Exhibit 99.1

Zynga Inc.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Zynga Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Zynga Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item l5(a)2 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 25, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.

San Jose, California

February 25, 2022

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Zynga Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Zynga Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Zynga Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.

As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include certain internal controls of Chartboost and StarLark, which are included in the 2021 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 1% of consolidated revenue, operating expenses and total assets, respectively, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of certain internal controls over financial reporting of Chartboost and StarLark.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)2 and our report dated February 25, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

San Jose, California

February 25, 2022

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Zynga Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In millions, except par value)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Zynga Inc.

Online Game. We operate our games as live services that allow players to play for free. Within these games, however, players can purchase virtual currency to obtain virtual goods or virtual goods directly (together, defined as “virtual items” or a “virtual item”) to enhance their game-playing experience. Our identified performance obligation is to display the virtual items within the game over the estimated playing period of the paying player or until they are consumed in game play based upon the nature of the virtual item. Payment is required at time of purchase and the purchase price is a fixed amount.

Players can purchase our virtual items through various widely accepted payment methods offered in the games, including Apple iTunes accounts, Google Play accounts and Facebook local currency payments. Payments from players for virtual items are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify our obligations. Such payments are initially recorded to deferred revenue.

For revenue earned through mobile platforms, the transaction price is equal to the gross amount we request to be charged to our player because we are the principal in the transaction. The related platform and payment processing fees are recorded as cost of revenue in the period incurred.

For revenue earned on our web based games through Facebook, our players utilize Facebook’s local currency-based payments program to purchase virtual items in our games. For all payment transactions on the Facebook platform, Facebook remits to us 70% of the price we request to be charged to the player for each transaction, which represents the transaction price. Despite being the principal in the transaction, we recognize revenue net of the amounts retained by Facebook for platform and payment processing fees because Facebook may choose to alter our requested price, for example by offering a discount or other incentives to players playing on their platform, and we do not receive information from Facebook indicating the amount of such discounts or incentives or the actual amount paid by our players. Accordingly, we are unable to determine the gross amount paid by our players on the Facebook platform.

The satisfaction of our performance obligation is dependent on the nature of the virtual item purchased and as a result, we categorize our virtual items as follows:

If we do not have the ability to differentiate between revenue attributable to consumable virtual items or durable virtual items in a specific game, we recognize revenue ratably over the estimated average playing period of payers for the applicable game. Historically, we have had sufficient data to separately account for consumable and durable virtual items for substantially all of our web games. However, for our standalone mobile games, we do not have the requisite data to separately account for consumable and durable virtual items and therefore recognize mobile online game revenue ratably over the estimated average playing period of payers.

We expect that in future periods, there will be changes in the mix of consumable and durable virtual items offered and sold, reduced virtual item sales in some existing games, changes in estimates of the average playing period of payers and/or changes in our ability to make such estimates. When such changes occur, and in particular if more of our revenue in any period is derived from durable virtual items or the estimated average playing period of payers increases on average, the amount of revenue that we recognize in a current or future period may be reduced, perhaps significantly. Conversely, if the estimated average playing period of payers decreases on average, the amount of revenue that we recognize in a current or future period may be accelerated, perhaps significantly.

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On a quarterly basis, we determine the estimated average playing period of payers by game beginning at the time of a payer’s first purchase in the respective game and ending on a date when that paying player is deemed to be no longer playing. To determine when paying players are no longer playing a given game, we analyze monthly cohorts of payers who made their first in-game payment between six and 18 months prior to the beginning of each quarter and determine whether each payer within the cohort is an active or inactive player as of the date of our analysis. To determine which payers are inactive, we analyze the dates that each payer last logged into that game. We determine a payer to be inactive once they have reached a period of inactivity for which it is probable that they will not return to a specific game. For the payers deemed inactive as of our analysis date, we analyze the dates they last logged into that game to determine the rate at which inactive payers stopped playing. Based on these dates, we then project a date at which all payers for each monthly cohort are expected to cease playing our games. We then average the time periods from first purchase date and the date the last payer is expected to cease playing the game for each of the monthly cohorts to determine the total playing period of payers for that game. To determine the estimated average playing period of payers, we then divide this total period by two. The use of this “average” approach is supported by our observations that payers typically become inactive at a relatively consistent rate for our games. If future data indicates payers do not become inactive at a relatively consistent rate, we will modify our calculations accordingly. When a new game is launched and only a limited period of payer data is available for our analysis, then we also consider other factors to determine the estimated average playing period of payers, such as the estimated average playing period of payers for other recently launched games with similar characteristics.

Advertising. We have contractual relationships with advertising networks, agencies, advertising brokers and directly with advertisers to display advertisements in our games. For all of our in-game advertising arrangements, we are the principal and our performance obligation is to provide the inventory for advertisements to be displayed in our games. For contracts made directly with advertisers, we are also obligated to serve the advertisements in our games. However, for those direct advertising arrangements, providing the advertising inventory and serving the advertisement is considered a single performance obligation, as the advertiser cannot benefit from the advertising space without its advertisements being displayed.

The pricing and terms for all our in-game advertising arrangements are governed by either a master contract or insertion order and generally stipulate payment terms as a specific number of days subsequent to the end of the month, generally ranging from 30 to 60 days. The transaction price is generally the product of the number of advertising units delivered (e.g., impressions, offers completed, videos viewed, etc.) and the contractually agreed upon price per advertising unit. Further, for advertising transactions not placed directly with the advertiser, the contractually agreed upon price per advertising unit is generally based on our fixed revenue rate stated in the contract. The number of advertising units delivered is determined at the end of each month, which resolves any uncertainty in the transaction price during the reporting period. For a limited number of advertising network arrangements, the transaction price is determined based on a volume-tiered pricing structure, whereby the price per advertising unit in a given month is determined by the number of impressions delivered in that month. However, the uncertainty concerning the number of impressions delivered is resolved at the end of each month, therefore, eliminating any uncertainty with respect to the price per advertising unit for each reporting period.

For in-game display advertisements, in-game offers, engagement advertisements and other advertisements, our performance obligation is satisfied over the life of contract (i.e., over time), with revenue being recognized as advertising units are delivered.

For in-game sponsorships with branded virtual items, revenue is initially recorded to deferred revenue and then recognized ratably over the estimated life of the branded virtual item, which approximates the estimated average playing period of payers, or over the term of the advertising arrangement, depending on the nature of the agreement.

We also operate a software platform that facilitates transactions between advertisers and owners of digital advertising inventory (“publishers”) via programmatic auctions. The Company has contracts with both advertisers (“demand side”) and publishers (“supply side”), with the advertiser representing the Company’s customer in a demand side transaction and the publisher representing the Company’s customer in a supply side transaction. The pricing and terms for all demand side and supply side arrangements are contractually governed and generally stipulate payment terms as a specific number of days subsequent to the end of the month, generally ranging from 30 to 60 days.

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For both demand side and supply side revenue arrangements, the Company’s performance obligation is to provide the advertiser or publisher with access to the Company’s software platform, which facilitates the placement of the advertising inventory. The Company does not control the advertising inventory, because the Company does not have the substantive ability to direct the use of, nor obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the advertising inventory. Further, the Company is not primarily responsible for fulfillment and does not have any inventory risk. Accordingly, the Company is an agent in both demand side and supply side transactions and presents revenue on a net basis. The transaction price is the product of the number of advertising units delivered to the end user via the software platform and the contractually agreed upon price per advertising unit, less the consideration paid or payable to publishers. The number of advertising units delivered to the end user is determined at the end of each month, which resolves any uncertainty in the transaction price during the reporting period. Our performance obligation is satisfied over the life of contract (i.e., over time), with revenue being recognized as advertising units are delivered to the end user.

Taxes Collected from Customers. We present taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis within our consolidated statement of operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, money market funds, corporate debt and foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of funds held in escrow in accordance with the terms of our business acquisition agreements.

Short and Long-Term Investments

Realized gains and losses for all investments are determined using the specific-identification method and are reflected as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations.

Debt Securities

Short and long-term debt investments consist of corporate debt securities and foreign certificates of deposit and time deposits. Based on our intentions, all debt investments are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of other comprehensive income, net of income taxes.

For debt securities in an unrealized loss position, we first consider whether we intend to or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the individual security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis and if so, we adjust the carrying value of security down to its fair value, with the amount of the write-down recorded as a realized loss within other income (expense), net.

Otherwise, we determine whether a decline in fair value is attributable to a partial or full credit loss by reviewing factors such as the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, changes in interest rates since the purchase of the security, the financial condition of the issuer, including changes in credit ratings, the remaining payment terms of the security, as well as any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, the issuer’s industry or its geographic area. If a credit loss exists, we adjust the carrying value by recording expense within other income (expense), net equal to the amount of the credit loss, with such amount limited to the amount of the unrealized loss. Subsequent recoveries of fair value originally attributed to a credit loss are subsequently recognized as income within other income (expense), net. Finally, any unrealized loss not deemed to be attributable to a credit loss is recognized as component of other comprehensive income, net of income taxes.

No credit losses related to our debt investments were recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in any of the periods presented.

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Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Value

Short-term equity investments consist of privately held mutual funds. All equity investments are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded within other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations.

Derivatives

Designated Hedging Derivatives - Net Investment Hedge

Certain foreign currency forward contracts are designated as net investment hedges to mitigate foreign currency risks related to the Company’s investment in certain foreign subsidiaries. Changes in the fair value of the net investment hedge amounts that are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) with the foreign currency translation adjustment and the excluded components (e.g. forward points) from the assessment of hedge effectiveness are recognized in other income (expense) on a straight-line basis over the term of the derivative contract.

Non-Designated Hedging Derivatives - Other Derivatives

Other derivatives not designated as hedging instruments consist of foreign currency forward contracts that are used as an economic offset to foreign currency risks associated with the remeasurement of certain intercompany loans. Gains and losses on these contracts are recognized in other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our financial assets consist of cash, cash equivalents, short-term and long-term investments, derivative instruments and accounts receivable, net. Cash equivalents, short-term and long-term investments and derivative instruments are reported at fair value while accounts receivable, net are stated at the net realizable amount, which approximates fair value.

Our financial liabilities consist of accounts payable and accrued liabilities, contingent consideration obligations, deferred acquisition consideration and debt. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are stated at the invoiced or estimated payout amount, respectively, and approximate fair value. Contingent consideration obligations and deferred acquisition consideration, which are the result of business acquisitions, are reported at the estimated fair value. Our debt is recorded at the net carrying amount, which does not approximate fair value. However, the fair value of the debt is disclosed at each reporting period - refer to Note 10 - “Debt” for further discussion.

We estimate fair value as the exit price, which represents the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between knowledgeable and willing market participants.

The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments were valued based on quoted market prices, model driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data or other directly and indirectly inputs observable in the marketplace. We use a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 - Includes inputs, other than Level 1 inputs, that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts receivable are recorded at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for credit losses. In evaluating our ability to collect outstanding receivable balances and related allowance for credit losses, we consider many factors, including the age of the balance, the customer’s payment history and current creditworthiness, as well as and current and forecasted economic conditions that may affect our customers’ ability to pay. Bad debts are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted. We do not require collateral from our customers.

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Business Combinations

In accounting for acquisitions through which a set of assets and activities are transferred to the Company, we perform an initial test to determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets transferred are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, such that the acquisition would not represent a business. If the initial test does not result in substantially all of the fair value concentrated in a single or group of similar assets, we then perform a second test to evaluate whether the assets and activities transferred include inputs and substantive processes that together, significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs, which would constitute a business. If the result of the second test indicates that the acquired assets and activities constitute a business, we account for the transaction as a business combination.

For our business combinations, we allocate the purchase consideration of the acquisition, which includes the estimated acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration (if applicable) and deferred purchase consideration (if applicable), to the tangible assets, liabilities and identifiable intangible assets acquired based on each of the estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair values is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of such items requires judgment, including estimating future cash flows or the cost to recreate an acquired asset. If actual results are lower than initial estimates, we could be required to record impairment losses in the future. Acquired intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives generally on a straight-line basis, unless evidence indicates a more appropriate method. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate an impairment may exist.

During the one-year period beginning with the acquisition date, we may record certain purchase accounting adjustments related to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed against goodwill. After the final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities assumed from an acquisition are remeasured each reporting period after the acquisition date and the changes in the estimated fair value, if any, is recorded within operating expenses in our consolidated statement of operations each reporting period. Acquisition-related expenses are expensed as incurred.

Game Software Development Costs

We review internal use software development costs associated with new games or updates to existing games on a quarterly basis to determine if the costs qualify for capitalization. Our studio teams follow an agile development process, whereas the preliminary project stage remains ongoing until just prior to worldwide launch, at which time final feature selection occurs. As such, the development costs are expensed as incurred to research and development in our consolidated statement of operations. We did not capitalize any software development costs during any of the years presented.

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Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated annually for impairment, or more frequently if circumstances exist that indicate that impairment may exist. When conducting our annual goodwill impairment assessment, we perform a quantitative evaluation by comparing the estimated fair value of our single reporting unit, determined using the Company’s market capitalization as of the testing date, to its carrying value. For our annual goodwill impairment analysis performed in the fourth quarter of 2021, the result indicated that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. Accordingly, we concluded goodwill was not impaired.

At least annually, we test recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets using a qualitative approach that considers whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the intangible asset exceeds its carrying value. If qualitative factors indicate that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, a quantitative analysis is performed and the amount of any impairment loss recorded, if any, is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired intangible asset. We concluded that indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired as of December 31, 2021.

Definite-Lived Intangible Assets

Definite-lived intangible assets consist of assets acquired from a prior business combination and are carried at historical cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is generally recorded on a straight-lined basis, unless another method is deemed more appropriate, over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally 12 to 96 months.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Including Impairment Related to Real Estate Assets

Long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. When the projected undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their carrying amounts, the assets are adjusted to their estimated fair value and an impairment loss is recorded as a component of operating income.

Significant judgment is required to estimate the amount and timing of future cash flows and the relative risk of achieving those cash flows. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts.

Impairment losses could materially decrease our future net income and result in lower asset values on our balance sheet. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized an impairment loss of $66.8 million related to our San Francisco Office Building right-of-use lease asset and related to property and equipment. There were no impairment losses recorded during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.

Licenses and Royalties

We obtain licenses from third parties for use of their brands, properties and other licensed content in our games (e.g., Hit It Rich! Slots or Game of Thrones Slots Casino). Our licensing agreements typically include minimum guarantee royalty payments, which are due over the term of the agreement and are recoupable against future royalty obligations that would otherwise become payable. These advance payments are capitalized as prepaid royalties when paid and amortized once the licensed product is launched in our game. Amortization is recorded as cost of revenue and is calculated as (i) the contractual royalty rate based on actual net product sales as defined in the licensing agreement or (ii) the straight-line method over the remaining estimated useful life of the licensed product, whichever is greater.

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Each quarter, we evaluate the recoverability of our prepaid royalties as well as any contractual commitments not yet paid to determine amounts that we deem unlikely to be recovered through product sales. To evaluate the future recoverability of prepaid royalties and guarantees, we consider the terms of the agreement, game development plans, forecasted and actual financial performance of the game as well as other qualitative factors, such as the success of similar games and similar genres published by the Company. To the extent that this evaluation indicates that the remaining prepaid and guaranteed royalty payments are not recoverable, the Company records an impairment loss in the period that impairment is indicated. Any impairment losses determined before the launch of a product are recorded as research and development, while any impairment losses determined post-launch are recorded as cost of revenue in our consolidated statement of operations.

Leases

Lessee Arrangements

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. If there is an identified asset in the contract (either explicitly or implicitly) and we have control over its use, the contract is (or contains) a lease. In determining if there is an identified asset, we apply judgment in assessing whether the supplier has a substantive substitution right based on the supplier’s practical ability to substitute the asset and the economic benefit to do so. If it is determined that a substantive substitution right exists, the contract is not accounted for as a lease. With the respect to the servers utilized in certain of our hosting and data storage arrangements, the Company determined that a substantive substitution right existed given the location of the servers at the supplier’s premises, a lack of contractual restrictions preventing the supplier from substituting the servers throughout the period of use and the economic incentive for the supplier to substitute the servers as needed in order to efficiently handle varying levels of demand from its customers.

Our operating leases are primarily for office facilities. Certain leases include options to extend the lease for a set number of years or early terminate the lease prior to the contractually defined expiration date. We include such extension periods in the lease term only when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised and include such periods beyond the early termination date when it is reasonably certain the early terminations will not be exercised. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the weighted-average remaining lease term for all of our operating leases was 8.7 years and 8.9 years, respectively.

We record right-of-use assets and current and non-current operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet for operating leases with lease terms greater than 12 months and do not to apply the balance sheet recognition requirements to leases with lease terms of 12 months or less (“short-term leases”). Additionally, we do not separate lease components from non-lease components and therefore allocate the entire consideration to the lease component(s).

Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments. Right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the total required fixed payments over the lease term, with the right-of-use assets further adjusted for any payments made prior to lease commencement, lease incentives received and/or initial direct costs incurred. Certain lease arrangements also include variable payments for costs such as common-area maintenance, utilities, taxes or other operating costs, which are generally based on a percentage of actual expenses incurred or a fluctuating rate which is unknown at the inception of the contract. These variable lease payments are excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

In determining the present value of lease payments, we discount future lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate since the implicit rate in our various leases is unknown. The incremental borrowing rate is determined at lease commencement for each individual lease and is based on a number of factors, including relevant observable debt transactions, the current economic environment, lease term and currency in which the lease is denominated. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the weighted-average incremental borrowing rate for our operating leases was 4.2%.

We recognize lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments are recognized when the underlying uncertainty is resolved, which is generally when the obligation for those costs are incurred. Operating and variable leases expenses are presented as operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.

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Lessor Arrangements

We do not separate lease components from non-lease components and therefore allocate the entire consideration in our contracts to the lease components. All of the lease and non-lease components qualify for accounting under ASC Topic 842 Leases.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units (“RSUs”) based on grant date fair value on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for performance-based RSUs (“Performance RSUs”) based upon the grant date fair value on an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period of the award. At each reporting period, the amount of stock-based compensation is determined based on the probability of achievement of pre-established thresholds or milestones for each award and if necessary, a cumulative catch-up adjustment is recorded to reflect any revised estimates regarding the probability of achievement.

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for market-based RSUs (“Market RSUs”) based upon the grand date fair value on an accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period. The estimated grant date fair value is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation that considers the probability of achievement of pre-established thresholds for each award. The significant assumptions generally used in estimating the grant date fair value of each award include expected volatility, a risk-free interest rate ranging and an expected dividend yield. The estimated grant date fair value is not subsequently revised to consider anticipated or actual achievement of the pre-established thresholds.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model requires the use of the following assumptions: expected volatility of our Class A common stock, which is based on our own calculated historical rate; expected life of the option award, which we elected to calculate using the simplified method; expected dividend yield, which is 0%, as we have not paid and do not have any plans to pay dividends on our common stock; and the risk-free interest rate, which is based on the U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant with maturities commensurate to the stock option award’s expected life. If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model changes significantly, stock-based compensation expense for future awards may differ materially compared to awards granted previously. We record stock-based compensation expense for stock options based on the grant date fair value on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award.

Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of forfeitures as they are occur.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. The measurement of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on provisions of enacted tax laws at the end of the reporting period; the effect of future changes in tax laws or rates are not anticipated. If necessary, the measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced by the amount of any tax benefits that are not expected to be realized based on all available positive and negative evidence including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. In evaluating the objective evidence that the results of recent operations provide, we generally consider the trailing three years of cumulative operating income (loss). The assumptions about future taxable income require the use of significant judgment and are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlying businesses.

The Company accounts for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income provisions as a component of tax expense in the period in which it is subject to the rules.

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We account for uncertain tax positions by reporting a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income tax.

Foreign Currency Transactions

Generally, the functional currency of our international subsidiaries is the local currency that the international subsidiary operates in or the U.S. dollar. We translate the financial statements of these non-U.S. dollar functional subsidiaries to U.S. dollars using the prevailing balance sheet date exchange rate for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during the period for revenue and costs and expenses. We record translation gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ equity.

We reflect foreign exchange transaction gains and losses resulting from the conversion of the transaction currency to the functional currency, which includes gains and losses from the remeasurement of assets and liabilities, as a component of other income (expense), net. Foreign exchange transactions gains (losses) recorded as a component of other income (expense), net - excluding gains (losses) from non-designated hedging derivatives - totaled $(0.3) million, $(16.7) million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Financial instruments, which potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, short and long-term investments and accounts receivable. The Company holds cash and cash equivalents at reputable financial institutions with what it considers to be high credit quality, and such amounts may at times exceed the federally insured limits. The Company’s investment policy limits the amount of credit exposure in its portfolio by imposing credit rating minimums and limiting purchases by security type and sector.

Accounts receivable are unsecured and represent amounts due to us based on contractual obligations where an executed contract or click-through agreement exists. Apple, Google and Facebook are significant distribution, marketing, promotion and payment platforms for our games. A significant portion of our 2021, 2020 and 2019 revenue was generated from players who accessed our games through these platforms or were served advertisements in our games on behalf of advertisers. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, of our accounts receivable, net 31% and 35%, respectively, were amounts owed to us by Apple, 29% and 34%, respectively, were amounts owed to us by Google and 5% and 8%, respectively, were amounts owed to us by Facebook.

Advertising Expense

Costs for marketing and advertising our games are primarily expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statement of operations. Such costs, primarily consisting of player acquisition costs, totaled $831.7 million, $583.1 million and $377.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Issued But Not Yet Adopted

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-06, “Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)”, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models and generally requiring that a convertible instrument be accounted for as a single liability measured at amortized cost, with no conversion feature separately recorded in equity. Similarly, no portion of issuance costs will be allocated to equity under the ASU. Further, the ASU amends the earnings per share guidance by requiring the diluted earnings per share calculation for convertible instruments to follow the if-converted method, with use of the treasury stock method no longer permitted. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. The ASU allows either a modified retrospective method of transition or a fully retrospective method of transition, with any adjustments recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

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The Company will adopt the ASU on January 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective method. As a result of the adoption, the Company expects to recognize a net increase to convertible senior notes, net of $196.7 million, primarily from the derecognition of the debt discount associated with the bifurcated equity component. The adoption adjustment represents a decrease to additional paid-in capital of $278.7 million from the derecognition of the bifurcated equity components and a net decrease to accumulated deficit of $82.0 million, primarily representing the cumulative interest expense previously recognized related to the accretion of the bifurcated conversion options. Further, in future periods of net income, the Company expects a dilutive impact to its reported diluted net income per share as a result of adoption, as the if-converted method requires the assumption the debt converts into equity at the beginning of the reporting period.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805) - Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers”, which requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, as if it had originated the contracts. Prior to this ASU, an acquirer generally recognizes contract assets acquired and contract liabilities assumed that arose from contracts with customers at fair value on the acquisition date. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The ASU is to be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendment (or if adopted early as of an interim period, as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period of early application). The Company is currently assessing this standard’s impact on its consolidated financial statements.

2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated based on the geographic location of our payers (in millions):

The estimated weighted average playing period of payers was ten months for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and nine months for the year ended December 31, 2019.

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During the year ended December 31, 2021, we deferred $5.9 million of online game revenue until the first quarter of 2022, due to changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated. This change did not impact our reported earnings per share.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized $2.0 million of online game revenue and income from operations from games that have been discontinued as there is no further performance obligation and we recognized $1.6 million of online game revenue and income from operations from changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods. These changes had a cumulative $0.01 per share benefit to our reported loss per share in the year ended December 31, 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, there was no significant impact from discontinued games or changes in our estimated average playing period of payers that required adjusting the recognition period of deferred revenue generated in prior periods.

Contract Balances

We receive payments from our customers based on the payment terms established in our contracts. Payments for online game revenue are required at time of purchase, are non-refundable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify our performance obligations. Such payments are initially recorded to deferred revenue and are recognized into revenue as we satisfy our performance obligations. Further, payments made by our players are collected by payment processors and remitted to us generally within 45 days of invoicing. Our right to the payments collected on our behalf is unconditional and therefore recorded as accounts receivable, net of the associated payment processing fees.

Payments for advertising arrangements, including advertising transactions through our demand side and supply side software platform, are due based on the contractually stated payment terms. The contract terms generally require payment within 30 to 60 days subsequent to the end of the month. Our right to payment from the customer is unconditional and therefore recorded as accounts receivable. Payments due to publishers are recorded as other current liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized all of the revenue that was included in the $747.7 million current deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2020.

The increase in accounts receivable, net during the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by sales on account during the period exceeding cash collections of current and previously due amounts, which includes contributions from Chartboost and StarLark, which were acquired in August 2021 and October 2021, respectively. The increase in deferred revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by the sale of virtual items during the period exceeding revenue recognized from the satisfaction of our performance obligations, which includes contribution from StarLark.

Unsatisfied Performance Obligations

Substantially all of our unsatisfied performance obligations relate to contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

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3. Financial Instruments

Equity Securities

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recognized unrealized gains totaling $0.2 million, $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, as a component of other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations associated with our mutual fund equity investments.

Derivatives

Beginning in July 2021, we entered into derivative instruments to manage certain of our foreign exchange risks. We use foreign currency contracts to reduce the risk that our cash flows, earnings and investment in foreign subsidiaries will be adversely affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The Company records all derivatives net, as either other current assets or liabilities, at fair value.

The following table summarizes the notional amounts of our outstanding derivative instruments (in millions):

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The following table shows the gains and losses on designated hedging derivatives recognized in OCI (in millions):

The following table shows the effect of derivative instruments recorded in other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

4. Fair Value Measurements

The composition of our financial assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 among the three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows (in millions):

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The following table presents the activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to our Level 3 liabilities (in millions):

In July 2021, the Company settled the final contingent consideration obligation for $75.0 million related to its acquisition of Gram Games in the second quarter of 2018. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recognized $0.9 million, $64.3 million and $57.6 million, respectively, of expense within research and development expenses in our consolidated statement of operations related to the Gram Games contingent consideration.

As of December 31, 2021, our contingent consideration obligations relate to the additional consideration payable in connection with our acquisitions of Small Giant in the first quarter of 2019 and Rollic in the fourth quarter of 2020, as well as Rollic’s acquisitions of Creasaur Teknoloji Ticaret Anonim Şirketi (“Creasaur”), Zero Sum Teknoloji Yazılım ve Pazarlama Anonim Şirketi (“Zero Sum”) and Forgerhero Yazilm Ticaret Limited Sirketi (“Forgerhero”; collectively, the “Rollic studio acquisitions”), in October 2021 (Creasaur and Zero Sum) and November 2021 (Forgerhero).

Under the original terms of the Small Giant acquisition, contingent consideration may be payable based on the achievement of certain future profitability metrics during each annual period following the acquisition date for a total of three years, with no maximum limit as to the contingent consideration achievable. Under the original terms of the Rollic acquisition, contingent consideration may be payable based on the achievement of certain future bookings and profitability metrics during each annual period following the respective acquisition date for a total of three years, with no maximum limit as to the contingent consideration achievable. For these acquisitions, we estimated the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration obligations using a Monte Carlo simulation.

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The significant unobservable inputs used in estimating these acquisition date fair value measurements were each entity’s projected performance, a risk-adjusted discount rate and performance volatility similar to industry peers. In the first quarter of 2021, the Company executed an amendment to the Share Purchase Agreement with the former owners of Small Giant to exclude the direct profitability (which includes marketing expenses) of Puzzle Combat, which launched globally in April 2021, from the remaining performance period.

The estimated fair value of the Small Giant contingent consideration obligation decreased from $409.3 million as of December 31, 2020 to $242.3 million as of December 31, 2021. The decrease was driven by a $239.6 million payment in the first quarter of 2021 to the former owners of Small Giant for its performance during the second contingent consideration period, partially offset by the increased probability of achievement and stronger than expected performance during the remaining performance period, which ended on December 31, 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recognized $72.6 million, $288.9 million and $144.0 million, respectively, of expense within research and development expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. The Company expects to make the final contingent consideration payment to the former owners of Small Giant in the first quarter of 2022.

With respect to the remaining Rollic contingent consideration obligation, the Company executed an amendment to the Share Purchase Agreement with the former owners of Rollic in the second quarter of 2021 to accelerate the Company’s acquisition of the remaining 20% ownership in Rollic and to set the total contingent consideration payment at $60.0 million (the “Rollic Amendment”). In July 2021, the Company acquired the remaining 20% ownership and paid $20.0 million to the former owners of Rollic, with the remaining $40.0 million to be paid in the first quarter 2022. At the date of the Rollic Amendment, the Company measured the remaining final obligation by calculating the present value of the final payments using a discount rate of 1.3%, commensurate with the remaining term. The Company accretes the obligation up to its final amount using the effective interest method.

The estimated value of the Rollic contingent consideration obligation decreased from $53.8 million as of December 31, 2020 to $39.9 million as of December 31, 2021. For each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $6.1 million of expense within research and development expenses in our consolidated statement of operations related to the Rollic contingent consideration.

Under the terms of the Rollic studio acquisitions, contingent consideration may be payable based on the achievement of certain future bookings metrics during each annual period following each individual acquisition’s respective acquisition date for a total of three years, with no maximum limit as to the contingent consideration achievable. For these acquisitions, we estimated the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration obligations using a discounted cash flow model. The significant unobservable inputs used in estimating these acquisition date fair value measurements were each entity’s projected performance and a risk-adjusted discount rate.

We estimate the fair value of the Rollic studio acquisitions contingent consideration liabilities at each subsequent reporting period using a discounted cash flow model. The table below outlines the significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value as of December 31, 2021, weighted by the relative fair value of each annual period’s obligation to the total obligation (in millions, except percentages):

Changes in the projected performance of the acquired studios could result in a higher or lower contingent consideration obligation in the future.

The estimated fair value of the Rollic studio acquisitions contingent consideration obligations increased from $14.9 million as of their respective acquisition dates to $15.3 million as of December 31, 2021. The increases were driven by the increased probability of achievement during the remaining performance periods. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $0.4 million of expense within research and development expenses in our consolidated statements of operations related to the Rollic studio acquisitions.

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5. Property and Equipment, Net

During the third quarter of 2021, the Company recognized an impairment loss related to its leasehold improvements, computer equipment and furniture and fixtures in the amounts of $7.5 million, $0.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Following the impairment, the adjusted carrying amount of the impacted assets represent their new cost basis. Refer to Note 6 - “Leases” for further background on the impairment loss.

Property and equipment, net consist of the following (in millions):

The following represents our property and equipment, net by location (in millions):

On July 1, 2019, the Company sold its owned office building located in San Francisco, California, including related land and all preexisting leases between the Company and third-party tenants of the building, to a third-party buyer for net proceeds of approximately $580.5 million (the “Building Sale”). In connection with the Building Sale, the Company de-recognized the related land, building and building improvements and all lessor related assets and liabilities, which resulted in a net gain of $314.2 million within other income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2019.

6. Leases

In August 2021, in consideration of the changing nature of the Company’s need for office space for its workforce, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to sublease the Company’s current 185,000 square foot San Francisco, California office space (the “San Francisco Office Building”), as the Company transitions to a hybrid in-office and remote employee work environment. As a result of the Board of Directors’ decision and the accumulation of other factors, the Company recognized a $66.8 million impairment loss during the third quarter of 2021. The impairment loss recorded included $57.9 million related to the San Francisco Office Building right-of-use lease asset and $8.9 million related to property and equipment, net associated with the San Francisco Office Building (collectively, the “San Francisco Office Asset Group”).

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The fair value of the San Francisco Office Asset Group was estimated using a risk-adjusted, discounted cash flow model with Level 3 inputs. The significant assumptions used in estimating the fair value included the projected sublease income over the remaining lease term, expected downtime prior to the commencement of future subleases, expected rent concessions offered to future tenants and discount rates that reflected the level of risk associated with these future cash flows.

In the second quarter of 2021, the Company executed a lease for office space of approximately 62,000 square feet in San Mateo, California (the “San Mateo Office Building”) over an approximate 11-year lease term (the “Office Lease Agreement”), with annual lease expense of approximately $3.0 million beginning in June 2021. The Office Lease Agreement provides the Company two separate options to extend the lease for five years each (for a total of an additional 10 years). At lease inception, the Company determined it was not reasonably certain to exercise any of the options to extend.

The components of lease expense were as follows (in millions):

Supplemental cash and noncash information related to operating leases, excluding any transition adjustments, was as follows (in millions):

As of December 31, 2021, future lease payments related to our operating leases were as follows (in millions):

We do not have any leases that have not yet commenced that create significant rights and obligations as of December 31, 2021.

7. Acquisitions

Acquisitions of Creasaur, Zero Sum and Forgerhero

On October 26, October 27 and November 4, 2021, the Company’s subsidiary, Rollic executed a series of unrelated acquisitions to acquire 90% of all issued and outstanding share capital of Creasaur, Zero Sum and Forgerhero, respectively, in order to optimize its published game cost structure, for total combined purchase consideration of $12.5 million. All three acquired entities are Turkey-based and develop hyper-casual mobile games. The remaining

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10% ownership in each acquired entity will be acquired ratably for potential additional consideration payable annually based upon the achievement of specified bookings metrics by each entity, during each of the three years following each respective acquisition date. The equity rights and privileges of the remaining shareholders lack the traditional rights and privileges associated with equity ownership and accordingly, each transaction was accounted for as if the Company acquired 100% of each entity on the acquisition date. Any future payments associated with our required acquisition of the remaining 10% of each entity represent a contingent consideration obligation. The Company records changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations within our consolidated statement of operations in each subsequent reporting period after the acquisition dates as they occur (see Note 4 - “Fair Value Measurements” for further discussion on this estimate).

On the respective acquisition dates, Rollic paid a combined total of $12.5 million to the former owners of the acquired entities, of which $1.4 million settled pre-acquisition advanced profit share payments made to each entity under their pre-existing profit sharing arrangements with Rollic. Additionally, the total purchase consideration for the acquisition of Zero Sum included $0.6 million of deferred cash consideration (the “Zero Sum Deferred Cash Consideration”).

The following table summarizes the combined acquisition date fair value of the assets, including intangible assets, liabilities assumed and related goodwill acquired from all three acquired entities (in millions):

Certain amounts noted above are preliminary and subject to change during the respective measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) as we obtain additional information for the preliminary fair value estimates of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The primary preliminary estimates that are not yet finalized relate to certain tangible assets and liabilities assumed, identifiable intangible assets, income and non-income based taxes, contingent consideration payable and residual goodwill.

Goodwill, which is deductible for tax purposes, represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce of the acquired business and expected synergies at the time of the acquisition.

Acquisition of Beijing StarLark Technology Co., Ltd. (“StarLark”) and Lvy Technology Limited (“Lvy”)

On October 5, 2021 (the “StarLark Closing Date”), the Company acquired Lvy and StarLark, Chinese joint-stock companies, as well as the Golf Rival mobile game franchise and related other games as well as certain other specified assets and liabilities (collectively, the “StarLark Acquisition”) in a series of related closings, to expand our live services portfolio and new game pipeline, in exchange for total consideration of $461.7 million. The total

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purchase consideration included $276.0 million in cash, $40.0 million of cash that was deposited into an escrow account for a period of 15 months as security for certain indemnification obligations of the sellers and the issuance of 20,009,528 shares of Zynga’s Class A Common Stock, valued at $145.7 million on the StarLark Closing Date. Pursuant to the StarLark Agreement, on the StarLark Closing Date, the Company acquired Lvy and StarLark, with StarLark becoming a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Lvy and Lvy becoming a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Zynga.

In connection with the transaction, the Company also executed noncompetition agreements with certain sellers and retained StarLark employees for terms ranging from one to three years following the acquisition date. However, the acquisition date estimated fair value of the noncompetition agreements was not material.

The following table summarizes the acquisition date fair value of the assets, including intangible assets, liabilities assumed and related goodwill acquired through the StarLark Acquisition (in millions):