ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

An investment in our ordinary shares carries a significant degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks, as well as the other information contained in this annual report, including our historical financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report, before you decide to purchase the ordinary shares. Any one of these risks and uncertainties has the potential to cause material adverse effects on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results which could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements expressed by us and a significant decrease in the value of our ordinary shares. Refer to “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.

We may not be successful in preventing the material adverse effects that any of the following risks and uncertainties may cause. These potential risks and uncertainties may not be a complete list of the risks and uncertainties facing us. There may be additional risks and uncertainties that we are presently unaware of, or presently consider immaterial, that may become material in the future and have a material adverse effect on us. You could lose all or a significant portion of your investment due to any of these risks and uncertainties.

Risks Related to Our Business Generally

We are an early revenue stage company and have incurred operating losses since inception, and we do not know when we will attain profitability. An investment in our securities is highly risky and could result in a complete loss of your investment if we are unsuccessful in our business plans.

We are an early-stage company. Since inception, we have incurred operating losses and negative cash flow, and we expect to continue to incur losses and negative cash flow in the future. Our net losses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $11,690,098 and $586,895, respectively. Ultimately, our ability to generate sufficient operating revenue to earn a profit depends upon our success in developing and marketing or licensing our diagnostic tests and technology. Any failure to do so could result in the possible closure of our business or force us to seek additional capital through loans or additional sales of our equity securities to continue business operations, which could dilute the value of any securities you hold or could result in the loss of your entire investment.

Terms of subsequent financings may adversely impact your investment.

We intend to engage in common equity, debt, or preferred stock financing in the future. Your rights and the value of your investment in our securities could be reduced as a result of any such financing. Interest on debt securities could increase costs and negatively impacts operating results. Preferred shares could be issued in series from time to time with such designation, rights, preferences, and limitations as needed to raise capital. The terms of preferred shares could be more advantageous to those investors than to the holders of ordinary shares. In addition, if we need to raise more equity capital from the sale of ordinary shares, institutional or other investors may negotiate terms at least as, and possibly more, favorable than the terms of your investment. Ordinary shares which we sell could be sold into the nascent public market for our ordinary shares which could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

Our inability to manage growth could harm our business.

We have added, and expect to continue to add, additional personnel in the areas of sales and marketing, research & development, laboratory operations, finance, quality assurance and compliance. As we build our commercialization efforts and expand research and development activities, our operating expenses and capital requirements have also increased, and we expect that they will continue to increase, significantly. Our ability to manage our growth effectively requires us to forecast expenses accurately, and to properly forecast and expand operational and testing facilities, if necessary, to expend funds to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. As we move forward in commercializing our tests and developing our test portfolio, we will also need to effectively manage our growing manufacturing, laboratory operations and sales and marketing needs. If we are unable to manage our anticipated growth effectively, our business could be harmed.

Risks that we face in undertaking this expansion include:

We intend to continue to hire additional personnel. Competition for individuals with relevant experience can be intense, and we may not be able to attract, assimilate, train or retain additional highly qualified personnel in the future. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate and retain these additional employees could seriously harm our business and prospects.

We substantially depend upon our management.

Our success depends largely on the skills, experience and performance of key members of our management who are critical to directing and managing our growth and development in the future. Our success substantially depends upon our senior management’s ability to lead our company, implement successful corporate strategies and initiatives, develop key relationships, including relationships with collaborators and business partners, and successfully commercialize products and services. While our management has significant experience developing diagnostic products, we have considerably less experience in commercializing these products or services. The efforts of our management will be critical as we develop our technologies and seek to commercialize our tests and other products and services.

In September 2021, we acquired all of the equity interests of PharmGenomics, and the combined company may not perform as we expect.

On September 20, 2021, we acquired all of the equity interests of PharmGenomics, the entity that licenses the ColoAlert^® intellectual property. The combined company may not perform as we expect. Risks associated with the combined company include:

Failure of our internal controls over financial reporting could harm our business and financial results.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of our financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures of our assets are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Our growth and entry into new diagnostic tests, technologies and markets will place significant additional pressure on our system of internal control over financial reporting. Any failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting could limit our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely or to detect and prevent fraud.

You may face difficulties protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited because we are incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands, a substantial portion of our assets are in the European Union and a majority of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United States.

We are constituted under the laws of the Netherlands. A majority of our officers, and directors, reside outside the United States. In addition, a substantial portion of their assets and our assets are located outside of the United States. As a result, you may have difficulty serving legal process within the United States upon us or any of these persons. You may also have difficulty enforcing, both in and outside of the United States, judgments you may obtain in U.S. courts against us or these persons in any action, including actions based upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. Federal or state securities laws. Furthermore, there is substantial doubt as to the enforceability in the Netherlands against us or against any of our directors, officers and the expert named in this annual report who are not residents of the United States, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of liabilities based solely upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. In addition, shareholders in Dutch corporations may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in U.S. federal courts.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management, our directors or our major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Global economic conditions could materially adversely impact demand for our products and services.

Our operations and performance depend significantly on economic conditions. Global financial conditions continue to be subject to volatility arising from international geopolitical developments and global economic phenomenon, as well as general financial market turbulence and natural phenomena such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Uncertainty about global economic conditions could result in

Access to public financing and credit can be negatively affected by the effect of these events on German, Dutch, European, U.S. and global credit markets. The health of the global financing and credit markets may affect our ability to obtain equity or debt financing in the future and the terms at which financing or credit is available to us. These instances of volatility and market turmoil could adversely affect our operations and the trading price of our ordinary shares.

Changes to trade policy, tariffs, and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Changes in laws and policies governing foreign trade could adversely affect our business. As a result of recent and future policy changes, there may be greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade. Such changes have the potential to adversely impact the global and local economies, our industry and global demand for our products and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may significantly impact our results of operations.

A substantial percentage of our operations are conducted in Europe. As a result, we are exposed to an exchange rate risk between the U.S. and the Euro. The exchange rates between these currencies in recent years have fluctuated significantly and may continue to do so in the future. An appreciation of the Euro against the U.S. dollar could increase the relative cost of our products outside of Europe, which could lead to decreased sales. Conversely, to the extent that we are required to pay for goods or services in U.S. dollars, the depreciation of the Euro dollar against the U.S. dollar would increase the cost of such goods and services.

We do not hedge our currency exposure and, therefore, we incur currency transaction risk whenever we enter into either a purchase or sale transaction using a currency other than the Euro. Given the volatility of exchange rates, we might not be able to effectively manage our currency transaction risks, and volatility in currency exchange rates might have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Technology and Business Strategy

We may fail to generate sufficient revenue from our relationships with our clients or laboratory partners to achieve and maintain profitability.

We believe our commercial success depends upon our ability to successfully market and sell our products and solutions, to continue to expand our current relationships and to develop new relationships with customers, physicians, and laboratories. The demand for our existing and future services may decrease for a number of reasons, including, but is not limited to, the development by competitors of new products, and increased competition from companies that offer similar products and solutions. In addition to reducing our revenue, if our laboratory partners or clients decide to decrease or discontinue their partnerships or relationships with us, and their use of our knowledge and interpretation-based solutions, this may reduce our access to research and patient data that facilitates the incorporation of newly developed information about rare diseases into our data repository.

Our success depends heavily on our ColoAlert screening tests.

For the foreseeable future, our ability to generate revenues will depend almost entirely on the commercial success of our colon cancer screening test. The commercial success and our ability to generate revenues will depend on a variety of factors, including the following:

If we are unable to develop and maintain substantial sales of our tests or if we are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, our business prospects, financial condition and results of operation would be adversely affected.

Sales of our diagnostic tests could be adversely impacted by the reluctance of physicians to adopt the use of our tests and by the availability of competing diagnostic tests.

Physicians and hospitals may be reluctant to try a new diagnostic test due to the high degree of risk associated with the application of new technologies and diagnostic test in the field of human medicine, especially if the new test differs from the current standard of care for detecting cancer in patients. For example, CRC prevention strategies, such as FIT and colonoscopies, are well known in the patient group aged over 50 years, while ColoAlert and similar diagnostic tests are not vastly known by physicians or patients. We will need to expend significant sums of money to market our products to increase the public’s awareness. If our products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate enough revenues to become profitable or the profitability may occur much later.

Competing tests for the initial diagnosis, reoccurrence diagnosis and optimal treatment of cancer are being manufactured and marketed by other companies. To compete with other diagnostic tests, particularly any that sell at lower prices, our tests will have to provide medically significant advantages or be more cost effective. Even if we can overcome physician reluctance and compete with products that are currently on the market, our competitors may succeed in developing new, safer, more accurate or more cost-effective diagnostic tests that could render our diagnostic tests and technologies obsolete or non-competitive.

We may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening ColoAlert and other brands associated with Mainz Biomed’s products, which would materially and adversely affect acceptance of our diagnostic tests, and our business, revenues and prospects.

Our business and prospects heavily depend on our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the ColoAlert brand and the brands of our future products. Any failure to develop, maintain and strengthen these brands may materially and adversely affect our ability to sell our products. Most of our sales are to clinical reference laboratories or routine diagnostic laboratories. Those laboratories are generally more focused on taking orders than on marketing the products that they sell. We need to educate these reference laboratories and the general public as to why we believe our products are superior. If we are not able to establish, maintain and strengthen our brands, we may lose the opportunity to build our customer base.

We expect that our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen our brands will depend heavily on the success of our marketing efforts. We intend to use proceeds from this offering for marketing of our products, but we might not be successful in such expanded marketing. Due to the specifics of the market in which we operate, the investment in customer acquisition will be high and the uptake is likely slow until a critical mass is reached. To further promote our brand, we may be required to change our marketing practices, which could result in substantially increased advertising expenses, including the need to use traditional media such as television, radio and print. If we do not develop and maintain strong brands, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially and adversely impacted.

We might decide not to incorporate the UdeS Biomarkers after we conclude additional studies on such biomarkers.

On January 4, 2022, we acquired an option to license the UdeS Biomarkers. Our decision to exercise such option will depend, among other factors, on the results of further studies that we intend to conduct on the UdeS biomarkers and the analysis as to whether the incorporation of such biomarkers will improve our ColoAlert product. If we conclude such studies and decide not exercise such option, we will have expended such funds without improving our ColoAlert product and we will have no recourse to such expended funds.

Product liability, warranty, personal injury, property damage and recall claims may materially affect our financial condition and damage our reputation.

We are engaged in a business that exposes us to claims for product liability and warranty claims in the event our products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected or the use of our products results, or is alleged to result, in property damage, personal injury or death. Any judgment or settlement for personal injury or wrongful death claims could be more than our assets and, even if not justified, could prove expensive to contest.

Although we maintain product and general liability insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all such potential claims. We may experience legal claims in excess of our insurance coverage or claims that are not covered by insurance, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Adverse determination of material product liability and warranty claims made against us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and harm our reputation. In addition, if any of our products or components in our products are, or are alleged to be, defective, we may be required to participate in a recall of that product or component. Any such recall and other claims could be costly to us and require substantial management attention.

We may face technology transfer challenges and expenses in adding new tests to our portfolio and in expanding our reach into new geographical areas.

Our plan for expanding our business includes developing and acquiring additional tests or additional biomarkers that can be transferred into our current and future diagnostic product portfolio and distributed in our target markets. Due to differences in the hardware and software platforms available at different laboratories for running molecular tests, we may need to adjust the configuration of the reagents and there may be changes to the related software in order for the tests to be performed on particular hardware platforms. Making any such adjustments could take a considerable amount of time and expense, and there will be no assurance that we will succeed in running our tests on the hardware and software that we may encounter in different laboratories. To manage this issue, we may license or acquire our own instrument system and software from another company that has a platform that will be compatible with our tests. This may include additional licenses and license fees needed for reagents or components required hereto as well.

If third party payors do not provide reimbursement, breach, rescind or modify their contracts or reimbursement policies or delay payments for our tests, or we are unable to successfully renegotiate reimbursement contracts, our commercial success could be compromised.

Physicians and patients might not order our tests unless third party payors, such as managed care organizations as well as government payors, pay a substantial portion of the test price. Reimbursement by a payor may depend on a number of factors, including a payor’s determination that tests using our technologies are not experimental or investigational, and that they are medically necessary, cost-effective, supported by peer-reviewed publications and included in clinical practice guidelines. There is uncertainty concerning third-party payor reimbursement of any test incorporating new technology.

Reimbursement is based in most countries on reimbursement codes, which differ from country to country. Currently, ColoAlert is reimbursed as a polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) test in Germany for privately insured patients if an authorized medical care center is performing the analysis. For statutory and/or privately insured patients in Germany and in other countries, we may need to apply for a specific reimbursement code, which may call for a new clinical study and additional CE-IVD approvals.

We believe that it may take several years to achieve reimbursement with a majority of third-party payors for our tests. If we fail to establish and maintain broad adoption of and reimbursement for all of our current tests and any future tests that we may develop, our reputation could be harmed and our future prospects, revenue and our business could suffer. Additionally, we have in the past experienced, and anticipate further experiencing, delays and temporary interruptions in the receipt of payments from third-party payors due to modifications in existing contracts or arrangements, contract implementation matters, documentation requirements and other issues, which could cause our revenues to fluctuate from period to period.

We will need to make significant inroads with general practitioners in Europe. In most European countries, health care is considered a public responsibility, and the main payer is public health insurance. This implies that the private pay market is limited, and that general practitioners are the main gate keepers to market penetration. If we cannot convince general practitioners in Europe that our products are the superior choice, we cannot grow there as quickly as we need, if at all.

We may depend on possible future collaborations to develop and commercialize many of our diagnostic test candidates and to provide the manufacturing, regulatory compliance, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities required for the success of our business.

We may enter into various collaborative research and development, manufacturing, and diagnostic test marketing agreements to develop and commercialize our diagnostic tests. Any future milestone payments and cost reimbursements from collaboration agreements could provide an important source of financing for our research and development programs, thereby facilitating the application of our technology to the development and commercialization of our diagnostic tests, but there are risks associated with entering into collaboration arrangements.

There is a risk that we could become dependent upon one or more collaborative arrangements for diagnostic test development or manufacturing or as a source of revenues from the sale of any diagnostic tests that may be developed by us alone or through one of the collaborative arrangements. A collaborative arrangement upon which we might depend might be terminated by our collaboration partner or they might determine not to actively pursue the development or commercialization of our diagnostic tests. A collaboration partner also may not be precluded from independently pursuing competing diagnostic tests or technologies.

There is a risk that a collaboration partner might fail to perform its obligations under the collaborative arrangements or may be slow in performing its obligations. In addition, a collaboration partner may experience financial difficulties at any time that could prevent it from having available funds to contribute to the collaboration. If a collaboration partner fails to conduct its diagnostic test development, manufacturing, commercialization, regulatory compliance, sales and marketing or distribution activities successfully and in a timely manner, or if it terminates or materially modifies its agreements with us, the development and commercialization of one or more diagnostic test candidates could be delayed, curtailed or terminated because we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue diagnostic test development, manufacturing, and commercialization on our own.

If we are unable to obtain and enforce patents and to protect our trade secrets, others could use our technology to compete with us, which could create undue competition and pricing pressures. There is no certainty that any future patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or that issued patents, if we receive any, will be deemed enforceable.

The success of our business depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing patents and other proprietary rights of others. If the technology that we use infringes a patent held by others, we could be sued for monetary damages by the patent holder or its licensee, or we could be prevented from continuing research, development, and commercialization of diagnostic tests that rely on that technology, unless we are able to obtain a license to use the patent. The cost and availability of a license to a patent cannot be predicted, and the likelihood of obtaining a license at an acceptable cost would be lower if the patent holder or any of its licensees is using the patent to develop or market a diagnostic test with which our diagnostic test would compete. If we cannot obtain a necessary license, we would need to develop or obtain rights to alternative technologies, which could prove costly and could cause delays in diagnostic test development, or we could be forced to discontinue the development or marketing of any diagnostic tests that were developed using the technology covered by the patent.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and enforce intellectual property protection. We currently rely on trade secrets, know how and technology to protect our intellectual property and do not have any patents or any pending patent applications. In January 2022, we entered into a Technology Rights Agreement pursuant to which we may license certain biomarkers developed at the Université de Sherbrooke. If we exercise our option to acquire to such license, we will be responsible for prosecuting and maintaining any patents on such biomarkers, including the patent application filed with the U.S. PTO (application no. 68/108,510) and the International Patent System. If we are unsuccessful in obtaining or maintaining such protection and our trade secrets and know are revealed to our competitors, they could use our intellectual property and create diagnostic tests that compete with our diagnostic tests, without paying license fees or royalties to us.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

We rely on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which are not protected by patents and do not have any patent applications pending, to protect the intellectual property behind our diagnostic tests. We do not yet use confidentiality agreements with our collaborators, employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators and sponsored researchers and other advisors to protect our proprietary technology and processes. We intend to use such agreements in the future, but these agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases, we cannot assert any trade secret rights against such party. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Results of FDA required studies may not create desired clinical performance resulting in follow-on studies delaying the launch of the product in the US.

We will be required to undertake a clinical study to achieve FDA market authorization that will be significantly larger than the study used to receive CE-IVD certification under the IVD-D. The clinical performance of the ColoAlert test for the FDA study might not meet the current product performance. As a result, we may need to undertake additional studies or abandon the study altogether. Additional studies would be costly and delay or prevent our rollout of ColoAlert in the United States.

Risks Related to Regulations

Our global operations expose us to numerous and sometimes conflicting legal and regulatory requirements, and violations of these requirements could harm our business.

We are subject to numerous, and sometimes conflicting, legal regimes in the countries in which we operate, including on matters as diverse as health and safety standards, marketing and promotional activities, anticorruption, import/export controls, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, immigration, internal and disclosure control obligations, securities regulation, anti-competition, data privacy and labor relations. This includes in emerging markets where legal systems may be less developed or familiar to us. We strive to abide by and maintain compliance with these laws and regulations. Compliance with diverse legal requirements is costly and time-consuming. Violations of one or more of these regulations in the conduct of our business could result in significant fines, criminal sanctions against us or our board of directors or officers, prohibitions on doing business and damage to our reputation. Violations of these regulations in connection with the performance of our obligations to our clients or partners also could result in liability for significant monetary damages, fines and/or criminal prosecution, unfavorable publicity and other reputational damage, restrictions on our ability to process information and allegations by our clients or partners that we have not performed our contractual obligations. Due to the varying degrees of development of the legal systems of the countries in which we operate, local laws might be insufficient to protect our rights.

Our international operations could be affected by changes in laws, trade regulations, labor and employment regulations, and procedures and actions affecting approval, products and solutions, pricing, reimbursement and marketing of our products and solutions, as well as by inter-governmental disputes. Any of these changes could adversely affect our business. The imposition of new laws or regulations, including potential trade barriers, may increase our operating costs, impose restrictions on our operations or require us to spend additional funds to gain compliance with the new rules, if possible, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition.

Our business is subject to various complex laws and regulations. We could be subject to significant fines and penalties if we or our partners fail to comply with these laws and regulations.

As a manufacturer of clinical diagnostic products and clinical diagnostic services, we and our partners are subject to extensive and frequently changing federal, state and local laws and regulations governing various aspects of our business. In particular, the clinical laboratory industry is subject to significant governmental certification and licensing regulations, as well as federal and state laws regarding:

We expect to be required to comply with U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, regulations, including with respect to our labeling and promotion activities. In addition, advertising of our tests is subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC. Violation of any FDA requirement could result in enforcement actions, such as seizures, injunctions, civil penalties and criminal prosecutions, and violation of any FTC requirement could result in injunctions and other associated remedies, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Most states also have similar regulatory and enforcement authority for devices. Additionally, most foreign countries have authorities comparable to the FDA and processes for obtaining marketing approvals. Obtaining and maintaining these approvals, and complying with all laws and regulations, may subject us to similar risks and delays as those we could experience under FDA and FTC regulation. We incur various costs in complying and overseeing compliance with these laws and regulations.

Healthcare policy has been a subject of extensive discussion in many national, regional and local governments, and healthcare laws and regulations are subject to change. Development of the existing commercialization strategy for our tests have been based on existing healthcare policies. We cannot predict what additional changes, if any, will be proposed or adopted or the effect that such proposals or adoption may have on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If we or our partners, including independent sales representatives, fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we could incur significant fines and penalties and our reputation and prospects could suffer. Additionally, our partners could be forced to cease offering our products and services in certain jurisdictions, which could materially disrupt our business.

We will have to maintain facilities, or maintain relationships with third party laboratories, for the manufacture and use of diagnostic tests. Our ability to provide services and pursue our research and development and commercialization efforts may be jeopardized if these facilities were to be harmed or rendered inoperable.

Our facilities and equipment could be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including fire, flooding and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our tests or provide laboratory services for some period of time. The inability to perform our tests or the backlog of tests that could develop if any of our facilities is inoperable for even a short period of time may result in the loss of customers or harm to our reputation or relationships with key researchers, collaborators, and customers, and we may be unable to regain those customers or repair our reputation in the future. Furthermore, our facilities and the equipment we use to perform our research and development work could be costly and time-consuming to repair or replace.

Additionally, a key component of our research and development process involves using biological samples and the resulting data sets and medical histories, as the basis for our diagnostic test development. In some cases, these samples are difficult to obtain. If the parts of our laboratory facilities where we store these biological samples are damaged or compromised, our ability to pursue our research and development projects, commercialization of our diagnostic tests, as well as our reputation, could be jeopardized. We carry insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

We anticipate being required to obtain regulatory approval of our diagnostic test products to enter new markets.

If our products enter new markets, they will need to satisfy the regulatory rules in that market. Given the nature of our products and product candidates, we believe that our entry into the U.S. market will require FDA market authorization through pre-market review. This may also be the case for corresponding foreign regulatory authorities. Our products and product candidates may not be cleared or approved on a timely basis, if at all. The regulatory approval process may involve, among other things, successfully completing additional clinical trials and filing a pre-market approval application (PMA) with the FDA. Similar review and approval processes may be applicable for corresponding foreign regulatory authorities.

We are required to comply with national, regional and local laws governing the privacy of health information, and any failure to comply with these laws could result in material criminal and civil penalties.

National, regional and local laws set forth security regulations that establish administrative, physical and technical standards for maintaining the confidentiality, integrity and availability of protected health information in electronic form. If protected health information is breached, additional laws, require us to provide certain health information security breach notifications to those individuals whose protected health information is breached.

We may incur significant compliance costs related to varying national and state privacy regulations and varying national and state privacy and security laws. Given the complexity of such laws and their overlap with national and state privacy and security laws, and the fact that these laws are rapidly evolving and are subject to changing and potentially conflicting interpretation, our ability to comply with such laws and requirements is uncertain and the costs of compliance are significant. The costs of complying with any changes to the national and state privacy restrictions may have a negative impact on our operations. Noncompliance could subject us to criminal penalties, civil sanctions and significant monetary penalties as well as reputational damage.

We are subject to national and regional healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and could face substantial penalties if we are unable to fully comply with such laws.

We are subject to healthcare fraud and abuse regulation and enforcement by both national governments and the regions in which we conduct our business. In the United States, where we intend to seek approval to rollout our ColoAlert product, these health care laws and regulations include the following:

Any action brought against us for violation of these laws or regulations, even if we are in compliance and successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws and regulations, we may be subject to applicable penalties associated with the violation, including, among others, administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages and fines, and/or exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid programs, including the California Medical Assistance Program (Medi-Cal — the California version of the Medicaid program) or other state or federal health care programs. Additionally, we could be required to refund payments received by us, and we could be required to curtail or cease our operations.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares and this Offering

The market price of our ordinary shares may be volatile and may fluctuate in a way that is disproportionate to our operating performance.

The public market for our ordinary shares has a limited history. Our ordinary shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on November 5, 2021. The daily trading volume and our per ordinary share market price may decrease significantly after the date of this annual report. The value of our ordinary shares could decline due to the impact of any of the following factors upon the market price of our ordinary shares:

Many of these factors are beyond our control. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. A broad or active public trading market for our ordinary shares may not develop or be sustained.

You may experience dilution of your ownership interests if we issue additional ordinary shares or preferred shares.

In the future, we may issue our authorized but previously unissued equity securities, resulting in the dilution of the ownership interests of our present shareholders. We are authorized to issue an aggregate of 48,550,000 ordinary shares. As of April 15, 2022, we had 13,960,487 ordinary share outstanding, approximately 28.8% of the ordinary shares that we are authorized to issue. In addition, we had 3,707,500 warrants exercisable into ordinary shares outstanding and 1,794,650 options exercisable into ordinary shares outstanding as of April 15, 2022.

We may issue additional ordinary shares or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for ordinary shares in order to raise additional capital, or in connection with hiring or retaining employees, directors, or consultants, or in connection with future acquisitions of licenses to technology or diagnostic tests in connection with future business acquisitions, or for other business purposes. The future issuance of any such additional ordinary shares or other securities, including those underlying the warrants and options we have issued and granted, would dilute the voting power of our current stockholders, could dilute the net tangible book value per share at the time of such future issuance and may create downward pressure on the trading price of our ordinary shares.

We may also issue preferred shares having rights, preferences, and privileges senior to the rights of our ordinary shares with respect to dividends, rights to share in distributions of our assets if we liquidate our company, or voting rights. Any preferred shares may also be convertible into ordinary shares on terms that would be dilutive to holders of ordinary shares.

We do not intend to pay dividends, and there will thus be fewer ways in which you are able to make a gain on your investment.

We have never paid any cash or stock dividends, and we do not intend to pay any dividends for the foreseeable future. To the extent that we require additional funding currently not provided for in our financing plan, our funding sources may prohibit the payment of any dividends. Because we do not intend to declare dividends, any gain on your investment will need to result from an appreciation in the price of our ordinary shares. There will therefore be fewer ways in which you are able to make a gain on your investment. Our articles of association prescribe that any profits in any financial year will be distributed first to holders of preferred shares, if outstanding.

FINRA sales practice requirements may limit your ability to buy and sell our ordinary shares, which could depress the price of our shares.

FINRA rules require broker-dealers to have reasonable grounds for believing that an investment is suitable for a customer before recommending that investment to the customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status and investment objectives, among other things. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability such speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, FINRA requirements may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our ordinary shares, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our shares, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares and, thereby, depress their market prices.

Volatility in our ordinary shares price may subject us to securities litigation.

The market for our ordinary shares may have, when compared to seasoned issuers, significant price volatility, and we expect that our share price may continue to be more volatile than that of a seasoned issuer for the indefinite future. In the past, plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. We may, in the future, be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. For example:

Our shareholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important and are accustomed to receiving from U.S. reporting companies.

As an “emerging growth company” under applicable law, we will be subject to lessened disclosure requirements. Such reduced disclosure may make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company”, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), we will elect to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies”, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Because of these lessened regulatory requirements, our shareholders would be left without information or rights available to shareholders of more mature companies. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for such securities and their market prices may be more volatile.

We incur significant costs as a result of being a public company, which costs will grow after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

We incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act and will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) (a) December 31, 2026, (b) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (c) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our ordinary shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30^th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs and makes some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an emerging growth company, we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a public company, we have been required to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We have incurred additional costs in obtaining director and officer liability insurance. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

If we are, or were to become, a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. investors in our ordinary shares would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. We do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor held ordinary shares, such investor would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as ineligibility for any preferred tax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends, an additional interest charge on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additional reporting requirements under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations. If we are characterized as a PFIC, a U.S. investor may be able to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our ordinary shares that would alleviate some of the adverse consequences of PFIC status. Although U.S. tax rules also permit a U.S. investor to make a “qualified electing fund” election with respect to the shares of a non-U.S. corporation that is a PFIC if the non-U.S. corporation provides certain information to its investors, we do not currently intend to provide the information that would be necessary for a U.S. investor to make a valid “qualified electing fund” election with respect to our ordinary shares.