RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before deciding to invest in our securities. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business or results of operations.

Risks Related to Grid Dynamics’ Business

Risks Related to Grid Dynamics’ Business, Operations and Industry

Grid Dynamics has a relatively short operating history and operates in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate future prospects and may increase the risk that it will not continue to be successful.

Grid Dynamics was founded in 2006 and has a relatively short operating history in the technology services industry, which is competitive and continuously evolving, subject to rapidly changing demands and constant technological developments. As a result, success and performance metrics are difficult to predict and measure. Since services and technologies are rapidly evolving and each company within the industry can vary greatly in terms of the services it provides, its business model and its results of operations, it can be difficult to predict how any company’s services, including that of Grid Dynamics, will be received in the market.

While many Fortune 1000 enterprises, including Grid Dynamics’ clients, have been willing to devote significant resources to incorporate emerging technologies and related market trends into their business models, they may not continue to spend any significant portion of their budgets on services like those provided by Grid Dynamics in the future. Neither Grid Dynamics’ past financial performance nor the past financial performance of any other company in the technology services industry is indicative of how Grid Dynamics will fare financially in the future. Grid Dynamics’ future profits may vary substantially from those of other companies and Grid Dynamics’ past profits, making an investment in Grid Dynamics risky and speculative. If clients’ demand for Grid Dynamics’ services declines as a result of economic conditions, market factors or shifts in the technology industry, Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Grid Dynamics may be unable to effectively manage its growth or achieve anticipated growth, which could place significant strain on Grid Dynamics’ management personnel, systems and resources.

Continued growth and expansion may increase the challenges Grid Dynamics faces in recruiting, training and retaining sufficiently skilled professionals and management personnel, maintaining effective oversight of personnel and delivery centers, developing financial and management controls, coordinating effectively across geographies and business units, and preserving its culture and values. Failure to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on the quality of the execution of Grid Dynamics’ engagements, its ability to attract and retain IT professionals, as well as its business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, as Grid Dynamics increases the size and complexity of projects that it undertakes with clients, adds new delivery sites, introduces new services or enters into new markets, Grid Dynamics may face new market, technological, operational, compliance and administrative risks and challenges, including risks and challenges unfamiliar to Grid Dynamics. Grid Dynamics may not be able to mitigate these risks and challenges to achieve its anticipated growth or successfully execute large and complex projects, which could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ revenues are highly dependent on a limited number of clients and industries that are affected by seasonal trends, and any decrease in demand for outsourced services in these industries may reduce Grid Dynamics’ revenues and adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics generates a significant portion of its revenues from its 10 largest clients and has a limited client base of fewer than 40 total clients. For example, Grid Dynamics generated approximately 86%, 93% and 94% of its revenue from its 10 largest clients during the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively, and the three largest clients each accounted for 10% or more of Grid Dynamics’ revenue for the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and the year ended December 31, 2019. Since Grid Dynamics derives substantially all of its revenue through time and materials contracts, which are mostly short-term in nature, a major client in one year may not provide the same level of revenues for Grid Dynamics in any subsequent year. In addition, a significant portion of Grid Dynamics’ revenues is concentrated in two specific industry verticals: digital retail and digital technology. Grid Dynamics’ growth largely depends on continued demand for its services from clients in these two industry verticals and other industries that it may target in the future, as well as on trends in these industries to outsource the type of services Grid Dynamics provides.

Grid Dynamics’ business is also subject to seasonal trends that impact its revenues and profitability between quarters, largely driven by the U.S. retail cycle, which drives the behavior of a significant portion of Grid Dynamics’ clients, and the timing of holidays in the countries in which Grid Dynamics operates. Excluding the impact of growth in its book of business, Grid Dynamics has historically recorded higher revenue and gross profit in the second and third quarters of each year compared to the first and fourth quarters of each year. The Christmas holiday season in Russia and Ukraine, for example, falls in the first quarter of the calendar year, resulting in reduced activity and billable hours. In addition, many of Grid Dynamics’ retail sector clients tend to slow their discretionary spending during the holiday sale season, which typically lasts from late November (before Thanksgiving) through late December (after Christmas). Such seasonal trends may cause reductions in Grid Dynamics’ profitability and profit margins during periods affected.

A reduction in demand for Grid Dynamics’ services and solutions caused by seasonal trends, downturn in any of Grid Dynamics’ targeted industries, a slowdown or reversal of the trend to outsource IT services in any of these industries or the introduction of regulations that restrict or discourage companies from outsourcing may result in a decrease in the demand for Grid Dynamics’ services and could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to the potential impact of these season trends, the global outbreak of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has had adverse effects on the retail industry, which could lead to additional adverse effects on Grid Dynamics’ business.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has and may continue to affect our stock price, business operations, and overall financial performance.

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 was reported in China, and in March 2020, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak has continued to spread across the globe and is impacting worldwide economic activity and financial markets, significantly increasing economic volatility and uncertainty. In response to this global pandemic, several local, state, and federal governments have been prompted to take unprecedent steps that include, but not limited to, travel restrictions, closure of businesses, social distancing, and quarantines.

COVID-19 is currently impacting and will impact our sales and revenue in the near term. From March onwards, we started witnessing the impacts of COVID-19 to our revenues, largely as a consequence of the impacts of the pandemic to the business conditions at some of our customers’ operations. The impacts have been more pronounced at our customers exposed to the retail segment as they depend on consumer spending and their ability to keep their stores open for customers. While the impact is more pronounced at our retail business, the impacts to other segments of our business have largely been determined by customer-specific dynamics. Examples of the COVID-19 impact to our business have included a temporary scale back to our personnel on projects, our customers placing projects and Statements of Work (each, a “SOW”) on temporary hold, and request for longer payment terms.

There are no comparable recent events which may provide guidance as to the effect of the spread and the ultimate impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the magnitude of impact to our business and duration of impact is uncertain and difficult to reasonably estimate at this time. Furthermore, the heightened uncertainty and diminished visibility has reduced our ability to forecast our business.

We have taken precautionary measures intended to minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, our customers, and the communities in which we operate that include suspension of all non-essential travel. Although the COVID-19 global pandemic has placed several restrictions in movement, resulting in the majority of our employees being unable to be present at client locations or attend Grid Dynamics’ office locations, we have been successful in transitioning the majority of our workforce to work remotely. This has resulted in minimal disruption in our ability to deliver services to our customers.

Given the risks associated with the pandemic at some of our customers and their ability to fulfill their payment obligations, we have taken an allowance with our accounts receivables in the first quarter of 2020. In the first quarter we have reserved a total amount of $0.9 million for allowance of doubtful accounts. We review our accounts receivable on a regular basis and have put in place incremental processes to ensure payments from our customers.

Grid Dynamics’ revenues are highly dependent on clients primarily located in the United States. Any economic downturn in the United States or disruptions in the credit markets may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

The IT services industry is particularly sensitive to the economic environment and tends to decline during general economic downturns. Grid Dynamics derives nearly all of its revenues from clients in the United States. In the event of an economic downturn in the United States, existing and prospective clients may reduce or postpone their technology spending significantly, which may in turn lower the demand for Grid Dynamics’ services and may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if a disruption in the credit markets were to occur, it could pose a risk to Grid Dynamics’ business if clients or vendors are unable to obtain financing to meet payment or delivery obligations to Grid Dynamics or if Grid Dynamics is unable to obtain necessary financing. The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had adverse effects on economies and financial markets globally, which have particularly impacted many small and medium sized businesses. Any economic downturn resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and preventative measures taken by governments and private business worldwide could decrease technology spending and adversely affect demand for our offerings and harm our business and results of operations. Although the U.S. government and others throughout the world have or have taken steps to provide monetary and fiscal assistance to individuals and businesses affected by the pandemic, it is unclear whether government actions will successfully avert or mitigate any economic downturn.

Grid Dynamics faces intense and increasing competition.

The market for technology and IT services is highly competitive and subject to rapid change and evolving industry standards and Grid Dynamics expects competition to persist and intensify. Grid Dynamics faces competition from offshore IT services providers in other outsourcing destinations with low wage costs such as India and China and other CEE countries, as well as competition from large, global consulting and outsourcing firms and in-house IT departments of large corporations. Clients tend to engage multiple IT services providers instead of using an exclusive IT services provider, which could reduce Grid Dynamics’ revenues to the extent that clients obtain services from competing companies. Clients may prefer services providers that have more locations or that are based in countries more cost-competitive, more stable or more secure than some of the emerging markets in which Grid Dynamics operates.

Grid Dynamics’ primary competitors include IT service providers, such as EPAM Systems, Globant S.A. and Endava plc; global consulting and traditional IT services companies, such as Accenture PLC, Capgemini SE, Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and Tata Consultancy Services Limited; and in-house development departments of its clients. Many of Grid Dynamics’ present and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing and technical resources, and name recognition than Grid Dynamics. Therefore, they may be able to compete more aggressively on pricing or devote greater resources to the development and promotion of technology and IT services and Grid Dynamics may be unable to retain its clients while competing against such competitors. Increased competition as well as Grid Dynamics’ inability to compete successfully may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ ability to generate and retain business depends on its reputation.

Since Grid Dynamics’ business involves providing tailored services and solutions to clients, Grid Dynamics believes that its corporate reputation is a significant factor when an existing or prospective client is evaluating whether to engage Grid Dynamics’ services as opposed to those of its competitors. In addition, Grid Dynamics believes that its brand name and reputation also play an important role in recruiting, hiring and retaining highly skilled personnel.

However, Grid Dynamics’ brand name and reputation is potentially susceptible to damage by factors beyond its control, including actions or statements made by current or former clients and employees, competitors, vendors, adversaries in legal proceedings, government regulators and the media. There is a risk that negative information about Grid Dynamics, even if untrue, could adversely affect its business. Any damage to Grid Dynamics’ reputation could be challenging to repair, could make potential or existing clients reluctant to select Grid Dynamics for new engagements, could adversely affect its recruitment and retention efforts, and could also reduce investor confidence.

Grid Dynamics’ failure to successfully attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ continued growth and success and operational efficiency is dependent on its ability to attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel, including IT engineers and other technical personnel, in the geographically diverse locations in which it operates. Competition for highly skilled IT professionals can be intense in the regions in which Grid Dynamics operates, and Grid Dynamics may experience significant employee attrition rates due to such competition. While Grid Dynamics’ management targets a voluntary attrition rate no higher than the mid-teen percentages, the significant market demand for highly skilled IT personnel and competitors’ activities may induce Grid Dynamics’ qualified personnel to leave and make it more difficult for Grid Dynamics to recruit new employees with suitable knowledge, experience and professional qualifications. Failure to attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain personnel with the skills necessary to serve its clients could decrease Grid Dynamics’ ability to meet and develop ongoing and future business and could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ success depends substantially upon the continuing efforts of its senior executives and key employees, and Grid Dynamics’ business may be severely disrupted if Grid Dynamics loses their services.

Grid Dynamics’ success depends substantially upon the continued services of its senior executives and other key employees. If Grid Dynamics loses the services of one or more of such senior executives or key employees following the Business Combination, Grid Dynamics’ business operations can be disrupted, and Grid Dynamics may not be able to replace them easily or at all. In addition, competition for senior executives and key personnel in Grid Dynamics’ industry is intense, and Grid Dynamics may be unable to retain its senior executives and key personnel or attract and retain new senior executives and key personnel in the future, in which case Grid Dynamics’ business may be severely disrupted.

Failure to adapt to rapidly changing technologies, methodologies and evolving industry standards may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics operates in an industry characterized by rapidly changing technologies, methodologies and evolving industry standards. Grid Dynamics’ future success depends in part upon its ability to anticipate developments in its industry, enhance its existing services and to develop and introduce new services to keep pace with such changes and developments and to meet changing client needs.

Development and introduction of new services and products is expected to become increasingly complex and expensive, involve a significant commitment of time and resources, and subject to a number of risks and challenges, including:

Grid Dynamics may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments in a timely manner, or if it does respond, the services, technologies or methodologies Grid Dynamics develops or implements may not be successful in the marketplace. Furthermore, services, technologies or methodologies that are developed by competitors may render Grid Dynamics’ services non-competitive or obsolete. Grid Dynamics’ failure to adapt and enhance its existing services and to develop and introduce new services to promptly address the needs of its clients may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Security breaches, system failures or errors, and other disruptions to network security could result in disclosure of confidential information and expose Grid Dynamics to liability, which would cause its business and reputation to suffer.

Grid Dynamics often has access, or is required, to collect, process, transmit and store sensitive or confidential client and customer data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information of Grid Dynamics and its clients, and personally identifiable information of its clients, customers, employees, contractors, service providers, and others. Grid Dynamics uses its data centers and networks, and certain networks and other facilities and equipment of its contractors and service providers, for these purposes. Despite Grid Dynamics’ security measures, Grid Dynamics’ information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks and disruptions by hackers or other third parties or otherwise may be breached due to human error, phishing attacks, social engineering, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach or disruption could compromise Grid Dynamics’ data centers, networks and other equipment and the information stored or processed there could be accessed, disclosed, altered, misappropriated, lost or stolen. In addition, any failure or breach of security in a client’s system relating to the services Grid Dynamics provides could also result in loss or misappropriation of, or unauthorized access, alteration, use, acquisition or disclosure of sensitive or confidential information, and may result in a perception that Grid Dynamics or its contractors or service providers caused such an incident, even if Grid Dynamics’ and its contractors’ networks and other facilities and equipment were not compromised.

Grid Dynamics’ contractors and service providers face similar risks with respect to their facilities and networks used by Grid Dynamics, and they also may suffer outages, disruptions, and security incidents and breaches. Breaches and security incidents suffered by Grid Dynamics and its contractors and service providers may remain undetected for an extended period. Any such breach, disruption or other circumstance leading to loss, alteration, misappropriation, or unauthorized use, access, acquisition, or disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer data suffered by Grid Dynamics or its contractors or service providers, or the perception that any may have occurred, could expose Grid Dynamics to claims, litigation, and liability, regulatory investigations and proceedings, cause Grid Dynamics to lose clients and revenue, disrupt Grid Dynamics’ operations and the services provided to clients, damage Grid Dynamics’ reputation, cause a loss of confidence in Grid Dynamics’ products and services, require Grid Dynamics to expend significant resources to protect against further breaches and to rectify problems caused by these events, and result in significant financial and other potential losses.

Grid Dynamics’ errors and omissions insurance covering certain damages and expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liability. Although Grid Dynamics maintains insurance for liabilities incurred as a result of certain security-related damages, Grid Dynamics cannot be certain that its coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to it on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against Grid Dynamics that exceeds available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in Grid Dynamics’ insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, including Grid Dynamics’ financial condition, operating results, and reputation.

Undetected software design defects, errors or failures may result in loss of business or in liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ services involve developing software solutions for its clients and Grid Dynamics may be required to make certain representations and warranties to its clients regarding the quality and functionality of its software. Given that Grid Dynamics’ software solutions have a high degree of technological complexity, they could contain design defects or errors that are difficult to detect or correct. Grid Dynamics cannot provide assurance that, despite testing by Grid Dynamics, errors or defects will not be found in its software solutions. Any such errors or defects could result in litigation, other claims for damages against Grid Dynamics, the loss of current clients and loss of, or delay in, revenues, loss of market share, a failure to attract new clients or achieve market acceptance, diversion of development resources, increased support or service costs, as well as reputational harm and thus could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business and results of operations.

Failure to successfully deliver contracted services or causing disruptions to clients’ businesses may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ business is dependent on its ability to successfully deliver contracted services in a timely manner. Any partial or complete failure of Grid Dynamics’ equipment or systems, or any major disruption to basic infrastructure like power and telecommunications in the locations in which Grid Dynamics operates, could impede its ability to provide adequate services to its clients. In addition, if Grid Dynamics’ professionals make errors in the course of delivering services to its clients or fail to consistently meet the service requirements of a client, these errors or failures could disrupt the client’s business. Any failure to successfully deliver contracted services or causing disruptions to a client’s business, including the occurrence of any failure in a client’s system or breach of security relating to the services provided by Grid Dynamics, may expose Grid Dynamics to substantial liabilities and have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, Grid Dynamics’ clients may perform audits or require Grid Dynamics to perform audits and provide audit reports with respect to the controls and procedures that Grid Dynamics uses in the performance of services for its clients. Grid Dynamics’ ability to acquire new clients and retain existing clients may be adversely affected and Grid Dynamics’ reputation could be harmed if Grid Dynamics receives a qualified opinion, or if Grid Dynamics cannot obtain an unqualified opinion in a timely manner, with respect to Grid Dynamics’ controls and procedures in connection with any such audit. Grid Dynamics could also incur liability if Grid Dynamics’ controls and procedures, or the controls and procedures Grid Dynamics manages for a client, were to result in an internal control failure or impair Grid Dynamics’ client’s ability to comply with its own internal control requirements. If Grid Dynamics or Grid Dynamics’ partners fail to meet Grid Dynamics’ contractual obligations or otherwise breach obligations to Grid Dynamics’ clients, Grid Dynamics could be subject to legal liability, which may have a material and adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ revenues and profitability.

Grid Dynamics relies on software, hardware and SaaS technologies from third parties that may be difficult to replace or that may cause errors or defects in, or failures of, Grid Dynamics’ services or solutions.

Grid Dynamics relies on software and hardware from various third parties as well as hosted SaaS applications from third parties to deliver Grid Dynamics’ services and solutions. If any of these software, hardware or SaaS applications become unavailable due to loss of license, extended outages, interruptions, such as adverse impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms, there may be delays in the provisioning of Grid Dynamics’ services until equivalent technology is either developed by Grid Dynamics, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could increase Grid Dynamics’ expenses or otherwise harm Grid Dynamics’ business. Furthermore, any errors or defects in or failures of third-party software, hardware or SaaS applications could result in errors or defects in or failures of Grid Dynamics’ services and solutions, which could be costly to correct and have an adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Existing insurance coverage and limitation of liability provisions in service contracts may be inadequate to protect Grid Dynamics against losses.

Grid Dynamics maintains certain insurance coverage, including professional liability insurance, director and officer insurance, property insurance for certain of its facilities and equipment, and business interruption insurance for certain of its operations. However, Grid Dynamics does not insure for all risks in its operations and if any claims for injury are brought against Grid Dynamics, or if Grid Dynamics experiences any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster, Grid Dynamics might incur substantial costs and diversion of resources.

Most of the agreements Grid Dynamics has entered into with its clients require Grid Dynamics to purchase and maintain specified insurance coverage during the terms of the agreements, including commercial general insurance or public liability insurance, umbrella insurance, product liability insurance, and workers’ compensation insurance. Some of these types of insurance are not available on reasonable terms or at all in some countries in which Grid Dynamics operates.

Grid Dynamics’ liability for breach of its obligations is in some cases limited under client contracts. Such limitations may be unenforceable or otherwise may not protect Grid Dynamics from liability for damages. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ existing contracts may not limit certain liabilities, such as claims of third parties for which

Grid Dynamics may be required to indemnify its clients. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against Grid Dynamics in amounts greater than those covered by Grid Dynamics’ current insurance policies could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if such assertions against Grid Dynamics are unsuccessful, Grid Dynamics may incur reputational harm and substantial legal fees.

If we are not able to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, current and potential investors could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business and have an adverse effect on our stock price. A material weakness has been identified in our internal control over financial reporting and while we have been taking steps to remediate this weakness, we cannot provide assurances that a current material weakness or additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not occur in the future.

Any failure to maintain effective internal controls over our financial reporting could materially and adversely affect us. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to include in our annual reports on Form 10-K an assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. In addition, we will be required to have our independent public accounting firm attest to and report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when we cease qualifying as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. If we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or, if our independent auditors are unable to provide us with an attestation and an unqualified report as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could result in a decrease in the value of our securities.

Grid Dynamics has identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting that remains unremediated. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of Grid Dynamics’ financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Subsequent to the original issuance of the private company financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, we identified balances that were accounted for or presented incorrectly under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) relating to stock-based compensation, and the presentation of retention bonuses and depreciation on the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income.

The material weakness identified was a lack of sufficient resources with appropriate depth and experience to interpret complex accounting guidance and prepare financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with GAAP.

Grid Dynamics was not required to perform an evaluation of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as it was then a private company. Had such an evaluation been performed, additional control deficiencies may have been identified by Grid Dynamics’ management, and those control deficiencies could have also represented one or more material weaknesses.

Grid Dynamics has taken steps to enhance its internal control environment, including hiring a new Chief Financial Officer in December 2019, hiring a Global Controller, and initiating a search to hire additional qualified accounting and financial reporting personnel, and starting the implementation of a new ERP system, which Grid Dynamics believes will enhance its internal control over financial reporting. Once all key hires in the finance function are in place, Grid Dynamics also plans to take additional steps to remediate the material weakness by integrating them into its process of implementing and enhancing key controls over financial reporting and conducting technical accounting training of key financial and accounting staff members involved in preparation and review of financial reporting and interpretation of technical accounting guidance. Although Grid Dynamics plans to complete this remediation process as quickly as possible, Grid Dynamics cannot at this time estimate how long it will take.

Grid Dynamics’ global business, especially in CIS and CEE countries, exposes it to significant legal, economic, tax and political risks.

Grid Dynamics has significant operations in certain emerging market economies, which creates legal, economic, tax and political risks. Risks inherent in conducting international operations include:

The legal systems of Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Serbia, where Grid Dynamics has significant operations, are often beset by legal ambiguities as well as inconsistencies and anomalies due to the relatively recent enactment of many laws that may not always coincide with market developments. Furthermore, legal and bureaucratic obstacles and corruption exist to varying degrees in each of these countries. In such environment, Grid Dynamics’ competitors may receive preferential treatment from the government, potentially giving them a competitive advantage. Governments may also revise existing contract rules and regulations or adopt new ones at any time and for any reason, and government officials may apply contradictory or ambiguous laws or regulations in ways that could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business and operations in such countries. Any of these changes could impair Grid Dynamics’ ability to obtain new contracts or renew or enforce contracts under which it currently provides services. Any new contracting methods could be costly or administratively difficult for Grid Dynamics to implement, which could materially adversely affect its business and operations. Grid Dynamics cannot guarantee that regulators, judicial authorities or third parties in Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Serbia will not challenge Grid Dynamics’ (including its subsidiaries’) compliance with applicable laws, decrees and regulations. In addition to the foregoing, selective or arbitrary government actions have included withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions, all of which could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

The banking and other financial systems in certain CIS and CEE countries that Grid Dynamics operates remain subject to periodic instability and generally do not meet the banking standards of more developed markets. A financing crisis or the bankruptcy or insolvency of banks through which Grid Dynamics receives, or with which it holds, funds may result in the loss of its deposits or adversely affect its ability to complete banking transactions in that region, which could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business and financial condition.

Furthermore, the emergence of new or escalated tensions in CIS and CEE countries, including the conflict with Russia in connection with the ongoing crisis in Ukraine, allegations of the Russian government interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential elections and state-sponsored cyberattacks, could further exacerbate tensions between such countries and the United States. Such tensions, concerns regarding information security, and potential imposition of additional sanctions by the United States and other countries may discourage existing or prospective clients to engage Grid Dynamics’ services, have a negative effect on Grid Dynamics’ ability to develop or maintain its operations in the countries where it currently operates, and disrupt Grid Dynamics’ ability to attract, hire and retain employees. The occurrence of any such event may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken by governments and private businesses to attempt to contain and treat the disease. Any prolonged shut down of a significant portion of global economic activity or downturn in the global economy, along with any adverse effects on industries in which our customers operate, could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Grid Dynamics’ effective tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors.

Grid Dynamics conducts business globally and files income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions. Grid Dynamics’ effective tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including changes in the amount of income taxed by, or allocated to, the various jurisdictions in which Grid Dynamics operates that have differing statutory tax rates; changing tax laws, regulations and interpretations of such tax laws in multiple jurisdictions; and the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties. In particular, there have been significant changes to the taxation systems in CEE countries in recent years as the authorities have gradually replaced or introduced new legislation regulating the application of major taxes such as corporate income tax, value-added tax, corporate property tax, personal income taxes and payroll taxes. Furthermore, any significant changes to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“U.S. Tax Act”) enacted in 2017, or to regulatory guidance associated with the U.S. Tax Act, could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ effective tax rate.

The determination of Grid Dynamics’ provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires estimation, judgment and calculations where the ultimate tax determination may not be certain. Grid Dynamics’ determination of tax liability is always subject to review or examination by authorities in various jurisdictions. If a tax authority in any jurisdiction reviews any of Grid Dynamics’ tax returns and proposes an adjustment, including a determination that the transfer prices and terms Grid Dynamics has applied are not appropriate, such an adjustment could have an adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business.

Grid Dynamics is unable to predict what tax reforms may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on its business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices in jurisdictions in which it operates, could increase the estimated tax liability that Grid Dynamics has expensed to date and paid or accrued on its balance sheets, and otherwise affect its financial position, future results of operations, cash flows in a particular period and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where Grid Dynamics has operations, reduce post-tax returns to its stockholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

There may be adverse tax and employment law consequences if the independent contractor status of some of Grid Dynamics’ personnel or the exempt status of its employees is successfully challenged.

Certain of Grid Dynamics’ personnel are retained as independent contractors. The criteria to determine whether an individual is considered an independent contractor, or an employee are typically fact sensitive and vary by jurisdiction, as can the interpretation of the applicable laws. If a government authority or court makes any adverse determination with respect to some or all of Grid Dynamics’ independent contractors, Grid Dynamics could incur significant costs, including for prior periods, in respect of tax withholding, social security taxes or payments, workers’ compensation and unemployment contributions, and recordkeeping, or Grid Dynamics may be required to modify its business model, any of which could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Globally mobile employees may potentially create additional tax liabilities for Grid Dynamics in different jurisdictions.

In performing services to clients, Grid Dynamics’ employees may be required to travel to various locations. Depending on the length of the required travel and the nature of employees’ activities the tax implications of travel arrangements vary, with generally more extensive tax consequences in cases of longer travel. Such tax consequences mainly include payroll tax liabilities related to employee compensation and, in cases envisaged by international tax legislation, taxation of profits generated by employees during their time of travel.

Grid Dynamics has internal procedures, policies and systems, including an internal mobility program, for monitoring its tax liabilities arising in connection with the business travel. However, considering that the tax authorities worldwide are paying closer attention to global mobility issues, Grid Dynamics’ operations may be adversely affected by additional tax charges related to the activity of its mobile employees.

Loss of taxation benefits related to Grid Dynamics’ employment-related taxes that are enjoyed in Russia could have a negative impact on Grid Dynamics’ operating results and profitability.

The Russian government provides qualified Russian IT companies with substantial tax benefits through a reduced social contribution charge rate program. This program resulted in savings for Grid Dynamics of approximately $2.3 million in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, $2.1 million in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, and approximately $2.0 million in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. However, the reduced tax rates for social contributions (16% in total) are a temporary measure. In 2016, application of reduced rates was prolonged until 2023, after which the Russian government may take the decision to gradually increase the tax rates. If the Russian government were to change its favorable treatment of Russian IT companies by modifying or repealing its current favorable tax measures, or if Grid Dynamics becomes ineligible for such favorable treatment, it would significantly impact Grid Dynamics’ financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Grid Dynamics functional currency, as well as the functional currency of all of its subsidiaries, is the U.S. dollar. However, Grid Dynamics is exposed to foreign currency exchange transaction risk related to funding its non-U.S. operations and to foreign currency translation risk related to certain of its subsidiaries’ cash balances that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar as Grid Dynamics does not currently hedge its foreign currency exposure. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ profit margins are subject to volatility as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates. In the three months ended March 31, 2020, approximately 18%, 11% and 10% of Grid Dynamics’ $39.5 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in the Russian ruble, Ukrainian hryvnia and Polish zloty, respectively. Any significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a material impact on Grid Dynamics’ business and results of operations. In some countries, Grid Dynamics may be subject to regulatory or practical restrictions on the movement of cash and the exchange of foreign currencies, which would limit Grid Dynamics’ ability to use cash across its global operations and increase Grid Dynamics’ exposure to currency fluctuations. This risk could increase as Grid Dynamics continues expanding its global operations, which may include entering emerging markets that may be more likely to impose these types of restrictions. Currency exchange volatility caused by political or economic instability or other factors, could also materially impact Grid Dynamics’ results. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk — Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk” for more information about Grid Dynamics’ exposure to foreign currency exchange rates.

Grid Dynamics may be exposed to liability for actions taken by its subsidiaries.

In certain cases, Grid Dynamics may be jointly and severally liable for obligations of its subsidiaries. Grid Dynamics may also incur secondary liability and, in certain cases, liability to creditors for obligations of its subsidiaries in certain instances involving bankruptcy or insolvency.

In particular, under Article 53 part 1 of the Russian Civil Code, a “controlling person” of a legal entity may be held directly liable for losses that the entity suffers because of his or her “fault,” and any agreement that seeks to limit or waive such liability will not be valid. Generally, a controlling person is anyone who holds the power to determine the entity’s actions, including the right to direct the actions of officers or executives. When a controlling person causes losses, officers and executives may all be held jointly and severally liable (a parent entity may also be held jointly liable with a subsidiary for actions directed by the parent or made with its consent). Liability may also apply to stockholders or controlling persons when the company is a foreign legal entity but conducts its business primarily in Russia.

Further, an effective parent is secondarily liable for an effective subsidiary’s debts if the effective subsidiary becomes insolvent or bankrupt as a result of the action or inaction of the effective parent. In these instances, the other stockholders of the effective subsidiary may claim compensation for the effective subsidiary’s losses from the effective parent that caused the effective subsidiary to take action or fail to take action, knowing that such action or failure to take action would result in losses. Grid Dynamics could be found to be the effective parent of the subsidiaries, in which case it could become liable for their debts, which could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations or prospects.

Grid Dynamics’ profitability may suffer if Grid Dynamics is unable to maintain its resource utilization and productivity levels.

As most of Grid Dynamics’ client projects are performed and invoiced on a time and materials basis, Grid Dynamics’ management tracks and projects billable hours as an indicator of business volume and corresponding resource needs for IT professionals. To maintain its gross profit margins, Grid Dynamics must effectively utilize its IT professionals, which depends on its ability to:

If Grid Dynamics experiences a slowdown or stoppage of work for any client, or on any project for which it has dedicated personnel or facilities, including any adverse impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, Grid Dynamics may be unable to reallocate these personnel or assets to other clients and projects to keep their utilization and productivity levels high. If Grid Dynamics is unable to maintain appropriate resource utilization levels, Grid Dynamics’ profitability may suffer.

If Grid Dynamics is unable to accurately estimate the cost of service or fail to maintain favorable pricing for its services, its contracts may be unprofitable.

In order for its contracts to be profitable, Grid Dynamics must be able to accurately estimate its costs to provide the services required by the contract and appropriately price its contracts. Such estimates and pricing structures used by Grid Dynamics for its contracts are highly dependent on internal forecasts, assumptions and predictions about its projects, the marketplace, global economic conditions (including foreign exchange volatility) and the coordination of operations and personnel in multiple locations with different skill sets and competencies. Due to the inherent uncertainties that are beyond Grid Dynamics’ control, Grid Dynamics may underprice its projects, fail to accurately estimate the costs of performing the work or fail to accurately assess the risks associated with potential contracts. In select cases, Grid Dynamics also offers volume discounts once a client reaches certain contractual spend thresholds, which may lower the reference price for a client or result in a loss of profits if Grid Dynamics does not accurately estimate the amount of discounts to be provided. Any increased or unexpected costs, delays or failures to achieve anticipated cost savings, or unexpected risks Grid Dynamics encounters in connection with the performance of its contracts, including those caused by factors outside its control, could make these contracts less profitable or unprofitable.

Grid Dynamics faces risks associated with having a long selling and implementation cycle for its services that require significant resource commitments prior to realizing revenues for those services.

Grid Dynamics has a long selling cycle for its services, which requires Grid Dynamics to expend substantial time and resources to educate clients on the value of Grid Dynamics’ services and its ability to meet their requirements. In certain cases, Grid Dynamics may begin work and incur costs prior to executing a contract. Grid Dynamics’ selling cycle is subject to many risks and delays over which it has little or no control, including the clients’ decisions to choose alternatives to Grid Dynamics’ services (such as other IT services providers or in-house resources) and the timing of clients’ budget cycles and approval processes. Therefore, selling cycles for new clients can be especially unpredictable and Grid Dynamics may fail to close sales with prospective clients to whom it has devoted significant time and resources. Any significant failure to generate revenues or delays in recognizing revenues after incurring costs related to sales or services processes could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to obtain engagements for and effectively manage increasingly large and complex projects may have an adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ operating results are dependent on the scale of its projects and the prices it is able to charge for its services. In order to successfully perform larger and more complex projects, Grid Dynamics needs to establish and maintain effective, close relationships with its clients, continue high levels of client satisfaction and develop a thorough understanding of its clients’ needs. Grid Dynamics may also face a number of challenges managing larger and more complex projects, including:

There is no guarantee that Grid Dynamics may be able to overcome such challenges. In addition, large and complex projects may involve multiple engagements or stages, and there is a risk that a client may choose not to retain Grid Dynamics for additional stages or may cancel or delay additional planned engagements. Grid Dynamics’ failure to successfully obtain engagements for and effectively manage large and complex projects may have an adverse effect on Grid Dynamics business, financial condition and results of operations.

Increases in compensation expenses, including stock-based compensation expenses, could prevent Grid Dynamics from sustaining competitive advantage and result in dilution to stockholders.

Wages and other compensation costs in the countries in which Grid Dynamics maintains significant operations are lower than comparable wage costs in more developed countries. Wage inflation could increase Grid Dynamics’ cost of services as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and reduce its profitability.

In addition, Grid Dynamics has granted certain equity-based awards under its equity incentive plans and expects to continue this practice following the Business Combination. For the three month period ended March 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019, Grid Dynamics recorded $4.8 million and $2.4 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the grant of options. If Grid Dynamics does not grant equity awards, or if Grid Dynamics reduces the value of equity awards it grants, Grid Dynamics may not be able to attract, hire and retain key personnel. If Grid Dynamics grants more equity awards to attract, hire and retain key personnel, the expenses associated with such additional equity awards could materially adversely affect its results of operations. The issuance of equity-based compensation may also result in dilution to stockholders.

Failure to collect receivables from, or bill for unbilled services to, clients may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ results of operations and cash flows.

Grid Dynamics’ business depends on its ability to successfully obtain payment from its clients of the amounts they owe for work performed. Grid Dynamics usually bills and collects such amounts on relatively short cycles and maintains allowances for doubtful accounts. However, actual losses on client balances could differ from those that Grid Dynamics’ anticipate and, as a result, it might need to adjust its allowances.

There is no guarantee that Grid Dynamics will accurately assess the creditworthiness of its clients. If clients suffer financial difficulties, it could cause them to delay payments, request modifications to their payment arrangements that could increase Grid Dynamics’ receivables balance, or default on their payment obligations, which has happened as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the risks associated with the pandemic at some of our customers and their ability to fulfill their payment obligations, we have taken an allowance with our accounts receivables in the first quarter of 2020. In the first quarter we have reserved a total amount of $0.9 million for allowance of doubtful accounts. We review our accounts receivable on a regular basis and have put in place incremental processes to ensure payments from our customers.

In addition, some of Grid Dynamics’ clients may delay payments due to changes in internal payment procedures driven by rules and regulations to which they are subject. Timely collection of client balances also depends on Grid Dynamics’ ability to complete its contractual commitments and bill and collect contracted revenues. If Grid Dynamics is unable to meet its contractual requirements, Grid Dynamics may experience delays in collection of or inability to collect accounts receivable. If this occurs, Grid Dynamics’ results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Grid Dynamics may need additional capital and a failure to raise additional capital on terms favorable to Grid Dynamics, or at all, could limit its ability to grow its business and develop or enhance its service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.

Grid Dynamics may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments. If existing resources are insufficient to satisfy cash requirements, Grid Dynamics may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain one or more credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require Grid Dynamics to agree to operating and financing covenants that would restrict its operations. Grid Dynamics’ ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including investors’ perception of, and demand for, securities of IT services companies, conditions in the capital markets in which Grid Dynamics may seek to raise funds, Grid Dynamics’ future results of operations and financial condition, and general economic and political conditions. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to Grid Dynamics, or at all, which could limit Grid Dynamics’ ability to grow its business and develop or enhance its service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.

War, terrorism, other acts of violence, or natural or manmade disasters may affect the markets in which Grid Dynamics operates, our clients and our service delivery.

Our business may be adversely affected by instability, disruption or destruction in a geographic region in which it operates, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest, and natural or manmade disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm or pandemic events and spread of disease. Such events may cause clients to delay their decisions on spending for the services provided by Grid Dynamics and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events also pose significant risks to our personnel and to physical facilities and operations, which could materially adversely affect our financial results.

Future acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships or alliances could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may in the future seek to acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our services, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not the acquisition purchases are completed. If we acquire businesses, we may not be able to integrate successfully the acquired personnel, operations and technologies, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. We may not be able to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular target or obtain adequate financing to complete such acquisitions. Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for the first five years after the completion of our initial public offering, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the market prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the market prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We are a smaller reporting company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are currently a “smaller reporting company,” because ChaSerg, our legal acquirer, was not an investment company, an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent company that is not a smaller reporting company and had a public float of less than $250 million and annual revenues of less than $100 million during ChaSerg’s most recently completed fiscal year. In the event that we are still considered a smaller reporting company at such time as we cease being an “emerging growth company,” we will be required to provide additional disclosure in our SEC filings. However, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting; and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide two years of audited financial statements in annual reports and in a registration statement under the Exchange Act on Form 10. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects.

Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our reported results of operations.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in accounting standards or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business.

Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our common shares.

Securities research analysts may establish and publish their own periodic projections for us. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our share price may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, our share price or trading volume could decline. If no analysts commence coverage of us, the market price and volume for our common shares could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Government Regulations

Failure to comply with privacy and data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions, private litigation and adverse publicity.

Grid Dynamics receives, stores and processes personal information and other data from and about customers in addition to its employees and contractors. Grid Dynamics’ handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies and various state, local and foreign agencies. Grid Dynamics’ data handling also is subject to contractual obligations and may be deemed to be subject to industry standards, including certain industry standards that it undertakes to comply with. The laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security are evolving, can be subject to significant change and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions.

For example, the European Union has implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which came into effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR has a significant impact on how businesses can collect and process the personal data of individuals in the European Economic Area. The regulation includes stringent operational requirements for processors and controllers of personal data and imposes significant penalties for non-compliance of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues. In addition, California has enacted legislation that has been dubbed the first “GDPR-like” law in the United States. The California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) creates new individual privacy rights for consumers (as that word is broadly defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. After going into effect on January 1, 2020, the CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information and allow for a new cause of action for data breaches. Other countries and jurisdictions throughout the world are considering or enacting laws and regulations requiring the local storage of data. For example, under Russian law, all data operators collecting personal data of Russian citizens through electronic communications, including the Internet, must comply with Russian laws regulating the local storage of such data in databases located in the territory of Russia. This law applies not only to local data controllers but also to data controllers established outside Russia to the extent they gather personal data relating to Russian nationals through websites aimed at the territory of Russia.

Grid Dynamics has been undertaking measures in an effort to comply with the GDPR, CCPA and other applicable privacy and data protection laws and regulations, and complying with these laws and regulations may require Grid Dynamics to incur substantial operational costs and to require its data handling practices. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to Grid Dynamics may limit the use and adoption of Grid Dynamics’ products and solutions, alter the way Grid Dynamics conducts business and/or could otherwise have a material adverse impact on Grid Dynamics’ results of operations. For example, Grid Dynamics may find it necessary to establish systems to maintain data originated in certain jurisdictions within those jurisdictions, which may involve substantial expense and distraction from other aspects of Grid Dynamics’ business. Further, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to Grid Dynamics, may limit the use and adoption of Grid Dynamics’ products and solutions and could have a material adverse impact on Grid Dynamics’ results of operations.

Any failure or perceived failure (including as a result of deficiencies in Grid Dynamics’ policies, procedures or measures relating to privacy, data protection, data security, marketing or client communications) by Grid Dynamics to comply with laws, regulations, policies, legal or contractual obligations, industry standards, or regulatory guidance relating to privacy, data protection or data security may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause Grid Dynamics’ clients to lose trust in it, which could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics expects that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards relating to privacy, data protection, data security, marketing, consumer communications and information security in the United States, the European Union, Russia and other jurisdictions, and Grid Dynamics cannot determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on its business. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations or any changed interpretation or enforcement of existing laws or regulations could impair its ability to develop and market new services and maintain and grow its client base and increase revenue.

Grid Dynamics is subject to laws and regulations restricting its operations, including export restrictions, economic sanctions and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption laws. If Grid Dynamics is not in compliance with applicable legal requirements, it may be subject to civil or criminal penalties and other remedial measures.

Grid Dynamics’ operations are subject to laws and regulations restricting its operations, including activities involving restricted countries, organizations, entities and persons that have been identified as unlawful actors or that are subject to U.S. sanctions imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) or other international economic sanctions that prohibit Grid Dynamics from engaging in trade or financial transactions with certain countries, businesses, organizations and individuals. Grid Dynamics is subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), which prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from bribing foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment, and other laws concerning its international operations. The FCPA’s foreign counterparts contain similar prohibitions, although varying in both scope and jurisdiction. Grid Dynamics operates in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree, and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices.

Grid Dynamics is currently in the process of developing and implementing formal controls and procedures to ensure that Grid Dynamics is in compliance with the FCPA, OFAC sanctions, and similar sanctions, laws and regulations. The implementation of such procedures may be time consuming and expensive and could result in the discovery of issues or violations with respect to the foregoing by Grid Dynamics or its employees, independent contractors, subcontractors or agents of which Grid Dynamics was previously unaware.

Grid Dynamics may not be completely effective in ensuring its compliance with all such applicable laws, which could result in Grid Dynamics being subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of such laws by United States or other authorities could also have an adverse impact on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes to U.S. administration’s fiscal, political, regulatory and other policies may adversely affect business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recent events, including the policies introduced by the current U.S. presidential administration, have resulted in substantial regulatory uncertainty regarding international trade and trade policy. For example, the current U.S. presidential administration has called for substantial changes to trade agreements, has increased tariffs on certain goods imported into the United States and has raised the possibility of imposing significant, additional tariff increases. The announcement of unilateral tariffs on imported products by the United States has triggered retaliatory actions from certain foreign governments, including China and Russia, and may trigger retaliatory actions by other foreign governments, potentially resulting in a “trade war.” While Grid Dynamics cannot predict the extent to which the United States or other countries will impose quotas, duties, tariffs, taxes or other similar restrictions upon the import or export of Grid Dynamics’ products in the future, a “trade war” of this nature or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements could have an adverse impact on demand for Grid Dynamics’ services, sales and clients and affect the economies of the United States and various countries, having an adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Negative publicity about offshore outsourcing or anti-outsourcing legislation and restriction on immigration may have an adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business.

The issue of companies outsourcing services to organizations operating in other countries is a topic of political discussion in many countries, including the United States, which is Grid Dynamics’ largest source of revenues. Many organizations and public figures in the United States and Europe have publicly expressed concern about a perceived association between offshore outsourcing IT services providers and the loss of jobs in their home countries. For example, measures aimed at limiting or restricting outsourcing by U.S. companies are periodically considered in Congress and in numerous state legislatures to address concerns over the perceived association between offshore outsourcing and the loss of jobs in the United States. A number of U.S. states have passed legislation that restricts state government entities from outsourcing certain work to offshore IT services providers. Given the ongoing debate over this issue, the introduction and consideration of other restrictive legislation is possible. If enacted, such measures may broaden restrictions on outsourcing by federal and state government agencies and on government contracts with firms that outsource services directly or indirectly, impact private industry with measures such as tax disincentives or intellectual property transfer restrictions, and/or restrict the use of certain business visas. In addition, current or prospective clients may be discouraged from transferring services to providers that utilize offshore delivery centers such as Grid Dynamics to avoid any negative perceptions that may be associated with using an offshore provider or for data privacy and security concerns. As a result, Grid Dynamics’ ability to service Grid Dynamics’ clients could be impaired and Grid Dynamics may not be able to compete effectively with competitors that operate primarily from within the country in which Grid Dynamics’ clients operate. Any such slowdown or reversal of the existing industry trends toward offshore outsourcing may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ subsidiaries in CEE can be forced into liquidation on the basis of formal noncompliance with certain legal requirements.

Grid Dynamics operates in CEE primarily through locally organized subsidiaries. Certain provisions of local laws may allow a court to order liquidation of a locally organized legal entity on the basis of its formal noncompliance with certain requirements during formation, reorganization or during its operations. If a company fails to comply with certain requirements including those relating to minimum net assets, governmental or local authorities can seek the involuntary liquidation of such company in court, and the company’s creditors will have the right to accelerate their claims or demand early performance of the company’s obligations as well as demand compensation for any damages. If involuntary liquidation of any of Grid Dynamics’ subsidiaries were to occur, such liquidation could materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with any laws and regulations, may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are subject to laws and regulations enacted by national, regional and local governments. In particular, we will be required to comply with certain SEC and other legal requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws and regulations may be difficult, time consuming and costly.

Those laws and regulations and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Risks Associated with Intellectual Property

Grid Dynamics may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of its intellectual property and its intellectual property rights may not be adequate to protect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ success largely depends on methodologies, practices, tools and technical expertise and other intellectual property that it uses in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining its services and solutions. Grid Dynamics relies upon a combination of nondisclosure, confidentiality, assignment of invention and other contractual arrangements as well as trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws to protect its intellectual property rights. Grid Dynamics may also rely on litigation to enforce its intellectual property rights and contractual rights.

The nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements that Grid Dynamics enters into with its employees, independent contractors, vendors and clients in order to protect its proprietary information may not provide meaningful protection against unauthorized use, misappropriation or disclosure for trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information and there can be no assurance that others will not independently develop the know-how and trade secrets or develop better methods than Grid Dynamics. Policing unauthorized use of such proprietary information is difficult and expensive. Grid Dynamics may not be able to deter current and former employees, contractors, vendors, clients and other parties from breaching confidentiality agreements and misappropriating proprietary information and it is possible that third parties may copy or otherwise obtain and use Grid Dynamics’ information and proprietary technology without authorization or otherwise infringing on Grid Dynamics’ intellectual property rights.

In addition, Grid Dynamics’ current and former employees or contractors could challenge Grid Dynamics’ exclusive rights in the intellectual property they have developed in the course of their employment. In Russia and certain other countries in which Grid Dynamics operates, an employer is deemed to own the copyright in works created by its employees during the course, and within the scope, of their employment, but the employer may be required to satisfy additional legal requirements in order to make further use and dispose of such works. While Grid Dynamics believes that it has complied with all such requirements and have fulfilled all requirements necessary to acquire all rights in intellectual property developed by Grid Dynamics’ contractors and subcontractors, these requirements are often ambiguously defined and enforced.

Implementation of intellectual property-related laws in CIS and CEE countries in which Grid Dynamics operates has historically been lacking and there is no assurance that Grid Dynamics will be able to enforce or defend its rights under its non-disclosure, confidentiality or assignment of invention agreements or that protection of intellectual property rights in such countries will be as effective as that in the United States. Any litigation relating to Grid Dynamics’ intellectual property may not prove successful and might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

Due to the foregoing reasons, Grid Dynamics cannot guarantee that it will be successful in maintaining existing or obtaining future intellectual property rights or registrations, be able to detect unauthorized use of its intellectual property and take appropriate steps to enforce and protect its rights, or that any such steps will be successful. Grid Dynamics can also neither guarantee that it has taken all necessary steps to enforce its intellectual property rights in each jurisdiction in which it operates nor that the intellectual property laws of any jurisdiction in which it operates are adequate to protect Grid Dynamics’ interest or that any favorable judgment obtained by it with respect thereto will be enforced in the courts. Unauthorized use by third parties of, or other failure to protect, Grid Dynamics’ intellectual property, including the costs of enforcing intellectual property rights, could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend and failure to defend against such claims may have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ success largely depends on its ability to use and develop its technology, tools, code, methodologies and services without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, including patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks. Grid Dynamics may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of other intellectual property rights of third parties.

Grid Dynamics typically indemnifies clients who purchase its services and solutions against potential infringement of intellectual property rights, which subjects Grid Dynamics to the risk of indemnification claims. These claims may require Grid Dynamics to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of Grid Dynamics’ clients, regardless of the merits of these claims and are often not subject to liability limits or exclusion of consequential, indirect or punitive damages. If any of these claims succeed, Grid Dynamics may be forced to pay damages on behalf of Grid Dynamics’ clients, redesign or cease offering Grid Dynamics’ allegedly infringing services or solutions or obtain licenses for the intellectual property such services or solutions allegedly infringe. If Grid Dynamics cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, Grid Dynamics’ clients may be forced to stop using Grid Dynamics’ services or solutions.

The holders of patents and other intellectual property rights potentially relevant to Grid Dynamics’ service offerings may make it difficult for Grid Dynamics to acquire a license on commercially acceptable terms. Also, Grid Dynamics may be unaware of intellectual property registrations or applications relating to Grid Dynamics’ services that may give rise to potential infringement claims against Grid Dynamics. There may also be technologies licensed to and relied on by Grid Dynamics that are subject to infringement or other corresponding allegations or claims by third parties which may damage Grid Dynamics’ ability to rely on such technologies.

Parties making infringement claims may be able to obtain an injunction to prevent Grid Dynamics from delivering Grid Dynamics’ services or using technology involving the allegedly infringing intellectual property. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming and could divert management’s attention from Grid Dynamics’ business. A successful infringement claim against Grid Dynamics, whether with or without merit, could, among others things, require Grid Dynamics to pay substantial damages, develop non-infringing technology, or rebrand Grid Dynamics’ name or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and would require Grid Dynamics to cease making, licensing or using products that have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights. Protracted litigation could also result in existing or prospective clients deferring or limiting their purchase or use of Grid Dynamics’ software product development services or solutions until resolution of such litigation or could require Grid Dynamics to indemnify its clients against infringement claims in certain instances. Any intellectual property claims or litigation in this area, whether Grid Dynamics ultimately wins or loses, could damage Grid Dynamics’ reputation and materially adversely affect Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Grid Dynamics’ use of open source software may lead to possible litigation, negatively affect sales and create liability.

Grid Dynamics often incorporates software licensed by third parties under so-called “open source” licenses, which may expose it to liability and have a material impact on its software development services. Use of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Although Grid Dynamics monitors its use of open source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open source licenses and to avoid subjecting Grid Dynamics client deliverables to conditions Grid Dynamics does not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by courts in relevant jurisdictions, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on Grid Dynamics’ clients’ ability to use the software that Grid Dynamics develops for them and operate their businesses as they intend.

Therefore, there is a possibility that Grid Dynamics’ clients could be subject to actions by third parties claiming that what Grid Dynamics believes to be licensed open source software infringes such third parties’ intellectual property rights, and Grid Dynamics would generally be required to indemnify its clients against such claims. In addition, in the event that portions of client deliverables are determined to be subject to an open source license, Grid Dynamics or its clients could be required to publicly release the affected portions of source code or re-engineer all, or a portion of, the applicable software. Disclosing Grid Dynamics’ proprietary source code could allow Grid Dynamics’ clients’ competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for Grid Dynamics’ clients. Furthermore, if the license terms for the open source code change, Grid Dynamics may be forced to re-engineer its software or incur additional costs. Any of these events could create liability for Grid Dynamics to its clients and damage Grid Dynamics’ reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on Grid Dynamics’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to this Offering, Capitalization Matters, and Corporate Governance

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders (other than claims arising under federal securities laws, including the Securities Act or the Exchange Act and any successors thereto), which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the following (except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within 10 days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction):

However, notwithstanding the exclusive forum provisions, our amended and restated bylaws explicitly state that they would not preclude the filing of claims brought to enforce any liability or duty created under federal securities laws, including the Exchange Act or Securities Act.

This exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Additionally, a court could determine that the exclusive forum provision is unenforceable. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

The price of our common stock and warrants may be volatile.

The price of our common stock and warrants may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance.

As of March 5, 2020, approximately 11% of our outstanding common stock is held or beneficially owned by the Sponsor and approximately 42% is held or beneficially owned by the Lock-up Stockholders. The concentration of beneficial ownership provides the Sponsor and the Lock-up Stockholders, collectively, with substantial control over us, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control, and future resales of our common stock held by these significant stockholders may cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly.

Approximately 11% of our outstanding common stock is held or beneficially owned by the Sponsor, approximately 42% of our outstanding common stock is held or beneficially owned by Automated Systems Holdings Limited, Teamsun Technology (HK) Limited, Beijing Teamsun Technology Co. Ltd., Benhamou Global Ventures, BGV Opportunity Fund LP, Renascia Fund B LLC, VLSK2019 LLC, Livschitz Children’s Charitable Trust, Victoria Livschitz Charitable Trust, O. Fox Charitable Trust, and GDD International Holdings Company (together, the “Lock-up Stockholders”) and approximately 12% of our outstanding common stock is held or beneficially owned by our directors and officers or persons affiliated with our directors and officers (including shares owned by the Lock-up Stockholders).

As a result, these stockholders, acting together, have significant influence over all matters that require approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Corporate action might be taken even if other stockholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company that other stockholders may view as beneficial.

To the extent that the Sponsor and the Lock-up Stockholders purchase additional shares of ours, the percentage of shares that will be held by them will increase, decreasing the percentage of shares that are held by public stockholders. 

The Lock-up Stockholders have each agreed in lock-up letters dated as of the closing of the Business Combination not to sell or otherwise transfer their shares in Grid Dynamics during the period commencing from the closing and ending on the earlier of (A) one year after the completion of the Business Combination or (B) subsequent to the Business Combination, (x) if the last sale price of Grid Dynamics’ Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Business Combination, or (y) the date on which Grid Dynamics completes a liquidation, merger, capital stock exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of its stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of common stock for cash, securities or other property.

In addition, the Sponsor and Cantor have entered into a side letter with Grid Dynamics pursuant to which, among other things, each of the Sponsor and Cantor agreed to refrain from selling, transferring or otherwise disposing of up to 1,090,000 and 110,000 shares, respectively, of common stock in Grid Dynamics (such portion, the “Earnout Shares”) that it holds, until certain release events have been realized. Under the terms of the Side Letter, each of the Sponsor and Cantor will be able to sell or transfer one-third of its respective Earnout Shares upon the price of Grid Dynamics’ Common Stock reaching a price of $12.00 per share, an additional one-third of its respective Earnout Shares upon the stock price reaching a price of $13.50 per share and the final one-third of its respective Earnout Shares upon the stock price reaching a price of $15.00 per share, in each case where such price targets were achieved for a minimum of 20 days out of a 30-day trading period during the applicable earn out period.

If any significant stockholder sells large amounts of our common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, this could have the effect of increasing the volatility in the price of our common stock or putting significant downward pressure on the price of our common stock.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. The payment of any cash dividends will be dependent upon our revenue, earnings and financial condition from time to time. The payment of any dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors. It is presently expected that we will retain all earnings for use in our business operations and, accordingly, it is not expected that our board of directors will declare any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our ability to declare dividends may be limited by the terms of any financing and/or other agreements entered into by us or our subsidiaries from time to time. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your common stock for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part of their holdings of our common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares.

Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions regarding:

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which may prohibit certain stockholders holding 15% or more of our outstanding capital stock from engaging in certain business combinations with us for a specified period of time.

Any provision of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our capital stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.