RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information contained in this prospectus, including the matters addressed under the heading “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus as they identify and address other important risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events and results to differ materially from those contained in the forward- looking statements.

The following risk factors apply to the business and operations of the Company. These risk factors are not exhaustive, and investors are encouraged to perform their own investigation with respect to the business, financial condition and prospects of the Company. We may face additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, which may also impair our business or financial condition. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a history of losses and it may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We are a development stage company and have not been profitable since our inception in 2019, accumulating deficits of $128,908,000, $51,976,000 and $13,488,000 as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. We incurred net losses of $38,488,000 and $8,653,000 in the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and $41,026,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. We expect we will require significant capital in connection with our efforts, and we will be required to continue to make significant investments to further develop and expand our business. In particular, we expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on sales, marketing and advertising as part of our strategy to develop and increase our network of independent insurance agents, as well as on research and development activities regarding our epigenetic biomarker technology. The sales, marketing and advertising expenses that we will incur will typically be expensed immediately. In addition, to the extent our business ramps as we expect, we will need to increase our headcount significantly in the coming years. As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We expect that our net loss will increase in the near term as we continue to make such investments to grow our business. Despite these investments, we may not succeed in increasing our revenue on the timeline that we expect or in an amount sufficient to lower our net loss and ultimately become profitable. Moreover, if our revenue declines, we may not be able to reduce costs in a timely manner because many of our costs are fixed, at least in the short term. In addition, if we reduce variable costs to respond to losses, this may limit our ability to enter into agreements with new customers and grow our revenues. Accordingly, we may not achieve or maintain profitability and it may continue to incur significant losses in the future.

Our independent registered public accounting firms have included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited financial statements included in this registration statement, which could limit our ability to raise additional capital and thereby materially adversely impact its business.

Our audited financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. Primarily as a result of our losses, limited working capital, convertible debt obligations and significant operating costs expected to be incurred in the next twelve months, the reports of our independent registered public accounting firms included elsewhere in this registration statement contain an explanatory paragraph on our financial statements stating there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Such an opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities or otherwise. There is no assurance that sufficient financing will be available when needed to allow us to continue as a going concern. The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may also make it more difficult to operate our business due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations.

If we are unable to secure additional capital, we may be required to curtail our business initiatives and take additional measures to reduce costs in order to conserve our cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations and meet our obligations. These measures could cause a significant reduction in the scope of our planned development, which could harm its business, financial condition and operating results. It is not possible for us to predict at this time the potential success of our business. The revenue and income potential of our business and operations are currently unknown. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that may be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

We will require additional capital to commercialize our product and service offerings and grow our business, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all.

To the extent that our present capital and the proceeds that we received from the Business Combination and related financing transactions is insufficient to meet operating requirements or to cover losses, we will need to raise additional funds through financings to carry out our business plans. Many factors will affect our capital needs as well as their amount and timing, including our growth and profitability as well as market disruptions and other developments.

Historically, we have funded our operations, marketing expenditures and capital expenditures primarily through equity issuances and debt instruments. We evaluate financing opportunities from time-to-time, and our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans and operating performance, and the condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all.

If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, our existing stockholders may experience dilution. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could require that a substantial portion of our operating cash flow be devoted to the payment of interest and principal on such indebtedness, which may decrease available funds for other business activities, and could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities.

If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, our ability to continue to support our business growth, maintain minimum amounts of risk-based capital and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

Our future success depends in large part on the continued participation in the business of Tyler Danielson, our Interim Chief Executive Officer, which cannot be ensured or guaranteed.

Tyler Danielson is our Interim Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Danielson will be instrumental in shaping our vision, strategic direction and execution priorities. There can be no assurance that Mr. Danielson will continue to work for us. Mr. Danielson’s departure from service with the Company could materially adversely impact our business.

The loss of the services of our other current executives or other key employees, or the failure to attract additional key individuals, could materially adversely impact its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our financial success is dependent to a significant degree upon the efforts of our current executive officers and other key employees. At present, we do not maintain key-man life insurance policies for any of these individuals. In addition, our success and viability will depend to a significant extent upon its ability to attract and retain qualified personnel in all areas of its business, especially its sales, science, and financial management teams. If we were to lose the key members of our respective teams, we would need to replace them with qualified individuals in a timely manner or our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

Our business significantly depends upon the strength of our brands, and we are not able to develop, maintain and enhance our brands, our ability to develop and expand our customer base may be adversely impacted and our business and operating results may be harmed.

We believe that the brand identity we will develop (encompassing multiple brands) will significantly contribute to the success of our business. Developing, maintaining and enhancing our brands may require us to make substantial investments and these investments may not be successful. If we fail to develop, maintain or enhance our brands, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially adversely impacted. Many of our competitors have brands that are well recognized. As a relatively new entrant into the markets in which we operate, we will likely spend considerable money and other resources to create brand awareness and build our reputation. We anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brands may become increasingly difficult and expensive.

We may not be able to build brand awareness, and our efforts at building, maintaining and enhancing our reputation could fail. Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices, our marketing and advertising campaigns, our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the integrity of the data that we provide to consumers or business partners, data privacy and security issues, and other aspects of our business, whether valid or not, could diminish confidence in our brands, which could adversely impact our reputation and business. Our management team could be subject to negative publicity that could interfere with our ability to successfully establish its brand or impact our ability to compete for business or attract and retain customers.

We were formed to become a separate and independently managed and controlled entity from GWG Holdings, Inc. (“GWG”). GWG, which remains a significant stockholder in FOXO, on April 20, 2022, announced that it has filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the Federal Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas. Our former Chief Executive Officer, who is a current member of our board of directors, was an officer and director of GWG prior our initial formation in November 11, 2019. We are not a party to this bankruptcy and our board member has not been an officer or director of GWG since April 2019, but the bankruptcy proceedings could negatively impact our brand.

As we commercialize and expand our product offerings and enter new markets, we need to establish our reputation with customers, and to the extent that we are not successful in creating positive impressions, our business could be adversely impacted. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop, maintain or enhance our reputation, and failure to do so could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are unable to develop, maintain or enhance consumer awareness of our brands in a cost-effective manner, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely impacted.

Members of our management team have been, and may from time to time be, associated with negative media coverage or become involved in legal or regulatory proceedings or investigations unrelated to our business.

Members of our management team have been involved in a wide variety of businesses, including transactions, such as sales and purchases of businesses, and ongoing operations. As a result of such involvement, members of our management team may from time to time be associated with negative media coverage or become involved in legal or regulatory proceedings or investigations unrelated to our business. For example, Jon Sabes, a member of our board of directors, was the chief executive officer and director of GWG until April 26, 2019. On April 20, 2022, GWG, which was a significant stockholder in FOXO, announced that it filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the Federal Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas. In addition, GWG previously disclosed that it received a subpoena from the SEC’s Division of Enforcement on October 6, 2020 to produce documents in connection with an investigation related to its investment products and accounting matters. Any negative media coverage, regulatory proceedings or investigations related to our management team, may be detrimental to the management team’s reputation or result in other negative consequences or damages, which could cause a material adverse impact on our business and the stock price of our Company.

Development of new products and services will require substantial resources, and we cannot guarantee that we will have the resources or ability to continue such development.

Developing new products and services requires substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any products or services are ultimately commercialized. We may pursue what we believe is a promising opportunity only to discover that certain of its risk or resource allocation decisions were incorrect or insufficient, or that individual products, services or its science in general has technology limitations or risks that were previously unknown or underappreciated. In the event material decisions in any of these areas turn out to be incorrect or sub-optimal, we may experience a material adverse impact on our business and ability to fund our operations.

Our success is based on our ability to integrate molecular biotechnology into the life insurance industry, and our inability to do so may adversely affect our operating results, business prospects and our ability to repay our obligations.

The success of our business is based upon our ability to create new products and services by integrating molecular biotechnology into the life insurance industry. We expect that current and future developments in molecular biotechnology will enhance the life insurance industry; however, the industry’s acceptance of molecular biotechnology will primarily be impacted by a variety of factors such as the acceptance of new products and services by consumers, insurance carriers, and agents; as well as the interpretation of existing laws and regulations (including laws relating to privacy), the passage of new legislation and regulations, interest rates, reserve requirements and actuarial understandings and methodologies, and future innovations in molecular biotechnology. Importantly, the factors that we believe will most significantly affect the development and success of our products and services in the life insurance industry are beyond our control. Any material and adverse development in the life insurance market could adversely affect our operating results, our access to capital, and our business prospects and viability. Because of this, an investment in the Class A Common Stock of our Company generally involves greater risk as compared to investments offered by companies with more diversified business operations in more established markets.

Our success depends, in large part, on its ability to commercialize our technology enabled products and services with a high level of service at a competitive price, achieve sufficient sales volume to realize economies of scale, and create innovative new products and services to offer to our customers. Our failure to achieve any of these outcomes would adversely impact our business.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to extend our technology enabled products and services to the life insurance market with a high level of service at a competitive price, achieve sufficient sales volume to realize economies of scale, and create innovative new products and services to offer to our customers. The growth and expansion of our business and service offerings, once such offerings are commercialized, is expected to place a continuous significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources. To effectively manage our growth following development and commercialization of our products and services, we must continue to implement and improve our operational, financial and management information systems and to expand, train and manage our employee base. While we plan to partner with third-party commercialization partners, as well as one or more domestic and/or international insurance carriers, we must continue to work to scale our own operations to meet increases in demand for our products and services. In the event of further growth of our operations or in the number of our third-party relationships, our supply, systems, procedures or internal controls may not be adequate to support our operations and our management may not be able to manage any such growth effectively.

Even if we are able to successfully scale our infrastructure and operations, we cannot ensure that demand for our products and services will increase at levels consistent with the growth of our infrastructure. If we fail to generate demand commensurate with this growth or if we fail to scale our infrastructure sufficiently in advance to meet such demand, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.

We expect our revenue and results of operations to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis.

Our revenue and results of operations could vary significantly from period-to-period and may fail to match expectations as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Among other factors, our revenue and results may vary as a result of fluctuations in the number of customers purchasing insurance products from us or our business partners, research and development expenditures, and/or the timing and amount of our expenses. Fluctuations and variability across the industry may affect our revenue and results of operations. As a result of the potential variations in our revenue and results of operations, period-to-period comparisons may not be meaningful and the results of any one period should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. In addition, our results of operations may not meet the expectations of investors or public market analysts who follow our Company, which may adversely impact our stock price.

Covenants in our indebtedness could limit our flexibility and adversely affect our financial condition.

Our outstanding indebtedness contains several restrictive covenants, including that we cannot, without the prior written consent of 50.01% of the holders of our senior promissory notes (the “Notes”), create or incur any other indebtedness. If any of our covenants are breached and not cured within applicable cure periods, the breach could result in acceleration of our indebtedness and penalties. Limitations on our ability to incur new indebtedness under the terms of our debt securities may limit the amount of new investments we make.

The Notes mature on April 1, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”), and accrue interest at an annual interest rate of 15%, commencing on the issuance date, compounded quarterly on each December 20, March 20, June and September 20 until the Maturity Date and on the Maturity Date itself (each, an “Interest Payment Due Date”). Interest is payable by increasing the principal amount of the Note (with such increased amount accruing interest as well) on each Interest Payment Due Date (“PIK Interest”). Monthly payments on the outstanding principal amount of the Note, as such amount may be increased as the result of the payment of PIK Interest (the “Outstanding Principal Balance”), will commence on November 1, 2023, until the Outstanding Principal Balance has been paid in full on the Maturity Date, or, if earlier, upon acceleration, or prepayment of the Note in accordance with the Notes terms. A default by us on the Notes would have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity and the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

The warrants issued by FOXO under its January 2021 bridge financings and assumed by the Company as part of the Business Combination have anti-dilution rights that could be triggered as part of future financings.

If FOXO raises additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities with an exercise price lower than $6.21 per share at such time as the Assumed Warrants issued under the January 2021 bridge financing are outstanding the anti-dilution protection provisions in the Assumed Warrants will be triggered. Specifically, the exercise price and number of warrant shares of the Assumed Warrants will be adjusted to reflect such lower issuance price as the new equity is sold and the number of shares issuable under the Assumed Warrant will be increased such that the aggregate exercise price after the lower price adjustment shall be equal to the aggregate exercise price prior to adjustment.  This anti-dilution adjustment will have a dilutive effect on the Company’s equity and may hamper its ability to complete future financings.

Our success and the growth of our business will depend on our ability to effectively and in a cost-feasible manner acquire, maintain, and engage with our targeted customers. If we fail to acquire, maintain, and engage customers, our business, revenue, operating results and financial condition will be adversely impacted.

As a new company, we anticipate that sales and marketing expenses will continue to represent a large part of our overall operating costs for the foreseeable future. We cannot guarantee, however, that our investments in sales and marketing will effectively reach potential customers, potential customers will decide to buy our products or services, or that customer spend for our products and services will yield the intended return on investment.

In addition, many factors, some of which are beyond our control, may reduce our ability to acquire, maintain and engage with customers, including the following:

Our inability to overcome these challenges could adversely impact our ability to attract and add new customers, as well as retain existing customers, once obtained, and could have an adverse effect on our business, revenue, operating results and financial condition. Further, if our customer base does not grow, we may be required to incur significantly higher marketing expenses than we currently anticipate in order to attract new customers. A significant decline in our customer base could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Security incidents or real or perceived errors, failures, or bugs in our systems or websites could adversely impact our operations, result in loss of personal customer information, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and operating results.

Our success, in particular the sale of insurance products through the FOXO Life brand, will be dependent on our systems, applications, and software operating and meeting the changing needs of our customers and users. We will rely on our technology and vendors to successfully implement changes to and maintain our systems and services in an efficient and secure manner. Like all information systems and technology, our websites may contain material errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs, particularly when new features or capabilities are released, and may be subject to computer viruses or malicious code, break-ins, phishing impersonation attacks, attempts to overload our servers with denial-of-service or other attacks, ransomware and similar incidents or disruptions from unauthorized use of our computer systems, as well as unintentional incidents causing data leakage, any of which could lead to interruptions, delays or website or online app shutdowns, or could cause loss of critical data, or the unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, alteration or use of personal or other confidential information.

If we experience compromises to our security that result in technology performance, integrity, or availability problems, the complete shutdown of our websites or the loss or unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, alteration or use of confidential information, customers or potential customers may lose trust and confidence in us, and may decrease the use of our systems or websites, or stop using our systems or websites entirely. Further, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our information, including customer information. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, they are often not recognized until launched against a target, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world, We may be unable to proactively address these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Even if we take steps that we believe are adequate to protect us from cyber threats, hacking against our competitors or other companies could create the perception among our customers or potential customers that our systems or websites are not safe to use.

A significant impact on the performance, reliability, security, and availability of our systems, software, or services may harm our reputation, impair our ability to operate, retain customers or attract new customers for the FOXO or FOXO Life brands, and expose us to legal claims and government action, each of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Changes in general economic conditions could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Changes in general economic conditions, including, for example, interest rates, investor sentiment, changes specifically affecting the insurance industry, biotechnology industry, competition, technological developments, political and diplomatic events, tax laws, and other factors not known to us today, could substantially and materially adversely impact our business. For example, changes in interest rates may increase our cost of capital and ability to raise capital, and have a corresponding adverse impact on our operating results. While we may engage in certain hedging activities to mitigate the impact of these changes, none of these conditions are or will be within our control. Changes in general economic conditions may also negatively impact demand for life insurance and our other products and services.

Our business may be adversely impacted by the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic spread to every country and every state in the United States. The World Health Organization designated COVID-19 as a pandemic, and numerous countries, including the United States, declared national emergencies with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic. While vaccines have been approved and are slowly being deployed, the global impact of the outbreak continues to adversely affect many industries, and different geographies continue to reflect the effects of public health restrictions in various ways. The timing and likelihood of achieving widespread global vaccination remain uncertain, and these vaccines may be less effective against new variants, potentially leading people to continue to self-isolate and not participate in the economy at pre-pandemic levels for a prolonged period of time.

The economic recovery following the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is only partially underway and has been gradual, uneven and characterized by meaningful dispersion across sectors and regions with uncertainty regarding its ultimate length and trajectory. Further, although many jurisdictions had relaxed or lifted restrictions in an effort to generate more economic activity, the risk of continued COVID-19 outbreaks remains, and some jurisdictions may re-impose restrictions in an effort to mitigate risks to public health, especially as more infectious variants of the virus emerge. Increasing infection rates and hospitalizations in certain geographies and a potential resulting market downturn may have a negative impact on our planned products and services as well as the business of third parties on which it may rely, and as a result could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. It is also possible that the global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic may reduce demand for personal life insurance and our other products and services.

These and other potential impacts make it more challenging for management to estimate the future performance of our business. While we cannot predict the specific impacts to our business, financial condition and results of operations, the impacts could be materially negative. These impacts will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and out of our control, including, among others, the duration and intensity of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent resumption of business operations and recovery of discretionary consumer spending across the globe. Additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently. The potential of such additional impacts intensifies the business and operating risks that we face, and should be considered when reading the additional risk factors below.

We plan to expand operations abroad, through planned relationships with international life insurance carriers, where we have limited operating experience and where we may be subject to increased regulatory risks and local competition. If we are unsuccessful in any efforts to expand internationally, our business may be harmed.

Regulations exist or are under consideration in countries outside the United States, which limit or prevent the sale of direct-to-consumer genetic tests. Some countries, including Australia, require premarket review by their regulatory body similar to that required in the United States by the FDA. Some countries, including Australia, Germany, France and Switzerland, require a physician prescription for genetic tests providing health information, thus limiting our offering in those countries to an ancestry-only test. Other countries require mandatory genetic counseling prior to genetic testing. If similar prohibitions were enacted with respect to epigenetic testing, or the scope of the aforementioned regulations were expanded to include epigenetics, it could limit the available market for our products and services and increase the costs associated with marketing the products and services where we are able to offer our products.

We also plan to expand our life insurance business internationally, which will subject us to additional laws and regulatory standards with respect to the insurance business and insurance distribution. We have no previous experience in operating our life insurance business internationally, may incur significant operating expenses in connection thereto, and may not be successful in our compliance with such international laws and regulations.

Legal developments in the European Union have created a range of new compliance obligations regarding transfers of personal data from the European Union to the United States, including the GDPR and UK GDPR, which may apply to certain of our activities related to services that we offer or may offer to individuals located in the European Union. Significant effort and expense will be required to ensure compliance with the GDPR and UK GDPR, and could cause us to change our business practices. Moreover, requirements under the GDPR and UK GDPR may change periodically or may be modified by the European Union or the UK and/or the laws of one or more countries. The GDPR and UK GDPR impose stringent compliance obligations regarding the handling of personal data and have resulted in the issuance of significant financial penalties for noncompliance, including possible fines of up to 4% of global annual turnover for the preceding financial year or €20 million/£17.5 million (whichever is higher) for the most serious violations.

We may also need to achieve and maintain International Standards Organization (or ISO) certification of our future Quality Management Systems. If we are not able to achieve or maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market our insurance products and/or may be subject to enforcement by EU Competent Authorities, bodies with authority to act on behalf of the government of the applicable EU Member State, or other nations which adopt similar standards, to ensure that the requirements of the directive or regulation are met.

If we fail to comply with any applicable laws and regulations, we may not be able to expand internationally or could become subject to enforcement actions or the imposition of significant monetary fines, other penalties, or claims, which could harm our ability to conduct our business and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to risks related to litigation and other legal proceedings.

We operate in a highly regulated and litigious environment. We may become involved in legal proceedings, including litigation, arbitration and other claims, and investigations, inspections, audits, claims, inquiries and similar actions by insurance, tax and other governmental authorities.

Legal proceedings, in general, and securities, derivative action and class action and multi-district litigation, in particular, can be expensive and disruptive. Some of these suits may purport or may be determined to be class actions and/or involve parties seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages, and may remain unresolved for several years.

We are subject to extensive regulation by national, state and local government agencies in the United States and other countries in which it may operate. There continues to be a heightened level of review and/or audit by regulatory authorities of, and increased litigation regarding, our related industry’s business, compliance and reporting practices. As a result, we regularly are the subject of government actions of the types described above.

We cannot predict with certainty the outcomes of any legal proceedings and other contingencies, and the costs incurred in litigation can be substantial, regardless of the outcome. Substantial unanticipated verdicts, fines and rulings do sometimes occur. As a result, it could from time to time incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could harm its reputation and have a material adverse effect on its results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued and/or its cash flows in the period in which the amounts are paid. In addition, as a result of governmental investigations or proceedings, we may be subject to damages, civil or criminal fines or penalties, or other sanctions. The outcome of some of these legal proceedings and other contingencies could require it to take, or refrain from taking, actions which could negatively affect its operations. Additionally, defending against these lawsuits and proceedings may involve significant expense and diversion of management’s attention and resources.

Risks Related to Our Epigenetic Testing Services

Our success and ability to establish and grow our epigenetic testing services will depend on developing epigenetic biomarkers for use in life insurance underwriting. If we fail to develop epigenetic biomarkers that attract and retain life insurance carriers as customers, our operating results and financial condition will be adversely affected.

We are still in the process of developing our saliva-based epigenetic biomarkers for use in life insurance underwriting. If our efforts to develop saliva-based epigenetic biomarkers for health and wellness conditions used in life insurance underwriting fail, our ability to attract customers for our underwriting technology services will be adversely impacted.

Our ability to attract and add new insurance or reinsurance carriers as customers, as well as retain existing customers, once obtained, depends, in large part, on the ability of our epigenetic biomarkers to provide accurate, cost-effective information for life insurance underwriting. If life insurance carriers or reinsurance carriers do not perceive our underwriting technology services to be reliable and of high quality, if we fail to introduce new and improved products and services, or if we introduce new products or services that are not favorably received by the market, we may not be able to attract or retain customers. In order for our epigenetic biomarkers technology to provide and continue to provide actuarial value, we may be required to incur significantly higher research and development expenses, costs related to improving our services, and lower margins in order to attract new customers and retain existing customers.

While we will strive to demonstrate the actuarial value of epigenetic biomarker technology we are developing to insurance companies, reinsurers, underwriters, and insurance agents, these counterparts may not embrace our underwriting technology services. Moreover, if we fail to remain competitive on pricing and actuarial accuracy, our ability to grow our business and generate revenue by attracting and retaining customers may be adversely impacted.

Many factors, some of which are beyond our control, may reduce our ability to sell our underwriting technology services, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section and the following:

Our inability to overcome these challenges could adversely impact our ability to execute our underwriting technology services business and could have an adverse effect on our business, revenue, operating results and financial condition. The inability to commercialize our underwriting technology services business would have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are applying the relatively new field of epigenetics to life insurance underwriting, which we cannot guarantee will produce the results we seek or need for our business model.

While the scientific field of epigenetics and its importance in gene expression is well understood, the scientific field is still developing and the concept of obtaining individually predictive biomarkers of health and wellness from saliva is novel. Most epigenetic research to date has been conducted from blood specimens and has produced extensive peer reviewed publications on the association between DNA methylation and health and wellness factors associated with life insurance underwriting (e.g., tobacco use, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, alcohol use). These association studies, while informative, differ from the individually predictive epigenetic biomarkers we develop and require for use in life insurance underwriting. In addition, these peer reviewed association studies have not published extensive research on DNA methylation derived from saliva. Accordingly, while we believe that individually predictive biomarkers are available in saliva at accuracy levels that are actuarially significant for use in life insurance underwriting, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of such epigenetic biomarkers, and any errors in the accuracy or results provided by such biomarkers could hinder our ability to gain market share in a very competitive industry. If we are unable to obtain individually predictive epigenetic biomarkers in saliva at accuracy levels efficacious for life insurance underwriting, or if the epigenetic biomarkers do not perform as expected, it could significantly affect our ability to generate revenue from such products, which could then result in a complete loss of your investment.

Our 2019 Pilot Study demonstrated that epigenetic biomarkers are available in both blood and saliva for traditional life insurance underwriting risk factors, but further research may not validate or improve the results discovered in the Pilot Study.

In 2019, we completed a Pilot Study that sought to measure a wide range of health and wellness factors used in traditional life insurance underwriting with DNA methylation data derived from blood and saliva. While the Pilot Study was able to identify patterns of DNA methylation (i.e., epigenetic biomarkers) of individuals that corresponded to clinical health and wellness measurements used in standard life insurance underwriting, we cannot guarantee that the results of the Pilot Study are completely accurate, or that the results of the Pilot Study will be further validated or improved upon in follow-on research which could negatively impact our ability to pursue our business plans and generate revenue.

We currently have research projects planned and underway designed to further discover, improve and validate the use of our epigenetic biomarkers for our planned commercial purposes, but we cannot guarantee the results of such research and any negative results may negatively impact our ability to pursue our business plans.

Our current and planned research projects are designed to further discover, improve and validate the use of epigenetic biomarkers for commercial use in life insurance underwriting. The main research projects we have underway are the Physicians’ Health Study and the Parallel Run Study.

While we believe these research projects will lead to the discovery, improvement, and commercial validation for the use of its proprietary epigenetic biomarker technology, we cannot guarantee the results of these studies, nor can we guarantee that insurance carriers, agents, underwriters, and consumers will use our products and services based on the results of such studies. Our results may be misleading or inaccurate, which could adversely impact the acceptance of our products and services, and our overall ability to continue pursuing our business plans. If the results from its research studies differ from what we expect, or if such results are not accepted by insurance carriers, agents, underwriters, and consumers, it will adversely impact our ability to pursue our business plans and generate revenue, which could result in a complete loss of your investment.

We intend to provide consumer engagement through our health and wellness platform; however, competition in the personal health and wellness testing market continues to increase and presents a threat to the success of our business.

The number of companies entering the personal health and wellness testing market with offerings similar to those that we intend to provide through our health and wellness testing platform continues to increase. We believe that our ability to offer consumer engagement services that add value to life insurance depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including the following:

We anticipate we will also face competition from other companies attempting to capitalize on the same, or similar, opportunities as we are, including from existing diagnostic, laboratory services and other companies entering the personal health and wellness testing market with new offerings such as direct access and/or consumer self-pay tests and interpretation services. Some of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories and greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more quickly or efficiently than we can to new or emerging technologies. These competitors may engage in more extensive research and development efforts, undertake more far-reaching marketing campaigns and adopt more aggressive pricing policies, which may allow them to build larger customer bases than we have. Our competitors may develop products or services that are similar to our products and services or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products and services. This could attract customers away from our services and reduce our market share.

We rely on a limited number of critical third-party suppliers for our epigenetic testing services and in the event we are unable to procure our materials or services, we may not be able to find suitable replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers, which will have an adverse impact on our business.

We rely on a limited number of critical third-party suppliers for our epigenetic testing, including: (1) the maker of our DNA Kit, which is required for the collection of our customers’ saliva; (2) a provider of microarrays; and (3) a provider of array processing and wet-lab services to deliver the raw epigenetics data to us. Our suppliers could cease supplying these materials, equipment and/or services at any time, or fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of materials/services or materials/services that meet our specifications, or significantly increase the costs of providing the materials or services to us. Our operations could be interrupted if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these materials or services, or if we cannot locate an acceptable substitute. Any such interruption could significantly impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

Our underwriting technology services face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products and services that are similar to ours, before or more successfully than we can.

While we believe we are the first company to seek to directly apply saliva-based epigenetic biomarker technology to life insurance underwriting, we have not yet developed and commercialized, and may never successfully develop or commercialize, our saliva-based underwriting technology for the insurance market. Moreover, our business faces substantial competition from larger, more established companies with products and services that have been accepted by insurance and underwriting markets and may impair our ability to compete to commercialize our products and services in the life insurance industry.

We recognize that other companies, including larger insurance, insurance technology and biotechnology companies, may be developing or have plans to develop products and services that may compete with ours. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and human resources than we have. In addition, many of our competitors have significantly greater experience than we have in developing various underwriting protocols and marketing and commercializing products and services similar to ours. Our competitors may discover, develop or commercialize products and services that are more effective, safer or less costly than any products or services that we are developing. Our competitors may also obtain regulatory approval for their products and services more rapidly than we may obtain approval for our planned insurance products, underwriting protocol and testing services.

We anticipate that competition with our insurance products and underwriting testing services will be based on a number of factors, including product efficacy, safety, accuracy, availability and price. Our competitive position will also depend upon our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, to obtain patent protection or otherwise develop and maintain proprietary products or processes, protect our intellectual property including our trade secrets, and to secure sufficient capital resources to support the development and commercialization of our products and services.

We or our partners (or both) may now or in the future be subject to laws and regulations relating to laboratory testing, which could materially adversely impact our ability to offer our products or services.

The clinical laboratory testing sector is highly regulated in the United States. Both us and our partners may now, or in the future, be subject to regulation under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (“CLIA”), or similar state laboratory licensure laws. CLIA is a federal law (administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS) that, in partnership with the states, regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease or impairment of, or assessment of the health of, human beings. CLIA regulations require clinical laboratories to obtain a certificate commensurate with the type of testing being performed and mandate specific standards in areas including personnel qualifications, administration, participation in proficiency testing, patient test management and quality assurance. CLIA certificates must be renewed every two years, and renewal requires undergoing survey and inspection. CLIA and/or state inspectors may conduct random inspections or conduct inspections as a result of a complaint or reported incident.

DNA methylation profiling of consumer saliva specimens will be performed by our wet-laboratory partners. The failure of our laboratory partners to hold CLIA certification or accreditation appropriate to the type of testing they perform, or to comply with CLIA regulations or applicable state licensure requirements could result in adverse regulatory action that, if not timely corrected, could result in us being unable to continue using their services, which could adversely affect our business. Similarly, if our laboratory partners do not hold state permits or licenses in those states that require them, it may limit our ability to offer our products and services on a national basis.

Because we do not directly analyze human specimens in our facilities, but instead perform only data analysis or “dry lab” services, our bioinformatics analysis activities are not subject to CLIA. It is possible that, in the future, CLIA may apply to our activities, which could result in us being unable to offer our services or could require additional expenditures to obtain certification, both of which could materially adversely impact our business. We could face similar adverse impacts if a state regulator were to conclude that our bioinformatics activities were subject to state laboratory licensure. Similar adverse consequences could result if CLIA or state regulators disagree with our laboratory partners’ interpretation of CLIA or our applicability to their testing services.

Our underwriting technology and consumer engagement services may now or in the future be subject to laws and regulations relating to laboratory developed tests and software, which could materially adversely impact our business.

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDC Act”) gives the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, the authority to regulate manufacturers of medical devices, which are defined to include, among other requirements, in vitro diagnostic (“IVD”) products (e.g., laboratory instruments, reagents, and collection devices) and software that are intended for use in the diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation or prevention of diseases or conditions, including, without limitation, the presence of biomarkers. Medical devices are subject to a variety of regulatory requirements based on their level of risk, including in some cases premarket review and authorization. The FDA enforces its requirements by market surveillance and periodic inspections. The FDA may take a variety of actions in response to violations of the FDC Act and implementing regulations, including, but not limited to, cease and desist orders, injunctions, civil monetary penalties, operating restrictions, or shutdown of production facilities.

The FDA has historically taken the position that laboratory tests developed in-house by a clinical laboratory, sometimes referred to as laboratory developed tests (“LDTs”), are subject to regulation as in vitro diagnostic devices. However, the FDA has generally exercised enforcement discretion (i.e., has exercised discretion not to enforce its requirements) with respect to LDTs. Certain types of LDTs have historically not been subject to enforcement discretion, including LDTs for the COVID-19 pandemic and LDTs offered directly to consumers without a health care provider’s order. Legislative proposals introduced in Congress in 2021 seek to codify or, alternatively, eliminate, FDA authority to regulate LDTs.

The FDA also takes the position that stand-alone software that meets the definition of a medical device, known as SaMD, is subject to FDA regulation. Certain categories of medical software, including certain health and wellness software, have been exempted from FDA regulation under the FDC Act. Similarly, the FDA has exercised enforcement discretion with respect to certain types of low risk software products, including those intended to help patients manage chronic conditions.

Our products and services include epigenetic analysis of laboratory-generated DNA methylation data using our proprietary bioinformatics technology, which it uses to inform both its saliva-based underwriting and molecular health and wellness engagement services. We believe that our products and services are not subject to FDA regulation. First, to the extent our products and services are intended to inform underwriting decisions, they do not meet the definition of a medical device. Second, to the extent our products and services incorporate software that is intended solely for health and wellness purposes, we believe such software meets the definition of exempt medical software under the FDC Act, as amended by the 21^st Century Cures Act, enacted in 2016. Furthermore, even if elements of our products and services could be construed to be subject to FDA oversight, we believe that such elements would be subject to FDA enforcement discretion to the extent that we use such elements to provide general health and wellness and non-disease-specific information to customers that includes disclaimers and caveats that the information is not intended for medical purposes and poses low risk to consumers.

There can be no guarantee that the FDA will now, or in the future, agree with our position. Should the FDA determine that our products and services are subject to FDA regulation, our operations could be adversely affected. If FDA premarket review or approval were required, we could be forced to stop selling our testing services or be required to modify claims or make other changes while we work to obtain FDA clearance, approval or de novo classification. Our business, results of operations and financial condition would be negatively affected until such reviews were completed and clearance, approval or de novo classification to market were obtained or the costs of continuing to operate our business could increase materially.

Our use of saliva-based epigenetic biomarkers may in the future be subject to laws and regulations at the state and federal levels relating to the use of such testing or information in life insurance underwriting, which could materially adversely impact our business.

Underwriting life insurance is subject to state insurance regulation. We believe the use of epigenetic biomarkers in life insurance underwriting is permissible due to the fact that we are seeking to identify underwriting impairments already used by other insurance carriers in medical underwriting today. Moreover, the use of epigenetic testing or information in life insurance underwriting is not prohibited at either the federal or state level. Florida and Louisiana are the only states that have explicitly sought to prohibit the use of genetic information, which is distinguishable from epigenetic information, for use in life insurance underwriting.

Any adverse change in current laws or regulations, or their interpretation, federally or in one or more states in which we operate or plan to operate (or an aggregation of states in which we conduct a significant amount of business) could result in our curtailment or termination of operations in such states, or cause us to not start or modify our operations in a manner that adversely affects our ultimate profitability. Any such action could have a corresponding adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition, primarily through a material decrease in revenues, and could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We provide ancillary product and service offerings that support our baseline technology, but we cannot guarantee that such products and services will result in material, if any, revenue, and such products and services may be a distraction to our main business line initiatives.

We are building a number of technologies to support researchers and epigenetic science and analysis. For example, in 2019 we released “MethylSuite,” a high throughput bioinformatic software package that supports calculating, reporting and interpreting epigenetic data derived from microarray technology. Also in 2019, we participated with the Van Andel Institute and Illumina, Inc. in the commercialization of the Infinium Mouse Methylation Array, a new microarray designed to advance epigenetic research in model organisms. We receive a royalty on all Infinium Mouse Methylation Array sales by Illumina, and also provide laboratory and data processing services to researchers using the Infinium Mouse Methylation Array. However, we do not expect such business lines to result in material, if any, revenues. Furthermore, we cannot guarantee the accuracy or results of the array/data processing or MethylSuite, and any errors in the results provided by such array or bioinformatic software could result in costly litigation, and be a distraction to our main business line initiatives.

Risks Related to Our Life Insurance Operations

The life insurance industry has experienced an overall decline in product sales which, if this trend continues, could materially adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Ownership of life insurance has been in decline in the United States for decades. While our products and services are designed to address the overall decline in consumer interest in purchasing life insurance products, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in doing so. The reasons for a decline in household ownership of life insurance are complex and multi-faceted. There can, therefore, be no assurance that we will successfully address these multifaceted reasons or that we will generate revenues or become profitable. We may be forced to make significant changes to our anticipated pricing, sales and revenue models to compete with our competitors’ offerings, and even if such changes are implemented, there is no guarantee that such steps will be successful. If the overall market trend of declining demand for personal life insurance continues or worsens, or we are unable to adjust our approach to meet market demands, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.

Competition in the insurance technology market presents an ongoing challenge to the success of our business and if we are unable to compete, our business could be materially adversely impacted.

The number of technology-based companies entering the insurance market with offerings in life insurance continues to increase. While we believe there are very few, if any, companies commercializing saliva-based epigenetic biomarkers or bundling life insurance with a health and wellness engagement platform, we believe that our ability to compete depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including the following:

We will likely face competition from other companies attempting to capitalize on the same, or similar, opportunities as us, including from companies focused on molecular health and wellness, epigenetic biomarkers, and from the overall insurance technology markets inclusive of new offerings such as direct access and/or consumer self-pay tests and genetic interpretation services. Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories and greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than us. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more quickly or efficiently than we can to new or emerging technologies. These competitors may engage in more extensive research and development efforts, undertake more far-reaching marketing campaigns, and adopt more aggressive pricing policies, which may allow them to build customer bases larger or faster than us. Our competitors may develop products or services that are similar to our products and services or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products and services. This could attract customers away from our services and reduce our market share or prevent us from increasing.

We may not be successful in establishing the relationships necessary to execute on our business plans, which could have a material adverse impact on its ability to generate revenue and financial condition.

We plan to have our sales and distribution efforts focus on independent agent distribution channels. Independent agent distribution channels include independent marketing organizations, broker general agencies and smaller general agencies. In order to serve the broadest range of customers and agents, we intend to establish a managing general agency relationship with one or more domestic carrier partners, in order for us to expand the use of our products and services in connection with a full suite of life insurance products (term life insurance, universal life insurance, variable universal life insurance, indexed universal life insurance, whole life insurance, etc.), which we call the “MGA Model” (see “Business Overview — MGA Insurance Products”). We envisions the MGA Model will appeal to domestic carrier partners who are seeking to expand the distribution of their products through independent agent distribution channels and who are seeking a differentiated product offering by combining their own policies with our brand and replacing blood and urine specimen for life insurance products that are subject to medical underwriting protocols with our saliva-based underwriting protocol.

If we are unable to develop or maintain these relationships, or if the MGA Model proves unworkable, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely impacted. Moreover, while we will strive to demonstrate the value of our products and services to consumers, insurance agents, and carriers, these potential customers may not embrace our products and services, thereby hindering our ability to execute on our business plans and generate revenue.

We may experience difficulty in marketing and distributing life insurance through third parties, and the use of third parties may result in additional liabilities.

Although we intend to distribute life insurance products through a wide variety of distribution channels, we may maintain relationships with a number of key distributors, which could result in certain distributor concentration. Distributors may elect to renegotiate the terms of any existing relationships such that those terms may not be attractive or acceptable to us, limit the products they sell, or otherwise reduce or terminate their distribution relationships with us with or without cause. This could be due to various reasons, such as uncertainty related to product offerings, industry consolidation of distributors or other industry changes that increase the competition for access to distributors, developments in laws or regulations that affect our business or industry, including the marketing and sale of our products and services, adverse developments in our business, the distribution of products with features that do not meet minimum thresholds set by the distributor, strategic decisions that impact our business, adverse rating agency actions or concerns about market-related risks.

Key distribution partners could merge, consolidate, change their business models in ways that affect how our products can be sold, or new distribution channels could emerge and adversely impact the effectiveness of our distribution efforts.

Also, if we are unsuccessful in attracting and retaining distribution partners, or are unable to maintain our distribution relationships, we may be unable to effectively sell our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

In addition, we could, in certain circumstances, be held responsible for the actions of third-party distributors, including broker-dealers, registered representatives, insurance agents and agencies and marketing organizations, and their respective employees, agents and representatives, in connection with the marketing and sale of our products by such parties in a manner that is deemed not compliant with applicable laws and regulations. This is particularly acute with respect to unaffiliated distributors where we may not be able to directly monitor or control the manner in which products are sold through third-party firms. If our products are distributed to customers for whom they are unsuitable or distributed in a manner deemed inappropriate, we could suffer reputational and/or other financial harm to our business.

As part of our insurance business, we may collect, process, store, share, disclose and use customer information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect such information and data, respect customer privacy or comply with data privacy and security laws and regulations could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.

We may receive and store a large volume of personally identifiable information, epigenetic information, and other data relating to our customers, as well as other personally identifiable information and other data relating to individuals such as our employees. Security breaches, employee malfeasance, or human or technological error could lead to potential unauthorized disclosure of our customers’ personal information. Even the perception that the privacy of personal information is not satisfactorily protected or does not meet regulatory requirements could inhibit sales of our solutions and any failure to comply with such laws and regulations could lead to significant fines, penalties or other liabilities.

A security compromise of our information systems or of those of businesses with whom we interact that results in confidential information being accessed by unauthorized or improper persons could harm our reputation and expose us to regulatory actions, customer attrition, remediation expenses, disruption of our business, and claims brought by our customers or others for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or data protection laws.

Monetary damages imposed on us could be significant and not covered by our liability insurance. Techniques used by bad actors to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems evolve frequently and may not immediately produce signs of intrusion, and we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, a security breach could require us to expend substantial additional resources related to the security of our information systems and provide required breach notifications and remediation, diverting resources from other projects and disrupting our businesses. If we experience a data security breach, our reputation could be damaged and we could be subject to additional litigation, regulatory risks and business losses.

Numerous local, municipal, state, federal, and international laws and regulations address privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, disclosure, and protection of certain types of data, including the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, or the TCPA, Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, and effective as of January 1, 2020, the California Consumer Privacy Act (or the CCPA). These laws, rules, and regulations evolve frequently and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation, and changes in enforcement, and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. For example, the CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, requires, among other things, new disclosures to California consumers and affords such consumers new abilities to opt out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per violation. Aspects of the CCPA and its interpretation and enforcement remain uncertain. The effects of this legislation are potentially far-reaching and may require FOXO to modify its data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. The CCPA has been amended on multiple occasions. For example, the California Privacy Rights Act (or CPRA) recently was approved by California voters and significantly modifies the CCPA, potentially resulting in further uncertainty and requiring FOXO to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply. The CPRA does not become operative until January 1, 2023 (and then applies only to consumer data collected on or after January 1, 2022, with enforcement beginning July 1, 2023). While the CCPA will remain operative and enforceable from now until July 1, 2023, we will continue to monitor developments related to the CPRA. The effects of this legislation are potentially far-reaching and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. Additionally, many laws and regulations relating to privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, disclosure, and protection of certain types of data are subject to varying degrees of enforcement and new and changing interpretations by courts. The CCPA and other changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection, breach notifications, and information security, particularly any new or modified laws or regulations, or changes to the interpretation or enforcement of such laws or regulations, which require enhanced protection of certain types of data or new obligations with regard to data retention, transfer, or disclosure, could greatly increase the cost of providing our products and services, require significant changes to our operations, or even prevent us from providing our products and services in jurisdictions in which we currently operate and in which we may operate in the future.

We may also be required to comply with increasingly complex and changing data security and privacy regulations in the UK, the European Union (the “EU”) and in other jurisdictions in which we plan to conduct business that regulate the collection, use and transfer of personal data, including the transfer of personal data between or among countries. For example, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), now also enacted in the UK as the UK GDPR, has imposed stringent compliance obligations regarding the handling of personal data and has resulted in the issuance of significant financial penalties for noncompliance. Further, in July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union released a decision in the Schrems II case (Data Protection Commission v. Facebook Ireland, Schrems), declaring the EU-US Privacy Shield invalid and calling into question data transfers carried out under the European Commission’s Standard Contractual Clauses. As a result of the decision, we may face additional scrutiny from EU regulators in relation to the transfer of personal data from the EU to the United States. Noncompliance with the GDPR can trigger fines of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues. In the United States, there have been proposals for federal privacy legislation and many new state privacy laws proposed. Other countries have enacted or are considering enacting data localization laws that require certain data to stay within their borders. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies or our customers pursuant to our contractual obligations relating to our compliance with these regulations. Complying with changing regulatory requirements requires us to incur substantial costs, exposes us to potential regulatory action or litigation, and may require changes to our business practices in certain jurisdictions, any of which could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and information security, it is possible that our interpretations of the law or best practices could be inconsistent with, or fail, or be alleged to fail to meet all requirements of, such laws, regulations, or obligations. Our failure, or the failure by its third-party providers on its platform, to comply with applicable laws or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access to, or use or release of personally identifiable information or other data relating to our customers, or other individuals, or the perception that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise have occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing customers from using our products or services, or result in fines, investigations, or proceedings by governmental agencies and private claims and litigation, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if not subject to legal challenge, the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and brand and materially adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We will be subject to the terms of our privacy policies and privacy-related obligations. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to customers or others, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive information, which could include personally identifiable information or other user data, may result in governmental or regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, compliance orders, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could cause customers to lose trust in us, all of which could be costly and have an adverse impact on our business. In addition, new and changed rules and regulations regarding privacy, data protection (in particular those that impact the use of artificial intelligence) and cross-border transfers of customer information could cause us to delay planned uses and disclosures of data to comply with applicable privacy and data protection requirements. Moreover, if any third-party that we work with violates applicable laws or its policies, such violations also may put personal information at risk, which may result in increased regulatory scrutiny and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to prevent or address the misappropriation of our data, which could damage our reputation and materially adversely impact our business.

Third parties may misappropriate our data through website scraping, bots or other means and aggregate this data on their websites with data from other companies. In addition, copycat websites or online apps may misappropriate data and attempt to imitate our brand or the functionality of our planned website. If we become aware of such websites or online apps, we intend to employ technological or legal measures in an attempt to halt their operations. However, we may be unable to detect all such websites or online apps in a timely manner and, even if we could, technological and legal measures may be insufficient to halt their operations immediately or completely. In some cases, particularly in the case of websites or online apps operating outside of the United States, our available remedies may not be adequate to protect us against the effect of the operation of such websites or online apps. Regardless of whether we can successfully enforce our rights against the operators of these websites or online apps, any measures that we may take could require us to expend significant financial or other resources, which could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, to the extent that such activity creates confusion among consumers or advertisers, our brand and business could be harmed.

Changes in state laws and regulations governing our business, or changes in the interpretation of such laws and regulations, could negatively impact our business.

State statutes typically provide state regulatory agencies with significant powers to interpret, administer and enforce the laws relating to the purchase of life insurance policies. Under statutory authority, state regulators have broad discretionary power and may impose new licensing requirements, interpret or enforce existing regulatory requirements in different ways or issue new administrative rules, even if not contained in state statutes. State regulators may also impose rules that may restrict and negatively impact our industry. Because of the history of certain abuses in the industry, we believe it is likely that state insurance regulation will increase and grow more complex during the foreseeable future. We cannot, however, predict what any new regulation would specifically involve.

The emergence of new biotechnologies has led to frequent legislation governing the use of genetic information in insurance. The federal regulation, Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (“GINA”), prohibits the use of genetic information by health insurers, but it does not apply to life insurance or epigenetics at this time. To date, a small minority of states have adopted a GINA-like framework, essentially prohibiting the use of genetic information for life insurance underwriting and risk classification. Other states have laws regulating, though not prohibiting, the use of genetic information in life insurance. While epigenetics’ distinguishable features exempt it from the text of, and rationale behind, current laws regulating the use of genetic information in life insurance, any adverse change in present laws or regulations, or their interpretation in one or more states in which we may operate (or an aggregation of states in which we may conduct a significant amount of business) could result in our curtailment or termination of operations in such jurisdictions, or cause us to modify our operations in a way that adversely affects our profitability. Any such action could have a corresponding material and negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition, primarily through a material decrease in revenues, and could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

New legislation or legal requirements may affect how we communicate with our customers, which could have a material adverse impact on our business model, financial condition, and results of operations.

State and federal lawmakers and insurance regulators are focusing upon the use of customer communications, including concerns about transparency, deception, and fairness, in particular. Changes in laws or regulations, or changes in the interpretation of laws or regulations by a regulatory authority may decrease our revenues and earnings and may require us to change the manner in which we conduct some aspects of our business. In addition, our business and operations are subject to various U.S. federal, state, and local consumer protection laws, including laws which place restrictions on the use of automated tools and technologies to communicate with wireless telephone subscribers or consumers generally. For example, a California law, effective as of July 2019, makes it unlawful for any person to use a bot to communicate with a person in California online with the intent to mislead the other person about its artificial identity for the purpose of knowingly deceiving the person about the content of the communication in order to incentivize a purchase of goods or services in a commercial transaction. Although we take steps to comply with this and other laws restricting the use of electronic communication tools, no assurance can be given that we will not be exposed to civil litigation or regulatory enforcement. Further, to the extent that any changes in law or regulation further restrict the ways in which we communicate with prospective or current customers before or during onboarding, customer administration, or otherwise, these restrictions could result in a material reduction in our customer acquisition and retention, reducing the growth prospects of our business, and materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to retain our license for patent pending methods of identifying epigenetic biomarkers, our business plans, revenue generation, and ability to continue operating could be adversely impacted.

We, through our subsidiary FOXO Labs, have an exclusive license for U.S. patent applications directed to three epigenetic clocks for use in life insurance, which are known as Mortality Predictor EEAA, PhenoAge and GrimAge. Subject matter that was directed solely to abstract ideas or natural laws, such as the discovery and determination of correlations, has been found to lack patent eligibility by the USPTO, if found to lack “something more.” If one or more of these three patent-pending methods of determining epigenetic estimations of age and/or age acceleration by use of a particular combination of epigenetic biomarkers of health and wellness and biological aging do not receive full patent approval, or if we are unable to retain our exclusive license, we may not be able exclusively to apply such methods to our planned life insurance underwriting protocol, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage, which could adversely impact our ability to operate our business as intended and achieve our business objectives.

If we are unable to protect our patent pending methods of identifying saliva-based epigenetic biomarkers or intellectual property in general, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely impacted.

We depend on our proprietary technology, intellectual property and services for our business plans, success and ability to compete. We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality and other agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships or with whom we plan to have relationships, and who may have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research and development output, as well as the trademark, copyright, patent and trade secret protection and common law rights and laws, to protect our proprietary rights. For example, we rely on trade secret protection for building and validating an extensive number of machine learning models that use epigenetic data derived from different types of tissues to predict a wide variety of targets, such as direct mappings to life insurance classification, smoking use and/or extent, alcohol use and/or extent, etc. Although we enter into confidentiality and other agreements to protect these and other proprietary technologies, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose information before a patent application is filed, and jeopardize our ability to seek patent protection, if we were not able to use the courts to enjoin the disclosure in advance. In addition, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents or patent licenses depends on whether the differences between our inventions and the prior art allow our inventions to be patentable over the prior art. Since publications in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications do not publish until 18 months after filing, we are never certain we are the first to make the inventions claimed in any of our patents or that we are the first to file for patent protection of such patents. In other words, priority is never known until an application is prosecuted. Additionally, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights, and third parties may challenge our proprietary rights held, pending and future patent, copyright, trademark and other applications, which, if successful, may not be approved and which may affect our ability to prevent infringement without incurring substantial expense. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States.

If the protection of our proprietary rights are inadequate to prevent use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, attempts may be made to copy or reverse engineer aspects of our products or services, or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary and which a judge may not enjoin. Accordingly, we may be unable to protect our proprietary rights against unauthorized third-party copying or use. Furthermore, as a practical matter, policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property would be difficult for us, because of the private nature of our competitors and because our competitors may offer competing products as software-as-a-service, which may limit the ability to discover a competitor’s use of our proprietary technology. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation and/or any of the events above could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to obtain sufficiently broad protection, or we may lose intellectual property protection.

As patent and trademark prosecution of biotechnology inventions is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been the subject of litigation in recent years, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our intellectual property rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future trademark or patent applications may not result in issued trademarks and patents that protect our products and services, which would render us unable to prevent others from commercializing the same or similar products and services that we offer. The coverage of trademark and patent claims may be significantly reduced before such intellectual property approval is granted and the scope and validity of issued trademarks and patents can also be challenged after grant, which, if successful, may not provide us meaningful protection, may not allow us to exclude competitors or may not provide us with any competitive advantage.

Despite our efforts, we may not be able to maintain confidentiality for our trade secrets and proprietary know-how. In addition, our trade secrets and proprietary know-how may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by others. No guarantee can be given that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or techniques, or otherwise gain access to our proprietary technology. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, and trade secret protection to establish and protect the ideas, concepts, and know-how for the products, services and technology we develop. Our failure to establish patent, trademark and trade secret protection for our technology and intellectual property rights could enable our competitors to more effectively compete and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending trademarks or future patents on our products and services in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Our owned and licensed patent applications are pending in the U.S. only and thus these present patent applications, even if granted, cannot cover any foreign countries in the future. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies (even copying from the patent disclosures) in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in various foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many other countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents in such countries. Proceedings to enforce our current trademark and potential future patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our intellectual property at risk of not issuing, being invalidated, or interpreted narrowly, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Changes in trademark or patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of our potential future trademarks and patents in general, thereby adversely impacting our ability to protect our products and services.

Changes in either the trademark or patent laws or in interpretations of trademark or patent laws in the United States or other countries or regions may diminish the value of our intellectual property. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our potential future trademarks and patents or in third-party intellectual property. In the United States, prior to March 16, 2013, assuming that other requirements for patentability were satisfied, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. On or after March 16, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (or the America Invents Act), enacted on September 16, 2011, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are satisfied, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. As such, a third party that files a patent application in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”) before us could be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either file any patent application related to our products or services, or invent any of the inventions claimed in our or its licensor’s patents or patent applications.

The America Invents Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO-administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Therefore, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have also narrowed the scope of patent protection available in specific circumstances (e.g., regarding domestic processes) and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We have employed and expect to employ or contract with individuals who were previously employed by or were independent contractors for universities or other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or other third parties, or to claims that we have improperly used or obtained such trade secrets. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, or lose the ability to use certain technologies, all of which could adversely impact our business. A loss of use of certain technologies or key research personnel work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize potential products and services, which could harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be successful in registering and enforcing our trademarks.

As we apply to register our unregistered trademarks in the United States and other countries, our applications may not be allowed for registration in a timely fashion or at all, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. Trademark enforcement is always uncertain, since proving infringement requires a showing of consumer confusion in addition to use by the defendant of a similar or identical trademark. In addition, opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademark applications and registrations, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. In certain countries outside of the United States, trademark registration is required to enforce trademark rights. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our future owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. Ownership disputes may arise, for example, from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing our future products and services.

Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims by a third party challenging inventorship of our or our licensors’ ownership of our future owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or a right to use, intellectual property or technology that is important to our product or services. Alternatively, we may need to obtain one or more additional licenses from certain third parties, which could be time-consuming and expensive and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we become involved in trademark or patent litigation or other proceedings related to a determination of rights, we could incur substantial costs and expenses, substantial liability for damages or be required to stop our development and commercialization efforts of our products and services.

There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving trademark, patent and other intellectual property rights in the insurance technology industry, including patent and trademark infringement lawsuits, declaratory judgment litigation and adversarial proceedings before the USPTO, including trademark oppositions and cancellations, patent interferences, derivation proceedings, ex parte reexaminations, post-grant review and inter partes review, as well as corresponding proceedings in foreign courts and foreign patent offices.

We may, in the future, become involved with litigation or actions at the USPTO or foreign patent offices with various third parties. We expect that the number of such claims may increase as our industry expands, more trademarks and patents are issued, the number of products or services increases and the level of competition in our industry increases. Any infringement claim, regardless of its validity, could harm our business by, among other things, resulting in time-consuming and costly litigation, diverting management’s time and attention from the development of our business, requiring the payment of monetary damages (including possible treble damages, attorney’s fees, costs and expenses) or royalty payments.

It may be necessary for us to pursue litigation or adversarial proceedings before the trademark or patent office in order to enforce our patent and proprietary rights or to determine the scope, coverage and validity of the proprietary rights of others. The outcome of any such litigation might not be favorable to us, and even if we were to prevail, such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As we move into new markets and expands our products or services offerings, incumbent participants in such markets may assert their patents and other proprietary rights against us as a means of slowing our entry into such markets or as a means to extract substantial license and royalty payments from us. In addition, future litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product or service revenue and against whom our own patents may provide little or no deterrence or protection.

Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our current or future products, technologies and services may infringe. We cannot be certain that we have identified or addressed all potentially significant third-party patents in advance of an infringement claim being made against us. In addition, similar to what other companies in our industry have experienced, we expect our competitors and others may have trademarks or patents or may in the future obtain trademarks or patents, and assert that making, having made, using, selling, offering to sell or importing its products or services infringes these trademarks or patents. Defense of infringement and other claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of management and employee resources from our business. Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex trademark or patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our ability to develop, commercialize and sell products or services and could result in the award of substantial damages against us, including possible treble damages, attorney’s fees, costs and expenses if we are found to have willfully infringed. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay damages and ongoing royalties and obtain one or more licenses from third parties, or be prohibited from selling certain products or services. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on acceptable or commercially reasonable terms, if at all, or these licenses may be non-exclusive, which could result our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. In addition, we could encounter delays in product or service introductions while we attempt to develop alternative products or services to avoid infringing third-party patents or proprietary rights. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses could prevent us from commercializing products or services, and the prohibition of sale of any of our products or services could materially impact our business and our ability to gain market acceptance for our products or services.

We maintain multiple forms of proprietary information, the value of which is derived from the proprietary nature of such information. Employees of ours or third parties that are or become privy to our proprietary information may, despite our efforts, misappropriate such information. Such misappropriation may result in publication or other public release of such information. In such an event, although we may have a cause of action against any such parties, such legal action is costly and may not result in sufficient compensation to ameliorate the loss of competitive advantages enjoyed by our confidential possession of such proprietary information. Additionally, such proprietary information, once published or otherwise released to the public, may not be returned to a secret state, and may be copied or otherwise imitated or used by competitors of ours without legal recourse or means of compensation by us. Such loss could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation, although courts are empowered to protect confidential information using protective orders. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our Class A Common Stock.

In addition, our agreements with some of our customers, suppliers or other entities with whom we do business require us to defend or indemnify these parties to the extent they become involved in infringement claims, including the types of claims described above. We could also voluntarily agree to defend or indemnify third parties in instances where we are not obligated to do so if we determine it would be important to our business relationships. If we are required or agree to defend or indemnify third parties in connection with any infringement claims, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position with respect to our products and services for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our products and services are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products — and the patent document itself is a disclosure enabling such competitors. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new products and services, patents protecting such products and services might expire before or shortly after such products and services are commercialized. As a result, our future owned and currently licensed patent portfolio may not provide it with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

We utilize open-source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software and source code.

We use open-source software in our proprietary software and will use open-source software in the future. Companies that incorporate open-source software into their proprietary software and products have, from time-to-time, faced claims challenging the use of open-source software and compliance with open-source license terms. Some licenses governing the use of open-source software contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open-source software, and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of a particular open-source license or other license granting third parties certain rights of further use. By the terms of certain open-source licenses, we could be required to release the source code of certain aspects of our proprietary software, and to make our proprietary software available under open-source licenses to third parties at no cost if we combine certain aspects of proprietary software with open-source software in certain manners. Although we monitor our use of open-source software and have a policy of full compliance with all open-source software license terms, we cannot assure that all open-source software is reviewed prior to use in our software, that our developers have not incorporated open-source software into our proprietary software, or that they will not do so in the future.

Additionally, the terms of many open-source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts. There is a risk that open-source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide certain aspects of its proprietary software. Companies that incorporate open-source software into their products have, in the past, faced claims seeking enforcement of open-source license provisions and claims asserting ownership of open-source software incorporated into their proprietary software, and claims for damages for failure to fully comply with those applicable licenses. If an author or other third party that distributes such open-source software were to allege that we have not complied with the conditions of an open-source license, we could incur significant legal costs defending ourselves against such allegations. In the event such claims were successful, we could be subject to significant damages or be enjoined from the distribution of our proprietary software. In addition, the terms of open-source software licenses may require us to provide certain aspects of our software that we develop using such open-source software to others on unfavorable license terms. As a result of our current or future use of open-source software, we may face claims or litigation, be required to release certain aspects of our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer its proprietary software, discontinue making our proprietary software available in the event that re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, discontinue certain aspects or functionality of our products and testing services, or take other remedial action. Any such re-engineering or other remedial efforts could require significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to successfully complete any such re-engineering or other remedial efforts. Further, in addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open-source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.