UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM 8-K

 

 

CURRENT REPORT

PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): February 25, 2019

 

 

SABRA HEALTH CARE REIT, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

Maryland   001-34950   27-2560479
(State of Incorporation)  

(Commission

File Number)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

 

18500 Von Karman Avenue, Suite 550

Irvine, CA

  92612
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)   (Zip Code)

(888) 393-8248

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed Since Last Report)

 

 

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

 

Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

 

Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

 

Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

 

Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

 

 

 


Item 8.01 Other Events.

Description of Capital Stock

The “Description of Capital Stock” included as Exhibit 99.1 hereto is incorporated herein and supersedes and replaces, in its entirety, the discussion under the heading “Description of Capital Stock” in the prospectus dated January 17, 2017, which is a part of the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-215574) of Sabra Health Care REIT, Inc. (the “Company”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on January 17, 2017 (the “Registration Statement”). Such Description of Capital Stock included in Exhibit 99.1 shall also be deemed to supersede the description thereof incorporated by reference into the Company’s Form 8-A filed with the SEC on November 5, 2010, as subsequently updated by the description of capital stock contained in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 3, 2011, and shall be available for, among other things, incorporation by reference into future registration statements filed by the Company with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

The “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” included as Exhibit 99.2 hereto is incorporated herein and supersedes and replaces, in its entirety, the discussion under the heading “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the prospectus dated January 17, 2017, which is a part of the Company’s Registration Statement.

Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.

(d)    Exhibits

 

99.1    Description of Capital Stock.
99.2    Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

 

SABRA HEALTH CARE REIT, INC.
By:   /s/ Harold W. Andrews, Jr.
Name:   Harold W. Andrews, Jr.
Title:   Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary

Date: February 25, 2019

Exhibit 99.1

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

References to “we,” “us” and “our” in this section refer to Sabra Health Care REIT, Inc.

The following is a summary of the material terms of our capital stock as set forth in our charter and bylaws, which govern the rights of holders of our common stock. The following summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to applicable Maryland law and to our charter and bylaws, copies of which are incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See “Where You Can Find More Information and Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference.”

General

Our charter provides that we may issue up to 250,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share. As of February 20, 2019, 178,323,071 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding, and no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding. Under Maryland law, stockholders are not generally liable for our or our subsidiaries’ debts or obligations solely as a result of their status as stockholders.

Common Stock

All of the shares of common stock offered hereby will, when issued, be duly authorized, fully paid and nonassessable. Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock and the provisions of our charter that restrict transfer and ownership of our stock, the holders of shares of our common stock generally are entitled to receive dividends on such stock out of assets legally available for distribution to the stockholders when, as and if authorized by our board of directors and declared by us. The holders of shares of common stock are also entitled to share ratably in our net assets legally available for distribution to the stockholders in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, after payment of or adequate provision for all of our known debts and liabilities.

Subject to the rights of any other class or series of our stock and the provisions of our charter that restrict transfer and ownership of our stock, each outstanding share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors, and the holders of shares of common stock possess the exclusive voting power.

Holders of shares of common stock generally have no preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption or appraisal rights and have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any of our securities. Subject to the provisions of our charter that restrict transfer and ownership of our stock, all shares of common stock have equal dividend, liquidation and other rights.

Preferred Stock

Under our charter, our board of directors may from time to time establish and cause us to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock from time to time. Prior to the issuance of shares of each class or series, the board of directors is required by the Maryland General Corporation Law, or the MGCL, and our charter to adopt resolutions and file Articles Supplementary with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland. The Articles Supplementary fix for each class or series the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications, and terms and conditions of redemption, including, but not limited to, the following:

 

   

the title and stated value of the preferred stock;

 

   

the number of shares constituting each class or series;

 

   

voting rights;

 

   

rights and terms of redemption (including sinking fund provisions);

 

   

dividend rights and rates;

 

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dissolution;

 

   

terms concerning the distribution of assets;

 

   

conversion or exchange terms;

 

   

redemption prices; and

 

   

liquidation preferences.

All shares of preferred stock offered hereby will, when issued, be fully paid and nonassessable and, unless otherwise stated in a prospectus supplement relating to the class or series of preferred stock being offered, will not have any preemptive or similar rights. Our board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction that might involve a premium price for holders of the shares or which holders might believe to be in their best interests.

We will set forth in a prospectus supplement relating to the class or series of preferred stock being offered the specific terms of each class or series of our preferred stock, including the price at which the preferred stock may be purchased, the number of shares of preferred stock offered, and the terms, if any, on which the preferred stock may be convertible into common stock or exchangeable for other securities.

Power to Reclassify Unissued Shares

Our board of directors has the power, without stockholder approval, to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of stock or the number of authorized shares of stock of any class or series, to authorize us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common stock or preferred stock and to classify and reclassify any unissued shares of common stock or preferred stock into other classes or series of stock, including one or more classes or series of common stock or preferred stock that have priority with respect to voting rights, dividends or upon liquidation over shares of common stock. Prior to the issuance of shares of each new class or series, our board of directors will be required by the MGCL and our charter to set, subject to the provisions of our charter regarding restrictions on transfer and ownership of stock, the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications, and terms and conditions of redemption for each class or series of stock.

Restrictions on Transfer and Ownership of Stock

In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, our stock must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made) or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Also, not more than 50% of the value of the outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities such as qualified pension plans) during the last half of a taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made). In addition, rent from related-party tenants (generally, a tenant of a REIT that is 10% or more owned, actually or constructively, by the REIT, or that is a 10% owner of the REIT) is not qualifying income for purposes of the gross income tests under the Code. To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy other requirements as well. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Taxation of Our Company.”

Our charter contains restrictions on the transfer and ownership of our stock. The relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to the exceptions described below, no person or entity may beneficially own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership provisions of the Code, more than 9.9% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding common stock or more than 9.9% in value of our outstanding stock. In addition, classes of shares other than common stock may be subject to ownership limitations set forth in the Articles Supplementary relating to such shares. These limits are collectively referred to as the “ownership limits.” The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause stock owned actually or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.9% of our outstanding common stock or less than 9.9% of our outstanding stock, or the acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, our stock, could, nevertheless, cause the acquiror, or another individual or entity, to own constructively shares of our outstanding stock in excess of the ownership limits.

 

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Our board of directors may, upon receipt of certain representations, covenants and undertakings and in its sole and absolute discretion, prospectively or retroactively, exempt a person from the ownership limits or establish a different limit on ownership, or an excepted holder limit, for a particular stockholder if the stockholder’s ownership in excess of the ownership limits would not result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise failing to qualify as a REIT. As a condition of granting a waiver of the ownership limits or creating an excepted holder limit, our board of directors may, but is not required to, require an IRS ruling or opinion of counsel satisfactory to our board of directors (in its sole discretion) as it may deem necessary or advisable to determine or ensure our status as a REIT. Our board of directors may only reduce any excepted holder limit with the written consent of such excepted holder at any time or pursuant to the terms and conditions of the agreements entered into with the stockholder in connection with the establishment of the excepted holder limit.

Our board of directors may also, from time to time, increase or decrease the ownership limits unless, after giving effect to the increased or decreased ownership limits, five or fewer persons could beneficially own, in the aggregate, more than 49.9% in number or value of our outstanding stock or we would otherwise fail to qualify as a REIT. Decreased ownership limits do not apply to any person or entity whose ownership of stock is in excess of the decreased ownership limits until the person or entity’s ownership of stock equals or falls below the decreased ownership limits, but any further acquisition of stock would be in violation of the decreased ownership limits.

Our charter also prohibits:

 

   

any person from beneficially or constructively owning shares of our stock to the extent such beneficial or constructive ownership would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code (without regard to whether the ownership interest is held during the last half of a taxable year), or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT;

 

   

any person from transferring shares of our stock if the transfer would result in shares of our stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons;

 

   

any person from beneficially or constructively owning shares of our stock to the extent such beneficial or constructive ownership would result in our constructively owning 9.9% or more of the ownership interests in a tenant within the meaning of Section 856(d)(2)(B) of the Code; and

 

   

any person from constructively owning shares of our stock to the extent such constructive ownership would cause any “eligible independent contractor” that operates a “qualified health care property” on behalf of a “taxable REIT subsidiary” of ours (as such terms are defined in Sections 856(d)(9)(A), 856(e)(6)(D)(i) and 856(l) of the Code, respectively) to fail to qualify as such.

Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our stock that will or may violate the ownership limits, or any of the other restrictions on transfer and ownership of stock, and any person who is the intended transferee of shares of stock that are transferred to the charitable trust described below, will be required to give us immediate written notice and, in the case of a proposed transaction, at least 15 days’ prior written notice and to provide us with such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of the transfer on our status as a REIT. The provisions of our charter regarding restrictions on transfer and ownership of stock do not apply if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT or that compliance is no longer required in order for us to qualify as a REIT.

Any attempted transfer of our stock which, if effective, would result in our stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons will be null and void and the intended transferee shall acquire no rights in such shares of stock. Any attempted transfer of our stock which, if effective, would violate any of the other restrictions described above will cause the number of shares causing the violation (rounded up to the nearest whole share) to be automatically transferred to a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable beneficiaries, and the proposed transferee will not acquire any rights in the shares. We will

 

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appoint the trustee of the trust, who will be unaffiliated with us and any proposed transferee of the shares. The automatic transfer will be deemed to be effective as of the close of business on the business day prior to the date of the violative transfer or other event that results in a transfer to the trust. Shares of our stock held in the trust will be issued and outstanding shares. If the transfer to the trust as described above is not automatically effective, for any reason, to prevent violation of the applicable restrictions on transfer and ownership of stock, then the transfer of the shares will be null and void.

The proposed transferee shall have no rights in the shares held by the trust. The proposed transferee will not benefit economically from ownership of any shares of stock held in the trust, will have no rights to dividends or other distributions and no rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares of stock held in the trust. The trustee of the trust will exercise all voting rights and receive all dividends and other distributions with respect to shares held in the trust for the exclusive benefit of the charitable beneficiary of the trust. Any dividend or other distribution paid prior to our discovery that shares have been transferred to a trust as described above must be repaid by the recipient to the trustee upon demand and any dividend or other distribution authorized but unpaid shall be held in trust for the charitable beneficiary. Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date that the shares have been transferred to the trust, the trustee will have the authority, at the trustee’s sole discretion, to rescind as void any vote cast by a proposed transferee prior to our discovery that the shares have been transferred to the trust and to recast the vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary of the trust. However, if we have already taken irreversible corporate action, then the trustee may not rescind and recast the vote.

If our board of directors or a committee thereof or other designee if permitted by the MGCL determines in good faith that a proposed transfer or other event has taken place that violates the restrictions on transfer and ownership of stock set forth in our charter or that a person intends to acquire or has attempted to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership in violation of our ownership limits, then our board of directors or such committee or other designee if permitted by the MGCL shall take such action as it deems advisable to refuse to give effect to or to prevent such transfer or other event, including, but not limited to, causing us to redeem shares of stock, refusing to give effect to the transfer on our books or instituting proceedings to enjoin the transfer; provided, however, that any transfer or attempted transfer or other event in violation of the above restrictions shall automatically result in the transfer to the trust described above, and, where applicable, such transfer or other event shall be null and void as provided above irrespective of any action or non-action by our board of directors or any committee or designee thereof.

Shares of stock transferred to the trustee will be deemed offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price paid per share in the transaction that resulted in such transfer to the charitable trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the market price of such stock at the time of such devise or gift) and (ii) the market price of such stock on the date we, or our designee, accepts such offer. We will have the right to accept such offer until the trustee has sold the shares held in the charitable trust. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will be required to distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee and any distributions held by the trustee with respect to such shares to the charitable beneficiary. We may reduce the amount payable to the proposed transferee by the amount of dividends and distributions that have been paid to the proposed transferee and are owed by the proposed transferee to the trustee. We may pay the amount of such reduction to the trustee for the benefit of the charitable beneficiary.

If we do not buy the shares, the trustee will be required, within 20 days of receiving notice from us of a transfer of shares to the trust, to sell the shares to a person or entity designated by the trustee who could own the shares without violating the ownership limits, or the other restrictions on transfer and ownership of stock. Upon such sale, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares of stock sold shall terminate and the trustee shall distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the proposed transferee and to the charitable beneficiary. After selling the shares, the trustee will be required to distribute to the proposed transferee an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the price paid by the proposed transferee for the shares or, if the proposed transferee did not give value for the shares in connection with the event causing the shares to be held by the trust (e.g., in the case of a gift, devise or other such transaction), the

 

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market price of such stock on the day of the event causing the shares to be held by the trust and (ii) the price per share received by the trustee (net of any commissions and other expenses) from the sale or other disposition of the shares. The trustee may reduce the amount payable to the proposed transferee by the amount of dividends and distributions that have been paid to the proposed transferee and are owed by the proposed transferee to the trustee. Any net sales proceeds in excess of the amount payable to the proposed transferee will be paid immediately to the charitable beneficiary. If the proposed transferee sells such shares prior to the discovery that such shares have been transferred to the trustee, then (i) such shares shall be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the trust and (ii) to the extent that the proposed transferee received an amount for such shares that exceeds the amount that such proposed transferee would have received if such shares had been sold by the trustee, such excess shall be paid to the trustee upon demand.

Any certificates representing shares of our stock will bear a legend referring to the restrictions on transfer and ownership described above.

Every owner of 5% or more (or such lower percentage as required by the Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder) of our stock, in number or in value, within 30 days after the end of each taxable year, will be required to give us written notice stating the person’s name and address, the number of shares of each class and series of stock that the person beneficially owns, a description of the manner in which the shares are held and any additional information that we request in order to determine the effect, if any, of the person’s beneficial ownership on our status as a REIT and to ensure compliance with the ownership limits. In addition, any beneficial owner or constructive owner of shares of our stock and any person or entity (including the stockholder of record) who holds shares of our stock for a beneficial owner or constructive owner will be required to, on request, disclose to us in writing such information as we may request in order to determine the effect, if any, of the stockholder’s actual and constructive ownership of stock on our status as a REIT and to comply with the requirements of any governmental or taxing authority.

The restrictions on transfer and ownership described above could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control in which holders of shares of our stock might receive a premium for their shares over the then-prevailing price.

Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws

In addition to the ownership limits, certain provisions of our charter and bylaws may delay, defer or prevent a change of control or other transaction in which holders of some, or a majority, of shares of our common stock might receive a premium for their shares over the then prevailing market price of those shares of which such holders might believe to be otherwise in their best interests. The following paragraphs summarize a number of these provisions, as well as selected provisions of the MGCL.

Our Board of Directors

Our charter and bylaws provide that the number of directors of our company may be established by our board of directors, but may not be fewer than the minimum number required by the MGCL nor more than nine. Currently, we have eight directors. We have elected to be subject to certain provisions of the MGCL, as a result of which our board of directors has the exclusive power to fill vacancies on the board of directors.

Each of our directors is elected by our stockholders to serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualifies. Under our charter, there is no cumulative voting in the election of our board of directors. Our bylaws require that, in uncontested elections, each director be elected by the majority of votes cast with respect to such director. This means that the number of shares voted “for” a director nominee must exceed the number of shares affirmatively voted “against” that nominee in order for that nominee to be elected. If a nominee who is an incumbent director does not receive a majority of the votes cast in an uncontested election, the nominating and governance committee of our board of directors shall consider the facts and circumstances relating to the election and the

 

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resignation, and recommend to our board of directors, within sixty (60) days following certification of the election results, whether such resignation should be accepted or rejected or whether other action should be taken. The board of directors shall act on the resignation within ninety (90) days following certification of the election results, taking into account the committee’s recommendation, and publicly disclose (by a press release and filing an appropriate disclosure with the SEC) its decision regarding the resignation. The committee in making its recommendation and the board of directors in making its decision each may consider any factors and other information that they consider appropriate and relevant.

Removal of Directors

Our charter provides that, subject to the rights of holders of any class or series of stock separately entitled to elect or remove one or more directors, a director may be removed with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of directors.

Amendments to Our Charter and Bylaws and Approval of Extraordinary Actions

Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally cannot amend its charter, merge, convert, consolidate, sell all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a statutory share exchange, dissolve or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless the action is advised by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. However, a Maryland corporation may provide in its charter for approval of these actions by a lesser percentage, but not less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our charter provides that the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter will be required to approve all charter amendments or extraordinary actions. Also, Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to transfer all or substantially all of its assets without the approval of the stockholders of the corporation to one or more persons if 90% or more of the equity interests of the person or persons are owned, directly or indirectly, by the corporation.

Our bylaws may be altered, amended or repealed, in whole or in part, and new bylaws may be adopted by (i) our board of directors or (ii) our stockholders with the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter by stockholders entitled to vote generally in the election of directors.

Business Combinations

Under the MGCL, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:

 

   

any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10 percent or more of the voting power of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock; or

 

   

an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10 percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation.

A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which such person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, a board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board of directors.

 

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After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:

 

   

eighty percent of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and

 

   

two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder, voting together as a single class.

These supermajority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under the MGCL, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. The statute provides various exemptions from its provisions, including for business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Our board of directors has not opted out of the business combination provisions of the MGCL, and consequently, the five-year prohibition and the supermajority vote requirements will apply to business combinations between us and any interested stockholder. In connection with our separation from our then-parent company, Sun Healthcare Group, Inc., on November 15, 2010, our board of directors exempted all holders of common stock who beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, 10 percent or more of our common stock immediately following such separation unless and until such holders acquire any additional shares of common stock. The five-year moratorium and supermajority vote requirements will not apply to business combinations between us and any such exempted holder unless such holder acquires any additional shares of common stock.

We are subject to the business combination provisions described above. However, our board of directors may elect to opt out of the business combination provisions at any time.

Control Share Acquisitions

Maryland law provides that issued and outstanding control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by the stockholders by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquiror, by officers or by employees who are directors of the corporation are excluded from shares entitled to vote on the matter. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to, directly or indirectly, exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:

 

   

one-tenth or more but less than one-third,

 

   

one-third or more but less than a majority, or

 

   

a majority or more of all voting power.

Control shares do not include shares the acquiror is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval or shares acquired directly from the corporation. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.

A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel the board of directors of the corporation to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses of the special meeting. If no request for a special meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.

If voting rights are not approved at the special meeting or if the acquiror does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then the corporation may, subject to certain conditions and limitations, redeem for fair value any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been approved. Fair value is determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the

 

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control shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of such shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.

The control share acquisition statute does not apply (a) to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or (b) to acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.

Our bylaws contain a provision that will exempt from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. This provision may be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.

Subtitle 8

Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act and at least three independent directors to elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or by a resolution of its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of the following five provisions:

 

   

a classified board,

 

   

a two-thirds vote requirement for removing a director,

 

   

a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors,

 

   

a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors in office and such director shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is elected and qualified, and

 

   

a majority requirement for the calling of a stockholder-requested special meeting of stockholders.

Pursuant to our charter, we have elected to be subject to the provision of Subtitle 8 that requires that vacancies on the board may be filled only by the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which the vacancy occurred. Through provisions in our bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already (1) vest in the board of directors the exclusive power to fix the number of directors and (2) require, unless called by our chairman, chief executive officer, president or the board of directors, the request of stockholders entitled to cast not less than a majority of the votes entitled to be cast at such meeting to call a special meeting of stockholders if certain procedural requirements are met.

Special Meetings of the Stockholders

Each of our chairman of the board, chief executive officer, president and board of directors has the power to call a special meeting of the stockholders. A special meeting of the stockholders to act on any matter that may properly be brought before a meeting of stockholders will also be called by our secretary upon the written request of the stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast on such matter at the meeting and containing the information required by our bylaws. The secretary will be required to inform the requesting stockholders of the reasonably estimated cost of preparing and mailing the notice of meeting (including our proxy materials), and the requesting stockholder will be required to pay such estimated cost to the secretary prior to the preparation and mailing of any notice for such special meeting.

Advance Notice of Director Nomination and New Business

Our charter and bylaws provide that, at any annual meeting of stockholders, nominations of individuals for election to the board of directors and proposals of business to be considered by stockholders may be

 

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made only (i) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (ii) by or at the direction of the board of directors, or (iii) by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record at the record date with respect to the annual meeting, at the time of provision of notice and at the time of the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of directors or on such other proposed business and who has complied with the advance notice provisions set forth in our bylaws. The stockholder generally must provide notice to the secretary not less than 120 days nor more than 150 days prior to the first anniversary of the date of our proxy statement for the solicitation of proxies for election of directors at the preceding year’s annual meeting.

Only the business specified in our notice of meeting may be brought before any special meeting of stockholders. Our bylaws provide that nominations of individuals for election to our board of directors at a special meeting of stockholders may be made only (i) by or at the direction of our board of directors or (ii) provided that the special meeting has been called for the purpose of electing directors, by any stockholder of record at the record date with respect to the special meeting, at the time of provision of notice and at the time of the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of each individual so nominated and who has complied with the advance notice provisions set forth in our bylaws. Such stockholder will be entitled to nominate one or more individuals, as the case may be, for election as a director if the stockholder’s notice, containing the information required by our bylaws, is delivered to the secretary at our principal executive office not earlier than the 120th day prior to such special meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the later of (i) the 90th day prior to such special meeting or (ii) the tenth day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and any of the nominees proposed by the board of directors to be elected at such meeting.

The purpose of requiring stockholders to give advance notice of nominations and other proposals is to afford our board of directors the opportunity to consider the qualifications of the proposed nominees or the advisability of the other proposals and, to the extent considered necessary by our board of directors, to inform stockholders and make recommendations regarding the nominations or other proposals. The advance notice procedures also permit a more orderly procedure for conducting stockholder meetings.

Exclusive Forum

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division, shall be the sole and exclusive forum for:

 

   

any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company,

 

   

any action asserting a claim of breach of any duty owed by any director or officer or other employee of our company to our company or to the stockholders of our company,

 

   

any action asserting a claim against our company or any director or officer or other employee of our company arising pursuant to any provision of the MGCL, our charter or our bylaws, or

 

   

any action asserting a claim against our company or any director or officer or other employee of our company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of our Charter and Bylaws

The restrictions on transfer and ownership of our stock will prohibit any person from acquiring more than 9.9% of outstanding common stock or more than 9.9% of outstanding stock without prior approval of our board of directors. The business combination statute may discourage others from trying to acquire more than 10% of our stock without the advance approval of our board of directors, and may substantially delay or increase the difficulty of consummating any transaction with or change in control of us. Because our board of directors can approve exceptions to the transfer and ownership limits and exempt transactions from the business combination statute, the transfer and ownership limits and the business combination statute will not interfere with a merger or other business combination approved by our board of directors. The power of our board of directors to classify and reclassify unissued common stock or preferred stock, and authorize us to issue classified or reclassified shares, also could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control or other transaction.

 

9


These provisions, along with other provisions of the MGCL and our charter and bylaws discussed above, including provisions relating to the removal of directors and the filling of vacancies, the supermajority vote that will be required to amend certain provisions of our charter, the advance notice provisions and the procedures that stockholders will be required to follow to request a special meeting, alone or in combination, could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or other change in control that might involve a premium price for shares of our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders, and could increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.

Listing

Shares of our common stock are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SBRA.”

 

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Exhibit 99.2

MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

This section summarizes the material U.S. federal income tax considerations that a U.S. holder (as defined below) or a non-U.S. holder (as defined below) may consider relevant in connection with the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock. This summary does not purport to consider all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that might be relevant to holders of shares of our common stock. The summary is based on the Code, final, temporary and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative rulings and court decisions in effect as of the date of this prospectus, all of which are subject to change at any time, possibly with retroactive effect. Any such change could alter the U.S. federal income tax consequences described herein. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge any of the U.S. federal income tax consequences described herein. Moreover, the statements in this prospectus, and the opinion of counsel described below, are not binding on the IRS or a court and do not preclude the IRS from asserting, or a court from sustaining, a contrary result.

For purposes of this summary, the term “U.S. holder” means a holder of shares of our common stock that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

 

   

a citizen or resident of the United States;

 

   

a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized under the laws of the United States or any state thereof (or the District of Columbia);

 

   

a trust if it (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person; or

 

   

an estate that is subject to U.S. federal income tax on its income regardless of its source.

This summary only addresses U.S. federal income tax consequences to holders of shares of our common stock that hold such shares as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code. The statements in this summary are not intended to be, and should not be construed as, tax advice. Further, this summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to such holder in light of such holder’s particular circumstances or that may be applicable to holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws (including, for example, banks or other financial institutions, insurance companies, REITs, regulated investment companies, broker-dealers, dealers in securities or currencies, traders in securities or other persons that have elected to use a mark-to-market method of accounting, tax-exempt entities including governmental authorities (both U.S. and non-U.S.), a non-U.S. holder that owns or has owned actually or constructively more than 10% of our common stock, holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, holders who acquired their shares pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation or through a tax-qualified retirement plan, holders who hold their shares in an individual retirement or other tax-deferred account, holders subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the Code, U.S. expatriates, persons who hold shares on behalf of another person as nominee, trusts and estates, persons owning, or deemed owning under constructive ownership rules of the Code, more than 9.9% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding common stock or more than 9.9% in value of our outstanding stock (except to the extent discussed herein), holders who hold their shares as part of a hedge, straddle, integration, constructive sale, conversion, “synthetic security,” or other risk reduction transaction or integrated investment, S corporations, partnerships or other pass-through entities (or investors in S corporations, partnerships or other pass-through entities) and persons otherwise subject to special tax treatment under the Code). In addition, no information is provided herein with respect to applicable state, local or non-U.S. tax laws or U.S. federal laws other than those pertaining to the U.S. federal income tax (except to the extent discussed below).

If a partnership (including an entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds shares of our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A stockholder that is a partner in a partnership and partners in such partnership should consult their tax advisors about the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of shares of our common stock.

THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS DESCRIBED BELOW ARE NOT INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF ALL TAX CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP, AND SALE OF OUR COMMON STOCK AND OF OUR ELECTION TO BE TAXED AS A REIT. YOU


ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF SUCH PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP, SALE AND ELECTION, INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF U.S. FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL, NON-U.S. AND OTHER TAX LAWS AND REGARDING ANY POTENTIAL CHANGES IN APPLICABLE TAX LAWS.

Taxation of Our Company

General

Prior to 2011, we were taxed as a corporation under Subchapter C of the Code. We elected to be treated as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code and the applicable U.S. Treasury regulations, which contain the requirements for qualifying as a REIT, which we refer to in this prospectus as the REIT Requirements, with the filing of our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year beginning on January 1, 2011. We believe that as of such date we have been organized and have operated in a manner to qualify for taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified.

The REIT Requirements are technical and complex. The following discussion sets forth only certain material aspects of those requirements. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the applicable Code provisions, rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof.

Fried Frank has rendered an opinion that, commencing with our taxable year beginning January 1, 2011, we have been organized and have operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code and the current and proposed method of operation for us and our subsidiaries as described in this prospectus will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code. It must be emphasized that the Fried Frank opinion is based and conditioned upon certain assumptions and representations relating to our organization and operation and is conditioned upon certain representations made by us as to certain matters (including representations concerning our income and properties and the past, present, and future conduct of our business operations as set forth in this prospectus and one or more certificates provided by our officers). The Fried Frank opinion is expressed as of the date thereof and Fried Frank has no obligation to advise us of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed or any subsequent change in the applicable law. The Fried Frank opinion does not foreclose the possibility of a contrary position taken by the IRS or the U.S. Department of the Treasury in regulations or rulings issued in the future and the opinion is not binding on the IRS or any court and is not a guarantee that the IRS will not assert a contrary position or that a court will not sustain a position asserted by the IRS. Moreover, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, through actual annual operating results, certain requirements relating to the nature of our income and assets, distributions to stockholders and diversity of stock ownership, and various other qualification tests imposed under the REIT Requirements which are discussed below. Satisfaction of these tests as both an initial and ongoing matter is more complicated in the case of a REIT, such as our company, which owns properties leased to an entity with which it was historically related. Fried Frank has not undertaken to review our compliance with these requirements on a continuing basis. No assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations, the sources of our income, the nature of our assets, our distributions to stockholders and the diversity of our share ownership for any given taxable year will satisfy such requirements. See “— Failure to Qualify as a REIT.”

If we continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxes on that portion of our ordinary income or capital gain that is currently distributed to stockholders, subject to certain exceptions discussed below. We expect that such treatment would substantially eliminate the U.S. federal “double taxation” on earnings that generally results from an investment in a corporation.

If we remain qualified as a REIT, we will nonetheless be subject to U.S. federal income and excise taxes in certain circumstances, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

 

   

We will be taxed at regular corporate income tax rates on any undistributed net taxable income, including undistributed net capital gains;

 

   

Under certain circumstances, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, we may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on certain of our tax preference items, if any;


   

If we have (i) net income from the sale or other disposition of “foreclosure property” that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or (ii) other nonqualifying net income from foreclosure property, we will be subject to tax at the highest corporate tax rate on such income;

 

   

If we have net income from prohibited transactions (which are, in general, certain sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than sales of foreclosure property and sales that qualify for a statutory safe harbor), such income will be subject to a 100% tax;

 

   

If we should fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test (which are discussed below), but have nonetheless maintained our qualification as a REIT because certain other requirements have been met, we will be subject to a 100% tax on the net income attributable to the greater of the amount by which we fail the 75% or the 95% test;

 

   

Similarly, if we should fail to satisfy the asset tests or other requirements applicable to REITs, as described below, yet nonetheless qualify as a REIT because there is reasonable cause for the failure and other applicable requirements are met, we may be subject to a penalty. The amount of the penalty will be at least $50,000 per failure, and, in the case of certain asset test failures, will be equal to the amount of net income generated by the assets in question multiplied by the highest corporate tax rate if that amount exceeds $50,000 per failure;

 

   

If we should fail to distribute, or fail to be treated as having distributed, with respect to each calendar year at least the sum of (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year (other than capital gain income we elect to retain and pay tax on) and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (a) the amounts actually distributed and (b) the amounts we retained and upon which we paid income tax at the corporate level;

 

   

If we should receive rents, whether from Sun or otherwise, deemed not to be fair market value rents or if we misvalue our assets, we may be liable for valuation penalties;

 

   

We will be subject to a 100% tax on transactions with our taxable REIT subsidiaries if such transactions are not at arm’s length; and

 

   

Under the “Built-In Gain Rules,” we may also be subject to tax on the disposition within a five-year period of any appreciated assets that we acquire from a taxable corporation in a transaction in which any gain on the transfer is not fully recognized.

No assurance can be given that the amount of such U.S. federal income tax will not be substantial. In addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes other than U.S. federal income tax, including payroll taxes, real property transfer taxes, and state, local and foreign income, franchise, property and other taxes on assets and operations. We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.

Requirements for Qualification

As indicated above, to qualify as a REIT, a corporation must elect to be so treated and must meet various (a) organizational requirements, (b) gross income tests, (c) asset tests and (d) distribution requirements. Our ability to satisfy the asset tests will depend upon our analysis of the fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination. Our compliance with the REIT income and quarterly asset requirements will also depend upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis.

Organizational Requirements

The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust, or association that makes a REIT election with its tax return and:

 

   

that is managed by one or more trustees or directors;

 

   

the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;

 

   

that would be taxable as a domestic corporation, but for the REIT Requirements;

 

   

that is not a bank, an insurance company or certain other specified types of financial institutions;


   

the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;

 

   

not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year; and

 

   

that meets certain other tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets.

The Code provides that the conditions described in the first four bullets above, inclusive, must be met during the entire taxable year and that the condition described in the fifth bullet above must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. For purposes of the condition described in the sixth bullet above, certain tax-exempt entities are generally treated as individuals, and the beneficiaries of a pension trust that qualifies under Section 401(a) of the Code and that holds shares of a REIT will be treated as holding shares of the REIT in proportion to their actuarial interests in the pension trust. In addition, if a REIT fails to satisfy the condition described in the sixth bullet above for any taxable year, the REIT will nonetheless be deemed to have satisfied the condition if it complied with U.S. Treasury regulations requiring the maintenance of records to ascertain ownership and did not know (and would not have known using reasonable diligence) that it was closely held for the year. We believe that we will have sufficient diversity of ownership to satisfy the conditions in the fifth and sixth bullets above. In addition, our charter restricts the transfer and ownership of our stock so that we should continue to satisfy these conditions. The provisions of our charter that restrict the transfer and ownership of our common stock are described in “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Transfer and Ownership of Stock.”

In addition, we have requested and intend to continue to request on an annual basis from certain stockholders, and those stockholders will be required to provide, information relating to the number of shares actually or constructively owned by such stockholders. Ownership for purposes of conditions described in the fifth and sixth bullet above is defined using certain constructive ownership rules. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.9% of our stock by an individual or entity may cause that individual or entity constructively to own more than 9.9% of such stock, thereby triggering the transfer restrictions described in “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Transfer and Ownership of Stock.”

Effect of Subsidiary Entities

Disregarded Entities and Partnerships . An unincorporated domestic entity, such as a partnership or limited liability company that has a single owner, generally is not treated as an entity separate from its parent for U.S. federal income tax purposes. An unincorporated domestic entity with two or more owners is generally treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership that has other partners, the REIT is treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets of such partnership and as earning its allocable share of the gross income of such partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT qualification tests. Our proportionate share for purposes of the 10% value test (see “—Asset Tests”) will be based on our proportionate interest in the equity interests and certain debt securities issued by such partnership. For all of the other asset and income tests, our proportionate share will be based on our proportionate interest in the capital interests in such partnership. Our proportionate share of the assets and items of income of any partnership, joint venture, or limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes in which we acquire an equity interest, directly or indirectly, will be treated as our assets and gross income for purposes of applying the various REIT qualification requirements. The Operating Partnership currently is a disregarded entity because we own 100% of the interests in it, directly or through other disregarded entities. If we admit other limited partners, the Operating Partnership will be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, consequently, the Operating Partnership’s assets and operations may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.

Qualified REIT Subsidiaries . A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary, or QRS, is not treated as a corporation separate from its parent REIT. All assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of a QRS are treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the parent REIT. A QRS is a corporation, other than a TRS (as defined below), all of the stock of which is owned by the parent REIT. Thus, in applying the requirements described herein, any QRS that we own will be ignored for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of such subsidiary will be treated as our assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit.

Taxable REIT Subsidiaries . A REIT may own up to 100% of the shares of one or more TRSs. A domestic TRS is a fully taxable corporation that may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent


REIT. To the extent that a domestic TRS is required to pay taxes, it will have less cash available for distribution to us. If dividends are paid to us by our domestic TRSs, then the dividends we pay to our stockholders who are taxed at individual rates, up to the amount of dividends we receive from our domestic TRSs, will generally be eligible to be taxed at the reduced 20% rate currently applicable to qualified dividend income. See “—Taxation of U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock.” Dividends paid by foreign TRSs may not be treated similarly, and the tax treatment of a foreign TRS in its jurisdiction of tax residence will depend on the laws of that jurisdiction and may vary considerably.

The subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns securities possessing more than 35% of the total voting power or total value of the outstanding securities of such corporation will automatically be treated as a TRS. We are not treated as holding the assets of a TRS or as receiving any income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by a TRS to us is an asset in our hands, and we treat the distributions paid to us from such taxable subsidiary, if any, as income. This treatment can affect our compliance with the gross income and asset tests. Because we do not include the assets and income of TRSs in determining our compliance with the REIT Requirements, we may use such entities to undertake indirectly activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude us from doing directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. Overall, no more than 20% (or, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, 25%) of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. A domestic TRS will pay income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT or the REIT’s tenants that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis.

A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any health care facilities or lodging facilities or provide rights to any brand name under which any health care facility or lodging facility is operated. A TRS may provide rights to any brand name under which any health care facility or lodging facility is operated if such rights are provided to an “eligible independent contractor” (as described below) to operate or manage a health care facility or lodging facility and held by the TRS as a franchisee, licensee, or in a similar capacity, and such health care facility or lodging facility is either owned by the TRS or leased to the TRS by its parent REIT. A TRS will not be considered to operate or manage a “qualified health care property” or “qualified lodging facility” solely because the TRS directly or indirectly possesses a license, permit, or similar instrument enabling it to do so. Additionally, a TRS that employs individuals working at a “qualified health care property” or “qualified lodging facility” outside of the United States will not be considered to operate or manage a “qualified health care property” or “qualified lodging facility,” as long as an “eligible independent contractor” is responsible for the daily supervision and direction of such individuals on behalf of the TRS pursuant to a management agreement or similar service contract. Rent that we receive from any TRS lessee will qualify as “rents from real property” as long as the property is a “qualified health care property” and is operated on behalf of a TRS lessee by a person who qualifies as an “independent contractor” and who is, or is related to a person who is, actively engaged in the trade or business of operating “qualified health care properties” for any person unrelated to us and a TRS lessee (an “eligible independent contractor”). A “qualified health care property” includes any real property and any personal property that is, or is necessary or incidental to the use of, a hospital, nursing facility, assisted living facility, congregate care facility, qualified continuing care facility, or other licensed facility which extends medical or nursing or ancillary services to patients and which is operated by a provider of such services which is eligible for participation in the Medicare program with respect to such facility.

Non-REIT Earnings and Profits

In order to qualify as a REIT, we cannot have at the end of any taxable year any earnings and profits that were accumulated in any taxable year in which the REIT provisions did not apply to us (which we refer to in this prospectus as pre-REIT E&P). We believe that we do not have any pre-REIT E&P. The calculation of our pre-REIT E&P, however, is a complex factual and legal determination. We may have had less than complete information at the time we undertook our analysis or may interpret the applicable law (including the law relating to the characterization of our separation from Sun Healthcare Group, Inc. on November 15, 2010) differently than the IRS. There can be no assurances that the IRS will agree with our determination of our pre-REIT E&P, and there are uncertainties regarding the amount of such pre-REIT E&P. These uncertainties include the possibility that the IRS could, upon audit, increase our taxable income for one or more periods ending on or prior to December 31, 2010, which could create pre-REIT E&P. If the IRS subsequently were to determine that we have pre-REIT E&P and we had not distributed such pre-REIT E&P by the end of December 31, 2011, we and our stockholders could be subject to adverse tax consequences.


Gross Income Tests

In order to maintain qualification as a REIT, we must annually satisfy the following two gross income requirements:

 

   

At least 75% of our gross income (excluding gross income from prohibited transactions) for each taxable year must be derived directly or indirectly from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property (such as interest on obligations secured by mortgages on real property (and, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2015, personal property that is ancillary to such real property if the fair market value of such personal property does not exceed 15% of the aggregate fair market value of such personal and real property), certain “rents from real property,” gain from the sale or other disposition of real property (including interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property) which is not dealer property, and certain fees with respect to agreements to make or acquire mortgage loans), from certain types of temporary investments or from certain other types of gross income; and

 

   

At least 95% of our gross income (excluding gross income from prohibited transactions) for each taxable year must be derived from such real property investments as aforesaid and from dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or other disposition of stock or securities and certain other types of gross income (or from any combination of the foregoing).

In order to qualify as a REIT, the rental income received by us must constitute “rents from real property.” Rent that we receive from our real property will qualify as “rents from real property,” which is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, only if the following conditions are met:

 

   

First, the rent must not be based, in whole or in part, on the income or profits of any person, but may be based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales;

 

   

Second, neither we nor a direct or indirect owner of 10% or more of our stock may own, actually or constructively, 10% or more of a tenant from whom we receive rents, other than a tenant of a qualified healthcare property that is a TRS. If the tenant is a TRS, such TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage the related property. Instead, the property must, among other requirements, be operated on behalf of the TRS by a person who qualifies as an “independent contractor” and who is, or is related to a person who is, actively engaged in the trade or business of operating qualified health care properties for any person unrelated to us and the TRS;

 

   

Third, if rent attributable to personal property (including furniture, fixtures and equipment) leased in connection with a lease of real property is 15% or less of the total rent received under the lease, then the rent attributable to personal property will qualify as “rents from real property.” However, if the 15% threshold is exceeded, the rent attributable to personal property will not qualify as “rents from real property.” We have not derived and we do not intend to derive rental income attributable to personal property (other than personal property leased in connection with the lease of real property, the amount of which is less than 15% of the total rent received under such lease), except that we may receive or accrue a de minimis amount of such rental income that does not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the 75% and 95% gross income tests. There can be no assurance, however, that the IRS would not challenge our calculation of a personal property ratio, or that a court would not uphold such assertion. If such a challenge were successfully asserted, we could fail to satisfy the 75% or 95% gross income test and thus potentially lose our REIT status; and

 

   

Fourth, we generally must not operate or manage our real property or furnish or render services to our tenants, other than through an “independent contractor” who is adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive revenue. However, we need not provide services through an “independent contractor,” but instead may provide services directly to our tenants, if the services are “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not considered to be provided for the tenants’ convenience. Charges for such customarily rendered services will qualify as “rents from real property.” If we provide services to a tenant that are other than those usually or customarily provided in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only, amounts received or accrued by us for any such services will not be treated as “rents from real property” for purposes of the REIT gross income tests but will not cause other amounts received with respect to the property to fail to be treated as “rents from real property” unless the amounts treated as received in respect of such services, together with amounts received for certain management services, exceed 1% of all amounts received or accrued by us during the taxable year with respect to such property. If the 1% threshold is exceeded, then all amounts received or accrued by us with respect to the property will not qualify as “rents from real property,” even if the impermissible services are provided to some, but not all, of the tenants of the property. Furthermore, we may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs which


 

may, except in certain circumstances, provide customary and noncustomary services to our tenants without tainting our rental income for the related properties. We have not performed and we do not intend to perform noncustomary services for tenants with respect to a property, other than through independent contractors or TRSs, that would exceed 1% of the total amount collected from such property, except to the extent any such services would not cause us to fail the 75% or 95% gross income test.

The rents received by us will qualify as “rents from real property” in satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT only if the conditions described in the four bullets above are met. For example, rents received or accrued by us from Sun will not qualify as “rents from real property” if we are treated, either directly or under the applicable attribution rules, as owning 10% or more of Sun stock by vote or value. We will be treated as owning, under the applicable attribution rules, 10% or more of Sun stock by vote or value at any time that a holder owns, directly or under the applicable attribution rules, (a) 10% or more of the value of our stock and (b) 10% or more of Sun stock by vote or value. In order for the rents received or accrued by us from tenants to be treated as qualifying rents for purposes of the REIT gross income requirements, the provisions of our charter restrict the transfer and ownership of our stock. The provisions of our charter that restrict the transfer and ownership of our common stock are described in “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Transfer and Ownership of Stock.” Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that such restrictions will be effective in ensuring that we will not be treated as related to any tenant of ours.

In addition, in order for rent paid pursuant to leases to qualify as “rents from real property,” all of the lease agreements we have entered into or assumed (as well as any other leases we enter into or assume) must be respected as true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes and not treated as service contracts, joint ventures, loans or some other type of arrangement. The determination of whether such lease agreements are true leases depends on an analysis of all the surrounding facts and circumstances. In making such a determination, courts have considered a variety of factors, including the following: (i) the intent of the parties, (ii) the form of the agreement, (iii) the degree of control over the property that is retained by the property owner (e.g., whether the lessee has substantial control over the operation of the property or whether the lessee was simply required to use its best efforts to perform its obligations under the agreement), and (iv) the extent to which the property owner retains the risk of loss with respect to the property (e.g., whether the lessee bears the risk of increases in operating expenses or the risk of damage to the property) or the potential for economic gains (e.g., appreciation) with respect to the property. In addition, U.S. federal income tax law provides that a contract that purports to be a service contract or a partnership agreement is treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors. Since the determination of whether a service contract should be treated as a lease is inherently factual, the presence or absence of any single factor may not be dispositive in every case. If any of the lease agreements that we have entered into or assumed are recharacterized as service contracts, joint ventures, loans or some other type of arrangement, rather than true leases, part or all of the payments that we receive under any such lease agreements would not be considered rent or would not otherwise satisfy the various requirements for qualification as “rents from real property.” In the event that the lease agreements entered into with Sun are not characterized as true leases, we likely would not be able to satisfy either the 75% or 95% gross income tests and, as a result, would lose our REIT status. In addition, if the payments under the lease agreements entered into with Sun did not represent fair market value rentals at the time they were entered into and the IRS determines that we and Sun are or were under common control, the IRS may reallocate income between us and Sun. The reallocation could cause us or Sun to be subject to valuation penalties. We believe that the payments under such lease agreements represented fair market rentals at the time they were entered into. Investors should be aware that there are no controlling U.S. Treasury regulations, published rulings or judicial decisions involving leases with terms substantially the same as the lease agreements we entered into with Sun that discuss whether such lease agreements constitute true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Relief Provisions for Failing the 75% or 95% Gross Income Tests . If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for such year if certain relief provisions of the Code apply. These relief provisions will generally apply if our failure to meet such tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we attach a schedule of the sources of our income to our return, and any incorrect information on the schedule was not due to fraud with intent to evade tax. Under certain circumstances, we may prefer not to have the relief provisions apply. If these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances involving us, we might not qualify as a REIT. As discussed above under “—Taxation of Our Company—General,” even where these relief provisions apply, a tax would be imposed based upon the amount by which we fail to satisfy the particular gross income test.


Asset Tests

At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we must satisfy the following six tests relating to the nature of our assets:

 

   

At least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by real estate assets (including stock or debt instruments that do not otherwise qualify as real estate assets and that are not held for more than one year that were purchased with the proceeds of a stock offering or long-term (at least five years) debt offering of ours and, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2015, debt instruments of publicly offered REITs and personal property leased in connection with real property if the rent attributable to personal property is not greater than 15% of the total rent received under such lease), cash, cash items, and government securities;

 

   

Not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by securities other than those in the 75% asset class;

 

   

Of the assets included in the 25% asset class, other than securities of TRSs, the value of any one issuer’s securities owned by us may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets, and we may not own more than 10% of any one issuer’s outstanding voting securities or more than 10% of the value of any one issuer’s outstanding securities;

 

   

Not more than 20% (or, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, 25%) of our total assets may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs;

 

   

Not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by debt instruments of publicly offered REITs not secured by real property for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2015; and

 

   

A mortgage on real property will constitute a real estate asset to the extent it is secured by real property with a value of at least the amount of the mortgage (at the time the mortgage is acquired or entered into). For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2015, ancillary personal property securing such mortgage will be treated as real property for such purpose, provided that the value of such ancillary personal property is less than 15% of the aggregate fair market value of the personal and real property securing such mortgage.

Relief Provisions for Failing the Asset Tests . If we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if:

 

   

we satisfied the asset tests at the end of the preceding calendar quarter; and

 

   

the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test requirements arose from changes in the market values of our assets and was not wholly or partly caused by the acquisition of one or more non-qualifying assets.

If we did not satisfy the condition described in the second bullet above and the failure to satisfy the asset tests results from an acquisition of securities or other property during a quarter, the failure can be cured by disposition of sufficient nonqualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that quarter. We have maintained and intend to continue to maintain adequate records of the value of our assets to ensure compliance with the asset tests, and intend to take such action within 30 days after the close of any quarter as may be required to cure any noncompliance but no assurance can be given that such asset tests will be met.

If we violate the 5% value test, 10% voting test or 10% value test described above at the end of any calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if (i) the failure is de minimis (up to the lesser of 1% of our total assets or $10 million) and (ii) we dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter. In the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the asset tests, as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, we will not lose our REIT qualification if we (i) file with the IRS a schedule describing the assets that caused the failure, (ii) dispose of these assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter and (iii) pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 per failure or an amount equal to the product of the highest corporate income tax rate (currently 21%) and the net income from the non-qualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset tests.


Annual Distribution Requirements

In order to be treated as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends (other than capital gains dividends) to our stockholders in an amount at least equal to:

(A) the sum of

(i)    90% of our “REIT taxable income” (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain), and

(ii)    90% of the net income, if any, from foreclosure property in excess of the special tax on income from foreclosure property,

minus

(B) the sum of certain items of noncash income.

Such distributions must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if either (i) we declare the distribution before we file a timely U.S. federal income tax return for the year and pay the distribution with or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration or (ii) we declare the distribution in October, November or December of the taxable year, payable to stockholders of record on a specified day in any such month, and we actually pay the dividends before the end of January of the following year. The distributions under clause (i) are taxable to owners of our common stock in the year in which paid, and the distributions in clause (ii) are treated as paid on December 31 of the prior taxable year. In both instances, these distributions relate to our prior taxable year for purposes of the 90% distribution requirement. If we dispose of any asset that is subject to the Built-In Gain Rules during the applicable 5-year period, we may be required to distribute at least 90% of the built-in gain (after tax), if any, recognized on the disposition of the asset.

To the extent that we do not distribute (or are not treated as having distributed) all of our net capital gain or distribute (or are treated as having distributed) at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our “REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be subject to tax thereon at regular ordinary and capital gains corporate tax rates. “REIT taxable income” is the taxable income of a REIT, which generally is computed in the same fashion as the taxable income of any corporation, except that (i) certain deductions are not available, such as the deduction for dividends received, (ii) a REIT may deduct dividends paid (or deemed paid) during the taxable year, (iii) net capital gains and losses are excluded, and (iv) certain other adjustments are made. We may elect to retain rather than distribute our net long-term capital gains while treating the capital gain as if distributed. The effect of such an election is that (i) we are required to pay the tax on such gains, (ii) U.S. holders, while required to include their proportionate share of the undistributed long-term capital gain in income, will receive a credit or refund for their share of the tax paid by us, and (iii) the basis of a U.S. holder’s stock would be increased by the amount of the undistributed long-term capital gains (minus the amount of capital gains tax paid by us) included in the U.S. holder’s long-term capital gains. If we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year (other than capital gain income which we elect to retain and pay tax on), and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of (a) the amounts actually distributed and (b) the amounts we retained and upon which we paid income tax at the corporate level. We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual distribution requirement. It is possible that, from time to time, we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet the 90% distribution requirement due to timing differences between (i) the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses and (ii) the inclusion of such income and deduction of such expenses in calculating our taxable income. In addition, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Act”) amends the Code such that (i) income must be accrued for U.S. federal income tax purposes no later than when such income is taken into account as revenue in our financial statements, subject to certain exceptions, which could also create timing differences between net taxable income and the receipt of cash attributable to such income and (ii) the deductibility of “business interest” for all entities is subject to new limitations, which may be elected out of by certain real property trades or businesses. To the extent we do not make such an election, our taxable income may exceed cash available for distribution (and with respect to our TRSs, impact the amount of taxes paid).

In the event that such an insufficiency occurs, in order to meet the 90% distribution requirement and maintain our status as a REIT, we may have to sell assets at unfavorable prices, borrow at unfavorable terms, pay taxable stock dividends, or pursue other strategies. We do not currently intend to pay taxable stock dividends. However, if for any taxable year, we have significant amounts of taxable income in excess of available cash flow, we may have to declare dividends in cash and stock.

If we make a taxable stock distribution, U.S. holders would be required to include the full amount of the dividend (i.e., the cash and stock portion) as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. holder may be required to pay income taxes with respect to


such dividends in excess of the cash received. If a U.S. holder sells our stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of the stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. holders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, these sales may put downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.

Under certain circumstances, we may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying “deficiency dividends” to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Thus, we may be able to avoid being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends; however, we will be required to pay interest based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.

Statutory Relief

If we fail to satisfy one or more of the requirements for qualification as a REIT, other than the income tests and asset tests discussed above, we will not lose our status as a REIT if our failure was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure.

Failure to Qualify as a REIT

If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief provisions described above do not apply, we will be subject to tax (including, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, any applicable alternative minimum tax) on our taxable income at corporate tax rates. Distributions to stockholders in any year in which we fail to qualify will not be deductible by us and they will not be required to be made. In such event, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders will be taxable as ordinary income. Subject to certain limitations of the U.S. federal income tax laws, corporate stockholders might be eligible for the dividends received deduction and stockholders taxed at individual rates might be eligible for the current reduced U.S. federal income tax rate of 20% on such dividends. Unless entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we will also be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost, and will not be permitted to requalify unless we distribute any earnings and profits attributable to the period when we failed to qualify. In addition, we may be subject to tax on any built-in gains on property held during the period during which we did not qualify if we sell such property within 5 years of requalification, but only to the extent of our net built-in gain at the time of requalification. It is not possible to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to such statutory relief.

Taxation of U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock

REIT Distributions

Distributions Generally . As long as we qualify as a REIT, distributions by us to a U.S. holder out of our current and accumulated earnings and profits (and not designated as capital gains dividends) will be taken into account by such U.S. holder as ordinary income. Dividends paid by us to a corporate U.S. holder will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporations. In addition, dividends paid by a REIT to a U.S. holder taxed at individual rates generally will not qualify for the 20% U.S. federal income tax rate for “qualified dividend income.” The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate on qualified dividend income is lower than the maximum U.S. federal income tax rate on ordinary income, which is currently 37%. Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid to U.S. holders taxed at individual rates by domestic C corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations. Because we are not generally subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of our REIT taxable income distributed to our stockholders, our dividends generally will not be eligible for the 20% rate on qualified dividend income. As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends will be taxed at the higher U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to ordinary income. However, under the 2017 Tax Act, the effective tax rate on ordinary REIT dividends for U.S. holders of our common shares that are individuals, estates or trusts is effectively reduced by permitting such holders to claim a deduction in determining their taxable income equal to 20% of any such dividends they receive. The deduction is set to sunset after 2025. In addition, the 20% U.S. federal income tax rate for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary REIT dividends, if any, that are (i) attributable to dividends received by us from non-REIT U.S. corporations, such as a domestic TRS, and (ii) to the extent attributable to income upon which we have paid corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income). In general, to qualify for the reduced U.S. federal income tax rate on qualified dividend income, a U.S. holder must hold the relevant common stock for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which such stock becomes ex-dividend.


A distribution in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will first be treated as a tax-free return of capital, reducing the tax basis in the U.S. holder’s common stock, and a distribution in excess of the U.S. holder’s tax basis in its common stock will be a taxable gain realized from the sale of such shares. Dividends declared by us in October, November or December of any year payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month shall be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that the dividend is actually paid by us during January of the following calendar year. We will be treated as having sufficient earnings and profits to treat as a dividend any distribution by us up to the amount required to be distributed in order to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax discussed under “—Taxation of Our Company—General” and “—Taxation of Our Company—Annual Distribution Requirements” above. As a result, U.S. holders may be required to treat as taxable dividends certain distributions that would otherwise result in tax-free returns of capital. Moreover, any “deficiency dividend” will be treated as a “dividend” (an ordinary dividend or a capital gain dividend, as the case may be), regardless of our earnings and profits.

Capital Gain Distributions . Distributions that are designated by us as capital gain dividends will be treated as long-term capital gain (to the extent they do not exceed our actual net capital gain) for the taxable year without regard to the period for which the stockholder has held its stock. However, corporate stockholders may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gains dividends as ordinary income, pursuant to Section 291(d) of the Code. If we elect to retain capital gains rather than distribute them, a U.S. holder will be deemed to receive a capital gain dividend equal to the amount of such retained capital gains. In such a case, a U.S. holder will receive certain tax credits and basis adjustments reflecting the deemed distribution and deemed payment of taxes by the U.S. holder.

To the extent that we have available net operating losses and capital losses carried forward from prior taxable years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make to comply with the REIT distribution requirements described above under “—Taxation of Our Company—Annual Distribution Requirements.” However, as a result of the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act, net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be deducted only to the extent of 80% of our “REIT taxable income” in the carryforward year (computed without regard to the NOL deduction). In contrast to prior law, which permitted unused NOL carryforwards to be carried back two years and forward 20 years, the 2017 Tax Act provides that losses arising in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 can no longer be carried back but can be carried forward indefinitely. Such losses, however, are not passed through to a holder of our common stock and do not offset such stockholder’s income from other sources, nor would they affect the character of any distributions that a stockholder receives from us.

Dispositions of Our Common Stock

In general, a U.S. holder will realize gain or loss upon the sale, redemption, or other taxable disposition of our common stock in an amount equal to the difference between the sum of the fair market value of any property received and the amount of cash received in such disposition, and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in our common stock at the time of the disposition. In general, a U.S. holder’s tax basis will equal the U.S. holder’s acquisition cost, increased by the excess of net capital gains deemed distributed to the U.S. holder, less tax deemed paid on it, and reduced by returns of capital. Gain from the sale or disposition of our common stock held for more than one year will generally be long-term capital gain. Capital losses recognized by a U.S. holder upon the disposition of shares of our common stock held for more than one year at the time of disposition will be considered long-term capital losses, and are generally available only to offset capital gain income of the U.S. holder but not ordinary income, except in the case of individuals, who may offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year. In addition, any loss upon a sale or exchange of shares of our common stock by a U.S. holder who has held such shares for six months or less, after applying holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of distributions received from us that are required to be treated by the U.S. holder as long-term capital gain.

If a U.S. holder recognizes a loss upon a disposition of our common stock in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions of U.S. Treasury regulations involving “reportable transactions” could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose the loss-generating transaction to the IRS. While these regulations are directed towards “tax shelters,” they are written quite broadly, and apply to transactions that would not typically be considered tax shelters. In addition, there are significant penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. Each prospective holder of our common stock should consult its tax advisor concerning any possible disclosure obligation with respect to the receipt or disposition of our common stock, or transactions that might be undertaken directly or indirectly by us. Moreover, holders should be aware that we and other participants in the transactions involving us (including our advisors) may be subject to disclosure or other requirements pursuant to these regulations.


Passive Activity Losses and Investment Interest

Distributions made by us and gain arising from the sale or exchange by a U.S. holder of shares of our common stock will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, U.S. holders will not be able to apply any “passive losses” against income or gain relating to shares of our common stock. Distributions made by us, to the extent they do not constitute return of capital, generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of computing the investment interest limitation.

Additional Tax on Net Investment Income

A U.S. holder that is an individual or estate, or a trust that does not fall into a special class of trusts that is exempt from such tax, will generally be subject to a 3.8% tax on the lesser of (i) the U.S. holder’s “net investment income” for a taxable year and (ii) the excess of the U.S. holder’s modified adjusted gross income for such taxable year over $200,000 ($250,000 in the case of joint filers). For these purposes, “net investment income” will generally include taxable distributions and deemed distributions paid with respect to stock, interest on debt obligations, other types of investment income, and net gain attributable to the disposition of stock or debt obligations and other types of investment gain (in each case, unless such stock, debt instruments or other investment property, as the case may be, are held in connection with certain trades or businesses), but will be reduced by any deductions properly allocable to such distributions, interest, income or net gain.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Tax

We will report to a U.S. holder and the IRS the amount of distributions we pay during each calendar year and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a U.S. holder of our common stock may be subject to backup withholding (currently at a maximum rate of 24%) with respect to distributions unless such U.S. holder:

 

   

is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or

 

   

provides an accurate taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules.

Any amount paid as backup withholding will be creditable against a U.S. holder’s income tax liability, provided that proper information is timely provided to the IRS.

U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax consequences to them of an investment in our common stock, including applicable tax rates and tax reporting requirements, and the effect of any possible changes in the tax laws.

Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders of Our Common Stock

The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of holders of shares of our common stock that are not U.S. holders or partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis and that neither own nor have owned actually or constructively more than 10% of our common stock, which we call “non-U.S. holders,” are complex. The following discussion is only a limited summary of these rules. In addition, non-U.S. holders should be aware that certain other rules (not discussed herein) may apply, including whether an interest in a REIT is treated as a USRPI, with respect to certain non-U.S. holders. Holders of shares of our common stock that are not U.S. holders and that own or have owned actually or constructively more than 10% of our common stock generally will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax and U.S. federal income tax (and U.S. federal income tax return tax filing obligations) upon the sale or other disposition of our common stock (unless we are, and remain a “domestically controlled qualified investment entity”) or distributions that are treated as attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests, or USRPIs (subject to exception for certain “qualified foreign person funds”).

Prospective non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax consequences to them of an investment in our common stock, including any tax reporting requirements.


REIT Distributions

Ordinary Dividends . Distributions, other than distributions that are treated as attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of USRPIs, and other than distributions designated by us as capital gain dividends, will be treated as ordinary income to the extent that they are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A U.S. withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution will ordinarily apply to distributions of this kind to non-U.S. holders, unless an applicable tax treaty reduces that tax. However, if income from a non-U.S. holder’s investment in our common stock is treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business or attributable to a permanent establishment that the non-U.S. holder maintains in the United States if required by an applicable income tax treaty as a condition for subjecting the non-U.S. holder to U.S. taxation on a net income basis, U.S. federal income tax at graduated rates will generally apply to the non-U.S. holder in the same manner as U.S. holders are taxed with respect to dividends, and the 30% U.S. branch profits tax may also apply if the non-U.S. holder is a foreign corporation. We expect to withhold U.S. tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any dividends, other than dividends treated as attributable to gain from sales or exchanges of USRPIs and capital gain dividends, paid to a non-U.S. holder, unless (a) a lower treaty rate applies and the required form evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate is filed with us or the appropriate withholding agent or (b) the non-U.S. holder files an IRS Form W-8 ECI or a successor form with us or the appropriate withholding agent claiming that the distributions are effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business and in either case other applicable requirements were met.

Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, which are not treated as attributable to the gain from our disposition of a USRPI, will not be taxable to a non-U.S. holder to the extent that they do not exceed the non-U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in its common stock. Distributions of this kind will instead reduce the non-U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in its common stock. To the extent that distributions of this kind exceed a non-U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in its common stock, they will give rise to tax liability if the non-U.S. holder otherwise would have to pay U.S. federal tax on any gain from the sale or disposition of its common stock, as described below. If it cannot be determined at the time a distribution is made whether the distribution will be in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, we will withhold U.S. tax at the rate of 30% on the distribution. However, the non-U.S. holder may seek a refund of these amounts from the IRS if it is subsequently determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits.

Capital Gain Dividends . Assuming that our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market in the United States, capital gain distributions on our common stock that are attributable to gain on our sale of USRPIs will be treated as ordinary dividends rather than as gain from the sale of a USRPI. As a result, non-U.S. holders generally will be subject to U.S. withholding tax on such capital gain distributions in the same manner as they are subject to U.S. withholding tax on ordinary dividends as described above in “— Ordinary Dividends.”

Dispositions of Our Common Stock

Assuming that our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market, a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain realized on a sale or other disposition of our common stock.

Furthermore, a non-U.S. holder generally will incur U.S. federal tax on gain if:

 

   

the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. holder will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. holders with respect to such gain, or

 

   

the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and meets certain other criteria, in which case the non-U.S. holder will incur a U.S. federal tax of 30% on his or her net capital gains.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)

Pursuant to U.S. withholding provisions commonly referred to as the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”), payments to certain non-U.S. holders of dividends on our common stock, will generally be subject to a withholding tax of 30%, unless such non-U.S. holders are compliant with various reporting requirements under FATCA. In order to be compliant with FATCA, among other requirements, such certain non-U.S. holders may need to register with the IRS and may need to obtain certain information from its interest holders and disclose certain of this information to the IRS or its local tax authority under the terms of an intergovernmental agreement. No assurance can be provided that non-U.S. holders will not be subject to this withholding tax. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential implications of this withholding tax.


Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Tax

Dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder may be subject to U.S. information reporting and backup withholding. A non-U.S. holder will be exempt from backup withholding if the non-U.S. holder provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable, or otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing its status as a non-U.S. holder or otherwise establishes an exemption.

The gross proceeds from the disposition of our common stock may be subject to U.S. information reporting and backup withholding. If a non-U.S. holder sells our common stock outside the United States through a non-U.S. office of a non-U.S. broker and the sales proceeds are paid to the non-U.S. holder outside the United States, then the U.S. backup withholding and information reporting requirements generally will not apply to that payment. However, U.S. information reporting, but not U.S. backup withholding, will apply to a payment of sales proceeds, even if that payment is made outside the United States, if a non-U.S. holder sells our common stock through a non-U.S. office of a broker that is a United States person or has certain enumerated connections with the United States, unless the broker has documentary evidence in its files that the non-U.S. holder is not a United States person and certain other conditions are met or the non-U.S. holder otherwise establishes an exemption.

If a non-U.S. holder receives payments of the proceeds of a sale of our common stock to or through a U.S. office of a broker, the payment is subject to both U.S. backup withholding and information reporting unless the non-U.S. holder provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable, certifying that the non-U.S. holder is not a “United States person” or the non-U.S. holder otherwise establishes an exemption.

A non-U.S. holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules that exceed the non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability by timely filing a refund claim with the IRS.

Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors with respect to the U.S. federal income and withholding tax consequences, and state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences, of an investment in shares of our common stock, including applicable tax reporting requirements.

Legislative or Other Actions Affecting REITs

The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. No assurance can be given as to whether, or in what form, any proposals affecting REITs or their stockholders will be enacted. In particular, the 2017 Tax Act, for which only limited guidance has been issued to date, significantly reforms the Code with respect to the taxation of both individuals and corporate entities, and there are numerous interpretive issues and ambiguities that are not yet clearly addressed, which require further guidance, including possibly in some cases, technical corrections. It is unclear if and when such guidance will be forthcoming, or in the case of technical corrections, will be enacted. Future regulatory guidance and legislation may significantly affect the impact of the 2017 Tax Act. Changes to the U.S. federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could adversely affect an investment in our common stock.