RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risks, together with the other information contained in this information statement/prospectus and the annexes hereto. The risks described below are not the only risks facing CCH and CCOH, and following completion of the Transactions, New CCOH. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known or that are currently deemed to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect the company’s business operations or the price of New CCOH Common Stock following completion of the Transactions.

Risks Relating to the Transactions

The Transactions could result in significant tax liability to New CCOH.

The Radio Distribution and the Separation are intended to be taxable transactions. The gain or loss recognized with respect to these transactions will depend on, among other things, (a) the value and tax basis of the assets transferred in the Radio Distribution and the value and tax basis of the New CCOH Common Stock on the effective date of the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization (the “Effective Date”) (such values will be determined by reference to, among other things, the trading value of the iHeartMedia equity and New CCOH Common Stock following the Effective Date); (b) complex modeling considerations under certain U.S. Department of Treasury regulations; (c) the amount of cancellation of indebtedness income realized in connection with the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases; and (d) the extent to which any “excess loss accounts” (as defined under applicable Treasury regulations) are taken into account. The extent to which any related taxable gain or loss will result in any cash tax liabilities will depend on whether the tax attributes of iHeartMedia and its subsidiaries, including the net operating losses (“NOLs”) of iHeartMedia and its subsidiaries (including CCOH and its subsidiaries), are sufficient to offset any net taxable gain attributable to the transactions.

Because certain of the factors that will determine whether the Transactions will give rise to any cash tax liability cannot be known until the Effective Date, we cannot say with certainty whether any such cash tax liability will be owed. To the extent the Transactions do give rise to any cash tax liability, New CCOH, iHeartCommunications, iHeartMedia and various other entities would be jointly and severally liable under applicable law for any such amounts. The parties intend that the allocation of such liabilities among the various members of the iHeartMedia Group and New CCOH will be addressed by the New Tax Matters Agreement. See “Additional Agreements—New Tax Matters Agreement.”

The Merger is expected to, but may not, qualify as a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code.

The parties expect the Merger to be treated as a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code, and the obligation of each of CCH and CCOH to effect the Merger is conditioned upon the receipt of U.S. federal income tax opinions to that effect from their respective tax counsels or accounting advisors. These tax opinions represent the legal judgment of counsel or the relevant accounting advisor rendering the opinion and are not binding on the IRS or the courts. If the Merger does not qualify as a “reorganization,” then a holder of CCOH Class A Common Stock may be required to recognize any gain or loss with respect to the receipt of New CCOH Common Stock in the Merger. Tax matters are very complicated and the consequences of the Merger to any particular CCOH stockholder will depend on that stockholder’s particular facts and circumstances. For further information, please refer to “Material United States Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger.” We urge you to consult your own tax advisor to determine the particular tax consequences of the Merger to you.

The iHeart Chapter 11 Cases may give rise to unfavorable tax consequences for New CCOH.

Although CCOH and its direct and indirect subsidiaries did not file Chapter 11 cases as part of the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases, the consummation of the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases may have an adverse impact on New CCOH

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and its subsidiaries. The Radio Distribution and the Separation are intended to be taxable transactions and the Merger is expected to, but may not, qualify as a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code. There is a risk that the Radio Distribution and Separation will give rise to a U.S. federal income tax liability to one or more members of iHeartMedia or its subsidiaries after the Separation (collectively, the “iHeartMedia Group”). If such liability were to arise, New CCOH, iHeartCommunications, iHeartMedia and various other entities would be jointly liable under applicable law for such tax liability and, while we would not anticipate that any such tax liability would be asserted against us in the first instance, we may ultimately be liable for such liability if iHeartMedia and its subsidiaries fail to satisfy such liability. Similar principles may apply for foreign, state and local income tax purposes where CCOH filed combined, consolidated or unitary returns with iHeartMedia or its subsidiaries for federal, foreign, state and local income tax purposes. In addition, the iHeartMedia Group and New CCOH and its subsidiaries may be required to reduce certain of their tax attributes, including their NOLs, as a result of any cancellation of indebtedness income realized by the Debtors in connection with the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases.

Transfers of equity, issuances of equity in connection with the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases and cancellation of indebtedness income realized by the Debtors in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases may impair New CCOH’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to utilize their federal income tax NOL carryforwards in future years.

Under federal income tax law, a corporation is generally permitted to deduct from taxable income NOLs carried forward from prior years. We are attributed a portion of the U.S. federal NOL carryforward of the iHeartMedia consolidated group. Our ability to utilize these NOL carryforwards to offset future taxable income and to reduce federal income tax liability is subject to certain requirements and restrictions. If CCOH and its subsidiaries experience an “ownership change,” as defined in section 382 of the Code, then their ability to use their NOL carryforwards may be substantially limited, which could have a negative impact on their financial position and results of operations. Generally, there is an “ownership change” if one or more shareholders owning 5% or more of a corporation’s common stock have aggregate increases in their ownership of such stock of more than 50 percentage points over the prior three-year period. Following the implementation of the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases, it is expected that CCOH and its subsidiaries will experience an “ownership change.” Under section 382 of the Code, absent an applicable exception, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the amount of federal income tax NOL carryforwards existing prior to the change that it could utilize to offset its taxable income in any future taxable year generally is subject to an annual limitation to an amount generally equal to the value of the corporation’s stock immediately prior to the ownership change multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate, subject to adjustments to reflect the differences between the fair market value of the corporation’s assets and the tax basis in such assets and various other complex rules and adjustments. Because the value of CCOH’s stock can fluctuate materially, it is possible an ownership change would materially limit New CCOH’s ability to utilize CCOH’s substantial federal income tax NOL carryforwards in the future. In addition, CCOH’s and New CCOH’s NOLs may be subject to reduction or lost entirely as a result of any cancellation of indebtedness income realized by the Debtors in connection with the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that New CCOH and its subsidiaries will be able to utilize their federal income tax NOL carryforwards to offset future taxable income.

New CCOH may be more susceptible to adverse events as a result of the Separation.

New CCOH may be unable to achieve some or all of the benefits that New CCOH expects to achieve as an independent company in the time New CCOH expects, if at all. By separating from iHeartMedia, New CCOH may be more susceptible to market fluctuations and have less leverage with suppliers, and New CCOH may experience other adverse events. The completion of the Separation will also require significant amounts of New CCOH’s management’s time and effort, which may divert management’s attention from operating and growing our business.

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New CCOH may be unable to make, on a timely or cost-effective basis, the changes necessary to operate as an independent publicly-traded company, and New CCOH may experience increased costs after the Separation.

iHeartMedia currently provides CCOH with various corporate services. The Transition Services Agreement will provide that iHM Management Services will provide, or will cause other members of the iHeart Group to provide, certain administrative and support services and other assistance to the Outdoor Group, which the Outdoor Group will utilize in the conduct of their businesses as such business was conducted prior to the Separation generally for one year (subject to certain rights of New CCOH to extend for up to an additional year). Following the Separation and the expiration of the Transition Services Agreement, New CCOH will need to provide internally or obtain from unaffiliated third parties the services CCOH currently receives from Management Services and the iHeart Group. New CCOH may be unable to replace these services in a timely manner or on terms and conditions as favorable as those CCOH currently receives from Management Services and the iHeart Group. New CCOH may be unable to successfully establish the infrastructure or implement the changes necessary to operate independently or may incur additional costs. If New CCOH fails to obtain the services necessary to operate effectively or if New CCOH incurs greater costs in obtaining these services, its business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The Separation will result in changes in CCOH’s management team and may result in the loss of other key employees.

CCOH’s business is dependent upon the performance of its management team and other key individuals. Five of CCOH’s executive officers currently serve as executive officers of iHeartMedia, including our CEO and CFO, who serve as the CEO and CFO of iHeartMedia, respectively. These executive officers have historically provided services to CCOH pursuant to the Corporate Services Agreement, which will be terminated upon consummation of the Separation. In connection with the Separation, CCOH will need to identify replacements for these individuals or transition their responsibilities to others. Competition for these key individuals is intense. In addition, many of CCOH’s key employees are at-will employees who are under no obligation to remain with us, and may decide to leave as a result of the uncertainty surrounding the business following the Separation or for a variety of personal or other reasons beyond our control. If members of CCOH’s management or key individuals decide to leave in the future, if New CCOH decides to make further changes to the composition of, or the roles and responsibilities of, these individuals, or if New CCOH is not successful in attracting, motivating and retaining other key employees, New CCOH’s business could be adversely affected.

Upon completion of the Separation, the composition of our board of directors will be different than the current composition of our board of directors.

The iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization provides that a committee, consisting of certain holders of interests and creditors in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases (the “Board Selection Committee”), will interview and select individuals to be nominated and elected to serve on New CCOH’s board of directors immediately following the Separation. New CCOH’s new board of directors will not have experience with our historical operations and may not have experience in the outdoor industry, and they might pursue business plans and growth strategies that differ from CCOH’s existing business plans and growth strategies. Any new business plans or growth strategies implemented by the new board of directors or any divergences from or alterations to existing business plans and strategies, if unsuccessful, may lead to material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses, loss of customer and other business relationships, and an adverse impact on operations and financial results.

CCOH’s historical financial information is not necessarily representative of the results we would have achieved as an independent public company and may not be a reliable indicator of our future results.

The historical financial information included in this information statement/prospectus does not necessarily reflect the results of operations and financial position we would have achieved as an independent public company not controlled by iHeartMedia during the periods presented, or those that we will achieve in the future.

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Prior to the Separation, CCOH operates as part of iHeartMedia’s broader corporate organization, and subsidiaries of iHeartMedia perform various corporate functions for CCOH. CCOH’s historical financial information reflects allocations of corporate expenses from iHeartMedia for these and similar functions. These allocations may not reflect the costs we will incur for similar services in the future as an independent publicly-traded company.

CCOH’s historical financial information does not reflect changes that we expect to experience in the future as a result of the Separation from iHeartMedia, including changes in our capital structure, tax structure and new personnel needs. As part of iHeartMedia, CCOH enjoyed certain benefits from iHeartMedia’s operating diversity, size and purchasing power and we will lose these benefits after the Separation. As an independent entity, we may be unable to purchase goods or services and technologies, such as insurance and health care benefits and computer software licenses, on terms as favorable to us as those we obtained as part of iHeartMedia prior to the Separation.

Following the Separation, we will also be responsible for the additional costs associated with being an independent publicly-traded company, including costs related to corporate governance, investor and public relations and public reporting. In addition, certain costs incurred by subsidiaries of iHeartMedia, including executive oversight, accounting, treasury, tax, legal, human resources, occupancy, procurement, information technology and other shared services, have historically been allocated to CCOH by iHeartMedia; but these allocations may not reflect the future level of these costs to us as we begin to provide these services ourselves. Therefore, CCOH’s historical financial statements may not be indicative of our future performance as an independent publicly-traded company. We cannot assure you that our operating results will continue at a similar level when we are an independent publicly-traded company. For additional information about our past financial performance and the basis of presentation of CCOH’s financial statements, see “Selected Historical Financial Data of the Outdoor Business of CCH,” “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Financial Statements of New CCOH,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Outdoor Business of CCH” and the historical financial statements of the Outdoor Business of CCH and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this information statement/prospectus.

To service our debt obligations and to fund our operations and our capital expenditures, we require a significant amount of cash to meet our needs, which depends on many factors beyond our control.

Our ability to service our debt obligations and to fund our operations and our capital expenditures for display construction, renovation or maintenance requires a significant amount of cash. Our primary sources of liquidity are currently cash on hand, cash flow from operations, the intercompany arrangements provided for in the cash management order approved in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases and our senior revolving credit facility. Following the Transactions, the intercompany arrangements with iHeartCommunications will cease, and we expect to have the iHeartCommunications Line of Credit as a source of liquidity.

Our primary uses of liquidity are for our working capital, capital expenditure, debt service and other funding requirements. At September 30, 2018, we had debt maturities totaling $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $2,575.3 million in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. A substantial amount of our cash requirements are for debt service obligations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we spent $272.4 million of cash on interest on our debt. We anticipate having approximately $375.1 million of cash interest payment obligations in 2018. Our significant interest payment obligations reduce our financial flexibility, make us more vulnerable to changes in operating performance and economic downturns generally, reduce our liquidity over time and could negatively affect our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

Our ability to fund our working capital, capital expenditures, debt service and other obligations depends on our future operating performance and cash from operations and our ability to manage our liquidity following the Separation, which are in turn subject to prevailing economic conditions and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, the purchase price of possible acquisitions, capital expenditures for deployment

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of digital billboards and/or other strategic initiatives could require additional indebtedness or equity financing. Historically, our cash management arrangement with iHeartCommunications has been our only committed external source of liquidity. Following the Separation, we will be dependent upon our ability to generate cash or obtain additional financing to meet our liquidity needs. If we are unable to obtain adequate financial support in connection with the Separation, we will likely need to obtain additional financing from banks or other lenders, or through public offerings or private placements of debt or equity, strategic relationships or other arrangements, or from a combination of these sources, in the future. There can be no assurance that financing alternatives will be available to us in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us in the future due to market conditions, our financial condition, our liquidity constraints, our lack of history operating as a company independent from iHeartCommunications or other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Even if financing alternatives are available to us, we may not find them suitable or at comparable interest rates to the indebtedness being refinanced, and our annual cash interest payment obligations could increase further. In addition, the terms of our existing or future debt agreements may restrict us from securing financing on terms that are available to us at that time. Consequently, there can be no assurance that such financing, if permitted under the terms of our financing agreements, will be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. The inability to obtain additional financing in such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and on our ability to meet our obligations or pursue strategic initiatives. Additional indebtedness could increase our leverage and make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and may limit our ability to withstand competitive pressures.

In addition to the need to refinance our various indebtedness at or before maturity, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash through our operations, we could face substantial liquidity problems, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, on our ability to meet our obligations and on the value of our company following the Separation.

Some of our contracts contain provisions requiring the consent of third parties in connection with the Merger or the Separation. If these consents are not obtained, the contracts could be terminated, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

Some of our contracts, including certain contracts with municipalities and transit authorities, contain provisions that require the consent of certain third parties to the Merger or the Separation. Failure to obtain consents on commercially reasonable and satisfactory terms may result in the termination of the contracts, the need to renegotiate or amend the contracts or legal action to determine the obligations of the parties. We may not be able to replace some or all of the revenue lost upon the termination of a contract, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

Substantial sales of New CCOH Common Stock may occur following the Separation, which could cause the market price of the New CCOH Common Stock to decline.

Holders of claims in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases receiving New CCOH Common Stock pursuant to the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization (other than recipients that are affiliates of New CCOH) generally may sell those shares immediately in the public market. It is likely that some holders of claims receiving New CCOH Common Stock pursuant to the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization will sell such New CCOH Common Stock if, for reasons such as its business profile or market capitalization as an independent company, stock of New CCOH does not fit their investment objectives, or, in the case of index funds, New CCOH is not a participant in the index in which they are investing. The sales of significant amounts of New CCOH Common Stock or the perception in the market that this will occur may decrease the market price of the New CCOH Common Stock.

The market price of the New CCOH Common Stock may decline compared to the historical market price of CCOH’s common stock as a result of the Transactions.

The market price of the New CCOH Common Stock may decline compared to the historical market price of CCOH’s common stock as a result of the Transactions if New CCOH does not achieve the perceived benefits of

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the Transactions as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by financial or industry analysts, or the effect of the Transactions on New CCOH’s financial results is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts.

CCOH is currently a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE Listing Rules, but New CCOH is not expected to retain that status following the Separation. However, during the phase-in period New CCOH may continue to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to stockholders of other companies.

Because iHeartMedia currently controls a majority of the combined voting power of all classes of CCOH’s outstanding voting stock, CCOH has been a “controlled company” under NYSE corporate governance listing standards. Under the NYSE Listing Rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by another person or group of persons acting together is a controlled company and may elect not to comply with certain NYSE corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that:

Following the Separation, iHeartMedia will cease to control a majority of the combined voting power of all classes of New CCOH’s outstanding voting stock. Accordingly, we are not expected to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of the NYSE Listing Rules. Under NYSE Listing Rules, a company that ceases to be a controlled company must comply with the independent board committee requirements as they relate to the nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees on the following phase-in schedule: (1) one independent committee member at the time it ceases to be a controlled company; (2) a majority of independent committee members within 90 days of the date it ceases to be a controlled company; and (3) all independent committee members within one year of the date it ceases to be a controlled company. Additionally, the NYSE Listing Rules provide a 12-month phase-in period from the date a company ceases to be a controlled company to comply with the majority independent board requirement. During these phase-in periods, holders of New CCOH Common Stock will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies of which the majority of directors are independent. Additionally, if, within the phase-in periods, we are not able to recruit additional directors who would qualify as independent, or otherwise comply with NYSE Listing Rules, we may be subject to delisting procedures by the NYSE. Furthermore, a change in the board of directors and committee membership may result in a change in corporate strategy and operation philosophies, and may result in deviations from CCOH’s current strategies.

The holders of New CCOH Preferred Stock will have rights that are senior to the rights of a holder of New CCOH Common Stock.

As part of the Transactions, New CCOH will issue the New CCOH Preferred Stock to third party investors. Although the terms of the New CCOH Preferred Stock have yet to be fully negotiated, the New CCOH Preferred Stock is expected to provide that, in the event of New CCOH’s bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of New CCOH Preferred Stock must be satisfied before any distributions can be made to the holders of New CCOH Common Stock. As a result of the New CCOH Preferred Stock’s superior rights relative to the New CCOH Common Stock, the right of holders of New CCOH Common Stock to receive distributions from New CCOH may be diluted and may be limited by such rights.

While the Transactions are pending, CCOH is subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions that could disrupt CCOH’s business.

Although CCOH and its subsidiaries are not Debtors in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases, CCOH has experienced and may continue to experience disruption of its current plans and operations due to the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases

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and the Transactions, which could have an adverse effect on CCOH’s business and financial results. Employees and other key personnel may have uncertainties about the effect of the proposed Transactions, and those uncertainties may impact the ability to retain, recruit and hire key personnel to manage and run the business while the Transactions are pending or if they are not completed. Furthermore, some of our customers and vendors may be hesitant to transact with the business of New CCOH following the Transactions in light of uncertainties about the ability of New CCOH’s businesses to perform following the Separation. If New CCOH is unable to reassure customers and vendors to continue transacting with the New CCOH following the Separation, New CCOH’s financial results may be adversely affected.

The proposed Transactions may also prevent CCOH from pursuing otherwise attractive business opportunities, result in CCOH’s inability to respond effectively to competitive pressures, industry developments and future opportunities and may otherwise harm CCOH’s business, financial results and operations.

The Merger is subject to various closing conditions and there can be no assurances as to whether and when it may be completed.

The Closing of the Merger is subject to a number of conditions, many of which are not within CCH’s or CCOH’s control, and failure to satisfy such conditions may prevent, delay or otherwise materially adversely affect the completion of the Transactions. The conditions include (i) (x) the affirmative vote or written consent of the holders of the shares representing the majority of the voting power of the CCOH Common Stock to adopt the Merger Agreement, to approve the Merger and to approve the consummation of the transactions contemplated thereby (the “CCOH Stockholder Approval”) and (y) the affirmative vote or written consent of the holders of shares of CCH common stock entitled to vote to adopt the Merger Agreement, to approve the Merger and to approve the consummation of the transactions contemplated thereby (the “CCH Stockholder Approval”), (ii) no order, writ, judgment, injunction, decree, stipulation, determination or award entered by or with any governmental authority or other legal restraint or prohibition preventing the Merger or the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement will be in effect, (iii) the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this information statement/prospectus is a part, covering the shares of New CCOH Common Stock to be issued in the Merger, (iv) a period of at least 20 calendar days will have elapsed from the date this information statement/prospectus was first mailed to CCOH’s stockholders, (v) the approval of the Merger Agreement by the Bankruptcy Court (which may be included in the order confirming the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization), (vi) the Radio Distribution, the Broader Media Distribution and the CC Finco Distribution will have occurred, (vii) the conversion of all outstanding shares of CCOH Class B Common Stock held by CCH into shares of CCOH Class A Common Stock will have occurred (viii) that, as a condition to CCH’s obligation to consummate the Merger, CCH will have received a tax opinion issued by its tax counsel or another tax advisor and (ix) that, as a condition to CCOH’s obligation to consummate the Merger, CCOH will have received a tax opinion issued by its tax counsel or another tax advisor, (x) the approval by the NYSE for listing of the New CCOH Common Stock (xi) all conditions precedent to the effectiveness of the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization will have been satisfied prior to or contemporaneously with the closing of the Merger and (xii) other customary conditions.

CCH and CCOH cannot predict with certainty whether and when any of the required conditions to the Closing will be satisfied. If any event occurs delaying or preventing the Transactions, such delay or failure to complete the Transactions may cause uncertainty or other negative consequences that may materially and adversely affect CCOH’s business, financial performance and operating results and the price per share for CCOH’s Common Stock. There can be no assurance that the conditions to the Merger will be satisfied in a timely manner or at all.

CCOH directors and officers may have interests in the Merger different from the interests of CCOH stockholders.

CCOH directors and executive officers may have interests in the Merger that are different from, or are in addition to, those of the CCOH stockholders. These interests may include, but are not limited to, the interests of

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certain directors of CCOH in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases and in the releases of claims pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the continued employment of certain executive officers of CCOH by New CCOH, the treatment in the Merger of equity awards held by CCOH directors and executive officers, and provisions in the Separation Agreement regarding continued indemnification of and advancement of expenses to CCOH directors and officers.

CCH may be subject to claims that will not be discharged in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases.

The Bankruptcy Code provides that the confirmation of a plan of reorganization discharges a debtor from substantially all debts arising prior to confirmation. With few exceptions, all claims that arose prior to the filing of the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases (i) will be subject to compromise and/or treatment under the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization or (ii) will be discharged in accordance with the Bankruptcy Code and the terms of the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization. However, there can be no assurance that the aggregate amount of such claims that are not subject to treatment under the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization or that are not discharged will not be material. CCOH is not a Debtor in the iHeart Chapter 11 Cases and its debts will not be discharged pursuant to the iHeartMedia Plan of Reorganization.

Risks Relating to the Business

Our results have been in the past, and could be in the future, adversely affected by economic uncertainty or deteriorations in economic conditions.

We derive revenues from the sale of advertising. Expenditures by advertisers tend to be cyclical, reflecting economic conditions and budgeting and buying patterns. Periods of a slowing economy or recession, or periods of economic uncertainty, may be accompanied by a decrease in advertising. For example, the global economic downturn that began in 2008 resulted in a decline in advertising and marketing by our customers, which resulted in a decline in advertising revenues across our businesses. This reduction in advertising revenues had an adverse effect on our revenue, profit margins, cash flow and liquidity. Global economic conditions have been slow to recover and remain uncertain. If economic conditions do not continue to improve, economic uncertainty increases or economic conditions deteriorate again, global economic conditions may once again adversely impact our revenue, profit margins, cash flow and liquidity. Furthermore, because a significant portion of our revenue is derived from local advertisers, our ability to generate revenues in specific markets is directly affected by local and regional conditions, and unfavorable regional economic conditions also may adversely impact our results. In addition, even in the absence of a downturn in general economic conditions, an individual business sector or market may experience a downturn, causing it to reduce its advertising expenditures, which also may adversely impact our results.

We face intense competition in the outdoor advertising business.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our current advertising revenues. We compete for advertising revenue with other outdoor advertising businesses, as well as with other media, such as radio, newspapers, magazines, television, direct mail, mobile devices, satellite radio and Internet-based services, within their respective markets. Market shares are subject to change for various reasons including through consolidation of our competitors through processes such as mergers and acquisitions, which could have the effect of reducing our revenue in a specific market. Our competitors may develop technology, services or advertising media that are equal or superior to those we provide or that achieve greater market acceptance and brand recognition than we achieve. It also is possible that new competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share in any of our business segments. The advertiser/agency ecosystem is diverse and dynamic, with advertiser/agency relationships subject to change. This could have an adverse effect on us if an advertiser client shifts its relationship to an agency with whom we do not have as good a relationship. An increased level of competition for advertising dollars may lead to lower advertising rates as we attempt to retain customers or may cause us to lose customers to our competitors who offer lower rates that we are unable or unwilling to match.

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The success of our street furniture and transit products businesses is dependent on our obtaining key municipal concessions, which we may not be able to obtain on favorable terms.

Our street furniture and transit products businesses require us to obtain and renew contracts with municipalities and transit authorities. Many of these contracts, which require us to participate in competitive bidding processes at each renewal, typically have terms ranging up to 15 years and have revenue share, capital expenditure requirements and/or fixed payment components. Competitive bidding processes are complex and sometimes lengthy and substantial costs may be incurred in connection with preparing bids.

Our competitors, individually or through relationships with third parties, may be able to provide different or greater capabilities or prices or benefits than we can provide. In the past we have not been, and most likely in the future will not be, awarded all of the contracts on which we bid. The success of our business also depends generally on our ability to obtain and renew contracts with private landlords. There can be no assurance that we will win any particular bid, be able to renew existing contracts (on the same or better terms, or at all) or be able to replace any revenue lost upon expiration or completion of a contract. Our inability to renew existing contracts may also result in significant expenses from the removal of our displays. Furthermore, if and when we do obtain a contract, we are generally required to incur significant start-up expenses. The costs of bidding on contracts and the start-up costs associated with new contracts we may obtain may significantly reduce our cash flow and liquidity.

This competitive bidding process presents a number of risks, including the following:

Our inability to successfully negotiate, renew or complete these contracts due to third-party or governmental demands and delay and the highly competitive bidding processes for these contracts could affect our ability to offer these products to our clients, or to offer them to our clients at rates that are competitive to other forms of advertising, without adversely affecting our financial results.

Our financial performance may be adversely affected by many factors beyond our control.

Certain factors that could adversely affect our financial performance by, among other things, decreasing overall revenues, the numbers of advertising customers, advertising fees or profit margins include:

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In addition, on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”) held a referendum in which voters approved an exit of the U.K. from the European Union (the “E.U.”), commonly referred to as “Brexit”. International outdoor is currently headquartered in the U.K. and transacts business in many key European markets. As a result of the referendum, the British government is negotiating the terms of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the E.U. The outcome of these negotiations is currently unclear, as is the extent to which the ultimate outcome will impact the economies of the U.K., the E.U. and other countries. This uncertainty may cause our customers to closely monitor their costs and reduce the amount they spend on advertising. Any of these or similar effects of Brexit could adversely impact our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Future dispositions, acquisitions and other strategic transactions could pose risks.

We frequently evaluate strategic opportunities both within and outside our existing lines of business. We expect from time to time to pursue strategic dispositions of certain businesses, as well as acquisitions. These dispositions or acquisitions could be material. Dispositions and acquisitions involve numerous risks, including:

Dispositions and acquisitions of outdoor advertising businesses may require antitrust review by U.S. federal antitrust agencies and may require review by foreign antitrust agencies under the antitrust laws of foreign jurisdictions. We can give no assurances that the DOJ, the FTC or foreign antitrust agencies will not seek to bar us from disposing of or acquiring outdoor advertising businesses or impose stringent undertaking on our business as a condition to the completion of an acquisition in any market where we already have a significant position.

Government regulation of outdoor advertising may restrict our outdoor advertising operations.

U.S. federal, state and local regulations have a significant impact on the outdoor advertising industry and our business. One of the seminal laws is the Highway Beautification Act (“HBA”), which regulates outdoor advertising on controlled roads in the United States. The HBA regulates the size and location of billboards, mandates a state compliance program, requires the development of state standards, promotes the expeditious removal of illegal signs and requires just compensation for takings. Construction, repair, maintenance, lighting,

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upgrading, height, size, spacing, the location and permitting of billboards and the use of new technologies for changing displays, such as digital displays, are regulated by federal, state and local governments. From time to time, states and municipalities have prohibited or significantly limited the construction of new outdoor advertising structures. Changes in laws and regulations affecting outdoor advertising, or changes in the interpretation of those laws and regulations, at any level of government, including the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, could have a significant financial impact on us by requiring us to make significant expenditures or otherwise limiting or restricting some of our operations. Due to such regulations, it has become increasingly difficult to develop new outdoor advertising locations.

From time to time, certain state and local governments and third parties have attempted to force the removal of our displays under various state and local laws, including zoning ordinances, permit enforcement and condemnation. Similar risks also arise in certain of our international jurisdictions. Certain zoning ordinances provide for amortization which is the required removal of legal non-conforming billboards (billboards which conformed with applicable laws and regulations when built, but which do not conform to current laws and regulations) or the commercial advertising placed on such billboards after a period of years. Pursuant to this concept, the governmental body asserts that just compensation is earned by continued operation of the billboard over that period of time. Although amortization is prohibited along all controlled roads, amortization has been upheld along non-controlled roads in limited instances where permitted by state and local law. Other regulations limit our ability to rebuild, replace, repair, maintain and upgrade non-conforming displays. In addition, from time to time third parties or local governments assert that we own or operate displays that either are not properly permitted or otherwise are not in strict compliance with applicable law. If we are increasingly unable to resolve such allegations or obtain acceptable arrangements in circumstances in which our displays are subject to removal, modification or amortization, or if there occurs an increase in such regulations or their enforcement, our operating results could suffer.

A number of state and local governments have implemented or initiated taxes, fees and registration requirements in an effort to decrease or restrict the number of outdoor signs and/or to raise revenue. From time to time, legislation also has been introduced in international jurisdictions attempting to impose taxes on revenue from outdoor advertising or for the right to use outdoor advertising assets. In addition, a number of jurisdictions have implemented legislation or interpreted existing legislation to restrict or prohibit the installation of digital billboards, and we expect these efforts to continue. The increased imposition of these measures, and our inability to overcome any such measures, could reduce our operating income if those outcomes require removal or restrictions on the use of preexisting displays or limit growth of digital displays. In addition, if we are unable to pass on the cost of these items to our clients, our operating income could be adversely affected.

International regulation of the outdoor advertising industry can vary by municipality, region and country, but generally limits the size, placement, nature and density of out-of-home displays. Other regulations limit the subject matter, animation and language of out-of-home displays. Our failure to comply with these or any future international regulations could have an adverse impact on the effectiveness of our displays or their attractiveness to clients as an advertising medium and may require us to make significant expenditures to ensure compliance and avoid certain penalties or contractual breaches. As a result, we may experience a significant impact on our operations, revenue, international client base and overall financial condition.

Regulations and consumer concerns regarding privacy and data protection, or any failure to comply with these regulations, could hinder our operations.

We utilize demographic and other information from and about consumers, business partners and advertisers that we collect directly or receive from third-party vendors. We are subject to numerous federal, state and foreign laws and regulations relating to consumer protection, information security, data protection and privacy, among other things. Many of these laws are still evolving, new laws may be enacted and any of these laws could be amended or interpreted in ways that could adversely affect our business. In addition, changes in consumer expectations and demands regarding privacy and data protection could restrict our ability to receive, collect, use,

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disclose and derive economic value from demographic and other information related to consumers, business partners and advertisers, or to transfer employee data within the corporate group. Such restrictions could limit our ability to offer tailored advertising opportunities to our business partners and advertisers. Although we have implemented and are implementing policies and procedures designed to comply with these laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our policies or applicable regulatory requirements related to consumer protection, information security, data protection and privacy could result in a loss of confidence in us, damage to our brands, the loss of consumers, business partners and advertisers, as well as proceedings against us by governmental authorities or others, which could hinder our operations and adversely affect our business.

If our security measures are breached, we could lose valuable information, suffer disruptions to our business, and incur expenses and liabilities including damages to our relationships with business partners and advertisers.

Although we have implemented physical and electronic security measures that are designed to protect against the loss, misuse and alteration of our websites, digital assets and proprietary business information as well as, consumer, business partner and advertiser personally identifiable information, no security measures are perfect and impenetrable and we may be unable to anticipate or prevent unauthorized access. A security breach could occur due to the actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance or a combination of these or other actions. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, we could lose competitively sensitive business information or suffer disruptions to our business operations, information processes or internal controls. In addition, the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures or services could be harmed; we could lose consumers, business partners and advertisers. In the event of a security breach, we could suffer financial exposure in connection with penalties, remediation efforts, investigations and legal proceedings and changes in our security and system protection measures. Currently, not all of our systems are fully compliant with the new Europe-wide General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) standards and, as a result, we may face additional liability in the event of a security breach involving payment card information. The scope of many of the requirements under the GDPR remain unclear and regulatory guidance on several topics is forthcoming, and the steps we are taking to comply with the GDPR may not be sufficient.

Restrictions on outdoor advertising of certain products may restrict the categories of clients that can advertise using our products.

Out-of-court settlements between the major U.S. tobacco companies and all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories include a ban on the outdoor advertising of tobacco products. Other products and services may be targeted in the U.S. in the future, including alcohol products. Most E.U. countries, among other nations, also have banned outdoor advertisements for tobacco products and regulate alcohol advertising. Regulations vary across the countries in which we conduct business. Any significant reduction in advertising of products due to content-related restrictions could cause a reduction in our direct revenues from such advertisements and an increase in the available space on the existing inventory of billboards in the outdoor advertising industry.

Environmental, health, safety and land use laws and regulations may limit or restrict some of our operations.

As the owner or operator of various real properties and facilities, we must comply with various foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health, safety and land use laws and regulations. We and our properties are subject to such laws and regulations relating to the use, storage, disposal, emission and release of hazardous and non-hazardous substances and employee health and safety as well as zoning restrictions. Historically, we have not incurred significant expenditures to comply with these laws. However, additional laws which may be passed in the future, or a finding of a violation of or liability under existing laws, could require us to make significant expenditures and otherwise limit or restrict some of our operations.

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We are exposed to foreign currency exchange risks because a portion of our revenue is received in foreign currencies and translated to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes.

We generate a portion of our revenues in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Changes in economic or political conditions, including Brexit, in any of the foreign countries in which we operate could result in exchange rate movement, new currency or exchange controls or other currency restrictions being imposed. Because we receive a portion of our revenues in currencies from the countries in which we operate, exchange rate fluctuations in any such currency could have an adverse effect on our profitability. A portion of our cash flows are generated in foreign currencies and translated to U.S. dollars for reporting purposes, and certain of the indebtedness held by our international subsidiaries is denominated in U.S. dollars, and, therefore, significant changes in the value of such foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to meet interest and principal payments on our indebtedness.

Given the volatility of exchange rates, we cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage our currency transaction and/or translation risks. It is possible that volatility in currency exchange rates will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. We expect to experience economic losses and gains and negative and positive impacts on our operating income as a result of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Doing business in foreign countries exposes us to certain risks not expected to occur when doing business in the United States.

Doing business in foreign countries carries with it certain risks that are not found when doing business in the United States. These risks could result in losses against which we are not insured. Examples of these risks include:

Our International operations involve contracts with, and regulation by, foreign governments. We operate in many parts of the world that experience corruption to some degree. Although we have policies and procedures in place that are designed to promote legal and regulatory compliance (including with respect to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act), our employees, subcontractors and agents could take actions that violate applicable anti-corruption laws or regulations. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

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We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, and the occurrence of this or any other material weakness could have a material adverse effect on our ability to report accurate financial information in a timely manner.

We previously reported that there was a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting with respect to Clear Media Limited, our outdoor business in China, that existed as of December 31, 2017, for which we are in the process of remediating. We have implemented additional monitoring controls and revised our cash and cash equivalent review process. In addition, we have strengthened controls around access and use of banking authorization tokens and chops and formalized review and approval processes around related party transactions. Although we have implemented these enhanced controls, we have not completed our testing of their effectiveness. We will need to successfully test these enhanced controls before we can conclude that the material weakness has been remediated. There can be no assurance that the effectiveness of these controls will be successfully tested in a timely manner, and we may not prevent future control deficiencies or material weaknesses from occurring. Further, there can be no assurance that any system of internal control over financial reporting will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management. As a result, it is possible that our financial statements will not comply with generally accepted accounting principles, will contain a material misstatement or will not be available on a timely basis, any of which could cause investors to lose confidence in us and lead to, among other things, unanticipated legal, accounting and other expenses, delays in filing required financial disclosures, enforcement actions by government authorities, fines, penalties, the delisting of our common stock and liabilities arising from stockholder litigation.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted comprehensive tax legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act requires complex computations not previously required by U.S. tax law. As such, the application of accounting guidance for such items is currently uncertain. Further, compliance with the Tax Act and the accounting for such provisions require preparation and analysis of information not previously required or regularly produced. In addition, the U.S. Department of Treasury has broad authority to issue regulations and interpretative guidance that may significantly impact how we will apply the Tax Act and impact our results of operations in future periods. Accordingly, while we have provided a provisional estimate on the effect of the Tax Act in the accompanying audited financial statements, further regulatory or GAAP accounting guidance for the law, our further analysis on the application of the law, and refinement of our initial estimates and calculations could materially change our current provisional estimates, which could, in turn, materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. There may also be significant future effects that these tax reforms will have on our financial results and our business strategies. In addition, there is a risk that states or foreign jurisdictions may amend their tax laws in response to these tax reforms, which could have a material impact on our future results.

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