inc. will not be realized within the expected time frame or at all; and our ability to anticipate and manage the risks associated with these factors. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements. These and other factors should be considered carefully and readers should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements contained in this report represent the views of management only as of the date hereof and are presented for the purpose of assisting our shareholders and financial analysts in understanding our financial position, objectives and priorities and anticipated financial performance as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that is contained in this report or in other communications except as required by law.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     1  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

External reporting change

The following external reporting change was made in 2018.

IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments”

We adopted IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” (IFRS 9) effective November 1, 2017. As permitted, prior period amounts were not restated.

As part of the adoption of IFRS 9, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired (stage 3) and performing (stages 1 and 2) loans in the respective strategic business units (SBUs). In prior periods, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking.

 

2   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Overview

CIBC is a leading North American financial institution with a market capitalization of $50 billion and a Basel III Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio of 11.4%. Through our four strategic business units – Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets – CIBC provides a full range of financial products and services to 10 million (1) personal banking, business, public sector and institutional clients in Canada, the U.S. and around the world. We have approximately 44,000 employees dedicated to providing our clients with banking for a modern world, delivering consistent and sustainable earnings growth for our shareholders, and giving back to our communities.

 

 

CIBC’s strategy

We are building a relationship-oriented bank for a modern world. To achieve our strategic objectives of delivering superior client experience and shareholder returns, we are focused on four key areas:

 

Building a strong client-focused franchise;

 

Diversifying our earnings growth;

 

Optimizing our operational efficiency; and

 

Maintaining capital and balance sheet discipline.

Performance against objectives

For many years, CIBC has reported a scorecard of financial measures that we use to evaluate and report on our progress to external stakeholders. These measures can be categorized into five key areas of shareholder value – earnings growth, efficiency ratio, return on common shareholders’ equity (ROE), total shareholder return (TSR) and balance sheet strength. We have set targets for each of these measures over the medium term, which we define as three to five years.

 

Earnings growth (2)

To assess our earnings growth, we monitor our earnings per share (EPS). Our target beginning in 2018 is average annual EPS growth of 5% to 10%. In 2018, we delivered reported and adjusted (2) diluted EPS growth of 4% and 10%, respectively.

 

Going forward, we are maintaining our target to deliver average annual EPS growth of 5% to 10%.

 

Reported diluted EPS

($)

 

LOGO

  

Adjusted diluted EPS (2)

($)

 

LOGO

 

Efficiency ratio (2)

To assess how well we use our assets to generate net income, we measure and monitor our efficiency ratio, defined as the ratio of non-interest expenses to total revenue. In 2018, CIBC’s reported and adjusted (2) efficiency ratios improved to 57.5% and 55.6%, respectively, from 58.8% and 57.2% in 2017.

 

CIBC has set a near-term target of achieving a run rate efficiency ratio of 55% by 2019, and a medium-term target of 52% by 2022.

 

 

Reported efficiency ratio

(%)

 

LOGO

  

 

Adjusted efficiency ratio (2)

(%)

 

LOGO

 

Return on common shareholders’ equity (2)

ROE is another key measure of shareholder value. In 2018, CIBC’s reported and adjusted (2) ROE were strong, at 16.6% and 17.4%, respectively, above our target of at least 15%.

 

Going forward, we will continue to target a strong ROE of at least 15% through the cycle.

 

 

Reported return on

common shareholders’ equity

(%)

 

LOGO

  

 

Adjusted return on

common shareholders’ equity (2)

(%)

 

LOGO

 

(1)

Revised to consider clients that have banking relationships with both CIBC and Simplii Financial.

(2)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     3  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Total shareholder return

TSR is the ultimate measure of shareholder value, and the output of delivering against the financial targets within our control.

 

We have two shareholder return targets:

1.  For many years, we have consistently delivered adjusted dividend payout ratios in the range of 40% to 50% of earnings to common shareholders. Our key criteria for considering dividend increases are our current level of payout relative to our target and our view on the sustainability of our current earnings level through the cycle. In 2018, our reported and adjusted (1) dividend payout ratios were 45.5% and 43.4%, respectively.

 

Going forward, we will continue to target a dividend payout ratio of 40% to 50%.

 

2.  We also have an objective to deliver a TSR that exceeds the industry average, which we have defined as the Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (S&P)/Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) Composite Banks Index, over a rolling five-year period. For the five years ended October 31, 2018, CIBC delivered a TSR of 60.6%, which was below the Banks Index return over the same period of 62.0%.

 

Reported dividend

payout ratio

(%)

 

LOGO

  

Adjusted dividend

payout ratio (1)

(%)

 

LOGO

 

Rolling five-year TSR

(%)

 

LOGO

 

Balance sheet strength

Maintaining a strong balance sheet is foundational to our long-term success. Our goal is to maintain strong capital ratios that comfortably exceed regulatory targets.

 

We look to constantly balance our objectives of holding a prudent amount of excess capital for unexpected events and environmental uncertainties, investing in our core businesses, growing through acquisitions and returning capital to our shareholders. At the end of 2018, our Basel III CET1 ratio on an all-in basis was 11.4%, well above the current all-in regulatory target set by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI).

 

In addition to our capital objectives, we remain focused on asset quality and a strong funding profile as key underpinnings of a strong and stable balance sheet.

  

 

CET1 ratio

(%)

 

LOGO

(1)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

Client experience

We continue to have a strong and ongoing focus on the client experience. Our Client Experience Index, which is a range of relevant measures from each of our businesses, is aligned to CIBC’s client-focused strategy and is a composite of:

 

External and internal Net Promoter Score studies;

 

Relationship surveys, which measure the client’s overall experience with our bank;

 

Transactional surveys, which measure a client’s experience with a particular interaction; and

 

Specific business and operational metrics which tightly correlate with the client experience.

Economic and market environment

CIBC operated in an environment of moderate economic growth in Canada, and of accelerating growth in the U.S. in 2018. Canada enjoyed low unemployment rates that supported household credit quality, but both consumer and mortgage credit growth decelerated due to higher interest rates, softer housing inflation, and regulatory policy decisions. Corporate credit quality remained strong despite a slowing in profit growth, while business investment spending and loan demand accelerated. A slower increase in non-financial corporate bond issuance activity was more than offset by the accelerating issuance of financial sector bonds, while equity issuance activity was light. Government debt continued to grow but at a slightly slower pace than 2017. The U.S. economy showed strong growth and robust employment gains as fiscal stimulus more than offset rising interest rates, helping to drive a pick-up in business lending after a slow 2017. U.S. equity markets had a strong start to the year but gave up that ground in the fall on concerns over global growth and rising interest rates.

 

4   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Financial performance overview

Financial highlights

 

As at or for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016     2015     2014  

Financial results ($ millions)

            

Net interest income

     $ 10,065     $ 8,977     $ 8,366   $ 7,915   $ 7,459

Non-interest income

         7,769       7,303       6,669     5,941     5,904

Total revenue

       17,834       16,280       15,035     13,856     13,363

Provision for credit losses

       870       829       1,051     771     937

Non-interest expenses

         10,258       9,571       8,971     8,861     8,512

Income before income taxes

       6,706       5,880       5,013     4,224     3,914

Income taxes

         1,422       1,162       718     634     699

Net income

       $ 5,284     $ 4,718     $ 4,295   $ 3,590   $ 3,215

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests

     17       19       20     14     (3

Preferred shareholders

       89       52       38     45     87

Common shareholders

         5,178       4,647       4,237     3,531     3,131

Net income attributable to equity shareholders

   $ 5,267     $ 4,699     $ 4,275   $ 3,576   $ 3,218

Financial measures

            

Reported efficiency ratio

       57.5  %      58.8  %      59.7  %      63.9  %      63.7  % 

Adjusted efficiency ratio (1)

       55.6  %      57.2  %      58.0  %      59.6  %      59.0  % 

Loan loss ratio (2)

       0.26  %      0.25  %      0.31  %      0.27  %      0.38  % 

Reported return on common shareholders’ equity

     16.6  %      18.3  %      19.9  %      18.7  %      18.3  % 

Adjusted return on common shareholders’ equity (1)

     17.4  %      18.1  %      19.0  %      19.9  %      20.9  % 

Net interest margin

       1.68  %      1.66  %      1.64  %      1.74  %      1.81  % 

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets

     1.88  %      1.85  %      1.88  %      2.00  %      2.05  % 

Return on average assets

       0.88  %      0.87  %      0.84  %      0.79  %      0.78  % 

Return on average interest-earning assets

     0.99  %      0.97  %      0.96  %      0.91  %      0.89  % 

Total shareholder return

       4.70  %      18.30  %      5.19  %      1.96  %      20.87  % 

Reported effective tax rate

       21.2  %      19.8  %      14.3  %      15.0  %      17.9  % 

Adjusted effective tax rate (1)

         20.0  %      20.3  %      16.6  %      15.5  %      15.4  % 

Common share information

            

Per share ($)

 

– basic earnings

   $ 11.69     $ 11.26     $ 10.72   $ 8.89   $ 7.87
 

– reported diluted earnings

     11.65       11.24       10.70     8.87     7.86
 

– adjusted diluted earnings (1)

     12.21       11.11       10.22     9.45     8.94
 

– dividends

     5.32       5.08       4.75     4.30     3.94
 

– book value

     73.83       66.55       56.59     51.25     44.30

Share price ($)

 

– high

     124.59       119.86       104.46     107.16     107.01
 

– low

     110.11       97.76       83.33     86.00     85.49
 

– closing

     113.68       113.56       100.50     100.28     102.89

Shares outstanding (thousands)

 

– weighted-average basic (3)

     443,082       412,636   (4)        395,389     397,213     397,620
 

– weighted-average diluted

     444,627       413,563   (4)        395,919     397,832     398,420
 

– end of period (3)

     442,826       439,313   (4)        397,070     397,291     397,021

Market capitalization ($ millions)

   $ 50,341     $ 49,888     $ 39,906   $ 39,840   $ 40,850

Value measures

            

Dividend yield (based on closing share price)

     4.7  %      4.5  %      4.7  %      4.3  %      3.8  % 

Reported dividend payout ratio

     45.5  %      45.6  %      44.3  %      48.4  %      50.0  % 

Adjusted dividend payout ratio (1)

     43.4  %      46.2  %      46.4  %      45.4  %      44.0  % 

Market value to book value ratio

     1.54       1.71       1.78     1.96     2.32

On- and off-balance sheet information ($ millions)

          

Cash, deposits with banks and securities

   $ 119,355     $ 107,571     $ 101,588   $ 93,619   $ 73,089

Loans and acceptances, net of allowance

     381,661       365,558       319,781     290,981     268,240

Total assets

       597,099       565,264       501,357     463,309     414,903

Deposits

       461,015       439,706       395,647     366,657     325,393

Common shareholders’ equity

       32,693       29,238       22,472     20,360     17,588

Average assets

       598,441       542,365       509,140     455,324     411,481

Average interest-earning assets

     536,059       485,837       445,134     395,616     362,997

Average common shareholders’ equity

     31,184       25,393       21,275     18,857     17,067

Assets under administration (AUA) (5)(6)

         2,303,962           2,192,947           2,041,887         1,846,142         1,703,360

Assets under management (AUM) (6)

         225,379       221,571       183,715     170,465     151,913

Balance sheet quality (All-in basis) and liquidity measures

          

Risk-weighted assets (RWA) ($ millions)

          

CET1 capital RWA

     $ 216,144     $ 203,321     $ 168,996   $ 156,107   $ 141,250

Tier 1 capital RWA

       216,303       203,321       169,322     156,401     141,446

Total capital RWA

       216,462       203,321       169,601     156,652     141,739

Capital ratios

          

CET1 ratio

       11.4  %      10.6  %      11.3  %      10.8  %      10.3  % 

Tier 1 capital ratio

       12.9  %      12.1  %      12.8  %      12.5  %      12.2  % 

Total capital ratio

       14.9  %      13.8  %      14.8  %      15.0  %      15.5  % 

Basel III leverage ratio

            

Leverage ratio exposure ($ millions)

   $ 653,946     $ 610,353     $ 545,480   $ 502,552     n/a  

Leverage ratio

       4.3  %      4.0  %      4.0  %      3.9  %      n/a  

Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) (7)

         128  %      120  %      124  %      119  %      n/a  

Other information

            

Full-time equivalent employees

         44,220       44,928       43,213     44,201     44,424

 

(1)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

(2)

The ratio is calculated as the provision for credit losses on impaired loans to average loans and acceptances, net of allowance for credit losses. In 2018, following our adoption of IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017, provision for credit losses on impaired loans (stage 3) is calculated in accordance with IFRS 9. 2017 and prior amounts were calculated in accordance with IAS 39.

(3)

Excludes 60,764 restricted shares as at October 31, 2018 (2017: 190,285).

(4)

Excludes 2,010,890 common shares which were issued and outstanding but which had not been acquired by a third party as at October 31, 2017. These shares were issued as a component of our acquisition of The PrivateBank.

(5)

Includes the full contract amount of AUA or custody under a 50/50 joint venture between CIBC and The Bank of New York Mellon of $1,834.0 billion as at October 31, 2018 (2017: $1,723.9 billion).

(6)

AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

(7)

Average for the three months ended October 31 for each respective year.

n/a

Not applicable.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     5  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

2018 Financial results

Reported net income for the year was $5,284 million, compared with $4,718 million in 2017. CIBC Bank USA contributed $407 million to net income, compared with $96 million in 2017. Last year only included the results of CIBC Bank USA following the acquisition on June 23, 2017.

Adjusted net income (1) for the year was $5,541 million, compared with $4,665 million in 2017.

Reported diluted EPS for the year was $11.65, compared with $11.24 in 2017.

Adjusted diluted EPS (1) for the year was $12.21, compared with $11.11 in 2017.

2018

Net income was affected by the following items of note:

 

$115 million ($85 million after-tax) amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets ($9 million after-tax in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, $1 million after-tax in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, $65 million after-tax in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and $10 million after-tax in Corporate and Other);

 

$89 million ($65 million after-tax and minority interest) of incremental losses on debt securities and loans in FirstCaribbean International Bank Limited (CIBC FirstCaribbean) recognized in the fourth quarter resulting from the Barbados government debt restructuring (Corporate and Other);

 

$88 million charge from net tax adjustments resulting from the U.S. tax reforms enacted in the first quarter of 2018 (Corporate and Other); and

 

$16 million ($14 million after-tax) in transaction and integration-related costs net of purchase accounting adjustments (2) associated with the acquisitions of The PrivateBank and Geneva Advisors (income of $38 million after-tax in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and charge of $52 million after-tax in Corporate and Other).

The above items of note increased revenue by $2 million, provision for credit losses by $28 million, non-interest expenses by $194 million, and income taxes by $37 million. In aggregate, these items of note decreased net income by $257 million and net income attributable to common shareholders by $252 million.

2017

Net income was affected by the following items of note:

 

$299 million ($245 million after-tax) gain on the sale and lease back of certain retail properties (Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking);

 

$104 million ($73 million after-tax) in transaction and integration-related costs as well as purchase accounting adjustments (2) associated with the acquisition of The PrivateBank and Geneva Advisors ($3 million after-tax in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and $70 million after-tax in Corporate and Other);

 

$45 million ($33 million after-tax) increase in legal provisions in the third quarter (Corporate and Other);

 

$41 million ($28 million after-tax) amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets ($4 million after-tax in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, $1 million after-tax in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, $16 million after-tax in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and $7 million after-tax in Corporate and Other);

 

$98 million ($71 million after-tax) in fees and charges related to the launch of Simplii Financial and the related wind-down of President’s Choice Financial (Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking); and

 

$18 million ($13 million after-tax) reduction in the portion of the collective allowance recognized in Corporate and Other (3) in the fourth quarter.

The above items of note increased revenue by $305 million, provision for credit losses by $17 million and non-interest expenses by $259 million, and decreased income taxes by $24 million. In aggregate, these items of note increased net income by $53 million.

 

(1)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

(2)

Transaction costs include legal and other advisory fees, financing costs associated with pre-funding the cash component of the merger consideration, and interest adjustments relating to the obligation payable to dissenting shareholders. Integration costs are comprised of direct and incremental costs incurred as part of planning for and executing the integration of the businesses of The PrivateBank (subsequently rebranded as CIBC Bank USA) and Geneva Advisors with CIBC, including enabling cross-sell opportunities and expansion of services in the U.S. market, the upgrade and conversion of systems and processes, project management, integration-related travel, severance, consulting fees and marketing costs related to rebranding activities. Purchase accounting adjustments, included as items of note beginning in the fourth quarter of 2017, include the accretion of the acquisition date fair value discount on the acquired loans of The PrivateBank, the collective allowance established for new loan originations and renewals of acquired loans (prior to the adoption of IFRS 9 in the first quarter of 2018), and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration relating to the Geneva Advisors acquisition.

(3)

Relates to collective allowance (prior to the adoption of IFRS 9), except for: (i) residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; (ii) personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent; (iii) net write-offs for the card portfolio; and (iv) the collective allowance related to CIBC Bank USA, which are all reported in the respective SBUs.

Net interest income and margin

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Average interest-earning assets

   $     536,059     $     485,837   $     445,134

Net interest income

     10,065       8,977     8,366

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets

     1.88  %      1.85  %      1.88  % 

Net interest income was up $1,088 million or 12% from 2017, primarily due to the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA for the full year, volume growth and wider spreads in Canadian personal and commercial products, and higher treasury revenue. These factors were partially offset by lower trading income.

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets was up three basis points due to higher net interest income. The impact of higher net interest income was partially offset by higher average interest-earning assets, mainly driven by growth across CIBC’s businesses.

Additional information on net interest income and margin is provided in the “Supplementary annual financial information” section.

 

6   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Non-interest income

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017        2016  

Underwriting and advisory fees

   $ 420    $ 452      $ 446

Deposit and payment fees

     877      843        832

Credit fees

     851      744        638

Card fees

     510      463        470

Investment management and custodial fees (1)(2)

     1,247      1,034        882

Mutual fund fees (2)

     1,624      1,573        1,462

Insurance fees, net of claims

     431      427        396

Commissions on securities transactions

     357      349        342

Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), net
(2017 and 2016: Trading income (loss) and designated at fair value (FVO) gains (losses), net) (3)(4)

     603      227        (71

Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)
and amortized cost, net (2017 and 2016: Available-for-sale (AFS) securities gains, net)

     (35 )      143        73

Foreign exchange other than trading

     310      252        367

Income from equity-accounted associates and joint ventures (1)

     121      101        96

Other

     453      695        736
     $     7,769      $     7,303      $     6,669

 

(1)

Custodial fees directly recognized by CIBC are included in Investment management and custodial fees, and our proportionate share of CIBC Mellon’s custodial fees are included within Income from equity-accounted associates and joint ventures.

(2)

Investment management fees and mutual fund fees are driven by various factors, including the amount of AUM. Investment management fees in our asset management and private wealth management businesses are generally driven by the amount of AUM, while investment management fees in our retail brokerage business are driven by a combination of the amount of AUA and, to a lesser extent, other factors unrelated to the amount of AUA (e.g. flat fees on a per account basis).

(3)

Prior period amounts were reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

(4)

Includes $46 million (2017: $1 million) of income relating to non-trading financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL.

Non-interest income was up $466 million or 6% from 2017. 2017 only included the results of CIBC Bank USA following the acquisition on June 23, 2017.

Credit fees were up $107 million or 14%, primarily due to higher commercial lending volumes.

Investment management and custodial fees were up $213 million or 21%, primarily due to average AUM and AUA growth in our wealth management businesses.

Mutual fund fees were up $51 million or 3%, mainly driven by market appreciation and net sales of mutual funds.

Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net (2017 and 2016: Trading income (loss) and designated at fair value (FVO) gains (losses), net) was up $376 million or 166%, primarily due to higher trading income. See the “Trading activities (TEB)” section which follows for further details.

Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net (2017 and 2016: Available-for-sale (AFS) securities gains, net ) were down $178 million or 124%, primarily due to losses on debt securities measured at FVOCI as a result of the Barbados government debt restructuring, of which $61 million was shown as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2018, and lower investment portfolio gains in Capital Markets.

Foreign exchange other than trading was up $58 million or 23%, primarily due to higher revenue from hedging activities.

Other was down $242 million or 35%, as the prior year included a gain on the sale and lease back of certain retail properties, shown as an item of note.

Trading activities (TEB)

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017      2016  

Trading income (loss) consists of:

        

Net interest income (1)

   $ 856    $ 1,143    $ 1,482

Non-interest income

     557      226      (88
     $ 1,413    $ 1,369    $ 1,394

Trading income by product line:

        

Interest rates

   $ 246    $ 276    $ 293

Foreign exchange

     573      524      511

Equities

     452      401      453

Commodities

     94      111      106

Other

     48      57      31
     $     1,413    $     1,369    $     1,394

 

(1)

Includes taxable equivalent basis (TEB) adjustment of $278 million (2017: $298 million; 2016: $474 million) reported within Capital Markets. See “Strategic business units overview” section for further details.

Net interest income comprises interest and dividends relating to financial assets and liabilities associated with trading activities, net of interest expense and interest income associated with funding these assets and liabilities. Non-interest income includes realized and unrealized gains and losses on securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL (2017 and 2016: held-for-trading) and income relating to changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments. Trading activities and related risk management strategies can periodically shift income between net interest income and non-interest income. Therefore, we view total trading revenue as the most appropriate measure of trading performance.

Trading income was up $44 million or 3% from 2017, primarily due to higher equity and foreign exchange trading income, partially offset by lower interest rate and commodities trading income.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     7  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Provision for credit losses (1)

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017      2016  
      
In accordance
with IFRS 9
 
 
    
In accordance
with IAS 39
 
 
    
In accordance
with IAS 39
 
 

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses – impaired

        

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking

   $ 760    $ 760    $ 728

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

     15      16      29

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

     67      37      (2

Capital Markets

     8      (4      155

Corporate and Other

     102      20      22
     952      829      932

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses – performing

        

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking

     (19      6      8

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

     (10      n/a        n/a  

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

     12        47      n/a  

Capital Markets

     (38      n/a        n/a  

Corporate and Other

     (27      (53      111
       (82             119
     $     870    $     829    $     1,051

 

(1)

As a result of our adoption of IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBUs. In prior periods, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking. Provision for credit losses related to CIBC FirstCaribbean continues to be recognized in Corporate and Other.

n/a

Not applicable.

Provision for credit losses was up $41 million or 5% from 2017. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up $123 million, primarily due to higher loan losses in CIBC FirstCaribbean and CIBC Bank USA. The higher loan losses in CIBC FirstCaribbean included losses on sovereign loans resulting from the Barbados government debt restructuring, of which $28 million was shown as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2018. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was down $82 million from 2017, driven by an economic outlook that has improved since our adoption of IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017, and the transfer of certain loans to the impaired portfolio.

For further details regarding provision for credit losses in our SBUs, refer to the “Strategic business units overview” section.

Non-interest expenses

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017      2016  

Employee compensation and benefits

        

Salaries

   $ 2,934    $ 2,738    $ 2,741

Performance-based compensation

     1,966      1,745      1,580

Benefits

     765      715      661
     5,665        5,198      4,982

Occupancy costs

     875      822      804

Computer, software and office equipment

     1,742      1,630      1,398

Communications

     315      317      319

Advertising and business development

     327      282      269

Professional fees

     226      229      201

Business and capital taxes

     103      96      68

Other

     1,005      997      930
     $     10,258      $     9,571    $     8,971

Non-interest expenses increased by $687 million or 7% from 2017, primarily due to the inclusion of the non-interest expenses of CIBC Bank USA for the full year of $666 million (2017: $244 million).

Employee compensation and benefits increased by $467 million or 9%, primarily due to higher salaries and performance-based compensation, largely driven by the inclusion of employee compensation and benefits relating to CIBC Bank USA employees for the full year.

Computer, software and office equipment increased by $112 million or 7%, primarily due to higher spending on strategic initiatives and the inclusion of expenses relating to CIBC Bank USA for the full year.

 

 

8   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Taxes

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Income taxes

   $ 1,422   $ 1,162   $ 718

Indirect taxes (1)

      

Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) and sales taxes

     354       390     361

Payroll taxes

     271       242     239

Capital taxes

     68       61     38

Property and business taxes

     77       72     71

Total indirect taxes

     770       765     709

Total taxes

   $     2,192   $     1,927   $     1,427

Reported effective tax rate

     21.2  %      19.8  %      14.3  % 

Total taxes as a percentage of net income before deduction of total taxes

     29.3  %      29.0  %      24.9  % 

 

(1)

Certain amounts are based on a paid or payable basis and do not factor in capitalization and subsequent amortization.

Income taxes include those imposed on CIBC as a Canadian legal entity, as well as on our domestic and foreign subsidiaries. Indirect taxes comprise GST, HST and sales, payroll, capital, property and business taxes. Indirect taxes are included in non-interest expenses.

Total income and indirect taxes were up $265 million from 2017.

Income tax expense was $1,422 million, up $260 million from 2017, primarily due to higher income and net tax adjustments resulting from the U.S. tax reforms enacted in the first quarter of 2018, shown as an item of note.

Indirect taxes were up $5 million, primarily due to the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA for the full year, partially offset by lower sales taxes.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (U.S. tax reforms), which reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018, resulting in a significant decrease in CIBC’s U.S. deferred tax assets. The U.S. tax reforms introduced other important changes to U.S. corporate income tax laws including the creation of a new Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax (BEAT) that subjects certain payments from a U.S. corporation to foreign related parties to additional taxes. The BEAT provision is applicable to CIBC in fiscal 2019. CIBC continues to evaluate the impact of BEAT on our U.S. operations.

In prior years, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) issued reassessments disallowing the deduction of approximately $3 billion of the 2005 Enron settlement payments and related legal expenses. The Tax Court of Canada trial on the deductibility of the Enron payments is set to commence in January 2019. Should we successfully defend our tax filing position in its entirety, we would recognize an additional accounting tax benefit of $231 million and taxable refund interest of approximately $210 million. Should we fail to defend our position in its entirety, we would incur an additional tax expense of approximately $820 million and non-deductible interest of approximately $157 million.

The 2015 Canadian federal budget which became law effective on November 1, 2015, contained new rules for “synthetic equity arrangements” which eliminated the tax deductibility of Canadian inter-corporate dividends for Canadian corporations in certain circumstances. A set of transition rules applied between November 1, 2015 and April 30, 2017. The new rules have resulted in a higher effective tax rate, as the tax deductibility of certain Canadian corporate dividends is diminished. On February 27, 2018, the 2018 Canadian federal budget was released which extended the denial of the deductibility of Canadian inter-corporate dividends for Canadian corporations to include dividends received on share buyback transactions.

In prior years, the CRA reassessed CIBC approximately $298 million of additional income tax by denying the tax deductibility of certain 2011 and 2012 Canadian corporate dividends on the basis that they were part of a “dividend rental arrangement”. In March 2018, CIBC filed a Notice of Appeal with the Tax Court of Canada with respect to the 2011 taxation year. The matter is now in litigation. The circumstances of the dividends subject to the reassessments are similar to those prospectively addressed by the rules in the 2015 and 2018 Canadian federal budgets. In June 2018, the CRA reassessed CIBC in respect of the 2013 taxation year for approximately $229 million of additional taxes. It is possible that subsequent years may be reassessed for similar activities. CIBC is confident that its tax filing positions were appropriate and intends to defend itself vigorously. Accordingly, no amounts have been accrued in the consolidated financial statements.

The statutory income tax rate applicable to CIBC as a legal entity was 26.5% in 2018. The rate is expected to remain the same in future years.

For a reconciliation of our income taxes in the consolidated statement of income with the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate, see Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements.

Foreign exchange

The estimated impact of U.S. dollar translation on key lines of our consolidated statement of income, as a result of changes in average exchange rates, is as follows:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31   

2018

vs.

2017

   

2017

vs.

2016

   

2016

vs.

2015

 

Estimated increase (decrease) in:

      

Total revenue

   $ (55   $ (36   $ 117

Provision for credit losses

     (2     (1     8

Non-interest expenses

     (30     (20     61

Income taxes

     (3     (1      

Net income

     (20     (14     48

Impact on EPS:

      

Basic

   $     (0.05   $     (0.03   $     0.12

Diluted

     (0.05     (0.03     0.12

Average USD appreciation (depreciation) relative to CAD

     (1.5 ) %      (1.3 ) %      5.6  % 

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     9  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Significant events

Launch of CIBC Innovation Banking and acquisition of Wellington Financial

On January 8, 2018, CIBC announced the launch of CIBC Innovation Banking, a full service business that delivers strategic advice and funding to North American technology and innovation clients at each stage of their business cycle. As part of the launch of CIBC Innovation Banking, and to further deepen its capabilities and complement CIBC Bank USA’s existing commercial banking team, on January 5, 2018, CIBC acquired the loan assets of Wellington Financial Fund V LP (Wellington Financial) and its management team for a combination of cash, common shares, and exchangeable shares. Based in Toronto with a U.S. presence in New York City and Menlo Park, Wellington Financial was a leading, privately-held provider of growth capital to early and mid-stage technology companies. The results of the acquired business have been consolidated from the date of close and are included in our Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU. For additional information, see Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.

Aeroplan developments

Air Canada announced on May 11, 2017, that it would not be renewing its exclusive Aeroplan partnership with Aimia Inc. (Aimia) upon the expiry of the contract on June 29, 2020. CIBC’s Aeroplan clients would not be immediately impacted by this announcement, as Aeroplan members may continue to collect and redeem Aeroplan Miles for Air Canada travel until Aimia’s contract with Air Canada expires. On August 21, 2018, Air Canada, The Toronto-Dominion Bank, CIBC and Visa Canada Corporation announced that an agreement in principle with Aimia had been reached for the purchase of the Aeroplan loyalty business for cash of $450 million and the assumption of the Aeroplan Miles liability of approximately $1.9 billion. Definitive agreements were signed on November 26, 2018, including credit card agreements securing CIBC’s participation in Air Canada’s new loyalty program for a period of 10 years, conditional upon completion of Air Canada’s acquisition of the Aeroplan loyalty business. If finalized, this arrangement will allow our Aeroplan clients to transfer their Aeroplan Miles to Air Canada’s new loyalty program, expected to launch in 2020. The agreements are subject to Aimia shareholder approval and certain other closing conditions, including receipt of applicable regulatory approvals. Upon closing, CIBC will contribute $200 million plus applicable sales tax towards this transaction, which we expect to recognize as an expense in 2019. In addition, we will make a payment of $92 million plus applicable sales tax to Air Canada, at closing, as a prepayment to be applied towards future monthly payments in respect of Aeroplan Miles. We expect to recognize this prepayment as a charge to net income over the term of the new credit card agreement with Air Canada as loyalty points are purchased.

Fourth quarter review

 

$ millions, except per share amounts, for the three months ended                     2018             2017  
            Oct. 31     Jul. 31     Apr. 30     Jan. 31     Oct. 31     Jul. 31     Apr. 30     Jan. 31  

Revenue

                 

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking

  $     2,201   $ 2,176   $ 2,090   $ 2,138   $ 2,093   $ 2,039   $ 1,937   $ 2,303

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

    986     988     937     954     922     903     886     879

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management (1)

    457     448     429     432     422     239     102     113

Capital Markets (1)

    649     752     710     801     622     679     692     830

Corporate and Other (1)

    159     183     210     134     210     244     81     84

Total revenue

  $ 4,452   $     4,547   $     4,376   $     4,459   $     4,269   $     4,104   $     3,698   $     4,209

Net interest income

  $ 2,539   $ 2,577   $ 2,476   $ 2,473   $ 2,464   $ 2,276   $ 2,095   $ 2,142

Non-interest income

    1,913     1,970     1,900     1,986     1,805     1,828     1,603     2,067

Total revenue

    4,452     4,547     4,376     4,459     4,269     4,104     3,698     4,209

Provision for credit losses (2)

    264     241     212     153     229     209     179     212

Non-interest expenses

    2,591     2,572     2,517     2,578     2,570     2,452     2,275     2,274

Income before income taxes

    1,597     1,734     1,647     1,728     1,470     1,443     1,244     1,723

Income taxes

    329     365     328     400     306     346     194     316

Net income

  $ 1,268   $ 1,369   $ 1,319   $ 1,328   $ 1,164   $ 1,097   $ 1,050   $ 1,407

Net income attributable to:

                 

Non-controlling interests

  $ 2   $ 4   $ 6   $ 5   $ 5   $ 4   $ 5   $ 5

Equity shareholders

    1,266     1,365     1,313     1,323     1,159     1,093     1,045     1,402

EPS

 

– basic

  $ 2.81   $ 3.02   $ 2.90   $ 2.96   $ 2.60   $ 2.61   $ 2.59   $ 3.50
   

– diluted

    2.80     3.01     2.89     2.95     2.59     2.60     2.59     3.50

 

(1)

Capital Markets and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management revenue and income taxes are reported on a TEB basis with an equivalent offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other.

(2)

As a result of our adoption of IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBUs. In prior periods, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking. Provision for credit losses related to CIBC FirstCaribbean continues to be recognized in Corporate and Other.

Compared with Q4/17

Net income for the quarter was $1,268 million, up $104 million or 9% from the fourth quarter of 2017.

Net interest income was up $75 million or 3%, primarily due to volume growth and wider spreads in personal and commercial products, partially offset by lower trading income.

Non-interest income was up $108 million or 6%, primarily due to higher trading income and higher investment management and custodial fees driven by higher average AUM and AUA, partially offset by losses on debt securities measured at FVOCI as a result of the Barbados government debt restructuring, of which $61 million was shown as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Provision for credit losses was up $35 million or 15% from the same quarter last year, primarily due to higher loan losses in CIBC FirstCaribbean, which included losses on sovereign loans resulting from the Barbados government debt restructuring, shown as an item of note. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was down, as the same quarter last year included $35 million relating to the establishment of a collective allowance (prior to our adoption of IFRS 9) for new loan originations and renewals of acquired loans relating to CIBC Bank USA, shown as an item of note. The current quarter included a reversal of credit losses on performing loans arising from model parameter updates related to CIBC FirstCaribbean, whereas the same quarter last year included a reduction in the collective allowance (prior to our adoption of IFRS 9).

Non-interest expenses were up $21 million or 1%, primarily due to higher spending on strategic initiatives and higher performance-based compensation. The increase was partially offset as the same quarter last year included fees and charges related to the launch of Simplii Financial and the related wind-down of President’s Choice Financial, as well as higher transaction and integration-related costs associated with the acquisition of The PrivateBank, both shown as items of note.

Income tax expense was up $23 million or 8%, primarily due to higher income.

 

10   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Compared with Q3/18

Net income for the quarter was down $101 million or 7% from the prior quarter.

Net interest income was down $38 million or 1%, primarily due to lower trading income partially offset by higher treasury revenue.

Non-interest income was down $57 million or 3%, primarily due to incremental losses on debt securities measured at FVOCI as a result of the Barbados government debt restructuring noted above, and lower underwriting and advisory fees, partially offset by higher trading income.

Provision for credit losses was up $23 million or 10% from the prior quarter, primarily due to a higher provision for credit losses on performing loans relating to CIBC Bank USA, as well as portfolio growth in the personal lending portfolio. The current quarter included negative credit migrations within the performing loan portfolio in CIBC Bank USA, whereas the prior quarter included a reversal of credit losses driven by positive credit migration and transfers to the impaired portfolio. The increase in provision for credit losses on performing loans was partially offset by a lower provision for credit losses on impaired loans in the personal lending and card portfolios, as well as the pre-existing U.S. real estate finance portfolio.

Non-interest expenses were up $19 million or 1%, primarily due to higher spending on strategic initiatives, partially offset by lower performance-based and employee-related compensation.

Income tax expense was down $36 million or 10%, primarily due to lower income.

Quarterly trend analysis

Our quarterly results are modestly affected by seasonal factors. The second quarter has fewer days as compared with the other quarters, generally leading to lower earnings. The summer months (July – third quarter and August – fourth quarter) typically experience lower levels of market activity, which affects our brokerage, investment management, and Capital Markets activities.

Revenue

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking revenue has benefited from volume growth over the period. In 2017, strong volume growth was partially offset by narrower spreads attributable to a lower interest rate environment. Interest rates began to rise in the second half of 2017, contributing to a trend of slower volume growth and widening spreads that continued through 2018. The first quarter of 2017 included a gain on the sale and lease back of certain retail properties.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management has benefited from strong volume growth in deposits and loans, and continued growth in AUA and AUM as a result of market appreciation and positive net sales of long-term mutual funds. In 2017, volume growth was partially offset by a low interest rate environment. Increases in interest rates beginning in the latter half of 2017 contributed to improved margins beginning in the fourth quarter of 2017.

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management includes the revenue of CIBC Bank USA after the close of the acquisition on June 23, 2017. U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management has benefited from volume growth following the close of the acquisition.

Capital Markets revenue is influenced, to a large extent, by market conditions and activity in the equity derivatives business, which includes tax-exempt income. Tax-exempt income has been volatile over the periods shown above. The first quarters of 2017 and 2018 included higher trading revenue.

Corporate and Other includes the offset related to the TEB component of tax-exempt income reported in the revenue of Capital Markets and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management.

Provision for credit losses

In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted IFRS 9 and now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBUs. In prior periods, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking). Provision for credit losses is dependent upon the credit cycle in general, on the credit performance of the loan portfolios, and, following our adoption of IFRS 9, changes in economic outlook.

In Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, the first quarter of 2018 included a reduction in allowance for performing loans, reflective of a relatively more positive economic outlook that improved in the first quarter of 2018.

In Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, the fourth quarters of 2017 and 2018 included higher losses in the commercial banking portfolio.

In U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, the loan losses of CIBC Bank USA have been included since the acquisition on June 23, 2017. The fourth quarter of 2017 included $35 million relating to the establishment of a collective allowance (prior to our adoption of IFRS 9) for new loan originations and renewals of acquired loans relating to CIBC Bank USA. The third quarters of 2017 and 2018 included higher loan losses in our pre-existing U.S. real estate finance portfolio. The fourth quarter of 2018 included higher loan losses in CIBC Bank USA.

In Capital Markets, 2018 included reductions in allowance for performing loans, reflective of better portfolio credit quality and an improved outlook with respect to the oil and gas sector.

In Corporate and Other, the third and fourth quarters of 2018 included higher losses on impaired loans in CIBC FirstCaribbean resulting from the Barbados government debt restructuring. All quarters of 2017 included reductions in the collective allowance (prior to our adoption of IFRS 9).

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses have fluctuated over the period largely due to changes in employee-related compensation and benefits, higher spending on strategic initiatives, and movement in foreign exchange rates. The fourth quarter of 2017 included fees and charges related to the launch of Simplii Financial and the related wind-down of the President’s Choice Financial branded banking offer. The third quarter of 2017 included an increase in legal provisions in Corporate and Other, shown as an item of note. Non-interest expenses increased in the third quarter of 2017 and onward, as the results of CIBC Bank USA were included after the close of the acquisition on June 23, 2017.

Income taxes

Income taxes vary with changes in income subject to tax, and the jurisdictions in which the income is earned. Taxes can also be affected by the impact of significant items and the level of tax-exempt income. The first quarter of 2018 included net tax adjustments resulting from U.S. tax reforms, partially offset by the resulting favourable impact on the effective tax rate in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. Income taxes have increased beginning in the third quarter of 2017, primarily due to lower tax-exempt income and the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA following the close of the acquisition on June 23, 2017.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     11  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Review of 2017 financial performance

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31   Canadian
Personal and
Small Business
Banking
    Canadian
Commercial Banking
and Wealth
Management
    U.S. Commercial
Banking
and Wealth
Management  (1)
    Capital
Markets  (1)
    Corporate
and Other  (1)
   

CIBC

Total

 

2017

  

Net interest income

  $     5,752   $ 984   $ 545   $ 1,647     $ 49     $ 8,977
  

Non-interest income

    2,193     3,045     331     1,164       570       7,303
    

Intersegment revenue (2)

    427     (439           12              
  

Total revenue

    8,372     3,590     876     2,823       619             16,280
  

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

    766     16     84     (4     (33     829
    

Non-interest expenses

    4,348     2,021     534     1,373           1,295       9,571
  

Income (loss) before income taxes

    3,258     1,553     258     1,454       (643     5,880
    

Income taxes

    838     415     55     364       (510     1,162
    

Net income (loss)

  $ 2,420   $     1,138   $     203   $     1,090     $ (133   $ 4,718
   Net income (loss) attributable to:            
  

Non-controlling interests

  $     $     $     $     $ 19     $ 19
    

Equity shareholders

    2,420     1,138     203     1,090       (152     4,699

2016

  

Net interest income

  $ 5,473   $ 930   $ 169   $ 1,958     $ (164   $       8,366
  

Non-interest income

    1,896     2,732     216     787       1,038       6,669
    

Intersegment revenue (2)

    379     (390           11              
  

Total revenue

    7,748     3,272     385     2,756       874       15,035
  

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

    736     29     (2     155       133       1,051
    

Non-interest expenses

    4,114     1,890     288     1,328       1,351       8,971
  

Income (loss) before income taxes

    2,898     1,353     99     1,273       (610     5,013
    

Income taxes

    738     362     12     281       (675     718
    

Net income (loss)

  $ 2,160   $ 991   $ 87   $ 992     $          65     $ 4,295
  

Net income (loss) attributable to:

           
  

Non-controlling interests

  $     $     $     $     $ 20     $ 20
    

Equity shareholders

    2,160     991     87     992       45       4,275

 

(1)

Capital Markets and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management revenue and income taxes are reported on a TEB basis with an equivalent offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other.

(2)

Intersegment revenue represents internal sales commissions and revenue allocations under the Manufacturer/Customer Segment/Distributor Management Model.

The following discussion provides a comparison of our results of operations for the years ended October 31, 2017 and 2016.

Overview

Net income for 2017 was $4,718 million, compared with $4,295 million in 2016. The increase in net income of $423 million was due to higher revenue and a lower provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses and income taxes.

Consolidated CIBC

Net interest income

Net interest income was up $611 million or 7% from 2016, primarily due to volume growth across Canadian personal and commercial products, and the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA following the close of the acquisition on June 23, 2017, which included $45 million of accretion of the acquisition date fair value discount on the acquired loans, of which $31 million was included as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2017. These factors were partially offset by lower trading income and narrower Canadian personal and commercial spreads.

Non-interest income

Non-interest income was up $634 million or 10% from 2016, primarily due to an increase in trading income, investment management and custodial fees, and mutual fund fees.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was down $222 million or 21% from 2016. In Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, the provision was up primarily due to higher write-offs in the card and personal lending portfolios, and higher losses in the mortgage portfolio, partially offset by lower losses in the small business lending portfolio. In Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, the provision was down primarily due to lower losses in the commercial banking portfolio. In U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, 2017 included a provision for credit losses compared with a reversal of credit losses in 2016, primarily due to the establishment of a $48 million collective allowance for new loan originations and renewals of acquired loans relating to CIBC Bank USA, of which $35 million was shown as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2017. In addition, 2017 included losses in the pre-existing U.S. real estate finance portfolio. In Capital Markets, 2017 included a reversal of credit losses compared with a provision for credit losses in 2016, primarily due to better performance in the oil and gas sector. 2016 also included losses in our exited European leveraged finance portfolio, shown as an item of note. In Corporate and Other, 2017 included a reversal of credit losses compared with a provision for credit losses in 2016. 2017 included a reduction in the collective allowance, shown as an item of note, which was net of a higher provision in the Caribbean region mainly due to the year’s hurricanes. 2016 included increases in the collective allowance, shown as items of note.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses increased by $600 million or 7% from 2016, primarily due to higher spending on strategic initiatives, the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA and higher performance-based compensation. 2017 also included higher expenses arising from fees and charges related to the launch of Simplii Financial and the related wind-down of President’s Choice Financial, and transaction and integration-related costs associated with the acquisition of The PrivateBank, both shown as items of note. The increase was partially offset by restructuring charges in 2016, primarily relating to employee severance, shown as an item of note.

Income taxes

Income tax expense was $1,162 million, compared with $718 million in 2016, largely due to substantially lower tax-exempt income and higher income in 2017. In addition, 2016 included income tax recoveries from the settlement of transfer pricing-related matters, and a change in our expected utilization of certain tax loss carryforwards, shown as items of note.

 

12   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Revenue by segment

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking

Revenue was up $624 million or 8% from 2016, primarily due to volume growth, higher fees and a gain on the sale and lease back of certain retail properties, shown as an item of note, partially offset by narrower spreads and lower revenue from our exited FirstLine mortgage broker business.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

Revenue was up $318 million or 10% from 2016. Commercial banking revenue was up primarily due to volume growth and higher fees, partially offset by narrower spreads. Wealth management revenue was up primarily due to higher investment management and custodial fees, and mutual fund fees from higher average AUM and AUA.

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

Revenue was up $491 million or 128% from 2016. Commercial banking revenue was up primarily due to the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA and higher revenue in U.S. real estate finance. Wealth management revenue was up primarily due to the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA, and growth in average AUM mainly due to the acquisition of Geneva Advisors. In addition, in 2017 this SBU included accretion of the acquisition date fair value discount on the acquired loans of The PrivateBank.

Capital Markets

Revenue was up $67 million or 2% from 2016, primarily due to higher investment portfolio gains, higher debt underwriting activity, and higher revenue from corporate banking, partially offset by lower revenue from our equity derivatives, interest rate, and foreign exchange trading businesses.

Corporate and Other

Revenue was down $255 million or 29% from 2016, as 2016 included a gain, net of transaction costs, on the sale of our minority investment in American Century Investments (ACI), and a gain on sale of a processing centre, both shown as items of note. The decrease was partially offset by a lower TEB adjustment and higher treasury revenue.

Outlook for calendar year 2019

Having reached full employment in most provinces, Canada’s economy is likely to see a slight moderation in growth in 2019 as monetary policy aims at keeping inflation near 2% over the medium term. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is expected to decelerate in 2019 to just under 2%, with a further slowing to under 1.5% in 2020 as exports feel the impact of slower economic growth in the U.S. The economy is expected to continue operating at historically low unemployment rates in 2019. The Bank of Canada’s overnight rate is expected to plateau at 2.25% in 2019, with inflation remaining moderate and the central bank seeking to keep the Canadian dollar range-bound to allow exports to advance. Housing construction should run at a slower pace, while capital spending by businesses should remain on a moderate growth path, with the energy sector awaiting greater assurance of pipeline access. Global crude oil benchmarks have weakened sharply on signs of slowing global growth, supply increases in the U.S., and a temporary easing of restraints on Iran. Global prices are likely to gradually recover if the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) curtails supply and Iran sanctions re-tighten in 2019. Canadian heavy oil discounts are expected to remain wide by historical standards due to pipeline constraints, but could narrow somewhat as key U.S. refiners return to full production and some Canadian heavy oil producers reduce output.

The U.S. economy is expected to decelerate to just over 2% growth in 2019, and it is anticipated that tight labour markets will constrain Midwest regional growth to roughly that pace. A further slowing to 1.4% growth in 2020 is likely if fiscal policy tightens. The U.S. Federal Reserve is looking to moderate growth in order to hold inflation near 2%. The absence of fresh tax cut stimulus by 2020 and the potential for government spending restraints to tackle deficits should allow the U.S. Federal Reserve to let its benchmark rate plateau in 2019 near 3%, and open the door for an easing in policy in 2020.

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking is expected to see a continuation of slow growth in consumer and mortgage lending, with demand constrained by higher interest rates, softer house price growth, and the past year’s regulatory tightening.

Moderate growth in corporate earnings should support activity in Capital Markets and Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. Government bond issuance activity is anticipated to remain elevated due to provincial deficits and capital spending. Credit markets should remain healthy with low unemployment and moderate profit growth. Wealth management should benefit from ongoing growth in the pool of savings, but softer economic growth could constrain the extent to which assets under management benefit from equity price gains.

In U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, commercial banking should benefit from existing capacity constraints affecting many sectors as the need to expand capacity drives incremental financing requirements. Wealth management has benefited from the greater pool of after-tax savings, although a softer path for equity prices is expected to reduce the growth in assets under management. Interest rate hikes should remain mild enough to support growth in commercial lending activity, including real estate finance.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     13  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Non-GAAP measures

We use a number of financial measures to assess the performance of our business lines as described below. Some measures are calculated in accordance with GAAP (IFRS), while other measures do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP, and accordingly, these measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Investors may find these non-GAAP measures useful in understanding how management views underlying business performance.

 

 

Adjusted measures

Management assesses results on a reported and adjusted basis and considers both as useful measures of performance. Adjusted results remove items of note from reported results and are used to calculate our adjusted measures noted below. Items of note include the amortization of intangibles, and certain items of significance that arise from time to time which management believes are not reflective of underlying business performance. We believe that adjusted measures provide the reader with a better understanding of how management assesses underlying business performance and facilitate a more informed analysis of trends. While we believe that adjusted measures may facilitate comparisons between our results and those of some of our Canadian peer banks which make similar adjustments in their public disclosure, it should be noted that there is no standardized meaning for adjusted measures under GAAP.

We also adjust our results to gross up tax-exempt revenue on certain securities to a TEB basis, being the amount of fully taxable revenue, which, were it to have incurred tax at the statutory income tax rate, would yield the same after-tax revenue.

Adjusted diluted EPS

We adjust our reported diluted EPS to remove the impact of items of note, net of income taxes, to calculate the adjusted EPS.

Adjusted efficiency ratio

We adjust our reported revenue and non-interest expenses to remove the impact of items of note and gross up tax-exempt revenue to bring it to a TEB basis, as applicable.

Adjusted dividend payout ratio

We adjust our reported net income attributable to common shareholders to remove the impact of items of note, net of income taxes, to calculate the adjusted dividend payout ratio.

Adjusted return on common shareholders’ equity

We adjust our reported net income attributable to common shareholders to remove the impact of items of note, net of income taxes, to calculate the adjusted ROE.

Adjusted effective tax rate

We adjust our reported income before income taxes and reported income taxes to remove the impact of items of note to calculate the adjusted effective tax rate.

Economic capital

Economic capital provides a framework to evaluate the returns of each SBU, commensurate with risk assumed. The economic capital measure is based upon an estimate of equity capital required by the businesses to absorb unexpected losses consistent with our targeted risk rating over a one-year horizon. Economic capital comprises primarily credit, market, operational and strategic risk capital. The difference between our total equity capital and economic capital is held in Corporate and Other. There is no comparable GAAP measure for economic capital.

Economic profit

Net income attributable to equity shareholders, adjusted for a charge on economic capital, determines economic profit. This measures the return generated by each SBU in excess of our cost of capital, thus enabling users of our financial information to identify relative contributions to shareholder value. Reconciliation of net income attributable to equity shareholders to economic profit is provided with segmented information.

Segmented return on equity

We use ROE on a segmented basis as one of the measures for performance evaluation and resource allocation decisions. While ROE for total CIBC provides a measure of return on common equity, ROE on a segmented basis provides a similar metric relating to the economic capital allocated to the segments. As a result, segmented ROE is a non-GAAP measure.

 

 

14   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

The following table provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP measures related to CIBC on a consolidated basis.

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31          2018     2017     2016     2015     2014  

Reported and adjusted diluted EPS

            

Reported net income attributable to common shareholders

  A    $ 5,178     $ 4,647   $ 4,237   $ 3,531   $ 3,131

After-tax impact of items of note (1)

       257     (53     (191     232     442

After-tax impact of items of note on non-controlling interests

         (5                 (2     (10

Adjusted net income attributable to common shareholders (2)

  B    $ 5,430     $ 4,594   $ 4,046   $ 3,761   $ 3,563

Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding (thousands)

  C      444,627       413,563     395,919     397,832     398,420

Reported diluted EPS ($)

  A/C    $ 11.65     $ 11.24   $ 10.70   $ 8.87   $ 7.86

Adjusted diluted EPS ($) (2)

  B/C      12.21       11.11     10.22     9.45     8.94

Reported and adjusted efficiency ratio

            

Reported total revenue

  D    $ 17,834   $ 16,280   $ 15,035   $ 13,856   $ 13,363

Pre-tax impact of items of note (1)

       (2     (305     (505     (40     (276

TEB

         280     300     474     482     421

Adjusted total revenue (TEB) (2)

  E    $     18,112   $     16,275   $     15,004   $     14,298   $     13,508

Reported non-interest expenses

  F    $ 10,258   $ 9,571   $ 8,971   $ 8,861   $ 8,512

Pre-tax impact of items of note (1)

         (194     (259     (262     (338     (539

Adjusted non-interest expenses (2)

  G    $ 10,064   $ 9,312   $ 8,709   $ 8,523   $ 7,973

Reported efficiency ratio

  F/D      57.5  %      58.8  %      59.7  %      63.9  %      63.7  % 

Adjusted efficiency ratio (2)

  G/E      55.6  %      57.2  %      58.0  %      59.6  %      59.0  % 

Reported and adjusted dividend payout ratio

            

Dividends paid to common shareholders

  H    $ 2,356   $ 2,121   $ 1,879   $ 1,708   $ 1,567

Reported dividend payout ratio

  H/A      45.5  %      45.6  %      44.3  %      48.4  %      50.0  % 

Adjusted dividend payout ratio (2)

  H/B      43.4  %      46.2  %      46.4  %      45.4  %      44.0  % 

Reported and adjusted return on common shareholders’ equity

          

Average common shareholders’ equity

  I    $ 31,184   $ 25,393   $ 21,275   $ 18,857   $ 17,067

Reported return on common shareholders’ equity

  A/I      16.6  %      18.3  %      19.9  %      18.7  %      18.3  % 

Adjusted return on common shareholders’ equity (2)

  B/I      17.4  %      18.1  %      19.0  %      19.9  %      20.9  % 

Reported and adjusted effective tax rate

            

Reported income before income taxes

  J    $ 6,706   $ 5,880   $ 5,013   $ 4,224   $ 3,914

Pre-tax impact of items of note (1)

         220     (29     (94     298     408

Adjusted income before income taxes (2)

  K    $ 6,926   $ 5,851   $ 4,919   $ 4,522   $ 4,322

Reported income taxes

  L    $ 1,422   $ 1,162   $ 718   $ 634   $ 699

Tax impact of items of note (1)

         (37     24     97     66     (34

Adjusted income taxes (2)

  M    $ 1,385   $ 1,186   $ 815   $ 700   $ 665

Reported effective tax rate

  L/J      21.2  %      19.8  %      14.3  %      15.0  %      17.9  % 

Adjusted effective tax rate (2)

  M/K      20.0  %      20.3  %      16.6  %      15.5  %      15.4  % 
$ millions, for the year ended October 31    Canadian
Personal and
Small Business
Banking
     Canadian
Commercial Banking
and Wealth
Management
     U.S. Commercial
Banking
and Wealth
Management
     Capital
Markets
     Corporate
and Other
     CIBC
Total
 

2018         Reported net income (loss)

   $ 2,547    $ 1,307    $ 565    $ 1,069    $ (204    $ 5,284

                 After-tax impact of items of note (1)

     9        1        27               220        257  

                 Adjusted net income (2)

   $     2,556    $ 1,308    $     592    $ 1,069    $ 16      $     5,541

2017         Reported net income (loss)

   $ 2,420    $     1,138    $ 203    $ 1,090    $ (133    $ 4,718

                 After-tax impact of items of note (1)

     (170      1      19                    97      (53

                 Adjusted net income (loss) (2)

   $ 2,250    $ 1,139    $ 222    $     1,090    $ (36    $ 4,665

2016         Reported net income

   $ 2,160    $ 991    $ 87    $ 992    $ 65    $ 4,295

                 After-tax impact of items of note (1)

     (25      2      6      28      (202      (191

                 Adjusted net income (loss) (2)

   $ 2,135    $ 993    $ 93    $ 1,020    $ (137    $ 4,104

2015         Reported net income (loss)

   $ 2,026    $ 921    $ 104    $ 847    $ (308    $ 3,590

                 After-tax impact of items of note (1)

     (28      2      7      8      243      232

                 Adjusted net income (loss) (2)

   $ 1,998    $ 923    $ 111    $ 855    $ (65    $ 3,822

2014         Reported net income (loss)

   $ 2,459    $ 470      n/a      $ 869    $ (583    $ 3,215

                 After-tax impact of items of note (1)

     (64      15      n/a        18           473      442

                 Adjusted net income (loss) (2)

   $ 2,395    $ 485      n/a      $ 887    $ (110    $ 3,657

 

(1)

Reflects impact of items of note described under “2018 Financial results” section and below.

(2)

Non-GAAP measure.

n/a

Not available.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     15  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Impact of items of note in prior years

2016

Net income was affected by the following items of note:

 

$428 million ($383 million after-tax) gain, net of related transaction costs, on the sale of our minority investment in ACI (Corporate and Other);

 

$134 million ($98 million after-tax) in restructuring charges primarily relating to employee severance (Corporate and Other);

 

$109 million ($80 million after-tax) increase in the portion of the collective allowance recognized in Corporate and Other (1) ;

 

$77 million ($56 million after-tax) increase in legal provisions (Corporate and Other);

 

$53 million ($47 million after-tax) gain, net of related transaction and severance costs, on the sale of a processing centre (Corporate and Other);

 

$40 million ($30 million after-tax) of loan losses in our exited European leveraged finance portfolio (Capital Markets);

 

$30 million ($22 million after-tax) amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets ($5 million after-tax in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, $2 million after-tax in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, $6 million after-tax in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and $9 million after-tax in Corporate and Other);

 

$30 million income tax recovery due to the settlement of transfer pricing-related matters (Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking);

 

$15 million income tax recovery arising from a change in our expected utilization of certain tax loss carryforwards, primarily due to the sale of our minority investment in ACI (Corporate and Other); and

 

$3 million ($2 million after-tax) gain from the structured credit run-off business (Capital Markets).

The above items of note increased revenue by $505 million, provision for credit losses by $149 million and non-interest expenses by $262 million, and decreased income taxes by $97 million. In aggregate, these items of note increased net income by $191 million.

2015

Net income was affected by the following items of note:

 

$296 million ($225 million after-tax) in cumulative restructuring charges primarily relating to employee severance (Corporate and Other);

 

$46 million ($34 million after-tax) gain arising from accounting adjustments on credit card-related balance sheet amounts (Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking);

 

$42 million ($33 million after-tax) amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets ($6 million after-tax in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, $2 million after-tax in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, $7 million after-tax in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and $18 million after-tax in Corporate and Other);

 

$29 million ($21 million after-tax) loss from the structured credit run-off business (Capital Markets); and

 

$23 million ($13 million after-tax) gain on sale of an investment in our merchant banking portfolio (Capital Markets).

The above items of note increased revenue by $40 million and non-interest expenses by $338 million, and decreased income taxes by $66 million. In aggregate, these items of note decreased net income by $232 million.

2014

Net income was affected by the following items of note:

 

$543 million ($543 million after-tax) of charges relating to CIBC FirstCaribbean, comprising a goodwill impairment charge of $420 million ($420 million after-tax) and loan losses of $123 million ($123 million after-tax), reflecting revised expectations on the extent and timing of the anticipated economic recovery in the Caribbean region (Corporate and Other);

 

$190 million ($147 million after-tax) gain in respect of the Aeroplan transactions with Aimia and The Toronto Dominion Bank (TD), net of costs relating to the development of our enhanced travel rewards program ($87 million after-tax in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, and $60 million after-tax in Corporate and Other);

 

$112 million ($82 million after-tax) charge relating to the incorporation of funding valuation adjustments (FVA) into the valuation of our uncollateralized derivatives (Capital Markets);

 

$78 million ($57 million after-tax) gain, net of associated expenses, on the sale of an equity investment in our exited European leveraged finance portfolio (Capital Markets);

 

$52 million ($30 million after-tax) gain within an equity-accounted investment in our merchant banking portfolio (Capital Markets);

 

$36 million ($28 million after-tax) amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets ($4 million after-tax in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, $15 million after-tax in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and $9 million after-tax in Corporate and Other);

 

$26 million ($19 million after-tax) reduction in the portion of the collective allowance recognized in Corporate and Other (1) , including lower estimated credit losses relating to the Alberta floods (Corporate and Other);

 

$26 million ($19 million after-tax) charge resulting from operational changes in the processing of write-offs in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking;

 

$22 million ($12 million after-tax) loan losses in our exited U.S. leveraged finance portfolio (Capital Markets); and

 

$15 million ($11 million after-tax) loss from the structured credit run-off business (Capital Markets).

The above items of note increased revenue by $276 million, provision for credit losses by $145 million, non-interest expenses by $539 million, and income taxes by $34 million. In aggregate, these items of note decreased net income by $442 million.

 

(1)

Relates to collective allowance, except for: (i) residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; (ii) personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent; and (iii) net write-offs for the cards portfolio, which were all reported in the respective SBUs prior to our adoption of IFRS 9.

 

 

16   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Strategic business units overview

CIBC has four SBUs – Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets. These SBUs are supported by the following functional groups – Administration, Client Connectivity and Innovation, Finance, Human Resources and Communications, Internal Audit, Risk Management, and Technology and Operations, as well as other support groups, which all form part of Corporate and Other. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. The functional and support costs of CIBC Bank USA are recognized directly in the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC FirstCaribbean and other strategic investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines.

In 2018, we adopted IFRS 9. See the “External reporting change” section for additional details.

 

 

Business unit allocations

Revenue, expenses, and other balance sheet resources related to certain activities are generally allocated to the lines of business within the SBUs.

Treasury activities impact the financial results of the SBUs. Each line of business within our SBUs is charged or credited with a market-based cost of funds on assets and liabilities, respectively, which impacts the revenue performance of the SBUs. Once the interest and liquidity risk inherent in our client-driven assets and liabilities is transfer priced into Treasury, it is managed within CIBC’s risk framework and limits. The residual financial results associated with Treasury activities are reported in Corporate and Other, with the exception of certain Treasury activities in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, which are reported in that SBU. Capital is attributed to the SBUs in a manner that is intended to consistently measure and align economic costs with the underlying benefits and risks associated with SBU activities. Earnings on unattributed capital remain in Corporate and Other. We review our transfer pricing methodologies on an ongoing basis to ensure they reflect changing market environments and industry practices.

To measure and report the results of operations of the lines of business within our Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking and Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBUs, we use a Manufacturer/Customer Segment/Distributor Management Model. The model uses certain estimates and allocation methodologies to process internal payments between lines of business for sales, renewals and trailer commissions to facilitate preparation of segmented financial information. Periodically, the sales, renewals and trailer commission rates paid to customer segments for certain products/services are revised and applied prospectively.

Non-interest expenses incurred by our functional groups are attributed to the SBUs to which they relate based on appropriate criteria.

As part of our adoption of IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired (stage 3) and performing (stages 1 and 2) loans in the respective SBUs. Prior to November 1, 2017, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking.

Revenue, taxable equivalent basis

The SBUs evaluate revenue on a TEB basis. In order to arrive at the TEB amount, the SBUs gross up tax-exempt revenue on certain securities to a TEB basis, being the amount of fully taxable revenue, which, were it to have incurred tax at the statutory income tax rate, would yield the same after-tax revenue. Simultaneously, an equivalent amount is booked as an income tax expense resulting in no impact on the net income of the SBUs. This measure enables comparability of revenue arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources. The total TEB adjustments of the SBUs are offset in revenue and income tax expense in Corporate and Other.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     17  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking

Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking provides personal and business clients across Canada with financial advice, products and services through a team in our banking centres, as well as through our direct, mobile and remote channels.

 

 

Our business strategy

Our goal is to build a modern consumer and small business relationship bank by focusing on three key strategic priorities:

 

Winning at relationships

 

Delivering market-leading solutions

 

Being easy to bank with

2018 progress

In 2018, we made good progress on our strategy.

 

Winning at relationships   Delivering market-leading solutions   Being easy to bank with
     

•  For the fourth consecutive year, CIBC was ranked #1 in Investment Executive magazine’s Report Card on Banks, as voted on by our advisors.

 

•  Introduced new specialized business advisor roles, focused on tailored advice and solutions for business owners, in addition to proactively connecting with thousands of existing and potential business clients through community outreach days.

 

•  Continued to invest in mobile advice for clients, bringing banking to our clients on their terms.

 

•  Launched an enhanced advisor capability program to further reinforce the existing capabilities of our Financial Advisors in our Imperial Service offer across Canada – including a focus on accreditation and financial planning.

 

•  Introduced a suite of U.S. banking solutions for Canadians transacting south of the border including the CIBC U.S. Personal Account, CIBC Bank USA Smart Account, and a U.S. Dollar Aventura Gold Visa Card.

 

•  Launched enhancements to our premium Aventura Visa card offer, including lounge access and Nexus card rebates.

 

•  For business owners and professionals in Canada, we introduced the CIBC Advanced Business Operating Account and CIBC Business Plus Credit Cards to help meet the diverse needs of our clients.

 

 

•  Launched Simplii Financial, CIBC’s direct banking brand in Canada, and continued to invest in enhancing products and services for clients.

 

•  Earned the top score among the five largest Canadian banks for mobile banking for the fifth year in a row in Forrester Research’s Mobile Banking benchmark study.

 

•  Won the Retail Banker International Best Branch Strategy award which aligns with our recently completed 150 th banking centre transformation. This award recognizes the progress we have made in transforming our network to reflect evolving client needs.

 

•  Launched new digital credit card features to enhance the client experience, including features like Lock My Card which allows clients to lock their card remotely using their mobile device if they have lost it or suspect fraud.

 

•  Over the past year, continued to remove time spent on administration-related activities from our banking centres, including implementing cheque imaging and electronic processing, as well as reducing wait times. These efficiencies provide more time for our team members to serve clients.

2018 financial review

 

Revenue

($ billions)

 

Net income

($ billions)

 

Efficiency ratio

(%)

 

Average loans and
acceptances
(1)

($ billions)

 

Average deposits

($ billions)

LOGO   LOGO   LOGO   LOGO   LOGO

 

(1)

Total average loans and acceptances includes FirstLine mortgages.

 

18   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Our focus for 2019

We are continuing to deliver on our strategy with a clear focus on meeting the needs of our clients. Our priorities in 2019 are:

 

Winning at relationships through deeper needs-based conversations including more financial planning;

 

Delivering market-leading solutions that offer clients great value and benefits, are easy to use and provide a more focused product line; and

 

Being easy to bank with by implementing meaningful process enhancements and helping clients experience the ease of managing their day-to-day banking.

Results (1)

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Revenue

      

Personal and small business banking

   $ 8,556     $ 8,033   $ 7,675

Other

     49     339     73

Total revenue

     8,605     8,372     7,748

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

      

Impaired (2)

     760     760     728

Performing (2)

     (19     6     8

Provision for credit losses

     741     766     736

Non-interest expenses

     4,395     4,348     4,114

Income before income taxes

     3,469     3,258     2,898

Income taxes

     922     838     738

Net income

   $ 2,547   $ 2,420   $ 2,160

Net income attributable to:

      

Equity shareholders (a)

   $ 2,547   $ 2,420   $ 2,160

Efficiency ratio

     51.1  %      51.9  %      53.1  % 

Return on equity (3)

     67.2  %      64.3  %      58.7  % 

Charge for economic capital (3) (b)

   $ (372   $ (367   $ (359

Economic profit (3) (a+b)

   $       2,175   $ 2,053   $ 1,801

Average assets ($ billions)

   $ 259.1     $ 246.3   $ 222.6

Average loans and acceptances ($ billions)

   $ 257.0     $ 243.5   $ 219.8

Average deposits ($ billions)

   $ 166.7     $ 162.9   $ 152.5

Full-time equivalent employees

         14,086           14,709         15,501

 

(1)

For additional segmented information, see Note 30 to the consolidated financial statements.

(2)

As a result of our adoption of IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBU. In prior years, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking.

(3)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

Financial overview

Net income was up $127 million or 5% from 2017, which included a gain on the sale and lease back of certain retail properties, shown as an item of note. Excluding the gain noted above, net income for the year was up primarily due to higher revenue, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses.

Revenue

Revenue was up $233 million or 3% from 2017.

Personal and small business banking revenue was up $523 million or 7%, primarily due to volume growth, wider spreads and higher fees.

Other revenue was down $290 million or 86%, due to the gain noted above.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was down $25 million or 3% from 2017, primarily due to a reduction in allowance for performing loans in the current year, reflective of an economic outlook that has improved since our adoption of IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $47 million or 1% from 2017, primarily due to higher spending on strategic initiatives that are supporting our transformation into a modern, convenient and relationship-focused bank, partially offset by reductions arising from our continued focus on expense management.

Income taxes

Income taxes were up $84 million or 10% from 2017, primarily due to a lower effective tax rate on the gain in the prior year noted above and higher income in the current year.

Average assets

Average assets were up $12.8 billion or 5% from 2017 due to growth across all products.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     19  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management services to middle-market companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families across Canada. In addition, we provide asset management services to institutional investors.

 

 

Our business strategy

We are focused on building and enhancing client relationships, being Canada’s leader in financial advice and generating long-term consistent growth. To deliver on this, our three strategic priorities are:

 

Scaling commercial banking

 

Increasing agility and efficiency in wealth management

 

Deepening client relationships across our bank

2018 progress

In 2018, we made good progress on our strategy.

 

Scaling commercial banking   Increasing agility and efficiency in wealth management   Deepening client relationships across our bank

•    Launched CIBC Innovation Banking, a business that delivers strategic advice and banking services to North American technology and innovation clients at each stage of their business cycle, from start-up to initial public offering and beyond.

 

•    Expanded our commercial banking team by adding cash management client service representatives, and allocated relationship managers to help meet the unique needs of public sector, professional services and not-for-profit companies.

 

•    Continued to meet clients’ needs on both sides of the border through cross-border client referrals with CIBC Bank USA.

 

•    Launched the CIBC Multi-Asset Absolute Return Strategy, an alternative investment fund that aims to generate positive returns and manage volatility for clients in all market conditions.

 

•    Continued to focus on enhancing value for our clients by finding opportunities to simplify our product lineup and optimize costs.

 

•    Completed over 28,000 new financial plans for priority clients.

 

•    Co-located private bankers and commercial bankers in select locations across Canada to deliver a more integrated offer for clients.

 

•    Increased partnership referrals between private wealth management and commercial banking, deepening client relationships.

 

 

20   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

2018 financial review

 

Revenue

($ billions)

  

Net income

($ millions)

  

Efficiency ratio

(%)

  

Average loans

($ billions)

  

Average deposits

($ billions)

LOGO    LOGO    LOGO    LOGO    LOGO

Average commercial banking loans

($ billions)

 

LOGO

  

Average commercial banking deposits

($ billions)

 

LOGO

     

Assets under administration and management (1)

($ billions)

 

LOGO

  

Canadian retail

mutual funds

($ billions)

 

LOGO

 

(1)

AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

Our focus for 2019

To build on our momentum across Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, we will continue to focus on client relationships by:

 

Developing and deepening client relationships through a full-service solutions-based approach that includes commercial and private banking, as well as wealth management services;

 

Investing in financial planning in support of our goal of being Canada’s leader in financial advice; and

 

Simplifying and optimizing our business to align with changing market dynamics, and to better meet the needs of our clients.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     21  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Results (1)

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Revenue

      

Commercial banking

   $     1,488   $     1,324   $     1,211

Wealth management

     2,377       2,266     2,061

Total revenue

     3,865       3,590     3,272

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

      

Impaired (2)

     15     16     29

Performing (2)

     (10     n/a       n/a  

Provision for credit losses

     5       16     29

Non-interest expenses

     2,068       2,021     1,890

Income before income taxes

     1,792     1,553     1,353

Income taxes

     485     415     362

Net income

   $ 1,307     $ 1,138   $ 991

Net income attributable to:

      

Equity shareholders (a)

   $ 1,307   $ 1,138   $ 991

Efficiency ratio

     53.5  %      56.3  %      57.8  % 

Return on equity (3)

     39.8  %      37.6  %      34.5  % 

Charge for economic capital (3) (b)

   $ (322   $ (295   $ (279

Economic profit (3) (a+b)

   $ 985   $ 843   $ 712

Average assets ($ billions)

   $ 55.7     $ 50.8   $ 46.6

Average loans ($ billions)

   $ 57.8     $ 52.8   $ 48.3

Average deposits ($ billions)

   $ 53.2     $ 48.8   $ 43.4

AUA ($ billions)

   $ 269.0     $ 274.5   $ 252.0

AUM ($ billions)

   $ 164.6     $ 162.5   $ 145.3

Full-time equivalent employees

     4,999       5,081     4,986

 

(1)

For additional segmented information, see Note 30 to the consolidated financial statements.

(2)

As a result of our adoption of IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBU. In prior years, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other.

(3)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

n/a

Not applicable.

Financial overview

Net income was up $169 million or 15% from 2017, primarily due to higher revenue, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses.

Revenue

Revenue was up $275 million or 8% from 2017.

Commercial banking revenue was up $164 million or 12%, primarily due to volume growth, wider spreads and higher fees.

Wealth management revenue was up $111 million or 5%, primarily due to higher investment management and custodial fees and mutual fund fees from higher average AUM and AUA, partially offset by lower commission revenue driven by lower equity issuance activity and a decline in transaction volume.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was down $11 million or 69% from 2017, primarily due to a reduction in allowance for performing loans in the current year, driven by model parameter updates and an economic outlook that has improved since our adoption of IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $47 million or 2% from 2017, primarily due to higher performance-based and employee-related compensation.

Income taxes

Income taxes were up $70 million or 17% from 2017, primarily due to higher income.

Average assets

Average assets were up $4.9 billion or 10% from 2017, primarily due to growth in commercial loans.

Assets under administration

AUA were down $5.5 billion or 2% from 2017, primarily due to market conditions, in particular volatility in equity markets in the fourth quarter of 2018. AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

 

22   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented commercial, personal and small business banking, as well as wealth management services to meet the needs of middle-market companies, executives, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families in the markets we serve in the U.S.

 

 

Our business strategy

Our goal is to build the go-to commercial and wealth management bank for our chosen client segments and markets with a focus on developing deep, profitable relationships leveraging the full complement of CIBC’s products and services across our North American platform. To deliver on this, our three key strategic priorities are:

 

Growing organically through long-term client relationships

 

Enhancing our U.S. platform

 

Investing to serve our clients

2018 progress

In 2018, we made strong progress on our strategy.

 

Growing organically through long-term
client relationships
  Enhancing our U.S. platform   Investing to serve our clients
   

•    Achieved revenue growth, reflecting solid business performance and our continued focus on building full, profitable client relationships.

 

•    Generated solid loan and deposit growth, as we continue to capitalize on referral opportunities to do more for our combined North American client base.

 

•    Generated strong growth in AUM and AUA and added private banking services for wealth management clients, reflecting continued client development efforts.

 

•    Leveraged the combined strengths and resources of CIBC to better serve clients with cross-border banking needs and to expand relationships with U.S. large corporate clients.

 

•    Maintained focus on strong asset quality, which overall remained stable.

 

•    Unified the North American wealth business under the CIBC Private Wealth Management name to communicate the robust complement of investment management, wealth planning, trust and private banking services that we provide to our clients and their families.

 

•    Managed expenses while appropriately investing in our growth, with an efficiency ratio of 57.9% for 2018.

 

•    Introduced the CIBC Bank USA Smart Account, giving Canadian clients a U.S. based account that links to their Canadian accounts, and the CIBC Agility online savings account for U.S. clients, providing an important granular deposit-generating and brand-building platform.

 

•    Opened three new commercial banking offices and added private bankers to existing CIBC Private Wealth Management offices, adding a full complement of solutions in key markets.

2018 financial review

 

Strong loan and deposit growth of 11% and 12%, respectively, reflecting our continued focus on building client relationships

 

Asset quality remained stable, with non-performing assets representing 0.64% of total assets at October 31, 2018

 

Year-over-year growth of 8% in AUA and 2% in AUM

 

Four CIBC Private Wealth Management Advisors were ranked in Barron’s 2018 Top Women Financial Advisors List

Our focus for 2019

We are building a relationship-focused bank. To build on our momentum, we will continue to align our focus in 2019 to CIBC’s overall strategy and priorities. We will do this by:

 

Growing organically by adding and deepening our client relationships and selectively entering additional markets and specialty businesses;

 

Continuing to build a strong U.S. operating platform by investing appropriately in our growth, while managing expenses; and

 

Ensuring we maintain our risk discipline through selective evaluation of new opportunities, portfolio diversification, and quality of funding sources.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     23  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Results (1)

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017  (2)     2016  

Revenue

      

Commercial banking

   $ 1,197   $ 532     $ 166

Wealth management

     563     324            217

Other

     6     20       2

Total revenue (3)(4)

         1,766     876       385

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

      

Impaired (5)

     67     37       (2

Performing (5)

     12       47       n/a  

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

     79     84       (2

Non-interest expenses

     1,023     534       288

Income before income taxes

     664     258       99

Income taxes (3)

     99     55       12

Net income

   $ 565   $ 203     $ 87

Net income attributable to:

      

Equity shareholders (a)

   $ 565   $ 203     $ 87

Efficiency ratio

     57.9  %      61.0  %      74.8  % 

Return on equity (6)

     8.1  %      7.5  %      17.6  % 

Charge for economic capital (6) (b)

   $ (664   $ (256   $ (48

Economic profit (6) (a+b)

   $ (99   $ (53   $ 39

Average assets ($ billions)

   $ 42.0     $ 19.9     $ 8.4

Average loans ($ billions)

   $ 30.4     $ 15.9     $ 8.0

Average deposits ($ billions)

   $ 22.3     $ 7.6     $ 0.1

AUA ($ billions)

   $ 80.0     $ 74.0     $ 44.1

AUM ($ billions)

   $ 60.0     $ 58.7     $ 38.0

Full-time equivalent employees

     1,947           1,753       310

 

(1)

For additional segmented information, see Note 30 to the consolidated financial statements.

(2)

Certain information has been reclassified to conform to the funds transfer pricing methodology adopted in the current year relating to CIBC Bank USA.

(3)

Revenue and income taxes are reported on a TEB basis. Accordingly, revenue and income taxes include a TEB adjustment of $2 million (2017: $2 million; 2016: nil). The equivalent amounts are offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other.

(4)

Included $55 million of accretion of the acquisition date fair value discount on the acquired loans of The PrivateBank, shown as an item of note (2017: $45 million, of which $31 million was included as an item note in the fourth quarter of 2017).

(5)

As a result of our adoption of IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBU. In prior years, provision for credit losses on performing loans other than that of CIBC Bank USA was recognized in Corporate and Other.

(6)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

n/a

Not applicable.

Financial overview

Net income was up $362 million or 178% from 2017, primarily due to the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA for the full year of $407 million (2017: $96 million). The prior year only included the results of CIBC Bank USA following the acquisition on June 23, 2017.

Revenue

Revenue was up $890 million or 102% from 2017. CIBC Bank USA contributed $1,257 million to revenue during the year (2017: $448 million).

Commercial banking revenue was up $665 million or 125%, primarily due to the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA for the full year, which included accretion of the acquisition date fair value discount on the acquired loans of The PrivateBank.

Wealth management revenue was up $239 million or 74%, primarily due to the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA for the full year, which included accretion of the acquisition date fair value discount on the acquired loans of The PrivateBank, and growth in average AUA mainly due to the acquisition of Geneva Advisors in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Other revenue was down $14 million or 70%, primarily due to the treasury activities of CIBC Bank USA.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was down $5 million or 6% from 2017. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up due to higher loan losses in CIBC Bank USA, partially offset by lower loan losses in the pre-existing U.S. real estate finance portfolio. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was down, primarily due to the establishment of a collective allowance (prior to our adoption of IFRS 9) for new loan originations and renewals of acquired loans relating to CIBC Bank USA in the prior year, of which $35 million was shown as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $489 million or 92% from 2017, primarily due to the inclusion of the non-interest expenses of CIBC Bank USA for the full year of $666 million (2017: $244 million), which included compensation expenses of $32 million (2017: $40 million) related to the retention of key employees.

Income taxes

Income taxes were up $44 million or 80% from 2017, primarily due to higher income from the inclusion of the results of CIBC Bank USA for the full year, partially offset by a lower effective tax rate due to the U.S. tax reforms enacted in the first quarter of 2018.

Average assets

Average assets were up $22.1 billion or 111% from 2017 due to the inclusion of the balances of CIBC Bank USA for the full year and growth in commercial loans.

Assets under administration

AUA were up $6.0 billion or 8% from 2017, primarily due to the favourable impact of foreign exchange rates, net sales, and market appreciation. AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

 

24   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Capital Markets

Capital Markets provides integrated global markets products and services, investment banking advisory and execution, corporate banking and top-ranked research to corporate, government and institutional clients around the world.

 

 

Our business strategy

Our goal is to be the leading capital markets franchise for our core clients in Canada and the lead relationship bank for our key clients globally by delivering best-in-class insight, advice and execution. To enable CIBC’s strategy and priorities, we collaborate with our partners across our bank to deepen and enhance client relationships. To deliver on our goal, our three key strategic priorities are:

 

Becoming the leading capital markets platform in Canada for our core clients

 

Building a North American client platform with global capabilities

 

Increasing connectivity across CIBC to deliver better service for clients

2018 progress

In 2018, we made good progress on our strategy.

 

Becoming the leading capital markets platform in Canada for our core clients   Building a North American client platform with global capabilities   Increasing connectivity across CIBC to deliver better service for clients

•    Continued to hold leadership positions in syndicated loans, debt and equity underwriting, advisory services, equity trading, commodities and foreign exchange.

 

•    Supported our clients by investing in our talent, further developing our proprietary technology, expanding our structuring expertise and advice, and leveraging our market expertise.

 

•    Strengthened our platform by continuing to evolve our research coverage framework and provide specialized advice and solutions, aligned to the macro trends influencing the global economy and our clients.

 

•    Continued to shape our business around the new economy, building out dedicated teams in areas such as renewable energy, private capital, innovation, and infrastructure.

 

•    Completed the systems integration of U.S. based clients into our Chicago-based capital markets platform, enabling us to offer broader products and services to U.S. and cross-border clients.

 

•    Expanded our investment banking leadership and debt and equity capital markets and advisory talent to support commercial and corporate clients.

 

•    Launched our new U.S. Prime Service business, focused on meeting the needs of U.S. based alternative asset managers and other cross-border clients, and furthering our North American platform for growth.

 

•    Strengthened our no-fee CIBC Global Money Transfer service by increasing the number of countries to 75 and launching Remi, a chatbot making it easier for clients to send money abroad.

 

•    Digitalized our Foreign Cash offering enabling online check-out with flexible delivery options to a home address, a CIBC Banking Centre, or Toronto Pearson Airport, increasing convenience for our clients.

 

•    Launched our International Student Banking Offer providing international students with access to essential financial solutions to support their new lives in Canada including bank accounts and GICs.

 

•    Restructured our client teams to enhance partnerships with Commercial Banking and Wealth Management to bring our suite of wealth and capital markets solutions to small businesses, family offices, ultra high-net-worth clients, foundations and endowments.

2018 financial review

 

Revenue

($ billions)

 

Net income

($ millions)

 

Efficiency ratio

(%)

 

Average value-at-risk (VaR)

($ millions)

LOGO   LOGO   LOGO   LOGO

As a leading capital markets franchise in Canada and banking partner to our clients around the world, Capital Markets acted as:

 

Financial advisor to the shareholders of GFL Environmental Inc. on a transaction whereby BC Partners, Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan and other investors agreed to recapitalize the company’s ownership at an implied enterprise value of $5.1 billion;

 

Financial advisor, co-lead arranger and joint bookrunner to Metro Inc. on the $4.5 billion acquisition of the Jean Coutu Group Inc., $3.4 billion committed bank facilities and $1.2 billion senior unsecured notes offering;

 

Joint lead manager and joint bookrunner on the inaugural $1.5 billion green bond offering for CPPIB Capital Inc., which was the largest-ever Canadian dollar green bond;

 

Bookrunner on a US$650 million First Mortgage Bond offering for Public Service Electric & Gas representing CIBC’s first active bookrunner role for the PSEG family and the third joint bookrunner title;

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     25  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

 

Lead manager and joint bookrunner on $405 million offering of subscription receipts and flow-through shares for NuVista Energy Ltd. in support of its acquisition of assets from Cenovus Energy Inc. with CIBC acting as exclusive financial advisor;

 

Financial advisor to Superior Plus LP on its $900 million acquisition of NGL Energy’s Retail propane distribution business, as well as joint bookrunner on a concurrent $400 million subscription receipt offering and a $150 million high-yield note offering, and acted as co-underwriter of a $400 million secured bridge loan facility. CIBC also executed related capital markets hedge transactions;

 

Lead manager and joint bookrunner on $288 million subscription receipts offering, co-lead arranger, joint bookrunner and administrative agent on $1.4 billion in credit facilities for Transcontinental Inc. in support of its acquisition of Coveris Americas; and

 

Lead manager and joint bookrunner on $242 million initial public offering of common shares for MAV Beauty Brands Inc.

Capital Markets awards and recognition

 

The Leader in Canadian Equity Trading – #1 in Volume, Value and Number of Trades, TSX and ATS Market Share Report, 2009 – present (IRESS Market Technology)

 

Share Leader by Greenwich Associates in:

   

Overall Canadian Fixed Income Market Share Canadian Equity Trading Share (2018)

   

Canadian Equity Algo Trading Share (2018)

   

Canadian Equity Research/Advisory Vote Share (2017 – 2018)

   

Canadian Equity Trading Share (2017 – 2018)

 

Quality Leader in Canadian Foreign Exchange Services Quality (2017 – 2018) by Greenwich Associates

 

Multi-deal winner at the 2018 IJGlobal Americas Deals of the Year Awards :

   

North America Project Bond Deal of the Year – Indiana Toll Road Concession Company

   

North America Transmission Deal of the Year – Alberta Powerline, Fort McMurray West 500 kV Transmission Project

   

North America Social Infrastructure Deal of the Year – Ohio State University Utility System

   

North America Airport Deal of the Year – Bermuda Skyport

 

CIBC Capital Markets was the #1 initial public offering underwriter in Canada by Bloomberg (2000 – 2018)

 

Top Canadian Prime Broker, by Alternative IQ (2016 – 2018)

 

Revenue – Global markets

($ millions)

 

Revenue – Corporate and

investment banking

($ millions)

LOGO   LOGO

Our focus for 2019

To support our bank’s long-term objectives, Capital Markets remains focused on driving client-focused growth and collaborating with our partners across our bank to deepen and enhance client relationships. We will continue to do this by:

 

Strengthening our leadership positions in Canada through our focused approach to client coverage;

 

Growing our North American platform by further expanding our U.S. reach and broadening the services offered to clients, including the rollout of our U.S. Prime Service business, continued collaboration across teams in the U.S. to meet the needs of cross-border and U.S. domiciled clients across corporate and commercial markets; and

 

Strengthening our connectivity, technology and innovation efforts to bring more of our bank’s offering to our clients, including leveraging dedicated resources to drive growth and deepen relationships with personal banking, high-net-worth, and commercial banking clients.

 

26   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Results (1)

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Revenue

      

Global markets

   $     1,674   $     1,601   $     1,645

Corporate and investment banking

     1,229     1,216     1,093

Other

     9     6     18

Total revenue (2)

     2,912     2,823     2,756

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

      

Impaired (3)

     8     (4     155

Performing (3)

     (38     n/a       n/a  

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

     (30     (4     155

Non-interest expenses

     1,492     1,373     1,328

Income before income taxes

     1,450     1,454     1,273

Income taxes (2)

     381     364     281

Net income

   $ 1,069   $ 1,090   $ 992

Net income attributable to:

      

Equity shareholders (a)

   $ 1,069   $ 1,090   $ 992

Efficiency ratio

     51.2  %      48.6  %      48.2  % 

Return on equity (4)

     39.4  %      35.5  %      30.6  % 

Charge for economic capital (4) (b)

   $ (266   $ (299   $ (314

Economic profit (4) (a+b)

   $ 803   $ 791   $ 678

Average assets ($ billions)

   $ 166.2     $ 156.4   $ 154.8

Full-time equivalent employees

     1,396       1,314     1,260

 

(1)

For additional segmented information, see Note 30 to the consolidated financial statements.

(2)

Revenue and income taxes are reported on a TEB basis. Accordingly, revenue and income taxes include a TEB adjustment of $278 million (2017: $298 million; 2016: $474 million). The equivalent amounts are offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other.

(3)

As a result of our adoption of IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBU. In prior years, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other.

(4)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

n/a

Not applicable.

Financial overview

Net income was down $21 million or 2% from 2017, primarily due to higher non-interest expenses and a higher effective tax rate, partially offset by higher revenue and a higher reversal of credit losses.

Revenue

Revenue was up $89 million or 3% from 2017.

Global markets revenue was up $73 million or 5%, primarily due to higher revenue from our foreign exchange and equity derivatives trading businesses and global markets financing activities, partially offset by lower revenue from the movement in reserves related to derivative client exposure and our commodities trading business.

Corporate and investment banking revenue was up $13 million or 1%, primarily due to higher corporate banking and advisory revenue, partially offset by lower investment portfolio gains and lower revenue from equity and debt underwriting.

Other revenue was comparable with the prior year.

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

Reversal of credit losses was up $26 million from 2017, primarily due to a reduction in allowance for performing loans in the current year, driven by improvements in the oil and gas sector and an economic outlook that has improved since our adoption of IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017. The current year also included a provision for credit losses on impaired loans compared with a reversal of credit losses on impaired loans in the prior year due to recoveries in the oil and gas sector.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $119 million or 9% from 2017, primarily due to higher performance-based and employee-related compensation and spending on strategic initiatives.

Income taxes

Income taxes were up $17 million or 5% from 2017, primarily due to the impact of changes in the proportion of income subject to varying rates of tax in different jurisdictions.

Average assets

Average assets were up $9.8 billion or 6% from 2017, primarily due to an increase in securities purchased under resale agreement and loan balances, partially offset by lower trading securities.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     27  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other includes the following functional groups – Administration, Client Connectivity and Innovation, Finance, Human Resources and Communications, Internal Audit, Risk Management, and Technology and Operations, as well as other support groups. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. The functional and support costs of CIBC Bank USA are recognized directly in the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC FirstCaribbean and other strategic investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines.

Results (1)

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018     2017     2016  

Revenue

      

International banking

   $ 663   $ 723   $ 722

Other

     23       (104     152

Total revenue (2)

     686     619     874

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

      

Impaired (3)

     102     20     22

Performing (3)

     (27     (53     111

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

     75     (33     133

Non-interest expenses

     1,280     1,295     1,351

Loss before income taxes

     (669     (643     (610

Income taxes (2)

     (465     (510     (675

Net income (loss)

   $ (204   $ (133   $ 65

Net income (loss) attributable to:

      

Non-controlling interests

   $ 17   $ 19   $ 20

Equity shareholders

     (221     (152     45

Full-time equivalent employees

         21,792           22,071         21,156

 

(1)

For additional segmented information, see Note 30 to the consolidated financial statements.

(2)

Revenue and income taxes of Capital Markets and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management are reported on a TEB basis. The equivalent amounts are offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other. Accordingly, revenue and income taxes include a TEB adjustment of $280 million (2017: $300 million; 2016: $474 million).

(3)

As a result of our adoption of IFRS 9 effective November 1, 2017, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired and performing loans in the SBUs. In prior years, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking. Provision for credit losses related to CIBC FirstCaribbean continues to be recognized in Corporate and Other.

Financial overview

Net loss was up $71 million or 53% from 2017, primarily due to a provision for credit losses compared with a reversal of credit losses in 2017 and a lower income tax benefit, partially offset by higher revenue and lower non-interest expenses.

Revenue

Revenue was up $67 million or 11% from 2017.

International banking revenue was down $60 million or 8% from 2017, primarily due to losses recognized on debt securities in CIBC FirstCaribbean as a result of the Barbados government debt restructuring, of which $61 million was shown as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Other revenue was up $127 million or 122% from 2017, primarily due to higher treasury revenue.

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

Provision for credit losses was $75 million, compared with a reversal of credit losses of $33 million in 2017. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up due to higher loan losses in CIBC FirstCaribbean, which included losses on sovereign loans resulting from the Barbados government debt restructuring noted above, of which $28 million was shown as an item of note in the fourth quarter of 2018. Reversal of credit losses on performing loans was down, as the prior year included reductions in the collective allowance (prior to our adoption of IFRS 9), while the current year included a reduction in allowance driven by model parameter updates relating to CIBC FirstCaribbean and the transfer of certain sovereign loans to the impaired portfolio as a result of the Barbados government debt restructuring noted above.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were down $15 million or 1% from 2017, primarily due to lower corporate support costs and an increase in legal provisions in 2017, shown as an item of note. The decrease was partially offset by higher spending on strategic initiatives and higher performance-based compensation.

Income taxes

Income tax benefit was down $45 million, primarily due to net tax adjustments resulting from the U.S. tax reforms enacted in the first quarter of 2018, shown as an item of note, partially offset by a $19 million tax recovery relating to realized losses arising from the Barbados government debt restructuring, shown as an item of note, and a $16 million tax recovery relating to the utilization of certain tax loss carryforwards.

 

28   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Financial condition

Review of condensed consolidated balance sheet

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  

Assets

     

Cash and deposits with banks

   $ 17,691      $ 14,152

Securities

     101,664        93,419

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements

     48,938        45,418

Loans and acceptances

     381,661        365,558  

Derivative instruments

     21,431        24,342

Other assets

     25,714        22,375
     $ 597,099      $ 565,264

Liabilities and equity

     

Deposits

   $ 461,015      $ 439,706

Obligations related to securities lent or sold short or under repurchase agreements

     47,353        43,708

Derivative instruments

     20,973        23,271

Acceptances

     10,296        8,828

Other liabilities

     18,266        15,305

Subordinated indebtedness

     4,080      3,209

Equity

     35,116        31,237
     $     597,099      $     565,264

Assets

Total assets as at October 31, 2018 were up $31.8 billion or 6% from 2017, of which approximately $3 billion was the result of appreciation of the U.S. dollar.

Cash and deposits with banks increased by $3.5 billion or 25%, mainly due to higher short-term placements in Treasury.

Securities increased by $8.2 billion or 9%, comprised primarily of an increase in debt securities issued or guaranteed by Canadian governments, partially offset by a decrease in corporate equity and mortgage-backed securities. Further details on the composition of securities are provided in the “Supplementary annual financial information” section and Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements increased by $3.5 billion or 8%, primarily due to client-driven activities.

Net loans and acceptances increased by $16.1 billion or 4%, due to an increase in business and government loans and personal loans. Further details on the composition of loans and acceptances are provided in the “Supplementary annual financial information” section and Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

Derivative instruments decreased by $2.9 billion or 12%, largely driven by a decrease in interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives valuation, partially offset by an increase in other commodity derivatives valuation.

Other assets increased by $3.3 billion or 15%, primarily due to an increase in broker receivables, collateral pledged for derivatives and current tax receivable.

Liabilities

Total liabilities as at October 31, 2018 were up $28.0 billion or 5% from 2017, of which approximately $3 billion was the result of appreciation of the U.S. dollar.

Deposits increased by $21.3 billion or 5%, primarily due to increased wholesale funding, and domestic retail volume growth. Further details on the composition of deposits are provided in the “Supplementary annual financial information” section and Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements.

Obligations related to securities lent or sold short or under repurchase agreements increased by $3.6 billion or 8%, primarily due to client-driven activities.

Derivative instruments decreased by $2.3 billion or 10%, largely driven by a decrease in foreign exchange and interest rate derivatives valuation, partially offset by an increase in equity derivatives valuation.

Acceptances increased by $1.5 billion or 17%, driven by changes in client activities.

Other liabilities increased by $3.0 billion or 19%, primarily due to an increase in broker payables, accounts payable and collateral received for derivatives.

Subordinated indebtedness increased by $0.9 billion or 27%, mainly due to the issuance in the second quarter of 2018, net of redemptions in the third quarter of 2018. For further details see the “Capital resources” section.

Equity

Equity as at October 31, 2018 increased $3.9 billion or 12% from 2017, primarily due to a net increase in retained earnings, which includes an opening equity charge of $0.1 billion related to the adoption of IFRS 9, and the issuance of common and preferred shares.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     29  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Capital resources

Our capital strength protects our depositors and creditors from risks inherent in our businesses, allows us to absorb unexpected losses, and enables us to take advantage of attractive business opportunities. It also enables us to maintain a favourable credit standing and to raise additional capital or other funding on attractive terms. Our objective is to maintain a strong and efficient capital base. Capital needs to be monitored and rebalanced continually; we manage and monitor our capital to maximize risk-adjusted return to shareholders and to maintain a sufficient capital buffer to ensure that we meet regulatory requirements.

Regulatory capital requirements under Basel III

Our regulatory capital requirements are determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI, which are based upon the risk-based capital standards developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS).

Regulatory capital consists of CET1, Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. OSFI requires all institutions to achieve target capital ratios that meet or exceed the 2019 all-in minimum ratios plus a conservation buffer. “All-in” is defined by OSFI as capital calculated to include all of the regulatory adjustments that will be required by 2019, but retaining the phase-out rules for non-qualifying capital instruments. Certain deductions from CET1 capital that were phased in at a rate of 20% per year from 2014 for the calculation of capital under the transitional rules are now fully deducted, and therefore beginning in the first quarter of 2018, there is no longer a determination of transitional capital.

CIBC, along with Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia, National Bank of Canada, Royal Bank of Canada, and the Toronto-Dominion Bank, have been designated by OSFI as domestic systemically important banks (D-SIBs) in Canada. D-SIBs are subject to a CET1 surcharge equal to 1.0% of RWAs. In June 2018, OSFI publicly disclosed a 1.5% Domestic Stability Buffer requirement for D-SIBs. See the “Continuous enhancement to regulatory capital requirements” section for additional details. This results in current targets, including all buffer requirements, for CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios of 9.5%, 11.0%, and 13.0%, respectively, for D-SIBs. These targets may be higher for certain institutions at OSFI’s discretion. Additionally, banks need to hold an incremental countercyclical capital buffer equal to their weighted-average buffer requirement in Canada and across certain other jurisdictions where they have private sector credit exposures. The countercyclical capital buffer applicable to CIBC is insignificant as at October 31, 2018.

Capital adequacy requirements are applied on a consolidated basis consistent with our financial statements, except for our insurance subsidiaries (CIBC Reinsurance Company Limited and CIBC Life Insurance Company Limited), which are excluded from the regulatory scope of consolidation. The basis of consolidation applied to our financial statements is described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Starting January 2018, CIBC Life Insurance Company Limited is subject to OSFI’s Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test.

A comparison of the BCBS transitional capital ratio requirements and the OSFI all-in target capital ratio requirements is as follows:

 

LOGO

The tiers of regulatory capital indicate increasing quality/permanence and the ability to absorb losses. The major components of our regulatory capital are summarized as follows:

 

LOGO

 

(1)

Excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) relating to cash flow hedges and changes to FVO liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk.

 

30   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Risk-weighted assets

The following table provides a summary of permissible regulatory capital approaches and those adopted by CIBC:

 

Risk category   Permissible regulatory capital approaches   Approach adopted by CIBC
Credit risk (1)  

Basel provides three approaches for calculating credit risk capital requirements – standardized, foundation and advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB). OSFI expects financial institutions in Canada with Total capital in excess of $5 billion to use the AIRB approach for all material portfolios and credit businesses.

 

Basel provides three approaches for calculating counterparty credit risk for derivatives and repo-style transactions – current exposure method, standardized approach and internal model method.

 

Permitted approaches for equity positions in the banking book (which includes equity investments in funds) include a standardized approach, a market-based approach, a look-through approach, a mandate-based approach and a fall-back approach.

 

Basel provides two approaches for calculating credit risk capital requirements for securitization positions in the banking book – standardized and internal ratings-based (IRB) approaches.

 

We have adopted the AIRB approach for the majority of our credit portfolios. Under this methodology, we utilize our own internal estimates to determine probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), maturity, and exposure at default (EAD) for lending products and securities. We utilize the standardized approach for credit portfolios within CIBC Bank USA and CIBC FirstCaribbean. We periodically review portfolios under the standardized approach for consideration of adoption of the AIRB approach.

 

We use the current exposure method for counterparty credit risk which reflects the current fair value of the exposure, plus an estimate of the maximum potential future exposure due to changes in market conditions.

 

We use the standardized approach for equity positions in the banking book and both the look-through and mandate-based approaches for equity investments in funds.

 

We use the IRB approach for securitization exposures, which comprises several calculation approaches (ratings-based, supervisory formula, and the internal assessment approach).

Market risk   Market risk capital requirements can be determined under the standardized or internal models approaches. The latter involves the use of internal VaR models to measure market risk and determine the appropriate capital requirement. The stressed VaR and incremental risk charge (IRC) also form part of the internal models approach.   We use the internal models approach to calculate market risk capital. Our internal market risk models comprise VaR, stressed VaR, and IRC. We also use the IRB approach for trading book securitization positions.
Operational risk   Operational risk capital requirements can be determined under
the basic indicator approach, standardized approach or
advanced measurement approach (AMA).
  We use AMA and standardized approaches based on OSFI rules
to calculate operational risk capital.

 

(1)

Includes counterparty credit risk.

Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the AIRB approach for credit risk.

Effective in the second quarter of 2018, the capital floor is determined by comparing a capital requirement calculated by reference to the Basel II standardized approach against the Basel III calculation, as specified by OSFI. Any shortfall in the Basel III capital requirement compared with the floor factor (currently set at 75%) applied to the capital requirements under the Basel II standardized approach is added to RWAs. Prior to the second quarter of 2018, the capital floor for banks using the AIRB approach for credit risk was determined by reference to the Basel I instead of the Basel II standardized approach calculation. See the “Continuous enhancement to regulatory capital requirements” section for additional details.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     31  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Regulatory capital and ratios

The components of our regulatory capital and ratios under Basel III are presented in the table below:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  

Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital: instruments and reserves

 

Directly issued qualifying common share capital plus related stock surplus

   $ 13,379      $     12,685

Retained earnings

     18,537        16,101

AOCI (and other reserves)

     777        452

Common share capital issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in group CET1)

     118        109

CET1 capital before regulatory adjustments

     32,811        29,347

CET1 capital: regulatory adjustments

     

Prudential valuation adjustments

     27        62

Goodwill (net of related tax liabilities)

     5,489        5,284

Other intangibles other than mortgage-servicing rights (net of related tax liabilities)

     1,661        1,654

Deferred tax assets excluding those arising from temporary differences (net of related tax liabilities)

     38        18

Defined benefit pension fund net assets (net of related tax liabilities)

     284        160

Other

     671        551

Total regulatory adjustments to CET1 capital

     8,170        7,729

CET1 capital

     24,641        21,618

Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital: instruments

     

Directly issued qualifying AT1 instruments plus related stock surplus (1)

     2,250        1,797

Directly issued capital instruments subject to phase out from AT1 (2)

     1,003        1,253

AT1 instruments issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in AT1)

     14        14

AT1 capital

     3,267        3,064

Tier 1 capital (T1 = CET1 + AT1)

     27,908        24,682

Tier 2 capital: instruments and provisions

     

Directly issued qualifying Tier 2 instruments plus related stock surplus (3)

     3,430        1,961

Directly issued capital instruments subject to phase out from Tier 2

     579        1,204

Tier 2 instruments issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in Tier 2)

     20        19

General allowances (2017: Collective allowance under IAS 39)

     293        263

Tier 2 capital (T2)

     4,322        3,447

Total capital (TC = T1 + T2)

   $ 32,230      $ 28,129

CET1 capital RWA (4)

   $     216,144      $     203,321

Tier 1 capital RWA (4)

     216,303        203,321

Total capital RWA (4)

     216,462        203,321

Capital ratios

     

CET1 ratio

     11.4  %       10.6  % 

Tier 1 capital ratio

     12.9  %       12.1  % 

Total capital ratio

     14.9  %       13.8  % 

 

(1)

Comprises non-cumulative Class A Preferred Shares Series 39, 41, 43, 45 and 47 which are treated as non-viability contingent capital (NVCC) in accordance with OSFI’s capital adequacy guidelines.

(2)

Comprises CIBC Tier 1 Notes – Series A and Series B due June 30, 2108 (together, the Tier 1 Notes).

(3)

Comprises Debentures due on October 28, 2024, January 26, 2026 and April 4, 2028 which are treated as NVCC in accordance with OSFI’s capital adequacy guidelines.

(4)

RWAs as at October 31, 2017 include a capital floor adjustment. See the “Risk-weighted assets” section for additional details.

The CET1 ratio at October 31, 2018 increased 0.8% from October 31, 2017, primarily due to an increase in CET1 capital resulting from internal capital generation (net income less dividends and share repurchases) and common share issuance, net of a reduction due to the impact of our adoption of IFRS 9. The increase in CET1 capital was partially offset by the impact of an increase in CET1 capital RWAs.

The Tier 1 capital ratio at October 31, 2018 increased 0.8% from October 31, 2017 primarily for the reasons noted above for the CET1 ratio, as well as the issuance of eligible preferred shares during the year, partially offset by an increase in the phase-out of the Innovative Tier 1 Notes from AT1 capital.

The Total capital ratio at October 31, 2018 increased 1.1% from October 31, 2017 for the reasons discussed for the Tier 1 capital ratio, as well as the issuance, net of redemptions, of Tier 2 eligible subordinated indebtedness.

We hold regulatory capital against the underlying exposures associated with our credit card securitization trust, CARDS II Trust, as we have in the past provided non-contractual support to the trust. Relative to the securitization framework, holding regulatory capital against the underlying exposures resulted in a reduction of our 2018 CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios by approximately 0.15%, 0.16% and 0.18%, respectively (2017: 0.12%, 0.14% and 0.15%, respectively). We will be permitted to apply the securitization framework effective November 1, 2018 as the conditions outlined in OSFI’s 2019 CAR Guideline have been met.

 

32   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Components of risk-weighted assets

The components of our RWAs and corresponding minimum total capital requirements are presented in the table below:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  
       RWA      Minimum
total capital
required 
(1)
     RWA  (2)      Minimum
total capital
required  (1)(2)
 

Credit risk (3)

           

Standardized approach

           

Corporate

   $ 32,443      $ 2,595      $ 28,029      $ 2,242  

Sovereign

     2,319        185        1,597        128  

Banks

     470        38        488        39  

Real estate secured personal lending

     2,764        221        2,735        219  

Other retail

     903        72        933        75  

Trading book

     247        20        187        15  

Equity

     436        35        472        38  
     39,582        3,166        34,441        2,756  

AIRB approach (4)

           

Corporate

     68,402        5,472        64,924        5,194  

Sovereign (5)

     2,144        171        2,093        167  

Banks

     3,547        284        3,215        257  

Real estate secured personal lending

     16,072        1,286        14,738        1,179  

Qualifying revolving retail

     18,071        1,446        17,355        1,388  

Other retail

     7,773        622        7,579        606  

Equity

     299        24        314        25  

Trading book

     3,982        319        3,345        268  

Securitization

     1,050        84        1,341        107  

Adjustment for scaling factor

     7,280        582        6,884        551  
     128,620        10,290        121,788        9,742  

Other credit RWA (6)

     10,697        856        11,427        914  

Total credit risk (before adjustment for CVA phase-in) (7)

     178,899        14,312        167,656        13,412  

Market risk (Internal Models and IRB Approach)

           

VaR

     868        70        935        75  

Stressed VaR

     2,084        167        2,058        165  

Incremental risk charge

     2,865        229        1,843        147  

Securitization and other

     566        45        556        44  

Total market risk

     6,383        511        5,392        431  

Operational risk

     26,626        2,130        24,664        1,973  

Total RWA before adjustments for CVA phase-in and capital floor

   $     211,908      $     16,953      $     197,712      $     15,816  

CVA capital charge (7)

           

CET1 RWA

   $ 4,236      $ 339      $ 3,498      $ 280  

Tier 1 RWA

     4,395        352        3,741        299  

Total RWA

     4,554        364        3,935        315  

Capital floor adjustment (7)

           

CET1 RWA

     n/a        n/a      $ 2,111      $ 169  

Tier 1 RWA

     n/a        n/a        1,868        150  

Total RWA

     n/a        n/a        1,674        134  

Total RWA after adjustments for CVA phase-in and capital floor (7)

           

CET1 capital RWA

   $ 216,144      $ 17,292      $ 203,321      $ 16,265  

Tier 1 capital RWA

     216,303        17,305        203,321        16,265  

Total capital RWA

     216,462        17,317        203,321        16,265  

 

(1)

Refers to the minimum standard established by the BCBS before the application of the capital conservation buffer and any other capital buffers that may be established by regulators from time to time. It is calculated by multiplying RWA by 8%.

(2)

Certain information has been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

(3)

Credit risk includes counterparty credit risk, which comprises derivative and repo-style transactions. Credit risk for CIBC Bank USA and CIBC FirstCaribbean are calculated under the standardized approach.

(4)

Includes RWAs relating to equity investments in funds and certain commercial loans which are determined using the supervisory slotting approach.

(5)

Includes residential mortgages insured by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), an agency of the Government of Canada, and government guaranteed student loans.

(6)

Comprises RWAs relating to derivative and repo-style transactions cleared through qualified central counterparties (QCCPs), settlement risk, and other assets that are subject to the credit risk framework but are not included in the standardized or IRB frameworks, including other balance sheet assets which are risk-weighted at 100%, significant investments in the capital of non-financial institutions which are risk-weighted at 1250%, settlement risk, and amounts below the thresholds for deduction which are risk-weighted at 250%.

(7)

Before any capital floor requirement as applicable, there are three different levels of RWAs for the calculation of the CET1, Tier 1, and Total capital ratios arising from the option CIBC has chosen for the phase-in of the credit valuation adjustment (CVA) capital charge. RWAs as at October 31, 2017 included a capital floor adjustment. See the “Continuous enhancement to regulatory capital requirements” section for additional details.

n/a

Not applicable.

The increase in CET1 capital RWAs was primarily due to organic growth and net foreign exchange movement, partially offset by capital methodology changes, including removal of the Basel I capital floor adjustment (see the “Continuous enhancement to regulatory capital requirements” section for additional details), the impact of portfolio upgrades and migrations, and capital model updates.

The increase in credit risk RWAs was primarily due to organic growth across our businesses and net foreign exchange movement, partially offset by portfolio upgrades and migrations.

The increase in market risk RWAs was primarily driven by movement in risk levels, which includes changes in open positions and the market rates affecting these positions, capital model updates and foreign exchange movement.

The increase in operational risk RWAs was primarily driven by movement in risk levels under the advanced measurement approach, which reflects changes in loss experience, changes in the business environment, internal control factors and gross income, as defined by the BCBS.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     33  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Movement in total regulatory capital

Changes in regulatory capital under Basel III are presented in the table below:

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31    2018      2017  

CET1 capital

     

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 21,618      $ 19,148  

Issue of common shares pursuant to the acquisition of The PrivateBank

     194      3,443

Issue of common shares pursuant to the acquisition of Geneva Advisors

          126

Issue of common shares pursuant to the acquisition of Wellington Financial

     47       

Shares issued in lieu of cash dividends

     337      749

Other issue of common shares

     218      208

Purchase of common shares for cancellation

     (104       

Premium on purchase of common shares for cancellation

     (313       

Net income attributable to equity shareholders

     5,267      4,699

Preferred and common share dividends

     (2,445      (2,173

Change in AOCI balances included in regulatory capital

     

Net foreign currency translation adjustments

     286      (376

Net change in securities measured at FVOCI

     (191      (101

Net change in cash flow hedges

     (51      10

Net change in post-employment defined benefit plans

     226      139

Change in shortfall of allowance to expected losses

     (173      (191

Change in goodwill and other intangible assets

     (212      (4,219

Other, including change in regulatory adjustments (1)

     (63      156  

CET1 capital balance at end of year

   $ 24,641      $ 21,618  

AT1 capital

     

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 3,064      $ 2,518  

AT1 eligible capital issues

     450        800  

Phase-out of innovative Tier 1 notes

     (251      (251

Other, including change in regulatory adjustments (1)

     4        (3

AT1 capital balance at end of year

   $ 3,267      $ 3,064  

Tier 2 capital

     

Balance at beginning of year

   $ 3,447      $ 3,417  

New Tier 2 eligible capital issues

     1,500         

Redeemed

     (600       

Other, including change in regulatory adjustments (1)

     (25      30  

Tier 2 capital balance at end of year

   $ 4,322      $ 3,447  

Total capital balance at end of year

   $     32,230    $     28,129

 

(1)

Includes the net impact on retained earnings and AOCI as at November 1, 2017 from our adoption of IFRS 9. For additional details, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Leverage ratio

The Basel III requirements include a non-risk-based capital metric, the leverage ratio, to supplement risk-based capital requirements.

The leverage ratio is defined as Tier 1 capital divided by the leverage ratio exposure. The leverage ratio exposure is defined under the rules as the sum of:

(i)

On-balance sheet assets less Tier 1 capital regulatory adjustments;

(ii)

Derivative exposures;

(iii)

Securities financing transaction exposures; and

(iv)

Off-balance sheet exposures (such as commitments, direct credit substitutes, letters of credit, and securitization exposures).

OSFI expects federally regulated deposit-taking institutions to have leverage ratios that meet or exceed 3.0%. This minimum may be higher for certain institutions at OSFI’s discretion.

 

$ millions, as at October 31           2018     2017  

Tier 1 capital

   A    $ 27,908     $ 24,682  

Leverage ratio exposure

   B          653,946           610,353  

Leverage ratio

   A/B      4.3      4.0 

The leverage ratio at October 31, 2018 increased 0.3% from October 31, 2017, primarily due to an increase in Tier 1 capital (see the “Regulatory capital and ratios” section for additional details), partially offset by an increase in leverage ratio exposure. The increase in leverage ratio exposure was primarily driven by an increase in on- and off-balance sheet assets.

Continuous enhancement to regulatory capital requirements

The BCBS and OSFI have published a number of proposals for changes to the existing regulatory capital requirements to strengthen the regulation, supervision, and practices of banks with the overall objective of enhancing financial stability. The discussion below provides a summary of BCBS and OSFI publications that have been issued since the beginning of the fiscal year, as well as publications issued in previous fiscal years that are not yet effective, other than those discussed in separate sections of the document.

In December 2017, the Group of Central Bank Governors and Heads of Supervision (GHOS; the oversight body of the BCBS) announced the finalization of Basel III reforms. Revisions have been included in the finalized framework with the objective of reducing excessive variability in RWAs and improving comparability of capital ratios among banks. Notable changes include:

 

Major revisions to the standardized approaches to credit and operational risk, market risk, and CVA frameworks, which will be effective January 1, 2022;

 

Constraints on the use of internally modelled approaches for certain credit exposures;

 

The Basel III capital output floor will ensure that banks’ RWAs generated by internal models are not lower than 72.5% of RWAs as calculated under the Basel III framework’s standardized approaches. The new approach to the capital output floor will be phased in beginning at 50% in 2022, increasing by 5% every year thereafter to a rate of 72.5% in 2027; and

 

34   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

 

Finalized leverage ratio requirements, including a new buffer requirement for global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) starting in 2022. The finalized leverage ratio guideline includes changes to the measurement for derivative exposures, treatment of unsettled trades, and revisions to credit conversion factors related to off-balance sheet items.

In January 2018, OSFI issued a letter outlining revisions to the existing capital floor requirements. Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the AIRB approach for credit or operational risk. Effective in the second quarter of 2018, the capital floor is determined by comparing a capital requirement calculated by reference to the Basel II standardized approach against the Basel III calculation. Any shortfall in the Basel III capital requirement compared with the floor factor applied to the capital requirements under the Basel II standardized approach is added to RWAs. A 70% floor factor was applied in the second quarter of 2018 and was increased to 72.5% in the third quarter of 2018 and to the final 75% floor factor in the fourth quarter of 2018. Prior to the second quarter of 2018, the capital floor for banks using the AIRB approach for credit risk was determined by reference to the Basel I instead of the Basel II standardized approach calculation.

In March 2018, the BCBS issued for consultation “Revisions to the minimum capital requirements for market risk”, which aims to address issues related to implementation of the market risk standard published in January 2016. In acknowledgment of ongoing challenges related to implementation, the BCBS also extended the implementation date of the market risk standard to January 1, 2022.

In May 2018, the BCBS published the final standard “Capital treatment for simple, transparent and comparable short-term securitisations”, setting out additional guidance and requirements for eligibility to apply preferential regulatory capital treatment for banks that act as investors in, or sponsors of, simple, transparent and comparable short-term securitizations.

In June 2018, OSFI issued a letter advising of disclosure requirements for the Domestic Stability Buffer held by D-SIBs. This buffer requirement is intended to address Pillar 2 risks that are not adequately captured in the Pillar 1 capital requirements described in OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) Guideline including systemic vulnerabilities related to Canadian consumer and institutional indebtedness, and asset imbalances in the Canadian market. OSFI will undertake a review of the buffer semi-annually, and any changes to the buffer will be made public. Increased transparency of this Pillar 2 capital requirement is intended to support a bank’s ability to use this capital buffer in times of stress. The buffer will range from 0% to 2.5% of RWAs and is currently set at 1.5%. Increases in the buffer requirement will be phased in while decreases will take effect immediately. While breaches of the Domestic Stability Buffer will not result in automatic constraints on capital distributions, OSFI will require a remediation plan, and supervisory intervention pursuant to OSFI’s Guide to Intervention would occur in cases where a remediation plan is not executed in a timely manner satisfactory to OSFI.

In July 2018, OSFI issued for public consultation a discussion paper on the proposed implementation of the final Basel III reforms in Canada in response to the BCBS publishing the final Basel III reforms in December 2017, as discussed above. Notable areas where the discussion paper differs from the BCBS guidance include:

 

Accelerating the implementation of the revised operational risk framework to 2021;

 

Calibrating the capital output floor to 72.5% starting in 2022;

 

Applying the higher leverage ratio requirement to Canadian D-SIBs starting in 2022; and

 

Modifying model parameters and approaches for certain assets under the credit risk framework.

In October 2018, OSFI issued proposed revisions to “Guideline B-12: Interest Rate Risk Management” which incorporates guidance contained in the “Interest rate risk in the banking book” standard issued by BCBS in April 2016 with the objective of ensuring institutions have governance processes and controls that remain current and comprehensive with respect to defining a risk control framework for managing interest rate risk in the banking book to prudent levels. The new guideline outlines OSFI’s expectations regarding risk measurement, development of stressed shock scenarios, as well as key behavioural and model assumptions. The proposed implementation date for the OSFI guideline is January 1, 2020.

In October 2018, OSFI also released revisions to the CAR Guideline for implementation in the first quarter of 2019. The revisions include:

 

Implementation of the revised standardized approach to counterparty credit risk and central counterparties (CCPs);

 

Implementation of the revised securitization framework;

 

Clarification of the capital treatment for right-of-use assets, effective upon institutions’ adoption of IFRS 16 “Leases” (IFRS 16), which for CIBC will be November 1, 2019; and

 

The removal of the CVA phase-in and other transitional arrangements that conclude at the end of 2018.

The revisions also codify in the CAR Guideline changes to the capital floor, which were announced in January 2018 and implemented in the second quarter of 2018.

In October 2018, OSFI issued revisions to the leverage ratio framework. The changes align the leverage ratio guideline with certain changes to the CAR Guideline in respect of securitization and counterparty credit risk. These changes include the requirement to use the standardized approach to counterparty credit risk for determining derivatives exposures, clarifications to the treatment of securitized assets that meet the requirements for recognition of significant risk transfer, and revisions to the credit conversion factors for certain off-balance sheet securitization exposures. In November 2018, OSFI issued revisions to the leverage ratio disclosure requirements guideline to reflect the necessary changes resulting from the revisions to the leverage ratio framework. The revisions to both the leverage ratio framework and the leverage ratio disclosure requirements are effective November 1, 2018.

Prior to this fiscal year, in October 2017, the BCBS issued the final guideline on the identification and management of step-in risk, with an expected implementation timeline of no later than 2020. Step-in risk is the risk that a bank might provide financial support to an unconsolidated entity beyond, or in the absence of, any contractual obligations or equity ties, should the entity experience financial stress. The focus of the guideline is on unconsolidated entities such as securitization conduits, structured investment vehicles, and money market funds. The objective of the guideline is to mitigate this risk through banks’ self-assessment and reporting to supervisors, and not by the automatic application of a Pillar I liquidity or capital charge.

Bank recapitalization (Bail-in) conversion regulations

On April 18, 2018, the Department of Finance formally published final bail-in regulations, which became effective September 23, 2018. These regulations provide certain statutory powers to the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) to enact the bail-in regime, including the ability to convert specified eligible shares and liabilities of D-SIBs into common shares in the event such a bank becomes non-viable. The overarching policy objective is to strengthen financial stability while protecting taxpayers in the event of a D-SIB failure by ensuring that the D-SIB emerges from conversion adequately capitalized. These objectives are also consistent with those of the Financial Stability Board’s Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) standard applicable to G-SIBs.

The Superintendent of Financial Institutions (the Superintendent) is responsible for designating D-SIBs, setting minimum TLAC requirements, and determining that a bank is non-viable. Senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018, with an original term to maturity of more than 400 days (including

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     35  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

explicit or embedded options) that is unsecured or partially secured is subject to bail-in. Consumer deposits, certain derivatives, covered bonds, and certain structured notes would not be eligible for bail-in.

On April 18, 2018, OSFI issued the final guidelines on TLAC for Canada’s D-SIBs. D-SIBs will be required to maintain a minimum risk-based TLAC ratio and a minimum TLAC leverage ratio set out by the Superintendent. On August 21, 2018, the Superintendent issued an order requiring D-SIBs to maintain a minimum of 23% of TLAC-eligible instruments (1) relative to their RWAs (including the 1.5% Domestic Stability Buffer) and 6.75% relative to their leverage exposures. Liabilities that count towards TLAC must be bail-in eligible and have a residual maturity greater than 365 days, among other requirements. D-SIBs have until the first quarter of 2022 to meet the minimum TLAC requirements. In May 2018, OSFI issued a final guideline on TLAC disclosure requirements which requires D-SIBs to begin disclosing their TLAC ratios in the first quarter of 2019. OSFI also released the final version of the Capital Disclosure Requirements in May 2018, updated to reflect the TLAC regime.

OSFI made further amendments to the CAR Guideline, also on April 18, 2018, in respect of the treatment of D-SIBs’ holdings of TLAC instruments. The changes are in line with the BCBS’ TLAC holdings standard finalized in October 2016. Under the requirements, our investments in certain liabilities issued by other G-SIBs and Canadian D-SIBs are to be deducted from our own Tier 2 capital if our aggregate holdings, together with investments in capital instruments of other financial institutions, exceeds certain thresholds in relation to our own CET1 capital or meets certain other conditions set out in the CAR Guideline. There is also a separate, limited capacity provided to banks to hold certain liabilities issued by G-SIBs and Canadian D-SIBs in their trading books.

 

(1)

The sum of a D-SIB’s TLAC, subject to certain adjustments, including Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital, and prescribed shares and liabilities that are subject to conversion into common shares and meet the eligibility criteria set out in OSFI’s TLAC guideline.

Revised Pillar 3 disclosure requirements

In January 2015, the BCBS issued “Revised Pillar 3 disclosure requirements”, which set out the first phase of an initiative to replace existing Pillar 3 disclosure requirements for the various types of risk. Pillar 3 aims to promote market discipline through regulatory disclosure requirements, in order to improve comparability and consistency of risk disclosures and increase transparency and confidence about a bank’s exposure to risk and the overall adequacy of its regulatory capital. We implemented the first phase of the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements in the fourth quarter of 2018, with the exception of certain market risk related disclosures that have been deferred until the latter phases of the project as permitted by the OSFI guideline issued in April 2017.

In March 2017, the BCBS released “Pillar 3 disclosure requirements – consolidated and enhanced framework”, a standard establishing the second phase of the project. This standard includes enhancements to the January 2015 requirements, the introduction of several new disclosure requirements, and the consolidation of all existing BCBS disclosure requirements into the Pillar 3 framework.

In February 2018, the BCBS issued for consultation “Pillar 3 disclosure requirements – updated framework”, a standard establishing the third phase of the project. This consultative document includes enhancements to the January 2015 and March 2017 requirements, and the introduction of several new disclosure requirements.

OSFI has not yet released its requirements for the second and third phases of the Pillar 3 framework, but has provided separate guidance regarding the TLAC disclosure requirements contemplated in the second phase. See the “Bank recapitalization (Bail-in) conversion regulations” section for additional details.

Global systemically important banks – public disclosure requirements

On July 5, 2018, the BCBS issued “Global systemically important banks: revised assessment methodology and the higher loss absorbency requirement” as a result of the first review of the G-SIB framework. The core elements of the framework have been maintained. A trading volume indicator has been added to the substitutability category, increasing the existing 12 indicators to 13. The scope of consolidation for the G-SIB framework will now include insurance subsidiaries. The revised assessment methodology must be effective by the 2021 G-SIB assessment. The framework will continue to be reviewed every three years with the next review to be completed by 2021.

CIBC will continue to monitor and prepare for developments impacting regulatory capital requirements and disclosures.

Capital management and planning

Basel establishes a framework for a bank’s Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP), which includes oversight by the CIBC Board of Directors (the Board). Our capital management policy is reviewed and approved by the Board in support of the ICAAP. The policy includes guidelines that relate to capital strength, capital mix, dividends and return of capital, and unconsolidated capital adequacy of regulated entities, based on regulatory requirements and our risk appetite. The key guideline relates to our capital strength, which is foundational to our financial strength and supports growth. The guideline on dividends and return of capital is intended to balance the need for retaining capital for strength and growth, while providing an adequate return to our shareholders.

The level of capital and capital ratios are continually monitored relative to our regulatory minimums and internal targets and the amount of capital required may change in relation to CIBC’s business growth, risk appetite, and business and regulatory environment, including changes in accounting policies. Capital planning is a crucial element of our overall financial planning and establishment of strategic objectives, and is developed in accordance with the capital management policy. Each year, a capital plan and three-year outlook are established as part of the financial plan, and they encompass all material elements of capital including earnings, dividends, business growth, and corporate initiatives, as well as maturities, redemptions, and new issuances of capital instruments. The annual capital plan establishes targets for the coming year and business plans to achieve those targets. The capital plan also relates the level of capital to our level of risk in a stressed environment as a part of the enterprise-wide stress testing discussed below.

Capital initiatives

The following main capital initiatives were undertaken in 2018:

Normal course issuer bid

On May 31, 2018, we announced that the TSX had accepted the notice of CIBC’s intention to commence a normal course issuer bid. Purchases under this bid will terminate upon the earlier of: (i) CIBC purchasing up to a maximum of 9 million common shares; (ii) CIBC providing a notice of termination; or (iii) June 3, 2019. During the year, we purchased and cancelled 3,500,000 common shares under this bid at an average price of $119.22 for a total amount of $417 million. See Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Common share issuance pursuant to the acquisition of The PrivateBank

During the first quarter of 2018, CIBC delivered to third parties 1,689,450 common shares that were issued and outstanding as of October 31, 2017, but which had not yet been delivered to third parties in connection with our acquisition of The PrivateBank. In addition, during the second quarter of 2018, we cancelled 316,390 shares as it was determined that these shares will not be required for future delivery to third parties. For further details, see Note 3 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements.

 

36   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Common share issuance pursuant to the acquisition of Wellington Financial

On January 5, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Wellington Financial, and in connection therewith, we issued 378,848 CIBC common shares. For further details, see Note 3 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements.

Shareholder investment plan (the plan)

Effective with the October 28, 2016 dividend, CIBC has elected to issue shares from Treasury to fulfill the requirements of the plan. Pursuant to the plan, we issued 2,880,782 common shares for consideration of $337 million for the year ended October 31, 2018.

Dividends

Our quarterly common share dividend was increased from $1.33 per share to $1.36 per share for the quarter ended October 31, 2018, and from $1.30 per share to $1.33 per share for the quarter ended April 30, 2018.

Common and preferred share dividends are declared quarterly at the discretion of the Board. The declaration and payment of dividends is governed by Section 79 of the Bank Act (Canada), the terms of the preferred shares, and the terms of the Tier 1 notes issued by CIBC Capital Trust, as explained in Notes 15 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements.

Preferred shares

On January 18, 2018, we issued 18 million Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 47 (NVCC) with a par value of $25.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $450 million. See the “Outstanding share data” section below and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements for further details.

Subordinated indebtedness

On June 6, 2018, we redeemed all $600 million of our 6.00% Debentures due June 6, 2023. In accordance with their terms, the Debentures were redeemed at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon.

On April 4, 2018, we issued $1.5 billion principal amount of 3.45% Debentures due April 4, 2028 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness). The Debentures bear interest at a fixed rate of 3.45% per annum (paid semi-annually) until April 4, 2023, and at the three-month bankers’ acceptance rate plus 1.00% thereafter (paid quarterly) until maturity on April 4, 2028.

Enterprise-wide stress testing

We perform enterprise-wide stress testing on at least an annual basis and the results are an integral part of our ICAAP, as defined by Pillar II of the Basel III Accord, wherein we identify and measure our risks on an ongoing basis in order to ensure that the capital available is sufficient to cover all risks across CIBC, including the impacts of stress testing. We maintain a process which determines plausible but stressed economic scenarios such as global recessions and housing price shocks, and then apply these stress scenarios to our bank-wide exposures to determine the impact on the consolidated statement of income, RWA requirements, and consequently, key capital ratios. This helps us analyze the potential risks within our portfolios and establish prudent capital levels in excess of the regulatory minimum requirements. All of the elements of capital are monitored throughout the year and the capital plan is adjusted as appropriate.

Management determines the range of scenarios to be tested. Macroeconomic stress test scenarios are designed to be both severe and plausible and designed to be consistent with OSFI’s stress testing framework to ensure that they are comprehensive.

The following diagram summarizes the enterprise-wide stress testing process including the development of scenarios, identification of risk drivers and linkages to our other bank-wide ICAAP processes. The process includes syndication with our economists and lines of business to ensure scenarios are relevant to our businesses and there is a consistent interpretation of the scenarios across CIBC.

 

LOGO

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     37  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Stress test scenarios are designed to capture a wide range of macroeconomic and financial variables that are relevant to assess the impact on our specific portfolios. This includes, for example, GDP, unemployment, house prices, interest rates and equity prices.

The stress testing process is comprehensive using a bottoms-up analysis of each of our bank-wide portfolios, and results are analyzed on a product, location and sector basis. Our stress testing approach combines the use of statistical models and expert judgment to ensure the results are reasonable in estimating the impacts of the stress scenarios.

Stress testing methodologies and results are subject to a detailed review and challenge from both our lines of business and Risk Management. Stress testing results are presented for review to the Risk Management Committee and are also shared with the Board and OSFI. The results of our enterprise-wide stress testing are used to highlight any vulnerabilities and ensure we remain well capitalized against regulatory and management constraints.

A key objective of the enterprise-wide stress tests is to identify and foster discussion of management actions that would be taken to mitigate the impact of stress scenarios. Reverse stress testing is also integrated into our recovery and resolution planning process to determine worst case scenarios that would result in CIBC reaching the point of non-viability from which remedial actions are then considered.

Additional information on stress testing is provided in the “Management of risk” section.

Outstanding share data

The table below provides a summary of our outstanding shares, NVCC capital instruments, and the maximum number of common shares issuable on conversion/exercise:

 

     Shares outstanding     

Minimum

conversion

price per

common share

    

Maximum number
of common shares

issuable on

conversion/exercise

 

$ millions, except number of shares and per share amounts, as at November 23, 2018

  

Number

of shares

    

Amount

 

Common shares

     442,908,235      $ 13,252        

Treasury shares – common shares

     7,869        4                    

Preferred shares (1)(2)

           

Series 39 (NVCC)

     16,000,000    $ 400    $     5.00      80,000,000

Series 41 (NVCC)

     12,000,000      300      5.00      60,000,000

Series 43 (NVCC)

     12,000,000      300      5.00      60,000,000

Series 45 (NVCC)

     32,000,000      800      5.00      160,000,000

Series 47 (NVCC)

     18,000,000      450      5.00      90,000,000

Treasury shares – preferred shares (1)(2)

                               

Subordinated indebtedness (2)(3)

           

3.00% Debentures due October 28, 2024 (NVCC)

     n/a      $     1,000    $ 5.00      300,000,000

3.42% Debentures due January 26, 2026 (NVCC)

     n/a        1,000      5.00      300,000,000

3.45% Debentures due April 4, 2028 (NVCC)

     n/a        1,500      5.00      450,000,000

Stock options outstanding

                                4,712,482  

 

(1)

Upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event, each share is convertible into a number of common shares, determined by dividing the par value of $25.00 plus declared and unpaid dividends by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement) subject to a minimum price per share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement). Preferred shareholders do not have the right to convert their shares into common shares.

(2)

The maximum number of common shares issuable on conversion excludes the impact of declared but unpaid dividends and accrued interest.

(3)

Upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event, the Debentures are convertible into a number of common shares, determined by dividing 150% of the par value plus accrued and unpaid interest by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement) subject to a minimum price per common share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement).

n/a

Not applicable.

The occurrence of a “Trigger Event” would result in conversion of all of the outstanding NVCC instruments described above, which would represent a dilution impact of 77% based on the number of CIBC common shares outstanding as at October 31, 2018. As described in the Capital Adequacy Guidelines, a Trigger Event occurs when OSFI determines the bank is or is about to become non-viable and, if after conversion of all contingent instruments and consideration of any other relevant factors or circumstances, it is reasonably likely that its viability will be restored or maintained; or if the bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection or equivalent support from a federal or provincial government, without which OSFI would have determined the bank to be non-viable.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 39 (NVCC) (Series 39 shares)

For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of July 31, 2019, the Series 39 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 3.90%. On July 31, 2019, and on July 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.32%.

Holders of the Series 39 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 40 (NVCC) (Series 40 shares), subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2019 and on July 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 40 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.32%. Holders of the Series 40 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 39 shares, subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2024 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 39 shares at par on July 31, 2019, and on July 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 40 shares at par on July 31, 2024, and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 41 (NVCC) (Series 41 shares)

For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of January 31, 2020, the Series 41 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 3.75%. On January 31, 2020, and on January 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.24%.

Holders of the Series 41 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 42 (NVCC) (Series 42 shares), subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2020 and on January 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 42 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.24%. Holders of the Series 42 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 41 shares, subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2025 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

 

38   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 41 shares at par on January 31, 2020 and on January 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 42 shares at par on January 31, 2025 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 43 (NVCC) (Series 43 shares)

For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of July 31, 2020, the Series 43 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 3.60%. On July 31, 2020, and on July 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.79%.

Holders of the Series 43 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 44 (NVCC) (Series 44 shares), subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2020 and on July 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 44 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.79%. Holders of the Series 44 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 43 shares, subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2025 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 43 shares at par on July 31, 2020 and on July 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 44 shares at par on July 31, 2025 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 45 (NVCC) (Series 45 shares)

For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of July 31, 2022, the Series 45 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 4.40%. On July 31, 2022, and on July 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 3.38%.

Holders of the Series 45 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 46 (NVCC) (Series 46 shares), subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2022 and on July 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 46 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 3.38%. Holders of the Series 46 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 45 shares, subject to certain conditions, on July 31, 2027 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 45 shares at par on July 31, 2022 and on July 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 46 shares at par on July 31, 2027 and on July 31 every five years thereafter.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 47 (NVCC) (Series 47 shares)

For the initial five-year period to the earliest redemption date of January 31, 2023, the Series 47 shares pay quarterly cash dividends, if declared, at a rate of 4.50%. On January 31, 2023, and on January 31 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada bond yield plus 2.45%.

Holders of the Series 47 shares will have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 48 (NVCC) (Series 48 shares), subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2023 and on January 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 48 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.45%. Holders of the Series 48 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 47 shares, subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2028 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 47 shares at par on January 31, 2023 and on January 31 every five years thereafter; we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 48 shares at par on January 31, 2028 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     39  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Off-balance sheet arrangements

We enter into off-balance sheet arrangements in the normal course of our business. We consolidate all of our sponsored trusts that securitize our own assets with the exception of the commercial mortgage securitization trust.

Non-consolidated structured entities

We manage and administer a single-seller conduit and several CIBC-sponsored multi-seller conduits in Canada. The multi-seller conduits acquire direct or indirect ownership or security interests in pools of financial assets from our clients and finance the acquisitions by issuing asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) to investors. The single-seller conduit acquires financial assets and finances these acquisitions through a credit facility provided by a syndicate of financial institutions. The sellers to the conduits may continue to service the assets and may be exposed to credit losses realized on these assets, typically through the provision of over-collateralization or another form of retained interest. The conduits may obtain credit enhancement from third-party providers.

We generally provide the multi-seller conduits with commercial paper backstop liquidity facilities, securities distribution, and provide both the single and multi-seller conduits with accounting, cash management, and operations services. The liquidity facilities for the managed and administered multi-seller conduits require us to provide funding, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions with respect to the conduits, for ABCP not placed with external investors. We may also purchase ABCP issued by the multi-seller conduits for market making purposes.

We are required to maintain certain short-term and/or long-term debt ratings with respect to the liquidity facilities that we provide to the sponsored multi-seller conduits. If we are downgraded below the level specified under the terms of those facilities, we must provide alternative satisfactory liquidity arrangements, such as procuring an alternative liquidity provider that meets the minimum rating requirements.

We may also act as the counterparty to derivative contracts entered into by a multi-seller conduit in order to convert the yield of the underlying assets to match the needs of the multi-seller conduit’s investors or to mitigate the interest rate, basis, and currency risk within the conduit.

We earn fees for providing services related to the non-consolidated single-seller and multi-seller conduits, such as backstop liquidity facilities, distribution, transaction structuring, and conduit administration. These fees totalled $55 million in 2018 (2017: $45 million). All fees earned in respect of activities with the conduits are on a market basis.

As at October 31, 2018, the amount funded for the various asset types in the multi-seller conduits amounted to $7.0 billion (2017: $5.7 billion). The estimated weighted-average life of these assets was 1.7 years (2017: 1.7 years). Our holdings of commercial paper issued by the non-consolidated sponsored multi-seller conduits that offer commercial paper to external investors were $9 million (2017: nil). Our committed backstop liquidity facilities to these conduits were $8.8 billion (2017: $8.7 billion). We also provided credit facilities of $50 million (2017: $40 million) to these conduits.

We participated in a syndicated facility for a three-year commitment of $700 million to the single-seller conduit that provides funding to franchisees of a major Canadian retailer. Our portion of the commitment was $130 million (2017: $130 million). As at October 31, 2018, we funded $93 million (2017: $94 million) through the issuance of bankers’ acceptances and prime loans.

We engage one or more of the four major rating agencies, DBRS Limited (DBRS), Fitch Ratings Inc. (Fitch), Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s), and S&P, to opine on the credit ratings of asset-backed securities (ABS) issued by our sponsored securitization vehicles. In the event that ratings differ between rating agencies, we use the lower rating.

Our on- and off-balance sheet amounts related to the structured entities that are not consolidated are set out in the table below. For additional details on our structured entities, see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

 

$ millions, as at October 31            2018              2017  
       Investments
and loans 
(1)
     Liquidity, credit
facilities and
commitments
    Written credit
derivatives 
(2)
     Investments
and loans  (1)
     Liquidity, credit
facilities and
commitments
    Written credit
derivatives  (2)
 

Single-seller and multi-seller conduits

   $     102      $     7,136   (3)       $     –      $ 94      $     5,741   (3)      $  

Third-party structured vehicles – continuing

         3,347        1,656                  3,025        2,259        

Structured vehicles run-off

     3        13           157        109        13           179  

Other

     298        114              528        94        

 

(1)

Excludes securities issued by, retained interest in, and derivatives with entities established by CMHC, Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Government National Mortgage Association, Federal Home Loan Banks, Federal Farm Credit Bank, and Student Loan Marketing Association. $3 million (2017: $3 million) of the exposures related to structured vehicles run-off were hedged.

(2)

Disclosed amounts reflect the outstanding notional of written credit derivatives. The negative fair value recorded on the consolidated balance sheet was $131 million (2017: $148 million). Notional of $141 million (2017: $161 million) was hedged with credit derivatives protection from third parties. The fair value of these hedges net of CVA was $115 million (2017: $130 million). An additional notional of $16 million (2017: $18 million) was hedged through a limited recourse note.

(3)

Excludes an additional $1.7 billion (2017: $3.0 billion) relating to our backstop liquidity facilities provided to the multi-seller conduits as part of their commitment to fund purchases of additional assets and $9 million (2017: nil) relating to our direct investments in the multi-seller conduits which we consider investment exposure.

Other financial transactions

We are the sponsor of several mutual and pooled funds, in the form of trusts. We are the administrator of these funds. In addition, we may act in other capacities, including custodian, trustee, and broker. We earn fees at market rates from these trusts. We do not guarantee either principal or returns to investors in these funds, except in very limited circumstances. We act as a trustee of a number of personal trusts and have a fiduciary responsibility to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries of the trusts. We earn a fee for acting as a trustee. We also participate in transactions to modify the cash flows of trusts managed by third-party asset managers to create investments with specific risk profiles, or to assist clients in the efficient management of other risks. Typically, these involve the use of derivative products, which transfer the risks and returns to or from a trust.

Derivatives

We participate in derivatives transactions, as a market maker facilitating the needs of our clients or as a principal to manage the risks associated with our funding, investing and trading strategies. All derivatives are recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. See Notes 12 and 23 to the consolidated financial statements for details on derivative contracts and the risks associated with them.

Credit-related arrangements

Credit-related arrangements are generally off-balance sheet instruments and are typically entered into to meet the financing needs of clients. In addition, there are certain exposures for which we could be obligated to extend credit that are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. For additional details of these arrangements, see the “Liquidity risk” section and Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements.

Guarantees

A guarantee is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor failed to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. Guarantees include credit derivatives protection sold and standby and performance letters of credit, as discussed in Notes 12 and 21 to the consolidated financial statements, respectively.

 

40   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Management of risk

 

We have provided certain disclosures required under IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments – Disclosures” related to the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments in the MD&A, as permitted by that IFRS standard. These disclosures are included in the “Risk overview”, “Credit risk”, “Market risk”, “Liquidity risk”, “Operational risk”, “Reputation and legal risk”, and “Regulatory compliance risk” sections.

 

 

 

 

41    Risk overview
42    Risk governance structure
43    Risk management structure
44    Risk management process
44    Risk appetite statement
45    Risk policies and limits
45    Risk identification and measurement
47    Stress testing
47    Risk treatment and mitigation
47    Risk monitoring and reporting
47    Top and emerging risks
50    Risks arising from business activities
51    Credit risk
51    Governance and management
51    Policies
52    Process and control
52    Risk measurement
55    Exposure to credit risk
57    Credit quality of portfolios
60    Credit quality performance
61    Exposure to certain countries and regions
63    Selected exposures in certain activities
63    Settlement risk
63    Securitization activities
64    Market risk
64    Governance and management
64    Policies
64    Market risk limits
64    Process and control
64    Risk measurement
65    Trading activities
68    Non-trading activities
69    Pension risk
70    Liquidity risk
70    Governance and management
70    Policies
70    Risk measurement
71    Liquid assets
73    Funding
75    Contractual obligations
76    Other risks
76    Strategic risk
76    Insurance risk
76    Operational risk
77    Technology, information and cyber security risk
77    Reputation and legal risk
78    Regulatory compliance risk
78    Environmental and social risk
 

 

 

Risk overview

CIBC faces a wide variety of risks across all of its areas of business. Identifying and understanding risks and their impact allows CIBC to frame its risk appetite and risk management practices. Defining acceptable levels of risk, and establishing sound principles, policies and practices for managing risks, is fundamental to achieving consistent and sustainable long-term performance, while remaining within our risk appetite.

 

Our risk appetite defines tolerance levels for various risks. This is the foundation for our risk management culture and our risk management framework.

Our risk management framework includes:

   

CIBC and SBU-level risk appetite statements;

   

Risk frameworks, policies, procedures and limits to align activities with our risk appetite;

   

Regular risk reports to identify and communicate risk levels;

   

An independent control framework to identify and test compliance with key controls;

   

Stress testing to consider the potential impact of changes in the business environment on capital, liquidity and earnings;

   

Proactive consideration of risk mitigation options in order to optimize results; and

   

Oversight through our risk-focused committees and governance structure.

Managing risk is a shared responsibility at CIBC. Business units and risk management professionals work in collaboration to ensure that business strategies and activities are consistent with our risk appetite. CIBC’s approach to enterprise-wide risk management aligns with the three lines of defence model:

  (i)

CIBC’s lines of business and functional groups own the risk and are responsible for managing all risks associated with their activities, including identifying, assessing, mitigating and controlling them – this is the first line of defence;

  (ii)

As the second line of defence, CIBC’s Risk Management, and other functional groups are responsible for providing guidance and effective independent oversight and challenge of the enterprise-wide risks inherent in CIBC’s business activities; and

  (iii)

As the third line of defence, CIBC’s internal audit function provides an independent assessment of the design and operating effectiveness of risk management controls, processes and systems.

We continuously monitor our risk profile against our defined risk appetite and related limits, taking action as needed to maintain an appropriate balance of risk and return. Monitoring our risk profile includes forward-looking analysis of sensitivity to local and global market factors, economic conditions, and political and regulatory environments that influence our overall risk profile.

Regular and transparent risk reporting and discussion at senior management committees facilitates communication of risks and discussion of risk management strategies across the organization.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     41  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Risk governance structure

Our risk governance structure is illustrated below:

 

LOGO

 

Board of Directors (the Board): The Board oversees the enterprise-wide risk management program through approval of our risk appetite and supporting risk management policies and limits. The Board accomplishes its mandate through its Audit, Risk Management, Management Resources and Compensation, and Corporate Governance committees, described below.

Audit Committee (AC): The Audit Committee reviews the overall design and operating effectiveness of internal controls and the control environment, including controls over the risk management process.

Risk Management Committee (RMC): This committee assists the Board in fulfilling its responsibilities for defining CIBC’s risk appetite and overseeing CIBC’s risk profile and performance against the defined risk appetite. This includes oversight of policies, procedures and limits related to the identification, measurement, monitoring and controlling of CIBC’s principal business risks.

Management Resources and Compensation Committee (MRCC): This committee is responsible for assisting the Board in their global oversight of CIBC’s human capital strategy, including talent strategy, succession planning and total rewards and their alignment with CIBC’s strategy, risk appetite and controls.

Corporate Governance Committee (CGC): This committee is responsible for assisting the Board in fulfilling its corporate governance oversight responsibilities.

Executive Committee (ExCo): The ExCo, led by the CEO and including the executives reporting directly to the CEO, is responsible for setting business strategy and for monitoring, evaluating and managing risks across CIBC. The ExCo is supported by the following committees:

   

Global Asset Liability Committee (GALCO): This committee, which comprises members from the ExCo and senior Treasury and Risk Management executives, provides oversight regarding capital management, funding and liquidity management, and asset liability management. It also provides strategic direction regarding structural interest rate risk and structural foreign exchange risk postures, approval of funds transfer pricing policies/parameters and approval of wholesale funding plans.

   

Global Risk Committee (GRC): This committee, which comprises the ExCo and senior leaders from the lines of business, Risk Management and other functional groups, provides a forum for discussion and oversight of risk appetite, risk profile and risk-mitigation strategies. Key activities include reviewing, and providing input regarding CIBC’s risk appetite statements; monitoring risk profile against risk appetite, reviewing, and evaluating business activities in the context of risk appetite; and identifying, reviewing, and advising on current and emerging risk issues and associated mitigation plans.

 

42   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Risk management structure

The Risk Management group, led by our Chief Risk Officer (CRO), is responsible for setting risk strategies and for providing independent oversight of the businesses. Risk Management works to identify, assess, mitigate, monitor and control the risks associated with business activities and strategies, and is responsible for providing an effective challenge to the lines of business.

The current structure is illustrated below:

 

LOGO

The Risk Management group performs several important activities including:

 

Developing CIBC’s risk appetite and associated management control metrics;

 

Setting risk strategy to manage risks in alignment with our risk appetite and business strategy;

 

Establishing and communicating risk policies, procedures and limits to control risks in alignment with risk strategy;

 

Measuring, monitoring and reporting on risk levels;

 

Identifying and assessing emerging and potential strategic risks;

 

Deciding on transactions that fall outside of risk limits delegated to business lines; and

 

Ensuring compliance with applicable regulatory and anti-money laundering requirements.

The following key groups within Risk Management, independent of the originating businesses, contribute to our management of risk:

 

Capital Markets Risk Management – This group provides independent oversight of the measurement, monitoring and control of market risks (both trading and non-trading), and trading credit risk (also called counterparty credit risk) across CIBC’s portfolios, and effective challenge and sound risk management oversight to the treasury/liquidity management function within CIBC.

 

Global Credit Risk Management – This group is responsible for the adjudication and oversight of credit risks (including transaction specific environmental and social risk (1) ) associated with our commercial, wholesale and wealth management activities, management of the risks in our investment portfolios, as well as management of special loan portfolios.

 

Global Operational Risk Management – This group develops the systems and tools to facilitate the identification of operational risks, and has global accountability for the measurement and monitoring of all operational risk types.

 

Risk Analytics, Reporting and Credit Decisioning – This group is responsible for enterprise-wide analysis, including enterprise-wide stress testing and reporting, loan loss reporting, risk policy and governance, risk systems and models, recovery and resolution planning, as well as economic and regulatory capital methodologies. In addition, this group manages credit risk in personal and small business products offered through the various distribution channels (residential mortgages, credit cards, personal loans/lines of credit, small business loans) and performs analytics to optimize retail credit performance, along with collections, fraud, and anti-money laundering outcomes.

 

Conduct Risk Management – This group is responsible for enterprise conduct risk, including sales practice and compensation plan oversight and non-transactional reputation risk.

 

Compliance – This group provides timely and proactive advice and independent oversight of CIBC’s compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

 

Enterprise Anti-Money Laundering – This group is responsible for all aspects of compliance with and oversight of requirements relating to anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing, and sanctions measures.

 

U.S. Risk Management – This group carries out the mandate of CIBC Risk Management at a regional level under the leadership of the U.S. CRO, with oversight from the U.S. Risk Management Committee and reporting to the Senior Executive Vice-President, U.S. Region. The group provides independent oversight for the identification, management, measurement, monitoring and control of risks in CIBC’s U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU. In addition, the CRO also oversees, through a joint oversight structure, the U.S. CRO, to ensure the relevant aspects of the U.S. Risk Management group are consistent with the above-noted practices.

 

(1)

See the “Environmental and social risk” section for further details, including oversight of non-transaction specific environmental and social risk, which reports directly into the CRO.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     43  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Risk management process

Our risk management process is illustrated below:

 

LOGO

Risk appetite statement

CIBC’s risk appetite statement defines the amount of risk we are willing to assume in pursuit of our strategic and financial objectives. Our guiding principle is to practice sound risk management, supported by strong capital and funding positions, as we pursue our client-focused strategy. In defining our risk appetite, we take into consideration our vision, values, and strategy, along with our risk capacity (defined by regulatory constraints). It defines how we conduct business, which is to be consistent with the following objectives:

 

Doing the right thing for our clients/stakeholders;

 

Safeguarding our reputation and brand;

 

Engaging in client-oriented businesses that we understand;

 

Maintaining a balance between risk and returns;

 

Retaining a prudent attitude towards tail and event risk;

 

Meeting regulatory expectations and/or identifying and having plans in place to address any issues in a timely manner; and

 

Achieving/maintaining an AA rating.

Our CIBC risk appetite statement contains metrics with limits that define our risk tolerance levels. In addition, we have SBU risk appetite statements that are integrated with the overall CIBC risk appetite statement that further articulate our business level risk tolerances.

Our CIBC risk appetite statement is reviewed annually in conjunction with our strategic, financial and capital planning cycle to ensure alignment and is approved annually by the Board. To help ensure CIBC stays within its risk appetite, the Board, RMC, and senior management regularly receive and review reporting on our risk profile against the risk appetite limits.

All strategic business decisions, as well as day-to-day business decisions, are governed by our risk appetite framework. Strategic decisions are evaluated to ensure that the risk exposure is within our risk appetite. Day-to-day activities and decisions are governed by our framework of risk tolerance limits, policies, standards and procedures that support our risk appetite statement.

Risk culture

Risk culture refers to desired attitudes and behaviours relative to risk taking. At CIBC, we strive to achieve a consistent and effective risk culture by:

 

Promoting, through both formal and informal channels, a shared accountability of risk identification, management and mitigation;

 

Cultivating an environment of transparency, open communication and robust discussion of risk;

 

Setting the appropriate “tone at the top” through clear communication and reinforcement; and

 

Identifying behaviours that are and are not aligned with risk appetite, and reinforce appropriate behaviours.

Every year, all employees are required to complete formal training on risk appetite, reputation risk, operational risk, code of conduct, anti-money laundering and other key risk topics. By taking this mandatory training, all employees develop a basic knowledge of risk management in support of our risk culture. This training is supplemented by our risk appetite statement, risk management priorities, documents on our internal website and internal news releases. In addition, we have policies, procedures and limits in place that govern our day-to-day business activity, with escalation procedures for limit breaches outlined accordingly.

Risk input into performance and compensation

At each year-end, Risk Management provides an assessment of adherence to risk appetite and material risk matters across CIBC. Risk Management also considers a number of risk inputs to identify matters which may directly impact individual compensation awards and/or performance ratings.

The MRCC oversees the performance management and compensation process. The MRCC is responsible for assisting the Board in their global oversight of CIBC’s human capital strategy, including talent strategy, succession planning and total rewards. The MRCC’s key compensation-related responsibilities include:

 

Approving CIBC’s compensation philosophy and any material changes to CIBC’s compensation principles or practices;

 

Approving new material compensation policies and changes to existing material compensation policies;

 

Reviewing and recommending for Board approval new material compensation plans or changes to existing material compensation plans;

 

Assessing the appropriateness and alignment of compensation relative to actual business performance and risks;

 

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Reviewing and recommending for Board approval incentive compensation funding and allocations, based on an assessment of business performance and risk;

 

Reviewing and recommending for Board approval individual compensation target and compensation for the ExCo, including the CEO and other key officers; and

 

Approving individual compensation for employees with total direct compensation above a certain materiality threshold.

Risk policies and limits

Our risk policies and limits framework is intended to ensure that risks are appropriately identified, measured, monitored and controlled in accordance with our risk appetite. For most risks, we have developed an overarching framework document that sets out the key principles for managing the associated risks and our key risk policies and limits. This framework is supported by standards, guidelines, processes, procedures and controls that govern day-to-day activities in our businesses. Oversight is provided by management committees, as well as the Board/Board Committees.

Key risk policies and limits are illustrated below:

 

LOGO

Risk identification and measurement

Risk identification and measurement are important elements of our risk management framework. Risk identification is a continuous process, generally achieved through:

 

Regular assessment of risks associated with lending and trading credit exposures;

 

Ongoing monitoring of trading and non-trading portfolios;

 

Assessment of risks in new business activities and processes;

 

Assessment of risks in complex and unusual business transactions; and

 

Regular monitoring of the overall risk profile considering market developments and trends, and external and internal events.

Risk Management has developed a “Risk Register” to list all material risks facing CIBC. The inventory is based on the risks inherent in CIBC’s businesses and updated through various processes, illustrated in the following chart, to reflect changes in the nature of the risks we are facing. The Risk Register is used as an input for our ICAAP, either explicitly in the economic and regulatory capital calculations, or implicitly through the buffer of actual capital over economic capital and regulatory capital.

 

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LOGO

The decision to register a new risk is based on a risk assessment through our risk identification processes and includes criteria such as materiality, measurability and probability. Furthermore, the decision to hold capital for a new risk is also based on whether the risk is being mitigated, and whether capital is deemed to be a suitable mitigant.

We have enterprise-wide methodologies, models and techniques in place to measure both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of risks, appropriate for the various types of risks we face. These methodologies, models and techniques are subject to independent assessment and review to ensure that the underlying logic remains sound, that model risks have been identified and managed, that use of the models continues to be appropriate and outputs are valid.

Risk is usually measured in terms of expected loss, unexpected loss, and economic capital.

Expected loss

Expected loss represents the loss that is statistically expected to occur in the normal course of business, with adjustments for conservatism, in a given period of time.

In respect of credit risk, the parameters used to measure expected loss are PD, LGD and EAD. These parameters are updated regularly and are based on our historical experience through the cycle and benchmarking of credit exposures. The PD, LGD and EAD parameters used for regulatory capital purposes are not adjusted for forward-looking information.

For trading market risks, VaR is a statistical technique used to measure risk. VaR is an estimate of the loss in market value for a given level of confidence that we would expect to incur in our trading portfolio due to an adverse one-day movement in market rates and prices. We also use stressed VaR to replicate our VaR over a period when relevant market factors are in distress.

For trading credit risks associated with market value based products, we use models to estimate exposure relative to the value of the portfolio of trades with each counterparty, giving consideration to market rates and prices.

Unexpected loss and economic capital

Unexpected loss is the statistical estimate of the amount by which actual losses might exceed expected losses over a specified time horizon, computed at a given confidence level. We use economic capital to estimate the level of capital needed to protect us against unexpected losses. Economic capital allows us to assess performance on a risk-adjusted basis.

We also use techniques such as sensitivity analysis and stress testing to help ensure that the risks remain within our risk appetite and that our capital is adequate to cover those risks. Our stress testing program includes evaluation of the potential effects of various economic and market scenarios on our risk profile, earnings and capital. Refer to the “Capital resources” section for additional details.

Model risk management

Model risk management encompasses sound development, independent validation, and ongoing monitoring and review of the models as well as governance and controls that are proportionate to the risks. Our model inventory includes, but is not limited to, models that relate to risk measurement (including VaR, economic and regulatory capital), pricing, credit risk rating and scoring models, credit models for the calculation of loss severity and stress testing, and models for the calculation of expected credit losses under IFRS 9. CIBC’s approach to provide effective governance and oversight for model risk management is comprised of the following key elements:

 

Governance and oversight by management committees, including the Model and Parameter Risk Committee (MPRC), senior management and the Board;

 

Policies, procedures and standards to outline applicable roles and responsibilities of the various oversight groups and to provide guidance to identify, measure, control and monitor model risk throughout the model’s life cycle; and

 

Controls for key operational aspects of model risk management including maintaining a model inventory, model risk ranking, model risk attestation and ongoing monitoring and reporting.

The MPRC is a sub-committee of the Global Risk Committee and is responsible for reviewing and approving proposals for new and/or modified regulatory and economic capital models and provides oversight of CIBC’s regulatory and economic capital models and parameters for credit, market and operational risks. The MPRC has accountability and responsibility for model and parameter approvals, parameter performance monitoring, validation oversight, and policy oversight.

 

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Model risk mitigation policies

We have policies, procedures, standards and controls to ensure effective model risk management for CIBC. A model review and validation is the independent effective challenge that documents the model risk and ensures models are sound and CIBC can rely on their output. The model review and validation process includes:

 

Review of model documentation;

 

Comprehensive, systematic testing of key model parameters on implementation to ensure results are as expected;

 

Replication of the risk quantification process to determine whether the model implementation is faithful to the model specifications;

 

Review of whether the model/parameter concepts and assumptions are appropriate and robust;

 

Accuracy testing to assess the calibration and accuracy of the risk components including, for example, the discriminative power of rating systems and the reasonableness of capital parameters;

 

Sensitivity testing to analyze the sensitivity of model/parameter outputs to model/parameter assumptions and key inputs;

 

Scenario and stress testing of the model outputs to key inputs;

 

Back-testing by comparing actual results with model-generated risk measures;

 

Benchmarking to other models and comparable internal and external data;

 

Review of the internal usage of the model/parameter applications to ensure consistency of application;

 

Reporting of model status to the MPRC, supported through an up-to-date inventory of regulatory models and parameters;

 

A quarterly attestation process for model owners in order to ensure compliance with the Model Risk and Validation Policy; and

 

A comprehensive validation report is prepared that identifies the conditions for valid application of the model and summarizes these findings to the model owners, developers and users.

Once a model has been approved for use, ongoing monitoring becomes a joint responsibility of model users, owners and validators.

Stress testing

Stress testing supplements our other risk management tools by providing an estimate of tail risk (i.e., low probability, high severity events). Results of stress testing are interpreted in the context of our risk appetite, including metrics for capital adequacy. Enterprise-wide stress testing, capital planning and financial planning processes are integrated for a comprehensive information system. See the “Financial condition” section for detailed discussion on our enterprise-wide stress testing.

Risk treatment and mitigation

Risk treatment and mitigation is the implementation of options for modifying risk levels. CIBC pursues risk mitigation options in order to control its risk profile in the context of its risk appetite. CIBC’s objective is to proactively consider risk mitigation options in order to optimize results.

Discussions regarding potential risk mitigation strategies are held between Risk Management and the lines of business, and at the GRC or GALCO and at the RMC for governance and oversight, as appropriate. In evaluating possible strategies, considerations include costs and benefits, residual risks (i.e., risks that are retained), secondary risks (i.e., those caused by the risk mitigation actions), and appropriate monitoring and review to track results.

Risk controls

Our risk management framework also includes a comprehensive set of risk controls, designed to ensure that risks are being appropriately identified and managed. Our risk controls are part of CIBC’s overall Control Framework, developed based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission’s (COSO) widely accepted “Internal Control – Integrated Framework”. The Control Framework also draws on elements of the OSFI Supervisory Framework and Corporate Governance Guidelines.

The Board, primarily through the RMC, approves certain credit risk limits and delegates specific transactional approval authorities to the CEO or jointly to the CEO and CRO. The RMC must approve transactions that exceed delegated authorities. Delegation of authority to business units is controlled to ensure decision-making authorities are restricted to those individuals with the necessary experience levels. In addition, CIBC has rigorous processes to identify, evaluate and remediate risk control deficiencies in a timely manner. Regular reporting is provided to the RMC to evidence compliance with risk limits. Risk limits and the delegation of authority to the CEO or jointly to the CEO and CRO are reviewed annually by the RMC.

Risk monitoring and reporting

To monitor CIBC’s risk profile and facilitate evaluation against the risk appetite statement, a number of measurement metrics have been established, with regular reporting against these metrics provided to the GRC and the RMC. This reporting enables decisions on growth and risk mitigation strategies.

Exposures are also regularly monitored against limits, with escalation protocols for limit excesses, should they occur. Escalation protocols ensure awareness at appropriate levels and facilitate management of excesses that is consistent with our risk appetite.

Regular management reports on each risk type are also prepared to facilitate monitoring and control of risk at a more granular level.

Top and emerging risks

We monitor and review top and emerging risks that may affect our future results, and take action to mitigate potential risks if required. We perform in-depth analyses, which can include stress testing our exposures relative to the risks, and provide updates and related developments to the Board on a regular basis. This section describes the top and emerging risks that we consider to have potential negative implications, as well as regulatory and accounting developments that are material for CIBC.

Technology, information and cyber security risk

Financial institutions like CIBC are evolving their business processes to leverage innovative technologies and the internet to improve client experience and streamline operations. At the same time, cyber threats and the associated financial, reputation and business interruption risks have also increased.

These risks continue to be actively managed by us through strategic risk reviews, enterprise-wide technology and information security programs, with the goal of maintaining overall cyber-resilience that prevents, detects, and responds to threats such as data breaches, malware, unauthorized access, and denial-of-service attacks, which can result in damage to CIBC systems and information, theft or disclosure of confidential information, unauthorized or fraudulent activity, and service disruption.

Given the importance of electronic financial systems, including secure online and mobile banking provided by CIBC to its clients, CIBC monitors the changing environment globally, including cyber threats, mitigation strategies and evolving regulatory requirements, in order to improve our controls and processes to protect our systems and client information. In addition, we continually perform cyber security preparedness, testing, and recovery exercises to validate our defences, benchmark against best practices and provide regular updates to the Board. CIBC has well-defined cyber incident response protocols

 

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and playbooks in the event that a security incident or breach occurs. CIBC also has cyber insurance coverage to help mitigate against certain potential losses associated with cyber incidents. CIBC’s insurance coverage is subject to various terms and provisions, including limits on the types and amounts of coverage relating to losses arising from cyber incidents. We periodically assess our insurance coverage based on our risk tolerance and limits.

Despite our commitment to information and cyber security, CIBC and its related third parties may not be able to fully mitigate all risks associated with the increased complexity and high rate of change in the threat landscape. CIBC continuously monitors its risk profile for changes and continues to refine approaches to security protection and service resilience to minimize the impact of any incidents that may occur.

Disintermediation risk

Canadian banking clients are increasingly shifting their service transactions from branches to digital platforms. As such, competitive pressure from digital disruptors, both global technology leaders and smaller financial technology entrants, is increasing and the risk of disintermediation is growing due to the level of sophistication of these non-traditional competitors. Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are increasingly being recognized by financial institutions as risk factors facing their business operations. One of the major appeals of cryptocurrencies is the anonymity they offer, as participants can transfer assets across the internet without the need for centralized third-party intermediaries such as banks. In view of several shortcomings including their high volatility, the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies as a substitute for government-issued currencies does not appear to be a near-term prospect. However, the underlying blockchain technology is seen to have vast potential which could contribute to increased disintermediation.

Blockchain is a decentralized ledger technology which keeps records that are linked and secured with cryptography. It enables the use of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. The percentage of global GDP stored on this technology is expected to continue to increase, creating the potential for blockchain to transform business models across multiple industries that focus on transaction and record verification.

CIBC manages disintermediation risk through strategic risk reviews as well as investment in emerging channels, in data and analytics capabilities, and in technology and innovation in general, to meet our clients’ changing expectations, while working to reduce our cost structure and simplify operations.

Geo-political risk

The level of geo-political risk escalates at certain points in time. While the specific impact on the global economy and on global credit and capital markets would depend on the nature of the event, in general, any major event could result in instability and volatility, leading to widening spreads, declining equity valuations, flight to safe-haven currencies and increased purchases of gold. In the short run, market shocks could hurt the net income of our trading and non-trading market risk positions. Although Canada is unlikely to be directly subject to geo-political risk, the indirect impact of reduced economic growth, as well as potential impacts on commodity prices and the recent rise of protectionism, could have serious negative implications for general economic and banking activities.

Currently, there are several areas of concern which have raised the level of uncertainty in global financial markets. These include: heightened tensions in the Middle East in the aftermath of the decision by the U.S. to exit the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action relating to Iran’s nuclear program and recent diplomatic turmoil regarding Saudi Arabia; the U.S. decision to withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia; Brexit negotiations; and continued uncertainty surrounding global trade tensions, especially between the U.S. and China. Moreover, ratification of the renegotiated U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) deal to replace the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) may be delayed or prevented in the U.S. House of Representatives following the U.S. mid-term elections. In addition, there remains the potential for U.S. tax reforms to have a negative impact on the competitiveness of the Canadian economy. While it is impossible to predict where new geo-political disruption will occur, we do pay particular attention to markets and regions with existing or recent historical instability to assess the impact of these environments on the markets and businesses in which we operate.

Canadian consumer debt and the housing market

As a consequence of historically low interest rates, Canadians had increased debt levels at a pace that exceeded the growth in their income. Most of the increase in household debt levels was driven by higher levels of mortgage debt, which was tied to the Canadian housing market. The Bank of Canada’s recent and potential further increases in interest rates, combined with regulatory measures introduced by OSFI, the Department of Finance, and provincial governments, including taxes on foreign ownership and revised mortgage underwriting guidelines (B-20 guidelines), are having their intended effect. Household credit is currently growing at the slowest pace experienced in any non-recessionary period during the post-war era.

OSFI revised its B-20 guidelines on mortgage lending, which came into effect January 1, 2018. See the “Credit risk” section for further details. While we believe that the probability of a severe housing crash that generates significant losses for mortgage portfolios remains low, increases in interest rates and the new regulatory measures put in place elevate the risk associated with an inflated housing market, along with high levels of consumer debt that would be a concern should the economy falter and unemployment rates begin to increase.

Currently, we qualify variable rate mortgage borrowers using the Bank of Canada five-year fixed benchmark rate, which is typically higher than the variable rate by approximately two percentage points, which is required as part of the B-20 guidelines. Therefore, our variable rate borrowers should be able to withstand some increase in interest rates. In addition, we run our enterprise-wide statistical stress tests at lower home prices to determine potential direct losses, and have also conducted stress tests to assess the impact of rising unemployment rates on borrowers’ ability to repay loan obligations.

Acquisition risk

CIBC seeks out acquisition opportunities that align with its strategy, risk appetite and financial goals. The ability to successfully execute on our strategy to integrate acquisitions, and the ability to anticipate and manage risks associated with acquisitions, are subject to certain factors. These include receiving regulatory and shareholder approval on a timely basis and on favourable terms, retaining clients and key personnel, realizing synergies and efficiencies, controlling integration and acquisition costs, among others, and changes in general business and economic conditions.

Although many of the factors are beyond CIBC’s control, their impact is partially mitigated by conducting due diligence before completing the transaction, developing and executing appropriate integration plans, and monitoring performance following the acquisition. However, acquisitions involve inherent uncertainty and we cannot determine all potential events, facts and circumstances and there could be an adverse impact on CIBC’s operations and financial performance.

U.S. banking regulation

In conjunction with our acquisition of The PrivateBank (subsequently rebranded as CIBC Bank USA), completed on June 23, 2017, our wholly-owned subsidiary, CIBC Bancorp USA Inc. (CIBC Bancorp), became a bank holding company registered under the U.S. Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and is subject to regulation as a bank holding company by the U.S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve). CIBC Bank USA, as a state-chartered bank with greater than $10 billion of total assets, is subject to regulation by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the U.S. Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection Board (BCFP), and the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation.

The scope of these regulations could impact our business in a number of ways. For example, both CIBC Bancorp and CIBC Bank USA are required to maintain minimum capital ratios in accordance with Basel III rules adopted by the U.S. bank regulatory agencies, which differ in some respects from Canada’s

 

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Basel III rules. Under the U.S. bank regulatory framework, both CIBC and CIBC Bancorp are expected to provide a source of strength to the subsidiary bank and may be required to commit additional capital and other resources to CIBC Bank USA in the event that its financial condition were to deteriorate, whether due to overall challenging economic conditions in the U.S., or because of business-specific issues. The Federal Reserve (in the case of CIBC Bancorp) and the FDIC (in the case of CIBC Bank USA) also have the ability to restrict dividends paid by CIBC Bancorp or CIBC Bank USA, which could limit our ability to receive distributions on our capital investment in our U.S. banking operations.

Furthermore, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC could also restrict our ability to grow our U.S. banking operation, whether through acquisitions or organically, if, among other things, they have supervisory concerns about risk management, anti-money laundering or compliance programs and practices, governance and controls, and/or capital and liquidity adequacy at CIBC Bancorp or CIBC Bank USA.

In October 2018, the Federal Reserve issued a notice of proposed rulemaking that, consistent with the U.S. regulatory relief legislation enacted in May 2018, would establish a revised framework for applying enhanced prudential standards to large U.S. banking organizations based on their risk profile and asset size. The proposed rules generally would exempt U.S. banking organizations with less than $100 billion of consolidated assets from most enhanced prudential standards, and those with between $100 billion and $250 billion of consolidated assets would be exempt from the more stringent standards. The proposed rules, however, expressly do not apply to U.S. banks controlled by foreign banking organizations, although the Federal Reserve has indicated that it intends to issue separate guidance on the applicability of enhanced prudential standards to foreign banking organizations, which may impact CIBC Bancorp given that it has consolidated assets less than $100 billion. Until such further regulations are proposed, however, there is uncertainty as to whether the revised asset thresholds will be applied to foreign banking organizations in a manner similar to U.S. banking organizations. If they are not, CIBC Bancorp could be subject to more significant regulatory compliance burdens, particularly as we seek to grow the size of our U.S. operations, as compared to other similarly-sized U.S. banking organizations that are not owned by a foreign parent.

Anti-money laundering

Recognizing the threat of money laundering, terrorist financing activities and other related crimes to the stability and integrity of a country’s financial sector and its broader economy, the international community has made the fight against these illegal activities a priority. Several laws and regulations have been enacted by governments and regulatory bodies globally. As a potential conduit for illegal operations, financial institutions bear a significant responsibility in mitigating the risks associated with these activities.

CIBC is committed to adhering to all regulatory requirements pertaining to Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Anti-Terrorist Financing (ATF) and implementing best practices to minimize the impact of such activities. As such, CIBC has implemented procedures to ensure that relevant regulatory obligations with respect to the reporting of large cash transactions, electronic funds transfers, and cross-border movements of cash and monetary instruments, are met in each jurisdiction. In addition, all employees are required to complete CIBC’s AML/ATF training annually.

Commodity prices

Global economic growth is projected to remain relatively healthy in 2019, providing continued support to industrial demand for commodities. While oil prices have been declining recently, with West Texas Intermediate prices dropping below US$60/barrel, of greater concern to the Canadian industry is the significant drop in Canada’s heavy oil benchmark, Western Canada Select, which at under $17/barrel, is near the lows set in 2016. However, should OPEC reverse some of the production increases introduced to offset declines in Iranian and Venezuelan output, global crude prices could recover some of the current weakness.

CIBC’s overall commodity exposure continues to perform within our risk appetite, with losses in our oil and gas portfolio down significantly from peak levels. Clients in our oil and gas portfolio are currently being assessed on the basis of our enhanced risk metrics, and our portfolio is being monitored in a prudent manner.

Environmental and social governance

See the “Environmental and social risk” section for additional information.

Regulatory developments

See the “Taxes”, “Capital resources”, “Credit risk”, “Liquidity risk” and “Accounting and control matters” sections for additional information on regulatory developments.

Accounting developments

See the “Accounting and control matters” section and Note 31 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on accounting developments.

 

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Risks arising from business activities

The chart below shows our business activities and related risk measures based upon regulatory RWAs and economic capital as at October 31, 2018:

 

LOGO

 

(1)

Includes counterparty credit risk of $83 million, which comprises derivatives and repo-style transactions.

(2)

Includes counterparty credit risk of $10,956 million, which comprises derivatives and repo-style transactions.

(3)

Includes counterparty credit risk of $545 million, which comprises derivatives and repo-style transactions.

(4)

For additional information, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section.

(5)

Includes investment risk.

 

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Credit risk

 

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss due to a borrower or counterparty failing to meet its obligations in accordance with contractual terms.

Credit risk arises out of the lending businesses in each of our SBUs. Other sources of credit risk consist of our trading activities, which include our over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, debt securities, and our repo-style transaction activity. In addition to losses on the default of a borrower or counterparty, unrealized gains or losses may occur due to changes in the credit spread of the counterparty, which could impact the carrying or fair value of our assets.

Governance and management

Credit risk is managed through the three lines of defence model. Frontline businesses own the risks and are responsible for identifying and assessing risks inherent in line of business activities, establishing controls to mitigate those risks, and ensuring the ongoing design and operating effectiveness of controls – this is the first line of defence.

The second line of defence is Risk Management and other functional groups, which provide guidance and effective independent challenge of the adjudication and oversight of credit risks associated with CIBC’s commercial, wholesale and wealth management activities, as well as risk assessments and decisions for the first line of defence.

Internal Audit provides the third line of defence, by providing reasonable assurance on the effectiveness of governance practices, risk management processes and internal controls.

Senior management reports to the GRC and RMC at least quarterly on material credit risk matters, including material credit transactions, compliance with limits, portfolio trends, impaired loans and credit loss provisioning levels. Provision for credit losses is reviewed by the RMC and the Audit Committee quarterly.

Specific to the management of credit risk, Risk Management is mandated to provide enterprise-wide oversight of the management of credit risk in CIBC’s credit portfolios, including the measurement, monitoring and control of credit risk and the management of credit risk models. Key groups in Risk Management with credit risk responsibility include:

Capital Markets Risk Management: This group is responsible for independent oversight of trading credit risk, including adjudication of trading credit facilities for non-bank financial entities, prime brokerage clients and central clearing counterparties where the client has no other credit relationship with CIBC. In addition, Capital Markets Risk Management is responsible for managing the country risk rating and the country exposure limits processes.

Global Credit Risk Management: This group is responsible for the adjudication and oversight of credit risks (including transaction specific environmental and social risk) associated with our commercial, wholesale and wealth management activities, management of the risks in our investment portfolios, as well as management of special loan portfolios.

Model Validation, Global Operational Risk Management: This group is responsible for the oversight of model validation practices. Model validation constitutes the independent set of processes, activities and ongoing documentary evidence that models and parameters are sound and CIBC can rely on their output.

Risk Analytics, Reporting and Credit Decisioning: This group is responsible for enterprise-wide analysis, including enterprise-wide stress testing and reporting, risk policy and governance, risk systems and models, recovery and resolution planning, as well as economic and regulatory capital methodologies. In addition, this group manages credit risk in personal and small business products offered through the various distribution channels (residential mortgages, credit cards, personal loans/lines of credit, small business loans) and performs analytics to optimize retail credit performance, along with collections, fraud, and anti-money laundering outcomes.

U.S. Risk Management: This group carries out the mandate of CIBC Risk Management at a regional level and provides independent oversight of the identification, management, measurement, monitoring and control of credit risks in the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU.

Adjudication and oversight above delegated levels is provided by the CRO, GRC and RMC.

 

Policies

To control credit risk, prudent credit risk management principles are used as a base to establish policies, standards and guidelines that govern credit activities as outlined by the credit risk management policy.

The credit risk management policy supplements CIBC’s risk management framework and risk appetite framework, and together with CIBC’s portfolio concentration limits for credit exposures, CIBC’s common risk/concentration risk limits for credit exposures, and other supporting credit risk policies, standards and procedures, assists CIBC in achieving its desired risk profile by providing an effective foundation for the management of credit risk.

Credit risk limits

The RMC approves Board limits, and exposures above Board limits require reporting to, or approval of, the RMC. Management limits are approved by the CRO. Usage is monitored to ensure risks are within allocated management and Board limits. Exposures above management limits require the approval of the CRO. Business lines may also impose lower limits to reflect the nature of their exposures and target markets. This tiering of limits provides for an appropriate hierarchy of decision making and reporting between management and the RMC. Credit approval authority flows from the Board and is further cascaded to officers in writing. The Board’s Investment and Lending Authority Resolution sets thresholds above which credits require reporting to, or approval of, the RMC, ensuring an increasing level of oversight for credits of higher risk. CIBC maintains country limits to control exposures within countries outside of Canada and the United States.

Credit concentration limits

At a bank-wide level, credit exposures are managed to promote alignment to our risk appetite statement, to maintain the target business mix and to ensure that there is no undue concentration of risk. We set limits to control borrower concentrations by risk-rating band for large exposures (i.e., risk-rated credits). Direct loan sales, credit derivative hedges, or structured transactions may also be used to reduce concentrations. We also have a set of portfolio concentration limits in place to control exposures by country, industry, product and activity. Further, our policies require limits to be established as appropriate for new initiatives and implementation of strategies involving material levels of credit risk. Concentration limits represent the maximum exposure levels we wish to hold on our books. In the normal course, it is expected that exposures will be held at levels below the maximums. The credit concentration limits are reviewed and approved by the RMC at least annually.

 

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Credit concentration limits are also applied to our retail lending portfolios to mitigate concentration risk. We not only have concentration limits to individual borrowers and geographic regions, but also to different types of credit facilities, such as unsecured credits, rental occupancy purpose credits, condominium secured credits and mortgages with a second or third charge where we are behind another lender. In addition, we limit the maximum insured mortgage exposure to private insurers in order to reduce counterparty risk.

Credit risk mitigation

We may mitigate credit risk by obtaining a pledge of collateral, which improves recoveries in the event of a default. Our credit risk management policies include verification of the collateral and its value and ensuring that we have legal certainty with respect to the assets pledged. Valuations are updated periodically depending on the nature of the collateral, legal environment, and the creditworthiness of the counterparty. The main types of collateral include: (i) cash or marketable securities for securities lending and repurchase transactions; (ii) cash or marketable securities taken as collateral in support of our OTC derivatives activity; (iii) charges over operating assets such as inventory, receivables and real estate properties for lending to small business and commercial borrowers; and (iv) mortgages over residential properties for retail lending.

In certain circumstances we may use third-party guarantees to mitigate risk. We also obtain insurance to reduce the risk in our real estate secured lending portfolios, the most material of which relates to the portion of our residential mortgage portfolio that is insured by CMHC, an agency of the Government of Canada.

We mitigate the trading credit risk of OTC derivatives, securities lending and repurchase transactions with counterparties by employing the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) Master Agreement, as well as Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) or similar master and collateral agreements. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on the risks related to the use of derivatives and how we manage these risks.

ISDA Master Agreements and similar master and collateral agreements, (such as the global master repurchase agreement and global master securities lending agreement,) facilitate cross transaction payments, prescribe close-out netting processes, and define the counterparties’ contractual trading relationship. In addition, the agreements formalize non-transaction specific terms. Master agreements serve to mitigate our credit risk by outlining default and termination events, which enable parties to close out of all outstanding transactions in the case of a negative credit event on either party’s side. The mechanism for calculating termination costs in the event of a close out are outlined in the master agreement; this allows for the efficient calculation of a single net obligation of one party to another.

CSAs and other collateral agreements are often included in ISDA Master Agreements or similar master agreements governing securities lending and repurchase transactions. They mitigate counterparty credit risk by providing for the exchange of collateral between parties when a party’s exposure to the other exceeds agreed upon thresholds, subject to a minimum transfer amount. CSAs and other collateral agreements which operate with master agreements also designate acceptable collateral types, and set out rules for re-hypothecation and interest calculation on collateral. Collateral types permitted under CSAs and other master agreements are set through our trading credit risk management documentation procedures. These procedures include requirements around collateral type concentrations.

Consistent with global initiatives to improve resilience in the financial system, we will clear derivatives through CCPs where feasible. Credit derivatives may be used to reduce industry sector concentrations and single-name exposure.

Forbearance policy

We employ forbearance techniques to manage client relationships and to minimize credit losses due to default, foreclosure or repossession. In certain circumstances, it may be necessary to modify a loan for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, and we may grant a concession in the form of below-market rates or terms that would not otherwise be considered, for the purpose of maximizing recovery of our exposure to the loan. In circumstances where the concession is considered below market, the modification is reported as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). TDRs are subject to our normal quarterly impairment review which considers, amongst other factors, covenants and/or payment delinquencies. An appropriate level of loan loss provision by portfolio segment is then established.

In retail lending, forbearance techniques include interest capitalization, amortization amendments and debt consolidations. We have a set of eligibility criteria which allow our Client Account Management team to determine suitable remediation strategies and propose products based on each borrower’s situation. While these solutions often provide more favourable conditions than those originally provided and are intended to increase the ability of borrowers to service their obligation to CIBC overall, we consider these solutions to be at market and comparable to terms and conditions we would have offered to new clients with comparable credit ratings.

The solutions available to corporate and commercial clients vary based on the individual nature of the client’s situation and are undertaken selectively where it has been determined that the client has or is likely to have repayment difficulties servicing its obligations. Covenants often reveal changes in the client’s financial situation before there is a change in payment behaviour and typically allow for a right to reprice or accelerate payments. Solutions may be temporary in nature or may involve other special management options.

 

Process and control

The credit approval process is centrally controlled, with all significant credit requests submitted to a credit adjudication group within Risk Management that is independent of the originating businesses. Approval authorities are a function of the risk and amount of credit requested. In certain cases, credit requests must be referred to the Credit Committee, a subcommittee of the GRC, or to the RMC for approval.

After initial approval, individual credit exposures continue to be monitored, with a formal risk assessment, including review of assigned ratings, documented at least annually. Higher risk-rated accounts are subject to closer monitoring and are reviewed at least quarterly. Collections and specialized loan workout groups handle the day-to-day management of high risk loans to maximize recoveries.

Risk measurement

Exposures subject to AIRB approach

Under the AIRB approach we are required to categorize exposures to credit risk into broad classes of assets with different underlying risk characteristics. This asset categorization may differ from the presentation in our consolidated financial statements. Under the AIRB approach, credit risk is measured using the following three key risk parameters (1) :

   

PD – the probability that the obligor will default within the next 12 months.

 
   

EAD – the estimate of the amount which will be drawn at the time of default.

 
   

LGD – the expected severity of loss as the result of the default, expressed as a percentage of the EAD.

 

Our credit risk exposures are divided into business and government and retail portfolios. Regulatory models used to measure credit risk exposure under the AIRB approach are subject to CIBC’s model risk management process.

 

(1)

These parameters differ from those used in the calculation of expected credit losses under IFRS 9. See the “Accounting and control matters” section for further details.

 

52   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Business and government portfolios (excluding scored small business) – risk-rating method

The portfolios comprise exposures to corporate, sovereign, and bank obligors. Our adjudication process and criteria includes assigning an obligor default rating that reflects our estimate of the financial strength of the borrower, and a facility rating or loss given default rating that reflects the collateral amount and quality applicable to secured exposures, the seniority position of the claim, and the capital structure of the borrower for unsecured exposures.

The obligor rating takes into consideration our financial assessment of the obligor, the industry, and the economic environment of the region in which the obligor operates. Where a guarantee from a third party exists, both the obligor and the guarantor will be assessed. While our obligor rating is determined independently of external ratings for the obligor, our risk-rating methodology includes a review of those external ratings.

CIBC employs a 20-point master internal obligor default rating scale that broadly maps to external agencies ratings as presented in the table below.

 

Grade

   
CIBC
rating
 
 
   
S&P
equivalent
 
 
   
Moody’s
equivalent
 
 

Investment grade

    00 – 47       AAA to BBB-       Aaa to Baa3  

Non-investment grade

    51 – 67       BB+ to B-       Ba1 to B3  

Watch list

    70 – 80       CCC+ to C       Caa1 to Ca  

Default

    90     D       C  

We use quantitative modelling techniques to assist in the development of internal risk-rating systems. The risk-rating systems have been developed through analysis of internal and external credit risk data, supplemented with expert judgment. The risk ratings are used for portfolio management, risk limit setting, product pricing, and in the determination of regulatory and economic capital.

Our credit process is designed to ensure that we approve applications and extend credit only where we believe that our client has the ability to repay according to the agreed terms and conditions.

Our credit framework of policies and limits defines our appetite for exposure to any single name or group of related borrowers, which is a function of the internal risk rating. We generally extend new credit only to borrowers in the investment and non-investment grade categories noted above. Our credit policies are also defined to manage our exposure to concentration in borrowers in any particular industry or region.

In accordance with our process, each obligor is assigned an obligor default rating and the assigned rating is mapped to a PD estimate that represents a long-run average one-year default likelihood. For corporate obligors, PD estimates are calculated using joint maximum likelihood techniques based on our internal default rate history by rating category and longer dated external default rates as a proxy for the credit cycle to arrive at long-run average PD estimates. Estimates drawn from third party statistical default prediction models are used to supplement the internal default data for some rating bands where internal data is sparse. For small and medium corporate enterprises, PD estimates are developed using only internal default history. For bank and sovereign obligors, PD estimates are derived from an analysis based on external default data sets and supplemented with internal data where possible. We examine several different estimation methodologies and compare results across the different techniques. In addition, we apply the same techniques and estimation methodologies to analogous corporate default data and compare the results for banks and sovereigns to the corporate estimates for each technique. A regulatory floor is applied to PD estimates for corporate and bank obligors.

Each facility is assigned a loss given default rating and each assigned rating is mapped to an LGD estimate that considers economic downturn conditions. For corporate obligors, LGD estimates are primarily derived from internal historical recovery data. Time to resolution is typically 1 to 2 years for most corporate obligors, and 1 to 4 years in the real estate sector. LGD values are based on discounted post-default cash flows for resolved accounts and include material direct and indirect costs associated with collections. External data is used in some cases to supplement our analysis. Economic downturn periods are identified for each portfolio by examining the history of actual losses, default rates and LGD. For bank and sovereign exposures, LGD estimates are primarily driven by expert judgment supplemented with external data and benchmarks where available. Appropriate adjustments are made to LGD estimates to account for various uncertainties associated with estimation techniques and data limitations, including adjustments for unresolved accounts.

EAD is estimated based on the current exposure to the obligor together with possible future changes in that exposure driven by factors such as the available undrawn credit commitment amount and the obligor default rating. EAD estimates are primarily based on internal historical loss data supplemented with comparable external data. Economic downturn periods are identified for each portfolio by examining the historical default rates and actual EAD factors.

Appropriate adjustments are made to PD, LGD and EAD estimates to account for various uncertainties associated with estimation techniques and data limitations, including adjustments for unresolved accounts (for LGD).

A simplified risk-rating process (slotting approach) is used for part of our uninsured Canadian commercial mortgage portfolio, which comprises non-residential mortgages and multi-family residential mortgages. These exposures are individually rated on our rating scale using a risk-rating methodology that considers the property’s key attributes, which include its loan-to-value (LTV) and debt service ratios, the quality of the property, and the financial strength of the owner/sponsor. All exposures are secured by a lien over the property. In addition, we have insured multi-family residential mortgages, which are not treated under the slotting approach, but are instead treated as sovereign exposures.

Retail portfolios

Retail portfolios are characterized by a large number of relatively small exposures. They comprise of: real estate secured personal lending (residential mortgages and personal loans and lines secured by residential property); qualifying revolving retail exposures (credit cards, overdrafts and unsecured lines of credit); and other retail exposures (loans secured by non-residential assets, unsecured loans including student loans, and scored small business loans).

We use scoring models in the adjudication of new retail credit exposures, which are based on statistical methods of analyzing the unique characteristics of the borrower, to estimate future behaviour. In developing our models, we use internal historical information from previous borrowers, as well as information from external sources, such as credit bureaus. The use of credit scoring models allows for consistent assessment across borrowers. There are specific guidelines in place for each product, and our adjudication decision will take into account the characteristics of the borrower, any guarantors, and the quality and sufficiency of the collateral pledged (if any). The lending process will include documentation of, where appropriate, satisfactory identification, proof of income, independent appraisal of the collateral and registration of security.

Retail portfolios are managed as pools of homogeneous risk exposures, using external credit bureau scores and/or other behavioural assessments to group exposures according to similar credit risk profiles. These pools are established through statistical techniques. Characteristics used to group individual exposures vary by asset category; as a result, the number of pools, their size, and the statistical techniques applied to their management differ accordingly.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     53  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

The following table maps the PD bands to various risk levels:

 

Risk level    PD bands  

Exceptionally low

     0.01% – 0.20%  

Very low

     0.21% – 0.50%  

Low

     0.51% – 2.00%  

Medium

     2.01% – 10.00%  

High

     10.01% – 99.99%  

Default

     100%  

For the purposes of the AIRB approach for retail portfolios, additional PD, LGD and EAD segmentation into homogenous risk exposures is established through statistical techniques. The principal statistical estimation technique is decision trees benchmarked against alternative techniques such as regression and random forests.

Within real estate secured lending, we have two key parameter estimation models: mortgages and real estate secured personal lines of credit. Within qualifying revolving retail, we have three key parameter estimation models: credit cards, overdraft, and unsecured personal lines. A small percentage of credit cards, overdraft, and unsecured line accounts that do not satisfy the requirements for qualifying revolving retail are grouped into other retail parameter models. Within other retail, we have three key parameter models: margin lending, personal loans, and scored small business loans. Each parameter model pools accounts according to characteristics such as: delinquency, current credit bureau score, internal behaviour score, estimated current LTV ratio, account type, account age, utilization, outstanding balance, or authorized limit.

PD is estimated as the average default rate over an extended period based on internal historical data, generally for a 5 to 10 year period, which is adjusted using internal historical data on default rates over a longer period or comparable external data that includes a period of stress. A regulatory floor is applied to our PD estimate for all retail exposures with the exception of insured mortgages and government-guaranteed loans.

LGD is estimated based on observed recovery rates over an extended period using internal historical data. In determining our LGD estimate, we exclude any accounts that have not had enough time since default for the substantial majority of expected recovery to occur. This recovery period is product-specific and is typically in the range of 1 to 3 years. Accounts that cure from default and return to good standing are considered to have zero loss. We simulate the loss rate in a significant downturn based on the relationship(s) between LGD and one or more of the following: PD; housing prices, cure rate, and recovery time; or observed LGD in periods with above-average loss rates. We apply appropriate adjustments to address various types of estimation uncertainty including sampling error and trending. A regulatory floor is applied to all real estate secured exposures with the exception of insured mortgages.

EAD for revolving products is estimated as a percentage of the authorized credit limit based on the observed EAD rates over an extended period using historical data. We simulate the EAD rate in a significant downturn based on the relationship(s) between the EAD rate and PD and/or the observed EAD rate in periods with above-average EAD rates. For term loan products, EAD is set equal to the outstanding balance.

We apply appropriate adjustments to PD, LGD and EAD to address various types of estimation uncertainty including sampling error and trending.

Back-testing

We monitor the three key risk parameters – PD, EAD and LGD – on a quarterly basis for our business and government portfolios and on a monthly basis for our retail portfolios. Every quarter, the back-testing results are reported to OSFI and are presented to the business and Risk Management senior management for review and challenge. For each parameter, we identify any portfolios whose realized values are significantly above or significantly below expectations and then test to see if this deviation is explainable by changes in the economy. If the results indicate that a parameter model may be losing its predictive power, we prioritize that model for review and update.

Stress testing

As part of our regular credit portfolio management process, we conduct stress testing and scenario analyses on our portfolio to quantitatively assess the impact of various historical, as well as hypothetical, stressed conditions, versus limits determined in accordance with our risk appetite. Scenarios are selected to test our exposures to specific industries (e.g., oil and gas and real estate), products (e.g., mortgages and cards), or geographic regions (e.g., Europe and Caribbean). Results from stress testing are a key input into management decision making, including the determination of limits and strategies for managing our credit exposure. See the “Real estate secured personal lending” section for further discussion on our residential mortgage portfolio stress testing.

 

54   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Exposure to credit risk

The portfolios are categorized based upon how we manage the business and the associated risks. Gross credit exposure amounts presented in the table below represent our estimate of exposure at default which is net of derivative master netting agreements and CVA but is before allowance for credit losses or credit risk mitigation. Gross credit exposure amounts relating to our business and government portfolios are reduced for collateral held for repo-style transactions, which reflects the exposure at default value of such collateral. Non-trading equity exposures are not included in the table below as they have been deemed immaterial under the OSFI guidelines, and hence are subject to 100% risk-weighting.

 

$ millions, as at October 31                      2018                        2017  
       AIRB
approach
 (1)
     Standardized
approach
     Total      AIRB
approach  (1)
     Standardized
approach
     Total  

Business and government portfolios

                 

Corporate

                 

Drawn

   $ 85,899      $ 27,018    $ 112,917    $ 78,312      $ 23,390    $ 101,702

Undrawn commitments

     43,180        4,885      48,065      39,078        4,085      43,163

Repo-style transactions

     91,970        2      91,972      76,899        39      76,938

Other off-balance sheet

     14,496        827      15,323      13,484        697      14,181

OTC derivatives

     9,440        35      9,475      8,990        64      9,054
       244,985        32,767      277,752      216,763        28,275      245,038

Sovereign

                 

Drawn

     51,703        12,047      63,750      41,439        11,827      53,266

Undrawn commitments

     6,576               6,576      5,642             5,642

Repo-style transactions

     16,929               16,929      14,374             14,374

Other off-balance sheet

     753               753      533             533

OTC derivatives

     3,454               3,454      2,660             2,660
       79,415        12,047      91,462      64,648        11,827      76,475

Banks

                 

Drawn

     13,697        1,868      15,565      10,422        2,021      12,443

Undrawn commitments

     1,041        5      1,046      840        8      848

Repo-style transactions

     28,860               28,860      21,469             21,469

Other off-balance sheet

     65,253               65,253      64,176             64,176

OTC derivatives

     8,727        286      9,013      7,527        232      7,759
       117,578        2,159      119,737      104,434        2,261      106,695

Gross business and government portfolios

     441,978        46,973      488,951      385,845        42,363      428,208

Less: collateral held for repo-style transactions

     125,368               125,368      101,315             101,315

Net business and government portfolios

     316,610        46,973      363,583      284,530        42,363      326,893

Retail portfolios

                 

Real estate secured personal lending

                 

Drawn

     224,501        3,743      228,244      223,291        3,423      226,714

Undrawn commitments

     19,572        2      19,574      18,922        3      18,925
       244,073        3,745      247,818      242,213        3,426      245,639

Qualifying revolving retail

                 

Drawn

     22,469               22,469      21,982             21,982

Undrawn commitments

     51,836               51,836      49,140             49,140

Other off-balance sheet

     277               277      293             293
       74,582               74,582      71,415             71,415

Other retail

                 

Drawn

     12,158        1,239      13,397      10,755        1,158      11,913

Undrawn commitments

     2,546        26      2,572      2,396        28      2,424

Other off-balance sheet

     9               9      37             37
       14,713        1,265      15,978      13,188        1,186      14,374

Total retail portfolios

     333,368        5,010      338,378      326,816        4,612      331,428

Securitization exposures (2)

     13,661               13,661      14,174             14,174

Gross credit exposure

     789,007        51,983      840,990      726,835        46,975      773,810

Less: collateral held for repo-style transactions

     125,368               125,368      101,315             101,315

Net credit exposure (3)

   $     663,639      $     51,983    $     715,622    $     625,520      $     46,975    $     672,495

 

  (1)

Includes exposures subject to the supervisory slotting approach.

 
  (2)

Under IRB approach.

 
  (3)

Excludes exposures arising from derivative and repo-style transactions which are cleared through QCCPs as well as credit risk exposures arising from other assets that are subject to the credit risk framework but are not included in the standardized or IRB frameworks, including other balance sheet assets which are risk-weighted at 100%, significant investments in the capital of non-financial institutions which are risk-weighted at 1250%, settlement risk, and amounts below the thresholds for deduction which are risk-weighted at 250%.

 

Net credit exposure increased by $43.1 billion in 2018, primarily due to business growth in our North American lending portfolios.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     55  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Exposures subject to the standardized approach

Exposures within CIBC Bank USA, CIBC FirstCaribbean and certain exposures to individuals for non-business purposes do not have sufficient historical data to support the AIRB approach for credit risk, and are subject to the standardized approach. The standardized approach utilizes a set of risk weightings defined by the regulators, as opposed to the more data intensive AIRB approach. A detailed breakdown of our standardized credit risk exposures by risk-weight category, before considering the effect of credit risk mitigation strategies and before allowance for credit losses, is provided below.

 

$ millions, as at October 31    Risk-weight category      2018     2017  
       0%      20%      35%      50%      75%      100%      150%      Total     Total  

Corporate

   $    $    $    $    $    $ 32,653    $ 114    $ 32,767   $ 28,275

Sovereign

     6,454      4,314           107           711      461      12,047     11,827

Banks

          1,729           101           320      9      2,159     2,261

Real estate secured personal lending

                         3,552      185      8      3,745     3,426

Other retail

                         1,193      65      7      1,265     1,186
     $     6,454    $     6,043    $     –    $     208    $     4,745    $     33,934    $     599    $     51,983   $     46,975

We use credit ratings from S&P and Moody’s to calculate credit risk RWAs for certain exposures under the standardized approach, including securities issued by sovereigns and their central banks (sovereigns), banks and corporates, and deposits with sovereigns and banks. This includes S&P and Moody’s issuer-specific credit ratings for securities issued by sovereigns and corporates, the S&P country credit rating for the country of incorporation for securities issued by banks, and deposits with banks, and the S&P country credit rating for deposits with central banks. The RWAs calculated using credit ratings from these agencies represents 1.9% of credit risk RWAs under the standardized approach.

 

Trading credit exposures

We have trading credit exposure (also called counterparty credit exposure) that arises from our OTC derivatives and our repo-style transactions. The nature of our derivatives exposure and how it is mitigated is further explained in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements. Our repo-style transactions consist of our securities bought or sold under repurchase agreements, and our securities borrowing and lending activity.

The PD of our counterparties is estimated using models consistent with the models used for our direct lending activity. Due to the fluctuations in the market values of interest rates, exchange rates, and equity and commodity prices, counterparty credit exposure cannot be quantified with certainty at the inception of the trade. Counterparty credit exposure is estimated using the current fair value of the exposure, plus an estimate of the maximum potential future exposure due to changes in the fair value. Credit risk associated with these counterparties is managed within the same process as our lending business, and for the purposes of credit adjudication, the exposure is aggregated with any exposure arising from our lending business. The majority of our counterparty credit exposure benefits from the credit risk mitigation techniques discussed above, including daily re-margining, and posting of collateral.

We are also exposed to wrong-way risk. Specific wrong-way risk arises when CIBC receives financial collateral issued (or an underlying reference obligation of a transaction is issued) by the counterparty itself, or by a related entity that would be considered to be part of the same common risk group. General wrong-way risk arises when the exposure and/or collateral pledged to CIBC is highly correlated to that of the counterparty. Exposure to wrong-way risk with derivative counterparties is monitored by Capital Markets Risk Management. Where we may be exposed to wrong-way risk, our adjudication procedures subject those transactions to a more rigorous approval process. The exposure may be hedged with other derivatives to further mitigate the risk that can arise from these transactions.

We establish a CVA for expected future credit losses from each of our derivative counterparties. The expected future credit loss is a function of our estimates of the PD, the estimated loss in the event of default, and other factors such as risk mitigants.

Rating profile of OTC derivative mark-to-market (MTM) receivables

 

$ billions, as at October 31             2018               2017  
     Exposure (1)  

Investment grade

   $ 6.78        87.3  %     $ 7.19      84.1  % 

Non-investment grade

     0.97      12.5      1.33      15.6

Watch list

     0.01      0.1      0.02      0.2

Default

     0.01      0.1      0.01      0.1
     $     7.77        100.0  %     $     8.55      100.0  % 

 

  (1)

MTM of the OTC derivative contracts is after the impact of master netting agreements, but before any collateral.

 

Concentration of exposures

Concentration of credit risk exists when a number of obligors are engaged in similar activities, or operate in the same geographic areas or industry sectors, and have similar economic characteristics so that their ability to meet contractual obligations is similarly affected by changes in economic, political, or other conditions.

Geographic distribution

The following table provides a geographic distribution of our business and government exposures under the AIRB approach, net of collateral held for repo-style transactions.

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018    Canada      U.S.      Europe      Other      Total  

Drawn

   $ 100,788    $ 35,190    $ 6,278    $ 9,043    $ 151,299  

Undrawn commitments

     37,989      8,992      2,272      1,544      50,797  

Repo-style transactions

     7,364      2,961      1,014      1,052      12,391  

Other off-balance sheet

     57,217      14,570      8,175      540      80,502  

OTC derivatives

     10,484      6,198      3,516      1,423      21,621  
     $ 213,842    $ 67,911    $ 21,255    $ 13,602    $ 316,610  

October 31, 2017

   $     183,627    $     70,580    $     17,057    $     13,266    $     284,530

 

56   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Business and government exposure by industry groups

The following table provides an industry-wide breakdown of our business and government exposures under the AIRB approach, net of collateral held for repo-style transactions.

 

$ millions, as at October 31    Drawn      Undrawn
commitments
     Repo-style
transactions
     Other off-
balance sheet
     OTC
derivatives
    

2018

Total

    

2017

Total

 

Commercial mortgages

   $ 621    $ 4    $    $    $      $ 625    $ 1,065

Financial institutions

     39,080      5,664      11,232      72,587      13,868        142,431      129,106

Retail and wholesale

     5,253      2,765           277      65        8,360      7,532

Business services

     7,158      2,719      35      670      76        10,658      9,769

Manufacturing – capital goods

     2,680      2,085           532      110        5,407      4,694

Manufacturing – consumer goods

     3,341      1,644           222      31        5,238      4,909

Real estate and construction

     32,216      7,518      113      1,108      73        41,028      36,067

Agriculture

     5,803      1,447           23      46        7,319      6,936

Oil and gas

     7,909      8,470           1,002      2,877        20,258      18,104

Mining

     1,593      3,275           720      80        5,668      5,253

Forest products

     448      522           159      16        1,145      1,083

Hardware and software

     878      429           39      7        1,353      1,420

Telecommunications and cable

     1,145      952           434      136        2,667      2,850

Broadcasting, publishing and printing

     604      111                6        721      504

Transportation

     3,767      2,362           384      570        7,083      6,729

Utilities

     4,226      5,408           1,963      498        12,095      12,062

Education, health, and social services

     2,627      981      21      122      132        3,883      3,921

Governments

     31,950      4,441      990      260      3,030        40,671      32,526
     $     151,299    $     50,797    $     12,391    $     80,502    $     21,621      $     316,610    $     284,530

As part of our risk mitigation strategy, we may use credit protection purchases as a hedge against customer or industry sector concentration. As at October 31, 2018, we had credit protection purchased totalling $158 million (2017: $155 million) related to our business and government loans.

Credit quality of portfolios

Credit quality of risk-rated portfolios

The following table provides the credit quality of our risk-rated portfolios under the AIRB approach, net of collateral held for repo-style transactions.

The obligor grade is our assessment of the creditworthiness of the obligor, without respect to the collateral held in support of the exposure. The LGD estimate would reflect our assessment of the value of the collateral at the time of default of the obligor. For slotted exposures, the slotting category reflects our assessment of both the creditworthiness of the obligor, as well as the value of the collateral.

 

$ millions, as at October 31                               2018      2017  
     EAD                
Obligor grade    Corporate      Sovereign      Banks      Total      Total  

Investment grade

   $ 94,312    $ 63,120    $ 91,599    $ 249,031    $     225,722

Non-investment grade

     64,279      556      1,138      65,973      56,226

Watch list

     724                724      1,173

Default

     257                257      344

Total risk-rated exposure

   $ 159,572    $ 63,676    $ 92,737    $ 315,985    $ 283,465
LGD estimate   

Corporate

    

Sovereign

    

Banks

    

Total

     Total  

Less than 10%

   $ 10,616    $ 53,664    $ 64,709    $ 128,989    $ 111,751

10% – 25%

     47,656      5,757      9,950      63,363      54,440

26% – 45%

     76,027      4,090      17,377      97,494      87,679

46% – 65%

     24,209      106      454      24,769      28,310

66% – 100%

     1,064      59      247      1,370      1,285
     $     159,572    $     63,676    $     92,737    $     315,985    $ 283,465

Strong

              499      899

Good

              99      131

Satisfactory

              25      30

Weak

              1     

Default

                                1      5

Total slotted exposure

                              $ 625    $ 1,065

Total business and government portfolios

                              $ 316,610    $ 284,530

The total exposures increased by $32.1 billion from October 31, 2017, largely attributable to growth in our North American lending portfolios. The investment grade category increased by $23.3 billion from October 31, 2017, while the non-investment grade category was up $9.7 billion. The decrease in watch list and default exposures was largely attributable to an improvement in the corporate lending portfolios, including the oil and gas portfolio.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     57  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Credit quality of the retail portfolios

The following table presents the credit quality of our retail portfolios under the AIRB approach.

 

$ millions, as at October 31                               2018      2017  
     EAD                
Risk level    Real estate secured
personal lending
     Qualifying
revolving retail
    

Other

retail

     Total      Total  

Exceptionally low

   $ 195,324      $ 41,331      $ 4,650      $ 241,305      $ 234,716  

Very low

     25,887      9,063      1,156      36,106      36,506

Low

     18,926      14,649      5,112      38,687      38,351

Medium

     3,129      8,250      2,984      14,363      14,436

High

     521      1,245      743      2,509      2,466

Default

     286      44      68      398      341
     $     244,073      $     74,582      $     14,713      $     333,368      $     326,816

Securitization exposures

The following table provides details on securitization exposures in our banking book, by credit ratings, under the IRB approach.

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  
S&P rating equivalent    EAD (1)  

AAA to BBB-

   $ 11,394      $ 11,196

BB+ to BB-

         

Below BB-

          13

Unrated

     2,261      2,960
     $     13,655      $     14,169

 

  (1)

EAD under IRB approach is net of financial collateral of $6 million (2017: $5 million).

 

Real estate secured personal lending

Real estate secured personal lending comprises residential mortgages, and personal loans and lines secured by residential property (HELOC). This portfolio is low risk, as we have a first charge on the majority of the properties and a second lien on only a small portion of the portfolio. We use the same lending criteria in the adjudication of both first lien and second lien loans.

Under the Bank Act (Canada), banks are limited to providing residential real estate loans of no more than 80% of the collateral value. An exception is made for mortgage loans with a higher LTV ratio if they are insured by either CMHC or a private mortgage insurer. Mortgage insurance protects banks from the risk of default by the borrower, over the term of the coverage. Mortgage insurers are subject to regulatory capital requirements, which aim to ensure that they are well capitalized. If a private mortgage insurer becomes insolvent, the Government of Canada has, provided certain conditions are met, obligations in respect of policies underwritten by certain insolvent private mortgage insurers as more fully described in the Protection of Residential Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Act (PRMHIA). There is a possibility that losses could be incurred in respect of insured mortgages if, among other things, CMHC or the applicable private mortgage insurer denies a claim, or further, if a private mortgage insurer becomes insolvent and either the conditions under the PRMHIA are not met or the Government of Canada denies the claim.

The following tables provide details on our residential mortgage and HELOC portfolios:

 

    Residential mortgages            HELOC (1)            Total  
$ billions, as at October 31, 2018   Insured     Uninsured              Uninsured              Insured     Uninsured  

Ontario (2)

  $ 34.7      34  %    $ 68.5      66  %       $ 11.7      100  %       $ 34.7      30  %    $ 80.2      70  % 

British Columbia and territories (3)

    12.3        29       30.5      71          4.5      100        12.3        26       35.0      74

Alberta

    14.6        57       11.1      43          2.7      100        14.6        51       13.8      49

Quebec

    6.5        44       8.2      56          1.5      100        6.5        40       9.7      60

Central prairie provinces

    4.2        56       3.3      44          0.9      100        4.2        50       4.2      50

Atlantic provinces

    4.7        56       3.7      44                0.8      100              4.7        51       4.5      49

Canadian portfolio (4)(5)

    77.0        38       125.3      62          22.1      100        77.0        34       147.4      66

U.S. portfolio (4)

                 1.2      100          0.1      100                     1.3      100

Other international portfolio (4)

                 2.5      100                                               2.5      100

Total portfolio

  $     77.0        37  %    $     129.0        63  %             $     22.2      100  %             $     77.0        34  %    $     151.2      66  %

October 31, 2017

  $     89.2      44  %    $     115.7      56  %             $     21.8      100  %             $     89.2      39  %    $     137.5      61  % 

 

(1)

We did not have any insured HELOCs as at October 31, 2018 and 2017.

(2)

Includes $17.0 billion (2017: $20.4 billion) of insured residential mortgages, $45.9 billion (2017: $41.5 billion) of uninsured residential mortgages, and $6.9 billion (2017: $6.6 billion) of HELOCs in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).

(3)

Includes $5.6 billion (2017: $6.9 billion) of insured residential mortgages, $22.0 billion (2017: $21.1 billion) of uninsured residential mortgages, and $2.8 billion (2017: $2.7 billion) of HELOCs in the Greater Vancouver Area (GVA).

(4)

Geographic location is based on the address of the property.

(5)

73% (2017: 74%) of insurance on Canadian residential mortgages is provided by CMHC and the remaining by two private Canadian insurers, both rated at least AA (low) by DBRS.

 

 

58   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

The average LTV ratios (1) for our uninsured residential mortgages and HELOCs originated during the year are provided in the following table. We did not acquire uninsured residential mortgages or HELOCs from a third party for the years presented in the table below.

 

For the year ended October 31            2018              2017  
      

Residential

mortgages

   

HELOC

   

Residential

mortgages

    

HELOC

 

Ontario (2)

     63  %      67  %      64  %       67  % 

British Columbia and territories (3)

     60     63     60      64

Alberta

     68     72     68      72

Quebec

     68     72     68      72

Central prairie provinces

     69     73     69      73

Atlantic provinces

     72     74     72      73

Canadian portfolio (4)

     64  %      67  %      64  %       67  % 

U.S. portfolio (4)

     68     67     71      69

Other international portfolio (4)

     73  %      n/m       73  %       n/m  

 

(1)

LTV ratios for newly originated residential mortgages and HELOCs are calculated based on weighted average.

(2)

Average LTV ratios for our uninsured GTA residential mortgages originated during the year were 61% (2017: 62%).

(3)

Average LTV ratios for our uninsured GVA residential mortgages originated during the year were 56% (2017: 58%).

(4)

Geographic location is based on the address of the property.

 

n/m

Not meaningful.

The following table provides the average LTV ratios on our total Canadian residential mortgage portfolio:

 

       Insured     Uninsured  

October 31, 2018 (1)(2)

     54  %      53  % 

October 31, 2017 (1)(2)

     54  %      53  % 

 

(1)

LTV ratios for residential mortgages are calculated based on weighted average. The house price estimates for October 31, 2018 and 2017 are based on the Forward Sortation Area (FSA) level indices from the Teranet – National Bank National Composite House Price Index (Teranet) as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Teranet is an independent estimate of the rate of change in Canadian home prices.

(2)

Average LTV ratio on our uninsured GTA residential mortgage portfolio was 51% (2017: 49%). Average LTV ratio on our uninsured GVA residential mortgage portfolio was 43% (2017: 43%).

The tables below summarize the remaining amortization profile of our total Canadian, U.S. and other international residential mortgages. The first table provides the remaining amortization periods based on the minimum contractual payment amounts. The second table provides the remaining amortization periods based upon current customer payment amounts, which incorporate payments other than the minimum contractual amount and/or a different frequency of payments.

Contractual payment basis

 

      

Less than

5 years

    

5 – 10

years

    

10 – 15

years

    

15 – 20

years

    

20 – 25

years

    

25 – 30

years

    

30 – 35

years

    

35 years

and above

 

Canadian portfolio

                       

October 31, 2018

      %       1  %       2  %       4  %       44  %       48  %       1  %        % 

October 31, 2017

      %       1  %       2  %       5  %       37  %       53  %       2  %        % 

U.S. portfolio

                       

October 31, 2018

     1  %       1  %       4  %       2  %       10  %       80  %       2  %        % 

October 31, 2017 (1)

      %       2  %       6  %       2  %       9  %       79  %       2  %        % 

Other international portfolio

                       

October 31, 2018

     8  %       16  %       26  %       22  %       17  %       11  %        %        % 

October 31, 2017

     8  %       15  %       26  %       23  %       17  %       10  %       1  %        % 

 

(1)

Certain information has been restated.

Current customer payment basis

 

      

Less than

5 years

    

5 – 10

years

    

10 – 15

years

    

15 – 20

years

    

20 – 25

years

    

25 – 30

years

    

30 – 35

years

    

35 years

and above

 

Canadian portfolio

                       

October 31, 2018

     2  %       4  %       6  %       11  %       36  %       33  %       5  %       3  % 

October 31, 2017

     2  %       4  %       7  %       11  %       35  %       36  %       5  %        % 

U.S. portfolio

                       

October 31, 2018

     2  %       4  %       13  %       12  %       13  %       53  %       2  %       1  % 

October 31, 2017 (1)

      %       4  %       13  %       12  %       12  %       57  %       1  %       1  % 

Other international portfolio

                       

October 31, 2018

     7  %       16  %       25  %       22  %       17  %       11  %       1  %       1  % 

October 31, 2017

     8  %       15  %       26  %       23  %       17  %       9  %       1  %       1  % 

 

(1)

Certain information has been restated.

In April 2017, the Government of Ontario introduced a number of housing-related regulations, including a 15% foreign buyers’ tax in the GTA and surrounding regions. In February 2018, the Government of British Columbia raised the property transfer tax on the purchase of real estate in the GVA and surrounding regions for foreign buyers to 20%.

On January 1, 2018, new OSFI B-20 guidelines became effective and included changes to qualifying interest rates for uninsured mortgages, more prescriptive guidance around the definitions of non-conforming loans, and enhancements to adjudication procedures.

Reflective of the government and regulatory measures noted above, in addition to changes in consumer behaviour, we expect our insured mortgage mix as a proportion of total mortgages to continue to decrease. We also anticipate that the changes in rules may make it more difficult for certain Canadians to qualify for mortgages, which could result in fewer and/or smaller originations going forward.

CIBC will continue to closely monitor government actions which impact the Canadian housing market and the performance of our Canadian credit portfolios, and will take risk mitigation action as required.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     59  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

We have two types of condominium exposures in Canada: mortgages and developer loans. Both are primarily concentrated in the Toronto and Vancouver areas. As at October 31, 2018, our Canadian condominium mortgages were $24.1 billion (2017: $23.8 billion), of which 38% (2017: 44%) were insured. Our drawn developer loans were $1.6 billion (2017: $0.9 billion), or 1.3% (2017: 0.9%) of our business and government portfolio, and our related undrawn exposure was $3.0 billion (2017: $2.4 billion). The condominium developer exposure is diversified across 103 projects.

We stress test our mortgage and HELOC portfolio to determine the potential impact of different economic events. Our stress tests can use variables such as unemployment rates, debt service ratios and housing price changes, to model potential outcomes for a given set of circumstances. The stress testing involves variables that could behave differently in certain situations. Our main tests use economic variables in a similar range to historical events when Canada experienced economic downturns. Our results show that in an economic downturn, our strong capital position should be sufficient to absorb mortgage and HELOC losses.

 

Credit quality performance

As at October 31, 2018, total loans and acceptances after allowance for credit losses were $381.7 billion (2017: $365.6 billion). Consumer loans (comprising residential mortgages, credit cards, and personal loans, including student loans) constitute 69% (2017: 71%) of the portfolio, and business and government loans (including acceptances) constitute the remainder of the portfolio.

Consumer loans were up by $2.9 billion or 1% from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in personal loans of $2.1 billion. Business and government loans (including acceptances) were up $13.2 billion or 12% from the prior year, mainly attributable to the financial institutions, and real estate and construction sectors.

Impaired loans

The following table provides details of our impaired loans and allowances for credit losses:

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31                     2018                       2017  
       Business and
government
loans
    Consumer
loans
     Total     Business and
government
loans
     Consumer
loans
     Total  

Gross impaired loans

               

Balance at beginning of year under IAS 39

   $ 626   $ 684    $ 1,310     $      951    $        707    $     1,658

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

     27     195      222       n/a        n/a        n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

     653     879      1,532       n/a        n/a        n/a  

Classified as impaired during the year

     559         1,907      2,466       346          1,368      1,714

Transferred to performing during the year

     (110     (463      (573     (42      (157      (199

Net repayments

     (190     (532      (722     (406      (310      (716

Amounts written off

     (116     (934      (1,050     (131      (926      (1,057

Recoveries of loans and advances previously written off

     -                         

Disposals of loans (1)

     (182          (182     (169           (169

Purchased credit-impaired loans

                    93      12      105

Foreign exchange and other

     7     2      9       (16      (10      (26

Balance at end of year

   $ 621   $ 859    $ 1,480     $ 626    $ 684    $      1,310

Allowance for credit losses – impaired loans (2)

               

Balance at beginning of year under IAS 39

   $     191   $ 286    $ 477     $ 259    $ 313    $ 572

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

     13     (25      (12     n/a        n/a        n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

     204     261      465       n/a        n/a        n/a  

Amounts written off

     (116     (934      (1,050     (131      (926      (1,057

Recoveries of amounts written off in previous years

     12     178      190       20      173      193

Charge to income statement

          188     764      952       78      751      829

Interest accrued on impaired loans

     (10     (13      (23     (18      (8      (26

Disposals of loans (1)

     (48          (48              

Transfers

                             

Foreign exchange and other

         (4      (4     (17      (17      (34

Balance at end of year

   $ 230   $ 252    $ 482     $ 191    $ 286    $ 477

Net impaired loans (3)

               

Balance at beginning of year under IAS 39

   $ 435   $ 398    $ 833     $ 692    $ 394    $ 1,086

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

     14     220      234       n/a        n/a        n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

     449     618      1,067       n/a        n/a        n/a  

Net change in gross impaired

     (32     (20      (52     (325      (23      (348

Net change in allowance

     (26     9      (17     68      27      95

Balance at end of year

   $ 391   $ 607    $ 998     $ 435    $ 398    $ 833

Net impaired loans as a percentage of net loans and acceptances

                      0.26  %                        0.23  % 

 

(1)

Includes loans with a par value of $116 million and ECL of $48 million that were derecognized as a result of a debt restructuring agreement completed with the Government of Barbados on October 31, 2018. See the “Exposure to certain countries and regions” section for additional information.

(2)

Effective November 1, 2017, all loans that are contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically classified as impaired and as stage 3 under IFRS 9, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was generally the same under IAS 39, except (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 365 days in arrears, and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

(3)

Effective November 1, 2017, net impaired loans are gross impaired loans net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses. In prior periods, net impaired loans was calculated by deducting the individual allowance and the portion of the collective allowance relating to impaired loans, which were generally loans that were past 90 days in arrears, from gross impaired loans.

n/a

Not applicable.

Gross impaired loans

As at October 31, 2018, gross impaired loans were $1,480 million, up $170 million from the prior year, primarily due to our adoption of IFRS 9, and increases in the financial institutions and retail sectors, partially offset by repayments in the oil and gas sector, write-offs in the U.S. real estate and construction sector, and reductions in residential mortgages relating to CIBC FirstCaribbean.

52% of gross impaired loans related to Canada, of which the residential mortgages and personal lending portfolios accounted for the majority.

 

60   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

25% of gross impaired loans related to CIBC FirstCaribbean, of which the residential mortgages, personal lending, and real estate and construction sectors accounted for the majority.

The remaining gross impaired loans related to the U.S., of which the real estate and construction, education, health and social services, financial institutions, and oil and gas sectors accounted for the majority.

See the “Supplementary annual financial information” section for additional details on the geographic distribution and industry classification of impaired loans.

Allowance for credit losses – impaired loans

Allowance for credit losses on impaired loans was $482 million, which is comparable with the prior year.

Increases in allowance arose from the Canadian residential mortgage portfolio primarily as a result of our adoption of IFRS 9, as well as from the financial institutions, business services, and education, health and social services sectors. These increases were largely offset by reductions in allowance related to the Canadian personal lending portfolio as a result of our adoption of IFRS 9, and write-offs in residential mortgages relating to CIBC FirstCaribbean and in the U.S. real estate and construction sector.

Exposure to certain countries and regions

Europe

The following tables provide our exposure to European countries, both within and outside the Eurozone.

Our direct exposures presented in the tables below comprise (A) funded – on-balance sheet loans (stated at amortized cost net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses (2017: individual allowance), if any), deposits with banks (stated at amortized cost net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses (2017: individual allowance), if any) and securities (stated at carrying value); (B) unfunded – unutilized credit commitments, letters of credit, and guarantees (stated at notional amount net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses (2017: individual allowance), if any); and (C) derivative MTM receivables (stated at fair value) and repo-style transactions (stated at fair value).

Of our total direct exposures to Europe, approximately 46% (2017: 39%) is to entities in countries with Aaa/AAA ratings from at least one of Moody’s or S&P.

The following table provides a summary of our positions in this business:

 

       Direct exposures  
     Funded             Unfunded  

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018

  

Corporate

    

Sovereign

    

Banks

    

Total funded

(A)

             

Corporate

    

Banks

    

Total unfunded

(B)

 

Austria

   $    $ 349    $ 79    $ 428       $    $ 1    $ 1

Belgium

     6           3      9                  

Finland

          1      13      14         61           61

France

     195      24      85      304         132      14      146

Germany

     181      1,010      698      1,889         166      36      202

Ireland

     49           174      223         15      13      28

Italy

               1      1                  

Latvia

                                     

Luxembourg

     7           1,080      1,087         7      37      44

Netherlands

     284      398      372      1,054         93      55      148

Spain

     4           13      17                    17      17

Total Eurozone

   $ 726    $ 1,782    $ 2,518    $ 5,026             $ 474    $ 173    $ 647

Czech Republic

   $    $    $ 7    $ 7       $    $    $

Denmark

     8           28      36              47      47

Guernsey

                                         

Norway

          71      246      317         613           613

Poland

               3      3                  

Sweden

     2      421      165      588         78           78

Switzerland

     277           47      324         35           35

Turkey

               55      55              1      1

United Kingdom

     808      412      580      1,800               3,272      261      3,533

Total non-Eurozone

   $ 1,095    $ 904    $ 1,131    $ 3,130               $ 3,998    $ 309    $ 4,307

Total Europe

   $ 1,821    $ 2,686    $ 3,649      $ 8,156               $ 4,472    $ 482    $ 4,954

October 31, 2017

   $     1,649    $     2,025    $     1,348    $     5,022             $     3,885    $     367    $     4,252

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     61  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

       Direct exposures (continued)  
     Derivative MTM receivables and repo-style transactions               
$ millions, as at October 31, 2018    Corporate      Sovereign      Banks      Gross
exposure  (1)
     Collateral
held  (2)
     Net exposure
(C)
             Total direct
exposure
(A)+(B)+(C)
 

Austria

   $    $ 5    $    $ 5      $      $ 5      $ 434

Belgium

               6      6        5        1        10

Finland

     1           30      31        27        4        79

France

     33           2,406      2,439        2,404        35        485

Germany

     7           672      679        641        38        2,129

Ireland

               3,233      3,233        3,180        53        304

Italy

               2        2        1        1        2

Latvia

            2             2               2          2  

Luxembourg

               119      119        80        39        1,170

Netherlands

     40           79      119        76        43        1,245

Spain

               44      44        35        9              43

Total Eurozone

   $ 81    $ 7    $ 6,591    $ 6,679      $ 6,449      $ 230            $ 5,903  

Czech Republic

   $    $ 1,252    $    $ 1,252      $ 1,193      $ 59      $ 66

Denmark

               8      8        7        1        84

Guernsey

               1      1        1              

Norway

                                         930

Poland

                                         3

Sweden

     7           59      66        58        8        674

Switzerland

     3           4,572      4,575        4,328        247        606

Turkey

                                         56

United Kingdom

     595      309      9,531      10,435        9,234        1,201              6,534

Total non-Eurozone

   $ 605    $ 1,561    $ 14,171    $ 16,337      $ 14,821      $ 1,516            $ 8,953  

Total Europe

   $ 686    $ 1,568    $ 20,762    $ 23,016      $ 21,270      $ 1,746            $ 14,856

October 31, 2017

   $     714    $     1,954    $     14,403    $     17,071      $     15,905      $     1,166            $     10,440

 

(1)

The amounts shown are net of CVA.

(2)

Collateral on derivative MTM receivables was $0.8 billion (2017: $1.0 billion), collateral on repo-style transactions was $20.5 billion (2017: $14.9 billion), and both are composed of cash and investment grade debt securities.

In previous years, in addition to the European exposure identified above, we had indirect exposure which comprised the European portion of the exposure to an asset-backed security in our trading book. This exposure in the current year is nil (2017: $1 million). Our gross exposure before subordination was stated at carrying value.

We also have $465 million (2017: $181 million) of indirect exposure to European entities, as we hold debt or equity securities issued by European entities as collateral for our securities lending and borrowing activity, from counterparties that are not in Europe.

Barbados

On June 1, 2018, the newly elected Barbados government announced its intention to restructure its public debt and that debt payments to foreign creditors would be suspended and payments to domestic creditors would be made on a best-efforts basis while the government finalized a comprehensive economic reform plan. Pursuant to a comprehensive debt restructuring agreement between the domestic creditors and the Government of Barbados, on October 31, 2018 we exchanged (i) securities measured at FVOCI with a par value of $467 million and expected credit losses of $99 million; and (ii) loans measured at amortized cost with a par value of $116 million and expected credit losses of $48 million; for (i) longer-dated securities with a par value of $522 million measured as originated credit-impaired amortized cost securities at an initial carrying value equal to the estimated fair value of $375 million with no initial allowance for expected credit losses as risk of future losses was reflected in the acquisition date discount; and (ii) shorter-dated securities measured as stage 1 amortized cost securities with a par and carrying value of $61 million, with expected credit losses of $1 million.

The comprehensive debt restructuring agreement excluded U.S. dollar denominated loans and securities with a net carrying value of approximately $56 million, of which $31 million were classified as impaired and $25 million were classified as performing.

The expected credit losses and estimated fair values for these exposures are subject to significant management judgment.

Our performing loans and deposits in Barbados were $1.0 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, as at October 31, 2018.

 

62   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Selected exposures in certain activities

In response to the recommendations of the Financial Stability Board, this section provides information on a selected activity within our continuing and exited businesses that may be of particular interest to investors based on their risk characteristics and the current market environment.

U.S. real estate lending

In our U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU, we operate a full-service real estate platform which offers credit to mid-market clients. Once construction is complete, and the property is income producing, we may occasionally offer fixed-rate financing within a permanent financing program (typically with average terms of up to 10 years). This portfolio of permanent financing exposures, which is a small subset of our total U.S. real estate lending portfolio, serves as a warehouse for inclusion in future commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) programs. We retain no exposure to those CMBS programs. As at October 31, 2018, the portfolio of permanent financing exposures was $41 million (2017: $95 million).

Settlement risk

Settlement risk is the risk that during an agreed concurrent exchange of currency or principal payments, the counterparty will fail to make its payment to CIBC. This risk can arise in general trading activities and from payment and settlement system participation.

Many global settlement systems offer significant risk reduction benefits through complex risk mitigation frameworks. Bilateral payment netting agreements may be put in place to mitigate risk by reducing the aggregate settlement amount between counterparties. Further, we participate in several North American payment and settlement systems, including a global foreign exchange multilateral netting system. We also use financial intermediaries to access some payment and settlement systems, and for certain trades, we may utilize an established clearing house to minimize settlement risk.

Transactions settled outside of payment and settlement systems or clearing houses require approval of credit facilities for counterparties, either as pre-approved settlement risk limits or payment-versus-payment arrangements.

Securitization activities

We engage in three types of securitization activities: we securitize assets that we originate, we securitize assets originated by third parties and we engage in trading activities related to securitized products.

We securitize assets that we originate principally as a funding mechanism. The credit risk on the underlying assets in these transactions is transferred to the structured entity, with CIBC retaining first loss exposure and other investors exposed to the remaining credit risk.

Securitization activities relating to assets originated by third parties can include the securitization of those assets through ABCP conduits (or similar programs) that we sponsor (includes both consolidated and non-consolidated structured entities; see the “Off-balance sheet arrangements” section and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for additional details), or through direct exposure to a client-sponsored special purpose vehicle. Risks associated with securitization exposures to client-originated assets are mitigated through the transaction structure, which includes credit enhancements. For these transactions, we retain credit risk on the exposures that we hold and earn interest income on these holdings. For the transactions in the ABCP conduits, we are also exposed to liquidity risk associated with the potential inability to roll over maturing ABCP in the market. We earn fee income for the services that we provide to these ABCP conduits.

We are also involved in the trading of ABS and ABCP to earn income in our role as underwriter and market-maker. We are exposed to credit and market risk on the securities that we hold in inventory on a temporary basis until such securities are sold to an investor.

Capital requirements for exposures arising from securitization activities are determined using the IRB approach. The IRB approach for securitization comprises several calculation approaches: ratings-based, supervisory formula, and internal assessment.

The internal assessment approach (IAA) process relies on internal risk ratings and is utilized for securitization exposures relating to ABCP conduits when external ratings are not available for the securitization exposures but the ABCP itself is externally rated. The internal assessment process involves an evaluation of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, pool characteristics, including asset eligibility criteria and concentration limits, transaction triggers, the asset seller’s risk profile, servicing capabilities, and cash flow stress testing. Cash flows are stress-tested based on historical asset performance using our internal risk rating models by asset type. These models are subject to our model risk mitigation policies and are independently reviewed by the Model Validation team in Risk Management. The stress test factors used to determine the transaction risk profile and required credit enhancement levels are tailored for each asset type and transaction based on the assessment of the factors described above and are done in accordance with our internal risk rating methodologies and guidelines. Internal risk ratings are mapped to equivalent external ratings of external credit assessment institutions (DBRS, Fitch, Moody’s and S&P) and are used to determine the appropriate risk weights for capital purposes. Securitization exposures and underlying asset performance are monitored on an ongoing basis. Risk Management serves as a second line of defence providing independent oversight regarding risk rating assumptions and adjudicating on the assignment of the internal risk ratings. IAA applies to various asset types in our ABCP conduits including, but not limited to, auto loans and leases, consumer loans, credit cards, dealer floorplan receivables, equipment loans and leases, fleet lease receivables, franchise loans, residential mortgages, and trade receivables.

Internal risk ratings determined for securitization exposures are also used in the estimation of expected credit losses as required under IFRS 9, determining economic capital, and for setting risk limits.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     63  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Market risk

 

Market risk is the risk of economic financial loss in our trading and non-trading portfolios from adverse changes in underlying market factors, including interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity market prices, commodity prices, credit spreads, and customer behaviour for retail products. Market risk arises in CIBC’s trading and treasury activities, and encompasses all market-related positioning and market making activity.

The trading book consists of positions in financial instruments and commodities held to meet the near-term needs of our clients.

The non-trading book consists of positions in various currencies that are related to asset/liability management (ALM) and investment activities.

Governance and management

Market risk is managed through the three lines of defence model. Frontline businesses are responsible for managing the market risk associated with their activities – this is the first line of defence.

The second line of defence is Risk Management, which has a dedicated market risk manager for each trading business, supplemented by regional risk managers located in all of our major trading centres, facilitating comprehensive risk coverage, including the measurement, monitoring and control of market risk.

Internal Audit provides the third line of defence, with independent assessment of the design and operating effectiveness of risk management controls, processes and systems.

Senior management reports material risk matters to the GRC and RMC at least quarterly, including material transactions, limit compliance, and portfolio trends.

 

Policies

We have comprehensive policies for the management of market risk. These policies are related to the identification and measurement of various types of market risk, their inclusion in the trading book, and to the establishment of limits within which we monitor, manage and report our overall exposures. Our policies also outline the requirements for the construction of valuation models, model review and validation, independent checking of the valuation of positions, the establishment of valuation adjustments, and alignment with accounting policies including MTM and mark-to-model methodologies.

Market risk limits

We have risk tolerance levels, expressed in terms of statistically based VaR measures, potential stress losses, and notional or other limits as appropriate. We use a multi-tiered approach to set limits on the amounts of risk that we can assume in our trading and non-trading activities, as follows:

   

Board limits control consolidated market risk;

   

Management limits control market risk for CIBC overall and are lower than the Board limits to allow for a buffer in the event of extreme market moves and/or extraordinary client needs;

   

Tier 2 limits control market risk at the business unit level; and

   

Tier 3 limits control market risk at the sub-business unit or desk level. Tier 3 limits are set on VaR and a variety of metrics including stress.

Management limits are established by the CRO, consistent with the risk appetite statement approved by the Board. Tier 2 and Tier 3 limits are approved at levels of management commensurate with risk assumed.

Process and control

Market risk exposures are monitored daily against approved risk limits, and control processes are in place to monitor that only authorized activities are undertaken. We generate daily risk and limit-monitoring reports, based on the previous day’s positions. Summary market risk and limit compliance reports are produced and reviewed periodically with the GRC and RMC.

Risk measurement

We use the following measures for market risk:

   

VaR enables the meaningful comparison of the risks in different businesses and asset classes. VaR is determined by the combined modelling of VaR for each of interest rate, credit spread, equity, foreign exchange, commodity, and debt specific risks, along with the portfolio effect arising from the interrelationship of the different risks (diversification effect):

   

Interest rate risk measures the impact of changes in interest rates and volatilities on cash instruments and derivatives.

   

Credit spread risk measures the impact of changes in credit spreads of provincial, municipal and agency bonds, sovereign bonds, corporate bonds, securitized products, and credit derivatives such as credit default swaps.

   

Equity risk measures the impact of changes in equity prices and volatilities, including implied market corrections.

   

Foreign exchange risk measures the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and volatilities.

   

Commodity risk measures the impact of changes in commodity prices and volatilities, including the basis between related commodities.

   

Debt specific risk measures the impact of changes in the volatility of the yield of a debt instrument as compared with the volatility of the yield of a representative bond index.

   

Diversification effect reflects the risk reduction achieved across various financial instrument types, counterparties, currencies and regions. The extent of diversification benefit depends on the correlation between the assets and risk factors in the portfolio at a particular time.

   

Price sensitivity measures the change in value of a portfolio to a small change in a given underlying parameter, so that component risks may be examined in isolation, and the portfolio rebalanced accordingly to achieve a desired exposure.

   

Stressed VaR enables the meaningful comparison of the risks in different businesses and asset classes under stressful conditions. Changes to rates, prices, volatilities, and spreads over a 10-day horizon from a stressful historical period are applied to current positions and determine stressed VaR.

   

IRC measures the required capital due to credit migration and default risk for debt securities held in the trading portfolios.

   

Back-testing validates the effectiveness of risk measurement through analysis of observed and theoretical profit and loss outcomes.

   

Stress testing and scenario analysis provide insight into portfolio behaviour under extreme circumstances.

 

64   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

The following table provides balances on the consolidated balance sheet that are subject to market risk. Certain differences between accounting and risk classifications are detailed in the footnotes below:

 

$ millions, as at October 31           2018             2017          
          Subject to market risk                 Subject to market risk              

Consolidated

balance

sheet

    Trading     Non-
trading
    Not
subject to
market risk
    Consolidated
balance
sheet
    Trading     Non-
trading
    Not
subject to
market risk
    Non-traded risk
primary risk
sensitivity
 

Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks

  $ 4,380   $     $ 2,340   $ 2,040   $ 3,440   $   $ 1,940   $ 1,500     Foreign exchange  

Interest-bearing deposits with banks

    13,311     96       13,215         10,712     426     10,286         Interest rate  

Securities

    101,664     49,784       51,880         93,419     48,900     44,519         Equity, interest rate  

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

    5,488           5,488         5,035         5,035         Interest rate  

Securities purchased under resale agreements

    43,450           43,450         40,383         40,383         Interest rate  

Loans

                 

Residential mortgages

    207,749           207,749         207,271         207,271         Interest rate  

Personal

    43,058           43,058         40,937         40,937         Interest rate  

Credit card

    12,673           12,673         12,378         12,378         Interest rate  

Business and government

    109,555     15,730   (1)         93,825         97,766     13,809   (1)        83,957         Interest rate  

Allowance for credit losses

    (1,639           (1,639 )           (1,618         (1,618         Interest rate  

Derivative instruments

    21,431     19,132   (2)         2,299           24,342     21,120   (2)        3,222         Interest rate,  
                    foreign exchange  

Customers’ liability under acceptances

    10,265           10,265           8,824         8,824         Interest rate  

Other assets (3)

    25,714     561       15,474       9,679     22,375     478     12,888     9,009     Interest rate, equity,  
                                                                      foreign exchange  
    $   597,099   $   85,303     $   500,077     $   11,719   $   565,264   $   84,733   $   470,022   $   10,509        

Deposits

  $ 461,015   $ 507   (4)       $ 414,051   $ 46,457   $ 439,706   $ 510  (4)     $ 391,831   $ 47,365     Interest rate  

Obligations related to securities sold short

    13,782     13,731       51         13,713     13,682     31         Interest rate  

Cash collateral on securities lent

    2,731           2,731         2,024         2,024         Interest rate  

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

    30,840           30,840         27,971         27,971         Interest rate  

Derivative instruments

    20,973     19,013   (2)         1,960         23,271     21,029   (2)        2,242         Interest rate,  
                    foreign exchange  

Acceptances

    10,296           10,296         8,828         8,828         Interest rate  

Other liabilities (3)

    18,266     2,051       8,527     7,688     15,305     1,237     7,108     6,960     Interest rate  

Subordinated indebtedness

    4,080           4,080         3,209         3,209         Interest rate  
    $ 561,983   $ 35,302     $ 472,536   $ 54,145   $ 534,027   $ 36,458   $ 443,244   $ 54,325        

 

(1)

Excludes $39 million (2017: $95 million) of loans that are warehoused for future securitization purposes. These are considered non-trading for market risk purposes.

(2)

Excludes derivatives relating to the structured credit and other run-off businesses which are considered non-trading for market risk purposes.

(3)

Certain information has been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

(4)

Comprises FVO deposits which are considered trading for market risk purposes.

 

Trading activities

We hold positions in traded financial contracts to meet client investment and risk management needs. Trading revenue (net interest income or non-interest income) is generated from these transactions. Trading instruments are recorded at fair value and include debt and equity securities, as well as interest rate, foreign exchange, equity, commodity, and credit derivative products.

Value-at-Risk

Our VaR methodology is a statistical technique that measures the potential overnight loss at a 99% confidence level. We use a full revaluation historical simulation methodology to compute VaR, stressed VaR and other risk measures.

Although a valuable guide to risk, VaR should always be viewed in the context of its limitations. For example:

   

The use of historical data for estimating future events will not encompass all potential events, particularly those that are extreme in nature.

 
   

The use of a one-day holding period assumes that all positions can be liquidated or the risks offset in one day. This may not fully reflect the market risk arising at times of severe illiquidity, when a one-day period may be insufficient to liquidate or hedge all positions fully.

 
   

The use of a 99% confidence level does not take into account losses that might occur beyond this level of confidence.

 
   

VaR is calculated on the basis of exposures outstanding at the close of business and assumes no management action to mitigate losses.

 

The VaR table below presents market risks by type of risk and in aggregate. The risks are interrelated and the diversification effect reflects the reduction of risk due to portfolio effects among the trading positions. Our trading risk exposures to interest rates and credit spreads arise from activities in the global debt and derivative markets, particularly from transactions in the Canadian, U.S., and European markets. The primary instruments are government and corporate debt, and interest rate derivatives. The majority of the trading exposure to foreign exchange risk arises from transactions involving the Canadian dollar, U.S. dollar, Euro, pound sterling, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, and Japanese yen, whereas the primary risks of losses in equities are in the U.S., Canadian, and European markets. Trading exposure to commodities arises primarily from transactions involving North American natural gas, crude oil products, and precious metals.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     65  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

VaR by risk type – trading portfolio

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31                     2018                             2017  
      High     Low     As at     Average     High     Low     As at     Average  

Interest rate risk

  $ 7.6     $ 2.9     $ 3.5     $ 4.5     $ 6.9   $ 1.8   $ 3.9   $ 4.1

Credit spread risk

    2.0       0.5       1.6       1.0       3.8     0.7     0.9     2.1

Equity risk

    8.4       1.7       3.7       2.8       18.5     1.8     3.1     3.3

Foreign exchange risk

    4.6       0.5       1.3       1.6       10.3     0.8     1.2     3.2

Commodity risk

    4.7       1.0       1.5       1.8       5.1     1.3     3.2     2.6

Debt specific risk

    2.7       0.9       1.3       1.5       2.0     0.7     1.6     1.3

Diversification effect (1)

    n/m       n/m       (7.9     (7.9     n/m       n/m       (8.8     (10.1

Total VaR (one-day measure)

  $     10.4   $     4.0   $     5.0   $     5.3   $     22.2   $     3.7   $     5.1   $      6.5

 

  (1)

Total VaR is less than the sum of the VaR of the different market risk types due to risk offsets resulting from a portfolio diversification effect.

  n/m

Not meaningful. It is not meaningful to compute a diversification effect because the high and low may occur on different days for different risk types.

Average total VaR for the year ended October 31, 2018 was down $1.2 million from the prior year. The decrease was driven by a decrease in foreign exchange, credit spread, commodity and equity risks, partially offset by an increase in interest rate and debt specific risks.

 

Stressed VaR

The stressed VaR measure is intended to replicate the VaR calculation that would be generated for our current portfolio if the values of the relevant market risk factors were sourced from a period of stressed market conditions. The model inputs are calibrated to historical data from a continuous 12-month period of significant financial stress relevant to our current portfolio since December 2006. Our current stressed VaR period is from September 2, 2008 to August 31, 2009.

Stressed VaR by risk type – trading portfolio

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31             2018                             2017  
      High     Low     As at     Average     High     Low     As at     Average  

Interest rate risk

  $ 33.8     $ 6.8     $ 14.2     $ 17.4     $ 32.2   $ 6.4   $ 25.2   $ 15.1

Credit spread risk

    17.9       4.0       17.9       9.6       13.8     4.1     5.6     7.9

Equity risk

    7.8       0.8       6.3       3.4       11.3     0.8     1.9     2.2

Foreign exchange risk

    15.5       0.5       2.7       5.3       28.2     0.6     1.8     7.1

Commodity risk

    7.9       1.3       2.5       2.5       9.2     1.4     3.4     4.3

Debt specific risk

    6.7       2.6       6.3       4.6       5.0     2.3     4.4     3.4

Diversification effect (1)

    n/m       n/m       (33.4     (30.4     n/m       n/m       (35.6     (27.9

Stressed total VaR (one-day measure)

  $     22.6   $     3.7   $     16.5   $     12.4   $     35.0   $     5.4   $        6.7   $      12.1

 

  (1)

Stressed total VaR is less than the sum of the VaR of the different market risk types due to risk offsets resulting from a portfolio diversification effect.

  n/m

Not meaningful. It is not meaningful to compute a diversification effect because the high and low may occur on different days for different risk types.

Average stressed total VaR for the year ended October 31, 2018 was up $0.3 million from the prior year. The increase was driven by an increase in interest rate, credit spread, equity and debt specific risks, partially offset by a reduction in foreign exchange and commodity risks.

 

Incremental risk charge

IRC is a measure of default and migration risk for debt securities held in the trading portfolios. Our IRC methodology is a statistical technique that measures the risk of issuer migration and default over a period of one year by simulating changes in issuer credit rating. Validation of the model included testing of the liquidity horizon, recovery rate, correlation, and PD and migration.

IRC – trading portfolio

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31                           2018                             2017  
      High     Low     As at     Average     High     Low     As at     Average  

Default risk

  $ 214.2     $ 71.5     $ 176.1     $ 143.2     $ 329.1   $ 69.4   $ 69.5   $ 110.5

Migration risk

    155.5       33.3       53.1       57.6       145.1     27.3     77.9     64.0

IRC (one-year measure) (1)

  $     291.5     $     147.8     $     229.2     $     200.8     $     387.8   $     122.2   $     147.4   $     174.5

 

  (1)

High and low IRC are not equal to the sum of the constituent parts, because the highs and lows of the constituent parts may occur on different days.

Average IRC for the year ended October 31, 2018 was up $26.3 million from the prior year due to increases in inventory size in the trading portfolio.

 

Back-testing

To determine the reliability of the trading VaR model, outcomes are monitored regularly through a back-testing process to test the validity of the assumptions and the parameters used in the trading VaR calculation. The back-testing process includes calculating a hypothetical or static profit and loss and comparing that result with calculated VaR. Static profit and loss represents the change in value of the prior day’s closing portfolio due to each day’s price movements, on the assumption that the contents of the portfolio remained unchanged. The back-testing process is conducted on a daily basis at the consolidated CIBC level. Back-testing is also performed for business lines and individual portfolios.

Static profit and loss and trading losses in excess of the one-day VaR are investigated. The back-testing process, including the investigation of results, is performed by risk professionals who are independent of those responsible for development of the model.

Internal Audit also reviews our models, validation processes, and results of our back-testing. Based on our back-testing results, we are able to ensure that our VaR model continues to appropriately measure risk.

During the year, there was one negative back-testing breach of the total VaR measure, in line with statistical expectations.

 

66   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Trading revenue

Trading revenue (TEB) comprises both trading net interest income and non-interest income and excludes underwriting fees and commissions. Trading revenue (TEB) in the charts below excludes certain exited portfolios.

During the year, trading revenue (TEB) was positive for 99.6% of the days. The largest gain of $26.5 million occurred on May 31, 2018. It was attributable to the normal course of business within our global markets line of business, notably in equity derivatives. The largest loss of $0.3 million occurred on March 22, 2018, driven by fixed income inventory. Average daily trading revenue (TEB) was $5.5 million during the year, and the average daily TEB was $1.1 million.

Frequency distribution of daily 2018 trading revenue (TEB) (1)

The histogram below presents the frequency distribution of daily trading revenue (TEB) for 2018.

 

LOGO

Trading revenue (TEB) (1)  versus VaR

The trading revenue (TEB) versus VaR graph below shows the current year’s daily trading revenue (TEB) against the close of business day VaR measures.

 

LOGO

 

(1)

Excludes certain month-end transfer pricing and other miscellaneous adjustments.

 

 

Stress testing and scenario analysis

Stress testing and scenario analysis is designed to add insight to possible outcomes of abnormal market conditions, and to highlight possible risk concentrations.

We measure the effect on portfolio values under a wide range of extreme moves in market risk factors. Our approach simulates the impact on earnings of extreme market events over a one-month time horizon, assuming that no risk-mitigating actions are taken during this period to reflect the reduced market liquidity that typically accompanies such events.

Scenarios are developed using historical market data during periods of market disruption, or are based on hypothetical impacts of economic events, political events, and natural disasters as predicted by economists, business leaders, and risk managers.

Among the historical scenarios are the 1994 period of U.S. Federal Reserve tightening, and the market events following the 2008 market crisis. The hypothetical scenarios include potential market crises originating in North America, Europe and Asia. In February 2018, a quantitative easing (QE) tapering and asset price correction scenario was introduced, which considers a potential economic slowdown as a result of combined rate hikes and QE tapering by the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of Canada, Bank of England, and the European Central Bank. In June 2018, an oil shock and equity correction scenario was introduced based on a constriction of supply with a rising “political premium”, which includes the reinstatement of oil sanctions against Iran by the U.S., the proxy conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran over Yemen, and the collapse of Venezuela’s oil industry.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     67  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Below are examples of the core stress test scenarios which are currently run on a daily basis to add insight into potential exposures under stress:

 

•   Subprime crisis and Lehman collapse – 2008

 

•   Canada market crisis

 

•   QE tapering and asset price correction

•   U.S. Federal Reserve tightening – 1994

 

•   U.S. protectionism

 

•   Oil shock and equity correction

•   U.S. sovereign debt default and downgrade

 

•   Eurozone bank crisis

 

•   Chinese hard landing

 

•   Korean War – base

 

Stress testing scenarios are periodically reviewed and amended as necessary to ensure they remain relevant. Under stress limit monitoring, limits are placed on the maximum acceptable loss based on risk appetite in aggregate, at the detailed portfolio level, and for specific asset classes.

Non-exchange traded commodity derivatives

In the normal course of business, we trade non-exchange traded commodity derivative contracts. We control and manage our non-exchange traded commodity derivatives risk through the VaR and stress testing methodologies described above. We use modelling techniques or other valuation methodologies to determine the fair value of these contracts.

The following table provides the fair value, based upon maturity of non-exchange traded commodity contracts:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018    Positive      Negative      Net  

Maturity less than 1 year

   $ 1,174      $ 327      $ 847  

Maturity 1 – 3 years

     856        428        428  

Maturity 4 – 5 years

     151        93        58  

Maturity in excess of 5 years

     409        19        390  
     $     2,590      $     867      $     1,723  

 

Non-trading activities

Structural interest rate risk

Structural interest rate risk primarily consists of the risk arising due to mismatches in assets and liabilities, which do not arise from trading and trading related businesses. Interest rate risk results from differences in the maturities or repricing dates of assets and liabilities, both on- and off-balance sheet, as well as from embedded optionality in retail products. This optionality arises predominantly from the commitment and prepayment exposures of mortgage products, non-maturity deposits and some guaranteed investment certificates products with early redemption features. A variety of cash instruments and derivatives, primarily interest rate swaps, are used to manage these risks.

The Board has oversight of the management of non-trading market risk, sets the market risk appetite and annually approves the market risk limits. GALCO and its subcommittee, the Asset and Liability Management Committee, regularly review structural market risk positions and provide senior management oversight.

In addition to Board-approved limits on earnings and economic value exposure, more granular management limits are in place to guide day-to-day management of this risk. The ALM group within Treasury is responsible for the ongoing management of structural market risk across the enterprise, with independent oversight and compliance with non-trading market risk policy provided by Capital Markets Risk Management.

ALM activities are designed to manage the effects of potential interest rate movements while balancing the cost of any hedging activities on the current net revenue. The net interest income sensitivity is a measure of the impact of potential changes in interest rates on the projected 12-month pre-tax net interest income of a portfolio of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet positions in response to prescribed parallel interest rate movements with interest rates floored at zero.

The following table shows the potential impact over the next 12 months, adjusted for structural assumptions (excluding shareholders’ equity in the calculation of the present value of shareholders’ equity), estimated prepayments and potential early withdrawals, of an immediate and sustained 100 basis point increase or decrease in all interest rates.

Beginning in 2018, CIBC has made modelling improvements which enhance the measurement of structural interest rate risk.

 

68   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Structural interest rate sensitivity – measures

 

$ millions (pre-tax), as at October 31           2018             2017  (1)  
      CAD  (2)     USD     CAD  (2)     USD  

100 basis point increase in interest rates

       

Increase (decrease) in net interest income

  $ 170   $ 32   $      225   $        58  

Increase (decrease) in present value of shareholders’ equity

        (396 )         (230 )     (354     (84

100 basis point decrease in interest rates

       

Increase (decrease) in net interest income

    (246 )     (58 )     (289     (118

Increase (decrease) in present value of shareholders’ equity

    316     269     276     (6

 

  (1)

Certain information has been restated to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

  (2)

Includes CAD and other currency exposures.

Foreign exchange risk

Non-trading foreign exchange risk, also referred to as structural foreign exchange risk, primarily consists of the risk inherent in: (a) net investments in foreign operations due to changes in foreign exchange rates; and (b) foreign currency denominated risk-weighted assets and foreign currency denominated capital deductions. This risk, predominantly in U.S. dollars, is managed using derivative hedges and by funding the investments in matching currencies. We actively manage this position to ensure that the potential impact on our capital ratios is in accordance with the policy approved by the RMC, while giving consideration to the impact on earnings and shareholders’ equity.

Structural foreign exchange risk is managed by Treasury under the guidance of GALCO. Compliance with trading and non-trading market risk policy, as well as market risk limits, is monitored daily by Capital Markets Risk Management.

A 1% appreciation of the Canadian dollar would reduce our shareholders’ equity as at October 31, 2018 by approximately $130 million (2017: $120 million) on an after-tax basis.

Our non-functional currency denominated earnings are converted into the functional currencies through spot or forward foreign exchange transactions. Thus, there is no significant impact of exchange rate fluctuations on our consolidated statement of income.

We hedge certain foreign currency contractual expenses using derivatives which are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The net change in fair value of these hedging derivatives included in AOCI amounted to a gain of $8 million (2017: $12 million) on an after-tax basis. This amount will be released from AOCI to offset the hedged currency fluctuations as the expenses are incurred.

Derivatives held for ALM purposes

Where derivatives are held for ALM purposes, and when transactions meet the criteria specified under IFRS, we apply hedge accounting for the risks being hedged, as discussed in Notes 12 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements. Derivative hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are referred to as economic hedges and are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of income.

Economic hedges for other than FVO financial instruments may lead to income volatility because the hedged items are recorded either on a cost or amortized cost basis or recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. This income volatility may not be representative of the overall risk.

Equity risk

Non-trading equity risk arises primarily in our strategy and corporate development activities and our merchant banking activities. The investments comprise public and private equities, investments in limited partnerships, and equity-accounted investments.

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair values of our non-trading equities:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    Amortized cost      Fair value  

2018

   Equity securities designated at FVOCI    $ 468    $ 562
     Equity-accounted investments in associates (1)      63      101
          $ 531    $ 663

2017

   AFS securities    $ 364    $ 469
     Equity-accounted investments in associates (1)      313      356
          $     677    $     825

 

  (1)

Excludes our equity-accounted joint ventures. See Note 25 to the consolidated financial statements for further details.

Pension risk

A number of defined benefit pension plans are operated globally. As at October 31, 2018, our consolidated defined benefit pension plans were in a net asset position of $311 million, compared with $134 million as at October 31, 2017. The change in the net asset position of our pension plans is disclosed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

Our Canadian pension plans represent approximately 90% of our pension plans, the most significant of which is our principal Canadian pension plan (the CIBC Pension Plan). The estimated impact on our Canadian defined benefit obligations of a 100 basis point change in the discount rate is disclosed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

The MRCC is responsible for sound governance and oversight, and delegates management authority to the Pension Benefits Management Committee (PBMC). An appropriate investment strategy for the CIBC Pension Plan is set through a statement of investment objectives, policies and procedures.

Within Treasury, the Pension Investment Management department is responsible for the management of investment strategies for our pension plans utilizing a holistic framework which ensures that the plans are sustainably maintained within manageable risk tolerances and shareholder impact. Key risks include actuarial risks (such as longevity risk), interest rate risk, currency risk, market (investment) risk, and health-care cost inflation risks.

The CIBC Pension Plan principally manages these risk exposures through its liability-driven investment strategy which includes the use of derivatives for risk management and rebalancing purposes, as well as the ability to enhance returns. The use of derivatives within the CIBC Pension Plan is governed by the plan’s derivatives policy that was approved by the PBMC. The fair value of derivatives held in the CIBC Pension Plan is disclosed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

A principal risk for the CIBC Pension Plan is interest rate risk which it mitigates through a combination of physical bonds and a bond overlay program funded through the use of repurchase agreements. The plan also operates a currency overlay strategy, which may use forwards or similar instruments, to manage and mitigate its currency risk. Investment risk is mitigated through a multi-asset portfolio construction process that diversifies across a variety of market risk drivers.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     69  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Liquidity risk

 

Liquidity risk is the risk of having insufficient cash or its equivalent in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet financial obligations as they come due. Common sources of liquidity risk inherent in banking services include unanticipated withdrawals of deposits, the inability to replace maturing debt, credit and liquidity commitments, and additional pledging or other collateral requirements.

CIBC’s approach to liquidity risk management supports our business strategy, aligns with our risk appetite and adheres to regulatory expectations.

Our management strategies, objectives and practices are regularly reviewed to align with changes to the liquidity environment, including regulatory, business and/or market developments. Liquidity risk remains within CIBC’s risk appetite.

Governance and management

We manage liquidity risk in a manner that enables us to withstand a liquidity stress event without an adverse impact on the viability of our operations. Actual and anticipated cash flows generated from on- and off-balance sheet exposures are routinely measured and monitored to ensure compliance with established limits. CIBC incorporates stress testing into its management and measurement of liquidity risk. Stress test results assist with the development of our liquidity assumptions, identification of potential constraints to funding planning, and contribute to the design of CIBC’s contingency funding plan (CFP).

Liquidity risk is managed using the three lines of defence model, and the ongoing management of liquidity risk is the responsibility of the Treasurer, supported by guidance from GALCO.

The Treasurer is responsible for managing the activities and processes required for measurement, reporting and monitoring of CIBC’s liquidity risk position – this is the first line of defence.

The Liquidity and Non-Trading Market Risk group within Capital Markets Risk Management provides independent oversight, including the measurement, monitoring and control of liquidity risk, as the second line of defence.

Internal Audit provides the third line of defence, with independent assessment of the design and operating effectiveness of liquidity risk management controls, processes and systems.

The GALCO governs CIBC’s liquidity risk management, ensuring the liquidity risk management methodologies, assumptions, and key metrics such as the Liquidity Horizon, are regularly reviewed and aligned with our operating regulatory requirements. The Liquidity Risk Management Committee, a subcommittee of GALCO, is responsible for supporting GALCO to ensure that CIBC’s liquidity risk profile is comprehensively measured and managed in alignment with CIBC’s strategic direction, risk appetite and regulatory requirements.

The RMC approves CIBC’s liquidity risk management policy, and recommends liquidity risk tolerance to the Board through the risk appetite statement.

 

Policies

Our liquidity risk management policy requires a sufficient amount of available unencumbered liquid assets and diversified funding sources to meet anticipated liquidity needs in both normal and stressed conditions for a minimum time period as measured by CIBC’s Liquidity Horizon. CIBC subsidiaries possessing unique liquidity characteristics, due to distinct business or jurisdictional requirements, maintain local liquidity policies in alignment with CIBC’s liquidity risk management policy.

CIBC’s pledging policy sets out consolidated limits for the pledging of CIBC’s assets across a broad range of financial activities. Pledged asset limits ensure unencumbered liquid assets are available for liquidity purposes.

We maintain a detailed global CFP that sets out the strategies for addressing liquidity shortfalls in emergency and unexpected situations, and delineates the requirements necessary to manage a range of stress conditions, establishes lines of responsibility and invocation, articulates implementation and escalation procedures, and is aligned to CIBC’s risk appetite. In order to reflect CIBC’s organizational complexity, regional and subsidiary CFPs are maintained to respond to liquidity stresses unique to the jurisdictions within which CIBC operates, and support CIBC as an enterprise.

Risk measurement

Our liquidity risk tolerance is defined by our risk appetite statement, which is approved annually by the Board, and forms the basis for the delegation of liquidity risk authority to senior management. We use both regulatory-driven and internally developed liquidity risk metrics to measure our liquidity risk exposure. Internally, our liquidity position is measured using the Liquidity Horizon, which measures the future point in time when projected cumulative cash outflows exceed cash inflows under a combined CIBC-specific and market-wide stress scenario. Expected and potential anticipated inflows and outflows of funds generated from on- and off-balance sheet exposures are measured and monitored on a daily basis to ensure compliance with established limits. Contractual and behavioural on- and off-balance sheet cash flows under normal and stressed conditions are modelled and used to determine liquidity levels against the prescribed management target.

Our liquidity measurement system provides liquidity risk exposure reports that include the calculation of the Liquidity Horizon and regulatory reporting such as the LCR and Net Cumulative Cash Flow (NCCF). Our liquidity management also incorporates the monitoring of our unsecured wholesale funding position and funding capacity.

Risk appetite

CIBC’s risk appetite statement ensures prudent management of liquidity risk by outlining qualitative considerations and quantitative metrics including the LCR and Liquidity Horizon. Quantitative metrics are measured and managed to a set of GALCO-approved management limits, which are more stringent than the limits established by the RMC.

Stress testing

A key component of our liquidity risk management, and complementing our assessments of liquidity risk exposure, is liquidity risk stress testing. Liquidity stress testing involves the application of name-specific and market-wide stress scenarios at varying levels of severity to assess the amount of available liquidity required to satisfy anticipated obligations as they come due. The scenarios model potential liquidity and funding requirements in the event of unsecured wholesale funding and deposit run-off, and expected contingent liquidity utilization, as well as liquid asset marketability. Results from stress testing are also incorporated as input into the CFP review process.

 

70   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Beginning in 2018, CIBC has made changes to the tables below which enhance the presentation of liquid assets and asset encumbrance.

 

Liquid assets

Available liquid assets include unencumbered cash and marketable securities from on- and off-balance sheet sources, that can be used to access funding in a timely fashion. Encumbered liquid assets, composed of assets pledged as collateral and those assets that are deemed restricted due to legal, operational, or other purposes, are not considered as sources of available liquidity when measuring liquidity risk.

Encumbered and unencumbered liquid assets from on- and off-balance sheet sources are summarized as follows:

 

$ millions, as at October 31   Bank owned
liquid assets
    Securities received
as collateral
     Total liquid
assets
     Encumbered
liquid assets
     Unencumbered
liquid assets  (1)
 

2018

  Cash and deposits with banks   $ 17,691   $    $ 17,691    $ 686    $ 17,005  
 

Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks, and multilateral development banks

    67,478       74,933        142,411      75,431      66,980  
  Other debt securities     6,684     2,092        8,776      1,240      7,536  
  Equities     25,018     20,641        45,659      27,859      17,800  
 

Canadian government guaranteed National Housing Act mortgage-backed securities

    39,465       834        40,299        10,182        30,117  
    Other liquid assets (2)     6,500     1,598        8,098      6,621      1,477  
        $ 162,836     $ 100,098    $ 262,934      $ 122,019      $ 140,915  

2017  (3)

  Cash and deposits with banks   $ 14,152   $    $ 14,152    $ 555    $ 13,597  
 

Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks, and multilateral development banks

    51,196     65,923      117,119      67,806      49,313  
  Other debt securities     8,227     1,549      9,776      1,461      8,315  
  Equities     31,798     16,786      48,584      24,951      23,633  
 

Canadian government guaranteed National Housing Act mortgage-backed securities

    35,009     1,023      36,032      8,278      27,754  
    Other liquid assets (2)     5,796     2,258      8,054      5,346      2,708  
        $     146,178   $     87,539    $     233,717    $     108,397    $     125,320  

 

  (1)

Unencumbered liquid assets are defined as on-balance sheet assets, assets borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, and other off-balance sheet collateral received less encumbered liquid assets.

 
  (2)

Includes cash pledged as collateral for derivatives transactions, select ABS and precious metals.

 
  (3)

Certain information has been restated to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

 

The following table summarizes unencumbered liquid assets held by CIBC (parent) and its domestic and foreign subsidiaries:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  (1)  

CIBC (parent)

   $ 99,486      $ 84,183  

Domestic subsidiaries

     15,988        11,454  

Foreign subsidiaries

     25,441        29,683  
     $     140,915    $     125,320  

 

(1)

Certain information has been restated to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

Asset haircuts and monetization depth assumptions under a liquidity stress scenario are applied to determine asset liquidity value. Haircuts take into consideration those margins applicable at central banks – such as the Bank of Canada and the Federal Reserve Bank – historical observations, and securities characteristics including asset type, issuer, credit ratings, currency and remaining term to maturity, as well as available regulatory guidance.

Our unencumbered liquid assets increased $15.6 billion from October 31, 2017, primarily due to regular business activities, including deposit growth.

Furthermore, CIBC maintains access eligibility to the Bank of Canada’s Emergency Lending Assistance program and the Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window.

Asset encumbrance

 

In the course of CIBC’s day-to-day operations, securities and other assets are pledged to secure obligations, participate in clearing and settlement systems and other collateral management purposes.

The following table provides a summary of our total on- and off-balance sheet encumbered and unencumbered assets:

 

         Encumbered      Unencumbered        Total assets    
$ millions, as at October 31    Pledged as
collateral
     Other  (1)      Available as
collateral
     Other  (2)           

2018

  Cash and deposits with banks    $    $ 686      $ 17,005    $      $ 17,691
  Securities      104,039      130        96,021             200,190
  Loans, net of allowance (3)      1,600      44,553        33,499      292,507        372,159  
    Other assets      5,071             251      52,088        57,410
         $ 110,710      $ 45,369      $ 146,776    $ 344,595      $ 647,450  

2017  (4)

  Cash and deposits with banks    $    $ 555      $ 13,597    $      $ 14,152
  Securities      95,321        971        86,882             183,174  
  Loans, net of allowance (3)      1,450      42,202        31,550      281,582        356,784
    Other assets      4,419             186      50,936        55,541
         $     101,190    $     43,728      $     132,215    $     332,518      $     609,651  

 

(1)

Includes assets supporting CIBC’s long-term funding activities and assets restricted for legal or other reasons, such as restricted cash.

(2)

Other unencumbered assets are not subject to any restrictions on their use to secure funding or as collateral; however, they are not considered available to existing non-central bank lending programs.

(3)

Loans included as available as collateral represent National Housing Act MBS (reported as loans on our consolidated balance sheet) and Federal Home Loan Banks eligible loans.

(4)

Certain information has been restated to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     71  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Restrictions on the flow of funds

Our subsidiaries are not subject to significant restrictions that would prevent transfers of funds, dividends or capital distributions. However, certain subsidiaries have separate regulatory capital and liquidity requirements, established by applicable banking and securities regulators.

We monitor and manage our capital and liquidity requirements across these entities to ensure that resources are used efficiently and entities are in compliance with local regulatory and policy requirements.

Liquidity coverage ratio

The objective of the LCR is to promote short-term resilience of a bank’s liquidity risk profile, ensuring that it has adequate unencumbered high quality liquid resources to meet its liquidity needs in a 30-day acute stress scenario. Canadian banks are required to achieve a minimum LCR value of 100%. CIBC is in compliance with this requirement.

In accordance with the calibration methodology contained in OSFI’s liquidity adequacy requirements (LAR) guidelines, CIBC reports the LCR to OSFI on a monthly basis. The ratio is calculated as follows:

 

Total High Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA)

  ³  100%
Total net cash outflows over the next 30 calendar days

The LCR’s numerator consists of unencumbered HQLA, which follow an OSFI-defined set of eligibility criteria that considers fundamental and market-related characteristics, and relative ability to operationally monetize assets on a timely basis during a period of stress. CIBC’s centrally-managed liquid asset portfolio includes those liquid assets reported in the HQLA, such as central government treasury bills and bonds, central bank deposits and high-rated sovereign, agency, provincial, and corporate securities. Asset eligibility limitations inherent in the LCR metric do not necessarily reflect CIBC’s internal assessment of its ability to monetize its marketable assets under stress.

The ratio’s denominator reflects net cash outflows expected in the LCR’s stress scenario over the 30-calendar-day period. Expected cash outflows represent LCR-defined withdrawal or draw-down rates applied against outstanding liabilities and off-balance sheet commitments, respectively. Significant contributors to CIBC’s LCR outflows include business and financial institution deposit run-off, draws on undrawn lines of credit and unsecured debt maturities. Cash outflows are partially offset by cash inflows, which are calculated at LCR-prescribed inflow rates, and include performing loan repayments and maturing non-HQLA marketable assets.

The LCR is disclosed using a standard OSFI-prescribed disclosure template.

 

$ millions, average of the three months ended October 31, 2018    Total unweighted value  (1)      Total weighted value  (2)  
HQLA        
  1   HQLA      n/a      $ 110,318  

Cash outflows

     
  2  

Retail deposits and deposits from small business customers, of which:

   $ 145,672        9,626  
  3  

Stable deposits

     70,581        2,117  
  4  

Less stable deposits

     75,091        7,509  
  5  

Unsecured wholesale funding, of which:

     127,979        60,231  
  6  

Operational deposits (all counterparties) and deposits in networks of cooperative banks

     53,439        12,963  
  7  

Non-operational deposits (all counterparties)

     55,510        28,238  
  8  

Unsecured debt

     19,030        19,030  
  9  

Secured wholesale funding

     n/a        8,688  
10  

Additional requirements, of which:

     88,559        23,865  
11  

Outflows related to derivative exposures and other collateral requirements

     10,098        6,876  
12  

Outflows related to loss of funding on debt products

     4,153        4,153  
13  

Credit and liquidity facilities

     74,308        12,836  
14  

Other contractual funding obligations

     2,731        2,731  
15   Other contingent funding obligations      277,718        5,163  
16   Total cash outflows      n/a        110,304  

Cash inflows

     
17  

Secured lending (e.g. reverse repos)

     68,331        9,789  
18  

Inflows from fully performing exposures

     15,625        7,748  
19   Other cash inflows      6,824        6,824  
20   Total cash inflows    $     90,780      $ 24,361  
          Total adjusted value  
21  

Total HQLA

     n/a      $ 110,318  
22  

Total net cash outflows

     n/a      $ 85,943  
23   LCR      n/a        128  % 
$ millions, average of the three months ended July 31, 2018               Total adjusted value  
24  

Total HQLA

     n/a      $     105,255  
25  

Total net cash outflows

     n/a      $ 83,656  
26   LCR      n/a        126  % 

 

(1)

Unweighted inflow and outflow values are calculated as outstanding balances maturing or callable within 30 days of various categories or types of liabilities, off-balance sheet items or contractual receivables.

(2)

Weighted values are calculated after the application of haircuts (for HQLA) and inflow and outflow rates prescribed by OSFI.

n/a

Not applicable as per the LCR common disclosure template.

Our average LCR as at October 31, 2018 increased to 128% from 126% in the prior quarter, mainly due to an increase in HQLA.

CIBC considers the impact of its business decisions on the LCR and other liquidity risk metrics that it regularly monitors as part of a robust liquidity risk management function. Variables that can impact the ratio month-over-month include, but are not limited to, items such as wholesale funding activities and maturities, strategic balance sheet initiatives, and transactions and market conditions affecting collateral. Furthermore, CIBC reports the LCR to OSFI in multiple currencies, and thus measures the extent of potential currency mismatch under the ratio. CIBC predominantly operates in major currencies with deep and fungible foreign exchange markets.

Reporting of the LCR is calibrated centrally by CIBC’s Treasury function, in conjunction with CIBC’s SBUs and other functional groups.

 

72   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Funding

 

CIBC funds its operations with client-sourced deposits, supplemented with a wide range of wholesale funding.

CIBC’s principal approach aims to fund its balance sheet with deposits primarily raised from personal and commercial banking channels. Personal deposits accounted for $163.9 billion as at October 31, 2018 (2017: $159.3 billion). CIBC maintains a foundation of relationship-based core deposits, whose stability is regularly evaluated through internally developed statistical assessments.

We routinely access a range of short-term and long-term secured and unsecured funding sources diversified by geography, depositor type, instrument, currency and maturity. We raise long-term funding from existing programs including covered bonds, asset securitizations and unsecured debt.

CIBC continuously evaluates opportunities to diversify into new funding products and investor segments in an effort to maximize funding flexibility and minimize concentration and financing costs. We regularly monitor wholesale funding levels and concentrations to internal limits consistent with our desired liquidity risk profile.

GALCO and RMC review and approve CIBC’s funding plan, which incorporates projected asset and liability growth, funding maturities, and output from our liquidity position forecasting.

The following table provides the contractual maturities at carrying values of CIBC’s wholesale funding sources:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018   Less than
1 month
    1 – 3
months
    3 – 6
months
    6 – 12
months
    Less than
1 year total
   

1 – 2

years

    Over
2 years
    Total  

Deposits from banks (1)

  $ 3,207   $ 13   $   $ 49   $ 3,269   $   $   $ 3,269

Certificates of deposit and commercial paper

    8,589     11,373     15,822     18,692     54,476     2,926     399     57,801

Bearer deposit notes and bankers’ acceptances

    819     743     1,557     292     3,411             3,411

Asset-backed commercial paper

                               

Legacy senior unsecured medium-term notes (2)

    200     1,335     120     6,488     8,143     6,976     23,986     39,105

Senior unsecured medium-term notes (3)

                      9       9       59       122       190  

Senior unsecured structured notes

                283     283             283

Covered bonds/asset-backed securities

               

Mortgage securitization

        2,732     574     1,091     4,397     2,015     12,262       18,674  

Covered bonds

        2,012     1,103     1,496     4,611     3,316     11,857     19,784

Cards securitization

            1,316     724     2,040     2,109           4,149  

Subordinated liabilities

                            4,080     4,080

Other

            3     43     46     20     5     71
    $ 12,815   $ 18,208   $ 20,495   $ 29,167   $ 80,685   $ 17,421     $ 52,711     $ 150,817

Of which:

               

Secured

  $   $ 4,744   $ 2,993   $ 3,311   $ 11,048   $ 7,440     $ 24,119     $ 42,607

Unsecured

    12,815     13,464     17,502     25,856     69,637     9,981     28,592       108,210
    $     12,815   $ 18,208   $ 20,495   $ 29,167   $ 80,685     $ 17,421     $ 52,711   $ 150,817

October 31, 2017

  $     8,981   $     17,125   $     27,147   $     23,503   $     76,756   $     24,207   $     41,513   $     142,476

 

(1)

Includes non-negotiable term deposits from banks.

(2)

Includes senior debt issued prior to September 23, 2018 as well as senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to the bail-in regulations. See the “Capital resources” section for additional details.

(3)

Comprises liabilities which are subject to conversion under the bail-in regulations.

CIBC’s wholesale funding is diversified by currency as demonstrated in the table that follows:

 

$ billions, as at October 31             2018               2017  

CAD

   $ 49.6      33  %     $ 53.2      37  % 

USD

     80.8      54      72.6      51

Other

     20.4      13      16.7      12
     $     150.8      100  %     $     142.5      100  % 

Our funding volumes increased relative to 2017 in response to CIBC’s business and liquidity strategies. We do not anticipate any events, commitments or demands that will materially impact our ability to raise funds through deposits or wholesale funding.

We manage liquidity risk in a manner that enables us to withstand severe liquidity stress events. Wholesale funding may present higher run-off risks in stress situations, for which we maintain significant portfolios of unencumbered liquid assets. See the “Liquid assets” section for additional details.

Funding plan

Our funding plan is updated at least quarterly, or in response to material changes in underlying assumptions. The plan incorporates projected asset and liability growth from our ongoing operations, and the output from our liquidity position forecasting.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     73  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Credit ratings

CIBC’s access to and cost of wholesale funding are dependent on multiple factors, among them credit ratings provided by rating agencies. Rating agencies’ opinions are based upon internal methodologies, and are subject to change based on factors including, but not limited to, financial strength, competitive position, macroeconomic backdrop and liquidity positioning. On April 19, 2018, DBRS downgraded the ratings of subordinated indebtedness issued by the big six Canadian banks without an NVCC provision by one notch, including CIBC, and also revised its outlook from negative to stable for CIBC. On July 16, 2018, Moody’s upgraded the senior debt and subordinated indebtedness – NVCC ratings of CIBC and the other big six Canadian banks. The outlook for CIBC and the other big six Canadian banks was also revised to stable from negative. These changes result from the finalization of the bail-in regulations on April 18, 2018, which became effective on September 23, 2018. See the “Capital resources” section for additional details. As a result of the implementation of the bail-in regime, CIBC now has two classes of senior debt: legacy senior debt (not subject to the bail-in regulations) and senior debt (subject to bail-in regulations). On October 22, 2018, Fitch revised the outlook for CIBC to stable from negative, reflecting CIBC’s reduced rate of growth in Canadian residential mortgages. We do not expect a material impact on our funding costs or ability to access funding as a result of these changes.

Our credit ratings are summarized in the following table:

 

As at October 31, 2018  

DBRS

            Fitch            

Moody’s

           

S&P

         

Deposit/Counterparty   (1)

    AA         AA-         Aa2         A+    

Legacy senior debt   (2)

    AA         AA-         Aa2         A+    

Senior debt   (3)

    AA(L)         AA-         A2         BBB+    

Subordinated indebtedness

    A(H)         A+         Baa1         BBB+    

Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC   (4)

    A(L)         A+         Baa1         BBB    

Preferred shares – NVCC   (4)

    Pfd-2         n/a         Baa3         P-3(H)    

Short-term debt

    R-1(H)         F1+         P-1         A-1    

Outlook

    Stable               Stable               Stable               Stable          

 

(1)

DBRS Long-Term Issuer Rating; Moody’s Long-Term Deposit and Counterparty Risk Assessment Rating; S&P’s Issuer Credit Rating; Fitch Long-Term Issuer Default and Derivative Counterparty Rating.

(2)

Includes senior debt issued prior to September 23, 2018 as well as senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to the bail-in regulations.

(3)

Comprises liabilities which are subject to conversion under the bail-in regulations.

(4)

Comprises instruments which are treated as NVCC in accordance with OSFI’s capital adequacy guidelines.

n/a

Not available.

Additional collateral requirements for rating downgrades

We are required to deliver collateral to certain derivative counterparties in the event of a downgrade to our current credit risk rating. The collateral requirement is based on MTM exposure, collateral valuations, and collateral arrangement thresholds, as applicable. The following table presents the additional cumulative collateral requirements for rating downgrades:

 

$ billions, as at October 31    2018      2017  

One-notch downgrade

   $     0.1    $        –

Two-notch downgrade

     0.1      0.1

Three-notch downgrade

     0.1      0.3

Regulatory developments concerning liquidity

OSFI’s LAR guideline became effective in 2015. It is driven by the BCBS’ global liquidity requirements, and includes the LCR, net stable funding ratio (NSFR) and other liquidity monitoring tools. It is further supplemented by the OSFI-designed supervisory tool known as the NCCF. OSFI uses the LAR and associated metrics to assess individual banks’ liquidity adequacy.

On October 31, 2014, the BCBS published its final NSFR guideline. In October 2017, OSFI provided updated draft NSFR guidance and is engaging industry participants to review its NSFR implementation plans and to clarify details of the NSFR and its application to the Canadian financial industry. In February 2018, OSFI announced that the implementation of the NSFR for deposit-taking institutions will be extended to January 2020.

Consistent with the requirements above, we submit the LCR and NCCF reports to OSFI on a monthly basis and the NSFR report on a quarterly basis. We provide the LCR and NSFR reports to the BCBS twice annually.

 

74   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Contractual obligations

Contractual obligations give rise to commitments of future payments affecting our short- and long-term liquidity and capital resource needs. These obligations include financial liabilities, credit and liquidity commitments, and other contractual obligations.

 

Assets and liabilities

The following table provides the contractual maturity profile of our on-balance sheet assets, liabilities and equity at their carrying values. Contractual analysis is not representative of CIBC’s liquidity risk exposure, however this information serves to inform CIBC’s management of liquidity risk, and provide input when modelling a behavioural balance sheet.

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018   Less than
1 month
    1 – 3
months
    3 – 6
months
    6 – 9
months
    9 – 12
months
    1 – 2
years
   

2 – 5

years

    Over
5 years
    No specified
maturity
    Total  

Assets

                   

Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks

  $ 4,380   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $ 4,380

Interest-bearing deposits with banks

    13,311                                     13,311

Securities

    2,286     2,755     2,104     3,046     1,971     6,265     32,386     24,935     25,916     101,664

Cash collateral on securities borrowed

    5,488                                     5,488

Securities purchased under resale agreements

    20,820     11,774     2,432     6,180     242     2,002                 43,450

Loans

                   

Residential mortgages

    2,540     4,774     9,269     11,657     11,165     53,597     106,293     7,807     647     207,749

Personal

    556     643     1,159     1,106     975     226     1,560     2,263     34,570     43,058

Credit card

    266     532     798     798     798     3,194     6,287             12,673

Business and government

    11,177     3,474     4,894     4,625     3,507     15,658     36,545     12,802     16,873     109,555

Allowance for credit losses

                                    (1,639     (1,639

Derivative instruments

    1,926     3,128     1,550     1,070     1,173     2,463     4,107     6,014         21,431

Customers’ liability under acceptances

    9,169     1,014     67     13     2                     10,265

Other assets

                                    25,714     25,714
    $  71,919   $ 28,094   $ 22,273   $ 28,495   $ 19,833   $ 83,405   $ 187,178   $ 53,821   $ 102,081   $ 597,099

October 31, 2017

  $  68,633   $ 19,284   $ 19,148   $ 24,660   $ 19,187   $ 77,767   $ 185,148   $ 50,473   $ 100,964   $ 565,264

Liabilities

                   

Deposits (1)

  $ 21,817     $ 29,161     $ 34,584     $ 31,806     $ 26,432     $ 27,414     $ 52,888     $ 8,467     $ 228,446     $ 461,015  

Obligations related to securities sold short

    13,782                                                       13,782  

Cash collateral on securities lent

    2,731                                                       2,731  

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

    29,227       1,483       130                                           30,840  

Derivative instruments

    1,501       2,275       1,618       957       1,292       2,365       3,905       7,060             20,973  

Acceptances

    9,200       1,014       67       13       2                               10,296  

Other liabilities

                                                    18,266       18,266  

Subordinated indebtedness

                                              4,080             4,080  

Equity

                                                    35,116       35,116  
    $  78,258     $ 33,933     $ 36,399     $ 32,776     $ 27,726     $  29,779     $ 56,793     $ 19,607     $  281,828     $ 597,099  

October 31, 2017

  $  71,445   $  34,910   $  40,912   $  23,237   $  23,940   $  36,809   $    49,836   $  17,197   $  266,978   $  565,264

 

  (1)

Comprises $163.9 billion (2017: $159.3 billion) of personal deposits of which $153.2 billion (2017: $149.5 billion) are in Canada and $10.7 billion (2017: $9.8 billion) are in other countries; $282.7 billion (2017: $266.6 billion) of business and government deposits and secured borrowings of which $211.9 billion (2017: $192.7 billion) are in Canada and $70.8 billion (2017: $73.9 billion) are in other countries; and $14.4 billion (2017: $13.8 billion) of bank deposits of which $5.9 billion (2017: $6.6 billion) are in Canada and $8.5 billion (2017: $7.2 billion) are in other countries.

 

The changes in the contractual maturity profile were primarily due to the natural migration of maturities and also reflect the impact of our regular business activities.

 

Credit-related commitments

The following table provides the contractual maturity of notional amounts of off-balance sheet credit-related commitments. Since a significant portion of commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total of the contractual amounts is not representative of future liquidity requirements.

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018   Less than
1 month
    1 – 3
months
    3 – 6
months
    6 – 9
months
    9 – 12
months
   

1 – 2

years

   

2 – 5

years

    Over
5 years
    No specified
maturity  (1)
    Total  

Securities lending (2)

  $ 39,931   $ 5,883   $ 5,736   $   $   $   $   $   $     $ 51,550

Unutilized credit commitments

    1,147       5,278     2,844       2,718     3,122     10,886     46,306     2,306     150,139       224,746  

Backstop liquidity facilities

        8,750     630     726     92     309         13           10,520

Standby and performance letters of credit

    1,940     2,586     2,108     3,261     1,651     427     1,139     130           13,242

Documentary and commercial letters of credit

    35     90     49     11     14                       199
    $ 43,053   $ 22,587   $ 11,367   $ 6,716   $ 4,879   $ 11,622   $ 47,445   $ 2,449   $ 150,139     $ 300,257

October 31, 2017

  $   39,287   $   21,865   $   10,724   $   7,042   $   4,083   $   14,976   $   37,280   $   1,920   $   143,182     $   280,359

 

  (1)

Includes $116.5 billion (2017: $111.7 billion) of personal, home equity and credit card lines, which are unconditionally cancellable at our discretion.

  (2)

Excludes securities lending of $2.7 billion (2017: $2.0 billion) for cash because it is reported on the consolidated balance sheet.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     75  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Other contractual obligations

The following table provides the contractual maturities of other contractual obligations affecting our funding needs:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018   Less than
1 month
    1 – 3
months
    3 – 6
months
    6 – 9
months
    9 – 12
months
   

1 – 2

years

   

2 – 5

years

    Over
5 years
    Total  

Operating leases

  $ 41   $ 83   $ 124   $ 124   $ 122   $ 472   $ 1,289   $ 3,505   $ 5,760

Purchase obligations (1)

    97     185     198     174     167     496     672     66     2,055

Pension contributions (2)

    16     32     48     49     49                 194

Underwriting commitments

    176                                 176

Investment commitments

    1     4             4     2     3     180     194
    $ 331   $ 304   $ 370   $ 347   $ 342   $ 970   $ 1,964   $ 3,751   $ 8,379

October 31, 2017

  $   625   $   405   $   386   $   324   $   330   $   973   $   1,805   $   3,477   $   8,325

 

  (1)

Obligations that are legally binding agreements whereby we agree to purchase products or services with specific minimum or baseline quantities defined at fixed, minimum or variable prices over a specified period of time are defined as purchase obligations. Purchase obligations are included through to the termination date specified in the respective agreements, even if the contract is renewable. Many of the purchase agreements for goods and services include clauses that would allow us to cancel the agreement prior to expiration of the contract within a specific notice period. However, the amount above includes our obligations without regard to such termination clauses (unless actual notice of our intention to terminate the agreement has been communicated to the counterparty). The table excludes purchases of debt and equity instruments that settle within standard market time frames.

 
  (2)

Includes estimated minimum funding contributions for our funded defined benefit pension plans in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean. Estimated minimum funding contributions are included only for the next annual period as the minimum contributions are affected by various factors, such as market performance and regulatory requirements, and therefore are subject to significant variability.

 

Other risks

Strategic risk

Strategic risk is the risk of ineffective or improper implementation of business strategies, including mergers and acquisitions. It includes the potential financial loss due to the failure of organic growth initiatives or failure to respond appropriately to changes in the business environment. For additional details on acquisition risk, see the “Top and emerging risks” section.

Oversight of strategic risk is the responsibility of the ExCo and the Board. At least annually, the CEO outlines the process and presents the strategic business plan to the Board for review and approval. The Board reviews the plan in light of management’s assessment of emerging market trends, the competitive environment, potential risks and other key issues.

One of the tools for measuring, monitoring and controlling strategic risk is attribution of economic capital against this risk. Our economic capital models include a strategic risk component for those businesses utilizing capital to fund an acquisition or a significant organic growth strategy.

Insurance risk

Insurance risk is the risk of losses arising from the uncertainty of the timing and size of insurance claims. Unfavourable actual experience could emerge due to adverse fluctuations in timing, size and frequency of actual claims (e.g., mortality, morbidity), policyholder behaviour (e.g., cancellation of coverage), or associated expenses.

Insurance contracts provide financial compensation to the beneficiary in the event of an insured risk occurring in exchange for premiums. We are exposed to insurance risk in our life insurance business and in our reinsurance business within the respective subsidiaries.

Senior management of the insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries have primary responsibility for managing insurance risk with oversight by Risk Management. The insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries also have their own boards of directors, as well as each having an independent Appointed Actuary who provide additional input to risk management oversight. Processes and oversight are in place to manage the risk to our insurance business. Underwriting risk on business assumed is managed through risk policies that limit exposure to an individual life, to certain types of business and to regions.

Our risk governance practices ensure strong independent oversight and control of risk within the insurance businesses. The subsidiaries’ boards outline the internal risk and control structure to manage insurance risk, which includes risk, capital and control policies, processes as well as limits and governance. Senior management of the insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries and Risk Management attend the subsidiaries’ board meetings.

Operational risk

 

Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from people, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, or from external events.

As part of the normal course of business, CIBC is exposed to operational risks in its business activities and external environment. Our comprehensive Operational Risk Management Policy, supported by policies, tools, systems and governance structure, is used to mitigate operational risks. We continuously monitor our operational risk profile to ensure we are operating within CIBC’s approved risk appetite.

Governance and management

Operational risk is managed through the three lines of defence model. Frontline businesses form our first line of defence. Their primary responsibility is the day-to-day management of operational risk inherent in their products and activities.

The second line of defence includes Risk Management and other oversight functions, which are responsible for monitoring and providing independent oversight of operational risk matters in their respective risk types and for providing effective challenges to business lines’ operational risk assessments and mitigation activities.

Internal Audit, our third line of defence, assesses and provides an independent opinion on the design and operating effectiveness of CIBC’s management of operational risk and the strength of the internal control environment.

Global Operational Risk Management (GORM) oversees CIBC’s operational risk exposures. The Head of GORM chairs the Operational Risk and Control Committee (ORCC), a subcommittee of the GRC, with representation from SBUs and functional groups. The ORCC is a management forum providing oversight of CIBC’s operational risk and internal control environment. Its Chair reports significant operational risk matters to the GRC and RMC.

Operational risk management approach

 

Information transparency, timely escalation, clear accountability and a robust internal control environment are the principles forming the basis of the Operational Risk Management Policy, which supports and governs the processes of identifying, measuring, mitigating, monitoring, and reporting operational risks. We mitigate operational losses by consistently applying risk-based approaches and employing risk-specific assessment tools. Regular review of our risk governance structure ensures clarity of, and ownership in, key risk areas.

Risk measurement

CIBC’s business lines regularly conduct reviews of operational risks inherent in their products, services or processes and assess ways to mitigate and manage them in alignment with CIBC’s risk appetite. These reviews include using business process maps, risk and control self-assessments, audit findings, operational

 

76   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

risk scenarios, past internal and external loss events, key risk indicators trends, change initiative risk assessments and in-depth risk reviews to form a holistic operational risk profile for the business lines. Under the three lines of defence model, GORM and relevant oversight functions and experts independently challenge business lines’ risk assessments and mitigation actions.

Operational loss is one of the key operational risk metrics informing us of areas of heightened risk. We collect and analyze internal operational loss event data for themes and trends. The occurrence of a material or potential material loss triggers an investigation to determine the root causes of the incident and the effectiveness of existing mitigating controls, as well as the identification of any additional mitigating actions. Additionally, we monitor the external environment for emerging or potential risks to CIBC. The analysis of material operational risk events is performed by the first line of defence and the outputs of the analysis are subject to formal independent challenge by our second line of defence. The analysis of material operational risk events forms one component of our ongoing operational risk reporting to senior management and the Board.

Business lines conduct change initiative risk assessment on risks inherent to the initiatives (for example, new product launches or major system changes). Identified risks and related mitigation actions are independently challenged by GORM and other oversight functions as the second line of defence to ensure residual risks remain within the approved risk appetite.

 

We use both the AMA, a risk-sensitive method prescribed by the BCBS, and the Standardized Method to quantify our operational risk exposure in the form of operational risk regulatory capital. Our AMA model determines operational risk capital using historical loss data, projected loss data from our loss scenario analysis and the assessment of internal control risks impacting our business environment. The standardized method is also used as agreed with local regulators. Our current AMA model, along with the standardized method, was approved for capital reporting commencing in fiscal 2016.

Under AMA, operational risk capital represents the “worst-case loss” within a 99.9% confidence level. The aggregate risk to CIBC is less than the sum of the individual parts, as the likelihood that all business groups across all regions experience a worst-case loss in every loss category in the same year is extremely low. To adjust for the fact that all risks are not 100% correlated, we incorporate a portfolio effect to ensure that the aggregated risk is representative of the total bank-wide risk. The process for determining correlations considers both internal and external historical correlations and takes into account the uncertainty surrounding correlation estimates.

Under Basel AMA, the recognition of insurance as a risk mitigant may be considered in the measure of operational risk used for regulatory minimum capital requirements. Although our current insurance policies are tailored to provide earnings protection from potential high-severity losses, we do not reflect mitigation through insurance or any other risk transfer mechanism in our AMA model.

 

Back-testing

To ensure the AMA model is performing effectively and maintaining predictability, we back-test capital calculation results each quarter. The back-testing exercise assesses the model’s performance against internal loss data. The overall AMA methodology is also independently validated by the Model Validation group to ensure that the applied assumptions are reasonable. The validation exercise includes modelling the relevant internal loss data using alternative methods and comparing the results to the model. The model will be updated to address identified gaps, as appropriate.

Risk mitigation

Our primary tool for mitigating operational risk exposure is a robust internal control environment. Our internal control framework outlines key principles, structure and processes underpinning CIBC’s approach to managing risks through effective controls. Under our framework, all key controls are subject to ongoing testing and review to ensure they effectively mitigate our operational risk exposures. In addition, our corporate insurance program affords extra protection from loss while our global business continuity management program ensures that under conditions of interruption or crisis, CIBC’s critical business functions could continue to operate and normal operations are restored in a highly effective and efficient manner.

Risk monitoring and reporting

Both forward-looking key risk indicators (KRIs) as well as backward-looking key performance indicators provide insight into CIBC’s risk exposure and are used to monitor the main drivers of exposure associated with key operational risks and their adherence to the operational risk appetite. KRIs assist in early detection of potential operational risk events by identifying unfavourable trends and highlighting controls that may not be functioning effectively. Business lines are required to identify and implement KRIs for material risk exposures on an ongoing basis. Escalation triggers are used to highlight risk exposures requiring additional attention from senior management and/or the Board. The second line of defence challenges the selection of KRIs and the appropriateness of thresholds.

Our risk monitoring processes support a transparent risk-reporting program, informing both senior management and the Board on our control environment, operational risk exposures, and mitigation strategies.

Technology, information and cyber security risk

We are also exposed to cyber threats and the associated financial, reputation and business interruption risks. For additional information on these risks and our mitigation strategies, see the “Top and emerging risks” section.

 

Reputation and legal risk

Our reputation and financial soundness are of fundamental importance to us and to our clients, shareholders and employees.

Reputation risk is the risk of negative publicity regarding our business conduct or practices which, whether true or not, could significantly harm our reputation as a leading financial institution, or could materially and adversely affect our business, operations or financial condition.

Legal risk is risk of financial loss arising from one or more of the following factors: (a) civil, criminal or regulatory enforcement proceedings against us; (b) our failure to correctly document, enforce or comply with contractual obligations; (c) failure to comply with our legal obligations to customers, investors, employees, counterparties or other stakeholders; (d) failure to take appropriate legal measures to protect our assets or security interests; or (e) misconduct by our employees or agents.

The RMC, together with the Reputation and Legal Risks Committee and GRC, provides oversight of the management of reputation and legal risks. The identification, consideration and prudent, proactive management of potential reputation and legal risks is a key responsibility of CIBC and all of our employees.

Our Global Reputation and Legal Risks Policy sets standards for safeguarding our reputation through pro-active identification, measurement and management of potential reputation and legal risks. The policy is supplemented by business procedures for identifying and escalating transactions to the Reputation and Legal Risks Committee that could pose material reputation risk and/or legal risk.

 

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Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Regulatory compliance risk

Regulatory compliance risk is the risk of CIBC’s potential non-conformance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Our regulatory compliance philosophy is to manage and mitigate regulatory compliance risk through the promotion of a strong risk and compliance culture within the parameters established by CIBC’s Risk Appetite Statement. The foundation of this approach is a comprehensive Regulatory Compliance Management (RCM) framework. The RCM framework, owned by the Chief Compliance Officer and approved by the RMC, maps regulatory requirements to internal policies, procedures and controls that govern regulatory compliance.

Our Compliance department is responsible for the development and maintenance of a comprehensive regulatory compliance program, including oversight of the RCM framework. This department is independent of business management and reports regularly to the RMC.

Primary responsibility for compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements rests with senior management of the business and functional groups, and extends to all employees. The Compliance department’s activities support those groups, with particular emphasis on regulatory requirements that govern the relationship between CIBC and its clients, or that help protect the integrity of the capital markets.

See the “Regulatory developments” section for further details.

Environmental and social risk

Environmental and social risk is the risk of financial loss or damage to reputation associated with environmental issues including related social issues, whether arising from our credit and investment activities or related to our own operations. Our corporate environmental policy, originally approved by the Board in 1993, with the most recent biennial update and approval by our CRO in 2018, commits CIBC to responsible conduct in all activities to protect and conserve the environment; safeguard the interests of all stakeholders from unacceptable levels of environmental risk; and support the principles of sustainable development.

Given the growing importance of environmental risk to our bank, on November 1, 2018, we aligned responsibility of our environmental policy and governance into our Senior Vice-President, Enterprise and Conduct Risk who reports into our CRO on environmental governance. Our environmental risk management team is responsible for developing environmental strategy, setting environmental performance standards and targets, and reporting on performance. There is also an enterprise-wide Environmental Management Committee, comprised of senior executives from our SBUs and functional groups, that meets quarterly and provides input into our environmental strategy and provides oversight of CIBC’s environmental initiatives.

The corporate environmental policy is addressed by an integrated corporate environmental management program that is under the overall management of the environmental risk management team. Environmental and related social evaluations are integrated into our credit and investment risk assessment processes, with environmental and social risk management standards and procedures in place for all sectors. In addition, environmental and social risk assessments in project finance, project-related corporate and bridge loans are required, in accordance with our commitment to the Equator Principles, which are a voluntary set of guidelines for financial institutions based on the screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation. We adopted the Equator Principles in 2003. An escalation process is in place for transactions with the potential to have significant environmental and related social risk, with escalation up to the Reputation and Legal Risks Committee for senior executive review, if required. Two proposed transactions were escalated to the Reputation and Legal Risks Committee in 2018 through this process.

We also conduct ongoing research and benchmarking on environmental issues such as climate change as they may pertain to responsible lending practices. We are a participant in the CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project) climate change program, which promotes corporate disclosure to the investment community on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change management.

We are also a supporter of the TCFD, which aims to develop voluntary, consistent climate-related risk disclosures. We continue to evaluate the potential for further climate-related disclosures that align with the TCFD recommendations and to engage with peers in a variety of industries in an effort to ensure that any methodology developed to support such disclosures is reasonable and appropriate and can be applied on a consistent basis. In addition, we are a member of the United Nations Environment Programme-Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI), which has a mission to promote sustainable finance.

In 2018, CIBC Asset Management Inc. became a signatory to the United Nations-supported Principles for Responsible Investment, which commit signatories to incorporate environmental and social issues into investment analysis and decision-making across all investment classes.

The environmental risk management team works closely with our main business units and functional groups to ensure that high standards of environmental responsibility are applied to the banking services that we provide to our clients, the relationships we have with our stakeholders, and to the way we manage our facilities.

More information on our environmental governance, policy, management and performance can be found in our Corporate Responsibility Report, which is available at https://www.cibc.com/content/cibcpublic/en/about-cibc/corporate-responsibility.html. The information on our website does not form a part of this document.

 

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Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Accounting and control matters

Critical accounting policies and estimates

A summary of significant accounting policies is presented in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Certain accounting policies require us to make judgments and estimates, some of which may relate to matters that are uncertain. Changes in the judgments and estimates required in the critical accounting policies discussed below could have a material impact on our financial results. We have established control procedures to ensure accounting policies are applied consistently and processes for changing methodologies are well controlled.

 

 

CIBC adopted IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” (IFRS 9) in place of IAS 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement” (IAS 39) to comply with OSFI’s advisory that requires that D-SIBs adopt IFRS 9 for their annual periods beginning on November 1, 2017, one year earlier than required by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). We applied IFRS 9 on a retrospective basis. As permitted, we did not restate our prior period comparative consolidated financial statements, which are reported under IAS 39 and are therefore not comparable to the information presented for 2018. IFRS 9 impacted our critical accounting policies in two principal areas: classification and measurement and impairment.

Use and classification of financial instruments

As a financial institution, our assets and liabilities primarily comprise financial instruments, which include deposits, securities, loans, derivatives, acceptances, repurchase agreements, and subordinated indebtedness.

We use these financial instruments for both trading and non-trading activities. Trading activities primarily include the purchase and sale of securities, transacting in foreign exchange and derivative instruments in the course of facilitating client trades and taking proprietary trading positions with the objective of income generation. Non-trading activities generally include the business of lending, investing, funding, and ALM.

The use of financial instruments may either introduce or mitigate exposures to market, credit and/or liquidity risks. See the “Management of risk” section for details on how these risks are managed.

Financial instruments are accounted for according to their classification. Judgment is applied in determining the appropriate classification of financial instruments under IFRS 9, in particular as it relates to the assessment of whether debt financial assets meet the solely payment of principal and interest (SPPI) test, and the assessment of the business model used to manage financial assets. For details on the accounting for these instruments under IFRS 9 and the differences from IAS 39, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

Accounting for AFS securities under IAS 39

AFS securities included debt and equity securities.

AFS securities were measured at fair value, with the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost included in AOCI. Only equities that did not have a reliably measurable fair value were carried at cost. We had determined that all of our equity securities had reliable fair values.

AFS securities were subject to quarterly reviews to assess whether or not there was an impairment. The assessment of impairment depended on whether the instrument was debt or equity in nature. AFS debt securities were identified as impaired when there was objective observable evidence concerning the inability to collect the contractual principal or interest. Factors that were reviewed for impairment assessment include, but were not limited to, operating performance and future expectations, liquidity and capital adequacy, external credit ratings, deterioration in underlying asset quality, industry valuation levels for comparable entities, and any changes in market and economic outlook.

For AFS equity instruments, objective evidence of impairment existed if there had been a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the investment below its cost. In making the impairment assessment, we also considered whether there had been significant adverse changes to the technological, market, economic, or legal environments in which the issuer operates or if the issuer was experiencing significant financial difficulty.

Realized gains and losses on disposal and write-downs to reflect impairment in the value of AFS securities were recorded in the consolidated statement of income. Previously recognized impairment losses for debt securities (but not equity securities) were reversed if a subsequent increase in fair value could be objectively identified and was related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized. Once an AFS equity security was impaired, all subsequent declines in fair value were charged directly to income.

Accounting for FVOCI securities under IFRS 9

FVOCI securities include debt securities that meet the SPPI criteria and the “Hold to collect and for sale” business model and equity securities that are designated at FVOCI upon initial recognition. Impairment of equity securities designated at FVOCI is not required under IFRS 9 because unrealized gains or losses are recognized in OCI and are directly reclassified to retained earnings upon disposition of the equity securities with no recycling to profit or loss.

Similar to the accounting for AFS debt securities under IAS 39, FVOCI debt securities under IFRS 9 are measured at fair value, with the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost included in AOCI. However, unlike IAS 39, FVOCI debt securities are subject to the expected credit losses impairment model under IFRS 9. For more details, refer to “Allowance for credit losses under IFRS 9“ section below and Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Determination of fair value of financial instruments

Under IFRS 9, debt and equity securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL (IAS 39: Debt and equity trading securities), business and government loans mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL (IAS 39: Trading business and government loans), obligations related to securities sold short, derivative contracts, FVOCI securities (IAS 39: AFS securities) and FVO financial instruments are carried at fair value. FVO financial instruments include certain debt securities, certain secured borrowings, structured deposits and business and government deposits. Retail mortgage interest rate commitments are also designated as FVO financial instruments.

The transition to IFRS 9 did not impact the definition of fair value, which is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability at the measurement date in an orderly arm’s-length transaction between market participants in the principal market under current market conditions (i.e., the exit price). Fair value measurements are categorized into levels within a fair value hierarchy based on the nature of the valuation inputs (Level 1, 2 or 3). We have an established and documented process for determining fair value. Fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in an active market for the same instrument, where available (Level 1). If active market prices or quotes are not available for an instrument, fair value is then based on valuation models in which the significant inputs are observable (Level 2) or in which one or more of the significant inputs are non-observable (Level 3). Estimating fair value requires the application of judgment. The type and level of judgment required is largely dependent on the amount of observable market information available. For instruments valued using internally developed models that use significant non-observable market inputs and are therefore classified

 

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within Level 3 of the hierarchy, the judgment used to estimate fair value is more significant than when estimating the fair value of instruments classified within Levels 1 and 2. To ensure that valuations are appropriate, a number of policies and controls are in place. Independent validation of fair value is performed at least on a monthly basis. Valuation inputs are verified to external sources such as exchange quotes, broker quotes or other management-approved independent pricing sources.

The following table presents amounts, in each category of financial instruments, which are valued using valuation techniques based on Level 3 inputs. For further details of the valuation of and sensitivity associated with Level 3 financial assets and liabilities, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

 

$ millions, as at October 31             2018               2017  
      

Level 3

     Total  (1)     

Level 3

     Total  (1)  

Assets

           

Securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL and loans mandatorily measured at FVTPL (2017: Trading securities and loans)

   $ 833      1.2  %     $ 232        0.4  % 

Debt securities measured at FVOCI and equity securities designated at FVOCI (2017: AFS securities)

     285      0.8        1,967      4.9  

Derivative instruments

     222      1.0        196      0.8  
     $     1,340        1.0  %     $     2,395      1.8  % 

Liabilities

           

Deposits and other liabilities (2)

   $ 423      5.3  %     $ 369      5.5  % 

Derivative instruments

     359      1.7        245      1.1  
     $ 782      1.8  %     $ 614      1.4  % 

 

(1)

Represents the percentage of Level 3 assets and liabilities over total assets and liabilities for each reported category that are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value.

(2)

Includes FVO deposits and bifurcated embedded derivatives.

Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements presents the valuation methods used to determine fair value showing separately those financial instruments that are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet and those that are not.

In order to reflect the observed market practice of pricing collateralized and uncollateralized derivatives, our valuation approach uses overnight indexed swap curves as the discount rate in the valuation of collateralized derivatives and market cost of funding in the valuation of uncollateralized derivatives. The use of a market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative assets incremental to the reduction in fair value for credit risk already reflected through the CVA. In contrast, the use of a market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities in a manner that generally includes adjustments for our own credit. As market practices continue to evolve in regard to derivative valuation, further adjustments may be required in the future.

Fair value adjustments

We apply judgment in establishing valuation adjustments that take into account various factors that may have an impact on the valuation of financial instruments that are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the bid-offer spread, illiquidity due to lack of market depth and other market risks, parameter uncertainty, model risk, and credit risk.

The establishment of fair value adjustments and the determination of the amount of write-downs involve estimates that are based on accounting processes and judgments by management. We evaluate the adequacy of the fair value adjustments and the amount of write-downs on an ongoing basis. The levels of fair value adjustments and the amount of the write-downs could change as events warrant and may not reflect ultimate realizable amounts.

The following table summarizes our valuation adjustments:

 

$ millions, as at October 31    2018      2017  

Securities

     

Market risk

   $ 1    $ 2

Derivatives

     

Market risk

     165      111

Credit risk

     72      66

Administration costs

     5      5

Total valuation adjustments

   $     243    $     184

Impairment of financial assets

Allowance for credit losses under IAS 39

We established and maintained an allowance for credit losses that was considered the best estimate of probable credit-related losses existing in our portfolio of on- and off-balance sheet loan exposures, giving due regard to current conditions.

The allowance for credit losses consisted of individual and collective components.

Individual allowances

The majority of our business and government loan portfolios were assessed for impairment on an individual loan basis. Individual allowances were established when impaired loans were identified within the individually assessed portfolios. A loan was classified as impaired when we were of the opinion that there was no longer reasonable assurance of the full and timely collection of contractual principal and interest. The individual allowance was the amount required to reduce the carrying value of an impaired loan to its estimated realizable amount. This was determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at the effective interest rate inherent in the loan.

Individual allowances were not established for portfolios that were collectively assessed, including most retail portfolios.

Collective allowances

Consumer and certain small business allowances

Residential mortgages, credit card loans, personal loans, and certain small business loan portfolios consist of large numbers of homogeneous balances of relatively small amounts, for which we took a portfolio approach to establish the collective allowance under IAS 39. As it was not practical to review each individual loan, we utilized a formula basis, by reference to historical ratios of write-offs to current accounts and balances in arrears. For residential mortgages, personal loans and certain small business loans, this historical loss experience enabled CIBC to determine appropriate PD and LGD parameters, which were used in the calculation of the portion of the collective allowance for current accounts. For credit card loans, non-current residential mortgages,

 

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personal loans and certain small business loans, the historical loss experience enabled CIBC to calculate flows to write off in our models that determine the collective allowance that pertain to these loans.

We also considered estimates of the time periods over which losses that were present would be identified and a provision taken, our view of current economic and portfolio trends, and evidence of credit quality improvements or deterioration. On a regular basis, the parameters that affected the allowance calculation were updated, based on our experience and the economic environment.

Business and government allowances

For groups of individually assessed loans for which no objective evidence of impairment had been identified on an individual basis, a collective allowance was provided for losses which we estimated were inherent in the portfolio at the reporting date, but not yet specifically identified from an individual assessment of the loan.

The methodology for determining the appropriate level of the collective allowance incorporated a number of factors, including the size of the portfolios, expected loss rates, and relative risk profiles. We also considered estimates of the time periods over which losses that were present would be identified and a provision taken, our view of current economic and portfolio trends, and evidence of credit quality improvements or deterioration. On a regular basis, the parameters that affected the collective allowance calculation were updated, based on our experience and the economic environment. Expected loss rates for business loan portfolios were based on the risk rating of each credit facility and on the PD factors associated with each risk rating, as well as estimates of LGD. The PD factors reflected our historical loss experience and were supplemented by data derived from defaults in the public debt markets. Historical loss experience was adjusted based on observable data to reflect the effects of current conditions. LGD estimates were based on our experience over past years.

Allowance for credit losses under IFRS 9

The new impairment guidance sets out an expected credit loss (ECL) model applicable to all debt instrument financial assets classified as amortized cost or FVOCI. In addition, the ECL model applies to loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL.

Incurred loss versus expected loss methodology

The application of ECL significantly changes our credit loss methodology and models. ECL allowances represent credit losses that reflect an unbiased and probability-weighted amount which is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, the time value of money and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The incurred loss model under IAS 39 incorporated a single best estimate, the time value of money and information about past events and current conditions. The objective of IFRS 9 is to record lifetime losses on all financial instruments which have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since their initial recognition. As a result, ECL allowances are measured at amounts equal to either: (i) 12-month ECL; or (ii) lifetime ECL for those financial instruments which have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. The incurred loss model recognized lifetime credit losses when there is objective evidence of impairment and also allowances for incurred but not identified credit losses. Because of the inclusion of relative credit deterioration criteria and consideration of forward-looking information, the ECL model eliminates the threshold or trigger event required to recognize lifetime credit losses under the incurred loss model, and lifetime ECL are recognized earlier under IFRS 9.

For our business and government portfolios, the individually assessed allowances for impaired instruments recognized under IAS 39 have generally been replaced by stage 3 allowances under IFRS 9, while the collective allowances for performing financial instruments have generally been replaced by either stage 1 or stage 2 allowances under IFRS 9. For our retail portfolios, the portion of our collective allowances that relate to impaired financial instruments under IAS 39 have generally been replaced by stage 3 allowances, while the performing portion of our collective allowances have generally been replaced by either stage 1 or stage 2 allowances under IFRS 9.

Key drivers of expected credit loss

The new ECL impairment requirements of IFRS 9 require that we make judgments and estimates related to matters that are uncertain. In particular, the ECL requirements of IFRS 9 incorporate the following elements that are subject to a high level of judgment:

 

Determining when a significant increase in credit risk of a loan has occurred;

 

Measuring both 12-month and lifetime credit losses; and

 

Forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of each scenario.

In addition, the interrelationship between these elements is also subject to a high degree of judgment. Changes in the judgments and estimates related to IFRS 9 can have a significant impact on the level of ECL allowance recognized and the period over period volatility of the provision for credit losses. Changes in a particular period could have a material impact on our financial results. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for more information concerning the high level of judgment inherent in the estimation of ECL allowance under IFRS 9.

Use of the regulatory framework

Our ECL model leverages the data, systems and processes that are used to calculate Basel expected losses regulatory adjustments for the portion of our portfolios under the AIRB approach. Appropriate adjustments are made to the Basel parameters to meet IFRS 9 requirements, including the conversion of through-the-cycle and downturn parameters used in the Basel regulatory calculations to point-in-time parameters used under IFRS 9 that considers forward-looking information. In addition, credit losses under IFRS 9 are for 12 months for stage 1 financial instruments and lifetime for stage 2 and stage 3

financial instruments, as compared with 12 months for AIRB portfolios under Basel. The main adjustments necessary to Basel risk parameters are explained in the table below:

 

    Regulatory Capital   IFRS 9
PD   Through-the-cycle PD represents long-run average PD throughout a full economic cycle   Point-in-time 12-month or lifetime PD based on current conditions and relevant forward-looking assumptions
LGD  

Downturn LGD based on losses that would be expected in an economic downturn and subject to certain regulatory floors

 

Discounted using the cost of capital

 

Unbiased probability-weighted LGD based on estimated LGD including impact of relevant forward-looking assumptions such as changes in collateral value

 

Discounted using the original effective interest rate

EAD   Based on the drawn balance plus expected utilization of any undrawn portion prior to default, and cannot be lower than the drawn balance   Amortization and repayment of principal and interest from the balance sheet date to the default is captured
Other       ECL is discounted from the default date to the reporting date

 

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Attribution of provision for credit losses

As part of the adoption of IFRS 9, we now recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired (stage 3) and performing (stages 1 and 2) loans in the respective SBUs. In prior periods, provision for credit losses on performing loans was recognized in Corporate and Other, with the exception of provision for credit losses related to CIBC Bank USA, which was recognized in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and provision for credit losses on: (i) performing residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) performing personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent, which was recognized in Canadian Personal and Small Business Banking.

Provision for credit losses recognized directly on our consolidated statement of income is in respect to financial instruments classified as loans and bankers’ acceptances. Provision for credit losses for FVOCI debt securities and amortized cost securities are recognized in gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net in the consolidated statement of income.

Hedge accounting

The IFRS 9 hedge accounting guidance is intended to better align the accounting with risk management activities. However, IFRS 9 allows the existing hedge accounting requirements under IAS 39 to continue in place of the hedge accounting requirements under IFRS 9. As permitted, we have elected to not adopt the IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirements and instead will retain the IAS 39 hedge accounting requirements. However, we have adopted the new hedge accounting disclosure requirements under amendments to IFRS 7.

Securitizations and structured entities

Securitization of our own assets

Under IFRS 10 “Consolidated Financial Statements” (IFRS 10), judgment is exercised in determining whether an investor controls an investee including assessing whether the investor has: (i) power over the investee; (ii) exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and (iii) the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.

We sponsor several SEs that have purchased and securitized our own assets including Cards II Trust, Broadway Trust and Crisp Trust, which we consolidate under IFRS 10.

We also securitize our own mortgage assets through a government-sponsored securitization program. We sell these securitized assets to a government-sponsored securitization vehicle that we do not consolidate, as well as to other third parties. IFRS 9 provides guidance on when to derecognize financial assets. A financial asset is derecognized when the contractual rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or when we have transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the asset such that:

 

We have transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset; or

 

We have neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but have transferred control of the asset.

We have determined that our securitization activities related to residential mortgages and cards receivables are accounted for as secured borrowing transactions because we have not met the aforementioned criteria.

In addition, we sell and derecognize commercial mortgages through a pass-through arrangement with a trust that securitizes these mortgages into ownership certificates held by various external investors. We continue to perform special servicing of the mortgages in exchange for a market-based fee and do not consolidate the trust. We also sell certain U.S. commercial mortgages to third parties that qualify for derecognition because we have transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the mortgages and have no continuous involvement after the transfer.

Securitization of third-party assets

We also sponsor several SEs that purchase pools of third-party assets. We consider a number of factors in determining whether CIBC controls these SEs. We monitor the extent to which we support these SEs, through direct investment in the debt issued by the SEs and through the provision of liquidity protection to the other debtholders, to assess whether we should consolidate these entities.

IFRS 10 also requires that we reconsider our consolidation assessment if facts and circumstances relevant to the entities indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control described above. Factors that trigger reassessment include, but are not limited to, significant changes in ownership structure of the entities, changes in contractual or governance arrangements, provision of a liquidity facility beyond the original terms, transactions with the entities that were not contemplated originally and changes in the financing structure of the entities.

Specifically, in relation to our multi-seller conduits, we would reconsider our consolidation assessment if our level of interest in the ABCP issued by the conduits changes significantly, or in the rare event that the liquidity facility that we provide to the conduits is drawn or amended.

A significant increase in our holdings of the outstanding commercial paper issued by the conduits would become more likely in a scenario in which the market for bank-sponsored ABCP suffered a significant deterioration such that the conduits were unable to roll their ABCP.

For additional information on the securitizations of our own assets and third-party assets, see the “Off-balance sheet arrangements” section and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

Asset impairment

Goodwill

As at October 31, 2018, we had goodwill of $5,564 million (2017: $5,367 million). Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested, at least annually, for impairment by comparing the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit (CGU) to which goodwill has been allocated, with the carrying amount of the CGU including goodwill. Any deficiency is recognized as impairment of goodwill. The recoverable amount of a CGU is defined as the higher of its estimated fair value less cost to sell and its value in use. Goodwill is also required to be tested for impairment whenever there are indicators that it may be impaired.

Estimation of the recoverable amount is an area of significant judgment. Recoverable amounts are estimated using internally developed models which require the use of significant assumptions including forecasted earnings, discount rates, growth rates, forecasted regulatory capital requirements, and price-earnings multiples. Reductions in the estimated recoverable amount could arise from various factors, such as reductions in forecasted cash flows, an increase in the assumed level of required capital, and any adverse changes to the discount rate or terminal growth rates either in isolation or in any combination thereof. Where our estimated recoverable amount is not significantly in excess of the carrying amount of the CGU, additional judgment is required, and reductions in the recoverable amount are more likely to give rise to a deficiency which would result in an impairment charge.

The recoverable amount of CIBC FirstCaribbean is based on a value in use calculation that is estimated using a five-year cash flow projection approved by management of CIBC FirstCaribbean and an estimate of the capital required to be maintained in the region to support ongoing operations.

We performed our annual impairment test as of August 1, 2018 based on a five-year forecast prepared by management of CIBC FirstCaribbean during the fourth quarter of 2018. The forecast for CIBC FirstCaribbean used in our 2018 annual impairment test reflects an expectation of continued productive loan growth during the forecast period as well as the expected cash flows from the Government of Barbados debt restructuring.

 

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As economic conditions in the Caribbean region remain challenging, we continue to closely monitor our investment. Reductions in the estimated recoverable amount of our CIBC FirstCaribbean CGU could result in additional goodwill impairment charges in future periods. As at October 31, 2018, the carrying amount of goodwill relating to CIBC FirstCaribbean was $413 million (US$314 million).

Other intangible assets and long-lived assets

As at October 31, 2018, we had other intangible assets with an indefinite life of $142 million (2017: $141 million). Acquired intangible assets are separately recognized if the benefits of the intangible assets are obtained through contractual or other legal rights, or if the intangible assets can be sold, transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged. Determining the useful lives of intangible assets requires judgment and fact-based analysis.

Intangible assets with an indefinite life are not amortized but are assessed for impairment by comparing the recoverable amount to the carrying amount. An impairment test is required at least annually, or whenever there are indicators that these assets may be impaired.

Long-lived assets and other identifiable intangible assets with a definite life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. These assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount is higher than the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is defined as the higher of the estimated fair value less cost to sell and value in use.

Determining the recoverable amount of intangible assets and long-lived assets is an area of judgment as we estimate the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and, where appropriate, cash flows arising from the asset’s eventual disposition.

For additional details, see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

Income taxes

We are subject to income tax laws in the various jurisdictions where we operate, and the tax laws in those jurisdictions are potentially subject to different interpretations by us and the relevant taxation authority. We use judgment in the estimation of income taxes and deferred tax assets and liabilities. As a result, management judgment is applied in the interpretation of the relevant tax laws and in estimating the provision for current and deferred income taxes. Deferred tax assets or liabilities are determined for each temporary difference based on the tax rates that are expected to be in effect in the period that the assets are realized or the liabilities are settled. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences unless the temporary differences relate to our net investments in foreign operations (NIFOs) and will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

We are required to assess whether it is probable that our deferred tax assets will be realized prior to their expiration and, based on all of the available evidence, determine if any portion of our deferred tax assets should not be recognized. The factors used to assess the probability of realization are based on our past experience of income and capital gains, forecasts of future net income before income taxes, available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the deferred tax assets, and the remaining expiration period of tax loss carryforwards. In addition, for deductible temporary differences arising from our NIFOs, we must consider whether the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future. Although realization is not assured, we believe, based on all of the available evidence, it is probable that the recognized deferred tax assets will be realized.

Income tax accounting impacts all of our reporting segments. For further details on our income taxes, see Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements.

Contingent liabilities and provision

Legal proceedings and other contingencies

In the ordinary course of its business, CIBC is a party to a number of legal proceedings, including regulatory investigations, in which claims for substantial monetary damages are asserted against CIBC and its subsidiaries. Legal provisions are established if, in the opinion of management, it is both probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to resolve the matter, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the reliable estimate of probable loss involves a range of potential outcomes within which a specific amount within the range appears to be a better estimate, that amount is accrued. If no specific amount within the range of potential outcomes appears to be a better estimate than any other amount, the mid-point in the range is accrued. In some instances, however, it is not possible to determine whether an obligation is probable or to reliably estimate the amount of loss, in which case no accrual can be made.

While there is inherent difficulty in predicting the outcome of legal proceedings, based on current knowledge and in consultation with legal counsel, we do not expect the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. However, the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, may be material to our operating results for a particular reporting period. We regularly assess the adequacy of CIBC’s litigation accruals and make the necessary adjustments to incorporate new information as it becomes available.

CIBC considers losses to be reasonably possible when they are neither probable nor remote. It is reasonably possible that CIBC may incur losses in addition to the amounts recorded when the loss accrued is the mid-point of a range of reasonably possible losses, or the potential loss pertains to a matter in which an unfavourable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable.

A description of significant ongoing matters to which CIBC is a party can be found in Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements. The provisions disclosed in Note 22 include all of CIBC’s accruals for legal matters as at October 31, 2018, including amounts related to the significant legal proceedings described in that note and to other legal matters.

CIBC believes the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of the amounts accrued, for its significant legal proceedings, where it is possible to make such an estimate, is from nil to approximately $1.2 billion as at October 31, 2018. This estimated aggregate range of reasonably possible losses is based upon currently available information for those significant proceedings in which CIBC is involved, taking into account CIBC’s best estimate of such losses for those cases for which an estimate can be made. CIBC’s estimate involves significant judgment, given the varying stages of the proceedings and the existence of multiple defendants in many of such proceedings whose share of the liability has yet to be determined. The range does not include potential punitive damages and interest. The matters underlying the estimated range as at October 31, 2018, consist of the significant legal matters disclosed in Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements. The matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly from the current estimate. For certain matters, CIBC does not believe that an estimate can currently be made as many of them are in preliminary stages and certain matters have no specific amount claimed. Consequently, these matters are not included in the range.

Post-employment and other long-term benefit plan assumptions

We sponsor a number of benefit plans to eligible employees, including registered and supplemental pension plans, and post-retirement medical and dental plans (other post-employment benefit plans). We also continue to sponsor a long-term disability income replacement plan and associated medical and dental benefits (collectively, other long-term benefit plans). The long-term disability plan was closed to new claims effective June 1, 2004.

The calculation of net defined benefit plan expense and obligations depends on various actuarial assumptions such as discount rates, health-care cost trend rates, turnover of employees, projected salary increases, retirement age, and mortality rates. The actuarial assumptions used for determining the net defined benefit expense for a fiscal year are set at the beginning of the annual reporting period, are reviewed in accordance with accepted actuarial practice and are approved by management.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     83  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

The discount rate assumption used in measuring the net defined benefit plan expense and obligations reflects market yields, as of the measurement date, on high quality debt instruments with a currency and term to maturity that match the currency and expected timing of benefit payments. Our discount rate is estimated by developing a yield curve based on high quality corporate bonds. While there is a deep market of high quality corporate bonds denominated in Canadian dollars with short and medium terms to maturity, there is not a deep market in bonds with terms to maturity that match the timing of all the expected benefit payments for all of our Canadian plans. As a result, for our Canadian pension, other post-employment and other long-term benefit plans, we estimate the yields of high quality corporate bonds with longer-term maturities by extrapolating current yields on bonds with short- and medium-term durations along the yield curve. Judgment is required in constructing the yield curve, and as a result, different methodologies applied in constructing the yield curve can give rise to different discount rates.

For further details of our annual pension and other post-employment expense and obligations, see Note 18 and Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Accounting developments

Transition to IFRS 15

IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (IFRS 15) replaces prior guidance, including IAS 18 “Revenue” and IFRIC 13 “Customer Loyalty Programmes”. IFRS 15 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, which for us will be on November 1, 2018. IFRS 15 can be applied on a retrospective basis or using a modified retrospective approach. We plan to adopt IFRS 15 using the modified retrospective approach by recognizing the cumulative effect of initial application in opening November 1, 2018 retained earnings. Use of the modified retrospective approach will require us to provide additional disclosures in the year of adoption.

IFRS 15 excludes from its scope revenue related to financial instruments, lease contracts and insurance contracts. As a result, the majority of our revenue will not be impacted by the adoption of this standard, including net interest income.

The application of IFRS 15 is not expected to significantly impact our November 1, 2018 shareholder’s equity. We also do not expect a material impact to our consolidated financial statements going forward as a result of adopting this standard. See Note 31 to the consolidated financial statements for further details on the changes resulting from the adoption of IFRS 15.

Transition to IFRS 16

IFRS 16 “Leases” (IFRS 16) replaces IAS 17 “Leases”, and is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, which for us will be on November 1, 2019. We have established a centrally-managed IFRS 16 transition program that includes stakeholders from our Finance, Corporate Services, and Technology and Operations groups to modify our policies, processes and systems so that we can comply with the new standard. IFRS 16 will result in on-balance sheet recognition for many leases that are considered operating leases under IAS 17, including our property leases, which will result in the gross-up of the balance sheet through the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a liability for the lease component of the future payments.

Transition to IFRS 17

IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” (IFRS 17) – issued in May 2017, replaces IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts”, and was originally effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021, which for us is on November 1, 2021. In November 2018, the IASB tentatively decided to defer the effective date from reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021 to January 1, 2022. IFRS 17 provides comprehensive guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts. In May 2018, OSFI issued a final advisory “IFRS 17 Transition and Progress Report Requirements for Federally Regulated Insurers”, which provides pre-transition and transition guidance, including prohibiting early adoption of IFRS 17 by federally regulated insurance subsidiaries. We continue to evaluate the impact of IFRS 17 on our consolidated financial statements.

Other regulatory developments

Reforms to interest rate benchmarks

Various interest rate and other indices that are deemed to be “benchmarks” (including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)) are the subject of international regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. The U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority announced in July 2017 that it would not compel banks to submit LIBOR rates after December 2021 and therefore this benchmark and others may be discontinued beyond that date.

These reform pressures may cause current benchmarks to disappear entirely, perform differently than in the past, create disincentives for market participants to continue to administer and contribute to certain benchmarks, or have other consequences which cannot be predicted.

Accordingly, this uncertainty in respect of relevant benchmarks may adversely affect the value of, return on, or trading market for contracts linked to any such benchmark. CIBC will continue to monitor developments in this area.

Review of sales practices

In 2017, the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC) and OSFI announced that they were conducting an industry-wide review of the retail banking sales practices of Canadian financial institutions. The FCAC publicly released its industry report in March 2018. OSFI will not publicly release a report, but has publicly indicated that its findings are consistent with those of the FCAC.

For a discussion of other regulatory developments, see the “Taxes”, “Capital resources”, and “Management of risk” sections.

 

84   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Related-party transactions

We have various processes in place to ensure that the relevant related-party information is identified and reported to the CGC of the Board on a quarterly basis, as required by the Bank Act (Canada). The CGC has the responsibility for reviewing our policies and practices in identifying transactions with our related parties that may materially affect us, and reviewing the associated procedures for promoting compliance with the Bank Act (Canada).

In the ordinary course of business, we provide banking services and enter into transactions with related parties on terms similar to those offered to unrelated parties. Related parties include key management personnel (1) , their close family members, and entities that they or their close family members control or jointly control. Related parties also include associates and joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, and post-employment benefit plans for CIBC employees. Loans to these related parties are made in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms as for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. We offer a subsidy on annual fees and preferential interest rates on credit card balances to senior officers which is the same offer extended to all employees of CIBC. In addition, CIBC offers deferred share and other plans to non-employee directors, executives, and certain other key employees. Details of our compensation of key management personnel (1) and our investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures are disclosed in Notes 24, 17, 18 and 25 to the consolidated financial statements.

 

(1)

Key management personnel are defined as those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of CIBC directly or indirectly and comprise the members of the Board (referred to as directors), and ExCo and certain named officers per the Bank Act (Canada) (collectively referred to as senior officers). Board members who are also ExCo members are included as senior officers.

Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditors

The “Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditors” sets out the parameters for the engagement of the shareholders’ auditors by CIBC that are consistent with applicable law, including the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and SEC rules. The policy requires the Audit Committee’s pre-approval of all work performed by the shareholders’ auditors and prohibits CIBC from engaging the shareholders’ auditors for “prohibited” services. The Audit Committee is also accountable for the oversight of the work of the shareholders’ auditors and for an annual assessment of the engagement team’s qualifications, performance and independence, including lead audit partner rotation. The Audit Committee is also responsible for conducting a periodic comprehensive review of the external auditor at least every five years. The Audit Committee’s oversight activities over the shareholders’ auditors are disclosed in our Management Proxy Circular.

Controls and procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures

CIBC’s management, with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of CIBC’s disclosure controls and procedures as at October 31, 2018 (as defined in the rules of the SEC and the Canadian Securities Administrators). Based on that evaluation, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting

CIBC’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for CIBC.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer and effected by the Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records, that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of CIBC; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, and that receipts and expenditures of CIBC are being made only in accordance with authorizations of CIBC’s management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of CIBC’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

CIBC’s management has used the Internal Control – Integrated Framework that was published in 2013 by the COSO as the basis to evaluate the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting.

As at October 31, 2018, management assessed the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting and concluded that such internal control was effective and that there were no material weaknesses in CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting that have been identified by management.

Ernst & Young LLP, the external auditors, have audited the consolidated financial statements of CIBC for the year ended October 31, 2018, and have also issued a report on internal control over financial reporting under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). This report is located on page 97 of this Annual Report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There have been no changes in CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting during the year ended October 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting. Changes to internal control over financial reporting as a result of the adoption of IFRS 9 were not material.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     85  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Supplementary annual financial information

Average balance sheet, net interest income and margin

 

         Average balance     Interest     Average rate  
$ millions, for the year ended October 31   2018     2017     2016     2018     2017     2016     2018     2017     2016  

Domestic assets (1)

                 

Cash and deposits with banks

  $ 5,541   $ 3,294   $ 2,186   $ 95   $ 31   $ 19     1.71  %      0.94  %      0.87  % 

Securities (2)

    58,854     57,923     56,133     1,434     1,390     1,443     2.44       2.40     2.57

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements

    25,320     27,406     20,231     404     276     209     1.60       1.01     1.03

Loans

  

Residential mortgages

    204,536     194,350     174,105     5,740     4,698     4,188     2.81       2.42     2.41
  

Personal and credit card

    52,314     49,901     47,537     3,731     3,378     3,260     7.13       6.77     6.86
    

Business and government

    54,298     48,060     40,812     1,824     1,429     1,346     3.36       2.97     3.30

Total loans

    311,148     292,311     262,454     11,295     9,505     8,794     3.63       3.25     3.35

Other interest-bearing assets

    2,041     1,024     1,067     12     5     8     0.59       0.49     0.75

Derivative instruments

    11,660       11,687     14,326                          

Customers’ liability under acceptances

    10,038     9,435     12,720                          

Other non-interest-bearing assets

    15,007     14,185     14,753                          

Total domestic assets

    439,609       417,265     383,870     13,240     11,207     10,473     3.01       2.69     2.73

Foreign assets (1)

                 

Cash and deposits with banks

    14,283     18,451     30,745     187     149     137     1.31       0.81     0.45

Securities (2)

    43,300     34,265     27,082     835     500     331     1.93       1.46     1.22

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements

    29,719     19,228     19,386     649     219     120     2.18       1.14     0.62

Loans

  

Residential mortgages

    3,401     2,711     2,426     176     140     131     5.17       5.16     5.40
  

Personal and credit card

    1,266     916     761     98     83     74     7.74       9.06     9.72
    

Business and government

    47,117     32,719     26,911     2,319     1,295     826     4.92       3.96     3.07

Total loans

    51,784     36,346     30,098     2,593     1,518     1,031     5.01       4.18     3.43

Other interest-bearing assets

    265     137     114     1             0.38          

Derivative instruments

    12,387       12,646     14,669                          

Other non-interest-bearing assets

    7,094     4,027     3,176                          

Total foreign assets

    158,832       125,100     125,270     4,265     2,386     1,619     2.69       1.91     1.29

Total assets

  $   598,441   $   542,365   $   509,140   $   17,505   $   13,593   $   12,092     2.93  %      2.51  %      2.37  % 

Domestic liabilities (1)

                 

Deposits

  

Personal

  $ 148,143   $ 143,640   $ 134,225   $ 1,299   $ 851   $ 858     0.88  %      0.59  %      0.64  % 
  

Business and government

    134,382     129,851     120,602     1,378     1,008     1,560     1.03       0.78     1.29
  

Bank

    2,188     2,256     2,246     26     13     9     1.19       0.58     0.40
    

Secured borrowings

    43,085     38,642     38,720     952     613     547     2.21       1.59     1.41

Total deposits

    327,798     314,389     295,793     3,655     2,485     2,974     1.12       0.79     1.01

Derivative instruments

    11,207       11,960     15,297                          

Acceptances

    10,039     9,436     12,719                          

Obligations related to securities sold short

    14,708     13,400     10,875     269     224     197     1.83       1.67     1.81

Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements

    13,699     9,178     8,575     329     130     96     2.40       1.42     1.12

Other liabilities

    13,754     11,782     10,494     (7     (3     3     (0.05     (0.03     0.03

Subordinated indebtedness

    3,645     3,088     2,912     170     138     133     4.66       4.47     4.57

Total domestic liabilities

    394,850       373,233     356,665     4,416     2,974     3,403     1.12       0.80     0.95

Foreign liabilities (1)

                 

Deposits

  

Personal

    13,511     10,182     7,953     114     66     51     0.84       0.65     0.64
  

Business and government

    101,583     83,461     81,554     2,319     1,274     121     2.28       1.53     0.15
    

Bank

    12,543     16,105     13,771     152     128     69     1.21       0.79     0.50

Total deposits

    127,637     109,748     103,278     2,585     1,468     241     2.03       1.34     0.23

Derivative instruments

    11,905       12,942     15,662                          

Obligations related to securities sold short

    592     389     351     3     2     2     0.51       0.51     0.57

Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements

    27,364     17,125     8,554     407     124     31     1.49       0.72     0.36

Other liabilities

    2,420     1,810     1,916     25     44     45     1.03       2.43     2.35

Subordinated indebtedness

    151     194     235     4     4     4     2.65       2.06     1.70

Total foreign liabilities

    170,069       142,208     129,996     3,024     1,642     323     1.78       1.15     0.25

Total liabilities

    564,919     515,441     486,661     7,440     4,616     3,726     1.32       0.90     0.77

Shareholders’ equity

    33,336     26,726     22,275                          

Non-controlling interests

    186     198     204                          

Total liabilities and equity

  $ 598,441   $ 542,365   $ 509,140   $ 7,440   $ 4,616   $ 3,726     1.24  %      0.85  %      0.73  % 

Net interest income and margin

                          $ 10,065   $ 8,977   $ 8,366     1.68  %      1.66  %      1.64  % 

Additional disclosures: Non-interest-bearing deposit liabilities

                 

Domestic

  $ 47,879   $ 45,691   $ 40,843            

Foreign

    14,311     9,159     5,605                                                

 

(1)

Classification as domestic or foreign is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

(2)

Securities balances have been aggregated in the current year, with prior periods amended to reflect this presentation.

 

86   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Volume/rate analysis of changes in net interest income

 

$ millions           2018/2017     2017/2016  
              Increase (decrease) due to change in:     Increase (decrease) due to change in:  
              Average
balance
    Average
rate
    Total     Average
balance
     Average
rate
     Total  

Domestic assets (1)

              

Cash and deposits with banks

   $ 21   $ 43   $ 64   $ 10    $ 2    $ 12

Securities (2)

     22     22     44     46      (99      (53

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements

     (21     149     128     74      (7      67

Loans

  

Residential mortgages

     246     796     1,042     487      23      510
  

Personal and credit card

     163     190     353     162      (44      118
    

Business and government

     185     210     395     239      (156      83

Total loans

     594     1,196     1,790     888      (177      711

Other interest-bearing assets

     5     2     7          (3      (3

Change in domestic interest income

     621     1,412     2,033     1,018        (284      734

Foreign assets (1)

              

Cash and deposits with banks

     (34     72     38     (55      67      12

Securities (2)

     132     203     335     88      81      169

Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements

     119     311     430     (1      100      99

Loans

  

Residential mortgages

     36         36     15      (6      9
  

Personal and credit card

     32     (17     15     15      (6      9
    

Business and government

     570     454     1,024     178      291      469

Total loans

     638     437     1,075     208      279      487

Other interest-bearing assets

         1     1              

Change in foreign interest income

     855     1,024     1,879     240        527        767

Total change in interest income

   $     1,476   $     2,436   $     3,912   $     1,258      $ 243      $ 1,501

Domestic liabilities (1)

              

Deposits

  

Personal

   $ 27   $ 421   $ 448   $ 60    $ (67    $ (7
  

Business and government

     35     335     370     120      (672      (552
  

Bank

         13     13          4      4
    

Secured borrowings

     70     269     339     (1      67      66

Total deposits

     132     1,038     1,170     179      (668      (489

Obligations related to securities sold short

     22     23     45     46      (19      27

Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements

     64     135     199     7      27      34

Other liabilities

     (1     (3     (4          (6      (6

Subordinated indebtedness

     25     7     32     8      (3      5

Change in domestic interest expense

     242     1,200     1,442     240      (669      (429

Foreign liabilities (1)

              

Deposits

   Personal      22     26     48     14      1      15
   Business and government      277     768     1,045     3          1,150          1,153
    

Bank

     (28     52     24     12      47      59

Total deposits

     271     846     1,117     29      1,198      1,227

Obligations related to securities sold short

     1         1              

Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements

     74     209     283     31      62      93

Other liabilities

     15     (34     (19     (2      1      (1

Subordinated indebtedness

     (1     1         (1      1     

Change in foreign interest expense

     360     1,022     1,382     57      1,262      1,319

Total change in interest expense

   $ 602   $ 2,222   $ 2,824   $ 297    $ 593    $ 890

Change in total net interest income

   $ 874   $ 214   $ 1,088   $ 961      $ (350    $ 611

 

(1)

Classification as domestic or foreign is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

(2)

Securities balances have been aggregated in the current year, with prior periods amended to reflect this presentation.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     87  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Analysis of net loans and acceptances

 

    Canada (1)           U.S. (1)  
$ millions, as at October 31   2018     2017     2016     2015             2014             2018     2017     2016     2015             2014  

Residential mortgages

  $   203,930     $   203,787   $   184,610   $   166,616     $   155,198     $ 1,152   $ 902   $   $     $ 1

Student

    33       50     73     110       151                        

Personal

    41,473       39,483     36,896     35,412       34,342       356     326     56     51       94

Credit card

    12,060       11,805     11,755     11,279             11,078             36     35     36     37             40

Total net consumer loans

    257,496       255,125     233,334     213,417             200,769             1,544     1,263     92     88             135

Non-residential mortgages

    6,426       6,481     6,734     7,120       6,947       39     95     103     333       240

Financial institutions

    6,885       5,403     4,831     4,137       2,640       5,529     3,248     2,100     667       659

Retail and wholesale

    5,219       4,496     4,044     3,667       3,515       1,914     1,812     290     310       257

Business services

    7,018       6,237     5,312     5,011       4,728       3,840     3,567     1,215     814       418

Manufacturing – capital goods

    2,318       1,912     1,663     1,505       1,308       2,143     1,559     128     181       221

Manufacturing – consumer goods

    3,294       3,019     2,663     2,626       2,329       695     702     28     22       14

Real estate and construction

    16,297       13,293     11,684     8,644       7,201       14,571       13,761       8,554       7,206         6,394

Agriculture

    6,011       5,558     5,364     4,828       4,263       79     107     44     50       6

Oil and gas

    5,064       4,762     4,532     4,138       3,633       2,375     2,198     1,951     1,469       1,276

Mining

    824       668     722     761       602       60     87     242     305       266

Forest products

    446       464     465     566       470       215     209     4     11       41

Hardware and software

    575       539     267     280       339       1,082     883     165     167       118

Telecommunications and cable

    275       281     444     510       514       887     756     30     44       26

Publishing, printing, and broadcasting

    527       291     333     244       208       102     117               5

Transportation

    1,880       1,818     1,630     1,449       1,033       893     602     288     183       221

Utilities

    2,291       1,927     1,663     1,621       1,282       1,226     1,445     1,237     845       804

Education, health and social services

    2,870       2,937     2,826     2,128       2,017       3,028     3,099              

Governments

    954       869     728     541       578       92     7              

Others

                                  12     17     69       165

Stage 1 and 2 allowance for credit losses (2017 and prior: Collective allowance allocated to business and government loans) (2)

    (98 )     (195     (215     (218             (192             (108     (83     (58     (50             (43

Total net business and government loans, including acceptances

    69,076     60,760     55,690     49,558             43,415             38,662     34,183     16,338     12,626             11,088

Total net loans and acceptances

  $ 326,572   $ 315,885   $ 289,024   $ 262,975           $ 244,184           $   40,206   $   35,446   $   16,430   $   12,714           $   11,223

 

(1)

Classification by country is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

(2)

Stage 3 allowance for credit losses (2017 and prior: individual allowance) is allocated to business and government loans, including acceptances, by category above.

Analysis of net loans and acceptances (continued)

 

    Other (1)           Total  
$ millions, as at October 31   2018     2017     2016     2015             2014             2018     2017     2016     2015             2014  

Residential mortgages

  $ 2,453     $ 2,379   $ 2,467   $ 2,406     $ 2,118     $ 207,535   $ 207,068   $ 187,077   $ 169,022     $ 157,317

Student

                        1       33     50     73     110       152

Personal

    715       583     519     476       410       42,544     40,392     37,471     35,939       34,846

Credit card

    159       152     155     150             125             12,255     11,992     11,946     11,466             11,243

Total net consumer loans

    3,327       3,114     3,141     3,032             2,654             262,367     259,502     236,567     216,537             203,558

Non-residential mortgages

    266       218     232     245       228       6,731     6,794     7,069     7,698       7,415

Financial institutions

    2,043       841     1,723     3,291       2,155       14,457     9,492     8,654     8,095       5,454

Retail and wholesale

    438       435     561     548       499       7,571     6,743     4,895     4,525       4,271

Business services

    1,675       1,736     1,266     1,370       1,098       12,533     11,540     7,793     7,195       6,244

Manufacturing – capital goods

    125       432     234     293       248       4,586     3,903     2,025     1,979       1,777

Manufacturing – consumer goods

    92       111     114     119       88       4,081     3,832     2,805     2,767       2,431

Real estate and construction

    1,624       1,325     1,391     1,124       890       32,492     28,379     21,629     16,974       14,485

Agriculture

    25       22     24     40       37       6,115     5,687     5,432     4,918       4,306

Oil and gas

    440       555     268     324       321       7,879     7,515     6,751     5,931       5,230

Mining

    710       784     928     446       384       1,594     1,539     1,892     1,512       1,252

Forest products

                        38       661     673     469     577       549

Hardware and software

          20         12       14       1,657     1,442     432     459       471

Telecommunications and cable

    208       301     359     388       162       1,370     1,338     833     942       702

Publishing, printing, and broadcasting

    85       89     87     79       89       714     497     420     323       302

Transportation

    1,642       1,847     1,326     899       803       4,415     4,267     3,244     2,531       2,057

Utilities

    647       779     532     785       631       4,164     4,151     3,432     3,251       2,717

Education, health and social services

    28       29     32     32       26       5,926     6,065     2,858     2,160       2,043

Governments

    1,598       1,662     1,874     1,611       1,079       2,644     2,538     2,602     2,152       1,657

Others

              300     711       1,431           12     317     780       1,596

Stage 1 and 2 allowance for credit losses (2017 and prior: Collective allowance allocated to business and government loans) (2)

    (90     (73     (65     (57             (42             (296     (351     (338     (325             (277

Total net business and government loans, including acceptances

    11,556       11,113     11,186     12,260             10,179             119,294     106,056     83,214     74,444             64,682

Total net loans and acceptances

  $   14,883     $   14,227   $   14,327   $   15,292           $   12,833           $   381,661   $   365,558   $   319,781   $   290,981           $   268,240

 

(1)

Classification by country is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

(2)

Stage 3 allowance for credit losses (2017 and prior: individual allowance) is allocated to business and government loans, including acceptances, by category above.

 

88   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Summary of allowance for credit losses

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31   2018  (1)     2017     2016     2015     2014  

Balance at beginning of year

  $     1,737     $     1,813   $     1,762   $     1,736   $     1,758

Impact of adopting IFRS 9 at November 1, 2017

    63       n/a       n/a       n/a       n/a  

Balance at beginning of year under IFRS 9

    1,800       n/a       n/a       n/a       n/a  

Provision for credit losses

    870       829     1,051     771     937

Write-offs

         

Domestic (2)

         

Residential mortgages

    19       21     13     14     19

Student

                  1     3

Personal and credit card

    866       869     842     781     857

Other business and government

    37       51     116     42     63

Foreign (2)

         

Residential mortgages

    35       17     21     18     8

Personal and credit card

    14       19     18     16     16

Other business and government

    79       80     143     132     92

Total write-offs

    1,050       1,057     1,153     1,004     1,058

Recoveries

         

Domestic (2)

         

Personal and credit card

    174       168     163     171     177

Other business and government

    6       15     8     8     11

Foreign (2)

         

Personal and credit card

    4       5     6     5     2

Other business and government

    6       5     6     2     2

Total recoveries

    190       193     183     186     192

Net write-offs

    860       864     970     818     866

Interest income on impaired loans

    (23     (26     (29     (23     (30

Foreign exchange and other

    (46     (15     (1     96     (63

Balance at end of year

  $ 1,741     $ 1,737   $ 1,813   $ 1,762   $ 1,736

Comprises:

         

Loans

  $ 1,639     $ 1,618   $ 1,691   $ 1,670   $ 1,660

Undrawn credit facilities

    102       119     122     92     76

Ratio of net write-offs during the year to average loans outstanding during the year

    0.24  %      0.26  %      0.33  %      0.30  %      0.35  % 

 

(1)

Effective November 1, 2017, all loans that are contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically classified as impaired and as stage 3 under IFRS 9, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was generally the same under IAS 39, except (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 365 days in arrears, and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

(2)

Classification as domestic or foreign is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

n/a

Not applicable.

Allowance for credit losses on impaired loans as a percentage of gross impaired loans

 

   

Allowance for

credit losses  (1)

   

Allowance as a % of

gross impaired loans

 
$ millions, as at October 31   2018  (1)     2017  (2)     2016  (2)     2015  (2)     2014  (2)     2018  (1)     2017  (2)     2016  (2)     2015  (2)     2014  (2)  

Domestic (3)

                   

Residential mortgages

  $ 54     $ 22     $ 20     $ 21     $ 22     10.9  %      7.5  %      8.0  %      9.3  %      10.2  % 

Personal loans

    79       110     105     99     96     57.7       94.8     85.4     91.7     80.0

Business and government

    56       43     63     77     38     41.5       41.7     30.9     42.8     60.3

Total domestic

    189       175     188     197     156     24.6       34.2     32.5     38.4     39.1

Foreign (3)

                   

Residential mortgages

    89       123     148     167     146     49.4       55.7     56.3     48.0     45.9

Personal loans

    30       31     40     46     43     66.7       56.4     57.1     58.2     53.8

Business and government

    174       148     196     236     299     35.8       28.3     26.2     49.3     46.9

Total foreign

    293       302     384     449     488     41.2       37.8     35.6     49.6     47.1

Total allowance

  $     482     $     477     $     572     $     646     $     644     32.6  %      36.4  %      34.5  %      45.5  %      44.9  % 

 

(1)

Effective November 1, 2017, all loans that are contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically classified as impaired and as stage 3 under IFRS 9, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was generally the same under IAS 39, except (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 365 days in arrears, and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

(2)

Under IAS 39, comprises individual allowance, and collective allowance related to personal, scored small business, and mortgage impaired loans that are greater than 90 days delinquent.

(3)

Classification as domestic or foreign is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     89  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Allowance on performing loans as a percentage of net loans and acceptances

 

   

Allowance for

credit losses  (1)

    

Allowance as a % of net

loans and acceptances

 
$ millions, as at October 31   2018  (2)     2017     2016     2015     2014      2018  (2)     2017     2016     2015     2014  

Domestic (3)

                    

Residential mortgages

  $   29   $ 34   $ 30   $ 26   $ 21         %       %       %       %       % 

Personal loans

    362     345     345     316     315        0.9     0.9     0.9     0.9     0.9

Credit cards

    415     383     383     334     384        3.4     3.2     3.3     3.0     3.5

Business and government

    98     187     205     208     183        0.1     0.3     0.4     0.4     0.4

Total domestic

    904     949     963     884     903        0.3     0.3     0.3     0.3     0.4

Foreign (3)

                    

Residential mortgages

    42     24     23     22     20        1.2     0.7     0.9     0.9     0.9

Personal loans

    10     9     7     7     6        0.9     1.0     1.2     1.3     1.2

Credit cards

    3     3     3     4     2        1.5     1.6     1.6     2.1     1.2

Business and government

    198     156     123     107     85        0.4     0.3     0.4     0.4     0.4

Total foreign

    253     192     156     140     113        0.5     0.4     0.5     0.5     0.5

Total stage 1 and 2 allowance (2017 and prior: total allowance

  $   1,157   $   1,141   $   1,119   $   1,024   $   1,016        0.3  %      0.3  %      0.3  %      0.4  %      0.4  % 

 

(1)

Excludes allowance on undrawn credit facilities.

(2)

Effective November 1, 2017, all loans that are contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically classified as impaired and as stage 3 under IFRS 9, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was generally the same under IAS 39, except (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 365 days in arrears, and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

(3)

Classification as domestic or foreign is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

Net loans and acceptances by geographic location (1)

 

$ millions, as at October 31   2018     2017     2016     2015     2014  

Canada

         

Atlantic provinces

  $ 14,036     $ 14,194     $ 14,006     $ 13,598     $ 13,307  

Quebec

    28,598       27,027       25,471       23,093       21,802  

Ontario

    165,592       157,987       139,254       125,584       114,940  

Prairie provinces

    13,947       13,746       13,341       12,877       12,136  

Alberta, Northwest Territories and Nunavut

    44,896       44,354       43,308       41,197       38,859  

British Columbia and Yukon

    60,407       59,479       54,567       47,478       44,012  

Stage 1 and 2 allowance (2017 and prior: collective allowance) allocated to Canada

    (904 (2)       (902 )  (3)       (923 )  (3)       (852 )  (3)       (872 (3)  

Total Canada

    326,572       315,885       289,024       262,975       244,184  

U.S.

    40,206       35,446       16,430       12,714       11,223  

Other countries

    14,883       14,227       14,327       15,292       12,833  

Total net loans and acceptances

  $     381,661     $     365,558     $     319,781     $     290,981     $     268,240  

 

(1)

Classification by country is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

(2)

Stage 3 allowance for credit losses (2017 and prior: individual allowance) is allocated to provinces above, including acceptances.

(3)

Under IAS 39, relates to collective allowance, except for: (i) residential mortgages greater than 90 days delinquent; and (ii) personal loans and scored small business loans greater than 30 days delinquent.

 

90   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Net impaired loans

 

    Canada (1)           U.S. (1)  
$ millions, as at October 31   2018  (2)     2017     2016     2015     2014             2018  (2)     2017     2016     2015     2014  

Gross impaired loans

                     

Residential mortgages

  $ 497     $ 292   $ 251   $ 225   $ 216     $ 13     $ 9   $   $   $

Student

    2     2     3     5     7                        

Personal

    135     114     120     103     113             2       2             1

Total gross impaired consumer loans

    634     408     374     333     336             15       11             1

Non-residential mortgages

    3     7     4     4     4                        

Financial institutions

    5         1         1       65       8            

Retail, wholesale and business services

    62       38     23     26     31       44       52     5        

Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods

    7       6     19     8     4       14       1            

Real estate and construction

    39       33     23     9     10       75       137     62     94     135

Agriculture

    8       9     4     1     2                        

Resource-based industries

    1       2     121     126     4       54       114     248     1    

Telecommunications, media and technology

    2       3     4     2     4       2       2            

Transportation

    3       2     1     1     1       1                  

Utilities

                                          10     20

Other

    5       3     4     3     2             71       45            

Total gross impaired – business and government loans

    135       103     204     180     63             326       359     315     105     155

Total gross impaired loans

    769       511     578     513     399       341       370     315     105     156

Other past due loans (3)

    100       337     362     337     342                              

Total gross impaired and other past due loans

  $ 869     $ 848   $ 940   $ 850   $ 741           $ 341     $ 370   $ 315   $     105   $     156

Allowance for credit losses

                     

Residential mortgages

  $ 54     $ 22   $ 20   $ 21   $ 22     $ 2     $   $   $   $

Student

                                             

Personal

    79       110     105     99     96                               1

Total allowance – consumer loans

    133       132     125     120     118             2                   1

Non-residential mortgages

          2     2     1     1                        

Financial institutions

                            14                  

Retail, wholesale and business services

    26       18     16     19     20       27       16     4        

Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods

    4       5     7     6     3       1                  

Real estate and construction

    15       9     10     7     7       29       41     20     27     47

Agriculture

    4           1                                

Resource-based industries

    1       2     21     39     2       5       8     8        

Telecommunications, media and technology

    1       2     3     2     3                        

Transportation

    2       2     1     1     1                        

Utilities

                                          6     13

Other

    3       3     2     2     1             12                  

Total allowance – business and government loans

    56       43     63     77     38             88       65     32     33     60

Total allowance

  $ 189     $ 175   $ 188   $ 197   $ 156           $ 90     $ 65   $ 32   $ 33   $ 61

Net impaired loans

                     

Residential mortgages

  $ 443     $ 270   $ 231   $ 204   $ 194     $ 11     $ 9   $   $   $

Student

    2     2     3     5     7                        

Personal

    56     4     15     4     17             2       2            

Total net impaired consumer loans

    501     276     249     213     218             13       11            

Non-residential mortgages

    3     5     2     3     3                        

Financial institutions

    5         1         1       51       8            

Retail, wholesale and business services

    36     20     7     7     11       17       36     1        

Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods

    3     1     12     2     1       13       1            

Real estate and construction

    24     24     13     2     3       46       96     42     67     88

Agriculture

    4     9     3     1     2                        

Resource-based industries

            100     87     2       49       106     240     1    

Telecommunications, media and technology

    1     1     1         1       2       2            

Transportation

    1                       1                  

Utilities

                                        4     7

Other

    2         2     1     1             59       45            

Total net impaired – business and government loans

    79     60     141     103     25             238       294     283     72     95

Total net impaired loans

  $     580     $     336   $     390   $     316   $     243           $     251     $     305   $     283   $ 72   $ 95

 

(1)

Classification by country is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

(2)

Effective November 1, 2017, all loans that are contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically classified as impaired and as stage 3 under IFRS 9, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was generally the same under IAS 39, except (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 365 days in arrears, and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

(3)

Represents loans where repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually in arrears between 90 and 180 days.

 

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     91  


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Net impaired loans (continued)

 

    Other (1)           Total  
$ millions, as at October 31   2018  (2)     2017     2016     2015     2014             2018  (2)     2017     2016     2015     2014  

Gross impaired loans

                     

Residential mortgages

  $ 167     $ 212   $ 263   $ 348   $ 318     $ 677     $ 513   $ 514   $ 573   $ 534

Student

                          2     2     3     5     7

Personal

    43     53     70     79     79             180     169     190     182     193

Total gross impaired consumer loans

    210     265     333     427     397             859     684     707     760     734

Non-residential mortgages

    15     17     17     34     60       18     24     21     38     64

Financial institutions

    1     2     3     5     5       71     10     4     5     6

Retail, wholesale and business services

    52     57     94     141     168       158     147     122     167     199

Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods

    4     5     210     47     44       25     12     229     55     48

Real estate and construction

    72     78     104     139     184       186     248     189     242     329

Agriculture

    1     1     1     3     6       9     10     5     4     8

Resource-based industries

                2     1       55     116     369     129     5

Telecommunications, media and technology

                    5       4     5     4     2     9

Transportation

    3     4     2     2     8       7     6     3     3     9

Utilities

                1     1                   11     21

Other

    12         1                     88     48     5     3     2

Total gross impaired – business and government loans

    160     164     432     374     482             621     626     951     659     700

Total gross impaired loans

    370     429     765     801     879       1,480     1,310     1,658     1,419     1,434

Other past due loans (3)

    3     3     3     3     8             103     340     365     340     350

Total gross impaired and other past due loans

  $ 373     $ 432   $ 768   $ 804   $   887           $   1,583     $   1,650   $   2,023   $   1,759   $   1,784

Allowance for credit losses

                     

Residential mortgages

  $ 87     $ 123   $ 148   $ 167   $ 146     $ 143     $ 145   $ 168   $ 188   $ 168

Student

                                         

Personal

    30     31     40     46     42             109     141     145     145     139

Total allowance – consumer loans

    117     154     188     213     188             252     286     313     333     307

Non-residential mortgages

    7     9     12     17     31       7     11     14     18     32

Financial institutions

    1         2     3     3       15         2     3     3

Retail, wholesale and business services

    28     29     48     65     67       81     63     68     84     87

Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods

    3     3     45     43     42       8     8     52     49     45

Real estate and construction

    39     39     54     68     91       83     89     84     102     145

Agriculture

    1     1     1     3     4       5     1     2     3     4

Resource-based industries

                1           6     10     29     40     2

Telecommunications, media and technology

                          1     2     3     2     3

Transportation

    2     2     2     2           4     4     3     3     1

Utilities

                1     1                   7     14

Other

    5                             20     3     2     2     1

Total allowance – business and government loans

    86     83     164     203     239             230     191     259     313     337

Total allowance

  $ 203     $ 237   $ 352   $ 416   $ 427           $ 482     $ 477   $ 572   $ 646   $ 644

Net impaired loans

                     

Residential mortgages

  $ 80     $ 89   $ 115   $ 181   $ 172     $ 534     $ 368   $ 346   $ 385   $ 366

Student

                          2     2     3     5     7

Personal

    13     22     30     33     37             71     28     45     37     54

Total net impaired consumer loans

    93     111     145     214     209             607     398     394     427     427

Non-residential mortgages

    8     8     5     17     29       11     13     7     20     32

Financial institutions

        2     1     2     2       56     10     2     2     3

Retail, wholesale and business services

    24     28     46     76     101       77     84     54     83     112

Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods

    1     2     165     4     2       17     4     177     6     3

Real estate and construction

    33     39     50     71     93       103     159     105     140     184

Agriculture

                    2       4     9     3     1     4

Resource-based industries

                1     1       49     106     340     89     3

Telecommunications, media and technology

                    5       3     3     1         6

Transportation

    1     2             8       3     2             8

Utilities

                                      4     7

Other

    7         1                     68     45     3     1     1

Total net impaired – business and government loans

    74     81     268     171     243             391     435     692     346     363

Total net impaired loans

  $   167     $   192   $   413   $   385   $   452           $   998     $   833   $   1,086   $   773   $   790

 

(1)

Classification by country is based on domicile of debtor or customer.

(2)

Effective November 1, 2017, all loans that are contractually 90 days in arrears are automatically classified as impaired and as stage 3 under IFRS 9, except for credit card loans which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services. The determination of impairment was generally the same under IAS 39, except (i) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (federal or provincial) or a Canadian government agency were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 365 days in arrears, and (ii) residential mortgages guaranteed or insured by a private insurer, or loans that were fully secured and in the process of collection were not classified as impaired until payments were contractually 180 days in arrears.

(3)

Represents loans where repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually in arrears between 90 and 180 days.

 

 

92   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Management’s discussion and analysis

 

Deposits

 

    Average balance     Interest      Rate  
$ millions, for the year ended October 31   2018      2017      2016     2018      2017      2016      2018     2017     2016  

Deposits in domestic bank offices  (1)

                      

Payable on demand

                      

Personal

  $ 10,216      $ 10,567    $ 9,965   $ 15      $ 13    $ 12      0.15  %      0.12  %      0.12  % 

Business and government

    42,784      41,607      37,572     432      228      138      1.01     0.55     0.37

Bank

    4,632      4,419      2,943     1      1           0.02     0.02    

Payable after notice

                      

Personal

    98,054      95,035      87,057     644      429      363      0.66     0.45     0.42

Business and government

    38,621      34,510      28,873     606      332      240      1.57     0.96     0.83

Bank

    415      359      174     6      4      2      1.45     1.11     1.15

Payable on a fixed date

                      

Personal

    43,561      41,688      40,414     676      434      505      1.55     1.04     1.25

Business and government

    76,674      72,260      58,618     1,442      1,040      845      1.88     1.44     1.44

Bank

    1,625      1,681      1,816     27      12      10      1.66     0.71     0.55

Secured borrowings

    43,085      38,642      38,720     952      613      547      2.21     1.59     1.41

Total domestic

    359,667      340,768      306,152     4,801      3,106      2,662      1.33     0.91     0.87

Deposits in foreign bank offices

                      

Payable on demand

                      

Personal

    1,693      1,120      818     1      1      1      0.06     0.09     0.12

Business and government

    14,149      7,697      4,261     33      8      3      0.23     0.10     0.07

Bank

    10      5      3                           

Payable after notice

                      

Personal

    5,239      3,487      2,551     39      22      20      0.74     0.63     0.78

Business and government

    7,740      2,857      801     96      18      1      1.24     0.63     0.12

Payable on a fixed date

                      

Personal

    2,891      1,925      1,373     38      18      8      1.31     0.94     0.58

Business and government

    55,997      54,381      72,031     1,088      656      454      1.94     1.21     0.63

Bank

    8,049      11,897      11,081     144      124      66      1.79     1.04     0.60

Secured borrowings

                                        

Total foreign

    95,768      83,369      92,919     1,439      847      553      1.50     1.02     0.60

Total deposits

  $     455,435      $     424,137    $     399,071   $     6,240      $     3,953    $     3,215      1.37  %      0.93  %      0.81  % 

 

(1)

Deposits by foreign depositors in our domestic bank offices amounted to $32.3 billion (2017: $26.8 billion; 2016: $10.6 billion).

Short-term borrowings

 

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31   2018     2017     2016  

Amounts outstanding at end of year

     

Obligations related to securities sold short

  $     13,782   $     13,713   $     10,338

Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements

    33,571     29,995     14,212

Total short-term borrowings

  $ 47,353   $ 43,708   $ 24,550

Obligations related to securities sold short

     

Average balance

  $ 15,300   $ 13,789   $ 11,226

Maximum month-end balance

    17,162     15,211     13,029

Average interest rate

    1.78  %      1.64  %      1.77  % 

Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements

     

Average balance

  $ 41,063   $ 26,303   $ 17,129

Maximum month-end balance

    45,343     33,261     24,513

Average interest rate

    1.79  %      0.97  %      0.74  % 

Fees paid to the shareholders’ auditors

 

$ millions, for the year ended October 31   2018     2017     2016  

Audit fees (1)

  $     26.0     $     21.1   $     16.4

Audit-related fees (2)

    2.5     2.6     2.2

Tax fees (3)

    2.4     1.1     0.3

All other fees (4)

    0.1     0.1    

Total

  $ 31.0     $ 24.9   $ 18.9

 

(1)

For the audit of CIBC’s annual financial statements and services normally provided by the principal auditor in connection with CIBC’s statutory and regulatory filings. Audit fees also include the audit of internal controls over financial reporting under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).

(2)

For the assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of CIBC’s financial statements, including various agreed upon procedures and translation of financial reports.

(3)

For tax compliance and advisory services.

(4)

Includes fees for non-audit services.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     93  

Exhibit B.3(d): Other Pages of CIBC’s 2018 Annual Report incorporated in Annual Information Form

 

   

“Glossary” pages 186-191

 

   

“Transfer Agent and Registrar” page 192

 

   

“Directors and Board Committees” page 194


Glossary

Allowance for credit losses

Under IFRS 9, allowance for credit losses represent 12 months of expected credit losses for instruments that have not been subject to a significant increase in credit risk, while allowance for credit losses represent lifetime expected credit losses for instruments that have been subject to a significant increase in credit risk, including impaired instruments. Expected credit loss allowances for loans and acceptances are included in allowance for credit losses on the consolidated balance sheet. Expected credit loss allowances for FVOCI debt securities are included as a component of the carrying value of the securities, which are measured at fair value. Expected credit loss allowances for other financial assets are included in the carrying value of the instrument. Expected credit loss allowances for guarantees and loan commitments are included in other liabilities.

Under IAS 39, allowance for credit losses generally represented an allowance set up in the financial statements sufficient to absorb specifically identified and inherent credit-related losses in CIBC’s portfolio of loans, acceptances, letters of credit and guarantees. This allowance can be “collective” – assessed by reviewing a portfolio of loans with similar characteristics, or “individual” – assessed by reviewing the characteristics of an individual exposure.

Allowance for credit losses are increased by provisions for credit losses and are reduced by write-offs, net of recoveries.

Amortized cost

The amount at which a financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition minus repayments, plus or minus any unamortized origination date premiums or discounts, plus or minus any basis adjustments resulting from a fair value hedge, and minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment. The amount of a financial asset or liability measured at initial recognition is the cost of the financial asset or liability including capitalized transaction costs and deferred fees.

Assets under administration (AUA)

Assets administered by CIBC that are beneficially owned by clients and are, therefore, not reported on the consolidated balance sheet. Services provided by CIBC are of an administrative nature, such as safekeeping of securities, collection of investment income, and the settlement of purchase and sale transactions. In addition, AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

Assets under management (AUM)

Assets managed by CIBC that are beneficially owned by clients and are, therefore, not reported on the consolidated balance sheet. The service provided in respect of these assets is discretionary portfolio management on behalf of the clients.

Average interest-earning assets

Average interest-earning assets include interest-bearing deposits with banks, securities, cash collateral on securities borrowed or securities purchased under resale agreements, and loans net of allowances.

Basis point

One-hundredth of a percentage point (0.01%).

Collateral

Assets pledged to secure loans or other obligations, which are forfeited if the obligations are not repaid.

Collateralized debt obligation (CDO)

Securitization of any combination of corporate debt, asset-backed securities (ABS), mortgage-backed securities or tranches of other CDOs to form a pool of diverse assets that are tranched into securities that offer varying degrees of risk and return to meet investor demand.

Collateralized loan obligation

Securitizations of diversified portfolios of corporate debt obligations and/or ABS that are tranched into securities that offer varying degrees of risk and return to meet investor demand.

Credit derivatives

A category of financial instruments that allow one party (the beneficiary) to separate and transfer the credit risk of nonpayment or partial payment to another party (the guarantor).

Credit valuation adjustment (CVA)

A valuation adjustment that is required to be considered in measuring fair value of over-the-counter derivatives to recognize the risk that any given derivative counterparty may not ultimately be able to fulfill its obligations. In assessing the net counterparty credit risk exposure, we take into account credit mitigants such as collateral, master netting arrangements, and settlements through clearing houses.

Current replacement cost

The estimated cost of replacing an asset at the present time according to its current worth.

Derivatives

A financial contract that derives its value from the performance of an underlying object, such as an asset, index or interest rate.

Dividend payout ratio

Common dividends paid as a percentage of net income after preferred share dividends and premium on preferred share redemptions.

Dividend yield

Dividends per common share divided by the closing common share price.

 

186   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Effective interest rate method

A method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or financial liability and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability.

Efficiency ratio

Non-interest expenses as a percentage of total revenue (net interest income and non-interest income). Efficiency ratio is used as a measure of productivity.

Exchange-traded derivative contracts

Standardized derivative contracts (e.g., futures contracts and options) that are transacted on an organized exchange and cleared through a central clearing house, and are generally subject to standard margin requirements.

Fair value

The price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, between market participants in an orderly transaction in the principal market at the measurement date under current market conditions.

Forward contracts

A non-standardized contract to buy or sell a specified asset at a specified price and specified date in the future.

Forward rate agreement

An OTC forward contract that determines an interest rate to be paid or received commencing on a specified date in the future for a specified period.

Full-time equivalent employees

A measure that normalizes the number of full-time and part-time employees, base plus commissioned employees, and 100% commissioned employees into equivalent full-time units based on actual hours of paid work during a given period, for individuals whose compensation is included in the Employee compensation and benefits line of the consolidated statement of income.

Futures

A standardized contract to buy or sell a specified commodity, currency or financial instrument of standardized quantity and quality at a specific price and date in the future. Futures contracts are traded on an exchange.

Guarantees and standby letters of credit

Primarily represent CIBC’s obligation, subject to certain conditions, to make payments to third parties on behalf of clients, if these clients cannot make those payments, or are unable to meet other specified contractual obligations.

Hedge

A transaction intended to offset potential losses/gains that may be incurred in a transaction or portfolio.

Loan loss ratio

The ratio is calculated as the provision for credit losses on impaired loans to average loans and acceptances, net of allowance for credit losses.

Mark-to-market

The fair value (as defined above) at which an asset can be sold or a liability can be transferred.

Net interest income

The difference between interest earned on assets (such as loans and securities) and interest incurred on liabilities (such as deposits and subordinated indebtedness).

Net interest margin

Net interest income as a percentage of average assets.

Normal course issuer bid

Involves a listed company buying its own shares for cancellation through a stock exchange or other published market, from time to time, and is subject to the various rules of the exchanges and securities commissions.

Notional amount

Principal amount or face amount of a financial contract used for the calculation of payments made on that contract.

Off-balance sheet financial instruments

A financial contract that is based mainly on a notional amount and represents a contingent asset or liability of an institution. Such instruments include credit-related arrangements.

Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI)

OSFI supervises and regulates all banks, all federally incorporated or registered trust and loan companies, insurance companies, cooperative credit associations, fraternal benefit societies, and federal pension plans in Canada.

Operating leverage

Operating leverage is the difference between the year-over-year percent change in revenue (on a taxable equivalent basis) and year-over-year percent change in non-interest expenses.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     187  


Options

A financial contract under which the writer (seller) confers the right, but not the obligation, to the purchaser to either buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specified amount of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified price either at or by a specified date.

Provision for credit losses

An amount charged or credited to income to adjust the allowance for credit losses to the appropriate level, for both performing and impaired financial assets. Provision for credit losses for loans and acceptances and related off-balance sheet loan commitments is included in the provision for credit losses line on the consolidated statement of income. Provision for credit losses for FVOCI debt securities and amortized cost securities is included in Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and amortized cost, net.

Return on average assets or average interest-earning assets

Net income expressed as a percentage of average assets or average interest-earning assets.

Return on common shareholders’ equity

Net income attributable to equity shareholders expressed as a percentage of average common shareholders’ equity.

Securities borrowed

Securities are typically borrowed to cover short positions. Borrowing requires the pledging of collateral by the borrower to the lender. The collateral may be cash or a highly rated security.

Securities lent

Securities are typically lent to a borrower to cover their short positions. Borrowing requires the pledging of collateral by the borrower to the lender. The collateral provided may be cash or a highly rated security.

Securities purchased under resale agreements

A transaction where a security is purchased by the buyer and, at the same time, the buyer commits to resell the security to the original seller at a specific price and date in the future.

Securities sold short

A transaction in which the seller sells securities that it does not own. Initially the seller typically borrows the securities in order to deliver them to the purchaser. At a later date, the seller buys identical securities in the market to replace the borrowed securities.

Securities sold under repurchase agreements

A transaction where a security is sold by the seller and, at the same time, the seller commits to repurchase the security from the original purchaser at a specific price and date in the future.

Structured entities (SE)

Entities that have been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements.

Swap contracts

A financial contract in which counterparties exchange a series of cash flows based on a specified notional amount over a specified period.

Taxable equivalent basis (TEB)

The gross up tax-exempt revenue on certain securities to a TEB basis. There is an equivalent offsetting adjustment to the income tax expense.

Total shareholder return

The total return earned on an investment in CIBC’s common shares. The return measures the change in shareholder value, assuming dividends are reinvested in additional shares.

Risk and capital glossary

Advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB) approach for credit risk

Internal models based on historical experience of key risk assumptions such as probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD) are used to compute the capital requirements subject to OSFI approval. A transitional capital floor based on the Basel II standardized approach is also calculated by banks under the AIRB approach for credit risk and an adjustment to risk-weighted assets (RWAs) may be required as prescribed by OSFI.

Advanced measurement approach (AMA) for operational risk

A risk-sensitive approach to calculating the capital charge for operational risk based on internal risk measurement models, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative risk measurement techniques.

Asset/liability management (ALM)

The practice of managing risks that arise from mismatches between the assets and liabilities, mainly in the non-trading areas of the bank. Techniques are used to manage the relative duration of CIBC’s assets (such as loans) and liabilities (such as deposits), in order to minimize the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

 

188   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Bail-in eligible liabilities

Bail-in eligible liabilities include long-term (i.e., original maturity over 400 days), unsecured senior debt that is tradable and transferrable, and any preferred shares and subordinated debt that are not considered non-viability contingent capital. Deposits, secured liabilities (for example, covered bonds), certain financial contracts (for example, derivatives) and most structured notes are not bail-in eligible.

Bank exposures

All direct credit risk exposures to deposit-taking institutions and regulated securities firms, and exposures guaranteed by those entities.

Business and government portfolio

A category of exposures that includes lending to businesses and governments, where the primary basis of adjudication relies on the determination and assignment of an appropriate risk rating, that reflects the credit risk of the exposure.

Central counterparties

Central counterparties, also known as clearing houses, place themselves between the buyer and seller of an original trade through the process of novation and become the counterparty for the novated transaction.

Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1), Tier 1 and Total capital ratios

CET1, Tier 1 and total regulatory capital, divided by RWAs, as defined by OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements Guideline, which is based on Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) standards. During the period beginning in the third quarter of 2014 to the fourth quarter of 2018, on an all-in basis, before any capital floor requirement, there are three different levels of RWAs for the calculation of CIBC’s CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios. This occurs because of the option CIBC has chosen for the phase-in of the CVA capital charge.

Corporate exposures

All direct credit risk exposures to corporations, partnerships and proprietorships, and exposures guaranteed by those entities.

Credit risk

The risk of financial loss due to a borrower or counterparty failing to meet its obligations in accordance with contractual terms.

Drawn exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from loans already advanced to the customer.

Economic capital

Economic capital provides a framework to evaluate the returns of each strategic business unit, commensurate with risk assumed. Economic capital is a non-GAAP risk measure based upon an estimate of equity capital required by the businesses to absorb unexpected losses consistent with our targeted risk rating over a one-year horizon. Economic capital comprises primarily credit, market, operational and strategic risk capital.

Economic profit

A non-GAAP risk-adjusted performance measure used for measuring economic value added. It is calculated as earnings of each business less a charge for the cost of capital.

Exposure at default (EAD)

An estimate of the amount of exposure to a customer at the event of, and at the time of, default.

Incremental risk charge (IRC)

A capital charge applied in addition to market risk capital specifically to cover default and migration risk in unsecuritized credit assets of varying liquidity held in the trading book.

Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP)

A framework and process designed to provide a comprehensive view on capital adequacy, as defined by Pillar II of the Basel Accord, wherein we identify and measure our risks on an ongoing basis in order to ensure that the capital available is sufficient to cover all risks across CIBC.

Internal models approach for market risk

Models, which have been developed by CIBC and approved by OSFI, for the measurement of risk and regulatory capital in the trading portfolio for general market risk, debt specific risk, and equity specific risk.

Internal ratings-based (IRB) approach for securitization exposures

Capital calculation method for securitizations available to the banks approved to use the IRB approach for underlying exposures securitized. We use the IRB approach for securitization exposures, which comprises several calculation approaches (Ratings-Based, Supervisory Formula, and the Internal Assessment Approach).

Leverage exposure

For the purposes of the leverage ratio, exposure is defined under the rules as on-balance sheet assets (unweighted) less Tier 1 capital regulatory adjustments plus derivative exposures, securities financing transaction exposures with a limited form of netting under certain conditions, and other off-balance sheet exposures (such as commitments, direct credit substitutes, forward asset purchases, standby/trade letters of credit and securitization exposures).

Leverage ratio

Defined as Tier 1 capital divided by leverage exposure determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI, which are based on BCBS standards.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     189  


Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR)

Derived from the BCBS’ Basel III framework and incorporated into OSFI’s Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR), the LCR is a liquidity standard that aims to ensure that an institution has an adequate stock of unencumbered High Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA) that consists of cash or assets that can be converted into cash at little or no loss of value in private markets, to meet its liquidity needs for a 30-calendar-day liquidity stress scenario.

Liquidity risk

The risk of having insufficient cash or its equivalent in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet financial obligations as they come due.

Loss given default (LGD)

An estimate of the amount of exposure to a customer that will not be recovered following a default by that customer, expressed as a percentage of the exposure at default. LGD is generally based on through-the-cycle assumptions for regulatory capital purposes, and generally based on point-in-time assumptions reflecting forward-looking information for IFRS 9 expected credit loss purposes.

Market risk

The risk of economic financial loss in our trading and non-trading portfolios from adverse changes in underlying market factors, including interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity market prices, commodity prices, credit spreads and customer behaviour for retail products.

Master netting agreement

An industry standard agreement designed to reduce the credit risk of multiple transactions with a counterparty through the creation of a legal right of offset of exposures in the event of a default by that counterparty and through the provision for net settlement of all contracts through a single payment.

Non-viability contingent capital (NVCC)

Effective January 1, 2013, in order to qualify for inclusion in regulatory capital, all non-common Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital instruments must be capable of absorbing losses at the point of non-viability of a financial institution. This will ensure that investors in such instruments bear losses before taxpayers where the government determines that it is in the public interest to rescue a non-viable bank.

Operational risk

The risk of loss arising from people, inadequate or failed internal processes, and systems or from external events.

Other off-balance sheet exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from the issuance of guarantees and letters of credit.

Other retail

This exposure class includes all loans other than qualifying revolving retail and real estate secured personal lending, that are extended to individuals and small businesses under the regulatory capital reporting framework.

Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from derivatives that trade directly between two counterparties, rather than through exchanges.

Probability of default (PD)

An estimate of the likelihood of default for any particular customer which occurs when that customer is not able to repay its obligations as they become contractually due. PD is generally based on through-the-cycle assumptions for regulatory capital purposes, and generally based on point-in-time assumptions reflecting forward-looking information for IFRS 9 expected credit loss purposes.

Qualifying revolving retail

This exposure class includes credit cards, unsecured lines of credit and overdraft protection products extended to individuals. Under the standardized approach, these exposures would be included under “other retail”.

Real estate secured personal lending

This exposure class includes residential mortgages and home equity loans and lines of credit extended to individuals.

Regulatory capital

Basel III regulatory capital, as defined by OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements Guideline, is comprised of Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1), Additional Tier 1 (AT1) and Tier 2 capital. CET1 capital includes common shares, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) (excluding AOCI relating to cash flow hedges and changes to fair value option liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk) and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated banking subsidiary to third parties, less regulatory adjustments for items such as goodwill and other intangible assets, deferred tax assets, net assets related to defined benefit pension plans, and certain investments. AT1 capital primarily includes NVCC preferred shares, qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties, and non-qualifying innovative Tier 1 notes which are subject to phase-out rules for capital instruments. Tier 1 capital is comprised of CET1 plus AT1. Tier 2 capital includes NVCC subordinated indebtedness, non-qualifying subordinated indebtedness subject to phase-out rules for capital instruments, eligible collective allowance under the standardized approach, and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties. Total capital is comprised of Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital. Under Basel III, qualifying regulatory capital instruments must be capable of absorbing loss at the point of non-viability of the financial institution; non-qualifying capital instruments are excluded from regulatory capital at a rate of 10% per annum commencing January 1, 2013 through to January 1, 2022.

Repo-style transactions exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from our securities bought or sold under resale agreements, as well as securities borrowing and lending activities.

 

190   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Reputation risk

The risk of negative publicity regarding CIBC’s business conduct or practices which, whether true or not, could significantly harm CIBC’s reputation as a leading financial institution, or could materially and adversely affect CIBC’s business, operations, or financial condition.

Retail portfolios

A category of exposures that primarily includes consumer but also small business lending, where the primary basis of adjudication relies on credit scoring models.

Risk-weighted assets (RWAs)

RWAs consist of three components: (i) RWAs for credit risk are calculated using the AIRB and standardized approaches. The AIRB RWAs are calculated using PDs, LGDs, EADs, and in some cases maturity adjustment, while the standardized approach applies risk weighting factors specified in the OSFI guidelines to on- and off- balance sheet exposures; (ii) RWAs for market risk in the trading portfolio are based on the internal models approved by OSFI with the exception of the RWAs for traded securitization assets where we are using the methodology defined by OSFI; and (iii) RWAs for operational risk relating to the risk of losses resulting from people, inadequate or failed internal processes, and systems or from external events are calculated under the AMA and standardized approaches. During the period beginning in the third quarter 2014 to the fourth quarter of 2018, CET1 capital RWA, Tier 1 capital RWA, and Total capital RWA, will differ due to the phase-in of the CVA capital charge. Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the AIRB approach for credit risk. The capital floor is determined by comparing a capital requirement calculated by reference to the Basel II standardized approach against the Basel III calculation, as specified by OSFI. Any shortfall in the Basel III capital requirement is added to RWAs.

Securitization

The process of selling assets (normally financial assets such as loans, leases, trade receivables, credit card receivables or mortgages) to trusts or other SEs. An SE normally issues securities or other forms of interest to investors and/or the asset transferor, and the SE uses the proceeds of the issue of securities or other forms of interest to purchase the transferred assets. The SE will generally use the cash flows generated by the assets to meet the obligations under the securities or other interests issued by the SE, which may carry a number of different risk profiles.

Sovereign exposures

All direct credit risk exposures to governments, central banks and certain public sector entities, and exposures guaranteed by those entities.

Standardized approach for credit risk

Applied to exposures when there is not sufficient information to allow for the use of the AIRB approach for credit risk. Credit risk capital requirements are calculated based on a standardized set of risk weights as prescribed in the Basel Accord. The standardized risk weights are based on external credit assessments, where available, and other risk related factors, including export credit agencies, exposure asset class, collateral, etc.

Standardized approach for operational risk

Capital is based on prescribed percentages that vary by business activity and is applied to the three-year average gross income.

Strategic risk

The risk of ineffective or improper implementation of business strategies, including mergers and acquisitions. It includes the potential financial loss due to the failure of organic growth initiatives or failure to respond appropriately to changes in the business environment.

Stressed Value-at-Risk

A value-at-risk calculation using a one-year observation period related to significant losses for the given portfolio at a specified level of confidence and time horizon.

Structural foreign exchange risk

Structural foreign exchange risk primarily consists of the risk inherent in net investments in foreign operations due to changes in foreign exchange rates; and foreign currency denominated risk-weighted assets and foreign currency denominated capital deductions.

Structural interest rate risk

Structural interest rate risk primarily consists of the risk arising due to mismatches in assets and liabilities, which do not arise from trading and trading-related businesses.

Total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC)

The sum of Total Capital and bail-in-eligible liabilities that have residual maturity greater than or equal to one year.

Undrawn exposures

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from loans that have not been advanced to a customer, but which a customer may be entitled to draw in the future.

Value-at-Risk (VaR)

Generally accepted risk measure that uses statistical models to estimate the distribution of possible returns on a given portfolio at a specified level of confidence and time horizon.

 

CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT     191  


Shareholder information

Fiscal Year

November 1 st to October 31 st

Key Dates

Reporting dates 2019

First quarter results – Thursday, February 28, 2019

Second quarter results – Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Third quarter results – Thursday, August 22, 2019

Fourth quarter results – Thursday, December 5, 2019

Annual Meeting of Shareholders 2019

CIBC’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held on Thursday, April 4, 2019 at 9:30 a.m. (Eastern Daylight Time) in Montreal at the Centre Mont-Royal, Symposia Theatre, Main Floor, 1000 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0A6.

Common shares of CIBC (CM) are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. Preferred shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Dividends

Quarterly dividends were paid on CIBC common and preferred shares in 2018:

Common shares

Ex-dividend date   Record date   Payment date   Dividends per share   Number of common shares
on record date

Sep 27/18

 

Sep 28/18

 

Oct 29/18

 

$1.36

 

442,392,608

 

Jun 27/18

 

Jun 28/18

 

Jul 27/18

 

$1.33

 

443,272,873

 

Mar 27/18

 

Mar 28/18

 

Apr 27/18

 

$1.33

 

444,629,834

 

Dec 27/17

 

Dec 28/17

 

Jan 29/18

 

$1.30

 

442,056,838

 

Preferred shares

Stock   Series 39   Series 41   Series 43   Series 45   Series 47

Ticker symbol

 

CM.PR.O

 

CM.PR.P

 

CM.PR.Q

 

CM.PR.R

 

CM.PR.S

Quarterly dividend

 

$0.243750

 

$0.234375

 

$0.225000

 

$0.275000

 

0.281250

2019 dividend payment dates

(Subject to approval by the CIBC Board of Directors)

Record dates   Payment dates

December 28, 2018

 

January 28, 2019

March 28, 2019

 

April 29, 2019

June 28, 2019

 

July 29, 2019

September 27, 2019

 

October 28, 2019

Eligible dividends

CIBC designates any and all dividends paid or deemed for Canadian federal, provincial or territorial income tax purposes to be paid on or after January 1, 2006 to be “eligible dividends”, unless otherwise indicated in respect of dividends paid subsequent to this notification, and hereby notifies all recipients of such dividends of this designation.

Normal course issuer bid

CIBC is conducting a normal course issuer bid to purchase common shares for cancellation in the open market at market price until the earlier of: (i) CIBC purchasing 9 million common shares: (ii) CIBC providing a notice of termination, or (iii) June 3, 2019. A copy of the Notice of Intention to Make a Normal Course Issuer Bid that CIBC filed with the Toronto Stock Exchange may be obtained without charge by contacting the Corporate Secretary.

Regulatory capital

Information on CIBC’s regulatory capital instruments and regulatory capital position may be found at www.cibc.com; About CIBC; Investor Relations; Regulatory Capital Instruments.

Credit ratings

Credit rating information can be found on page 74 in this Annual Report.

Shareholder investment plan

All Canadian and U.S. resident registered holders of CIBC common shares and designated Class A preferred shares may participate in one or more of the following options and pay no brokerage commissions or service charges:

Dividend reinvestment option – Canadian residents may have dividends reinvested in additional CIBC common shares.

Share purchase option – Canadian residents may purchase up to $50,000 of additional CIBC common shares during the fiscal year.

Stock dividend option – U.S. residents may elect to receive stock dividends on CIBC common shares.

Further information is available through AST Trust Company (Canada) (formerly CST Trust Company) and on the CIBC website at www.cibc.com.

Transfer agent and registrar

For information relating to shareholdings, shareholder investment plan, dividends, direct dividend deposit, dividend reinvestment accounts and lost certificates, or to eliminate duplicate mailings of shareholder material, please contact:

AST Trust Company (Canada), P.O. Box 700, Postal Station B, Montreal, QC, H3B 3K3

416 682-3860 or 1 800 258-0499 (Canada and the U.S. only), Fax 1 888 249-6189, Email: inquiries@astfinancial.com, Website: www.astfinancial.com.

Common and preferred shares are transferable in Canada at the offices of our agent, AST Trust Company (Canada), in Toronto, Montreal, Calgary and Vancouver.

In the United States, common shares are transferable at:

Computershare Inc., By Mail: P.O. Box 43078 Providence, RI 02940-3078; By Overnight Delivery: 250 Royall Street, Canton, MA 02021, 1 800 589-9836, Website: www.computershare.com/investor.

 

192   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT


Board of Directors:

 

The Hon. John P. Manley, P.C., O.C.

Chair of the Board

CIBC

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2005

 

Brent S. Belzberg

(CGC, RMC)

Senior Managing Partner

TorQuest Partners

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2005

 

Nanci E. Caldwell

(MRCC)

Corporate Director

Woodside, California, U.S.A.

Joined in 2015

 

Michelle L. Collins

(RMC)

President

Cambium LLC

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Joined in 2017

Patrick D. Daniel

(CGC, MRCC)

Past President and Chief Executive Officer

Enbridge Inc.

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Joined in 2009

 

Luc Desjardins

(AC)

President and Chief Executive Officer

Superior Plus Corp.

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2009

 

Victor G. Dodig

President and Chief Executive Officer

CIBC

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2014

 

Linda S. Hasenfratz

(MRCC – Chair)

Chief Executive Officer

Linamar Corporation

Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2004

Kevin J. Kelly

(AC)

Corporate Director

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2013

 

Christine E. Larsen

(AC)

Executive Vice President and Chief Operations Officer

First Data Corporation

New York, New York, U.S.A.

Joined in 2016

 

Nicholas D. Le Pan

(AC)

Corporate Director

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2008

 

Jane L. Peverett

(AC – Chair, CGC)

Corporate Director

West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Joined in 2009

Katharine B. Stevenson

(CGC – Chair, MRCC)

Corporate Director

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Joined in 2011

 

Martine Turcotte

(CGC, RMC)

Vice Chair, Québec

BCE Inc. and Bell Canada

Verdun, Québec, Canada

Joined in 2014

 

Ronald W. Tysoe

(RMC)

Corporate Director

Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.

Joined in 2004

 

Barry L. Zubrow

(RMC – Chair)

President

ITB LLC

Far Hills, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Joined in 2015

AC – Audit Committee

CGC – Corporate Governance Committee

MRCC – Management Resources and Compensation Committee

RMC – Risk Management Committee

 

194   CIBC 2018 ANNUAL REPORT

Exhibit B.6(a)(1) Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(a)

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Victor G. Dodig, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

Date: November 29, 2018    

/s/ Victor G. Dodig

                 Victor G. Dodig
    President and Chief Executive Officer


I, Kevin Glass, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

Date: November 29, 2018    

/s/ Kevin Glass

    Kevin Glass
                     Senior Executive Vice-President and
    Chief Financial Officer

 

Exhibit B.6(a)(2): Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code

Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) filed under cover of a Form 40-F for the period ended October 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Victor G. Dodig, President and Chief Executive Officer of CIBC, certify that:

 

(1)

the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

 

(2)

the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of CIBC.

 

/s/ Victor G. Dodig

Victor G. Dodig
President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: November 29, 2018

In connection with the annual report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) filed under cover of a Form 40-F for the period ended October 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Kevin Glass, Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer of CIBC, certify that:

 

(1)

the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

 

(2)

the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of CIBC.

 

/s/ Kevin Glass

Kevin Glass
Senior Executive Vice-President and
Chief Financial Officer

Date: November 29, 2018

Exhibit B.8: Disclosure regarding audit committee financial expert

CIBC’s Board of Directors has determined that (i) CIBC has at least one “audit committee financial expert” (as that term is defined in General Instruction B(8)(b) of the General Instructions to Form 40-F) serving on its audit committee, the members of which are Mr. Luc Desjardins, Mr. Kevin J. Kelly, Ms. Jane L. Peverett, Mr. Nicholas D. Le Pan and Ms. Christine E. Larsen, (ii) each of Mr. Kevin J. Kelly, Mr. Nicholas D. Le Pan, Mr. Luc Desjardins, and Ms. Jane L. Peverett is an “audit committee financial expert” (as so defined), and (iii) each audit committee member is “independent” (as that term is defined in the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange).

In accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, notwithstanding their designation as “audit committee financial expert,” each of the individuals listed above shall not (i) be deemed “experts” for any purpose, including, without limitation, for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or (ii) have any greater duties, obligations or liability than those imposed on any other member of the audit committee or board of directors.

Exhibit B.9: Disclosure regarding code of ethics

CIBC has adopted a Code of Conduct applicable to all its officers (including CIBC’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accountant and Controller), directors, employees and contractors. The Code of Conduct meets the definition of a “code of ethics” (as that term is defined in General Instruction B(9)(b) of the General Instructions to Form 40-F). The Code of Conduct is available on CIBC’s website at https://www.cibc.com/ca/inside-cibc/governance/governance-practices/code-of-conduct.html . No waivers from the provisions of the Code of Conduct were granted in the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018 to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accountant or Controller of CIBC.

Effective November 1, 2018, CIBC adopted the following amendments to the Code of Conduct:

 

   

CIBC’s Code of Ethics for Directors has been combined with the Code of Conduct.

 

   

The Code of Conduct has also been simplified and updated to align with changes to applicable CIBC policies, regulatory requirements, internal businesses and organizational structure.

In addition to these changes, certain other technical, administrative or non-substantive amendments were made to the Code of Conduct.

Exhibit B.10: Principal accountant fees and services

Information about the principal accountant fees and services is contained in Exhibit B.3(c). The Audit Committee of CIBC pre-approves all services performed by the shareholders’ auditor for CIBC and its subsidiaries in accordance with the Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditors, which is described in Exhibit B.3(a).

Exhibit B.12: Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations

The following table provides the maturity profile of our liabilities based upon contractual repayment obligations, and excludes contractual cash flows related to derivative liabilities:

Contractual obligations

The following table provides the contractual maturity profile of our on-balance sheet liabilities and equity at their carrying values:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018

   Less than
1 year
     1–3
years
     3–5
years
     Over
5 years
     No specified
maturity
     Total  

Liabilities

                 

Deposits (1)

   $  143,800    $  47,917    $  32,385    $ 8,467    $  228,446    $  461,015

Obligations related to securities sold short

     13,782      —          —          —          —          13,782

Cash collateral on securities lent

     2,731      —          —          —          —          2,731

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     30,840      —          —          —          —          30,840

Derivative instruments

     7,643      4,588      1,682      7,060      —          20,973

Acceptances

     10,296      —          —          —          —          10,296

Other liabilities

     —          —          —          —          18,266      18,266

Subordinated indebtedness

     —          —          —          4,080      —          4,080

Equity

     —          —          —          —          35,116      35,116
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   $  209,092    $  52,505    $  34,067    $  19,607    $  281,828    $  597,099
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

October 31, 2017

   $  194,444    $   56,511    $   30,134    $   17,197    $ 266,978    $  565,264
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Comprises $163.9 billion (2017: $159.3 billion) of personal deposits of which $153.2 billion (2017: $149.5 billion) are in Canada and $10.7 billion (2017: $9.8 billion) are in other countries; $282.7 billion (2017: $266.6 billion) of business and government deposits and secured borrowings of which $211.9 billion (2017: $192.7 billion) are in Canada and $70.8 billion (2017: $73.9 billion) are in other countries; and $14.4 billion (2017: $13.8 billion) of bank deposits of which $5.9 billion (2017: $6.6 billion) are in Canada and $8.5 billion (2017: $7.2 billion) are in other countries.

Contractual obligations

The following table provides the contractual maturity profile of our on-balance sheet liabilities and equity at their carrying values:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018

   Less than
1 year
     1–3
years
     3–5
years
     Over
5 years
     No specified
maturity
     Total  

Liabilities

                 

Deposits (1)

   $  143,791    $  47,796    $  32,522    $ 8,460    $  228,446    $  461,015

Obligations related to securities sold short

     13,782      —          —          —          —          13,782

Cash collateral on securities lent

     2,731      —          —          —          —          2,731

Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

     30,840      —          —          —          —          30,840

Derivative instruments

     7,643      4,588      1,682      7,060      —          20,973

Acceptances

     10,296      —          —          —          —          10,296

Other liabilities

     —          —          —          —          18,266      18,266

Subordinated indebtedness

     —          —          —          4,080      —          4,080

Equity

     —          —          —          —          35,116      35,116
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   $  209,083    $  52,384    $  34,204    $  19,600    $  281,828    $  597,099
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

October 31, 2017

   $  194,444    $   56,511    $   30,134    $   17,197    $  266,978    $  565,264
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Comprises $163.9 billion (2017: $159.3 billion) of personal deposits of which $153.2 billion (2017: $149.5 billion) are in Canada and $10.7 billion (2017: $9.8 billion) are in other countries; $282.7 billion (2017: $266.6 billion) of business and government deposits and secured borrowings of which $211.9 billion (2017: $192.7 billion) are in Canada and $70.8 billion (2017: $73.9 billion) are in other countries; and $14.4 billion (2017: $13.8 billion) of bank deposits of which $5.9 billion (2017: $6.6 billion) are in Canada and $8.5 billion (2017: $7.2 billion) are in other countries.

Credit-related commitments

The following table provides the contractual maturity of notional amounts of credit-related commitments:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018

   Less than
1 year
     1–3
years
     3–5
years
     Over
5 years
     No specified
maturity (1)
     Total  

Securities lending (2)

   $  51,550    $ —        $ —        $ —        $ —        $ 51,550

Unutilized credit commitments

     15,109      25,795      31,397      2,306      150,139        224,746

Backstop liquidity facilities

     10,198      309      —          13      —          10,520

Standby and performance letters of credit

     11,546      938      628      130      —          13,242

Documentary and commercial letters of credit

     199      —          —          —          —          199
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   $  88,602    $  27,042    $  32,025    $  2,449    $  150,139      $  300,257
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

October 31, 2017

   $   83,001    $   25,037    $   27,219    $     1,920    $  143,182      $  280,359
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Includes $116.5 billion (2017: $111.7 billion) of personal, home equity and credit card lines, which are unconditionally cancellable at our discretion.

(2)

Excludes securities lending of $2.7 billion (2017: $2.0 billion) for cash because it is reported on the consolidated balance sheet.

Other contractual obligations

The following table provides the contractual maturities of other contractual obligations:

 

$ millions, as at October 31, 2018

   Less than
1 year
     1–3
years
     3–5
years
     Over
5 years
     Total  

Operating leases

   $ 494    $     956    $     805    $     3,505    $     5,760

Purchase obligations (1)

     821      802      366      66      2,055

Pension contributions (2)

     194      —          —          —          194

Underwriting commitments

     176      —          —          —          176

Investment commitments

     9      3      2      180      194
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   $     1,694    $     1,761    $     1,173    $     3,751    $     8,379
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

October 31, 2017

   $  2,070    $  1,712    $  1,066    $  3,477    $  8,325
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Obligations that are legally binding agreements whereby we agree to purchase products or services with specific minimum or baseline quantities defined at fixed, minimum or variable prices over a specified period of time are defined as purchase obligations. Purchase obligations are included through to the termination date specified in the respective agreements, even if the contract is renewable. Many of the purchase agreements for goods and services include clauses that would allow us to cancel the agreement prior to expiration of the contract within a specific notice period. However, the amount above includes our obligations without regard to such termination clauses (unless actual notice of our intention to terminate the agreement has been communicated to the counterparty). The table excludes purchases of debt and equity instruments that settle within standard market time frames.

(2)

Includes estimated minimum funding contributions for our funded defined benefit pension plans in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean. Estimated minimum funding contributions are included only for the next annual period as the minimum contributions are affected by various factors, such as market performance and regulatory requirements, and therefore are subject to significant variability.

Exhibit D.9: Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the reference to our Firm under the caption “Experts”, and to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

(1) Forms F-3 no. 333-216286; 333-219550; and 333-220284;

(2) Form F-10 no. 333-216541;

(3) Form S-8 nos. 333-09874; 333-130283 and 333-218913

of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) and the use herein of our reports dated November 28, 2018, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended October 31, 2018 and with respect to the report on internal controls under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) as of October 31, 2018, included in this Annual Report (Form 40-F).

 

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada
November 28, 2018