Exhibit 3.1

PALANTIR TECHNOLOGIES INC.

C. Vote to Increase or Decrease Authorized Shares of Common Stock and Preferred Stock. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock (or any class thereof) and Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, without a separate vote of the holders of any class of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, or any separate series votes of any series thereof, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL, unless a vote of any such holders is required pursuant to the terms of any Preferred Stock Designation.

D. Rights of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock. The relative powers, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions granted to or imposed on the shares of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock are as follows:

1. Voting Rights.

(a) General Right to Vote Together; Exception. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein or required by applicable law, the holders of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders of the Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, except as otherwise required by applicable law, holders of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock, as such, shall not be entitled to vote on any amendment to this Restated Certificate of Incorporation (including any Preferred Stock Designation) that relates solely to one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the holders of such affected series are entitled, either separately or together with the holders of one or more other such series, to vote thereon pursuant to the terms of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation (including any Preferred Stock Designation) or pursuant to applicable law; provided that, prior to the Final Class F Conversion Date, any such amendment that affects the number of shares of Preferred Stock, or the designation, powers, preferences, and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of the shares of each such series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, shall also require the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class F Common Stock, voting as a separate class.

(b) Votes Per Share. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein or required by applicable law, on any matter that is submitted to a vote of stockholders of the Corporation:

(c) Class F Common Stock Matters.

2. Identical Rights. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein or required by applicable law, shares of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock shall have the same rights and privileges and rank equally, share ratably and be identical in all respects as to all matters, including, without limitation:

(a) Dividends and Distributions. Subject to the rights of any Preferred Stock that may then be outstanding, the holders of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock shall be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors, out of any assets of the Corporation legally available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation, such dividends or other distributions as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors. Any dividends or other distributions paid to the holders of shares of Common Stock shall be paid on an equal priority and ratably on a per share basis to the holders of Common Stock, unless different treatment of the shares of any such class is approved by an affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and

Class F Common Stock entitled to vote thereon, each voting separately as a class. Further, the Corporation shall not declare or pay any dividend or make any other distribution to the holders of Common Stock payable in securities of the Corporation unless the same dividend or distribution with the same record date and payment date shall be declared and paid on all shares of Common Stock; provided, however, that (i) dividends or other distributions payable in shares of Class A Common Stock or rights to acquire shares of Class A Common Stock may be declared and paid to the holders of Class A Common Stock without the same dividend or distribution being declared and paid to the holders of the Class B Common Stock or Class F Common Stock if, and only if, a dividend payable in shares of Class B Common Stock or rights to acquire shares of Class B Common Stock is declared and paid to the holders of Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock at the same rate and with the same record date and payment date and (ii) dividends or other distributions payable in shares of Class B Common Stock or rights to acquire shares of Class B Common Stock may be declared and paid to the holders of Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock without the same dividend or distribution being declared and paid to the holders of the Class A Common Stock if, and only if, a dividend payable in shares of Class A Common Stock, or rights to acquire shares of Class A Common Stock, is declared and paid to the holders of Class A Common Stock at the same rate and with the same record date and payment date; and provided, further, that nothing in the foregoing shall prevent the Corporation from declaring and paying dividends or other distributions payable in shares of one class of Common Stock (other than Class F Common Stock) or rights to acquire one class of Common Stock (other than Class F Common Stock) to holders of all classes of Common Stock.

(b) Subdivision or Combination. If the Corporation in any manner subdivides or combines the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock or Class F Common Stock, the outstanding shares of the other such classes will be subdivided or combined in the same proportion and manner, unless different treatment of the shares of each such class is approved (i) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon and (ii) if the voting rights or economic rights of one class of Common Stock would be adversely affected by such subdivision or combination relative to the voting rights or economic rights of any other class of Common Stock, by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, voting separately.

(c) Liquidation Rights. In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, in connection with which assets are to be distributed to stockholders of the Corporation, subject to the rights of any Preferred Stock that may then be outstanding, the assets of the Corporation legally available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation shall be distributed on an equal priority and ratably on a per share basis to the holders of Common Stock, unless different treatment of the shares of each such class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock entitled to vote thereon, each voting separately as a class.

(d) Merger or Consolidation. In the case of any consolidation or merger of the Corporation with or into any other entity, or in the case of any other transaction having an effect on stockholders of the Corporation substantially similar to that resulting from a consolidation or merger, each share of Common Stock must be converted into the same securities, cash or other property (including the same rights to elect among different forms of consideration); provided, however, that (1) the foregoing shall not apply to any such combination, merger or other transaction in which each share of Common Stock remains outstanding as a share of the same class of Common Stock and is not converted into other securities, cash or other property, and (2) shares of any class of Common Stock may be converted into, or the holders thereof may have the right to elect to receive, different securities in connection with such consolidation, merger or other transaction if the only difference in the securities being issued to the holders of the Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock and Class F Common Stock is that the voting power of such securities is proportionate to the voting power of the shares of such class in the Corporation.

(e) Certain Transactions. If the Corporation enters into any transaction, other than a restructuring transaction or a transaction that otherwise does not involve a Change of Control, which transaction requires, pursuant to Section 251(c) or Section 271(a) of the DGCL, the approval of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, such transaction shall be subject to approval by the holders of at least fifty-five percent (55.0%) of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon if the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote to approve such transaction occurs prior to the Final Class F Conversion Date.

3. Conversion of Class B Common Stock.

(a) Voluntary Conversion. Each share of Class B Common Stock shall be convertible into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock at the option of the holder thereof at any time upon written notice to the transfer agent of the Corporation.

(b) Automatic Conversion. Each share of Class B Common Stock shall automatically, without any further action, convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock upon the earlier of:

(c) Procedures. The Corporation shall not be obligated to issue certificates evidencing the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable on such conversion unless the certificates evidencing such shares of Class B Common Stock, if any such certificates have been issued, are either delivered to the Corporation or its transfer agent, or the holder notifies the Corporation or its transfer agent that such certificates have been lost, stolen or destroyed and executes an agreement satisfactory to the Corporation to indemnify the Corporation from any loss incurred by it in connection with such certificates. The Corporation may, from time to time, establish such other policies and procedures relating to the conversion of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock and the general administration of this multi-class stock structure, including the issuance of stock certificates (or the establishment of book-entry positions) with respect thereto, as it may deem reasonably necessary or advisable, and may from time to time request that holders of shares of Class B Common Stock furnish certifications, affidavits or other proof to the Corporation as it deems necessary to verify the ownership of Class B Common Stock and to confirm that a conversion to Class A Common Stock has not occurred. The Secretary shall determine whether a Transfer or other event giving rise to a conversion has occurred that results in a conversion to Class A Common Stock, and such determination shall be conclusive and binding.

(d) Immediate Effect. In the event of a conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock to shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to this Article IV, Section D.3, such conversion(s) shall be deemed to have been made at the time of the applicable Transfer or event; provided that, in the case of a share issuable or deliverable by the Corporation, upon any of the conversion of another security, the exercise of an option or warrant or similar arrangement, the occurrence or non-occurrence of a contingency, or upon vesting, the conversion of such shares of Class B Common Stock to shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to Article IV, Section D.3(b)i shall occur immediately following issuance or delivery. For the avoidance of doubt, if the conversion is in connection with an underwritten offering of securities registered pursuant to the Securities Act, the conversion may, at the option of any holder tendering Class B Common Stock for conversion, be conditioned upon the closing with the underwriters of the sale of securities pursuant to such offering, in which event the persons entitled to receive the Class A Common Stock upon conversion of the Class B Common Stock shall not be deemed to have converted such Class B Common Stock until immediately prior to the closing of such sale of

securities. Upon any conversion of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock, all rights of the holder of shares of Class B Common Stock shall cease and the person or persons in whose name or names the certificate or certificates (or book-entry position(s)) representing the shares of Class A Common Stock are to be issued shall be treated for all purposes as having become the record holder or holders of such shares of Class A Common Stock. Following any such conversion, the reissuance of such shares of Class B Common Stock shall be prohibited, and such shares shall be retired in accordance with Section 243 of the DGCL and the filing by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware required thereby.

(e) Reservation of Stock. The Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of Class A Common Stock or out of shares of Class A Common Stock held in its treasury, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the shares of Class B Common Stock, such number of its shares of Class A Common Stock as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock.

4. Conversion of Class F Common Stock.

(a) Voluntary Conversion. Each share of Class F Common Stock shall be convertible into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class B Common Stock at the option of the holder thereof at any time upon written notice to the transfer agent of the Corporation.

(b) Automatic Conversion of all Outstanding Class F Common Stock. Each share of Class F Common Stock shall automatically, without any further action, convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class B Common Stock upon the Final Class F Conversion Date.

(c) Procedures. The Corporation shall not be obligated to issue certificates evidencing the shares of Class B Common Stock issuable on such conversion unless the certificates evidencing such shares of Class F Common Stock, if any such certificates have been issued, are either delivered to the Corporation or its transfer agent, or the holder notifies the Corporation or its transfer agent that such certificates have been lost, stolen or destroyed and executes an agreement satisfactory to the Corporation to indemnify the Corporation from any loss incurred by it in connection with such certificates. The Corporation may, from time to time, establish such other policies and procedures relating to the conversion of Class F Common Stock to Class B Common Stock and the general administration of this multi-class stock structure, including the issuance of stock certificates (or the establishment of book-entry positions) with respect thereto, as it may deem reasonably necessary or advisable. The Secretary shall determine whether an event has occurred that results in a conversion to Class B Common Stock, and such determination shall be conclusive and binding.

(d) Immediate Effect. Upon any conversion of Class F Common Stock to Class B Common Stock, all rights of the holder of shares of Class F Common Stock shall cease and the person or persons in whose name or names the certificate or certificates (or book-entry position(s)) representing the shares of Class B Common Stock are to be issued shall be treated for all purposes as having become the record holder or holders of such shares of Class B Common Stock. Following any such conversion, the reissuance of such shares of Class F Common Stock shall be prohibited, and such shares shall be retired in accordance with Section 243 of the DGCL and the filing by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware required thereby.

(e) Reservation of Stock. The Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares or out of shares held in its treasury of (i) Class B Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the shares of Class F Common Stock, such number of its shares of Class B Common Stock as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class F Common Stock into shares of Class B Common Stock and (ii) Class A Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the shares of Class B Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Class F Common Stock, such number of its shares of Class A Common Stock as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all shares of Class B Common Stock issuable upon conversion of outstanding Class F Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock.

5. Transfer Restrictions on Class F Common Stock. (a) Any transfer or purported transfer of shares of Class F Common Stock or any legal or beneficial interest in such shares shall be null and void. Any transaction or series of transactions undertaken to effect a Reorganization shall not be considered a transfer or purported transfer of shares of Class F Common Stock. A holder of Class F Common Stock may surrender shares of Class F Common Stock to the Corporation for cancellation at any time. If a Person shall, voluntarily or involuntarily, purportedly become or attempt to become, the purported transferee or owner (the “Purported Owner”) of shares of Class F Common Stock by a purported transfer, then the Purported Owner shall not obtain any rights in, to or with respect to such shares of Class F Common Stock, and the purported transfer of such shares to the Purported Owner shall not be recognized by the Corporation. For the avoidance of doubt, actions described in clauses (a) and (d) of the definition of Transfer in Article V below are not prohibited.

(b) Certificates. All certificates or book entries representing shares of Class F Common Stock shall bear a legend substantially in the following form (or in such other form as the Board of Directors may determine):

THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS [CERTIFICATE][BOOK ENTRY] ARE SUBJECT TO THE RESTRICTIONS (INCLUDING RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER) SET FORTH IN THE AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE CORPORATION AS IT MAY BE AMENDED AND/OR RESTATED (A COPY OF WHICH IS ON FILE WITH THE SECRETARY OF THE CORPORATION AND SHALL BE PROVIDED FREE OF CHARGE TO ANY STOCKHOLDER MAKING A REQUEST THEREFOR).

E. No Further Issuances. Except for (1) a dividend payable or subdivision in accordance with Article IV, Section D.2 and (2) the exchange of shares of Class B Common Stock held in the Founder Voting Trust for shares of Class F Common Stock immediately after the effectiveness of the Corporation’s previous Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation on September 22, 2020 (the “Effective Time”), the Corporation shall not at any time after the Effective Time issue any additional shares of Class F Common Stock, unless such issuance is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class F Common Stock, voting as a single class. After the Final Class F Conversion Date, the Corporation shall not issue any additional shares of Class F Common Stock.

ARTICLE V

The following terms, where capitalized in this Restated Certificate of Incorporation, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this Article V:

“Applicable Vote for All Shares of Class F Common Stock” means, with respect to any matter subject to a vote of the stockholders of the Corporation, (1) the number of votes (which shall not be less than zero and which shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number) that equal 49.999999% of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote on such matter (including in the case of the election of directors), reduced to the number of votes (which shall not be less than zero and which shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number) that equal 49.999999% of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on such matter only if a majority of the shares present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on such matter is the applicable voting standard, in each case minus (2) the number of votes corresponding to the Founder Shares entitled to vote on such matter.

“Approved Affiliate” means, with respect to a Continuing Founder, any affiliate thereof that has been approved by the Secretary or the Treasurer of the Corporation.

“Change of Control” means, any transaction the result of which is that any person (other than one or more of the Founders or their respective controlled affiliates) becomes the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of more than 50% of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation. For purposes of this definition, (i) the term “person” shall be defined as that term is used in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act; (ii) the term “beneficial owner” shall be defined as that term is used in Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 under the Exchange Act; and (iii) any direct or indirect parent company of the Corporation shall not itself be considered a “person” for purposes of this definition, so long as holders of capital stock of the Corporation are the beneficial owners, directly or indirectly, of more than 50% of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of such company.

“Continuing Founder” means, on any date of determination, each Founder that is then a party to the Voting Agreement.

“Continuing Founder Instruction” means, with respect to any matter subject to a vote of the stockholders of the Corporation, a written instruction delivered by a Continuing Founder to the Secretary, the Trustee and each other Continuing Founder identifying how such Continuing Founder desires (a) votes corresponding to the Class F Common Stock to be cast (including a vote of “withhold” or “abstain” that may not constitute a “vote” under the applicable voting standard required to approve the matter or elect the director nominee), or (b) consents corresponding to the Class F Common Stock be delivered or not delivered, as applicable, in each case with respect to such matter.

“Corporation Equity Securities” means (a) any securities having voting rights in the election of the Board of Directors, (b) any equity securities evidencing an ownership interest in the Corporation, (c) any equity securities, whether vested or unvested, convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of the foregoing, (d) any warrants, calls, options or other rights, whether vested or unvested, to acquire from the Corporation any shares of the foregoing, (e) any other obligation of the Corporation, whether vested or unvested, to issue or deliver any of the foregoing, (f) any rights granted by the Corporation to receive any value based on or linked to the value of any of the foregoing, and (g) any securities of the Corporation as would be identified on a Schedule 13D or Schedule 13G pursuant to Rule 13d-101 or Rule 13d-102, respectively, under the Exchange Act (or any successor form), including any footnotes therein and after giving effect to any disclaimers of beneficial ownership, in the case of each of clauses (a)–(g), without duplication and except for any securities specifically designated in writing from time to time by a Continuing Founder, accompanied by signed acknowledgments from each other Continuing Founder, to the Secretary (securities so designated, “Designated Founders’ Excluded Shares”).

“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. “Final Class F Conversion Date” means the earliest of:

(a) the effective date of the termination of the Founder Voting Trust, other than any termination that occurs in connection with a Reorganization; and

(b) the effective date of the termination of the Voting Agreement.

“Founders” means Alexander Karp, Stephen Cohen and Peter Thiel, and each, a “Founder”.

“Founder Block” means the aggregate number of Corporation Equity Securities held or owned, directly or indirectly, by any of (a) a Continuing Founder or (b) an Approved Affiliate of a Continuing Founder, in the case of each of clauses (a) and (b), calculated on a fully diluted and as converted basis.

“Founder Shares” means, with respect to any matter subject to a vote of the stockholders of the Corporation, (a) all Corporation Equity Securities entitled to vote on such matter held or owned, directly or indirectly, by the Continuing Founders to which the Grantee has a proxy and power of attorney granted pursuant to the Voting Agreement to vote such shares in the same manner as the shares of Class F Common Stock will be voted by the Trustee plus (b) any other Corporation Equity Securities entitled to vote on such matter to which the Grantee has a proxy and power of attorney granted pursuant to the Voting Agreement to vote such shares in the same manner as the shares of Class F Common Stock will be voted by the Trustee plus (c) any Designated Founders’ Excluded Shares.

“Founder Voting Trust” means the voting trust established pursuant to the Voting Trust Agreement (and any successor thereto following a Reorganization).

“Grantee” means the grantee of the proxies and powers of attorney to vote shares of one or more classes of capital stock of the Corporation in the same manner as the shares of Class F Common Stock will be voted by the Trustee, in accordance with the Voting Agreement.

“Independent Directors” means the members of the Board of Directors designated as independent directors in accordance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange that are generally applicable to companies with common equity securities listed thereon (or if the Corporation’s equity securities are not listed for trading on a Securities Exchange, the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange generally applicable to companies with common equity securities listed thereon).

“Instruction Date” means:

“No Majority Founder Instruction” means (a) in the case of director elections, the votes corresponding to the Class F Common Stock shall be cast to “withhold” or, if unavailable based on the applicable voting standard required to elect a director nominee, such votes shall be cast to “abstain”, (b) in the case of a vote on the frequency of the “say-on-pay” vote, the votes corresponding the Class F Common Stock shall be cast to “abstain”, (c) in the case of all other matters subject to a vote of the stockholders of the Corporation at a meeting, the votes corresponding to the Class F Common Stock shall be cast to “abstain” or “withhold”, so long as the effect thereof would be a vote against such matter, otherwise, such votes shall be cast “against”, and (d) in the case of a proposed stockholder action by written consent, no consent shall be delivered in respect of the Class F Common Stock.

“Ownership Threshold” means 100,000,000 Corporation Equity Securities (as equitably adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, combination of shares, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification or other similar event), provided, however, that the Ownership Threshold shall be automatically reduced by the Pro Rata Share of each Founder who is not a Continuing Founder, such reduction to take effect on the date such Founder ceases to be a Continuing Founder.

“Parent” of an entity means any entity that directly or indirectly owns or controls a majority of the voting power of the voting securities of such entity.

“Permitted Entity” means, with respect to a Qualified Stockholder, (a) a Permitted Trust solely for the benefit of (i) such Qualified Stockholder and/or (ii) any other Permitted Entity of such Qualified Stockholder, or (b) any general partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, corporation or other entity exclusively owned by (i) such Qualified Stockholder and/or (ii) any other Permitted Entity of such Qualified Stockholder.

“Permitted Transfer” means any Transfer of a share of Class B Common Stock that satisfies the following requirements:

(a) by a Qualified Stockholder to (i) any Permitted Entity of such Qualified Stockholder or (ii) to another Qualified Stockholder; or

(b) by a Permitted Entity of a Qualified Stockholder to (i) such Qualified Stockholder or (ii) any other Permitted Entity of such Qualified Stockholder;

provided that in the case of any Transfers described in clause (a) and (b) above: (x) all such Transfers by any holder of Class B Common Stock (whether then held or acquired in the future) taken together do not result in shares of Class B Common Stock being “held of record” (as such term is defined in Rule 12g5-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act) by a larger number of stockholders of the Corporation following any such Transfer and (y) any such transfer (1) must result in the Transfer of all of such holder’s shares of Class B Common Stock then held by such holder to such transferee, and (2) such holder or such holder’s legal representative (including a guardian or conservator) must agree that any shares of Class B Common Stock acquired by such holder or such holder’s estate or beneficiary after the date of such Transfer will be automatically Transferred, without further action by such holder or such legal representative, to the same transferee such that neither the Transfer nor any subsequent acquisition of Class B Common Stock results in any shares of Class B Common Stock being “held of record” (as such term is defined in Rule 12g5-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act) by a larger number of stockholders of the Corporation following such Transfer or subsequent acquisition.

“Permitted Transferee” means a transferee of shares of Class B Common Stock received in a Transfer that constitutes a Permitted Transfer or a transferee of shares of Class B Common Stock involving consent or approval of the Board of Directors or an officer of the Corporation as described in the definition of “Transfer”.

“Permitted Trust” means a bona fide trust where each trustee is (a) a Qualified Stockholder or (b) a professional in the business of providing trustee services, including private professional fiduciaries, trust companies and bank trust departments.

“Person” means any natural person, corporation, limited liability company, unlimited liability company, trust, joint venture, association, company, partnership or other entity.

“Pro Rata Share” means, with respect to a Founder, (1) 100,000,000 Corporation Equity Securities (as equitably adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, combination of shares, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification or other similar event) multiplied by (2) a fraction, the numerator of which shall be the number of Corporation Equity Securities held or owned, directly or indirectly, at the Submission Date by such Founder and such Founder’s Approved Affiliates, on a fully diluted and as converted basis, and the denominator of which shall be the total number of Corporation Equity Securities held or owned, directly or indirectly, at the Submission Date by all Founders and their Approved Affiliates, on a fully diluted and as converted basis.

“Qualified Stockholder” means (a) the registered holder of a share of Class B Common Stock immediately following the Effective Time; (b) the initial registered holder of any shares of Class B Common Stock that are originally issued by the Corporation after the Effective Time pursuant to the exercise or conversion of options or warrants or settlement of convertible securities; (c) each natural person who Transferred shares of or equity awards for Class B Common Stock (including any option or warrant exercisable or convertible into or any convertible securities that can be settled in shares of Class B Common Stock) to a Permitted Entity that is or becomes a Qualified Stockholder pursuant to subclauses (a) or (b) of this definition; (d) the initial registered holder of any shares of Class B Common Stock that are originally issued by the Corporation after the Effective Time (including upon conversion of shares of Class F Common Stock) and (e) a Permitted Transferee.

“Reorganization” means a reorganization or redomiciliation of the Founder Voting Trust undertaken with the written consent of each beneficiary thereof and, if applicable, the Trustee, prior to such reorganization or redomiciliation, which reorganization or redomiciliation does not result in a change in the beneficiaries.

“Secretary” means the Secretary of the Corporation or his or her delegate.

“Securities Act” means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“Securities Exchange” means, at any time, the registered national securities exchange on which the Corporation’s Class A Common Stock is then principally listed or traded (or, if the Class A Common Stock is not then listed, the registered national securities exchange on which any other class of the Corporation’s equity securities is then listed).

“Submission Date” means August 10, 2020, which is the date of the Corporation’s submission to the Securities and Exchange Commission of Amendment No. 2 to its confidential registration statement on Form S-1 relating to the shares of Class A Common Stock.

“Transfer” of a share means (x) any sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, hypothecation or other transfer or disposition of such share or any legal or beneficial interest in such share, whether or not for value and whether voluntary or involuntary or by operation of law, including, without limitation, a transfer to a broker or other nominee (regardless of whether there is a corresponding change in beneficial ownership), or the transfer of, or entering into a binding agreement with respect to, the dispositive power or Voting Control over such share by proxy or otherwise; (y) any agreement or arrangement (including any warrants, calls, options or other rights or derivative transactions) to take any such actions or cause the occurrence of any such events (whether or not contingent) identified in clause (x); or (z) any act that results in changes to the beneficial ownership of such share, unless, in the case of each of clauses (x), (y) and (z), consent or approval has been previously obtained or is concurrently or subsequently obtained from the Board of Directors or from an officer of the Corporation with delegated authority pursuant to the Bylaws of the Corporation; provided, however, that the following shall not be considered a “Transfer”:

provided, however, that a “Transfer” shall be deemed to have occurred with respect to such shares beneficially held by (I) an entity that is a Permitted Entity, if there occurs any act or circumstance that causes such entity to no longer be a Permitted Entity or (II) an entity that is a Qualified Stockholder, if there occurs a Transfer on a cumulative basis, from and after the Effective Time, of a majority of the voting power of the voting securities of such entity or any direct or indirect Parent of such entity, other than a Transfer to parties that are, as of the Effective Time, holders of voting securities of any such entity or Parent of such entity.

“True Founder Instruction” means, with respect to any matter subject to a vote of the stockholders of the Corporation, (a) if there are two or three Continuing Founders as of the Instruction Date, (i) if at least two Continuing Founder Instructions contain the same instruction as to how the votes corresponding to the Class F Common Stock shall be cast in respect of such matter (including a vote of “withhold” or “abstain” that may not constitute a “vote” under the applicable voting standard required to approve the matter or elect the director nominee), or consents corresponding to the Class F Common Stock shall be delivered or not delivered, as applicable, with respect to such matter, such instruction and (ii) otherwise, the No Majority Founder Instruction, and (b) if there is one Continuing Founder as of the Instruction Date with respect to such vote, the instruction contained in such Continuing Founder’s Continuing Founder Instruction; provided that, in the case of this clause (b), if such Continuing Founder has not delivered a Continuing Founder Instruction to the Secretary and the Trustee by the Instruction Date, such Continuing Founder shall be deemed to have delivered as of the Instruction Date a Continuing Founder Instruction corresponding to the No Majority Founder Instruction with respect to such matter.

“Trustee” means the trustee then in office under the Voting Trust Agreement.

“Voting Agreement” means the Voting Agreement, dated on or about the date of the Effective Time, among each of the Founders and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as the grantee of the proxies and powers of attorney set forth therein and not in its capacity as the trustee under the Founder Voting Trust (as amended, supplemented, restated or otherwise modified from time to time).

“Voting Control” means, with respect to a share of capital stock, the power (whether exclusive or shared) to vote or direct the voting of such share by proxy, voting agreement or otherwise.

“Voting Trust Agreement” means the Voting Trust Agreement, dated on or about the date of the Effective Time, among each of the Founders and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as initial trustee (as amended, supplemented, restated or otherwise modified from time to time).

ARTICLE VI

A. General Powers. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors. In addition to the powers and authority expressly conferred upon them by statute or by this Restated Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, the directors are hereby empowered to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the Corporation.

B. Number of Directors; Election. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock with respect to the election of directors, the number of directors that constitutes the entire Board of Directors shall be fixed solely by resolution of the Board of Directors. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock with respect to the election of directors, each director of the Corporation, whether before or after the Classified Board Effective Date, shall hold office until the expiration of the term for which he or she is elected and until his or her successor has been duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation, death or removal. No decrease in the number of directors constituting the Board of Directors, whether before or after the Classified Board Effective Date, shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

C. Classified Board Structure. From and after the Final Class F Conversion Date, the directors, other than any who may be elected by the holders of any series of Preferred Stock under specified circumstances, shall be divided into three (3) classes as nearly equal in size as is practicable, hereby designated Class I, Class II and Class III. The Board of Directors shall assign members of the Board of Directors already in office to such classes at the time such classification becomes effective (the “Classified Board Effective Date”). The term of office of the initial Class I directors shall expire at the first regularly-scheduled annual meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation following the Classified Board Effective Date, the term of office of the initial Class II directors shall expire at the second annual meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation following the Classified Board Effective Date, and the term of office of the initial Class III directors shall expire at the third annual meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation following the Classified Board Effective Date. At each annual meeting of stockholders of the Corporation, commencing with the first regularly-scheduled annual meeting of stockholders

of the Corporation following the Classified Board Effective Date, each of the successors elected to replace the directors of a Class whose term shall have expired at such annual meeting shall be elected to hold office for a three year term and until the third annual meeting next succeeding his or her election and until his or her respective successor shall have been duly elected and qualified. Prior to the Classified Board Effective Date, all directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders of the Corporation (except, for the avoidance of doubt, as provided in this Article VI, Section C in the event a Classified Board Effective Date occurs) and until his or her successor shall have been duly elected and qualified. From and after the Classified Board Effective Date, if the number of directors is thereafter changed, any newly created directorships or decrease in directorships shall be so apportioned among the classes as to make all classes as nearly equal in number as is practicable.

D. Removal; Vacancies. Any director may be removed from office by the stockholders of the Corporation as provided in Section 141(k) of the DGCL. Vacancies occurring on the Board of Directors for any reason and newly created directorships resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled only by vote of a majority of the remaining members of the Board of Directors, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director, at any meeting of the Board of Directors, and not by stockholders of the Corporation. A person elected to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship shall hold office until, prior to the Classified Board Effective Date, the next annual meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation or, from and after the Classified Board Effective Date, the next election of the class for which such director shall have been chosen and in each case until his or her successor shall be duly elected and qualified.

ARTICLE VII

A. Written Ballot. Elections of directors need not be by written ballot unless the Bylaws of the Corporation shall so provide.

B. Amendment of Bylaws. In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by statute, the Board of Directors is expressly authorized to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation.

C. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation may be called only by (1) the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board; (2) the chairman of the Board of Directors; (3) the chief executive officer of the Corporation; or (4) the president of the Corporation. For the purposes hereof, “Whole Board” shall mean the total number of authorized directorships whether or not there exist any vacancies or other unfilled seats in previously authorized directorships.

D. Availability of Stockholder Action by Written Consent. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, (1) prior to the Final Class F Conversion Date, any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation may be effected by the written consent of the stockholders of the Corporation in lieu of a duly called annual or special meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation; provided that, in addition to any other consent required before such action may be effected, any such action shall require the affirmative consent of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class F Common Stock, acting as a separate class, and (2) from and after the Final Class F Conversion Date, any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by the written consent of the stockholders of the Corporation in lieu of a duly called annual or special meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation.

E. No Cumulative Voting. No stockholder will be permitted to cumulate votes at any election of directors.

F. Section 203 of the DGCL. The Corporation shall not be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL.

ARTICLE VIII

To the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended from time to time, a director of the Corporation shall not be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director. If the DGCL is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as so amended.

Neither any amendment nor repeal of this Article VIII, nor the adoption of any provision of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with this Article VIII, shall eliminate or reduce the effect of this Article VIII in respect of any matter occurring, or any cause of action, suit or proceeding accruing or arising or that, but for this Article VIII, would accrue or arise, prior to such amendment, repeal or adoption of an inconsistent provision.

ARTICLE IX

The Corporation shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any present or former director or officer of the Corporation who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a “Proceeding”) by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any such Proceeding.

The Corporation shall have the power to indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended from time to time, any employee or agent of the Corporation who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any Proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any such Proceeding. The Corporation shall be required to indemnify a person in connection with a Proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person only if the Proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors.

A right to indemnification or to advancement of expenses arising under a provision of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation shall not be eliminated or impaired by an amendment to this Restated Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation after the occurrence of the act or omission that is the subject of the Proceeding for which indemnification or advancement of expenses is sought, unless the provision in effect at the time of such act or omission explicitly authorizes such elimination or impairment after such action or omission has occurred.

A right to indemnification or to advancement of expenses arising under a provision of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled hereunder or thereunder or under any statute, bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person’s official capacity and as to action in any other capacity while holding such office. The Corporation is specifically authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors, officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advancement of expenses, to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law.

ARTICLE X

If any provision of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation becomes or is declared on any ground by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, unenforceable or void, portions of such provision, or such provision in its entirety, to the extent necessary, shall be severed from this Restated Certificate of Incorporation, and the court will replace such illegal, void or unenforceable provision of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation with a valid and enforceable provision that most accurately reflects the Corporation’s intent, in order to achieve, to the maximum extent possible, the same economic, business and other purposes of the illegal, void or unenforceable provision. The balance of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation shall be enforceable in accordance with its terms.

Except as provided in Article VIII and Article IX above, the Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Restated Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute, and all rights conferred upon stockholders of the Corporation herein are granted subject to this reservation.

* * *

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation has been signed on behalf of the Corporation by its duly authorized officer effective this 27th day of December 2022.

Exhibit 3.2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(continued)

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BYLAWS OF PALANTIR TECHNOLOGIES INC.

ARTICLE I - CORPORATE OFFICES

1.1    REGISTERED OFFICE

The registered office of Palantir Technologies Inc. (the “Company”) shall be fixed in the Company’s certificate of incorporation, as the same may be amended from time to time.

1.2    OTHER OFFICES

The Company may at any time establish other offices.

ARTICLE II - MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

2.1    PLACE OF MEETINGS

Meetings of stockholders shall be held at a place, if any, within or outside the State of Delaware, determined by the board of directors of the Company (the “Board of Directors”). The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as authorized by Section 211(a)(2) of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). In the absence of any such designation or determination, stockholders’ meetings shall be held at the Company’s principal executive office.

2.2    ANNUAL MEETING

The annual meeting of stockholders shall be held each year. The Board of Directors shall designate the date and time of the annual meeting. At the annual meeting, directors shall be elected and any other proper business, brought in accordance with Section 2.4 of these bylaws, may be transacted. The Board of Directors acting pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board, or the chairperson of the meeting, may cancel, postpone or reschedule any previously scheduled annual meeting at any time, before or after the notice for such meeting has been sent to the stockholders. For the purposes of these bylaws, the term “Whole Board” shall mean the total number of authorized directorships whether or not there exist any vacancies or other unfilled seats in previously authorized directorships.

2.3    SPECIAL MEETING

(a)    A special meeting of the stockholders, other than as required by statute, may be called at any time by (i) the Board of Directors acting pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board, (ii) the chairperson of the Board of Directors, (iii) the chief executive officer or (iv) the president, but a special meeting may not be called by any other person or persons, and any power of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders is specifically denied. The Board of Directors acting pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board, or the chairperson of the meeting, may cancel, postpone or reschedule any previously scheduled special meeting at any time, before or after the notice for such meeting has been sent to the stockholders.

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(b)    The notice of a special meeting shall include the purpose for which the meeting is called. Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting by or at the direction of a majority of the Whole Board, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer or the president. Nothing contained in this Section 2.3(b) shall be construed as limiting, fixing or affecting the time when a meeting of stockholders called by action of the Board of Directors may be held.

2.4    ADVANCE NOTICE PROCEDURES

(a)    Annual Meetings of Stockholders.

(i)    Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors or the proposal of other business to be transacted by the stockholders at an annual meeting of stockholders may be made only (1) pursuant to the Company’s notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto); (2) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors; (3) as may be provided in the certificate of designations for any class or series of preferred stock; or (4) by any stockholder of the Company who (A) is a stockholder of record at the time of giving of the notice contemplated by Section 2.4(a)(ii); (B) is a stockholder of record on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of the annual meeting; (C) is a stockholder of record on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting; (D) is a stockholder of record at the time of the annual meeting; and (E) complies with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.4(a).

(ii)    For nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting of stockholders by a stockholder pursuant to clause (4) of Section 2.4(a)(i), the stockholder must have given timely notice in writing to the secretary and any such nomination or proposed business must constitute a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received by the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Company no earlier than 8:00 a.m., local time, on the 120th day and no later than 5:00 p.m., local time, on the 90th day prior to the day of the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting of stockholders. However, if no annual meeting of stockholders was held in the preceding year, or if the date of the applicable annual meeting has been changed by more than 25 days from the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, then to be timely such notice must be received by the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Company no earlier than 8:00 a.m., local time, on the 120th day prior to the day of the annual meeting and no later than 5:00 p.m., local time, on the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of the annual meeting was first made by the Company. In no event will the adjournment, rescheduling or postponement of any annual meeting, or any announcement thereof, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above. If the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors is increased and there is no public announcement naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors at least 10 days before the last day that a stockholder may deliver a notice of nomination pursuant to the foregoing provisions, then a stockholder’s notice required by this Section 2.4(a)(ii) will also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it is received by the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Company no later than 5:00 p.m., local time, on the 10th day following the day on which such public announcement is first made. “Public announcement” means disclosure in a press release reported by a national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (as amended and inclusive of rules and regulations thereunder, the “1934 Act”).

(iii)    A stockholder’s notice to the secretary must set forth:

(1)    as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election as a director:

(A)    such person’s name, age, business address, residence address and principal occupation or employment; the class and number of shares of the Company that are held of record or are beneficially owned by such person and a description of any Derivative Instruments (defined below) held or beneficially owned thereby or of any other agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any short position or any borrowing or lending of shares), the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, or to manage the risk or benefit of share price changes for, or to increase or decrease the voting power of such person; and all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the contested election of directors, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to the Section 14 of the 1934 Act;

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(B)    such person’s written consent to being named in such stockholder’s proxy statement as a nominee of such stockholder and to serving as a director of the Company if elected;

(C)    a reasonably detailed description of any direct or indirect compensatory, payment, indemnification or other financial agreement, arrangement or understanding that such person has, or has had within the past three years, with any person or entity other than the Company (including the amount of any payment or payments received or receivable thereunder), in each case in connection with candidacy or service as a director of the Company (a “Third-Party Compensation Arrangement”); and

(D)    a description of any other material relationships between such person and such person’s respective affiliates and associates, or others acting in concert with them, on the one hand, and such stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is made, and their respective affiliates and associates, or others acting in concert with them, on the other hand;

(2)    as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the annual meeting:

(A)    a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the annual meeting;

(B)    the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and, if applicable, the text of any proposed amendment to these bylaws or the Company’s certificate of incorporation);

(C)    the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting;

(D)    any material interest in such business of such stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made, and their respective affiliates and associates, or others acting in concert with them; and

(E)    a description of all agreements, arrangements and understandings between such stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made, and their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, and any other person or persons (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such stockholder; and

(3)    as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made:

(A)    the name and address of such stockholder (as they appear on the Company’s books), of such beneficial owner and of their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them;

(B)    for each class or series, the number of shares of stock of the Company that are, directly or indirectly, held of record or are beneficially owned by such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them;

(C)    a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding between such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, and any other person or persons (including, in each case, their names) in connection with the proposal of such nomination or other business;

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(D)    a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including, regardless of the form of settlement, any derivative, long or short positions, profit interests, forwards, futures, swaps, options, warrants, convertible securities, stock appreciation or similar rights, hedging transactions and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into by or on behalf of such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, with respect to the Company’s securities (any of the foregoing, a “Derivative Instrument”), or any other agreement, arrangement or understanding that has been made the effect or intent of which is to create or mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for or increase or decrease the voting power of such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, with respect to the Company’s securities;

(E)    any rights to dividends on the Company’s securities owned beneficially by such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, that are separated or separable from the underlying security;

(F)    any proportionate interest in the Company’s securities or Derivative Instruments held, directly or indirectly, by a general or limited partnership in which such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, is a general partner or, directly or indirectly, beneficially owns an interest in a general partner of such general or limited partnership;

(G)    any performance-related fees (other than an asset-based fee) that such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with, them is entitled to based on any increase or decrease in the value of the Company’s securities or Derivative Instruments, including, without limitation, any such interests held by members of the immediate family of such persons sharing the same household;

(H)    any significant equity interests or any Derivative Instruments in any principal competitor of the Company that are held by such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them;

(I)    any direct or indirect interest of such stockholder, such beneficial owner or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, in any contract with the Company, any affiliate of the Company or any principal competitor of the Company (in each case, including any employment agreement, collective bargaining agreement or consulting agreement);

(J)    a representation and undertaking that the stockholder is a holder of record of stock of the Company as of the date of submission of the stockholder’s notice and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to bring such nomination or other business before the meeting;

(K)    a representation and undertaking that such stockholder or any such beneficial owner intends, or is part of a group that intends, to (x) deliver a proxy statement or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the voting power of the Company’s then-outstanding stock required to approve or adopt the proposal or to elect each such nominee; or (y) otherwise solicit proxies from stockholders in support of such proposal or nomination;

(L)    any other information relating to such stockholder, such beneficial owner, or their respective affiliates or associates or others acting in concert with them, or director nominee or proposed business that, in each case, would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with the solicitation of proxies in support of such nominee (in a contested election of directors) or proposal pursuant to Section 14 of the 1934 Act; and

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(M)    such other information relating to any proposed item of business as the Company may reasonably require to determine whether such proposed item of business is a proper matter for stockholder action.

(iv)    In addition to the requirements of this Section 2.4, to be timely, a stockholder’s notice (and any additional information submitted to the Company in connection therewith) must further be updated and supplemented (1) if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice is true and correct as of the record date(s) for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the meeting and as of the date that is 10 days prior to the meeting or any adjournment, rescheduling or postponement thereof and (2) to provide any additional information that the Company may reasonably request. Such update and supplement or additional information, if applicable, must be received by the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Company, in the case of a request for additional information, promptly following a request therefor, which response must be delivered not later than such reasonable time as is specified in any such request from the Company or, in the case of any other update or supplement of any information, not later than five business days after the record date(s) for the meeting (in the case of any update and supplement required to be made as of the record date(s)), and not later than eight business days prior to the date for the meeting or any adjournment, rescheduling or postponement thereof (in the case of the update and supplement required to be made as of 10 days prior to the meeting or any adjournment, rescheduling or postponement thereof). The failure to timely provide such update, supplement or additional information shall result in the nomination or proposal no longer being eligible for consideration at the meeting.

(b)    Special Meetings of Stockholders. Except to the extent required by the DGCL, and subject to Section 2.3(a), special meetings of stockholders may be called only in accordance with the Company’s certificate of incorporation and these bylaws. Only such business will be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as has been brought before the special meeting pursuant to the Company’s notice of meeting. If the election of directors is included as business to be brought before a special meeting in the Company’s notice of meeting, then nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors at such special meeting may be made by any stockholder who (i) is a stockholder of record at the time of giving of the notice contemplated by this Section 2.4(b); (ii) is a stockholder of record on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of the special meeting; (iii) is a stockholder of record on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the special meeting; (iv) is a stockholder of record at the time of the special meeting; and (v) complies with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.4(b). For nominations to be properly brought by a stockholder before a special meeting pursuant to this Section 2.4(b), the stockholder’s notice must be received by the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Company no earlier than 8:00 a.m., local time, on the 120th day prior to the day of the special meeting and no later than 5:00 p.m., local time, on the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of the special meeting was first made. In no event will any adjournment, rescheduling or postponement of a special meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice. A stockholder’s notice to the Secretary must comply with the applicable notice requirements of Section 2.4(a)(iii).

(c)    Other Requirements.

(i)    To be eligible to be a nominee by any stockholder for election as a director of the Company, the proposed nominee must provide to the secretary, in accordance with the applicable time periods prescribed for delivery of notice under Section 2.4(a)(ii) or Section 2.4(b):

(1)    a signed and completed written questionnaire (in the form provided by the secretary at the written request of the nominating stockholder, which form will be provided by the secretary within 10 days of receiving such request) containing information regarding such nominee’s background and qualifications and such other information as may reasonably be required by the Company to determine the eligibility of such nominee to serve as a director of the Company or to serve as an independent director of the Company;

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(2)    a written representation and undertaking that, unless previously disclosed to the Company, such nominee is not, and will not become, a party to any voting agreement, arrangement, commitment, assurance or understanding with any person or entity as to how such nominee, if elected as a director, will vote on any issue;

(3)    a written representation and undertaking that, unless previously disclosed to the Company, such nominee is not, and will not become, a party to any Third-Party Compensation Arrangement;

(4)    a written representation and undertaking that, if elected as a director, such nominee would be in compliance, and will continue to comply, with the Company’s corporate governance guidelines as disclosed on the Company’s website, as amended from time to time; and

(5)    a written representation and undertaking that such nominee, if elected, intends to serve a full term on the Board of Directors.

(ii)    At the request of the Board of Directors, any person nominated by the Board of Directors for election as a director must furnish to the secretary the information that is required to be set forth in a stockholder’s notice of nomination that pertains to such nominee.

(iii)    No person will be eligible to be nominated by a stockholder for election as a director of the Company unless nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.4. No business proposed by a stockholder will be conducted at a stockholder meeting except in accordance with this Section 2.4.

(iv)    The chairperson of the applicable meeting of stockholders will, if the facts warrant, determine and declare to the meeting that a nomination was not made in accordance with the procedures prescribed by these bylaws or that business was not properly brought before the meeting. If the chairperson of the meeting should so determine, then the chairperson of the meeting will so declare to the meeting and the defective nomination will be disregarded or such business will not be transacted, as the case may be.

(v)    Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 2.4, unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear in person at the meeting to present a nomination or other proposed business, such nomination will be disregarded or such proposed business will not be transacted, as the case may be, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such nomination or business may have been received by the Company and counted for purposes of determining a quorum. For purposes of this Section 2.4, to be considered a qualified representative of the stockholder, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such stockholder or must be authorized by a writing executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting, and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the writing or electronic transmission, at the meeting.

(vi)    Without limiting this Section 2.4, a stockholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the 1934 Act with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 2.4, it being understood that (1) any references in these bylaws to the 1934 Act are not intended to, and will not, limit any requirements applicable to nominations or proposals as to any other business to be considered pursuant to this Section 2.4; and (2) compliance with clause (4) of Section 2.4(a)(i) and with Section 2.4(b) are the exclusive means for a stockholder to make nominations or submit other business (other than as provided in Section 2.4(c)(vii)).

(vii)    Nothing in this Section 2.4 shall be deemed to affect any rights of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the Company’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 of Regulation 14A under the 1934 Act (or any successor provision thereto). Subject to Rule 14a-8 and other applicable rules and regulations under the 1934 Act, nothing in these bylaws will be construed to permit any stockholder, or give any stockholder the right, to include or have disseminated or described in the Company’s proxy statement any nomination of a director or any other business proposal.

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2.5     NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS’ MEETINGS

Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a notice of the meeting shall be given which shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting, the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, if such date is different from the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting, and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Except as otherwise provided in the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the notice of any meeting of stockholders shall be given not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting.

2.6    QUORUM

The holders of a majority of the voting power of the shares of the capital stock of the Company issued and outstanding and entitled to vote, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of the stockholders. In determining the voting power of such shares, the Company shall engage the Inspector(s) (as defined below) to, first, perform the procedures set forth in Section 231(b)(1)-(2) of the DGCL, as applicable, with respect to all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company (excluding the Class F Common Stock (as defined in the certificate of incorporation)) and, second, perform the procedures set forth in Section 231(b)(1)-(2) of the DGCL, as applicable, with respect to all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company (including the Class F Common Stock). Where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required, a majority of the voting power of the outstanding shares of such class or series or classes or series, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter, except as otherwise provided by law, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

If, however, such quorum is not present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, then either (a) the chairperson of the meeting, or (b) the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present or represented. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present or represented, any business may be transacted that might have been transacted at the original meeting.

2.7    ADJOURNED MEETING; NOTICE

When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, unless these bylaws otherwise require, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time, place, if any, thereof, and the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned meeting are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At the adjourned meeting, the Company may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than 30 days, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If after the adjournment a new record date for stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned meeting, the Board of Directors shall fix a new record date for notice of such adjourned meeting in accordance with Section 213(a) of the DGCL and Section 2.11 of these bylaws, and shall give notice of the adjourned meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such adjourned meeting as of the record date fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting.

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2.8    CONDUCT OF BUSINESS

The chairperson of any meeting of stockholders shall determine the order of business and the procedure at the meeting, including such regulation of the manner of voting and the conduct of business and discussion as seem to the chairperson in order. The chairperson of any meeting of stockholders shall be designated by the Board of Directors; in the absence of such designation, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, if any, or the chief executive officer (in the absence of the chairperson of the Board of Directors) or the president (in the absence of the chairperson of the Board of Directors), or in their absence any other executive officer of the Company, shall serve as chairperson of the stockholder meeting. The chairperson of any meeting of stockholders shall have the power to adjourn the meeting to another place, if any, date or time, whether or not a quorum is present.

2.9    VOTING

The stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.11 of these bylaws, subject to Section 217 (relating to voting rights of fiduciaries, pledgors and joint owners of stock) and Section 218 (relating to voting trusts and other voting agreements) of the DGCL.

Except as otherwise provided by law, the certificate of incorporation, these bylaws or the rules of the stock exchange on which the Company’s securities are listed, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders. Except as otherwise required by law, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the election of directors. Where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the majority of the voting power of the shares of such class or series or classes or series present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of such class or series or classes or series, except as otherwise provided by law, the certificate of incorporation, these bylaws or the rules of the stock exchange on which the securities of the Company are listed. In determining the voting power of such shares at a meeting, the Company shall engage the Inspector(s) to, first, perform the procedures set forth in Section 231(b)(1)-(2) of the DGCL with respect to all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company (excluding the Class F Common Stock) and, second, perform the procedures set forth in Section 231(b)(1)-(2) of the DGCL with respect to all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company (including the Class F Common Stock).

2.10    STOCKHOLDER ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation, any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or consents in writing or in an electronic transmission, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted and shall be delivered to the Company by delivery to its registered office in the state of Delaware, its principal place of business, or an officer or agent of the Company having custody of the book in which minutes of proceedings of stockholders are recorded (or, in the case of a consent or consents in an electronic transmission, written and signed and delivered to the Company in compliance with and to the extent permitted by Section 228 of the DGCL). Delivery made to the Company’s registered office shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall, to the extent required by law, be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing and who, if the action had been taken at a meeting, would have been entitled to notice of the meeting if the record date for notice of such meeting had been the date that written

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consents signed by a sufficient number of holders to take the action were delivered to the Company as provided in Section 228 of the DGCL. No written consent shall be effective to take the corporate action referred to therein unless a valid written consent or valid written consents signed by a sufficient number of stockholders to take such action are delivered to the Company in the manner prescribed in this Section 2.10 and applicable law within sixty (60) days of the first date on which a written consent is so delivered to the Company. In determining the voting power of such shares, the Company shall, first, perform the procedures set forth in Section 231(b)(1)-(2) of the DGCL with respect to all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company (excluding the Class F Common Stock) and, second, perform the procedures set forth in Section 231(b)(1)-(2) of the DGCL with respect to all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company (including the Class F Common Stock).

2.11    RECORD DATES

In order that the Company may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors and which record date shall not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days before the date of such meeting. If the Board of Directors so fixes a date, such date shall also be the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting unless the Board of Directors determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting shall be the date for making such determination.

If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held.

A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote in accordance with the provisions of Section 213 of the DGCL and this Section 2.11 at the adjourned meeting.

In order that the Company may determine the stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which date shall not be more than 10 days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no prior action by the Board of Directors is required by applicable law, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Company by delivery to its registered office in Delaware, its principal place of business or an officer or agent of the Company having custody of the book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to the Company’s registered office shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting if prior action by the Board of Directors is required by applicable law shall be at the close of business on the date on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action.

In order that the Company may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be not more than 60 days prior to such action. If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

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2.12    PROXIES

Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders, or such stockholder’s authorized officer, director, employee or agent, may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by proxy authorized by a document or by a transmission permitted by law filed in accordance with the procedure established for the meeting, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. The revocability of a proxy that states on its face that it is irrevocable shall be governed by the provisions of Section 212 of the DGCL.

2.13    LIST OF STOCKHOLDERS ENTITLED TO VOTE

The Company shall prepare, at least 10 days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting; provided, however, if the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote is less than 10 days before the meeting date, the list shall reflect the stockholders entitled to vote as of the tenth day before the meeting date, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. The Company shall not be required to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of at least 10 days prior to the meeting: (a) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (b) during ordinary business hours, at the Company’s principal place of business. In the event that the Company determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Company may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Company. If the meeting is to be held at a place, then a list of stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting shall be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be examined by any stockholder who is present. If the meeting is to be held solely by means of remote communication, then such list shall also be open to the examination of any stockholder during the whole time of the meeting on a reasonably accessible electronic network, and the information required to access such list shall be provided with the notice of the meeting.

2.14    FOUNDER SHARES

Without limiting the power of the Board of Directors to take the actions set forth in Section 4.1, Section 4.5 or otherwise in these bylaws, the Board of Directors may, from time to time, by resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board, establish one or more committees composed exclusively of directors who are not Founders (as defined in the certificate of incorporation) (a “Non-Founder Committee”). For purposes of these bylaws, a “Non-Founder Approval” shall mean any approval by a Non-Founder Committee or any approval by a majority of the members of the Board of Directors then serving in office (excluding any Founders who are then members of the Board of Directors).

In connection with any meeting of stockholders requiring a stockholder vote where the applicable record date is prior to the Final Class F Conversion Date (as defined in the certificate of incorporation) (any such meeting, a “Shareholder Meeting”), the Company shall retain a third-party professional or firm, the retention of which professional or firm shall be subject to a Non-Founder Approval and which professional or firm shall be independent of the Founders as determined in good faith pursuant to such Non-Founder Approval (such professional or firm, the “Independent Certifier”). The Independent Certifier shall review and certify, as of the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote on each matter subject to a vote of stockholders at such meeting, the aggregate number and class or series of Founder Shares (as defined in the certificate of incorporation) outstanding and entitled to vote on each such matter.

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Prior to any Shareholder Meeting, the Company shall publicly disclose (either in the Company’s proxy statement for such Shareholder Meeting or in a Current Report on Form 8-K) the aggregate number and class or series of Founder Shares outstanding and entitled to vote on each matter subject to a vote of stockholders at such Shareholder Meeting, as certified by the Independent Certifier.

With respect to any Shareholder Meeting, the following materials shall be incorporated into the Company’s books and records: (i) all documentation regarding the Founder Shares furnished to the secretary of the Company or his or her delegate pursuant to Article IV, Section D.1(c)(ii)(x) of the certificate of incorporation, (ii) all portions of the Company’s stock ledger used by the Independent Certifier in certifying the aggregate number and class or series of Founder Shares outstanding and entitled to vote (as described above), and (iii) the certification delivered to the Company by the Independent Certifier in connection with its review and certification of the aggregate number and class or series of Founder Shares outstanding and entitled to vote on each matter subject to a vote of stockholders at such Shareholder Meeting. The materials listed in clauses (i) – (iii) of the preceding sentence shall be made expressly subject to demands to the Company made in compliance with Section 220 of the DGCL, subject to the requirements and limitations of such section.

For the avoidance of doubt, the Company shall not be required to perform the procedures specified in this Section 2.14, including the retention of an Independent Certifier, in connection with (i) any meeting of stockholders requiring a stockholder vote where the applicable record date is on or after the Final Class F Conversion Date or (ii) any action taken by written consent of stockholders.

2.15    INSPECTORS OF ELECTION

Before any meeting of stockholders, the Company shall appoint an inspector or inspectors of election (the “Inspector(s)”) to act at the meeting or its adjournment. The Company may designate one or more persons as alternate Inspector(s) to replace any Inspector(s) who fails to act. Such Inspector(s) shall take all actions as required under Section 231 of the DGCL or any successor provision thereto.

The Inspector(s) shall perform their duties impartially, in good faith, to the best of their ability and as expeditiously as is practical. If there are multiple Inspectors, the decision, act or certificate of a majority is effective in all respects as the decision, act or certificate of all. The Inspector(s) appointed to act at any Shareholder Meeting, or its adjournment, shall be entitled to rely upon the certification by the Independent Certifier of the aggregate number and class or series of Founder Shares outstanding and entitled to vote on each matter subject to a vote of stockholders at such Shareholder Meeting. Any report or certificate made by the Inspector(s) is prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

ARTICLE III - DIRECTORS

3.1    POWERS

The business and affairs of the Company shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors, except as may be otherwise provided in the DGCL or the certificate of incorporation.

3.2    NUMBER OF DIRECTORS

The Board of Directors shall consist of one or more members, each of whom shall be a natural person. Unless the certificate of incorporation fixes the number of directors, the number of directors shall be determined from time to time by resolution of a majority of the Board of Directors. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

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3.3    ELECTION, QUALIFICATION AND TERM OF OFFICE OF DIRECTORS

Except as provided in Section 3.4 of these bylaws, each director, including a director elected to fill a vacancy, shall hold office until the expiration of the term for which he or she is elected and until his or her successor has been duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation, death or removal. Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws. The certificate of incorporation or these bylaws may prescribe other qualifications for directors.

If so provided in the certificate of incorporation, the directors of the Company shall be divided into three classes. Until such time, the directors of the Company shall be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders to hold office until the next annual meeting.

3.4    RESIGNATION AND VACANCIES

Any director may resign at any time upon notice given in writing or by electronic transmission to the Company. A resignation is effective when the resignation is delivered unless the resignation specifies a later effective date or an effective date determined upon the happening of an event or events. A resignation which is conditioned upon the director failing to receive a specified vote for reelection as a director may provide that it is irrevocable. Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, when one or more directors resign from the Board of Directors, effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations shall become effective.

Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws or permitted in the specific case by resolution of the Board of Directors, and subject to the rights of holders of Preferred Stock (as defined in the certificate of incorporation), vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled only by vote of a majority of the remaining members of the Board of Directors, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director, at any meeting of the Board of Directors, and not by stockholders. A person so chosen to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship shall hold office until, if the directors are not divided into classes, the next annual meeting of the stockholders or, if the directors are divided into classes, the next election of the class for which such director shall have been chosen and in each case until his or her successor shall have been duly elected and qualified.

3.5    PLACE OF MEETINGS; MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE

The Board of Directors may hold meetings, both regular and special, either within or outside the State of Delaware.

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, members of the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

3.6    REGULAR MEETINGS

Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held without notice at such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors.

3.7    SPECIAL MEETINGS; NOTICE

Special meetings of the Board of Directors for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, the president, the secretary or a majority of the Whole Board.

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Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be:

(a)    delivered personally by hand, by courier or by telephone;

(b)    sent by United States first-class mail, postage prepaid;

(c)    sent by facsimile;

(d)    sent by electronic mail; or

(e)    otherwise given by electronic transmission (as defined in Section 232 of the DGCL),

directed to each director at that director’s address, telephone number, facsimile number, electronic mail address or other contact for notice by electronic transmission, as the case may be, as shown on the Company’s records.

If the notice is (i) delivered personally by hand, by courier or by telephone, (ii) sent by facsimile, (iii) sent by electronic mail or (iv) otherwise given by electronic transmission, it shall be delivered, sent or otherwise directed to each director, as applicable, at least 24 hours before the time of the holding of the meeting. If the notice is sent by United States mail, it shall be deposited in the United States mail at least four days before the time of the holding of the meeting. Any oral notice may be communicated to the director. The notice need not specify the place of the meeting (if the meeting is to be held at the Company’s principal executive office) nor the purpose of the meeting, unless required by statute.

3.8    QUORUM; VOTING

At all meetings of the Board of Directors, a majority of the Whole Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. If a quorum is not present at any meeting of the Board of Directors, then the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present.

The affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors, except as may be otherwise specifically provided by statute, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

If the certificate of incorporation provides that one or more directors shall have more or less than one vote per director on any matter, except as may otherwise be expressly provided herein or therein and denoted with the phrase “notwithstanding the final paragraph of Section 3.8 of the bylaws” or language to similar effect, every reference in these bylaws to a majority or other proportion of the directors shall refer to a majority or other proportion of the votes of the directors.

3.9    BOARD ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission. Any person (whether or not then a director) may provide, whether through instruction to an agent or otherwise, that a consent to action will be effective at a future time (including a time determined upon the happening of an event), no later than 60 days after such instruction is given or such provision is made and such consent shall be deemed to have been given for purposes of this Section 3.9 at such effective time so long as such person is then a director and did not revoke the consent prior to such time. Any such consent shall be revocable prior to its becoming effective. After an action is taken, the consent or consents relating thereto shall be filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee thereof.

3.10    FEES AND COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the Board of Directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors.

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3.11    REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS

Any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed from office by stockholders of the Company as provided in Section 141(k) of the DGCL. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director prior to the expiration of such director’s term of office.

3.12    STOCK TRANSFERS

The Board of Directors (1) may, from time to time, authorize automatic consents and approvals for any sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, hypothecation or other transfer or disposition of a share (in the case of a share issuable or deliverable upon any of the conversion of another security, exercise of an option or warrant, or similar arrangement, the occurrence or non-occurrence of a contingency, or upon vesting, whether or not such share has then been issued or delivered) or any legal or beneficial interest in such share, whether or not for value and whether voluntary or involuntary or by operation of law, or any agreement to take any such actions or cause the occurrence of any such events, or any act that results in changes to the beneficial ownership of such share, in each case, which consent or approval may be prior to, concurrent with or subsequent to such action and (2) shall designate the president, the treasurer and the chief executive officer, if any, and may, by resolution passed by a majority of the Whole Board, designate one or more other officers of the Company to provide such consents or approvals, in each case, as provided in the certificate of incorporation.

ARTICLE IV - COMMITTEES

4.1    COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS

Without limiting the power of the Board of Directors to take the actions set forth in Section 2.14, Section 4.5 or otherwise in these bylaws, the Board of Directors may, from time to time, by resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board, designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Company. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors or in these bylaws, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Company, and may authorize the seal of the Company to be affixed to all papers that may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to (a) approve or adopt, or recommend to the stockholders, any action or matter (other than the election or removal of directors) expressly required by the DGCL to be submitted to stockholders for approval, or (b) adopt, amend or repeal any bylaw of the Company.

4.2    COMMITTEE MINUTES

Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings.

4.3    MEETINGS AND ACTION OF COMMITTEES

Meetings and actions of committees shall be governed by, and held and taken in accordance with, the provisions of:

(a)    Section 3.5 (place of meetings and meetings by telephone);

(b)    Section 3.6 (regular meetings);

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(c)    Section 3.7 (special meetings and notice);

(d)    Section 3.8 (quorum; voting);

(e)    Section 3.9 (action without a meeting); and

(f)    Section 7.4 (waiver of notice)

with such changes in the context of those bylaws as are necessary to substitute the committee and its members for the Board of Directors and its members. However, (i) the time and place of regular meetings of committees may be determined either by resolution of the Board of Directors or by resolution of the committee; (ii) special meetings of committees may also be called by resolution of the Board of Directors or the committee; and (iii) notice of special meetings of committees shall also be given to all alternate members who shall have the right to attend all meetings of the committee. The Board of Directors or in the absence of any such action by the Board of Directors, the applicable committee, may adopt rules for the government of any committee not inconsistent with the provisions of these bylaws.

Any provision in the certificate of incorporation providing that one or more directors shall have more or less than one vote per director on any matter shall apply to voting in any committee or subcommittee, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

4.4    SUBCOMMITTEES

Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, these bylaws or the resolutions of the Board of Directors designating the committee, a committee may create one or more subcommittees, each subcommittee to consist of one or more members of the committee, and delegate to a subcommittee any or all of the powers and authority of the committee.

4.5    INDEPENDENT COMMITTEE; APPROVALS

Without limiting the power of the Board of Directors to take the actions set forth in Section 2.14, Section 4.1 or otherwise in these bylaws, the Board of Directors may, from time to time, by resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board, establish one or more committees composed exclusively of directors who are determined by the Board of Directors, in their reasonable judgment, to qualify as Independent Directors (as defined in the certificate of incorporation) (an “Independent Committee”). For the avoidance of doubt, each of the Audit Committee and Compensation, Nominating & Governance Committee of the Board of Directors shall constitute an Independent Committee.

Any transaction between a Founder (or controlled affiliate), on the one hand, and the Company, on the other, in which consideration exchanges hands between them, and such consideration has a fair market value in excess of $50,000,000, as determined by a Non-Founder Approval or an Independent Committee, and that is entered into and consummated following the date of the effectiveness of these bylaws and prior to the Final Class F Conversion Date and that requires disclosure pursuant to 17 CFR § 229.404(a), must be approved by either: (a) the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Company, voting together as a single class, or (b) an Independent Committee, unless such transaction results from, arises out of, relates to, involves, or constitutes the performance, satisfaction, exercise, failure to exercise, waiver of any right, remedy, obligation, undertaking, condition, or term of any transaction, agreement, contract, or arrangement that existed prior to the effectiveness of these bylaws, was previously approved pursuant to these bylaws, or was part of a transaction previously disclosed pursuant to 17 CFR § 229.404(a).

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Prior to any of the Founders (including their controlled affiliates) attempting any transaction, at any time prior to the Final Class F Conversion Date, which transaction involves the acquisition of the Company’s equity securities and is a “Rule 13e-3 transaction” (as defined in Rule 13e-3 under the 1934 Act), such Founder or Founders shall notify the Company’s secretary (or his or her delegate) and chairperson of the Board of Directors of the intention of such Founder or Founders to attempt such transaction, and such transaction must be conditioned on the approval by (a) an Independent Committee and (b) the holders of a majority of the voting power of capital stock of the Company that is held by Non-Founder Stockholders (as defined below). “Non-Founder Stockholders” shall mean all stockholders of the Company other than the Founders (including their controlled affiliates) and any holder of the Class F Common Stock.

In the case of a sale of all of the outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Company prior to the Final Class F Conversion Date, with respect to the consideration to which the holders of such shares are entitled (including the rights to elect among different forms of consideration), unless different treatment is approved by an Independent Committee, (x) each share of Class A Common Stock (as defined in the certificate of incorporation) held by any of the Founders or their controlled affiliates must be treated equally, identically and ratably, on a per share basis, with each share of Class A Common Stock held by Non-Founder Stockholders, and (y) each share of Class B Common Stock (as defined in the certificate of incorporation) held by any of the Founders or their controlled affiliates must be treated equally, identically and ratably, on a per share basis, with each share of Class B Common Stock held by any Non-Founder Stockholders.

ARTICLE V - OFFICERS

5.1    OFFICERS

The officers of the Company shall be a president and a secretary. The Company may also have, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, a chairperson of the Board of Directors, a vice chairperson of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a chief financial officer or treasurer, one or more vice presidents, one or more assistant vice presidents, one or more assistant treasurers, one or more assistant secretaries and any such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of these bylaws. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.

5.2    APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS

The Board of Directors shall appoint the officers of the Company, except such officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 5.3 of these bylaws, subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment.

5.3    SUBORDINATE OFFICERS

The Board of Directors may appoint, or empower the chief executive officer or the president to appoint, such other officers as the business of the Company may require. Each of such officers shall hold office for such period, have such authority, and perform such duties as are provided in these bylaws or as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine.

5.4    REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF OFFICERS

Subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment, any officer may be removed, either with or without cause, by the Board of Directors or, for the avoidance of doubt, any duly authorized committee or subcommittee thereof or by any officer who has been conferred such power of removal.

Any officer may resign at any time by giving notice, in writing or by electronic transmission, to the Company. Any resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of that notice or at any later time specified in that notice. Unless otherwise specified in the notice of resignation, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the Company under any contract to which the officer is a party.

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5.5    VACANCIES IN OFFICES

Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Company shall be filled by the Board of Directors or as provided in Section 5.3.

5.6    REPRESENTATION OF SECURITIES OF OTHER ENTITIES

The chairperson of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, the president, any vice president, the treasurer, the secretary or assistant secretary of the Company or any other person authorized by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer, the president or a vice president, is authorized to vote, represent and exercise on behalf of the Company all rights incident to any and all shares or other securities of any other entity or entities, and all rights incident to any management authority conferred on the Company in accordance with the governing documents of any entity or entities, standing in the name of the Company, including the right to act by written consent. The authority granted herein may be exercised either by such person directly or by any other person authorized to do so by proxy or power of attorney duly executed by such person having the authority.

5.7    AUTHORITY AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS

All officers of the Company shall respectively have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the business of the Company as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors and, to the extent not so provided, as generally pertain to their respective offices, subject to the control of the Board of Directors.

ARTICLE VI - STOCK

6.1    STOCK CERTIFICATES; PARTLY PAID SHARES

The shares of the Company shall be represented by certificates; provided that the Board of Directors may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of its stock shall be uncertificated shares. Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Company. Unless otherwise provided by resolution of the Board of Directors, every holder of stock represented by certificates shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of, the Company by any two authorized officers of the Company representing the number of shares registered in certificate form. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate has ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Company with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue. The Company shall not have power to issue a certificate in bearer form.

The Company may issue the whole or any part of its shares as partly paid and subject to call for the remainder of the consideration to be paid therefor. Upon the face or back of each stock certificate issued to represent any such partly-paid shares, or upon the books and records of the Company in the case of uncertificated partly-paid shares, the total amount of the consideration to be paid therefor and the amount paid thereon shall be stated. Upon the declaration of any dividend on fully-paid shares, the Company shall declare a dividend upon partly-paid shares of the same class, but only upon the basis of the percentage of the consideration actually paid thereon.

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6.2    SPECIAL DESIGNATION ON CERTIFICATES

If the Company is authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, then the powers, the designations, the preferences and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate that the Company shall issue to represent such class or series of stock; provided, however, that, except as otherwise provided in Section 202 of the DGCL, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate that the Company shall issue to represent such class or series of stock, a statement that the Company will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Within a reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of uncertificated stock, the registered owner thereof shall be given a notice, in writing or by electronic transmission, containing the information required to be set forth or stated on certificates pursuant to this Section 6.2 or Sections 151, 156, 202(a), 218(a) or 364 of the DGCL or with respect to this Section 6.2 a statement that the Company will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, the rights and obligations of the holders of uncertificated stock and the rights and obligations of the holders of certificates representing stock of the same class and series shall be identical.

6.3    LOST CERTIFICATES

Except as provided in this Section 6.3, no new certificates for shares shall be issued to replace a previously issued certificate unless the latter is surrendered to the Company and cancelled at the same time. The Company may issue a new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Company may require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such owner’s legal representative, to give the Company a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate or uncertificated shares.

6.4    DIVIDENDS

The Board of Directors, subject to any restrictions contained in the certificate of incorporation or applicable law, may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of the Company’s capital stock. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the Company’s capital stock, subject to the provisions of the certificate of incorporation. The Board of Directors may set apart out of any of the funds of the Company available for dividends a reserve or reserves for any proper purpose and may abolish any such reserve.

6.5    TRANSFER OF STOCK

Transfers of record of shares of stock of the Company shall be made only upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by an attorney duly authorized, and, if such stock is certificated, upon the surrender of a certificate or certificates for a like number of shares, properly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignation or authority to transfer.

6.6    STOCK TRANSFER AGREEMENTS

The Company shall have power to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes of stock of the Company to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the Company of any one or more classes owned by such stockholders in any manner not prohibited by the DGCL.

6.7    REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS

The Company:

(a)    shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends and notices and to vote as such owner; and

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(b)    shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of another person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of Delaware.

ARTICLE VII - MANNER OF GIVING NOTICE AND WAIVER

7.1    NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS’ MEETINGS

Notice of any meeting of stockholders shall be given in the manner set forth in Section 2.5 and Section 2.7.

7.2    NOTICE TO STOCKHOLDERS SHARING AN ADDRESS

Except as otherwise prohibited under the DGCL, without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the Company under the provisions of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Company. Any stockholder who fails to object in writing to the Company, within 60 days of having been given written notice by the Company of its intention to send the single notice, shall be deemed to have consented to receiving such single written notice. This Section 7.2 shall not apply to Sections 164, 296, 311, 312 or 324 of the DGCL.

7.3    NOTICE TO PERSON WITH WHOM COMMUNICATION IS UNLAWFUL

Whenever notice is required to be given, under the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, to any person with whom communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or agency for a license or permit to give such notice to such person. Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given. In the event that the action taken by the Company is such as to require the filing of a certificate under the DGCL, the certificate shall state, if such is the fact and if notice is required, that notice was given to all persons entitled to receive notice except such persons with whom communication is unlawful.

7.4    WAIVER OF NOTICE

Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, a written waiver, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders need be specified in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

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ARTICLE VIII - INDEMNIFICATION

8.1    INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS IN THIRD PARTY PROCEEDINGS

Subject to the other provisions of this Article VIII, the Company shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as now or hereinafter in effect, any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a “Proceeding”) (other than an action by or in the right of the Company) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Company, or is or was a director or officer of the Company serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such Proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful. The termination of any Proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that such person’s conduct was unlawful.

8.2    INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS IN ACTIONS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE COMPANY

Subject to the other provisions of this Article VIII, the Company shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as now or hereinafter in effect, any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed Proceeding by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Company, or is or was a director or officer of the Company serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such Proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Company unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or such other court shall deem proper.

8.3    SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE

To the extent that a present or former director or officer of the Company has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding described in Section 8.1 or Section 8.2, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith.

8.4    INDEMNIFICATION OF OTHERS

Subject to the other provisions of this Article VIII, the Company shall have power to indemnify its employees and agents and provide advancement of expenses to the extent not prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law. The Board of Directors shall have the power to delegate to any person or persons identified in subsections (1) through (4) of Section 145(d) of the DGCL the determination of whether employees or agents shall be indemnified.

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8.5    ADVANCED PAYMENT OF EXPENSES

To the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or by any other applicable law, expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by a current or former officer or director of the Company in defending any Proceeding shall be paid by the Company in advance of the final disposition of such Proceeding upon receipt of a written request therefor (together with documentation reasonably evidencing such expenses) and an undertaking, if required by the DGCL, by or on behalf of the person to repay such amounts if it shall ultimately be determined that the person is not entitled to be indemnified under this Article VIII or the DGCL. Such expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by other employees and agents of the Company or by persons serving at the request of the Company as directors, officers, employees or agents of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the Company deems appropriate. The right to advancement of expenses shall not apply to any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) for which indemnity is excluded pursuant to these bylaws, but shall apply to any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) referenced in Section 8.6(b) or 8.6(c) prior to a determination that the person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Company.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless otherwise determined pursuant to Section 8.8, no advance shall be made by the Company to an officer of the Company (except by reason of the fact that such officer is or was a director of the Company, in which event this paragraph shall not apply) in any Proceeding if a determination is reasonably and promptly made (a) by a vote of the directors who are not parties to such Proceeding, even though less than a quorum, or (b) by a committee of such directors designated by the vote of the majority of such directors, even though less than a quorum, or (c) if there are no such directors, or if such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, that facts known to the decision-making party at the time such determination is made demonstrate clearly and convincingly that such person acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company.

8.6    LIMITATION ON INDEMNIFICATION

Subject to the requirements in Section 8.3 and the DGCL, the Company shall not be obligated to indemnify any person pursuant to this Article VIII in connection with any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) if prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law.

8.7    DETERMINATION; CLAIM

If a claim for indemnification or advancement of expenses under this Article VIII is not paid in full within 90 days after receipt by the Company of the written request therefor, the claimant shall be entitled to an adjudication by a court of competent jurisdiction of his or her entitlement to such indemnification or advancement of expenses. The Company shall indemnify such person against any and all expenses that are actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any action for indemnification or advancement of expenses from the Company under this Article VIII, to the extent such person is successful in such action, and to the extent not prohibited by law. In any such suit, the Company shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, have the burden of proving that the claimant is not entitled to the requested indemnification or advancement of expenses.

8.8    NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF RIGHTS

The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VIII shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under the certificate of incorporation or any statute, bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person’s official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. The Company is specifically authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors, officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advancement of expenses, to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law.

8.9    INSURANCE

The Company may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, or is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person’s status as such, whether or not the Company would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under the provisions of the DGCL.

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8.10    SURVIVAL

The rights to indemnification and advancement of expenses conferred by this Article VIII shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

8.11    EFFECT OF REPEAL OR MODIFICATION

A right to indemnification or to advancement of expenses arising under a provision of the certificate of incorporation or a bylaw shall not be eliminated or impaired by an amendment to the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws after the occurrence of the act or omission that is the subject of the Proceeding for which indemnification or advancement of expenses is sought, unless the provision in effect at the time of such act or omission explicitly authorizes such elimination or impairment after such action or omission has occurred.

8.12    SEVERABILITY

If any provision or provisions of this Article VIII shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever: (a) the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Article VIII (including, without limitation, all portions of any paragraph of this Article VIII containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that are not themselves invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby; and (b) to the fullest extent possible, the provisions of this Article VIII (including, without limitation, all portions of any paragraph of this Article VIII containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that are not themselves invalid, illegal or enforceable) shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent manifested by the provision held invalid, illegal or unenforceable.

8.13    CERTAIN DEFINITIONS

For purposes of this Article VIII, references to the “Company” shall include, in addition to the resulting company, any constituent company (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent company, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this Article VIII with respect to the resulting or surviving company as such person would have with respect to such constituent company if its separate existence had continued. For purposes of this Article VIII, references to “other enterprises” shall include employee benefit plans; references to “fines” shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to “serving at the request of the Company” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the Company” as referred to in this Article VIII.

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ARTICLE IX - GENERAL MATTERS

9.1    EXECUTION OF CORPORATE CONTRACTS AND INSTRUMENTS

Except as otherwise provided by law, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the Board of Directors may authorize any officer or officers, or agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute any document or instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Company; such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Unless so authorized or ratified by the Board of Directors or within the agency power of an officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the Company by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.

9.2    FISCAL YEAR

The fiscal year of the Company shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors and may be changed by the Board of Directors.

9.3    SEAL

The Company may adopt a corporate seal, which shall be adopted and which may be altered by the Board of Directors. The Company may use the corporate seal by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or in any other manner reproduced.

9.4    CONSTRUCTION; DEFINITIONS

Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction, and definitions in the DGCL shall govern the construction of these bylaws. Without limiting the generality of this provision, the singular number includes the plural, the plural number includes the singular, and the term “person” includes a company (including, but not limited to, a limited liability company), corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, and a natural person. Any reference in these bylaws to a section of the DGCL shall be deemed to refer to such section as amended from time to time and any successor provisions thereto.

9.5    FORUM SELECTION

Unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or, if and only if all such State courts do not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) and any appellate court therefrom shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (b) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, stockholder, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (c) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to, or seeking to enforce any right, obligation or remedy under, any provision of the DGCL or the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws (as each may be amended from time to time), (d) any action or proceeding as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (e) any action or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, except for, as to each of (a) through (e) above, any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within 10 days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction. For the avoidance of doubt, this first paragraph of Section 9.5 shall not apply to any action brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or the 1934 Act.

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Unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding or owning (or continuing to hold or own) any interest in any security of the Company shall be deemed to have notice of and have consented to the provisions of this Section 9.5.

ARTICLE X - AMENDMENTS

These bylaws may be adopted, amended or repealed by the stockholders entitled to vote. The Board of Directors shall also have the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws; provided, however, that a bylaw amendment adopted by stockholders which specifies the votes that shall be necessary for the election of directors shall not be further amended or repealed by the Board of Directors.

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