The following selected consolidated financial data should be read together with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this annual report. As of December 31, 2019, the consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Cementos Pacasmayo and its subsidiaries: Cementos Selva S.A. and subsidiaries, Distribuidora Norte Pacasmayo S.R.L., Empresa de Transmisión Guadalupe S.A.C., Calizas del Norte S.A.C. (in liquidation) and Salmueras Sudamericanas S.A. Discontinued operations are excluded from the results of continuing operations and are presented as a single amount as profit or loss after tax from discontinued operations in the income statement.

The following selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 have been derived from our annual audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Data for 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 for sales and selling and distribution expenses has been adjusted according to IFRS 15.

Non-IFRS Financial Measure and Reconciliation

We define EBITDA as profit minus finance income and plus finance costs, income tax expenses, and depreciation and amortization, and plus or minus gain (loss) from exchange difference, net. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA plus impairment of brine assets. We define EBITDA margin as EBITDA divided by revenues and Adjusted EBITDA margin as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenues.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as alternatives to profit or operating profit, as indicators of operating performance, as alternatives to cash flow provided by operating activities or as measures of liquidity (in each case, as determined in accordance with IFRS). EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, as calculated by us, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies, including those in the cement industry. 

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of our profit to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Global Risks

The extent to which the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak and measures taken in response thereto impact our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Global health concerns relating to the coronavirus outbreak have been weighing on the macroeconomic environment, and the outbreak has significantly increased economic uncertainty. The outbreak has resulted in the Peruvian government, as well as many local governments, declaring a state of emergency, which means that our plants are shutdown. We have not produced any goods in our plants or generated any revenues since March 16, 2020. These measures will not only negatively impact consumer spending and business spending habits, they may also adversely impact our workforce and operations and the operations of our customers, suppliers and business partners. These measures may remain in place for a significant period of time and they are likely to continue to adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The spread of the coronavirus has caused us to modify our business practices (including employee travel, employee work locations, and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events and conferences), and we may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers and business partners. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus or otherwise be satisfactory to government authorities.

The extent to which the coronavirus outbreak impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of the outbreak, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Even after the coronavirus outbreak has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of its global economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future.

There are no comparable recent events which may provide guidance as to the effect of the spread of the coronavirus and a global pandemic, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the coronavirus outbreak or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of the impacts on our business, our operations or the global economy as a whole. However, the effects could have a material impact on our results of operations. Further, risks relating to the coronavirus may exacerbate the other risks discussed in this annual report.

Global macroeconomic conditions may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations and customers are located in Peru. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations, like those of most companies in Peru, could be adversely affected by the level of economic activity in the country. Therefore, variations in economic indicators such as inflation, gross domestic product (“GDP”), the balance of payments, the appreciation and depreciation of the currency, access to credit, interest rates, investment and savings, consumption, spending and fiscal income, employment, among other variables, over which we have no control, could affect the development of the Peruvian economy and, therefore, could generate adverse consequences for our business, financial condition and results of operation.

According to the Inflation Report, dated December 20, 2019, issued by the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (“BCRP”), in 2019, GDP growth was 2.3% compared to 4.0% in 2018. In addition, in 2019 the annual inflation rate was 1.9% compared to 2.2% in 2018, and domestic demand grew 2.5%, below the 4.3% growth in 2018. However, it cannot be assured that Peru’s GDP will continue to grow in the future at the same or similar rates, or that a persistent low growth or GDP contraction will not adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Although the Peruvian economy has experienced strong growth during the past two decades, recently GDP growth has slowed and it cannot be assured that inflation will not rise from its current level or that GDP growth will not continue to decelerate or contract. The return to an environment with high inflation would undermine Peru’s competitiveness vis-à-vis other economies, with negative effects on the level of economic activity and employment. If inflation increases or economic growth decreases, our ability to generate new flows can be materially affected.

Currently, Peru benefits from a period of growth, with stability in its main economic and monetary indicators. However, if political uncertainty or changes in the political, economic, and social circumstances arise, the development of the country and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the government has approved a plan to mitigate its effect in the economy, which we expect will negatively affect the country’s macroeconomic variables in the short-term.

The cement sector is closely related to the following main macroeconomic variables: (i) the expansion or contraction of the economy as measured by GDP, (ii) domestic demand, (iii) private investment and (iv) public spending. In this regard, prolonged conditions that adversely affect the economic growth of Peru would negatively affect the cement sector, in such a way that the economic situation and our results of operations may not coincide with those presented at the date of this annual report.

The trade dispute between the United States and China could adversely affect the Peruvian economy and our business.

We use raw materials and equipment from abroad in the production of cement, such as gypsum, blast furnace slag, pozzolanic materials and iron, which we obtain from third parties. During 2019, the cost of raw materials provided by third parties was approximately 4.9% of our total cement production costs. As of the date of this annual report, the United States and China are involved in a trade dispute, which has led to the implementation and increase of various tariffs on imports of products from these countries.

As a result, the prices of raw materials and equipment that we purchase from the United States or China could increase, which could in turn cause diminished revenues and profitability of our business. Additionally, because of this trade dispute, our customers’ income and purchasing capacity could be affected, which could, in turn, reduce our income and profitability.

Risks Relating to Peru

Public health crises and epidemics/pandemics, such as the novel COVID-19 virus may materially adversely affect Peru’s economy and therefore our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

The Peruvian government is deploying various economic and public health measures to address the pandemic caused by the novel COVID-19 virus. These measures are part of an economic stimulus plan that includes tax incentives, among other tools, intended to address the immediate impacts of the national state of emergency invoked by the government to attempt to contain spread of the virus and lessen the strain on the health care system and the impact on the overall economy. The Ministry of Economy and Finance, the BCRP and the SBS, as well as other government entities, have adopted specific measures to provide economic support to segments of the population, such as vulnerable population and small enterprises, which are most at risk in this crisis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a material adverse impact on the Peruvian economy resulting in lower prices for primary goods, volatility in the financial markets, reduced international trade and lower activity in certain of the key drivers of the local economy. In addition, social distancing and stay-at-home quarantine measures imposed to minimize pressure on the healthcare system and contain social costs, are adversely affecting dynamism of various productive sectors of the economy. Reduced activity in these economic sectors has resulted in reduced employment and less income for families and companies. COVID-19 has generated a simultaneous shock on supply and demand – a supply shock resulting from the abrupt paralysis of production in multiple sectors and on demand as a result of reduced consumption – which amplifies the negative effects on the economy.

Both the primary and secondary sectors of the Peruvian economy have been affected, among the most impacted being: (i) tourism, restaurants and travel agencies, (ii) transportation, warehousing and messengers and (iii) art and entertainment, in particular because of the suspension of group activities and self-isolation/social distancing mandates. As a result, the Government has implemented a plan to counteract the effects of COVID-19, targeted at minimizing the adverse impacts on the population and on economic activity. See “Recent Developments.”

In the short-term, the COVID-19 pandemic is not expected to have political consequences, especially as the political circumstances following the events of the second half of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020 have resolved much of the recent political turmoil in Peru, with a new Congress sworn in during the first months of 2020 and establishing that general elections will be held in 2021.

In the face of the crisis, Peru has committed to dedicate significant resources to strengthening the public health system. Social support to the neediest families has been approved to provide a public safety net to soften the brunt of the consequences of the virus on Peru’s most vulnerable citizens. Over the long-term, we cannot assure you that the measures adopted by the Peruvian government to counteract the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will be sufficient to restore public confidence or to restore economic growth.

Economic, social and political developments in Peru including political instability, rates of inflation and unemployment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

All of our operations and customers are located in Peru. Accordingly, our business, financial condition and results of operation depend on the level of economic activity in Peru. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be affected by changes in economic and other policies of the Peruvian government (which has exercised and continues to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector), and by other economic and political developments in Peru, including devaluation or depreciation, currency exchange controls, inflation, economic downturns, political instability, corruption scandals, social unrest and terrorism.

In the past, Peru has experienced political instability that included a succession of regimes with disparate economic policies and programs that created uncertainty for domestic and foreign investors. At present, Peru is a democracy under the administration of President Martin Vizcarra, who took office in March 2018 after peacefully assuming the presidency following President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski’s resignation following allegations of his involvement in a corruption scandal. In July, 2019, President Vizcarra proposed to accelerate elections by one year for both the presidency and Congress, a proposal that was rejected by the Constitutional Commission of the Congress on September 26, 2019. Simultaneously, Congress initiated a procedure to replace the members of the Constitutional Court, which the executive branch considered did not comply with transparency standards, and therefore submitted a vote of confidence to demand that this process be modified. Both issues were to be discussed in Congress on September 30, 2019. Congress chose to first debate the appointment of the members of the Constitutional Court, and to elect one of its members, therefore, the executive branch considered the vote of confidence had been denied and proceeded to dissolve the Congress and call for legislative elections on January 26, 2020. These elections took place and the new Congress was elected and took office March 16, 2020. This new Congress, as well as President Vizcarra, will be in office until 2021, when Presidential and Congressional elections will be held.

Prior Peruvian governments have imposed controls on prices, exchange rates, local and foreign investment and international trade, restricted the ability of companies to dismiss employees, expropriated private sector assets and prohibited the remittance of profits to foreign investors. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Peruvian government has changed its agenda, diverting funds to mitigate the economic impact of a prolonged state of emergency, and increased spending for the public health system, among others.

During the 1980s and the early 1990s, Peru experienced severe terrorist activity targeted against, among others, the government and the private sector. Since then, terrorist activity in Peru has been mostly confined to small-scale operations in the Huallaga Valley and the Valleys of the Rivers Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro, or “VRAEM,” areas, both in the Eastern part of the country. The Huallaga Valley and VRAEM constitute the largest areas of coca cultivation in the country and thus serve as a hub for the illegal drug trade. Terrorist activity and the illegal drug trade continue to be key challenges for Peruvian authorities. Any violence derived from the drug trade or a resumption of large-scale terrorist activities which may occur could hurt our operations and, could disrupt the economy of Peru and our business. In addition, Peru has, from time to time, experienced social and political turmoil, including riots, nationwide protests, strikes and street demonstrations. Despite Peru’s ongoing economic growth and stabilization, the social and political tensions and high levels of poverty and unemployment continue. Future government policies to preempt or respond to social unrest could include, among other things, expropriation, nationalization, suspension of the enforcement of creditors’ rights and new taxation policies. These policies could adversely and materially affect the Peruvian economy and our business. 

In April 2019, two former presidents were placed in preliminary detention due to their alleged ties to corruption: Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, who is currently detained, and Alan Garcia, who took his own life when police came to place him under arrest. In July, President Vizcarra proposed to accelerate elections by one year for both the presidency and Congress, a proposal that was rejected by the Congress’ Constitution Commission on September 26, 2019. Simultaneously, Congress initiated a procedure to replace the members of the Constitutional Court, which the Executive considered did not comply with transparency standards, and therefore submitted a vote of confidence to demand that this process be modified. Both issues were to be debated in Congress on September 30, 2019. However, Congress chose to first debate the appointment of the court members, and to elect one of its members, therefore, the Executive considered the vote of confidence had been denied and proceeded to dissolve the Congress and call for legislative elections on January 26, 2020. These elections took place and the new Congress was elected and took office March 16, 2020. Although recent history has shown that the macroeconomic stability of the country remains unaffected by political turmoil, we cannot yet assess the political and economic impact these developments this may have on the political stability of the country. In the recent past, we have seen a greater tendency towards populist measures, which could have an effect on political stability of the country.

Another source of risk is related to political and social unrest in areas where mining, oil and gas operations take place. In recent years, Peru has experienced protests against mining projects in several regions around the country. Mining is an important part of the Peruvian economy, with mining and oil and gas as of December 31, 2019, accounted for approximately 16.62% of the country’s GDP according to the Central Bank of Peru. On several occasions, local communities have opposed these operations and accused them of polluting the environment and hurting agricultural and other traditional economic activities. In late 2011 and throughout 2012, social and political tension peaked around Conga, a gold project in the northern region of Cajamarca. The launch of Conga, which involved investments of approximately US$4.5 billion, failed as a result of the protests. In 2019, conflict at Las Bambas, one of the largest copper mines in the country which produces 2% of the world copper halted operations for months, due to the community blockage of the only road that can be used to transport the extracted mineral out. Although this road has been re-opened, we cannot assure you that conflict will not return in this area. Social demands and conflicts could have an effect on the Peruvian economy.

On March 15, 2020, President Vizcarra declared a State of Emergency in Peru due to COVID-19, starting March 16, 2020, originally until March 30, 2020 but then further extended until May 10, 2020. During the state of emergency, the production and commercialization of cement has to be interrupted. We do not know yet the effect this will have on our business, but this, and any prolonged disruption in the operation of these facilities will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations

The foregoing political uncertainty and presidential decisions could further increase interest rate and currency volatility, as well as adversely and materially affect the Peruvian economy and our business.

A depreciation or devaluation of the sol could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant depreciation or devaluation of the sol may affect us due to the fact that our revenues are denominated in soles while 47.1% of our indebtedness, as of December 31, 2019, is denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, we are exposed to currency mismatch risks. As of December 31, 2019, we maintain cross currency swap hedging agreements in aggregate principal amount of 100% of our current U.S. dollar-denominated debt obligations to hedge against the associated foreign exchange risks. Nonetheless, a depreciation or devaluation of the sol against the U.S. dollar and increased exchange rate volatility would increase the cost of our debt service obligations which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If the Peruvian government were to implement restrictive exchange rate policies and other similar laws, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Since 1991, the Peruvian economy has undergone a major transformation from a highly protected and regulated system to a free market economy. During this period, protectionist and interventionist laws and policies have been dismantled. As a result the Peruvian economy has been growing at a compound average annual rate of 3.2% during the period from 2015 to 2019. Currently, foreign exchange rates are determined by market conditions, with regular open-market operations by the Central Bank of Peru in the foreign exchange market to reduce volatility in the value of Peru’s currency against the U.S. dollar.

We cannot assure you that the Peruvian government will not institute restrictive exchange rate policies in the future. Any such restrictive exchange rate policy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and adversely affect our ability to repay debt or other obligations and restrict our access to international financing.

In addition, if the Peruvian government were to institute restrictive exchange rate policies in the future, we might be obligated to seek an authorization from the Peruvian government to make payments on the notes and the guarantees. We cannot assure you that such an authorization would be obtained. Any such exchange rate restrictions or the failure to obtain such an authorization could materially and adversely affect our ability to make payments under our U.S. dollar-denominated debt and to pay dividends on our ADRs.

Increased rates of inflation in Peru could have an adverse effect on the Peruvian long-term credit market, as well as the Peruvian economy generally and, therefore, on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the past, Peru has suffered through periods of high and hyper-inflation, which has materially undermined the Peruvian economy and the government’s ability to create conditions that support economic growth. In response to increased inflation, the Central Bank of Peru, which sets the Peruvian basic interest rate, may increase or decrease the basic interest rate in an attempt to control inflation or foster economic growth. Increases in the base interest rate could adversely affect our results of operations, increasing the cost of certain funding. Additionally, a return to a high-inflation environment would also undermine Peru’s foreign competitiveness, with negative effects on the level of economic activity and employment, while increasing our operating costs and adversely impacting our operating margins if we are unable to pass the increased costs on to our customers.

Changes in tax laws or their interpretation may increase our tax burden and, as a result, negatively affect our business.

The Peruvian Congress and government regularly implement changes to tax laws that may increase our tax burden, or the tax burden of our subsidiaries. These changes may include modifications in our taxable base, tax rates and, on occasion, the enactment of temporary taxes that in some cases have become permanent taxes or changes to VAT exemptions applicable to certain of our operations in the Amazonian region. We are unable to estimate the outcomes that these changes may have on business. In that sense, the Peruvian government recently introduced several changes related to transfer pricing rules and formal obligations in order to comply with BEPS (base erosion and profit shifting) Guidelines on transactions performed between related parties or with the intervention of low or no-tax jurisdictions, such as the obligation to file new local-files, master-files and country-by-country reports with the Peruvian tax authority, and to adjust taxable bases accordingly for income tax purposes.

The effects of any tax reforms that could be proposed in the future and any other changes that result from the enactment of additional reforms have not been, and cannot be, quantified. However, any changes to our tax regime or interpretations thereof (including in connection with the tax rates, tax base (base imponible), deductions rules, payments in advance regime (regimen de pagos a cuenta), time of payment or the establishment of new taxes thereof) may result in increases in our overall costs and/or our overall compliance costs, which could negatively affect our results of operation. 

Our operations could be adversely affected by an earthquake, flood or other natural disasters.

Severe weather conditions and other natural disasters in areas in which we operate may materially adversely affect our operations. Peru is affected by El Niño, an oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon that causes a warming of temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, resulting in heavy rains off the coast of Peru and various other effects in other parts of the world. The effects of El Niño, which typically occurs every two to seven years, include flooding and the destruction of fish populations and agriculture, and accordingly have a negative impact on Peru’s economy. For example, in early 2017, El Niño adversely affected agricultural production, transportation and communications services, tourism and commercial activity, caused widespread damage to infrastructure and displaced significant populations. Although our facilities were not significantly affected, our ability to ship cement was compromised by the destruction of infrastructure. Peru also is located in an area that experiences seismic activity and occasionally is affected by earthquakes. For example, in 2007, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter scale struck the central coast of Peru, severely damaging the region south of Lima. Such conditions may result in physical damage to our properties, closure of one or more of our shopping centers or our tenants-stores, inadequate work forces in our markets, temporary disruptions in the supply of products to our tenants, delays in the delivery of goods to our tenants’ stores and a reduction in the availability of products in our tenants’ stores. In addition, adverse climate conditions (due to climate change or otherwise) and adverse weather patterns, such as droughts or floods that impact growing conditions and the quantity and quality of crops, may materially adversely affect the availability or cost of certain commodities or other products within our supply chain. Any of these factors may disrupt and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations could be adversely affected by government-mandated plant closures

Public health outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics, as well as other events may result in the government stopping our operations. In March 2020, the Peruvian government ordered a state of emergency due to the outbreak of COVID-19, therefore our operations have been closed since March 16, 2020. This will have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operation, both during the state of emergency, and further as we do not yet know the implications these measures will have on the economy as a whole, the construction sector, our customers´ ability to purchase cement and cement-based products, and their ability to pay for previously sold products.

The Peruvian economy could be adversely affected by economic developments in regional or global markets.

Financial and securities markets in Peru are influenced by economic and market conditions in regional and global markets. Although economic conditions vary from country to country, investors’ perceptions of the events occurring in one country may adversely affect cash flows and securities from issuers in other countries, including Peru. For example, the Peruvian economy was adversely affected by the political and economic events that occurred in several emerging economies in the 1990s, including in Mexico in 1994, which impacted the fair value of securities issued by companies from markets throughout Latin America. The crisis in the Asian markets beginning in 1997 also negatively affected markets throughout Latin America. Similar adverse consequences resulted from the economic crisis in Russia in 1998, the Brazilian devaluation in 1999 and the Argentine crisis in 2001. In addition, Peru’s economy continues to be affected by events in the economies of its major regional partners and in developed economies that are trading partners or that affect the global economy.

The 2008 and 2009 global economic and financial crisis substantially affected the financial system, including Peru’s securities market and economy. Additionally, the debt crisis in Europe that began with financial crises in Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal, reduced the confidence of foreign investors, caused volatility in the securities markets and affected the ability of companies to obtain financing globally. Doubts about the pace of global growth, particularly in the United States, contributed to already weak international growth in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Brexit continues to create volatility and uncertainty in a number of financial markets. The global COVID-19 pandemic will result in a worldwide recession that we cannot yet accurately measure as it is ongoing. Any interruption to the recovery of developed economies, the continued effects of the global crisis in 2008 and 2009, a worsening or resurgence of the debt crisis in Europe, impacts due to Brexit, the economic impact of COVID-19, or a new economic and/or financial crisis, or a combination of the above, could affect the Peruvian economy, and consequently, materially adversely affect our business. In particular, the Peruvian economy recently has suffered the effects of fluctuating commodity prices in the international markets, a decrease in export volumes, a decrease in foreign direct investment inflows and, as a result, a decline in foreign reserves and an increase in its current account deficit. To date, the United States and China are facing a trade dispute, which has imposed new tariffs that could undermine economic growth and raise costs for manufacturers around the world. Further, the current global COVID-19 pandemic may cause a global recession, which will in turn affect our business, financial conditions and results of operation. See “—Global Risks.”

Additionally, adverse developments in regional or global markets or an increase in the perceived risks associated with investing in emerging markets in the future could adversely affect the Peruvian economy and, as a result, adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In March 2020, after its annual review, the FTSE announced that, since there is only one Peruvian stock in the FTSE Global All Cap index, it does not meet the requirements of the new minimum investable market cap and securities count requirement criterion. As a result, Peru will be reclassified from Secondary Emerging market to Frontier market status effective from September 2020. 

A decline in the prices of certain commodities in the international markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In 2019, traditional exports, in particular mineral products, fishing products, agricultural products and petroleum and its derivatives, represented 70.6% of Peru’s total exports, according to the figures published by the Central Bank of Peru. Changes in commodity prices in the international markets, may have an adverse impact on Peruvian government finances, which could affect both investor confidence and the sustainability of government expenditure and social programs. Thus, a decline in commodity prices could, ultimately, affect the political environment in Peru, especially as regional and local governments are particularly reliant on tax revenue from mining concerns. By potentially affecting private sector demand and investor confidence, lower commodity prices could also affect the retail sector, leading to, for example, a decline in purchasing power and consumer spending.  

Corruption and ongoing high-profile corruption investigations may hinder the growth of the Peruvian economy and have a negative impact on our business and operations.

Peruvian authorities are currently conducting several high-profile corruption investigations relating to the activities of certain companies in the construction and infrastructure sectors, which have resulted in suspension or delay of important infrastructure projects that were otherwise operational and permitted. The overall delay relating to such projects has resulted in a drop in GDP growth and overall infrastructure investment.

In July 2017, former President Ollanta Humala and his wife were detained in connection with a corruption probe and in February 2018, a Peruvian judge submitted a request to extradite former president Alejandro Toledo on allegations of bribery, both in connection with Brazilian construction company Odebrecht S.A. Several high-profile politicians are subject to corruption investigations. Corruption and corruption investigations could directly affect the Peruvian government, divert resources that would otherwise be focused on developing the economy, create political instability, and result in slower or negative economic growth, such as has recently happened in Brazil. In turn, this could impact our ability to successfully implement our growth and expansion strategies.

On March 21, 2018, President Kuczynski announced his decision to resign his office as president, due to allegations of corruption he faced. On March 23, 2018, Congress accepted his resignation and his first vice president, Martín Vizcarra, was sworn in as acting president. On April 2, 2018, President Vizcarra appointed the members of his cabinet. Although there was some political instability initially, after his first year in office, President Vizcarra has managed to maintain high levels of acceptance among the population and dissipate some of the initial instability.

In July 2018, a set of secretly recorded phone conversations high-court officials in Peru revealed widespread corruption in the judicial system’s top ranks. In February 2019, preventive prison was ordered of four of the involving implicated judges while the investigations continue.

Since November 1, 2018, Keiko Fujimori has been in preventive prison while prosecutors investigate claims she ran a “de facto criminal organization” within her political party to launder campaign donations. Many other politicians are under investigation for corruption allegations linked to Odebrecht and other constructions companies. The political instability caused by these events could affect macroeconomic conditions in the country, including currency volatility, as well as have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In April 2019, two former presidents were placed in preliminary detention due to their alleged ties to corruption: Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, who is currently detained, and Alan Garcia, who took his own life when police came to place him under arrest. Although recent history has shown that the macroeconomic stability of the country remains unaffected by political turmoil, we cannot yet assess the political and economic impact these developments this may have on the political stability of the country.

See “—Economic, social and political developments in Peru including political instability, rates of inflation and unemployment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation”

Risks Relating to our Business and Industry

We are subject to the possible entry of domestic or international competitors into our market, which could decrease our market share and profitability.

The cement market in Peru is competitive and is currently served mainly by three main groups, which together supply most of the cement consumed in the country, and one additional small producer and some imports. In the cement industry, the location of a production plant tends to limit the market a plant can serve because transportation costs are high, reducing profit margins. Historically, we have supplied the northern region of Peru while two other groups have supplied the central (which includes the Lima metropolitan area) and southern regions of Peru, driven principally by the location of production facilities and distribution focus. However, competition could intensify if other manufacturers decide to enter our market. 

We may face increased competition if the other Peruvian cement manufacturers, despite incremental freight costs, expand their distribution of cement to the northern region of Peru, or if they develop a cement plant in the north, particularly if the cement markets in Lima or other areas of Peru become saturated. In the past, some foreign cement manufacturers have announced plans to build cement plants in the central region of the country. If competition intensifies in the central region of Peru due to the presence of foreign cement manufacturers or otherwise, it may have price repercussions in our market.

We also face the possibility of competition from the entry into our market of imported clinker for grinding facilities, cement or other materials or products from foreign manufacturers, which may have significantly greater financial resources than us, particularly as production capacity continues to exceed depressed demand in other parts of the world and transportation costs decrease.

We may not be able to maintain our market share if we cannot match our competitors’ prices or keep pace with the development of new products. If any of these events were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Demand for our cement products is highly related to housing construction in northern Peru, which, in turn, is affected by economic conditions in the region.

Cement consumption is highly related to construction levels. Demand for our cement products depends, in large part, on residential construction in the north of Peru, which consists mostly of low-income families gradually building or improving their own homes without technical assistance, which we refer to as auto-construcción. We estimate that in 2019, auto-construcción accounted for approximately 60.3% of our cement sales. Residential construction, in turn, is highly correlated to prevailing economic conditions in Peru. A decline in economic conditions would reduce household disposable income and cause a significant reduction in residential construction, leading to a decrease in demand for cement. As a result, a deterioration of economic conditions in the northern region of Peru would have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and results of operations. We cannot assure you that growth in Peru’s GDP, or the contribution to GDP growth attributable to the northern region of the country, will continue at the recent pace or at all. The current global COVID-19 pandemic will most likely have a significant impact on the Peruvian economy, which may in turn impact the demand for cement, since households will have less disposable income and auto-construcción accounts for over 60% of our sales.

A reduction in private or public construction projects in the northern region of Peru would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We estimate that in 2019, approximately 19.9% of our cement sales were derived from private construction (other than auto-construcción) and 19.8% from public construction in the north of Peru. Significant interruptions or delays in, or the termination of, private or public construction projects may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Private and public construction levels in our market depend on investments in the region which, in turn, are affected by economic conditions. During 2019, we saw a pickup in public spending, after a decline in 2017 due to El Niño phenomenon and the Odebrecht corruption scandal which delayed investments.

The level of public infrastructure construction also depends, to a great extent, on the priorities and financial resources of the national, regional and local governmental authorities. Although the anticipated increase in Peru’s large infrastructure projects has been delayed, this remains an important growth driver for the country and also a necessity due to Peru’s significant infrastructure deficit. In the North, significant spending will be directed towards reconstruction works to address the damage caused by Coastal El Niño, based on Peru’s “Reconstruction with Changes” Plan. This Plan has an approved budget of S/25.7 billion (US$7.6 billion). We cannot assure you that the Peruvian government will continue promoting recent levels of public infrastructure spending in our market, especially considering the current need for funding to fight the COVID-19 outbreak and its subsequent effect in the economy. A reduction in public infrastructure spending in our market would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by increases in energy prices or shortages in the supply of energy.

Energy accounts for a significant percentage of our production costs. Our principal energy sources are coal, gas and electricity. In 2019, the cost of energy represented approximately 31.4% of our cement production costs, compared to 31.1% in 2018. We use a substantial amount of coal as a source of fuel in our production process. Most of the coal we use is anthracite coal which we purchase from domestic suppliers and import a small amount of bituminous coal from suppliers primarily in Colombia, in each case, at market prices. We do not have long-term coal supply agreements, and we do not engage in hedging transactions in connection with the price of coal. Any shortage or interruption in the supply of coal could also disrupt our operations. In addition, the price of coal is largely driven by the price of oil, and, as a result, increases in international oil prices are likely to affect the price of coal and adversely affect our results of operations. In July 2019, we started using gas in our Piura plant. We have a long-term contract with Olympic Peru to provide gas needs for our Piura plant at a set price, which varies periodically over the 18-year period of the contract. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by higher costs, interruptions, and unavailability or shortage of gas.  See “Item 10. Additional information—D. Material Contracts.” 

We have a long-term electricity supply agreement with Electroperú S.A. (“Electroperú”), a government-owned company, to serve the electricity requirements of our Pacasmayo and Piura facilities until 2026. We have also entered into a supply agreement with Electro Oriente S.A. (“ELOR”) to supply the Rioja facility until November 2022. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by higher costs, interruptions, and unavailability or shortage of electricity. We have no back-up power system at our plants and cannot assure you that, in case of interruption or failure in Electroperú’s or ELOR’s operations, we will have access to other energy sources at the same prices and conditions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, electricity to our plants is transmitted through the Peruvian Electricity Interconnection System (Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Nacional del Perú, or “SEIN”). Any interruptions or failures in SEIN’s system would also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the recent past, we have experienced electricity rationing, limiting our use of electricity to certain times of the day. In such cases, we were forced to readjust our production schedules in order to ensure that our production process was not interrupted. In the event of any future rationing of electricity, we may not be able to readjust quickly enough and our production process may be interrupted. Future shortages or efforts to respond to or prevent shortages, such as rationing, may adversely impact the cost or supply of electricity for our operations.

A significant increase in the prices of coal, gas or electricity would increase our costs of production. We may not be able to increase the prices of our cement products in the future if the prices of coal, gas or electricity rises, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations 

Changes in the cost or availability of admixtures and raw materials supplied by third parties may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We use certain admixtures and raw materials in the production of cement, such as gypsum, blast furnace slag and iron that we obtain from third parties. In 2019, our cost of admixtures and raw materials supplied by third parties as a percentage of our cement production costs was approximately 4.9% compared to 4.3% in 2018. We do not have long-term contracts for the supply of admixtures or raw materials that we use and if existing suppliers cease operations or reduce or eliminate production of these products, our costs to procure these materials may increase significantly or we may be obligated to procure alternatives to replace these products.

We may undertake future acquisitions that may not achieve expected benefits.

Our strategic initiatives include pursuing acquisitions that tend to diversify our existing portfolio of products and services and expand our geographic footprint. In the future, we may decide to expand by acquiring other companies in Peru or abroad. Any future acquisitions will depend on our ability to identify suitable candidates, negotiate acceptable terms, and obtain financing for the acquisitions. If future acquisitions are significant, they could change the scale of our business and expose us to new geographic, political, operating and financial risks. In addition, each acquisition involves a number of risks, such as the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing business to integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired business, possible adverse effects on our results of operations during the integration process, our inability to achieve the intended objectives of the combination and potential unknown liabilities associated with the acquired assets.

We may not be able to obtain the funding required to implement future strategies.

Our strategies to continue to expand our cement production capacity and distribution network require significant capital expenditures. We cannot assure you that we will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that we will have access to external financing sources, to adequately fund such capital expenditures. Our access to external sources of financing will depend on many factors, including factors beyond our control, such as conditions in the global capital markets and investors’ risk perception of investing in Peru and in emerging markets generally. Any equity or debt financing, if available, may not be on terms that are favorable to us. If our access to external financing is limited, we may not be able to execute our strategy, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

In addition, the indenture pursuant to which we issued our 4.50% Senior Notes due 2023 contains covenants that limit our ability and that of our restricted subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness if we do not meet certain financial ratios. If we are unable to incur additional debt to fund our future strategies, our business could be adversely affected.

We are subject to risks related to litigation and administrative proceedings that could adversely affect our business and financial performance in the event of an unfavorable ruling.

The nature of our business exposes us to litigation relating to product liability claims, labor, health and safety matters, environmental matters, regulatory, tax and administrative proceedings, governmental investigations, tort claims and contract disputes, among other matters. In the past, we have been subject to antitrust and tax proceedings or investigations. While we contest these matters vigorously and make insurance claims when appropriate, litigation is inherently costly and unpredictable, making it difficult to accurately estimate the outcome of actual or potential litigation. Although we establish provisions as we deem necessary, the amounts that we reserve could vary significantly from any amounts we actually pay due to the inherent uncertainties in the estimation process. We cannot assure you that these or other legal proceedings will not materially affect our ability to conduct our business, financial condition and results of operations in the event of an unfavorable ruling.

Our business is subject to a number of operational risks, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to several industry-specific operational risks, including accidents, natural disasters, labor disputes and equipment failures. Such occurrences could result in damage to our production facilities and equipment, and/or the injury or death of our employees and others involved in our production process. Moreover, such accidents or failures could lead to environmental damage, loss of resources or intermediate goods, delays or the interruption of production activities and monetary losses, as well as damage to our reputation. Our insurance may not be sufficient to cover losses from these events, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, key equipment at our facilities, such as our mills and kilns, may deteriorate sooner than we currently estimate. Such deterioration of our assets may result in additional maintenance or capital expenditures, and could cause delays or the interruption of our production activities. If these assets do not generate the cash flows we expect, and we are not able to procure replacement assets in an economically feasible manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business depends on the continued operation of our Pacasmayo and Piura facilities.

Our production facilities in Pacasmayo and Piura are essential to our business. In 2019, approximately 88.4% of our total cement and all of our quicklime was produced at the Pacasmayo and Piura facilities. These plants are subject to normal hazards of operating any cement production facility, including accidents, natural disasters and unexpected malfunctioning of the equipment. Any interruption in our operation of the Pacasmayo or Piura facilities or a decrease in the effective capacity of these facilities would adversely affect our results of operations. On March 15, 2020, President Vizcarra declared a State of Emergency in Peru due to COVID-19, starting March 16, 2020 originally until March 30, 2020 but then further extended until May 10, 2020. During the state of emergency, the production and commercialization of cement has to be interrupted. We do not know yet the effect this will have on our business, but this, and any prolonged disruption in the operation of these facilities would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Revenues and EBITDA decreased 4.4% and 22.8%, respectively, during the first quarter of 2020, compared to the same period of 2019 because of the halt in operations during the last 15 days of the first quarter of 2020.

The introduction of cement substitutes into the market and the development of new construction techniques could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Materials such as plastic, aluminum, ceramics, glass, wood and steel can be used in construction as a substitute for cement. In addition, other construction techniques, such as the use of drywall, could decrease the demand for cement and concrete. In Peru, drywall has only been introduced into the housing construction market in recent years and it is not widely used. However, the use of drywall for housing construction could increase significantly in the future as it becomes more popular. In addition, research aimed at developing new construction techniques and modern materials may introduce new products in the future. The use of substitutes for cement could cause a significant reduction in the demand and prices for our cement products.

Our success depends on key members of our management.

Our success depends largely on the efforts and strategic vision of our executive management team and board of directors. The loss of the services of some or all of our executive management team or members of our board of directors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

The execution of our business plan also depends on our ongoing ability to attract and retain additional qualified employees capable of operating our plants. Due to the limited pool of skilled workers in the north of Peru or workers from other regions willing to relocate to the north of Peru, we may not be successful in attracting and retaining the personnel we require. If we are unable to hire, train and retain qualified employees at a reasonable cost, we may be unable to successfully operate our business or reach full planned production levels in a timely manner and, as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our operations and sales are highly concentrated in the northern region of Peru.

All of our operations are located in the northern region of Peru, including our production facilities and the quarries from where we obtain limestone to produce cement. In addition, substantially all of our cement products are sold to consumers in this market. As a result, any adverse economic, political or social conditions affecting the northern region of Peru, as well as natural disasters and weather conditions, such as the El Niño climate pattern, among other factors that may affect this region, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In 2017, the north of Peru experienced severe rain, landslides and flooding, which affected the demand for cement, and the ability to ship it, as well as the provision of raw materials since some roads were destroyed. Our plants did not suffer any significant damage as we halted operations to mitigate physical damage.

We are subject to environmental regulations and may be exposed to liability and political cost as a result of our handling of hazardous materials and potential costs for environmental compliance.

We are subject to various environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations that regulate, among other things, the generation, storage, handling, use and transportation of hazardous materials; emissions and discharge of hazardous materials; and the health and safety of our employees. Pursuant to Peruvian law, in order to conduct mining and industrial activities, we are required, among other things, to (i) submit an environmental impact assessment to the Ministry of Production (Ministerio de la Producción) and a mining closure plan to the Ministry of Energy and Mines (Ministerio de Energía y Minas, or “MEM”) prior to initiating mining activities, (ii) comply with certain air emission and wastewater discharge standards, (iii) obtain approval from the water management authority to discharge wastewater into natural water sources or soil, (iv) dispose solid waste generated by us in special landfills exclusively through companies registered with the environmental agency, and (v) store fuel in compliance with environmental and safety standards. In addition, we are required to have a health and safety committee and develop an internal health and safety code. Although we believe we are in compliance with all these regulations in all material respects, we cannot assure you that we have been or will be at all times in full compliance with these laws and regulations. Any violation of such laws or regulations could result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions, revocations of operating permits and shutdowns of our facilities. In addition, current or future governments may also impose stricter regulations which may require us to incur higher compliance costs.

Pursuant to certain applicable environmental laws, we could be held liable for all or substantially all of the damages caused by pollution at our current or former facilities or those of our predecessors or at disposal sites. We could also be held liable for all incidental damages due to the health effects of exposure of individuals to hazardous substances or other environmental damage.

We cannot assure you that our costs of complying with current and future environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, and any liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances will not adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

International agreements related to climate change may result in an increase in our costs.

There are ongoing international efforts to address greenhouse emissions. The United Nations and certain international organizations have taken action against activities that may increase the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Regulatory measures, such as the Kyoto Protocol, aimed at addressing greenhouse gas emissions and climate changes, are in various stages of negotiation and implementation. Such measures may result in increased costs to us for installation of new controls aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, purchase of credits or licenses for atmospheric emissions, and monitoring and registration of greenhouse gas emissions from our operations. These measures, if adopted in Peru, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

Changes in regulations or in the interpretation of regulations may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to extensive regulation in Peru, including, among others, relating to tax, environmental, labor, health and safety, and mining matters. We believe that our facilities are currently operating in all material respects in accordance with all applicable concessions, laws and regulations. Future regulatory changes, changes in the interpretation of such regulations or stricter enforcement of such regulations, including changes to our concession agreements, may increase our compliance costs and could potentially require us to alter our operations. We cannot assure you that regulatory changes in the future will not adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any dispute with the labor unions that represent our employees could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2019, 17.1% approximately of our employees were members of employee unions. Although we consider our relations with our employees are currently positive, we cannot assure you that we will not experience work slowdowns, work stoppages, strikes or other labor disputes in the future, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

New projects may require the prior approval of local indigenous communities.

On September 7, 2011, Peru enacted Law No. 29785, regarding the Prior Consultation Right of Local Indigenous Communities, in accordance with the International Labor Organization Convention No. 169 (Ley del Derecho a la Consulta Previa a los Pueblos Indígenas y Originarios, Reconocido en el Convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo). This law, which became effective on December 6, 2011, establishes a prior consultation procedure (procedimiento de consulta previa) that the Peruvian government must carry out with local indigenous communities, whose rights may be directly affected by new legislative or administrative measures, including the granting of new mining concessions. Local indigenous communities do not have a veto right; upon completion of this prior consultation procedure, the Peruvian government retains the discretion to approve or reject the applicable legislative or administrative measure. However, to the extent that in the future our new projects may require implementation of legislative or administrative measures that impact local indigenous communities, we may not be able to undertake such projects, unless the Peruvian government first conducts the foregoing consultation procedure. We cannot assure you that this law will not adversely affect our new projects and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The indenture pursuant to which we issued our 4.50% Senior Notes due 2023 and our two local bond issuances due 2029 and 2034 contain financial covenants, and any default under the indenture may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flows.

The indenture pursuant to which we issued our 4.50% Senior Notes due 2023 contains restrictions and covenants, including restrictions on our and our guarantor subsidiaries’ ability to incur further indebtedness or issue disqualified stock and preferred stock, unless certain conditions are met.

Additionally, in January 2019, two issuances were completed under a local bond program in a total principal amount of S/570 million: One for S/260 million with a rate of 6.68750% with a maturity of 10 years, and another for S/ 310 million with a term of 15 years and a rate of 6.84375%. These issuances contain the same restrictions and covenants as our Senior Notes due 2023. Failure to meet or satisfy any of these covenants could result in an event of default under the indenture.

Risks Relating to our Common Shares and ADSs

The market price of our ADSs may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Volatility in the market price of our ADSs may prevent you from being able to sell your ADSs at or above the price you paid for them. The market price and liquidity of the market for our ADSs may be significantly affected by numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance. These factors include, among others:

Our controlling shareholder has significant influence over us and his interests could conflict with the interests of other shareholders.

As of March 31, 2020, our controlling shareholder beneficially owned 50.01% of our outstanding common shares. As a result, our controlling shareholder has the ability to determine the outcome of substantially all matters submitted for a vote to our shareholders and thus exercise control over our business policies and affairs, including, among others, the following:

Our controlling shareholder may direct us to take actions that could be contrary to the interests of our other shareholders and may be able to prevent other shareholders from blocking these actions or from causing different actions to be taken. Also, our controlling shareholder may prevent change of control transactions that might otherwise provide the shareholders with an opportunity to dispose of or realize a premium on their investment in our common shares and ADSs. We cannot assure you that our controlling shareholder will act in a manner consistent with our other shareholders’ best interests.

Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise voting rights with respect to our common shares underlying the ADSs at our shareholders’ meetings.

Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the common shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the deposit agreement relating to the ADSs. Holders of our common shares will receive notice of shareholders’ meetings through publication of a notice 25 days in advance, pursuant to Peruvian law, in the official gazette in Peru, a Peruvian newspaper of general circulation, the bulletin of the Lima Stock Exchange and the website of the Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores (the “Peruvian Securities Commission”), and will be able to exercise their voting rights by either attending the meeting in person or voting by proxy. ADS holders will not receive notice directly from us. Instead, pursuant to the deposit agreement, we will notify the depositary, which will mail to holders of ADSs the notice of the meeting and a statement as to the manner in which voting instructions may be given. To exercise their voting rights, ADS holders must instruct the depositary how to exercise the voting rights for the common shares which underlie their ADSs. Due to these additional procedural steps involving the depositary, the process for exercising voting rights may take longer for ADS holders than for holders of our common shares. 

Holders of ADSs also may not receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote the common shares underlying their ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions of the holders of ADS or for the manner of carrying out such instructions, unless such failure can be attribute to gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct on the part of the depositary or its agents. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights, and they will have little, if any, recourse if the underlying common shares are not voted as requested.

The ability of holders of our ADSs to receive payments of cash dividends may be limited.

Our shareholders’ ability to receive cash dividends may be limited by the ability of the depositary to convert cash dividends paid in soles into U.S. dollars. Under the terms of our deposit agreement with the depositary for the ADSs, the depositary will convert any cash dividend or other cash distribution we pay on the common shares underlying the ADSs into U.S. dollars, if it can do so on a reasonable basis and can transfer the U.S. dollars to the United States. If this conversion is not possible or if any government approval is needed and cannot be obtained, the deposit agreement allows the depositary to distribute the foreign currency only to those ADS holders to whom it is possible to do so. If the exchange rate fluctuates significantly during a time when the depositary cannot convert the foreign currency, holders of ADSs may lose some or all of the value of the dividend distribution.

Holders of ADSs may be unable to exercise pre-emptive or accretion rights with respect to the common shares underlying their ADSs.

Under Peruvian corporate law, if we issue new common shares as part of a capital increase, unless otherwise agreed to by holders of 40% of our outstanding common shares, our shareholders will generally have the right to subscribe to a proportional number of common shares of the class held by them to maintain their existing ownership percentage, which is known as preemptive rights. In addition, shareholders are entitled to the right to subscribe for the unsubscribed common shares of either the class held by them or other classes which remain unsubscribed at the end of a preemptive rights offering, on a pro rata basis, which is known as accretion rights. Holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise the preemptive or accretion rights relating to common shares underlying the ADSs unless a registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), is effective with respect to those rights or an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act is available. We are not obligated to file a registration statement with respect to the common shares relating to these preemptive and accretion rights and we cannot assure you that we will file any such registration statement. Unless we file a registration statement or an exemption from registration is available, holders of ADSs may receive only the net proceeds from the sale of their preemptive and accretion rights by the depositary or, if the preemptive and accretion rights cannot be sold, they will be allowed to lapse. As a result, U.S. holders of our ADSs may suffer dilution of their interest in our company upon future capital increases.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement under which our ADSs were issued, and to change the rights of ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of the ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders. Any change related to an increase in deposits or charges for book-entry securities services or any modification that might hinder the rights of the ADS holders will be effective within 30 days after the ADS holders have received notice of such change or modification and such holders will have no right to any compensation whatsoever.

Our status as a foreign private issuer allows us to follow alternate standards to the corporate governance standards of the New York Stock Exchange, which may limit the protections afforded to investors.

We are a “foreign private issuer” within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance standards. Under New York Stock Exchange rules, a foreign private issuer may elect to comply with the practices of its home country and not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. companies with securities listed on the exchange. We currently follow certain Peruvian practices concerning corporate governance and intend to continue to do so. Accordingly, holders of our ADSs will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all New York Stock Exchange corporate governance requirements. 

For example, the New York Stock Exchange listing standards provide that the board of directors of a U.S. listed company must have a majority of independent directors at the time the company ceases to be a “controlled company.” Under Peruvian corporate governance practices, a Peruvian company is not required to have a majority of independent members on its board of directors.

The listing standards for the New York Stock Exchange also require that U.S. listed companies; at the time they cease to be “controlled companies,” have a nominating/corporate governance committee and a compensation committee (in addition to an audit committee). Each of these committees must consist solely of independent directors and must have a written charter that addresses certain matters specified in the listing standards. Under Peruvian law, a Peruvian company may, but is not required to, form special governance committees, which may be composed partially or entirely of non-independent directors.

In addition, New York Stock Exchange rules require the independent non-executive directors of U.S. listed companies to meet on a regular basis without management being present. There is no similar requirement under Peruvian law.

The New York Stock Exchange’s listing standards also require U.S. listed companies to adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines. In November 2013, the Peruvian Securities Commission and a committee comprised of regulatory agencies and associations prepared and published a list of suggested non-mandatory corporate governance guidelines called the “Good Corporate Governance Code for Peruvian Companies.” Although we have implemented a number of these measures, we are not required to comply with the corporate governance guidelines by law or regulation, only to disclose whether or not we are in compliance.

Minority shareholders in Peru are not afforded equivalent protections as minority shareholders in other jurisdictions and investors may face difficulties in commencing judicial and arbitration proceedings against our company or the controlling shareholder.

Our company is organized and existing under the laws of Peru, and our controlling shareholder is resident in Peru. Accordingly, investors may face difficulties in serving process on our company, our officers and directors or the controlling shareholder in other jurisdictions, and in enforcing decisions granted by courts located in other jurisdictions against our company, our officers and directors or the controlling shareholder that are based on securities laws of jurisdictions other than Peru.

In Peru, there are no proceedings to file class action suits or shareholder derivative actions with respect to issues arising between minority shareholders and an issuer, its controlling shareholders or directors and officers. Furthermore, the procedural requirements to file actions by shareholders differ from those of other jurisdictions, such as in the United States. As a result, it may be more difficult for our minority shareholders to enforce their rights against us, our directors, officers or controlling shareholder as compared to the shareholders of a U.S. company. The deposit agreement provides that the depositary has no obligation to commence or become involved in any judicial proceedings and any other legal actions relating to the ADSs or the deposit agreement, either on behalf of the ADS holders or on behalf of any other person.

The ability of investors to enforce civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws may be limited.

Most of our directors or executive officers are not residents of the United States. All or a substantial portion of our assets and those of our directors and executive officers are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors in our securities to affect service of process within the United States upon such persons or to enforce in U.S. courts or outside of the United States judgments obtained against such persons outside of the United States.

We are a company organized and existing under the laws of Peru, and there is no existing treaty between the United States and Peru for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. It is not clear whether a Peruvian court would accept jurisdiction and impose civil liability if proceedings were commenced in a foreign jurisdiction predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws.