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Going Concern Assumption.

The financial statements of mCloud have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on a going concern basis, which presumes that mCloud will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. mCloud’s continuation as a “going concern” is uncertain and is dependent upon, amongst other things, attaining a satisfactory revenue level, the support of its customers, its ability to continue profitable operations, the generation of cash from operations, and its ability to obtain financing arrangements and capital in the future. These material uncertainties represent risk to mCloud’s ability to continue as a going concern and realize its assets and pay its liabilities as they become due. If the “going concern” assumption was not appropriate for the financial statements, then adjustments would be necessary to the carrying values of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used. Such adjustments could be material.

mCloud may be unable to identify and complete suitable platform acquisitions and acquisitions in its existing vertical markets.

mCloud cannot be certain that it will be able to identify suitable new acquisition candidates that are available for purchase at reasonable prices. Even if mCloud is able to identify such candidates, it may be unable to consummate an acquisition on suitable terms. When evaluating an acquisition opportunity, mCloud cannot assure investors that it will correctly identify the risks and costs inherent in the business that it is acquiring. If mCloud is to proceed with one or more significant future acquisitions in which the consideration consists of cash, a substantial portion of its available cash resources may be used, or it may have to seek additional financing to complete such acquisitions.

Potential acquisitions could be difficult to consummate and integrate into mCloud’s operations, and they and investment transactions could disrupt mCloud’s business, dilute stockholder value or impair mCloud’s financial results.

As part of mCloud’s business strategy, it may continue, from time to time, to seek to grow its business through acquisitions of or investments in new or complementary businesses, technologies or products that it believes can improve its ability to compete in its existing customer markets or allow it to enter new markets. The potential risks associated with acquisitions and investment transactions include, but are not limited to:

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Acquisitions and/or investments may also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, the expenditure of available cash, and amortization expenses or write-downs related to intangible assets such as goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse effect on mCloud’s operating results or financial condition. Investments in immature businesses with unproven track records and technologies have an especially high degree of risk, with the possibility that mCloud may lose its entire investment or incur unexpected liabilities. mCloud may experience risks relating to the challenges and costs of closing a business combination or investment transaction and the risk that an announced business combination or investment transaction may not close. There can be no assurance that mCloud will be successful in making additional acquisitions in the future or in integrating or executing on its business plan for existing or future acquisitions.

mCloud may acquire contingent liabilities through acquisitions that could adversely affect mCloud’s operating results.

mCloud may acquire contingent liabilities in connection with acquisitions it has completed, which may be material. Although management uses its best efforts to estimate the risks associated with these contingent liabilities and the likelihood that they will materialize, their estimates could differ materially from the liabilities actually incurred.

Acquisitions, investments, joint ventures, and other business initiatives may negatively affect mCloud’s operating results.

The growth of mCloud through the successful acquisition and integration of complementary businesses is a critical component of its corporate strategy. mCloud continually evaluates acquisition opportunities within its respective marketplace and may be in various stages of discussions with respect to such opportunities. mCloud plans to continue to pursue acquisitions that complement its existing business, represent a strong strategic fit, and are consistent with its overall growth strategy and disciplined financial management. mCloud may also target future acquisitions to expand or add functionality and capabilities to its existing portfolio of solutions, as well as add new solutions to its portfolio. mCloud may also consider opportunities to engage in joint ventures or other business collaborations with third parties to address market segments. These activities create risks such as: (i) the need to integrate and manage the businesses and products acquired with mCloud’s own business and products; (ii) additional demands on its resources, systems, procedures and controls; (iii) disruption of its ongoing business; and (iv) diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns. Moreover, these transactions could involve: (a) substantial investment of funds or financings by issuance of debt or equity or equity-related securities; (b) substantial investment with respect to technology transfers and operational integration; and (c) the acquisition or disposition of product lines or businesses.

Also, such activities could result in charges and expenses and have the potential to either dilute the interests of existing shareholders or result in the issuance or assumption of debt. This could have a negative impact on the credit ratings of mCloud’s outstanding debt securities.

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Such acquisitions, investments, joint ventures, or other business collaborations may involve significant commitments of financial and other resources of mCloud. Any such activity may not be successful in generating revenues, income, or other returns to mCloud, and the resources committed to such activities will not be available to it for other purposes. Moreover, if mCloud is unable to access capital markets on acceptable terms or at all, it may not be able to consummate a specific acquisition, or a series of acquisitions. Alternatively, mCloud may have to complete a transaction on the basis of a less than optimal capital structure. mCloud’s potential inability (i) to take advantage of growth opportunities for its business or for its products and services, or (ii) to address risks associated with acquisitions or investments in businesses, may negatively affect its operating results. Additionally, any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets acquired in an acquisition or in an investment, or charges associated with any acquisition or investment activity, may materially impact mCloud’s results of operations which, in turn, may have an adverse material effect on the market price of Shares or credit ratings of its outstanding debt securities.

The loss of one or more of mCloud’s key personnel, or its failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm its business.

mCloud currently depends on the continued services and performance of its key personnel, including its executive officers. The loss of key personnel could disrupt mCloud’s operations and have an adverse effect on its business and financial results.

As mCloud continues to grow, it cannot guarantee that it will continue to attract the personnel it needs to maintain its competitive position. As mCloud scales, the total cash and equity compensation structure necessary to retain and attract key personnel may have to change to be in line with market rates for the verticals in which mCloud competes. If mCloud fails in attracting, hiring, and integrating key personnel with industry-specific experience, or retaining and motivating existing personnel, it may be unable to grow effectively.

mCloud cannot be certain that additional financing will be available on reasonable terms when required, or at all.

From time to time, mCloud may need additional financing, including to fund potential acquisitions. Its ability to obtain additional financing, if and when required, will depend on investor demand, mCloud’s operating performance, the condition of the capital markets, and other factors. To the extent mCloud draws on its credit facilities, if any, to fund certain obligations, it may need to raise additional funds, and mCloud cannot provide assurance that additional financing will be available to it on favorable terms when required, or at all. If mCloud raises additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to the rights of mCloud’s Common Shares or Series A Preferred Shares, and existing shareholders may experience dilution.

mCloud may not be able to protect its intellectual property rights, which could make it less competitive and cause it to lose market share.

mCloud’s software is proprietary. mCloud’s strategy is to rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States, Canada, and other jurisdictions, and to rely on license and confidentiality agreements and software security measures to further protect its proprietary technology and brand. mCloud has obtained or applied for patent protection with respect to some of its intellectual property, but generally does not rely on patents as a principal means of protecting its intellectual property. mCloud has registered or applied to register some of its trademarks in the United States and in selected other countries. mCloud generally enters into non-disclosure agreements with its employees and customers, and historically has restricted third-party access to its software and source code, which it regards as proprietary information.

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The steps mCloud has taken to protect its proprietary rights may not be adequate to avoid the misappropriation of its technology or independent development by others of technologies that may be considered a competitor. mCloud’s intellectual property rights may expire or be challenged, invalidated, or infringed upon by third parties or it may be unable to maintain, renew or enter into new licenses on commercially reasonable terms. Any misappropriation of mCloud’s technology or development of competitive technologies could harm its business and could diminish or cause it to lose the competitive advantages associated with its proprietary technology and could subject it to substantial costs in protecting and enforcing its intellectual property rights, and/or temporarily or permanently disrupt its sales and marketing of the affected products or services. The laws of some countries in which mCloud’s products are licensed do not protect its intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Moreover, in some non-U.S. countries, laws affecting intellectual property rights are uncertain in their application, which can affect the scope of enforceability of mCloud’s intellectual property rights.

mCloud’s software research and development initiatives and its customer relationships could be compromised if the security of its information technology is breached as a result of a cyberattack. This could have a material adverse effect on mCloud’s business, operating results, and financial condition, and could harm its competitive position.

mCloud devotes significant resources to continually updating its software and developing new products, and its financial performance is dependent in part upon its ability to bring new products and services to market. mCloud’s customers use its software to monitor their assets and rely on mCloud to provide updates and releases as part of its software maintenance and support services. The security of mCloud’s information technology environment is therefore important to its research and development initiatives, and an important consideration in its customers’ purchasing decisions. If the security of mCloud’s systems is impaired, its development initiatives might be disrupted, and it might be unable to provide service. mCloud’s customer relationships might deteriorate, its reputation in the industry could be harmed, and it could be subject to liability claims. This could reduce mCloud’s revenues, and expose it to significant costs to detect, correct and avoid any breach of security and to defend any claims against it.

The loss of mCloud’s rights to use technology currently licensed by third parties could increase operating expenses by forcing mCloud to seek alternative technology and adversely affect mCloud’s ability to compete.

mCloud occasionally licenses technology, including software and related intellectual property, from third parties for use in its products and may be required to license additional intellectual property. There are no assurances that mCloud will be able to maintain its third-party licenses or obtain new licenses when required on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

For each of the last three fiscal years, mCloud has had two customers that each comprise greater than 10% of annual revenues.

mCloud may have customers which comprise greater than 10% of annual revenues. There are risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of customers. It is not possible for us to predict the level of demand for our products that will be generated by any of these customers in the future. In addition, revenues from these larger customers may fluctuate from time to time based on these customers’ business needs and customer experience, the timing of which may be affected by market conditions or other factors outside of our control.

Information technology systems.

mCloud’s operations depend in part upon IT systems. mCloud’s IT systems are subject to disruption, damage, or failure from many sources, including computer viruses, security breaches, natural disasters, power loss, and defects in design. To date, mCloud has not experienced any material losses relating to IT system disruptions, damage, or failure, but there are no assurances that it will not incur such losses in the future. Any of these and other events could result in IT systems failures, operational delays, production downtimes, destruction or corruption of data, security breaches, or other manipulation or improper use of mCloud’s systems and networks.

mCloud’s products are highly technical, and if they contain undetected errors mCloud’s business and financial results could be adversely affected.

mCloud’s products are highly technical and complex. mCloud’s products may now or in the future contain undetected errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities. Some errors in mCloud’s products may only be discovered after they have been released. Any errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities discovered in mCloud’s products after release could result in damage to mCloud’s reputation, loss of users, loss of revenue, or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

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If mCloud’s products are unable to work with devices, platforms, or interfaces to deliver targeted user experiences, this could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

mCloud is dependent on the interoperability of AssetCare with popular cloud systems that it does not control, such as Google. Any changes in such systems that degrade the functionality of mCloud’s products or give preferential treatment to competitive products could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

Reliance on third party networks.

mCloud is dependent on third party mobile networks such as those provided by major telecommunications companies to provide services. These third-party networks are controlled by third parties and are subject to compromise or failure. Extended disruptions of such networks could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

If mCloud is not able to maintain and enhance the AssetCare brand, or if events occur that damage the AssetCare reputation and brand, mCloud’s ability to expand its base of users may be impaired, which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

mCloud believes that the AssetCare brand will significantly contribute to the success of its business. mCloud also believes that maintaining and enhancing its own brands, the AssetCare brand, is critical to expanding its base of users. Many of its new users are referred by existing users, and therefore mCloud strives to ensure that users remain favorably inclined towards AssetCare. Maintaining and enhancing the AssetCare brand will depend largely on mCloud’s ability to continue to provide useful, reliable, trustworthy, and innovative products, which it may not do successfully. mCloud may introduce new products or terms of service that users do not like, which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

If mCloud fails to increase market awareness of AssetCare and expand sales and marketing operations, mCloud’s business and financial results could be adversely affected.

mCloud believes that the AssetCare brand will continue to significantly contribute to the success of its business. mCloud intends to spend significant resources on increasing the market awareness of the AssetCare brand and expanding its sales and marketing operations. There is no guarantee that mCloud will be successful in its efforts to increase market awareness. Failure to increase market awareness of the AssetCare brand or the failure of customers to adopt the AssetCare brand could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

If mCloud does not continue to develop technologically advanced products that successfully integrate with the software products and enhancements used by its customers, future revenues and its operating results may be negatively affected.

mCloud’s success depends upon its ability to design, develop, test, market, license and support new software products, services, and enhancements of current products and services on a timely basis in response to both competitive threats and marketplace demands. The software industry is increasingly focused on cloud computing, mobility, social media, and SaaS among other continually evolving shifts. In addition, mCloud’s software products, services, and enhancements must remain compatible with standard platforms and file formats. Often, mCloud must integrate software licensed or acquired from third parties with its proprietary software to create or improve its products. If mCloud is unable to achieve a successful integration with third party software, it may not be successful in developing and marketing its new software products, services, and enhancements. If mCloud is unable to successfully integrate third party software to develop new software products, services, and enhancements to existing software products and services, or to complete the development of new software products and services which it licenses or acquires from third parties, its operating results will materially suffer. In addition, if the integrated or new products or enhancements do not achieve acceptance by the marketplace, mCloud’s operating results will materially suffer. Moreover, if new industry standards emerge that mCloud does not anticipate or adapt to, or with rapid technological change occurring, if alternatives to its services and solutions are developed by its competitors, its software products and services could be rendered obsolete, causing it to lose market share and, as a result, harm its business and operating results and its ability to compete in the marketplace.

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mCloud’s new products and changes to existing products could fail to attract or retain users or generate revenue.

mCloud’s ability to retain, increase, and engage its user base and to increase its revenue will depend heavily on mCloud’s ability to create or acquire successful new products, both independently and in conjunction with software and platform developers or other third parties.

mCloud may introduce significant changes to its existing products or develop and introduce new and unproven products, including using technologies with which it has little or no prior development or operating experience. If new or enhanced products fail to engage users, mCloud may fail to attract or retain users or to generate sufficient revenue, operating margin, or other value to justify certain investments, and the business may be adversely affected. In the future, mCloud may invest in new products and initiatives to generate revenue. There is no guarantee these approaches will be successful. If mCloud is not successful with new approaches to monetization, it may not be able to maintain or grow its revenue as anticipated or recover any associated development costs, which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

mCloud may be unable to meet its ESG-related targets and objectives.

As environmental, social and governance (ESG) forms a significant part of mCloud’s overall value proposition, mCloud may, especially in its public disclosure, voluntary or otherwise, set certain targets and goals with respect to its own ESG performance and its efforts to help existing and future users meet their ESG-related goals. Investors may choose to invest in mCloud in partial or total reliance on these ESG targets and goals. In spite of mCloud’s commitment and allocation of resources accordingly, there is no guarantee that such goals will be met.

mCloud may incur liability as a result of information retrieved from or transmitted over or through mCloud products or network.

mCloud may face claims relating to information that is retrieved from or transmitted over the Internet or through mCloud and claims related to mCloud’s products. In particular, the nature of mCloud’s business exposes it to claims related to intellectual property rights, rights of privacy, and personal injury torts.

Changes in worldwide capital spending and continued economic growth may have a material adverse effect on mCloud.

One factor that significantly affects mCloud’s financial results is the impact of economic conditions on the willingness of mCloud’s current and potential customers to make capital investments. Changes in economic growth or the global economy could lead customers to be cautious about capital spending, which places additional pressure on departments to demonstrate acceptable return on investment. Uncertain worldwide economic and political environments, and uncertain policy directives, would make it difficult for mCloud, its customers and suppliers to accurately predict future product demand, which could result in an inability to satisfy demand for mCloud’s products and a loss of market share. mCloud’s revenues may decline in such circumstances and profit margins could be eroded, or mCloud could incur significant losses.

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Moreover, economic conditions worldwide may contribute to slowdowns in the markets in which mCloud operates, resulting in reduced demand for mCloud’s solutions as a result of customers choosing to refrain from capital investments.

Turmoil in the geopolitical environment in many parts of the world, including terrorist activities and military actions, as well as political and economic issues in many regions, may put pressure on global economic conditions. mCloud’s business and financial results and its ability to expand into other international markets may also be affected by changing economic conditions particularly germane to that sector or to particular customer markets within that sector.

mCloud is exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could negatively impact mCloud’s business and financial result.

Because a portion of mCloud’s business is conducted outside of North America, mCloud faces exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve, which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

Any changes to existing accounting pronouncements or taxation rules or practices may affect how mCloud conducts business.

New accounting pronouncements, taxation rules and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements or taxation rules have occurred in the past and may occur in the future. The change to existing rules, future changes, if any, or the need for mCloud to modify a current tax position may adversely affect the way mCloud conducts business.

mCloud’s business is subject to complex and evolving domestic and foreign laws and regulations. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to mCloud’s business practices, increased cost of operations, or declines in user growth or engagement, or otherwise harm mCloud’s business.

mCloud is subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States and abroad that involve matters central to its business, including user privacy, data protection, intellectual property, distribution, contracts and other communications, competition, consumer protection, and taxation. Foreign laws and regulations are often more restrictive than those in the United States. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. In addition, the application and interpretation of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which mCloud operates. Existing and proposed laws and regulations may be costly to comply with and can delay or impede the development of new products, result in negative publicity, increase mCloud’s operating costs, require significant management time and attention, and subject mCloud to claims or other remedies, including fines or demands that mCloud modify or cease existing business practices.

mCloud’s business is highly competitive. Competition presents an ongoing threat to the success of its business. If mCloud fails to compete successfully against industry peers, mCloud’s ability to increase revenues and achieve profitability will be impaired.

In North American and international markets, mCloud faces competition from various types of technology and remote asset management businesses. mCloud directly competes with global asset care management companies, including: IBM Corporation, AT&T Intellectual Property, Hitachi, Ltd., Verizon Communications, Inc., PTC Inc., SAP GE, Rockwell Automation, Inc., Schneider Electric SE, Infosys Limited, Honeywell International Inc., Siemens AG, and General Electric Company, among others.

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As mCloud introduces new products and as its existing products evolve, or as other companies introduce new products and services, mCloud may become subject to additional competition.

Some of mCloud’s current and potential competitors have significantly greater resources and hold advantageous competitive positions in certain market segments than mCloud currently holds. These factors may allow mCloud’s competitors to respond more effectively than mCloud to new or emerging technologies and changes in market requirements. mCloud’s competitors may develop products that are similar to mCloud’s or that achieve greater market acceptance, may undertake more far-reaching and successful product development efforts or marketing campaigns, or may adopt more aggressive pricing policies. Certain competitors could use strong or dominant positions in one or more markets to gain a competitive advantage against mCloud. As a result, mCloud’s competitors may acquire and engage users of mCloud’s current products at the expense of the growth or engagement of its user base, which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

mCloud believes that its ability to compete effectively depends upon many factors both within and beyond mCloud’s control, including:

If mCloud is not able to effectively compete, its user base and level of user engagement may decrease, which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

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mCloud’s compensation structure may hinder its efforts to attract and retain vital employees.

A portion of mCloud’s total compensation program for its executive officers and key personnel includes the award of options or restricted stock units to buy Common Shares. If the market price of the Common Shares performs poorly, such performance may adversely affect mCloud’s ability to retain or attract critical personnel. In addition, any changes made to mCloud’s equity incentive award policies, or to any other of its compensation practices, which are made necessary by governmental regulations or competitive pressures, could adversely affect its ability to retain and motivate existing personnel and recruit new personnel. For example, any limit to total compensation which may be prescribed by the government or applicable regulatory authorities or any significant increases in personal income tax levels levied in countries where mCloud has a significant operational presence may hurt its ability to attract or retain its executive officers or other employees whose efforts are vital to its success. Additionally, payments under mCloud’s long-term incentive plan are dependent to a significant extent upon the future performance of mCloud both in absolute terms and in comparison, to similarly situated companies. Any failure to achieve the targets set under mCloud’s long-term incentive plan could significantly reduce or eliminate payments made under this plan, which may, in turn, materially and adversely affect its ability to retain the key personnel who are subject to this plan.

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The price of the securities of mCloud may fluctuate significantly, which may make it difficult for holders of securities of mCloud to sell its securities at a time or price they find attractive.

mCloud’s stock price may fluctuate significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond its control. In addition to those described under “Forward-Looking Statements”, these factors include:

In addition, in recent years, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies, including for reasons unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect mCloud’s stock price, notwithstanding mCloud’s financial results. mCloud expects that the market price of the Common Shares will fluctuate and there can be no assurances about the levels of the market prices for such Common Shares.

mCloud does not know whether an active, liquid and orderly trading market will develop for the securities of mCloud or what the market price of the securities of mCloud will be, and as a result it may be difficult for investors to sell its securities of mCloud.

An active trading market for securities of mCloud may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair an investor’s ability to sell its securities of mCloud at the time they wish to sell them or at a price that they consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair market value of an investor’s securities of mCloud. Further, an inactive market may also impair mCloud’s ability to raise capital by selling securities of mCloud and may impair its ability to enter into collaborations or acquire companies or products by using securities of mCloud as consideration. The market price of securities of mCloud may be volatile, and an investor could lose all or part of their investment.

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mCloud does not intend to pay dividends on the Common Shares for the foreseeable future.

mCloud currently does not plan to declare dividends on the Common Shares in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of the Board. Consequently, an investor’s only opportunity to achieve a return on the investment in mCloud will be if the market price of Common Shares appreciates and the investor sells shares at a profit. There is no guarantee that the trading price of mCloud’s Common Shares in the market will ever exceed the price that an investor paid.

If research analysts do not publish research about mCloud’s business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade mCloud’s securities, mCloud’s stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the securities of mCloud may depend in part on the research and reports that research and investment analysts publish about mCloud and its business. If mCloud does not maintain adequate research coverage, or if one or more analysts who covers mCloud downgrades its stock, or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about mCloud’s business, the price of mCloud’s securities could decline. If one or more of the research analysts ceases to cover mCloud or fails to publish reports on it regularly, demand for securities of mCloud could decrease, which could cause mCloud’s stock price or trading volume to decline.

The market price of mCloud’s securities may decline due to the large number of outstanding Shares eligible for future sale.

Sales of substantial amounts of mCloud securities in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the securities to decline. These sales could also make it more difficult for mCloud to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that it deems appropriate.

Certain shares, such as those shares subject to lock-up agreements, will have restrictions on trading.

mCloud may also issue Common Shares or securities convertible into Common Shares from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to existing holders of securities and cause the trading price of mCloud’s securities to decline.

mCloud may issue additional equity securities or engage in other transactions that could dilute its book value or affect the priority of Common Shares or Series A Preferred Shares, which may adversely affect the market price of the Common Shares or Series A Preferred Shares.

The Board may determine from time to time that it needs to raise additional capital by issuing additional Common Shares or other securities in connection with its business and strategic plans, particularly with respect to its growing operations. Except as otherwise described in this prospectus, mCloud will not be restricted from issuing additional Common Shares, including securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, Common Shares. Because mCloud’s decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond mCloud’s control, it cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of any future offerings, or the prices at which such offerings may be affected. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining required financing as and when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of its existing shareholders thereby reducing the value of their investments, or reduce the market price of its common stock, or both. Holders of Common Shares are not entitled to pre-emptive rights or other protections against dilution. New investors also may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to, and that adversely affect, mCloud’s then-current holders of Common Shares. Additionally, if mCloud raises additional capital by making offerings of debt or preference shares, upon liquidation of mCloud, holders of its debt securities and preference shares, and lenders with respect to other borrowings, may receive distributions of its available assets before the holders of Common Shares.

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mCloud is a holding company.

mCloud is a holding company and may have no material non-financial assets other than its direct ownership of its subsidiaries. mCloud will have no independent means of generating revenue. To the extent that mCloud needs funds beyond its own financial resources to pay liabilities or to fund operations, and its subsidiaries are restricted from making distributions to it under applicable laws or regulations or agreements, or do not have sufficient earnings to make these distributions, mCloud may have to borrow or otherwise raise funds sufficient to meet these obligations and operate its business and, thus, its liquidity and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

mCloud may suffer reduced profitability if it loses foreign private issuer status in the United States.

If, as of the last business day of mCloud’s second fiscal quarter for any year, more than 50% of mCloud’s outstanding voting securities (as defined in the United States Securities Act of 1933) are directly or indirectly held of record by residents of the United States, mCloud will no longer meet the definition of a “Foreign Private Issuer” under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. If mCloud fails to qualify for Foreign Private Issuer status, it will remain unqualified unless it meets the test as of the last business day of its second fiscal quarter. This change in status could have a significant effect on the Company as it would significantly complicate the raising of capital through the offer and sales of securities and reporting requirements, resulting in increased audit, legal and administration costs. The ability of mCloud to be profitable could be significantly affected.

Provisions for outstanding balances are established based on forward-looking information and revised when there are changes in circumstances that would create doubt over the receipt of funds. Such reviews are conducted on a continued basis through the monitoring of outstanding balances as well as the frequency of payments received. Accounts receivable are completely written off once management determines the probability of collection to be remote.

Trade and other receivables, unbilled revenue and long-term receivables are from individual customers and are not assessed based on external credit rating agencies. mCloud uses a provision matrix to measure the lifetime expected credit loss of these balances. Receivables are grouped based on similar credit risk profiles and days past due. Loss rates are based on actual credit loss experience and reflect the forward-looking conditions over the expected life of the receivable.

If the debenture trustee elects or is instructed to enforce payment under the Indenture and mCloud is unable to pay all amounts owing thereunder, mCloud’s business and results of operations could be adversely affected

mCloud is currently in default under the convertible debenture indenture dated November 14, 2019 (the “Indenture”) governing its 10% convertible unsecured debentures (the “2019 Debentures”) as a result of its failure to pay the outstanding principal and interest owing under the 2019 Debentures, being $23,740,275 in the aggregate (the “Outstanding Amount”), on or before the maturity date of June 30, 2022 and the subsequent 10 business day cure period. As such, pursuant to the terms of the Indenture, the debenture trustee may at any time during the period of default, in its discretion, and shall, upon direction of the holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the outstanding 2019 Debentures, declare the Outstanding Amount, and interest incurred thereon during the period of default, to be immediately due and payable. If mCloud were to fail to pay such amounts forthwith following such demand, the debenture trustee may, in its discretion, and shall, upon direction of the holders of not less than 25% of the 2019 Debentures (subject to the debenture trustee being funded and indemnified against the costs of such), proceed to obtain or enforce payment of such amounts. Although mCloud intends to repay the Outstanding Amount and all interest incurred thereon during the period of default using a portion of the proceeds of the Offering, there can be no assurance that sufficient proceeds will be raised in the Offering to fully or partially satisfy payment of such amounts. If the debenture trustee elects or is instructed to enforce payment under the Indenture and mCloud is unable to pay all amounts owing thereunder, mCloud’s business and results of operations could be adversely affected. The Indenture does not contain default penalty or interest rate terms.

mCloud is exposed to interest rate risk.

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of mCloud’s financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. mCloud is exposed to interest rate risk on its credit facility and factoring facility with Nations Interbanc as these instruments have variable rates. Management does not believe interest rate risk is currently material to its business.

Risks Related to Our Securities and this Offering

The Series A Preferred Shares represent perpetual equity interests.

The Series A Preferred Shares represent perpetual equity interests in us and, unlike our indebtedness, will not give rise to a claim for payment of a principal amount at a particular date. As a result, holders of the Series A Preferred Shares may be required to bear the financial risks of an investment in the Series A Preferred Shares for an indefinite period of time.

If the Series A Preferred Shares are delisted from Nasdaq, the ability to transfer or sell the Series A Preferred Shares may be limited and the market value of the Series A Preferred Shares will likely be materially adversely affected.

We plan to list the Series A Preferred Shares on Nasdaq and the Series A Preferred Shares do not contain provisions that are intended to protect investors if the Series A Preferred Shares are delisted from Nasdaq. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy all of the following continued listing requirements:

(1) Minimum bid price of at least $1 per share;

(2) At least 100 Public Holders;

(3) At least 100,000 Publicly Held Shares;

(4) Market Value of Publicly Held Shares of at least $1 million; and

(5) At least two registered and active Market Makers, one of which may be a Market Maker entering a stabilizing bid.

There can be no assurances that we will be able to comply with the applicable listing standards. If the Series A Preferred Shares are delisted from Nasdaq, investors’ ability to transfer or sell the Series A Preferred Shares will be limited and the market value of the Series A Preferred Shares will likely be materially adversely affected. Moreover, since the Series A Preferred Shares have no stated maturity date, investors may be forced to hold the Series A Preferred Shares indefinitely while receiving stated dividends thereon when, as and if authorized by the Board and paid by us with no assurance as to ever receiving the liquidation value thereof.

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We may incur additional indebtedness and obligations to pay dividends on preferred stock, some of which may be senior to the rights of the Series A Preferred Shares.

We and our subsidiaries may incur additional indebtedness and obligations to pay cumulative dividends on preferred stock, some of which may be senior to the rights of the Series A Preferred Shares. The terms of the Series A Preferred Shares do not prohibit us or our subsidiaries from incurring additional indebtedness or issuing additional series of preferred stock. Any such indebtedness will in all cases be senior to the rights of holders of Series A Preferred Shares. We may also issue additional series of preferred stock that contain dividend rights and liquidation preferences that are senior to the rights of holders of Series A Preferred Shares. Our subsidiaries may also incur indebtedness that is structurally senior to the Series A Preferred Shares, and we and our subsidiaries could incur indebtedness secured by a lien on our assets, entitling the holders of such indebtedness to be paid first from the proceeds of such assets. If we issue any additional preferred stock that ranks senior or pari passu with the Series A Preferred Shares, the holders of those shares will be entitled to a senior or ratable share with the holders of the Series A Preferred Shares in any proceeds distributed in connection with our insolvency, liquidation, reorganization or dissolution. This may have the effect of reducing the amount of proceeds paid to the holders of Series A Preferred Shares.

Market interest rates may adversely affect the value of the Series A Preferred Shares.

One of the factors that continues to influence the price of the Series A Preferred Shares will be the dividend yield on the Series A Preferred Shares (as a percentage of the price of the Series A Preferred Shares) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates may lead prospective purchasers of the Series A Preferred Shares to expect a higher dividend yield, and higher interest rates would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for dividends. Accordingly, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of the Series A Preferred Shares to decrease.

The amount of the liquidation preference on the Series A Preferred Shares is fixed and investors in this Offering that receive Series A Preferred Shares will have no right to receive any greater payment.

The payment due upon liquidation on the Series A Preferred Shares is fixed at the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, plus an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon to the date of liquidation, whether or not declared. If, in the case of our liquidation, there are remaining assets to be distributed after payment of this amount, you will have no right to receive or to participate in these amounts. In addition, if the market price of a holder’s Series A Preferred Shares is greater than the liquidation preference, such holder will have no right to receive the market price from us upon our liquidation.

There may be future sales of Series A Preferred Shares or similar securities, which may adversely affect the market price of the Series A Preferred Shares.

Subject to the terms of the Certificate of Designations, our Articles of Incorporation and Canadian law, we are not restricted from issuing additional Series A Preferred Shares or securities similar to the Series A Preferred Shares, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, Series A Preferred Shares. Holders of the Series A Preferred Shares have no preemptive rights that entitle holders to purchase their pro rata share of any offering of shares of any class or series. The market price of the Series A Preferred Shares could decline as a result of sales of Series A Preferred Shares, sales of other securities made after this Offering or the Registered Direct Offering, or as a result of the perception that such sales could occur. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any future offerings. Thus, holders of the Series A Preferred Shares bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of the Series A Preferred Shares and diluting their holdings in the Series A Preferred Shares.

The Series A Preferred Shares may not have an active trading market.

The Series A Preferred Shares are a recent issue of securities and do not have a long-established trading market. Although we plan to list the Series A Preferred Shares on Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that an active market for the Series A Preferred Shares will be sustained or that holders of the Series A Preferred Shares will be able to sell their Series A Preferred Shares at favorable prices or at all. The difference between bid and ask prices in any secondary market for the Series A Preferred Shares could be substantial. Accordingly, no assurance can be given as to the liquidity of, or trading market for, the Series A Preferred Shares, and holders of the Series A Preferred Shares may be required to bear the financial risks of an investment in the Series A Preferred Shares for an indefinite period of time.

The voting rights of holders of the Series A Preferred Shares are limited.

Holders of the Series A Preferred Shares have no voting rights with respect to matters that generally require the approval of voting shareholders. The limited voting rights of holders of the Series A Preferred Shares include the right to vote as a single class on certain matters that may affect the preference or special rights of the Series A Preferred Shares, as described under “Description of the Series A Preferred Shares—Limited Voting Rights”.

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Dividends or other payments with respect to the Series A Preferred Shares may be subject to withholding taxes in circumstances where we are not obliged to make gross up payments, and this could result in holders receiving less than expected in such circumstances.

In the event of certain changes to current tax law that require tax to be withheld from dividends or other payments on the Series A Preferred Shares, we are not required to make gross up payments in respect of such taxes. This would result in holders of Series A Preferred Shares receiving less than expected and could materially adversely affect the return on your investment.

The Warrants are speculative in nature.

The Warrants will be exercisable until November 29, 2026 at an initial exercise price equal of $4.75. There can be no assurance that the market price of the Common Shares will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the Warrants. In the event that our common share price does not exceed the exercise price of the Warrants during the period when the Warrants are exercisable, a holder of Warrants may be unable to profit from exercising such Warrants before they expire.

Except as otherwise provided in the Warrants, holders of Warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as shareholders until such holders exercise their Warrants and acquire our common stock.

Except as otherwise provided in the Warrants, until holders of Warrants acquire our Common Shares upon exercise of the Warrants, holders of Warrants will have no rights with respect to our Common Shares underlying such Warrants. Upon exercise of the Warrants, the holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of a holder of our Common Shares only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

Additional stock offerings in the future may dilute then-existing shareholders’ percentage ownership of the Company.

Given our plans and expectations that we will need additional capital and personnel, we anticipate that we will need to issue additional Common Shares or securities convertible or exercisable for Common Shares, including convertible preferred stock, convertible notes, stock options or warrants. The issuance of additional securities in the future will dilute the percentage ownership of then current stockholders.

The requirements of being a public company may strain mCloud’s resources, divert management’s attention and affect its ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.

As a reporting issuer, mCloud is subject to the reporting requirements of applicable securities legislation of the jurisdiction in which it is a reporting issuer, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and the TSXV and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase mCloud’s legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time consuming or costly and increase demand on its systems and resources. Applicable securities laws will require mCloud to, among other things, file certain annual and quarterly reports with respect to its business and results of operations. In addition, applicable securities laws require mCloud to, among other things, maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.

In order to maintain and, if required, improve its disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight are required. Specifically, due to the increasing complexity of its transactions, it is anticipated that mCloud will improve its disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting primarily through the continued development and implementation of formal policies, improved processes and documentation procedures, as well as the continued sourcing of additional finance resources. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm mCloud’s business and results of operations. To comply with these requirements, mCloud may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants, which will increase its costs and expenses.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. mCloud intends to continue to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If its efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against mCloud, which could adversely affect mCloud’s business and financial results.

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As a public company subject to these rules and regulations, mCloud may find it more expensive for it to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and it may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for mCloud to attract and retain qualified members of its Board, particularly to serve on its Audit Committee and Compensation Committee, and qualified executive officers.

As a result of disclosure of information in filings required of a public company, mCloud’s business and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, mCloud’s business and results of operations could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in its favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of mCloud’s management and harm its business and results of operations. 

We are a “foreign private issuer” and may have disclosure obligations that are different from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. As a foreign private issuer, we are subject to different U.S. securities laws and rules than a domestic U.S. issuer, which could limit the information publicly available to our shareholders.

As a “foreign private issuer,” we are subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we are not required to issue quarterly reports, proxy statements that comply with the requirements applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies, or individual executive compensation information that is as detailed as that required of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We will also have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual reports with the SEC and will not be required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the insider reporting and short-swing profit recovery requirements in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, our shareholders may not know on as timely a basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell their Common Shares, as the reporting deadlines under the corresponding Canadian insider reporting requirements are not applicable. As a foreign private issuer, we are also exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. As a result of such varied reporting obligations, shareholders should not expect to receive the same information at the same time as information provided by U.S. domestic companies.

In addition, as a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain Canadian corporate governance practices rather than those of the United States, except to the extent that such laws would be contrary to U.S. securities laws, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the Canadian practices we follow instead. As a result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all domestic U.S. corporate governance requirements.

We may lose our “foreign private issuer” status in the future, which could result in additional costs and expenses to us.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. We may in the future lose foreign private issuer status if a majority of our Common Shares are held in the United States and we fail to meet the additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status, such as if: (i) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents; (ii) a majority of our assets are located in the United States; or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer would be significantly more than the costs incurred as an Canadian foreign private issuer. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we would be required to file periodic and current reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are generally more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. In addition, we may lose the ability to rely upon exemptions from corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our Common Shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act. For as long as we continue to be an “emerging growth company,” we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, not being required to have our independent registered public accounting firm audit our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an “emerging growth company” until the fifth anniversary of the fiscal year end date following the completion of this offering, however, our status would change more quickly if we have more than US$1.07 billion in annual revenue, if the market value of our Common Shares held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds US$700 million as of June 30 of any year, or we issue more than US$1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period before the end of that period. We have not opted in to the extended transition period for emerging growth companies under the JOBS Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

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Investors could find our Common Shares less attractive if we choose to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Shares less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Shares and our share price may be more volatile.

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If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, shareholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our securities.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404 or any subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our securities.

For as long as we are an “emerging growth company”, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. We could be an “emerging growth company” until the fifth anniversary of the fiscal year end date following the completion of this offering. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when required, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our securities could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

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Our management team will have broad discretion to use the net proceeds from this offering and its investment of these proceeds may not yield a favorable return. They may invest the proceeds of this offering in ways with which investors disagree.

Our management team will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend or invest the proceeds in ways with which our shareholders disagree. Accordingly, investors will need to rely on our management team’s judgment with respect to the use of these proceeds. We intend to use the proceeds from this offering in the manner described in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds.” The failure by management to apply these funds effectively could negatively affect our ability to operate and grow our business.

We cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to be received upon the closing of this offering. In addition, the amount, allocation and timing of our actual expenditures will depend upon numerous factors. Accordingly, we will have broad discretion in using these proceeds. Until the net proceeds are used, they may be placed in investments that do not produce significant income or that may lose value.

The market price of shares may be subject to wide price fluctuations.

The market price of our securities may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many factors, including variations in the financial results of mCloud and its subsidiaries, divergence in financial results from analysts’ expectations, changes in earnings estimates by stock market analysts, changes in the business prospects for mCloud and its subsidiaries, general economic conditions, legislative changes, and other events and factors outside of mCloud’s control. In addition, stock markets have from time-to-time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, including general economic and political conditions, which could adversely affect the market price for our securities.

If the Company fails to maintain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company may be delisted from Nasdaq, which would result in a limited public market for trading the Company’s Common Shares and make obtaining future debt or equity financing more difficult for the Company.

The issued and outstanding Common Shares of the Company are listed and posted for trading on the TSXV and on the Nasdaq under the symbol “MCLD.” The Listed Warrants of the Company are listed on the Nasdaq under the symbol “MCLDW” and the Warrants will also be traded on the Nasdaq under the symbol “MCLDW”. We are in the process of applying to have the Series A Preferred Shares sold in this offering listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “MCLDP”. However, there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to maintain our compliance with the Nasdaq continued listing requirements. If we fail to do so, our securities may lose their status on Nasdaq Capital Market and they would likely be traded on the over-the-counter markets, including the Pink Sheets market. As a result, selling our securities could be more difficult because smaller quantities of shares or warrants would likely be bought and sold, transactions could be delayed, and security analysts’ coverage of us may be reduced. In addition, in the event our securities are delisted, broker dealers would bear certain regulatory burdens which may discourage broker dealers from effecting transactions in the securities and further limit the liquidity of the securities. These factors could result in lower prices and larger spreads in the bid and ask prices for the securities. Such delisting from Nasdaq and continued or further declines in the share price of the securities could also greatly impair our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing and could significantly increase the ownership dilution to shareholders caused by our issuing equity in financing or other transactions.

If the Company was delisted from Nasdaq, it may become subject to the trading complications experienced by “Penny Stocks” in the over-the-counter market.

Delisting from Nasdaq may cause the securities of the Company to become subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules. The SEC generally defines a penny stock as an equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exemptions. One such exemption is to be listed on Nasdaq. Therefore, if we were to be delisted from Nasdaq, the securities of the Company could become subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules. These rules require, among other things, that any broker engaging in a purchase or sale of our securities provide its customers with: (i) a risk disclosure document, (ii) disclosure of market quotations, if any, (iii) disclosure of the compensation of the broker and its salespersons in the transaction, and (iv) monthly account statements showing the market values of our securities held in the customer’s accounts. A broker would be required to provide the bid and offer quotations and compensation information before effecting the transaction. This information must be contained on the customer’s confirmation. Generally, brokers are less willing to effect transactions in penny stocks due to these additional delivery requirements. These requirements may make it more difficult for shareholders to purchase or sell the Shares of the Company. Since the broker, not us, prepares this information, we would not be able to assure that such information is accurate, complete or current.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our shares will depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. We cannot assure you that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our securities, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of the Company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

We make no representation that any Canadian dollar or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars., as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. We do not currently engage in currency hedging transactions.

The above discussion and table is based on 16,150,100 Common Shares outstanding as of March 31, 2022, and do not include, as of that date:

Recent Developments

On September 27, 2021, the Company executed a 12-year lease for its office in Calgary, Alberta. The lease term commences on December 1, 2022, preceded by a fixturing period which the Company will use to build out the office space to their specifications.

On November 9, 2021, the Company announced it had equipped two initial locations in Saudi Arabia—Casa Pasta and CHICK “N” DIP restaurants—with its AssetCare solution for HVAC and IAQ, to optimize the indoor air quality and energy efficiency in the restaurants. This was facilitated through the Company’s partnership with URBSOFT, previously announced on July 13, 2021.

On November 30, 2021, the Company announced a three-year agreement with Colliers Macaulay Nicolls Inc., an appointed agent of Slate Asset Management, to deploy mCloud’s AssetCare solution for HVAC and IAQ at Life Plaza, one of Slate Asset Management’s premier office towers in downtown Calgary, Alberta, and the Company’s largest IAQ deployment to date. The initial subscription term for this agreement would become effective at the completion of AssetCare installation and is set to renew in November 2025.

On December 15, 2021, the Company announced it had signed an agreement with Virtual Vision (the “V2 Agreement”), a local provider of cloud computing services within Saudi Arabia, to host the Company’s AssetCare solutions on the V2 Public Cloud for use in the Kingdom. The V2 Agreement enables mCloud to complete the onboarding of several new Saudi customers and immediately take these customers live with AssetCare. The V2 Agreement also ensures mCloud is ready for scalable deployment within Saudi Arabia and in a manner compliant with Saudi legal requirements by geo-locating AssetCare data within the Kingdom.

On January 20, 2022, the Company announced a partnership with the Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team as an official team partner, through which the use of mCloud’s AssetCare portfolio of solutions to drive the ESG performance of the Formula E business would be explored. This announcement was made just ahead of the official opening of Season 8 of the ABB FIA Formula E World Championship – the world’s only all- electric FIA World Championship and the only sport certified net zero carbon since inception. The Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team is collaborating with the Company to explore the use of the Company’s AssetCare portfolio of solutions to drive the ESG performance of their business, including technologies to reduce harmful emissions, the carbon footprint of their facilities, and further enhancing the safety and comfort of the work environment.

On January 25, 2022, the Company announced it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Saudi Arabian Oil Company (“Aramco”) to explore the co-development of a digital technology hub for delivering ESG solutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The hub would enable the Company and Aramco to jointly develop new AI-powered innovations to facilitate the carbon reduction of complex energy-intensive assets throughout the Kingdom and abroad. Additionally, the Company announced that it planned to develop a center of excellence that will serve as a home base for a dedicated team of ESG and digital transformation experts based in Saudi Arabia, particularly to leverage Virtual Vision’s high-performance infrastructure in accordance with the V2 Agreement.

On January 26, 2022, the Company announced the creation of a new “ESG-Digital Hub” based in Houston Texas, to serve as an additional focal point for local mCloud teams driving the ongoing technological development and customer delivery of AssetCare solutions. The new Houston-based location joins other Company hubs in Calgary, Alberta, established in collaboration with Invest Alberta, and the hub based in Saudi Arabia, in collaboration with Aramco.

On March 21, 2022, the Company announced it had signed an agreement on March 17, 2022 to deliver its AssetCare for Connected Buildings solution to manage the energy efficiency of the Vail Buick Dealership in Bedford Hills, New York, the first of 15 planned installations for auto dealerships in New York state to help control rising energy costs in the electric vehicle (“EV”) era. mCloud will deploy an innovative combination of AI in the cloud, solar power generation, and battery storage to continuously manage the energy cost and carbon footprint of the entire dealership, including the substantial increased energy consumption from EV charging now being implemented onsite. The Vail Buick Dealership agreement covers a 17-year term commencing on or before June 2022.

On March 30, 2022, the Company announced it had signed an agreement on March 28, 2022 with Carbon Royalty Corp to proceed with closing and funding the first 30 AssetCare solutions to optimize Electric Vehicle (“EV”) charging efficiency at auto dealerships in the states of New York and California. The agreement partners mCloud with Carbon Royalty Corp, enabling the implementation of these AssetCare contracts to be fully funded via Carbon Royalty Corp. As a benefit of this partnership, Carbon Royalty Corp receives 50% of the tax incentives, carbon credits, and other accretive financial benefits mCloud would be eligible to receive in the United States resulting from the implementation of these solutions. These benefits would be split between mCloud and Carbon Royalty Corp over the expected 20-year contract terms of AssetCare arrangements.

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Financing

The Company completed the issuance of six tranches of a convertible debenture financing pursuant to which it has issued an aggregate of US$7.043 million convertible debentures (“2021 Convertible Debentures”). On July 12, 2021, the Company entered into debt conversion and exchange agreements with the holders of more than 99.2% of the outstanding principal amount of the 2021 Convertible Debentures, pursuant to which the Company issued an aggregate of 2,107,787 common shares and 2,107,787 warrants in consideration for the extinguishment of 99.2% of the principal and accrued interest owing under the 2021 Convertible Debentures.

On April 15, 2021, the Company issued a total of 2,300,000 units of the Company at an issue price of $6.30 per unit for aggregate gross proceeds of CAD$14.490 million (the “Brokered Offering”). Each unit consisted of one common share and one warrant of the Company. Each warrant is exercisable for one common share at an exercise price of $8.55 per common share, subject to adjustment in certain events. The Brokered Offering was led by ATB Capital Markets Inc. (the “Agent”). The Agent was paid a cash fee equal to 7% of the gross proceeds raised under the Brokered Offering.

On May 17, 2021, the Company announced it had entered into a secured credit facility with ATB, which is a $5 million margined, demand operating loan facility (the “ATB Facility”). The proceeds of the ATB Facility were used in part, to repay in full all indebtedness and liability owing by the Company to HSBC Bank of Canada and for general corporate purposes. The ATB Facility is a demand operating line bearing interest at a floating rate equal to the prime rate per annum established by ATB from time to time for commercial loans denominated in Canadian dollars made by ATB in Canada, plus an applicable margin rate based on the senior debt to EBITDA ratio of the Company at the time of determination. Repayments under the ATB Facility will be made on a monthly interest-only basis until demand. The ATB Facility is secured against certain assets of the Company and its principal subsidiaries.

On June 24, 2021, $2.5 million was drawn from the ATB Facility, in accordance with the maximum amount permitted under the Company’s intercreditor agreement with Fiera Private Debt Fund VI LP (“Fiera”).

On November 8, 2021, the ATB Facility was amended. As part of the amendment, ATB provided an additional $5 million in available funding to the Company via an accordion, subject to lender consent. In consideration of ATB making available to the Company additional advances under the ATB Facility, the Company granted to ATB non-transferable warrants to acquire up to 183,486 common shares at an exercise price of $5.45 per common share for a term not exceeding one year.

On November 9, 2021, the Company amended its term loan and amended the associated intercreditor agreement between Fiera, ATB and the Company. The intercreditor agreement determines the priority of security interests in the case of default, with Fiera having first priority on all assets other than accounts receivable. The amendments to the term loan include: increase in interest rate from 6.85% to 7.5% per annum; certain changes to financial covenants which are applicable for the period from July 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022; and, the addition of two mCloud subsidiaries as additional guarantors.

On August 13, 2021, the Company completed a non-brokered private placement, pursuant to a subscription agreement dated July 12, 2021, offering of 75,676 units of the Company at a unit price of $5.55 for gross proceeds of $0.420 million. Each unit consists of one common share and one share purchase warrant at an exercise price of $8.55 per common share with warrants expiring April 2024.

On November 24, 2021, the Company announced that its common shares had begun trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “MCLD” in connection with the completion of a 3:1 share consolidation (the “2021 Share Consolidation”). On November 29, 2021, the Company announced the completion of an underwritten public offering of 2,100,000 units at a price to the public of US$4.50 per unit. Each unit issued in the offering consisted of one common share and one warrant to purchase one common share at an exercise price of USD$4.75. The common shares began trading on the NASDAQ on November 24, 2021 under the symbol “MCLD”. The Company received gross proceeds of approximately US$9.5 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

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The Company had also granted the underwriters, Maxim Group LLC, to purchase up to an additional 315,000 common shares and an additional 315,000 warrants (each on a post-consolidation basis) at the public offering price to cover over-allotments. On November 29, 2021, the Company announced that Maxim Group LLC had purchased the 315,000 warrants in accordance with the over-allotment option, and on December 6, 2021 announced that Maxim Group LLC had exercised the over-allotment option in full to purchase an additional 315,000 common shares at the Offering Price. The proceeds from the over- allotment option were US$1.417 million. The aggregate gross proceeds of the offering, including the over- allotment option, were US$10.867 million. In conjunction with the USD equity offering described above, the Company agreed to list the warrants issued as part of the unit offering on the Nasdaq. On February 15, 2022, these warrants commenced trading in USD under the symbol “MCLDW”. The Warrants will be trading under the symbol “MCLDW” along with the Listed Warrants.

In conjunction with the Company’s agreements to provide AssetCare solutions to optimize Electric Vehicle (“EV”) charging efficiency at auto dealerships in the states of New York and California (the “EV Dealership Projects”), on March 28, 2022, a subsidiary of the Company executed a promissory note in the aggregate principal amount of US$15,000,000 (the “Note”) with Carbon Royalty Corp. (“Carbon”). EV Dealership Projects are the design, installation and operation of integrated power systems consisting of solar panels, batteries and EV charging power stations for auto dealerships.

The initial principal amount under the Note of US$5,000,000 was funded on April 1, 2022 and an additional US$10,000,000 was funded on May 5, 2022 (the “Loans”). The Loans mature on March 31, 2025, with 10% per annum interest payable monthly in arrears in USD. In addition to the interest payments, the Note requires certain income-based payments, including tax incentives, be made from the borrower to the lender based on income resulting from the EV dealership projects over their 20-year term. The Loan may not be prepaid unless authorized by the lender. The Loans contain representations, warranties and covenants which must be complied with to avoid an event of default which will allow the lender to demand repayment and increase the interest rate to 18%, amongst other implications. Subsequent to March 31, 2022, the Company, Carbon and Fiera executed an agreement specifying the security held by Carbon.

Subsequent to quarter end, on May 5, 2022, the Company, Carbon and Fiera Private Debt Fund VI LP (“Fiera”) executed a Subordination and Postponement Agreement (the “Subordination Agreement”), whereby the parties agreed that the security previously held by Fiera would be subordinate to the security to be granted to Carbon commencing on the date of the agreement. The security granted to Carbon means the EV Dealership Projects and to the extent related to the EV Dealership projects, all accounts receivable, equipment and machinery, contracts and contract rights, including contracts with auto dealerships, inventory, cash and proceeds, rent and profits for each of the preceding. Execution of the Subordination Agreement was required for the additional funding under the Note to be released. A total of US$15,000,000 was funded subsequent to March 31, 2022.

Since the beginning of 2020, governments around the world have been forced to enact emergency measures in response to the World Health Organization’s declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Businesses around the world have suffered material disruption resulting in economic slowdown and uncertainty and significant volatility in the financial markets. To date, the impacts to the Company’s operations and financial matters associated with COVID-19 have included (i) a slow-down in technical services due to the in-person nature of these activities and the restrictions placed such as lock-downs and social distancing by governments around the world with many of the most restrictive measures in the most recent quarter being in our core geographic markets, (ii) a delay in the collection of receivables closely associated with business who were most widely impacted by shut-downs and restrictions, and (iii) a delay in certain projects. The long-term impact on the Company’s financial results and cash flows is unknown. While the Company has been negatively impacted by COVID-19, given the nature of the Company’s operations, COVID-19 has increased customer demand and created new opportunities for mCloud to engage with new and existing customers using the remote connectivity offered by AssetCare^™.

ANNUAL RESULTS FOR THE THREE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021, 2020 AND 2019

COVID Government Support

The Company received government assistance in both Canada the United States and Australia to help temper the financial impact of the crisis. During the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2021, government assistance of $0.472 million and $4.202 million, respectively, was recorded in Other Income on the consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss (three months and year ended December 31, 2020, $0.821 and $2.776 million, respectively).

Impact on Strategic Plan and Growth

The Company continues to assess the economic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on its future operations, including the liquidity forecast and valuation of the Company’s intangible and goodwill assets related to recent acquisitions. As at December 31, 2021, the Company’s senior management team has determined that the value of the Company’s assets is not materially impacted. In making this judgment, management has assessed various criteria including, but not limited to, existing laws, regulations, orders, disruptions, and potential disruptions in commodity prices and capital markets.

Overview

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period.

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The estimates and associated assumptions are limited by the relevance of historical data and uncertainty of future events. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the year in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that year or in the year of the revision and future years if the revision affects both current and future years.

Determination of control of subsidiaries

Judgement is required to determine when the Company has control of subsidiaries. This requires an assessment of the relevant activities of the investee, being those activities that significantly affect the investee’s returns. Despite owning no shares, or having any voting rights, the Company determined that it exercises control over Agnity Global, Inc. (“Agnity”) as the Company has the right to nominate a majority of the members of Agnity’s Operations Committee and therefore the right and ability to direct the relevant activities of Agnity and to significantly affect its returns through the use of its rights. The Company has the right to receive royalty collectability from Agnity on a monthly basis in perpetuity and the Company has credit risk with respect to the collectibility of these royalty payments.

Assessment of indicators of impairment of goodwill, long-lived assets and intangible assets

Management reviews, goodwill, depreciable long-lived assets and intangible assets for impairment triggers to determine if any events or changes in circumstances exist that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable over time. If impairment indicators exist, impairment assessments are conducted as the asset level or level of cash generating units (“CGUs”) as appropriate.

Leases

In measuring the Company’s leases judgement is required to determine the lease term of the contract including whether the Company is reasonably certain to exercise extension options where it is the lessee. A longer lease term results in a larger lease liability and right-of-use asset to be recognized by the Company and future changes in this lease term will result in modifications. In addition, estimates and assumptions are required to determine the incremental borrowing rate used to measure lease liabilities on adoption and at inception of a lease.

Contingent consideration

Management uses judgement to assess the existence of contingencies. By their nature, contingencies will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Management also uses judgement to assess the likelihood of the occurrence of one or more future events which impacts the fair value of the contingent consideration at the end for the Reporting Period.

Value of components for convertible debt and equity offerings

Management makes judgements related to the measurement of the fair value of the convertible debentures and equity offerings issued in the period, including the determination of the allocation of the proceeds between the components of the instrument. At inception of an instrument, the Company determines the value of each piece of the instrument and judgement is required in determining the inputs used in the fair value calculations and in determining the probability of certain outcomes.

Determination of stand-alone selling price

The total transaction price of certain revenue contacts is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price (“SSP”) basis, representing the selling price as if it was sold separately. This is a formal process involving judgement which could impact the timing of recognized revenue. In most cases, the SSP is based on observable data. If the SSP is not directly observable, the amount is estimated using either the expected cost plus a margin or residual approach. The SSP for perpetual software licenses is highly variable and therefore the Company applies the residual approach.

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Expected credit loss allowance and provision

The Company recognizes an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit loss (“ECL”) on trade and long term receivables, other receivables, unbilled revenue and amounts due from related parties for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. Loss allowances are measured based on historical experience and forecasted economic conditions. The amount of ECL is sensitive to changes in circumstances of forecast economic conditions.

Impairment of goodwill and other non-financial assets

Goodwill is reviewed annually on December 31 of each financial year, or more frequently if changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired. The Company completed its annual impairment testing as at December 31, 2021 and determined there was no impairment. Determining whether an impairment has occurred requires the valuation of the respective assets or CGUs, which the Company estimate the recoverable amount using a discounted cash flow method. The key estimates and assumptions used are revenue growth, gross margin, and discount rate. These estimates are based on past experience and management’s expectations of future changes in the market and forecasted growth initiatives.

Share-based payments

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option -pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and other equity instruments where the goods and services cannot be valued. In estimating the fair value, management is required to make certain assumptions and estimates such as the expected life of options, volatility of the Company’s future share price, risk-free rate, future dividend yields and estimated forfeitures at the initial grant measurement date. Changes in assumptions used to estimate fair value could result in different outcomes.

Business combinations—purchase price allocation

The consideration transferred and acquired assets and assumed liabilities are recognized at fair value on the date the Company effectively obtains control. The measurement of each business combination is based on the information available on the acquisition date. The estimate of fair value of the consideration transferred and acquired intangible assets (including goodwill), property and equipment, other assets and the liabilities assumed are based on estimates and assumptions. The measurement is largely based on projected cash flows, discount rates and market conditions at the date of acquisition. See “Fair Market Value” in this MD&A for further discussion.

Taxation

Calculations for current and deferred taxes require management’s interpretation of tax regulations and legislation in the various tax jurisdictions in which the Company operates, which are subject to change. The measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities requires estimates of the timing of the reversal of temporary differences identified and management’s assessment of the Company’s ability to utilize the underlying future tax deductions against future taxable income before they expire, which involves estimating future taxable income.

The Company is subject to assessments by various taxation authorities in the tax jurisdictions in which it operates, and these taxation authorities may interpret the tax legislation and regulations differently. In addition, the calculation of income taxes involves many complex factors. As such, income taxes are subject to measurement uncertainty and actual amounts of taxes may vary from the estimates made by management.

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CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Prior to 2022, the Company was not required to establish and maintain DC&P and ICFR pursuant to National Instrument (“NI”) 52-107. The Company is listed on the TSX-V and on November 24, 2021 also listed and commenced trading its shares on NASDAQ. As a result of the NASDAQ listing, the Company is no longer a venture issuer. Accordingly, commencing in 2022, mCloud is required to establish and maintain DC&P and ICFR.

In light of these new requirements for 2022, the following discussion provides preliminary commentary about the Company’s D&CP and ICFR.

Disclosures Controls and Procedures

The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (“DC&P”), as defined in National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuer’s Annual Filings (“NI 52-109”) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our filings under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation. They are also designed to provide reasonable assurance that all information required to be disclosed in these filings is accounted for, accumulated and communicated to the Company’s senior management team including the CEO and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) as appropriate. This is meant to allow for timely decisions regarding public disclosure.

The Company cannot provide absolute assurance that all information required to be disclosed in its filings is reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation because of the limitations in control systems to prevent or detect all misstatements due to error or fraud. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within the Company have been detected.

Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

The Company’s senior management team is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting (“ICFR”), as defined in NI 52-109. ICFR means a process designed by or under the supervision of the CEO and CFO, and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS, and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Commencing the first quarter of 2022, the Company will be required to report any material weaknesses in the design of ICFR. Any such material weaknesses would also impact DC&P. Although we have not completed a full evaluation as of this date, we are aware of material weaknesses.

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Management has identified the following material weaknesses:

These material weaknesses resulted in material misstatements, which were corrected prior to the release of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, and also in immaterial misstatements, some of which were corrected prior to the release of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021. These material weaknesses create a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

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Remediation

The Company is still considering the full extent of the procedures to implement in order to remediate the material weaknesses described above, however the current remediation plan includes:

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT

A description of the Company’s financial instruments and the financial risks that the Company is exposed to and management of these risks can be found in Notes 26 and 27, respectively, of the Company’s 2021 Financial Statements.

Fair Values

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, trades and other receivables, bank indebtedness, trade payables and accrued liabilities, other liabilities, business acquisition payable, and due to related parties approximate their fair values due to the immediate or short-term nature of these instruments. The fair values of long-term receivables, loans and borrowings, and convertible debentures approximate their carrying values as they were either recently issued by the Company or fair valued as part of the acquisition purchase price allocations or their interest rate approximates market rate. There has been no significant change in credit and market interest rates since the date of their issuance. The derivative asset is carried at fair value and revalued at each reporting date.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instruments. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Risk Management

The Company’s board of directors has overall responsibility for determining the Company’s capital and risk management objectives and policies, while retaining ultimate responsibility for ensuring the successful execution of such objectives and policies. The Company’s overall capital and risk management program has not changed throughout the year. This program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on financial performance. Risk management is carried out by the Company’s finance department under policies approved by the Company’s board of directors. The finance department identifies and evaluates financial risks in close cooperation with the Company’s senior management team.

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Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that a third party might fail to discharge its obligations under the terms of a financial contract. Credit risk is limited to the following instruments and the Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of the financial assets.

The Company is mainly exposed to credit risk from credit sales. Management of the Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers by performing background checks on all new customers. Further, management monitors the frequency of payments from ongoing customers and performs frequent reviews of outstanding balances. The Company considers that there has been a significant increase in credit risk when contractual payments are more than 90 days past due.

Provisions for outstanding balances are established based on forward-looking information and revised when there are changes in circumstances that would create doubt over the receipt of funds. Such reviews are conducted on a continued basis through the monitoring of outstanding balances as well as the frequency of payments received. Accounts receivable are completely written off once management determines the probability of collection to be remote.

Trade and other receivables, unbilled revenue and long-term receivables are from individual customers and are not assessed based on external credit rating agencies. The Company uses a provision matrix to measure the lifetime expected credit loss (“ECL”) of these balances. Receivables are grouped based on similar credit risk profiles and days past due. Loss rates are based on actual credit loss experience and reflect the forward looking conditions over the expected life of the receivable.

Market risk

This is the risk that changes in market prices such as interest rates or foreign exchange rates will affect the Company’s results or value as a result of holding these financial instruments. The object of market risk management is to manage and control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters given the nature of the business.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of the Company’s financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its credit facility. Management does not believe interest rate risk is currently material to its business.

Foreign Currency Risk

Currency risk is the risk that the fair values or future cash flows of the Company’s financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in foreign currency rates and the degree of volatility of these rates. The Company conducts its business in Canada, Asia-Pacific, the United States and Europe, the Middle East and Africa, which gives rise to exposure to markets from changes in foreign currency rates. Currently, the Company does not use derivative instruments or other measures to reduce its exposure to foreign currency risk.

At December 31, 2021, the C$ equivalent carrying amount of the Company’s US$ denominated monetary assets and liabilities was C$14.554 million (December 31, 2020 - C$8.291 million) and C$11.685 million (December 31, 2020 - C$16.399 million), respectively. Assuming all other variables remain constant, a fluctuation of +/- 5.0% in the exchange rate between C$ and US$ would impact the net loss for the period by approximately C$0.143 million (December 31, 2020 - C$0.405 million).

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