RISK FACTORS

The Class B Ordinary Shares being offered under this prospectus are highly speculative in nature, involve a high degree of risk and should be purchased only by persons who can afford to lose the entire amount invested. Before purchasing any of the Class B Ordinary Shares, you should carefully consider the following factors relating to the Company’s business and prospects. You should pay particular attention to the fact that the Company conducts substantially all of its operations outside the U.S. and is governed by legal and regulatory environments that in some respects differ significantly from the environment that may prevail in the U.S. If any of the following risks actually occurs, the Company’s business, financial condition or operating results will suffer, the trading price of the Class B Ordinary Shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

The economic, political and social conditions in China could affect our business, results of operations, financial conditions and prospects which could result in a material change in the Company’s operations and/or the value of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

All of the Company’s revenue has been derived from its businesses in China so far. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are, to a material extent, subject to economic, political, and legal developments in China. In particular, factors such as consumer, corporate and government spending, business investment, level of economic development, and resource allocation could affect the growth of the Company’s business.

The PRC economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades since the implementation of China’s reform and opening-up policy. In recent years, the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces in economic reform and the establishment of sound corporate governance practices in business enterprises. These economic reform measures may be adaptively adjusted from industry to industry or across different regions of the country. If the business environment in China changes, the Company’s business in China may also be materially and adversely affected.

The development of the PRC legal system and changes in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, regulations and policies in China could adversely affect us.

Substantially all of the Company’s assets and operations are located in the PRC. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Since the late 1970s, the PRC government has promulgated laws and regulations dealing with economic matters, such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade, with a view towards developing a comprehensive system of commercial law. However, as many of these laws and regulations are relatively new and continue to evolve, these laws and regulations may be subject to different interpretations. Like other civil law countries, there is a limited volume of published court decisions, which may be cited for reference but are not binding on subsequent cases and have limited precedential value unless the Supreme People’s Court of China otherwise provides. As these laws and regulations are continually evolving in response to the economic development and other conditions, the interpretation and implementation of PRC laws and regulations may adversely affect the legal protections and remedies that are available to investors and us.

The CSRC has released rules for China-based companies seeking to conduct initial public offerings in foreign markets with respect to filing procedures to be completed with the CSRC. According to these rules, we expect to perform necessary recordation filings with the CSRC for this offering and future securities offerings outside of China, which will subject us to additional compliance requirements.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC published the Overseas Listing Rules to provide explanation and instructions which became effective on March 31, 2023. These rules lay out filing procedures for domestic companies to record both direct and indirect overseas listings with the CSRC. If a domestic enterprise intends to indirectly offer and list securities in an overseas market, the filing obligation falls on a major operating entity incorporated in the PRC and such filing shall be submitted within three business days after the overseas listing application is initially filed. The required materials with respect to an initial public offering and listing overseas to be submitted to the CSRC shall include, among other things, a completed report and related undertakings; regulatory opinions, recordation receipt, approval notice and other documents issued by competent regulatory authorities of relevant industries (if applicable); security assessment opinion issued by relevant regulatory authorities (if applicable); PRC legal opinion; and prospectus for the offering.

In addition, an overseas offering and listing is prohibited under any of the following circumstances: (1) if the intended securities offering and listing is specifically prohibited by national laws and regulations and relevant provisions; (2) if the intended securities offering and listing may constitute a threat to or endangers national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) if there are material ownership disputes over the equity, major assets, and core technology, etc. of the issuer; (4) if, in the past three years, the domestic enterprise or its controlling shareholders or actual controllers have committed corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property, or other criminal offenses disruptive to the order of the socialist market economy, or are currently under judicial investigation for suspicion of criminal offenses, or are under investigation for suspicion of major violations; (5) if, in past three years, directors, supervisors, or senior executives have been subject to administrative punishments for severe violations, or are currently under judicial investigation for suspicion of criminal offenses, or are under investigation for suspicion of major violations; (6) other circumstances as prescribed by the State Council. The Trial Measures provide for the legal liabilities for breaches such as failure in fulfilling filing obligations or fraudulent filing conducts, which include imposing a fine between RMB1 million and RMB10 million, and in cases of severe violations, a parallel order to suspend relevant business operations for rectification, revoke relevant business permits or operational license.

According to the Trial Measures, we expect to perform necessary recordation filings with the CSRC for this offering and future securities offerings outside of China, which will subject us to additional compliance requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to get the clearance of the filing procedures under the Trial Measures on a timely basis, or at all. We submitted the required filing materials to the CSRC on August 29, 2023, received comments from the CSRC on September 25, 2023 and submitted responses to such comments on October 28, 2023. Thus, our CSRC filing is still under the CSRC’s review, and we have not obtained the final confirmation from the CSRC regarding the completion of the filing process. However, we will not complete this offering until we have completed our filing with the CSRC. Any failure of the Company to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder LZ Technology’s ability to offer or continue to offer its securities, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause the Class B Ordinary Shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

LZ Technology may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries for its cash requirements.

Our Cayman Islands holding company, LZ Technology, has no material assets other than ownership of equity interests in its subsidiaries. As a result, it has no independent means of generating revenue and may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC operating subsidiaries for its cash requirements. Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries, as a Foreign Invested Enterprise, or FIE, is required to draw 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a common reserve, which may stop drawing its after-tax profits if the aggregate balance of the common reserve has already accounted for over 50 percent of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit the Company’s ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to the Company’s business, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct the Company’s business.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by PRC companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

Non-compliance with labor-related laws and regulations of the PRC may have an adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operation.

Our PRC subsidiaries have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with their employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and childbearing insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of their employees.

Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract Law, that became effective in January 2008 and its implementing rules that became effective in September 2008 and was amended in July 2013, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that the Company decides to terminate some of its employees or otherwise change the Company’s employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit the Company’s ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations.

We cannot assure you that the Company’s employment practice will not violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject the Company to labor disputes or government investigations. If the Company is deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, the Company could be required to provide additional compensation to its employees and the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject our PRC subsidiaries to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government-mandated employee benefit contribution plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of their employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. The requirement of employee benefit contribution plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. Pursuant to the PRC Social Insurance Law, if an employer fails to make full and timely contributions to social insurance, the relevant enforcement agency shall order the employer to make all outstanding contributions within five days of such order and impose penalties equal to 0.05% of the total outstanding amount for each additional day such contributions are overdue. If the employer fails to make all outstanding contributions within five days of such order, the relevant enforcement agency may impose penalties equal to one to three times the amount overdue.

As of the date of this prospectus, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are paying adequate social insurance contributions for all of their employees, either through third-party human resource service companies or by themselves directly, but have not paid sufficient housing fund contributions. We estimate that the outstanding housing fund contributions amounted to approximately RMB38,131, RMB73,937 (approximately $ 10,196) and RMB26,407 (approximately $3,642)    for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, and the six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. As of the date of this prospectus, none of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries have received any complaints, claims, actions or reports from their employees regarding any non-compliance with PRC social insurance and housing fund regulations, nor have they received any notification from the PRC governmental authorities requiring them to pay any outstanding amount of contributions. Our management considers the likelihood that our PRC subsidiaries will be required by the PRC governmental authorities to make additional payment for the underpaid contributions is low. If the Company is subject to fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company may be adversely affected.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and currency conversion policies may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect the Company’s liquidity and the Company’s ability to fund and expand its business.

Any funds LZ Technology transfers to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the approval of or filing with the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM or its local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. In addition, (i) a foreign loan of less one year duration procured by a PRC company is required to be registered with SAFE or its local branches and (ii) a foreign loan of one year duration or more procured by a PRC company is required to be applied to the NDRC in advance for undergoing recordation registration procedures. Any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us to our PRC operating subsidiaries, must be registered with the NDRC and the SAFE or its local branches. We may not be able to complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by LZ Technology to our PRC Subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations, the Company’s ability to use the proceeds of this offering and to capitalize its PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect the Company’s liquidity and the Company’s ability to fund and expand the Company’s business.

On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which took effect as of June 1, 2015. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capital for expenditure beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between nonfinancial enterprises. The SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, effective in June 2016. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 16, enterprises registered in China may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency to Renminbi on a self-discretionary basis. SAFE Circular 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on a self-discretionary basis which applies to all enterprises registered in China. SAFE Circular 16 reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope or prohibited by PRC laws or regulations, while such converted Renminbi shall not be provided as loans to its non-affiliated entities. There remains uncertainty as to its interpretation and application and any other future foreign exchange related rules. Violations of these Circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit the Company’s ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of this offering to fund its PRC operating subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through the Company’s PRC Subsidiaries, which may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The recent joint statement by the SEC, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and acts passed by the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives, all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. These developments could add uncertainties to our listing, future offerings, business operations, share price and reputation.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCA Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. In addition, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCA Act and it was signed into law on December 18, 2020.

On May 21, 2021, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market”, (ii) prohibit Restrictive Market companies from directly listing on Nasdaq Capital Market, and only permit them to list on Nasdaq Global Select or Nasdaq Global Market in connection with a direct listing and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCA Act”), which, if enacted, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its audit work cannot be inspected when its auditor is subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three and, thus, would reduce the time before the Class B Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted. On December 23, 2022, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate (“Commission-Identified Issuers”). The final amendments require Commission-Identified Issuers to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that, if true, it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction. The amendments also require that a Commission-Identified Issuer that is a “foreign issuer,” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 3b-4, provide certain additional disclosures in its annual report for itself and any of its consolidated foreign operating entities. A Commission-Identified Issuer will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which it was identified.

On December 16, 2021, pursuant to the HFCA Act, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in the PRC and Hong Kong, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in such jurisdictions. Such determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022.

Our current registered public accounting firm, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, is not headquartered in the PRC or Hong Kong, is a U.S.-based accounting firm that is registered with the PCAOB and can be inspected by the PCAOB, and was not listed in the Determination Report. We have no current intention of engaging any auditor not based in the U.S. and not subject to regular inspection by the PCAOB.

On August 26, 2022, CSRC, the MOF, and the PCAOB signed the Protocol, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong. The Protocol remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB made a statement announcing that it was able, in 2022, to inspect and investigate completely issuer audit engagements of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in China and Hong Kong.

Uncertainties still exist as to whether the PCAOB will have continued access for complete inspections and investigations in 2023 and beyond. The PCAOB is expected to continue to demand complete access to inspections and investigations against accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in the future and states that it has already made plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. Our securities may be prohibited from trading if our auditor cannot be fully inspected. While the Company’s auditor is based in the U.S. and is registered with PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspection, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such inability could cause trading in the Company’s securities to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, as amended, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. A termination of the trading of our securities or any restriction on the trading in our securities would have a negative impact on the Company as well as on the value of our securities.

The market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected as a result of anticipated negative impacts of these executive or legislative actions, regardless of whether these executive or legislative actions are implemented and regardless of our actual operating performance.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. It is difficult to predict when and how the exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar may change. All of the Company’s revenues and substantially all of the Company’s costs are denominated in Renminbi. We rely on dividends paid by our operating subsidiaries in China for our cash needs. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial position reported in Renminbi when translated into U.S. dollars, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, the Class B Ordinary Shares in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for the Company’s operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive. Conversely, if we decide to convert the Company’s Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on the Class B Ordinary Shares to our shareholders or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount.

Currency conversion policies may limit the Company’s ability to utilize the Company’s revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. The Company generates substantially all of its revenues in Renminbi. Under the Company’s current corporate structure, we primarily rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to us. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required, in principle, where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, our PRC subsidiaries need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from their operations to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside of China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside of China in a currency other than Renminbi. If the foreign exchange control system prevents our PRC subsidiaries from obtaining sufficient foreign currency, we may not be able to pay dividends in US dollars to our shareholders, including holders of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for the Company to pursue growth through acquisitions.

Among other things, the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (“M&A Rules”) and Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC which became effective in 2008 and latest revised in 2022 (“Anti-Monopoly Law”), established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by non-Chinese investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a non-Chinese investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions of the State Council on the Standard for Declaration of Concentration of Business Operators, issued by the State Council in 2008, are triggered. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law of China requires that transactions which involve the national security, the examination on the national security shall also be conducted according to the relevant provisions. In addition, PRC Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment which became effective in January 2021 require acquisitions by non-Chinese investors of PRC companies engaged in military-related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security be subject to security review before consummation of any such acquisition. The Company may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to the Company’s business and operations.

Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit the Company’s ability to complete such transactions, which could affect the Company’s ability to expand the Company’s business or maintain the Company’s market share.

U.S. regulatory bodies may be limited in their ability to conduct investigations or inspections of the Company’s operations in China.

Any disclosure of documents or information located in China by foreign agencies may be subject to jurisdiction constraints and must comply with China’s state secrecy laws, which broadly define the scope of “state secrets” to include matters involving economic interests and technologies. There is no guarantee that requests from U.S. federal or state regulators or agencies to investigate or inspect the Company’s operations in China will be honored by the Company, by entities who provide services to the Company or with whom the Company associates, without violating PRC legal requirements, especially as those entities are located in China. Furthermore, under the current PRC laws, an on-site inspection of the Company’s facilities in China by any of these regulators may be limited or prohibited.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular applies only to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC. 

We believe that our company is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income on the Company’s worldwide income at the rate of 25%. Furthermore, we would be required to withhold a 10% tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-PRC-resident enterprises. In addition, non-PRC-resident enterprise shareholders (including holders of the Class B Ordinary Shares) may be subject to PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of the Class B Ordinary Shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including holders of the Class B Ordinary Shares) and any gain realized on the transfer of the Class B Ordinary Shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by us). These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the Class B Ordinary Shares.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving the transfer of taxable assets through offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets, as such persons need to determine whether their transactions are subject to these rules and whether any withholding obligation applies.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an “Indirect Transfer”, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who pays for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring. We may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if we are the transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if we are the transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in us by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, the Company may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that the Company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. 

The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission may be required in connection with this offering under the M&A Rules.

The M&A Rules requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. However, the interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.

While, based on the advice of the Company’s PRC counsel, we believe the CSRC approval is not required for the listing and trading of the Class B Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market in the context of this offering, the Company’s PRC legal counsel has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, regulations and rules or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. If it is determined that CSRC approval is required for this offering, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to seek CSRC approval for this offering. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on the Company’s operations in the PRC, limitations on the Company’s operating licenses in the PRC, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our PRC subsidiaries to us or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of the Class B Ordinary Shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before the settlement and delivery of the Class B Ordinary Shares that we are offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to the settlement and delivery of the Class B Ordinary Shares we are offering, you would be doing so at the risk that the settlement and delivery may not occur.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Due to the Company’s accumulated deficit, net losses from operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, and a working capital deficit as of December 31, 2022, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 were prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The going concern basis assumes that we will continue in operation for the next 12 months and will be able to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. Thus, our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern.

The Company incurred net losses from operations of approximately RMB14.3 million and RMB22.0 million (approximately $3.0 million) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s accumulated deficits were RMB154.3 million (approximately $21.3 million), with a working capital deficit of RMB23.4 million (approximately $3.2 million). Nevertheless, the Company generated a net income of RMB1.3 million (approximately $0.2 million) for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and as of June 30, 2023, the Company’s accumulated deficits were RMB153.3 million (approximately $21.1 million), with a working capital deficit of RMB3.7 million (approximately $0.5 million). The   Company’s operating results for future periods are subject to numerous uncertainties. It is uncertain if the Company will be able to reduce or eliminate its net losses in the foreseeable future. Such conditions and events cast substantial doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the Company’s business operations for the past two fiscal years. However, the management expects that the operating results will improve as the economy has gradually recovered from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, management has developed business plans to mitigate the above adverse conditions and events, including obtaining funds amounting to RMB63.8 million ($9.3 million) from two investors as capital injection which will be sufficient to meet anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures within the next 12 months. Moreover, the Company has proactively taken actions to optimize its overall cost structure by upgrading its business and service model and implementing other cost control measures. Such actions include standardizing the Company’s finance and operation policies throughout the Company, enhancing internal controls, and creating a synergy of the Company’s resources. Taking into consideration all these actions mentioned above, management concluded that the substantial doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern will be alleviated through the effective implementation of the business plans.

However, if we are unable to do so on a timely basis, we will be required to seek additional capital. In that event, we would seek additional funds through various financing sources, including the sale of our equity and debt securities, but there can be no guarantees that such funds will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital, execute our business plans, increase sales or reduce expenses, we will be unable to continue to fund our operations, develop our products, realize value from our assets, and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business. If we become unable to continue as a going concern, we could have to liquidate our assets, and potentially realize significantly less than the values at which they are carried on our financial statements, and investors could lose all or part of their investment in our Class B Ordinary Shares.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has and may continue to adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations.

The rapid and continued spread of COVID-19, and the measures taken to slow its spread, have adversely affected the Company’s business and financial results and may continue to do so for an uncertain period of time in the future. On May 5, 2023, the WHO ended the emergency status for COVID-19. However, COVID-19 is still a significant public health problem and will continue to challenge health systems worldwide long term. The COVID-19 pandemic has had and may continue to have negative impacts on the Company’s business. During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for the Company’s products and services was significantly depressed. Various lockdown measures, social distancing guidelines, and government-imposed restrictions on movement hindered our ability to expand geographically. These challenges also curtailed our ability to perform maintenance and repair on our access control screens, affecting the overall quality and efficiency of our services. Moreover, the stay-at-home orders and the associated decrease in public mobility directly impacted the effectiveness of our community building access control screens as advertising platforms. With residents confined to their homes and public spaces left largely vacant, demand for placing outdoor advertisements was low. Merchant customers, such as restaurants, tourist companies retail stores and other businesses, suspended their operations or operated at reduced capacity due to social distancing measures and reduced consumer spending. As a result, these businesses were neither in need of nor capable of purchasing our advertising services. Additionally, the pandemic has caused COVID-19 infections among the Company’s employees, leading to reduced workforce productivity and operational disruptions during surges of infections.

Despite the Company’s efforts to manage these impacts and the positive growth in our revenue, due to the evolving situation with COVID-19, the effect on the Company’s operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict and in the future may have material adverse effects on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Such developments may include, but are not limited to, the spread and future resurgences of the virus, the severity and duration of the outbreak and the severity and duration of the resulting impact on the economy. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may experience impacts on the Company’s business as a result of any economic recession, downturn or volatility that has occurred or may occur in the future. The COVID-19 pandemic may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described below, including those related to ability to service indebtedness and share price fluctuation.

A significant portion of the Company’s revenue is concentrated in a small number of large customers. Any loss or significant reduction of business with, one or more of them could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our revenue is generated from a small number of major customers, the loss of, or significant reduction of business with, one or more of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, the customers who individually accounted for at least 10% of the Company’s revenues collectively made up 63.2% and 84.8% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, the customers who individually accounted for at least 10% of the Company’s revenues collectively made up 41.2% of  the Company’s total revenues. Failure to retain our existing customers, or enter into relationships with new customers, each on acceptable terms, could materially impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to meet our current and long-term financial forecasts.

Economic conditions and capital markets may materially and adversely affect our customers and their ability to remain solvent. Our customers’ financial difficulties can negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition, especially if they were to delay or default on payments to us. We cannot assure you that our customer relationships will continue as presently in effect. There is no assurance any of our customers will continue to utilize our services, renew our existing contracts, or continue at the same volume levels. A reduction in or termination of our services by one or more of our major customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the size and market concentration of some of our customers may allow them to exert increased pressure on the prices, margins and non-monetary terms of our contracts.

The Company has engaged in transactions with related parties, and terms obtained or consideration that it paid in connection with these transactions may not be comparable to terms available or the amounts that would be paid in arm’s length transactions.

We have entered into a number of transactions with related parties. For example, we have engaged Henduoka, a related party, to provide the SaaS software infrastructure integral to our intelligent access control and safety management system pursuant to a Business Cooperation Agreement for an initial cooperation period from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2025. These services include the provision of SaaS software services and back-end management system for community properties that utilize our intelligent access control and safety management system. Under the Business Cooperation Agreement, we pay Henduoka a quarterly fee equal to the product of (i) the number of communities actively using the provided software, and (ii) RMB100.

Additionally, we have entered into a Platform Service Agreement with Henduoka, pursuant to which Henduoka utilizes Quanxiang WeChat Mini Program, Douyin and other social media platforms to help list and publish the products and services of our merchant customers, collect payments and offer other technical services related to our Local Life business. The Platform Service Agreement, with an initial cooperation period from December 1, 2022 to November 30, 2025, provides that we pay Henduoka a platform service fee equal to 1.5% of verified gross merchandise value (GMV) of products sold, settled on a monthly basis. The services provided by Henduoka under the Platform Service Agreement are non-exclusive services, and we or the merchant customers have the right to contract other providers to provide such services. The English translations of the Business Cooperation Agreement and Platform Service Agreement with Henduoka are filed as Exhibits 10.3 and 10.4, respectively, to this registration statement.

Also, we do not manufacture but instead procure our access control hardware such as monitors, smart speakers, intercom handsets and access control card dispensers from an affiliated manufacturer, Xiamen Qiushi Intelligent Network Equipment Co., Ltd, a company controlled by our Chairman, Mr. Andong Zhang. For a complete description of related party transactions for the financial periods presented, please see “Related Party Transactions” beginning on page 121.

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, no revenue was generated by related party transactions. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, no revenue was generated by related party transactions. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, nil and RMB40.79 million in cost of revenues from related party transactions were recorded, accounting for nil% and 28% of total cost of revenues for the same periods, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, RMB23.1 million in cost of revenues from related party transactions was recorded, accounting for 13% of total cost of revenues for the same period.  

Such transactions present potential for conflicts of interest, as the interests of these entities and their shareholders may not align with the interests of the Company and our unaffiliated shareholders with respect to the negotiation of, and certain other matters related to, our purchases from and other transactions with such entities. Conflicts of interest may also arise in connection with the exercise of contractual remedies under these transactions, such as for events of default.

Our Board of Directors intends to authorize the Audit Committee upon its formation to review and approve all material related party transactions. We rely on the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that the directors owe a duty of care and a duty of loyalty to our company. Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty to act honestly, in good faith, and view our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the care, diligence, and skills that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. See “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law” beginning on page 128 for additional information on our directors’ fiduciary duties under Cayman Islands law. These transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may have an adverse effect on our business or may result in litigation or enforcement actions by the SEC or other agencies. 

The Company has incurred indebtedness and may incur other debt in the future, which may adversely affect its financial condition and future financial results.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, and June 30, 2023, we had an aggregate of RMB84.6 million, RMB43.9 million ($6.1 million) and RMB31.5 million ($4.3 million) of   indebtedness outstanding under our credit facilities with financial institutions, respectively. Under such credit facilities, we are permitted to incur additional debt. Existing debt, and any debt that we may incur in the future, may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results by, among other things:

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our debt, we may be required, among other things, to seek additional financing in the debt or equity markets, refinance or restructure all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell selected assets or reduce or delay planned capital, operating or investment expenditures. Such measures may not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt.

The Company invests in research and development, and to the extent the Company’s research and development investments are not directed efficiently or do not result in cost-efficient enhancements to the Company’s products and services, the Company’s business and results of operations would be harmed.

A key element of the Company’s growth strategy is to invest in the Company’s research and development efforts. We plan to use approximately 40% of the net proceeds from this offering to fund research and development efforts. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, and the six months ended June 30, 2023, we spent RMB6.4 million, RMB6.9 million ($1.0 million) and RMB3.1 million ($0.4 million) on research and development. We have focused our research and development efforts on continuously advancing our technological competency in areas such as the access control systems, IoT technology and digital advertisement placement capabilities. As of the date of this prospectus, we have a team of 37 research and development personnel dedicated to innovation and optimization.

If we do not spend the Company’s research and development budget efficiently or effectively on compelling enhancements, innovations and technologies, the Company’s business may be harmed, and we may not realize the expected benefits of the Company’s strategy timely or at all. We will need to appropriately deploy the Company’s human resources, or we may not be able to effectively execute the Company’s research and development strategy. Moreover, research and development projects can be challenging and expensive. As a result of the nature of research and development cycles, there will be delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development activities and the time we are able to offer compelling enhancements to the Company’s offerings and generate revenue, if any, from those activities. If we expend a significant number of resources on research and development efforts that do not lead to the successful introduction of updated access control products and advertising placement services, innovative advancements or newer systems that are competitive in our current or future markets, our business and results of operations will suffer.

We may fail to protect our intellectual properties.

We regard our patents, software registrations, trademarks, domain names and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages.

Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can also provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits.

The growth of our business may be adversely affected if we do not implement our growth strategies and initiatives successfully or if we are unable to manage our growth or operations effectively.

We have expanded and are continuing to expand our operations, suite of services and client relationships, which has placed, and will continue to place, significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. Additionally, our ability to grow in the future will depend on a number of factors, including the ability to develop and expand client relationships, to grow our customer base, to continue to provide and expand the high-quality services we offer, to hire and train qualified personnel, to expand and grow in existing and future markets, to develop and operationalize new service offerings, and to sustain operational synergies and efficiencies across our Smart Community, Out-of-Home Advertising and Local Life business verticals. Achieving and sustaining growth requires the successful execution of our growth strategies which consist of (i) solidifying our industry position, (ii) enhancing our ability to attract, incentivize and retain merchant customers, and (iii) expanding into overseas markets. The execution of such growth strategies may require the implementation of enhancements to customer-facing, operational and financial systems, expanded sales and marketing capacity, and continuous updates to technology and improvements to processes and systems. Given these challenges, we may be unable to manage our expanding operations effectively, or to maintain our growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

We may fail to make necessary or desirable strategic alliances, acquisitions or investments, and we may not be able to achieve the benefits we expect from the alliances, acquisition or investments we make.

We plan to use 13% of the net proceeds received from this offering to fund any selected strategic alliances and potential strategic acquisitions that are supplemental to our business and operations, including opportunities that can help us further expand our product and service offerings. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not identified any specific projects to be undertaken or businesses and/or assets to be acquired or invested.

However, strategic alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance or default by counterparties, and increased expenses in establishing these new alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. In addition, we may have limited ability to control or monitor the actions of our strategic partners. To the extent a strategic partner suffers any negative publicity as a result of its business operations, our reputation may be negatively affected by virtue of our association with such party.

The costs of identifying and consummating strategic acquisitions may be significant and subsequent integrations of newly acquired companies, businesses, assets and technologies would require significant managerial and financial resources and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our growth and business operations. In addition, investments and acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. The acquired businesses or assets may not generate the financial results we expect and may incur losses. The cost and duration of integrating newly acquired businesses could also materially exceed our expectations.

Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our senior management and key employees.

Our future success is significantly dependent upon the continued service of our senior management and other key employees. If we lose their service, we may not be able to locate suitable or qualified replacements, and may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new staff, which could severely disrupt our business and growth. Our Chief Executive Officer and director, Mr. Runzhe Zhang, our Chairman and founder, Mr. Andong Zhang, our Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Weihua Chen, and other management members are critical to our vision, strategic direction, culture and overall business success. If there is any internal organizational structure change or change in responsibilities for our management or key personnel, or if one or more of our senior management members were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, the operation of our business and our business prospects may be adversely affected. Our employees, including members of our management, may choose to pursue other opportunities. If we are unable to motivate or retain key employees, our business may be severely disrupted and our prospects could suffer. There is no assurance that our management members would not join our competitors or form a competing business.

If we are unable to recruit, train and retain talents, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We believe our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for personnel with expertise in our industry is intense. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and resources in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training new employees, and our ability to serve customers and business partners could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

Our lack of insurance could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

The insurance industry in China is still at an early stage of development, and insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. Besides mandatory social security insurance for employees, we currently do not have any business liability or disruption insurance or other insurance to cover our operations, which we believe is consistent with customary industry practice in China. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. If we suffer any losses, damages or liabilities in the course of our business operations, we would not have insurance coverage to provide funds to cover any such losses, damages or liabilities. Therefore, there may be instances when we will sustain losses, damages and liabilities because of our lack of insurance coverage, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to raise additional capital when desired, on favorable terms or at all.

We need to make continued investments in hardware, software, technological systems and to retain talents to remain competitive. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, if and when required, especially if we experience disappointing operating results. If adequate capital is not available to us as required, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our infrastructure or respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If we do raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted. These newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges on par with or senior to those of existing shareholders.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate our material weakness over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified three material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The three material weaknesses that have been identified relate to (i) our lack of sufficient and competent accounting staff and resources with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting and compliance requirements, (ii) our lack of robust and formal period-end financial reporting policies and procedures in place to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting and the SEC reporting requirements, and (iii) Our lack of sufficient controls designed and implemented in IT environment and IT general control activities, mainly associated with areas of access logical security, system change management, IT operations and cyber security monitoring activities. Neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm undertook a comprehensive assessment of our internal control for purposes of identifying and reporting material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. Had we performed a formal assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional deficiencies may have been identified.

Following the identification of the material weaknesses and other deficiencies, we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remediate these control deficiencies. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Internal Control over Financial Reporting” However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weakness and other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remediated. Our failure to correct the material weakness and other deficiencies or our failure to discover and address any other deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could significantly hinder our ability to prevent fraud.

We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) as well as rules and regulations of Nasdaq Stock Exchange after the completion of this offering. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. We are required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 20-F beginning with our second annual report after becoming a public company. Prior to this offering, we were never required to test our internal controls within a specified period, and, as a result, we may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner.

Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue an adverse report if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements and may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. If that were to happen, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which could lead to a decline in the market price of our Class B Ordinary Shares and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by SEC or other regulatory authorities. We may also be required to restate our financial statements for prior periods.

Risks Related to the Smart Community Business

Any harm to the Company’s brand or reputation may materially and adversely affect its business.

The brand recognition and reputation of our “LianZhang” brand and the successful maintenance and enhancement of our brand and reputation have contributed and will continue to contribute to our success and growth.

Our reputation may be harmed either by product defects, such as the failure of the Smart Community system with one or more customers, or shortfalls in customer service. Residents and property managers generally judge the performance of our Smart Community system through their day-to-day interactions with the system’s devices and services. Any failure to meet customers’ expectations in such customer service areas could cause an increase in attrition rates or make it difficult to obtain new customers. With the increased use of social network, adverse publicity can be disseminated quickly and broadly, making it increasingly difficult for us to respond and mitigate effectively.

The Company depends on one affiliated manufacturer for substantially all of its hardware manufacturing needs. If this manufacturer experiences any delay, disruption, or quality control problems in its operations and the Company fails to find a replacement manufacturer in a timely manner and on acceptable terms, the Company could lose or fail to grow its market share and its brand may suffer.

All of our access control hardware products are manufactured and purchased from an affiliated manufacturer, Xiamen Qiushi Intelligent Network Equipment Co., Ltd. We executed specific purchase agreements with the hardware supplier, which typically set forth the product name, model, unit price, volume, payment method, after-sale service and dispute resolution provisions. Although management believes that if needed, additional or alternative hardware suppliers would be available, the loss of Xiamen Qiushi Intelligent Network Equipment Co., Ltd. as our hardware supplier could cause a significant disruption in operations and delays in the installation of the Company’s access control and safety management system. Qualifying a new manufacturer and commencing volume production is expensive and time consuming. Ensuring that a contract manufacturer is qualified to manufacture our products to our standards is time consuming. In addition, there is no assurance that a new contract manufacturer can scale the production of the access control devices at the volumes and in the quality that we require. If we have difficulty finding alternative or additional contract manufacturers that meet our standards, which may take significant effort, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our reliance on external manufacturers also exposes us to the following risks over which we have limited control:

The hardware integral to our intelligent access control and safety management system must satisfy certain safety and regulatory standards. If they fail to meet such standards, the quality and reliability of our intelligent access control and safety management system may be materially adversely affected. This failure could also harm our sales, profitability and relationships with our sales channels, and cause our reputation and brand to suffer.

Defects or performance problems in the Company’s Smart Community devices could result in a loss of customers, reputational damage and decreased revenue. Additionally, the Company may face warranty, indemnity, and product liability claims that may arise from malfunctions.

Our Smart Community devices such as monitors, smart speakers, intercom handsets and access control card dispensers may contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or when new generations of products are released. Errors, defects, or poor performance can arise due to design flaws, defects in raw materials or components, which can affect the quality of such devices. Any actual or perceived errors, defects, or poor performance in such devices could result in the replacement or recall of the products, rejection of the products, damage to our reputation, lost revenue, and increases in customer service and support costs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Furthermore, defective components may give rise to warranty, indemnity, or product liability claims against us that exceed any revenue or profit we receive from the affected products. If one of such devices were to cause injury to someone or cause property damage, including because of product malfunctions, defects, or improper installation, we could be exposed to product liability claims. We could incur significant costs and liabilities if we are sued and if damages are awarded against us. Further, any product liability claim we face could be expensive to defend and could divert management’s attention. The successful assertion of a product liability claim against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages, penalties or fines, subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position, and adversely affect sales of our products. In addition, product liability claims, injuries, defects, or other problems experienced by other companies in the community building access control industry could lead to unfavorable market conditions for the industry as a whole and may have an adverse effect on our ability to attract new customers, thus harming our growth and financial performance.

The Company may face disruption to its technology systems, leading to interruptions in the availability of its services.

The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our technology systems are critical to our success. A failure or malfunction of our Smart Community systems can cause security concerns to community residents and result in irreparable damage to our LianZhang brand. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company has engaged Henduoka, a related party, to provide the SaaS software infrastructure of its intelligent access control and safety management system. Henduoka thus plays a crucial role in maintaining the security of the computer information and communication systems within our intelligent access control and safety management system.

We have devoted considerable internal and external resources to network security, data encryption, and other security measures to protect our systems, customers, and users, but these security measures cannot provide absolute security. We have established a crisis management plan and business continuity program. However, there can be no assurance that the plan and program can withstand an actual disruption in our systems, including a cyber-attack, hacking, fraud, or other forms of deception. An operational interruption could result in significant losses or damage and harm to our business.

Our technology systems, including the software platform provided by Henduoka, may also experience telecommunications failures, computer viruses, databases or components, power outages, hardware failures, user errors, or other attempts to harm our technology systems, which may result in residential community security issues, delays or errors in transaction processing, loss of data, and inability to accept and fulfill user request.

Delays, costs, and disruptions that result from upgrading, integrating, and maintaining the security of the information and technology networks and systems integral to the intelligent access control and safety management system could materially adversely affect the Company’s business.

We are dependent on information technology networks and systems, including Internet and Internet-based or “cloud” computing services and our scalable technology infrastructure to operate the Smart Community systems. Through Henduoka, we are currently implementing modifications and upgrades to the Smart Community’s information technology systems and also integrating systems from other screen operators, including making changes to legacy systems, replacing legacy systems with successor systems with new functionality, and implementing new systems. The dynamic nature of these and other changes we are undertaking require that throughout 2023 and in future years we simultaneously engage in significant technology developmental efforts across our operations, including platform development, marketing, customer care and other substantive and administrative functions. While upgrading and implementing change to any part of our systems could present challenges, the age of our systems and architecture may present unique challenges that we have not previously encountered as we undertake these developmental efforts simultaneously across our operations. Any delay in making such changes or replacements or in purchasing new systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. There are inherent costs and risks associated with integrating, replacing and changing these systems and implementing new systems, including potential disruption of the operation of the intelligent access control and safety management system and its advertisement placement functions, potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to integrate, implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time, securing our systems along with dependent processes from cybersecurity threats, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems or of integrating new systems into our current systems. In addition, such information technology system implementations may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all. The implementation of or delay in implementing new information technology systems may also cause disruptions in our business operations and impede our ability to comply with constantly evolving laws, regulations and industry.

Due to the ever-changing threat landscape, the Company’s Smart Community system may be subject to potential vulnerabilities of wireless and IoT devices, as well as risks related to hacking or other unauthorized access to control or view systems and obtain private information, which may disrupt the normal function of the Smart Community system.

Although we do not collect or retain sensitive and confidential information but rely on Henduoka to provide our Smart Community’s software infrastructure, functions and services, if Henduoka are subject to cyberattacks that may come from phishing, malware, ransomware, or other methods, our Smart Community system and our business would be materially adversely affected.

No matter how security measures are well designed and implemented, those measures may not prevent: cybersecurity breaches; the unauthorized access, capture, or alteration of information; the exposure or exploitation of potential security vulnerabilities; distributed denial of service attacks; acts of vandalism; computer viruses; or misplaced data or data loss that could materially adversely impact the reputation of our Smart Community systems and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The software provided by Henduoka may contain unknown security vulnerabilities. We and Henduoka take steps to detect and remediate vulnerabilities, but there is no assurance that all vulnerabilities in our Smart Community systems can be detected and remediated as such threats and techniques used to exploit vulnerabilities change frequently and are often sophisticated in nature. These vulnerabilities pose a material risk to our Smart Community business.

The success of the Company’s Smart Community business is dependent upon its ability to obtain and renew contracts with various communities and property managers, which the Company may not be able to obtain on favorable terms.

Our Smart Community business requires us to develop and maintain robust relationships with a vast number of communities and property managers. Although these contracts typically have terms ranging from three to five years and will renew automatically unless terminated by either party, there is a possibility that our competitors may be able to acquire our market share.

The success of our Smart Community business also depends generally on our ability to obtain and renew contracts and continue to expand geographically. There can be no assurance that we will win additional contracts. Although in the past we are generally able to renew existing contracts, there is no guarantee that we will always be able to renew existing contracts or replace any revenues lost upon non-renewal of a contract. Our inability to renew existing contracts may also result in significant expenses from the removal of our displays.

From time to time, we participate in competitive bids organized by property developers to obtain a portion of our new contracts. The competitive bidding process presents certain risks, including that we may expend substantial cost and managerial time and effort to prepare bids and proposals for contracts that we may not win. Our inability to successfully renew existing or obtain new contracts could have a material adverse impact on our advertising business, overall operations, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to the Out-of-Home Advertising Services

The Company has generated revenues primarily from advertising and promotional activities, namely by the Out-of-Home Advertising and Local Life business verticals, and any loss or significant reduction of business in these verticals could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s revenues, financial positions and operating results.

In the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, we generated revenues primarily from advertising and promotional activities, namely by the Out-of-Home Advertising and Local Life business verticals. Particularly, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, approximately 83.5% and 91.5% of our revenues were derived from Out-of-Home Advertising, respectively. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, we generated revenues primarily from the Out-of-Home Advertising (80.7%) and Local Life – E-Commerce Promotion (1.1%). If our advertising revenues suffer any losses or significant deductions, it could materially adversely affect our revenues, financial position and operating results.

The Company’s advertising strategies depend on its Smart Community monitors to a great extent. If defects were found on the access control monitors, this could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s revenues, financial position and operating results.

The Company’s Out-of-Home Advertising vertical offers clients one-stop multi-channel advertising solutions. Our core offering in the Out-of-Home Advertising business is to help clients place advertisements on our intelligent access control and safety management system. Residents are exposed to these advertisements each time they enter and exit the community buildings or open the SaaS software. Our monitors and vendor-provided SaaS platforms that form our intelligent access control and safety management system, are our unique resources and attract other outdoor advertising providers to collaborate with us. This collaboration enables us to provide multi-channel advertising solutions. However, if defects were found on our access control monitors or the outsourced software platforms, it could have a material adverse impact on our revenues, financial position and operating results.

The Company depends on third-party providers for components of its Out-of-Home Advertising services. Any failure or interruption in the services provided by these third parties could negatively impact the Company’s ability to deliver the advertising packages to clients.

Our Out-of-Home Advertising vertical offers clients one-stop multi-channel advertising solutions by partnering with other outdoor advertising providers and simultaneously placing the advertisements on the partners’ numerous displays in public transportation, hotels and other settings. Our advertising packages also incorporate collaboration with other advertising providers to deploy posters at various events as well as the digital replay of such events on online video-sharing platforms. We have entered into strategic cooperation framework agreements for these partnerships. For specific cooperation projects, we enter into a separate advertisement placement agreement that sets forth the project term, collaboration methods, price and payment. We typically assume joint liabilities for the services provided by such collaborating partners to ensure the quality of our advertising packages. Any delays, malfunctions, inefficiencies or interruptions in these services could adversely affect the quality and performance of our advertising packages, which could harm our brand, reputation or growth. In addition, if we are unable to avail ourselves of warranties and other contractual protections with such partner providers, we may incur additional costs related to the affected services, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition.

The Company relies on various third-party telecommunications providers and signal processing centers to transmit and communicate signals to its Smart Community systems.

We also rely on various third-party telecommunications providers and signal processing centers to transmit and communicate signals to our Smart Community devices. These telecommunications providers and signal processing centers could fail to transmit or communicate these signals to the access control screens for many reasons, including disruptions from fire, natural disasters, weather, health epidemics or pandemics, transmission interruption, extended power outages, human or other error, malicious acts, provider preferences regarding the signals that get transmitted, government actions, war, terrorism, sabotage, or other conflicts, or as a result of disruptions to internal and external networks or third party transmission lines. The failure of one or more of these telecommunications providers or signal processing centers to transmit and communicate signals to our Smart Community systems in a timely manner could affect our ability to perform Out-of-Home advertising services.

The Company faces intense competition in the Out-of-Home Advertising business.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our current advertising revenues. We compete for advertising revenue with other out-of-home advertising businesses, as well as with other media, such as broadcast and cable television, radio, print media and direct mail, within their respective markets. Market shares are subject to change for various reasons, including through consolidation of our competitors through processes such as mergers and acquisitions, which could have the effect of reducing our revenue in a specific market. Our competitors may develop technology, services or advertising media that are equal or superior to those we provide or that achieve greater market acceptance and brand recognition than we achieve. It is also possible that new competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share in any of our sectors. Many of these competitors possess greater technical, human and other resources than we do, and we may lack sufficient financial or other resources to maintain or improve competitive position. Moreover, the advertiser/agency ecosystem is diverse and dynamic, with advertiser/agency relationships subject to change. This could have an adverse effect on us if an advertiser client shifts its relationship to an agency with whom we do not have as good a relationship. An increased level of competition for advertising dollars may lead to lower advertising rates as we attempt to retain customers or may cause us to lose customers to our competitors who offer lower rates that we are unable or unwilling to match.

Restrictions on advertising of certain products may restrict the categories of clients that can advertise using the Company’s services.

Regulations governing categories of products that can be advertised through our advertising assets and platforms may affect our performance. Certain products and services, for example tobacco-based products, are banned from outdoor advertising in China. Moreover, extreme words like “the most”, “the best”, “most favored” are not allowed in advertisement. Any significant reduction in advertising of products due to content-related restrictions could cause a reduction in our direct revenues from such advertisements.

If the Company’s security measures are breached, the Company could lose valuable information, suffer disruptions to its business, and incur expenses and liabilities, including damage to its relationships with customers and business partners.

Although we have implemented physical and electronic security measures designed to protect against the loss, misuse and alteration of our computer system and proprietary business information, no security measures are perfect and impenetrable, and we and outside parties we interact with may be unable to anticipate or prevent unauthorized access. Moreover, our systems, servers and platforms may be vulnerable to computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions that our security measures may not detect, which could cause interruptions or slowdowns of our digital display systems, delays in communication or loss of data and slowdown or unavailability of our advertising platforms. A cyber incident may be due to the actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance or a combination of these or other actions. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions, including by computer hackers and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased as well. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, our digital display systems and advertising assets could suffer disruption, and we could lose competitively sensitive business information or lose control of our information processes or internal controls. In addition, the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures or services could be harmed, and we could lose customers, consumers and business partners. In the event of a security breach, we could suffer financial exposure in connection with demands from perpetrators, penalties, remediation efforts, investigations and legal proceedings and changes in our security and system protection measures. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with these laws may subject us to significant regulatory fines and private litigation, any of which could harm our business.

Risks Related to the Local Life Services

The Company expects the Local Life vertical to be a new growth area in 2023 and beyond, and one of its growth strategies is to enhance its ability to attract, incentivize and retain merchant customers for the Local Life services. However, this focus on the Local Life vertical may be unsuccessful.

We are implementing a strategy to deepen our engagement with merchants and manufacturers within our Local Life space, by enabling them to offer home delivery services for household supplies and food, coordinate flight and train tickets, hotel accommodation and admission tickets for residents, and present top deals from leading e-commerce platforms. We intend to execute this strategy by building long-term relationships with local merchants to improve our inventory selection and improving the customer experience through inventory curation and improved convenience in order to drive customer demand and purchase frequency. There are no assurances that our actions will be successful in executing this strategy. Our efforts may prove more difficult than we currently anticipate. Further, we may not succeed in realizing the benefits of these efforts on our anticipated timeline or at all. In addition, as we implement this strategy, the macroeconomic environment, including but not limited to, certain adverse consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic that continue to impact the macroeconomic environment, economy slowdown pressures, higher labor costs, supply chain challenges and resulting changes in consumer and merchant behavior may make it more difficult to effectively execute this strategy, including to quickly test, learn and scale initiatives relating to improving inventory selection or improving customer experience. Even if fully implemented, our strategy may not result in a return to growth or the other anticipated benefits to our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to effectively execute this strategy and realize its anticipated benefits, it could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The future success of the Local Life vertical depends upon the Company’s ability to attract and retain high quality merchants.

We must continue to attract and retain high quality merchants in order to increase profitability and grow our Local Life vertical. A key priority for our Local Life vertical is to attract and retain the right merchants and provide community households with great deals and high-quality products and services. We are also focused on improving the merchant experience on our platform, including improving tools available to merchants to help grow their businesses. In addition, in most instances, we do not have long-term arrangements to guarantee the availability of deals that offer attractive quality, value and variety to consumers or favorable payment terms. If merchants decide that utilizing our services no longer provides an effective means of attracting new customers or selling their offerings, they may stop working with us or negotiate to pay us lower margins or fees. Further, current or future competitors may accept lower margins, or negative margins, to secure offers that attract attention and acquire new customers. We also may experience attrition in our merchants resulting from several factors, including losses to competitors and merchant closures or merchant bankruptcies. If we are unable to attract and retain high quality merchants in numbers sufficient to grow our business, or if merchants are unwilling to offer products or services with compelling terms through us, our operating results may be adversely affected.

If some of the Company’s merchant customers fail to provide a superior consumer experience, consumers may lose confidence in the products and services the Company promotes generally, which could have a material adverse impact on the Local Life business.

The development of our Local Life services hinges on our ability to provide a superior consumer experience for the products and services we help promote. This depends on a variety of factors, including our ability to offer high-quality products or services at competitive prices, directly source products or services to respond to consumer demands, and provide superior customer service. If some of the products or services ordered by consumers through our group deals, coupons, platform or otherwise influenced by our promotions, are not delivered on time, have defects or otherwise lead to a bad experience, consumers could request returns or refunds, and have less confidence in the products and services we promote generally. Failure of some of our merchant customers to deliver high-quality products and services to consumers may negatively impact the overall user experience, damage our reputation and cause us to lose both consumers and other advertiser clients.

The Company faces intense competition in the Local Life business, and it may lose market share and consumers if it fails to compete effectively.

The consumer service industry in China is intensely competitive. We compete for consumers and products. Our current or potential competitors include major neighborhood retailers, major social media platforms and e-commerce companies. In addition, new and enhanced technologies may increase the competition in the consumer service industry. When we work with merchant clients to set prices, we have to consider how competitors have set prices for the same or similar products. When they cut prices or offer additional benefits or rebates, we may have to ask our merchant clients to lower prices or offer additional benefits or risk losing market share, either of which could harm our financial condition and results of operations. Some of our current or future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, larger consumer bases, higher penetration in certain regions or greater financial, technical or marketing resources than we do. Those smaller companies or new entrants may be acquired by, receive investment from or enter into strategic relationships with well-established and well-financed companies or investors which would help enhance their competitive positions. Some of our competitors may be able to secure more favorable terms from suppliers, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing or inventory policies and devote substantially more resources to their technologies and systems development than us. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of the Class B Ordinary Shares

Our dual class voting structure has the effect of concentrating the voting control in holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares, which will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters, and your interests may conflict with the interests of these shareholders. It may also adversely affect the trading market for our Class B Ordinary Shares due to exclusion from certain stock market indices.

We adopted a dual class voting structure such that our Ordinary Shares consist of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. Class A Ordinary Shares are entitled to ten (10) votes per share on proposals requiring or requesting shareholder approval and Class B Ordinary Shares are entitled to one (1) vote per share on any such matter. In this offering, we are offering [   ] Class B Ordinary Shares. Mr. Andong Zhang, our founder and Chairman, owns 9,589,248 Class A Ordinary Shares and 26,807,883 Class B Ordinary Shares. Prior to the commencement of this offering, there will be 9,589,248 Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding which are entitled to ten (10) votes per share and 54,282,402 Class B Ordinary Shares outstanding which are entitled to one (1) vote per share. As a result, Mr. Andong Zhang controls approximately 81.70% of the voting power of the outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company before this offering.

Following this offering, taking into consideration the Class B Ordinary Shares expected to be offered hereby, Mr. Andong Zhang will retain controlling voting power in the Company based on having approximately [   ]% of the combined voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. Mr. Andong Zhang will have the ability to control the outcome of most matters requiring shareholder approval, including:

This voting control and influence may discourage transactions involving a change of control of the Company, including transactions in which you, as a holder of our Class B Ordinary Shares, might otherwise receive a premium for your shares.

S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have implemented changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, namely, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares of common stock from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our Ordinary Shares may prevent the inclusion of the Class B Ordinary Shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class B Ordinary Shares. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

There has been no public market for the Class B Ordinary Shares prior to this offering and an active trading market for the Class B Ordinary Shares may not develop following the completion of this offering.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the Class B Ordinary Shares. We have applied for the listing of the Class B Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “LZMH.” If our application to the Nasdaq Capital Market is not approved or we otherwise determine that we will not be able to secure the listing of the Class B Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we will not complete the offering. Even if the Class B Ordinary Shares are approved for listing on Nasdaq, a liquid public market for the Class B Ordinary Shares may not develop or, if developed, may not be sustained, following the completion of this offering. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your Class B Ordinary Shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable.

The initial public offering price for the Class B Ordinary Shares may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market and such market prices may be volatile.

The initial public offering price for the Class B Ordinary Shares will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters and may not bear a direct relationship to our earnings, book value, or any other indicia of value. We cannot assure you that the market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares will not decline significantly below the initial public offering price following the completion of this offering. The financial markets in the United States and other countries have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations in the last few years. Volatility in the price of the Class B Ordinary Shares may be caused by factors outside of our control and may be unrelated or disproportionate to changes in our results of operations.

The market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

The public offering price of the Class B Ordinary Shares has been determined through negotiations between the underwriters and us based upon many factors and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail following the closing of this offering. After this offering, the market price for the Class B Ordinary Shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to multiple factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Share prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, shareholders have filed securities class litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

We may experience extreme stock price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

The US stock market has witnessed instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines in 2022 and such share price volatility seemed unrelated to the issuers’ performance subsequent to their recent initial public offerings, especially among companies with relatively smaller public floats. After the consummation of this offering, we will have a relatively small public float due to the relatively small size of this offering and the concentration of ownership of the Ordinary Shares in our principal shareholders. As a relatively small-capitalized company with a small public float after this offering, the share price of the Class B Ordinary Shares may experience extreme volatility, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalized companies. Although the specific cause of such volatility is unclear, our anticipated small public float may amplify the impact the actions taken by a few shareholders have on the price of the Class B Ordinary Shares, which may cause the share price to deviate, potentially significantly, from a price that better reflects the underlying performance of our business. The potential extreme volatility may confuse public investors regarding the value of the shares, distort the market perception of the share price and our company’s financial performance and public image, and negatively affect the long-term liquidity of the Class B Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual or expected operating performance. Should the Class B Ordinary Shares experience run-ups and declines that are seemingly unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, prospective investors may have difficulty assessing the rapidly changing value of the Class B Ordinary Shares and our ability to access the capital market may be materially adversely affected. In addition, if the trading volumes of the Class B Ordinary Shares are low, holders of the Class B Ordinary Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in the Class B Ordinary Shares.

We may not be able to maintain a listing of the Class B Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq.

Once the Class B Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq, we must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain such listing. If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, the Class B Ordinary Shares may be delisted. In addition, our board of directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of the Class B Ordinary Shares from Nasdaq may materially impair our shareholders’ ability to buy and sell the Class B Ordinary Shares and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, the Class B Ordinary Shares. The delisting of the Class B Ordinary Shares could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.

If securities or industry analysts publish unfavorable research, or do not continue to cover us, the Company’s share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the Class B Ordinary Shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us and the Company’s business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If an analyst downgrades the Class B Ordinary Shares or publishes unfavorable research about the Company’s business, the Company’s share price would likely decline. If an analyst ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets and demand for the Class B Ordinary Shares could decrease, which could cause the share price or trading volume to decline.

As the initial public offering price of the Class B Ordinary Shares is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase Class B Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will pay more for your Class B Ordinary Shares than the amount paid by LZ Technology’s existing shareholders for their shares on a per share basis. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution in net tangible book value per share in relation to the price that you paid for your shares. We expect the dilution as a result of the offering to be $[   ] per share to new investors purchasing the Class B Ordinary Shares in this offering, assuming a public offering price of $[   ] per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in the Class B Ordinary Shares will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

We have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering and our use of the offering proceeds may not yield a favorable return on your investment. Additionally, we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree or in the most effective way.

The Company intends to use the net proceeds of this offering for several purposes including research and development, international expansions, strategic acquisitions, marketing efforts and working capital. Accordingly, management of the Company will have substantial discretion in applying the net proceeds to be received by the Company. However, based on unforeseen technical, commercial or regulatory issues, we could spend the proceeds in ways with which you may not agree. Moreover, the proceeds may not be invested effectively or in a manner that yields a favorable or any return, and consequently, this could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will utilize the net proceeds in a manner that enhances value of the Company. If the Company fails to spend the proceeds effectively, the Company’s business and financial condition could be harmed, and there may be the need to seek additional financing sooner than expected.

We have not historically declared or paid dividends on the Class B Ordinary Shares and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

We have not historically declared or paid dividends on the Class B Ordinary Shares. We currently intend to invest the Company’s future earnings, if any, to fund the Company’s growth, to develop the Company’s business, for working capital needs, to reduce debt and for general corporate purposes. We do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the success of an investment in the Class B Ordinary Shares will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that the Class B Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value or even maintain their current value.

Any decision to pay dividends in the future will be at the full discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will depend upon various factors then existing, including earnings, financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, restrictions imposed by applicable law, general business conditions and other factors that the Company’s board of directors may deem relevant.

Substantial future sales of the Class B Ordinary Shares or the anticipation of future sales of the Class B Ordinary Shares in the public market could cause the price of the Class B Ordinary Shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of the Class B Ordinary Shares in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares to decline. An aggregate of 54,282,402 Class B Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding before the consummation of this offering. An aggregate of [   ] Class B Ordinary Shares will be issued and outstanding immediately after the consummation of this offering. Sales of these shares into the market could cause the market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares to decline.

We may issue additional equity or debt securities, which are senior to the Class B Ordinary Shares as to distributions and in liquidation, which could materially adversely affect the market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by entering into additional debt or debt-like financing that is secured by all or up to all of our assets, or issuing debt or equity securities, which could include issuances of commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior notes, subordinated notes or shares. In the event of our liquidation, our lenders and holders of our debt securities would receive a distribution of our available assets before distributions to our shareholders. In addition, any additional preferred stock, if issued by our company, may have a preference with respect to distributions and upon liquidation, which could further limit our ability to make distributions to our shareholders. Because our decision to incur debt and issue securities in our future offerings will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings and debt financing.

Further, market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future. Thus, you will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the value of your Class B Ordinary Shares and diluting your interest in our company.

We will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, and the shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will be required to publicly report on an ongoing basis as an “emerging growth company” (as defined in the JOBS Act) under the reporting rules set forth under the Exchange Act. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other Exchange Act reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies, including but not limited to:

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. As a result of our election to take advantage of such extended transition period, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates.

We expect to take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the Class B Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. Because we will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, the shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find the Class B Ordinary Shares less attractive if we elect to rely on these exemptions, or if taking advantage of these exemptions would result in less active trading or more volatility in the price of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

Our Chairman, Mr. Andong Zhang, has significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

As of the date of this prospectus, Mr. Andong Zhang beneficially owns 9,589,248 Class A Ordinary Shares and 26,807,883 Class B Ordinary Shares, representing approximately 81.70% of the voting power of the outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company before this offering. After this offering, Mr. Andong Zhang will continue to hold in aggregate approximately [   ]% of the voting power of the Company’s outstanding Ordinary Shares. As such, Mr. Andong Zhang will be able to control the management and affairs of our Company and most matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. His interests may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, he could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of us, even if such change in control would benefit our other shareholders, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their Class B Ordinary Shares as part of a sale of us or our assets, and might affect the prevailing market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares due to investors’ perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. As a result, this concentration of voting power may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

Upon the completion of this offering, we expect to be a “controlled company” under the rules of Nasdaq and as a result, we may choose to exempt our company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.

Under Nasdaq’s rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including, without limitation, (i) the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors, (ii) the requirement that the compensation of our officers be determined or recommended to our board of directors by a compensation committee that is comprised solely of independent directors, and (iii) the requirement that director nominees be selected or recommended to the board of directors by a majority of independent directors or a nominating committee comprised solely of independent directors. As of the date of this prospectus, Mr. Andong Zhang, the beneficial owner of all of our outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares, held approximately 81.70% of the voting power of our outstanding share capital. Following this offering, taking into consideration the Class B Ordinary Shares expected to be offered hereby, Mr. Andong Zhang will retain controlling voting power in the Company based on having approximately [   ]% (or approximately [   ]% if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full) of all voting rights. As a result, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq listing rules. Although we currently do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elected to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. Our status as a controlled company could cause the Class B Ordinary Shares to look less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we may publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC in reports on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of the Class B Ordinary Shares.

We are exempted from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country, the Cayman Islands, in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

Nasdaq listing rules may require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters, such as requiring that shareholders be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions to those plans, and certain Ordinary Share issuances. We intend to comply with the requirements of Nasdaq listing rules to have a majority of the board be independent and to appoint a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee comprised solely of independent directors. We may, however, in the future consider following home country practice in lieu of the requirements under Nasdaq listing rules with respect to certain corporate governance standards which may afford less protection to investors than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

We expect to qualify as a foreign private issuer upon the completion of this offering. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our voting securities are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors, and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq rules. As a U.S.-listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange.

You will be unable to present proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to convene a general meeting and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. LZ Technology’s memorandum and articles of association do not provide its shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings.

Certain judgments obtained against us by LZ Technology’s shareholders may not be enforceable.

LZ Technology is a Cayman Islands company and substantially all of the Company’s assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of the Company’s current operations are conducted in China.

In addition, most of LZ Technology’s directors and officers are nationals or residents of mainland China or Hong Kong and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the U.S. upon us or these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in U.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or securities laws of any U.S. state. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against the Company’s assets or the assets of the Company’s directors and officers. See “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because LZ Technology is incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

LZ Technology is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Its corporate affairs are governed by the memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of its shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by the minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of the directors to LZ Technology under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of LZ Technology’s shareholders and the fiduciary duties of its directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like LZ Technology have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. LZ Technology’s directors have discretion under the memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, the corporate records may be inspected by LZ Technology’s shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to the shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, LZ Technology’s public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by LZ Technology’s management, members of the board of directors or its controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders. See “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law.”

LZ Technology’s memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit LZ Technology’s shareholders’ opportunity to sell their shares at a premium.

LZ Technology’s memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving LZ Technology’s shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, under the post offering memorandum and articles of association, LZ Technology’s board of directors has the authority, without further action by its shareholders, to issue preferred shares up to 10,000,000 shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with the Class B Ordinary Shares. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If LZ Technology’s board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the Class B Ordinary Shares may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of the Class B Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, LZ Technology’s memorandum and articles of association contain other provisions that could limit the ability of third parties to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in a transaction resulting in a change of control.

There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in the Class B Ordinary Shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.

Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of the Class B Ordinary Shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds the Class B Ordinary Shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

General Risk Factors

Adverse developments in general business and economic conditions as well as conditions in the global capital market could have an adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s services, the business, and the financial condition and results of operations of the Company and its customers.

If the Chinese gross domestic product increases at a slow rate or if economic growth declines, demand for our services and products will be adversely affected. In addition, volatility in the global capital market, which impacts interest rates, currency exchange rates and the availability of credit, could have an adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Company and the Company’s customers. Financial difficulties of customers, whether as a result of a downturn in general economic or industry conditions or otherwise, may result in failures of customers to timely pay amounts due or adversely affect the collectability of the Company’s accounts receivable, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. A bankruptcy or liquidity event by one or more of the Company’s customers could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been impacted by geopolitical instability due to the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and armed conflicts between Israel and Hamas. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflict in Ukraine, the Gaza Strip or any other geopolitical tensions.

Global markets have experienced volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions, including the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and armed conflicts between Israel and Hamas. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, such conflicts could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. We are continuing to monitor the situation in Ukraine, the Gaza Strip and globally and assessing its potential impact on our business. In addition, sanctions on Russia and hostilities involving Israel could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds.

Any of the above mentioned factors could affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. The extent and duration of the military actions, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this registration statement.