Item 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and indebtedness.

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds.

Not applicable.

D. Risk factors.

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects that you should consider before making a decision to invest in our Ordinary Shares. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks related to our business and industry

Risks relating to economic conditions

Risks related to our corporate structure

Risks related to doing business in the jurisdictions in which our Operating Subsidiaries operate

Risks related to our Ordinary Shares

Risks related to our business and industry

We have a limited operating history. It will be difficult for you to evaluate our current business performance and future prospects and may increase the risks associated with your investment.

We have a limited operating history for an investor to evaluate our business performance, operating results and prospects. Our Operating Subsidiaries, Techlution and NSL, began operations in 2017 and 2019, respectively. Our limited historical financial data may not serve as an adequate basis for accurate prediction of our ability to operate in a rapidly evolving market and achieve our expansion plans. We plan to apply approximately 70% of the proceeds from our initial public offering for increasing operating scale and expanding business in overseas markets including Southeast Asia countries by way of mergers and acquisitions and the recruitment of a new team. As of the date of this annual report, we have not identified any target companies, and therefore no definitive sale and purchase agreement has been entered into, for potential merger and acquisition. Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the risks and uncertainties associated with our operations. As a company with a limited operating history, our ability to forecast our future results or operations is limited and is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including our ability to plan for our future growth. You should consider our prospects and future profitability in light of the risks, uncertainties, and difficulties encountered by any new company. Such risks and uncertainties may affect our ability to develop and maintain our range of services for our customers and business partners and to compete with our competitors.

Our revenue increased by HK$4,268,541 (approximately US$546,463) or 96.55%, from HK$4,421,208 for the year ended September 30, 2022 to HK$8,689,749 (approximately US$1,109,689) for the year ended September 30, 2023, and further increased by HK$3,664,823 (approximately US$471,706) or 42.17% to HK$12,354,572 (approximately US$1,590,178) for the year ended September 30, 2024. However, our historical results of operations and financial performance may not be indicative of our future performance. We cannot assure you that we can maintain the same revenue growth rate in the future, and neither can we guarantee that our business expansion will be as successful as expected or that we can achieve profitability in the future.

Owing to our limited operating history, our business model has not been fully proven. If our assumptions about the risks and uncertainties that underlie our business planning are incorrect or changed as a result of market fluctuations, our operation and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business performance could be affected. We cannot assure you that we have fully addressed the risks and uncertainties that we may face in the future, and if we fail to do so, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If our IT solutions contain serious errors, defects, security vulnerabilities or bugs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our reputation and capability to attract and retain customers, to a large extent, depend on the reliability of our IT solutions and applications. Our customers have high expectations towards the quality and performance of our solutions in relation to the content, features, services, sensibility, etc., thereof. Though we constantly perform tests on our IT solutions, we may not be able to completely eliminate the possibility of errors, defects, security vulnerabilities, or bugs resulting from internal and/or third-party mistakes that are difficult to detect and correct, such as connectivity failure, natural disasters, and cyber-attacks that are beyond our control. Our IT solutions may not be perfectly and adequately designed and we may not be able to eliminate the risk of poor performance. There may be defects in the functionality of our IT solutions and applications, and any errors, failure or bugs may result in:

If our Operating Subsidiaries’ customers are unable to execute the user acceptance test or are not satisfied with the results therein, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Once our Operating Subsidiaries’ customers have accepted the results of the user acceptance tests, their service is deemed to be completed and the invoice for final payment is then issued to their customers. During the execution of the user acceptance test, Operating Subsidiaries’ customers will test our project deliverables to determine whether the project deliverables can handle the required tasks and execute functions in accordance with the specifications. Our Operating Subsidiaries normally run our project deliverables through user acceptance tests or a software auditing program before presenting the same to their customers. Nonetheless, there is no assurance that all the bugs, errors or flaws in our Operating Subsidiaries’ solutions, if any, have been detected and corrected. Should our Operating Subsidiaries’ customers find their solutions unsatisfactory, our Operating Subsidiaries may have to amend their project deliverables and the user acceptance test may need to be performed multiple times until the project deliverables are acceptable to our customers. If our Operating Subsidiaries are unable to resolve all problems that arise from the project deliverables or if our customers are unable to execute a user acceptance test due to customers’ internal difficulties, the occurrence of natural disasters and other catastrophic or force majeure events, such as health epidemics, cyberattack, power loss, telecommunications failure, political unrest, terrorist attacks, war, riots, and other geopolitical unrest, the completion of our Operating Subsidiaries’ project may be postponed indefinitely. Our Operating Subsidiaries may, as a result, not be able to receive the final payment and their project efforts may be in vain. Any interruptions, delays, or failures resulting from our Operating Subsidiaries’ inadequacies, unperceived events or actions beyond their control could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are subject to customer credit risk in collecting accounts receivable.

We generate net accounts receivable from our IT solution services. We generally issue an invoice to our customers of our IT solution services after achieving a milestone specified under our mandate or completing the transaction. As of September 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, our net accounts receivable balance was HK$4,500 (approximately US$573), HK$247,655 (approximately US$31,626), and HK$1,274,500 (approximately US$164,043), respectively. For the years ended September 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, bad debt provision was HK$313,362 (approximately US$39,920), nil, and nil, respectively. The bad debt provision for the year ended September 30, 2022 arose from a customer in 2022. As the credit risk for this specific customer increased, we considered that such receivables will not be settled and made the bad debt provision accordingly. Of this amount, HK$100,000 (approximately US$12,674) and HK$100,000 (approximately US$12,871) have been received in the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively. As of the date of this annual report, among the outstanding balance of accounts receivable as of September 30, 2024, HK$347,250 (approximately US$44,695) out of HK$1,274,500 (approximately US$164,043) was settled. In view of the payment history of this customer and the ongoing business relationship between our Company and this customer, our management believes that it is highly probable that the remaining balance will be recovered, and therefore no bad debt provision was made for the year ended September 30, 2024. Nonetheless, there is no assurance that such remaining unsettled accounts receivables will be fully recovered. Accordingly, we still face credit risk in collecting the accounts receivable due from customers. Our liquidity and profitability will be adversely affected if significant amounts due from us are not settled on time or at all. The bankruptcy or deterioration of the credit condition of any major customers could also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not enter into services agreements with customers, and we are thereby vulnerable to risks, in relation to potential contractual disputes which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

At times, our customers may require services that can be completed in a short time-frame or charged on a monthly basis. Such services generally generate a relatively low service income and involve minimal labor forces and costs of service. Due to the time and cost involved in preparing and negotiating services agreements for these types of services, we may not always enter into written services agreements with customers for the provision of these services.

We maintain communication records and invoices as contractual evidence. Nevertheless, the absence of written services agreements may lead to disputes over agreed terms such as scope of work, completion time, payment terms, etc. If a conflict arises, we may encounter difficulties in enforcing oral agreements entered into between us and our customers. Any dispute or commencement of legal proceedings over the agreed terms would divert our resources and efforts from our business operations, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to collect the entirety of the payment from the customer even if we succeeded in such claims or reached any settlements.

If we fail to expand the features and capabilities of our solutions or effectively respond to the rapidly evolving IT solutions market and OCR service market in Hong Kong, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

The growth of our business is mainly dependent on our ability to adjust, enhance and integrate our IT solutions with a variety of software platforms, hardware, network, data room, cloud and other technologies. We need to continuously modify and enhance our services to adapt to changes and innovation in these technologies. Inability to modify our solutions or services to adapt to changes will hinder our ability to deliver services to our customers.

As a cloud-based IT solution service provider, we expand our business by expanding the features and capabilities of our IT solutions that leverage cutting-edge technologies, such as AI, big data and cloud with a view to help our customers achieve digitalization of their operations. We also face the challenge of the rapidly evolving technologies, changing industry standards, continued launch of new services by other market players and increasingly diversified customer needs and preferences.

However, the process of research and development is complex and may require significant time and spending. We are unable to provide an accurate projection on the financial impact that new technologies may bring. If we invest in research and development that does not achieve significant commercial success, we may not be able to recover both our initial development cost and opportunity cost (i.e. reallocation of human and financial resources which could have brought other sources of income and opportunities). The failure to efficiently develop cloud-based solutions that are satisfactory to customers’ needs may result in financial loss and may further lead to a loss of potential and existing customers.

Our financial performance may deteriorate for reasons, some of which are beyond our control, such as increase in market players, reduction in market size, shift in customer preference and change in government policy or local economic condition etc. Certain sectors of our business, i.e. provision of NFT-related services, are relatively new and may not grow as quickly in the foreseeable future.

We believe our revenue growth depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:

If we are unable to effectively address these risks, our prospects, business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our provision of NFT-related services may be subject to a highly evolving regulatory landscape and any changes to laws or regulations could adversely affect our prospects or operations in this respect.

We started providing NFT-related services to our customers since 2022. As of the date of this annual report, we have not provided any other NFT-related ancillary services aside from creating NFT artwork, NFT marketplace and developing NFT-related games for our customers. Additionally, we do not own nor have we traded any NFT deliverables of our projects, developed or owned any blockchain technologies or have any plans on providing other NFT-related ancillary services in the future. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the changes in regulatory environment in this respect will affect our business and may limit the scope of work that we are allowed to perform for our customers. We may also be forced to alter our operation which may require a significant amount of time and cost for research and development.

The Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau of the Hong Kong government recently published the Policy Statement on Development of Virtual Assets in Hong Kong, which set out its policy stance and approach towards developing a vibrant sector and ecosystem for virtual assets (“VA”) in Hong Kong. Regarding regulations, a new licensing regime for virtual asset service providers has come into effect on March 1, 2023 under amendments to the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Ordinance (Chapter 615 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the “AMLO”). The legislative amendments aimed at implementing the Financial Action Task Force requirements whereby virtual asset service providers are subject to the same anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing obligations as financial institutions and are subject to the same statutory licensing or registration regime. Moreover, the Hong Kong government and the regulators are exploring a number of pilot projects to test the technological benefits brought by VA and their further applications in the financial markets. These projects include NFT issuance for Hong Kong Fintech Week 2022, Green bond tokenization, and e-HKD. Notwithstanding the recent implementation of a licensing regime for VA service providers, there is no indication whether or not NFT-related service providers are governed by such licensing regime. The relevant law and regulations related to VA service providers are evolving, and their interpretation and implementation involve significant uncertainties. To the extent any relevant laws and regulations in relation to NFT become applicable to our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong, we may be subject to the risks and uncertainties with respect to the enforcement of laws. According to the F&S Report, though proponents of NFTs claim that NFTs provide a public certificate of authenticity or proof of ownership, the legal rights conveyed by an NFT can be uncertain. The ownership of an NFT has no inherent legal meaning, and does not necessarily grant copyright, intellectual property rights, or other legal rights over its associated digital file. An NFT does not restrict the sharing or copying of its associated digital file and does not prevent the creation of NFTs that reference identical files.

Given the highly evolving industry that we are in, if these legal and regulatory policies are brought to effect, these laws, rules and regulations are still subject to constant variations and may be modified and applied within a short period of time. If we fail to comply with these laws, rules and regulations, we could be subject to significant fines and other regulatory consequences, which would adversely affect our business. We may face adverse impacts to our ability to continue operating our business and to pursue our future strategies, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.

Our NFT-related business may subject us to applicable securities laws as the NFT market may evolve and our NFT-related business may expand in the future.

We acknowledge the potential risks associated with operating an NFT marketplace, including the risk of engaging in or facilitating transactions in unregistered securities. However, as of the date of this annual report, we and our Operating Subsidiaries do not own any NFTs or operate any NFT marketplaces and do not plan to do so in the foreseeable future. Therefore, at this time, we have not deemed it necessary to develop policies and procedures to mitigate the risks associated with engaging in or facilitating transactions in unregistered securities.

However, we recognize that situations may change as the NFT market evolves, and our business may expand in the future. To ensure compliance with applicable securities laws and regulations, we will closely monitor the regulatory landscape and commit to timely establish policies and procedures to mitigate any risks associated with operating an NFT marketplace or offering NFTs when needed. In the event that any NFT or other digital asset our Operating Subsidiaries offer or sell in the future may be deemed a security, we will implement measures to register or seek exemption for it in compliance with applicable securities laws. We will also ensure that appropriate disclosures are made to investors so that they can make informed investment decisions, and we will take steps to ensure that such disclosures are complete and not materially misleading.

Failure to attract new customers and/or retain existing customers would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not sign long-term agreements with our customers and we are often not our customer’s exclusive cloud-based IT solution service providers. Our customers generally engage us for one-off set up of their desired projects or, depending on the nature of the projects, engage us for provision of maintenance services on a yearly basis. We believe that our ability to attract new customers or retain our existing customers on terms favorable to us is crucial for us to increase our revenue. As a strategy to reach out to more customers, we rely on our business relationships with and recommendations from our existing customers to which some of them are market leaders in their industries. However, we cannot assure you that our existing customers would recommend our services to their peers who may be their competitors. If this strategy turns out to be less effective than we expect, we may not be able to maintain our existing level of revenue or profitability. On the other hand, if our competitors introduce lower-cost and/or differentiated solutions or services that are perceived to compete favorably with ours, our ability to attract new customers and renew or upsell existing customers based on pricing, technology and functionality could be impaired. As a result, we may be unable to renew our agreements with existing customers, attract new customers or develop new business from existing customers, in particular, if we lose any of our key customers or if our customers reduce their purchase of our solutions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

In addition, certain factors beyond our control may also adversely affect our ability to retain customers. For instance, any group restructuring or changes in economic conditions of our customers and/or factors affecting our customers’ industries such as market conditions, development in regulatory requirements and release of new government policies whereby our customers may as a result cancel or reduce their subscription for our IT solutions or services. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely affected.

The market in which we participate is highly competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The market for cloud-based IT solution service providers in Hong Kong is rapidly evolving and competitive. We face competition in various aspects of our business, including, among others, the comprehensiveness and adaptability of our IT solutions, ability to continuously innovate services and solutions, and expertise in developing industry specific solutions. In addition to other cloud-based customer IT solution service providers, we also compete with large technology companies that offer on-premise data system. Some of our competitors can devote significantly more resources than us in relation to the development, promotion and sales of their services and many have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. Some of our competitors may have longer operating history, established strong brand recognition, more established relationship with technology partners and customers, robust technological capabilities and significant financial resources which enable them to offer comparable technology solutions or own similar business scale to us at a lower price. Current or potential competitors of similar size of us may also be acquired by international or large-scale technology companies with significantly greater resources and therefore gain competitive advantages. In order to attract more customers, new entrants into the industry may offer competitive pricing that we cannot keep up with. Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their service offerings or resources and ability to compete. With the introduction of new technologies and entry of new market participants, we expect competition to continue to intensify in the future. There is no guarantee that we will be able to sustain our competitive advantage or to effectively implement our business strategies. If our competitors are successful in bringing their solutions or services to the market earlier than us, or if their solutions or services are less expensive or more technologically capable than ours coupled with pricing pressure and increased competition, our business, operation and financial performance could be adversely affected.

Furthermore, since there are essentially no geographical limits for technology related services, our potential customers are not limited to the option of engaging local companies like us. We therefore face competition from both global and local market players.

Intensifying competition may also result in certain developments in our industry, such as downward competitive pressure on the service fees we charge, expansion by existing competitors, adoption by our competitors of innovative technology solutions or comparatively effective branding efforts, any of which may have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Increased investments made and lower prices or innovative services offered by our competitors may require us to divert significant managerial, financial and human resources in order to remain competitive, and ultimately may place a greater pressure on us to maintain our market share and negatively impact the revenues growth and profitability of our business.

As we intend to expand our operation to overseas markets, we may face competition from a larger number of prestigious companies with greater brand recognition, better developed systems, wider market acceptance and larger existing customer base.

If we are not able to compete effectively, the number of our customers may decrease and our market share and profitability may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as our reputation.

We face risks associated with concentration of revenue from our major customers, as we rely on a limited number of major customers in our business. This dependency on a limited number of customers may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We currently generate a substantial portion of our total revenue from contracts with a limited number of customers. For the year ended September 30, 2022, our top three customers accounted for 33.17%, 30.72% and 25.02% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively. For the year ended September 30, 2023, our top three customers accounted for 35.01%, 32.50% and 16.23% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively. For the year ended September 30, 2024, our top three customers accounted for 21.04%, 18.67% and 12.31% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively. We cannot guarantee that the volume of revenue from these major customers will remain consistent in the future. If these customers discontinue their businesses or experience financial difficulty, terminate their business relationship with us, or if we are unable to negotiate favorable or comparable terms or maintain business relationships with these customers due to competition, regulatory changes, industry factors, or other reasons, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We are exposed to risks related to concentration of suppliers as we rely on few major suppliers, and it may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We engage suppliers including cloud architects and service providers to provide the necessary support to our business operations. For the year ended September 30, 2022, three suppliers accounted for 25.48%, 24.54% and 11.70% of our total cost of revenue, respectively. For the year ended September 30, 2023, two suppliers accounted for 19.64% and 12.71% of our total cost of revenue, respectively. For the year ended September 30, 2024, two suppliers accounted for 10.98% and 6.75% of our total cost of revenue, respectively. We are thereby exposed to risks related to the concentration of suppliers.

Due to the concentration of suppliers, any interruption of the operations of our suppliers, any failure of our suppliers to accommodate our growing business scale, any termination or suspension of our supply arrangements, any change in cooperation terms, or the deterioration of cooperative relationships with these suppliers may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. We cannot assure you that we would be able to find replacement suppliers on commercially reasonable terms or on a timely basis.

For the years ended September 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, Simplus IO Limited was our one of major suppliers, accounting for HK$839,000 (approximately US$106,882), HK$435,000 (approximately US$55,550), and HK$252,000 (approximately US$32,435) representing 25.48%, 7.44%, and 4.27% of our total cost of revenue, respectively. For the years ended September 30, 2022, 2023, and 2024, ProAlgories Limited was one of our major suppliers, accounting for HK$400,000 (approximately US$50,957), HK$110,000 (approximately US$14,047), and nil representing 11.70%, 1.88%, and nil of our total cost of revenue, respectively. See “ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS—B. Related Party Transactions” for more information.

We rely on external service providers for certain technical services, and any shortage of, or delay in, the supply of such services may significantly impact our business and results of operations.

We engaged external service providers to carry out certain works which require specific technical skills and knowledge (such as user interface design, marketing, programming, source control management, software auditing and cryptography) to save cost, expand our service scope and increase our work capacity, two of which were also our related parties. For the years ended September 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, we paid an aggregate of approximately HK$1,477,728 (approximately US$188,250), HK$1,143,535 (approximately US$146,030), and HK$762,596 (approximately US$98,155) to our service providers, respectively, representing approximately 43.22%, 19.57%, and 12.93% of our total cost of revenue, respectively. According to the F&S Report, the time-frame for projects within the IT solution service industry may vary extensively depending on the size and scope of the project, and customers commonly request ad-hoc tasks; thus, it can be difficult for IT solution service providers to predict the demand of our services accurately. An IT solution project often involves a wide range of features and functions requiring different skill sets, and IT solution service providers often outsource part or all of their work to service providers to fill their skills gap.

In addition, services carried out by our service providers may not be delivered to our customers or to us on time or within budget, resulting in the late delivery of project deliverables to our customers and increased costs. Any failure or delay in completing a project caused by these external service providers could result in, among other things, increased costs and expenses, delay or reduction in payment from our customers to us, and/or potential contractual liabilities. Furthermore, our results of operations may suffer due to cost overruns to the extent that we cannot pass on the additional costs to our customers. In either case, our business, financial position and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

On the other hand, suitable service providers may not be readily available at reasonable costs when we require their services whereby our ability to provide satisfactory services could be adversely affected. Moreover, if a service provider fails to provide satisfactory services as required under a contract, we may need to source an alternative service provider to provide the relevant services at a higher replacement cost than anticipated. These scenarios may have material adverse impacts on our reputation, profitability and results of operations.

For the three years ended September 30, 2022, 2023 and 2024, and up to the date of this annual report, we had not experienced any material difficulties with our service providers.

Our business relies on the cloud infrastructure operated by a third-party international cloud operator and other service providers for our business operations, and any disruption of or interference with our use of such services would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Techlution relies on an international third-party cloud service provider (the “Cloud Service Provider”) to host its solutions. The Cloud Service Provider is a subsidiary of an American multinational technology company focusing on e-commerce, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. The Cloud Service Provider’s services are delivered to customers via a network of its server farms located throughout the world. Techlution has entered into a customer agreement with the Cloud Service Provider to subscribe for its cloud services where Techlution is provided with a third-party platform which protects it from potential security breaches and cybersecurity incidents.

We are, therefore, vulnerable to problems experienced by these service providers. We may experience malfunctions, interruptions, delays or outages with respect to our third-party cloud infrastructure in the future due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human, hardware or software errors, hosting disruptions and capacity constraints. Such issues could arise from a number of causes such as technical failures, natural disasters, fraud or security attacks. The level of services provided by these service providers, or regular or prolonged interruptions in that service, could also affect the use of our IT solutions and our customers’ satisfaction with our solutions and could harm our business and reputation. In addition, hosting costs will increase as our customer base grows, which could harm our business if we are unable to grow our revenue sufficiently to offset such increase. Any failure to maintain our relationships or renew our contracts with these cloud service providers and external service providers on commercially favorable terms, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Furthermore, we have no control over these external service providers, which increases our vulnerability to problems with the services they provide. In particular, as our Cloud Service Provider is a large-scale internationally renowned corporation, it possesses significant bargaining power and may change its service terms or other policies or modify its interpretation of such terms and policies at its discretion, which may adversely affect our operations. Our service providers may also take actions beyond our control that could seriously harm our business, including discontinuing or limiting our access to one or more services, increasing pricing terms and terminating or seeking to terminate our contractual relationship with them. Although we expect that we could obtain similar services from other third-party service providers, if our arrangements with our current providers were terminated, we could incur additional expenses in arranging for alternative cloud infrastructure services. As a result, our business, operations and financial performance would be adversely affected.

We also conduct business with a third-party cloud architect to verify that the security system of our AI-OCR software align with industry standards. Any interruption with this cloud architect could interfere with our operating activities, cause losses due to erroneous or delayed responses, or otherwise be disruptive to our business. If our arrangements with this third-party cloud architect is terminated, we may not be able to find an alternative service provider to certify our AI-OCR software on a timely basis or on commercially reasonable terms. This could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business is subject to system and data security risks, and our existing security measures may be inadequate to address these risks, making our systems susceptible to compromise, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

As a cloud-based IT solution service provider in Hong Kong, we are expected to be the target of cyberattacks, distributed denial of service attacks, hacking and phishing attacks, security breaches, computer malware, and other malicious internet-based activities, our business is therefore subject to these risks. While we have adopted and implemented security protocol, network protection mechanisms, applicable recovery system or other defense procedures, we cannot assure you that these measures are, or will be, adequate to prevent any of such attacks and protect us from any network or service interruptions, system failures or data losses. We may not be able to anticipate or prevent all techniques that could be used to obtain unauthorized access to our systems because such techniques may change frequently and are generally not detected until an incident has occurred. Additionally, we cannot be certain that we will be able to address any vulnerabilities in our solutions that we may become aware of in the future. Attacks or security breaches could delay or interrupt our services provided to our customers and their end-customers, damage our reputation and brand, expose us to risks of potential litigation and liabilities, and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such attacks or security breaches.

In addition, our customers store and transmit substantial amount of data and information, including confidential information relating to them, on cloud computing platforms when using our IT solutions. We cannot assure you that third parties will not succeed in their attempts to obtain unauthorized access to such confidential information relating to our customers and/or their end-customers. If any security incident, human error or other malfeasance occurs in the future causing unauthorized disclosure of such confidential information, we may be subject to litigation, indemnification obligations, and other potential liabilities, as well as negative publicity, which could materially adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Furthermore, any security incident, if happens to us, or to others, such as our customers, may lead to public disclosures and widespread negative publicity for us or our customers who may lose confidence in the security of our cloud-based solutions. Concerns regarding privacy, data protection, and information security may cause some of our customers to stop using our solutions and decline to renew their subscriptions, and make it harder for us to attract new customers. To the extent we do not effectively address these risks, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

Development and incorporation of our AI technologies to our IT solutions for improving the automation and precision of our AI-OCR services may not be successful.

We plan to continue to expand and enhance our AI technologies, particularly in our AI-OCR services. While we expect our AI technologies will improve the automation of and the precision of our AI-OCR software, our AI technologies may not achieve sufficient levels of accuracy as we expect. Furthermore, our competitors may incorporate more advanced AI features into their solutions more quickly or more successfully and their AI features may achieve higher market acceptance than ours, which may result in our failure to recoup our investments in developing AI-technology applications. Should any of these items or others occur, our ability to compete, and business, results of operation and financial performance may be materially and adversely affected.

Future investments or acquisitions may not be successful.

In addition to organic growth, we may take advantage of opportunities to invest in or acquire additional businesses, services, assets or technologies. However, we may fail to select appropriate investment or acquisition targets, or we may not be able to negotiate optimal arrangements, including arrangements to finance any acquisitions. Acquisitions and integrations of new assets and businesses into our own would require significant capital and our management attention and could result in a diversion of resources away from our existing business. Investments and acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, increased leverage, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business, and the invested or acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect.

Our project completion cycle can be unpredictable and longer than expected, and may lead to increased time and expense that could affect our operating results.

The timing of project completion may fluctuate and may be difficult to predict. The length of our sales cycle, from project design to completion is generally four to six months but can vary substantially from customer to customer. In certain cases, our work can extend over a year and exceed our initial prediction. Owing to the customized services that we provide to our customers, we often require a longer discussion process with our customers and frequent adjustments to our services if we are unable to meet our customer’s requests. Customers, larger organizations in particular, often undertake long evaluation process due to their organizational structure and approval requirements, which can lengthen the duration of our projects and delay completion. Customers may also demand additional features or adjustments to our work. As a result, we may be unable to accurately predict duration of our projects and be unable to efficiently allocate human resources for our coexisting projects, which may adversely affect our efficiency and require us to hire more employees than needed. If expectations for our project cycle are not accurate, it may lead to increased time and expense and could adversely affect our operating results.

Our financial performance may vary from period to period due to seasonality.

We experience seasonal fluctuations in demand for our services. We generally experience lower demands for our services in July to September and generally experience higher demands for our services in April to June. As a result, our results during April to June for each financial year may not be indicative of those for the whole financial year. Seasonality in our business may cause period-to-period fluctuations in certain of our operating results and financial metrics and thus limit our ability to predict our future results. Prospective investors should be aware of such seasonal fluctuations when making any comparisons of our financial performance.

Our growth is reliant on our sales and marketing strategies. Failure on effective marketing may harm our ability to increase our customer base and spending on ineffective marketing may adversely affect our financial results.

Our ability to expand our customer base and gain wider market exposure partially depend on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts. We market our solutions mainly through our in-house direct sales team. We have conducted various branding and marketing activities but these activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue. We plan to deploy additional resources to strengthen our sales team and organize more marketing activities such as hosting seminars and conferences among students in tertiary institutions, industry players and potential customers, which will require us to make substantial expenditures but may not yield increased revenue. To the extent that these marketing activities lead to increased revenue, the additional revenue generated could nevertheless be insufficient to offset the increased expenses we incur. If we fail to maintain and enhance our market share, our pricing power may decline as compared to that of our competitors and we may lose existing or prospective customers, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. There is also no assurance that any increase in our marketing expenditures will lead to our anticipated results, which, if unsuccessful, may even result in financial loss and our business may be significantly harmed.

If we are unable to develop, maintain, and enhance our brand and reputation in a cost-effective manner, our growth strategies may be hindered and our business may be adversely affected.

Our brand and reputation are, among others, two of the decisive factors in attracting new customers who determine whether to engage us for our services. We believe that our brand name and reputation are important corporate assets that differentiate our services from those of our competitors. As such, we have strategically offered services at a lower than market price for reputable and large-scale customers at the early stages of our business, with the aims to build our profile and to enhance reputation. However, our brand and reputation may be harmed and will be susceptible to factors, including but not limited to:

We cannot assure that such negative events will not happen in the future. If these events happen and we fail to recover from destruction to our brand and reputation successfully, we may experience a significant decline in demand for our services, decrease in investor confidence, reduction of the value of our brand and ultimately result in a material adverse effect to our business and prospects.

If we are unable to effectively recruit, retain and train qualified software developers, our growth strategies may be hindered and our business may be adversely affected.

Our growth strategy is, in part, reliant on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified software developers including software engineers, programmers and coders. We face intense competition with both information technology related and non-related large enterprises in recruiting front-end developers, back-end developers, application developers, and project managers. We compete with many other companies for employees with expertise in designing, developing and managing software, applications and Web 3.0 related matters. Certain skillsets are relatively new in Hong Kong and hence there may be a limited availability of suitable and qualified candidates for the implementation of our growth strategy. Some of our competitors in Hong Kong may have greater resources and may be able to offer better remuneration package to software developers than us. Our ability to recruit talented personnel and retain existing employees may be affected if our compensation package and employee benefits are perceived as unattractive.

If we are unable to retain skilled employees and attract new personnel suitable for our business, we may not be able to accomplish our business objectives. We may have to increase our training expenses and may have to divert extra time and resources for training led by higher-level employees. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain, recruit and train competent professionals. Our quality of work may be affected and it may jeopardize our ability to meet our customers’ expectations. We may also experience constraints that will hinder our ability to adopt our growth strategies. Failure in maintaining a skillful and talented team of capable individuals could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Digital ecosystems, including offerings of digital assets, are evolving and uncertain. Our NFT-related business is subject to unknown risks that may materially adversely affect our development.

Exploring new technologies and offering related services to customers is one of our strategies to keep our service competitive for growth of our business. However, these newly developed ideas such as crypto assets, blockchain technologies, NFTs and Metaverse are still in the process of development.

The Operating Subsidiaries provide NFT-related services that involve creating NFT artwork, NFT marketplace and developing NFT-related games of which we do not have ownership. The public in Hong Kong is generally more skeptical towards new technologies and projects, such as NFT and Web 3.0-related products. Unlike many other traditional business sectors, NFT is a relatively new concept and market demand may be affected by the rapidly changing popular culture and market trends. Without a sufficient historical foundation and a solid customer base, NFT-related businesses may be prone to failure if market trend changes and their popularity decreases. Individuals interested in these newly developed ideas may refrain from creating or investing in related products due to unknown risks, such as the illiquidity of secondary markets, fraud, security, pricing, etc. On the other hand, businesses or activities involving Web 3.0 and NFT-related activities may be volatile to future regulations that may significantly affect the dynamics and operation of the business. Many interested enterprises delay expansion plans into Web 3.0 and NFT-related business due to the insufficient interest, limited public trading, and the uncertainty of the regulatory environment, which may adversely affect our growth strategies, business development, operating results, and financial condition. Hence, all these uncertainties related to Web 3.0 and NFT-related business could delay the introduction of our solutions, increase our research and development expenses and reduce demand for our solutions, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Natural disasters and other catastrophic or force majeure events could materially and adversely affect our business.

Occurrence of natural disasters and other catastrophic or force majeure events, such as health epidemics, cyberattack, power loss, telecommunications failure, political unrest, terrorist attacks, war, riots, and other geopolitical unrest could lead to damage and disruption to our operation and may affect our business or the economy as a whole. In the event of natural disaster or catastrophic events, we may experience corruption or loss of data, dissipation of trade secrets, system malfunction, and interruption of our service. We may not be able to operate our business and may endure system interruptions, delay in research and development, halt in system maintenance, breach of data security, reputation harm, degradation of infrastructure and suspension of service. We are highly susceptible to factors that specifically affect Hong Kong, and we may have to temporarily suspend our services under any event that results in disruption to our critical business functions in Hong Kong. Any such events affecting our ability to conduct normal business operations could materially impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

We rely on our CEO and our key management and professional staff. The loss of key team members could affect our operations and our business may be severely disrupted.

We have an experienced and capable management team, including Mr. Leung Tsz Him, our founder and CEO, who is responsible for managing our daily operations and customer relations, implementing our business strategies, pricing, overseeing financial performance and supervising employees. They are the key for our internal and external management. If we lose any members of our management team, we may face difficulties in executing our current plans and strategies, our business could be harmed and our growth prospects may be inhibited. negotiating, planning, pricing, new product development and product execution

On the other hand, execution of customer’s requests and operation of our business is dependent on our highly skilled personnel, which consist of high-level developers who are able to perform advanced technical services. Because we operate in a relatively new industry that requires highly skilled technical personnel, our future success is vastly dependent on the talents, their experiences, and contributions they may provide. If we lose our high-level developers including software engineers, programmers and coders, we may not be able to efficiently direct our front-end, back-end and application developers, which will limit our ability to accurately execute our customers’ instructions. We may also experience difficulties in hiring and retaining such personnel with desired qualifications with a competitive salary. These factors could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be affected by the currency peg system in Hong Kong.

Our revenues and expenses will be denominated predominantly in Hong Kong dollars. Although the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar to the U.S. dollar has been pegged since 1983, we cannot assure you that this policy will not be changed in the future. If the pegging system collapses and Hong Kong dollars suffer devaluation, the Hong Kong dollar cost of our expenditures denominated in foreign currency may increase. This would in turn adversely affect the operations and profitability of our business.

Should we receive profits from foreign operations and/or proceeds from our securities offering, fluctuations in currency exchange rate could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

A substantial amount of our income and expenditures are denominated in Hong Kong dollars, yet our reporting currency remains as U.S. dollars. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Hong Kong dollars will affect our relative purchasing power. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our securities offering into Hong Kong dollars for our operations, appreciation of the Hong Kong dollar against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Hong Kong dollar amount we would receive.

Moreover, as we expand our business to overseas markets, we may be subject to further foreign exchange risks. Fluctuation in the exchange rate will affect the relative value of earnings from and the value of any foreign currency-denominated investments our Company make in the future. If we face significant volatility in these foreign exchange rates and cannot procure any specific foreign exchange control measures to mitigate such risks, our results of operations and financial performance shall be adversely affected.

Cybersecurity incidents, security breaches, human error and misconduct, and failure to protect confidential information may harm our reputation and affect our business.

The information technology industry is prone to cybersecurity concerns. The software and application systems that we create based on our customer’s demand involve collection, processing, storage, and transmission of a large amount of data daily. Although we have secured subscription on a third-party platform that will be able to protect us against potential security breach and cybersecurity incidents, we may not be able to prevent all potential issues and may not be able to detect all attack attempts to our systems. We may be vulnerable to hackers, viruses, software bugs, technical defects and system malfunction. We may also be vulnerable to the misuse, misappropriation or error of customer information by our employees and suppliers. Since we do not control the processing of data of our third-party service providers, we may also be subject to the risk and incidents affecting these providers.

Failure to protect confidential information due to the above-mentioned reasons may result in the follow consequences:

If a cybersecurity event occurs, it could harm our business and reputation and could result in a loss of customers. Likewise, data privacy breaches by our employees and others who have access to our systems may pose a risk that sensitive customer data may be exposed to unauthorized persons or to the public, adversely impacting our customer service, employee relationships and our reputation.

While we continue to make efforts to evaluate and improve our information technology infrastructure and particularly the effectiveness of our security program, procedures and systems, it is possible that our business, financial and other systems could be compromised, which could go unnoticed for a prolonged period of time, and there can be no assurance that the actions and controls that we implement, or which we cause third-party service providers to implement, will be sufficient to protect our information technology infrastructure or other property. Additionally, customers and our suppliers upon whom we rely face similar threats, which could directly or indirectly impact our business and operations. If we are unable to prevent cybersecurity incidents, we may sustain legal and financial consequences that may significantly affect our business and may cause permanent impairment to our brand and reputation.

Violation, infringement or any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could harm our business and competitive position.

Our proprietary technologies, software and applications are critical to our success. We rely on a combination of copyright, common law, statutory laws and regulations, and contractual arrangements to protect our intellectual property rights. We also enter into agreements with our employees and third-parties, including confidentiality agreements, non-compete agreements and non-disclosure agreements. These legal protection and agreements, however, may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential intellectual property and we cannot assure that our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate. Intellectual property protection may not be sufficient in the regions we operate and we cannot guarantee that we have entered into necessary agreements with all parties that have access to our proprietary information. Breach of such agreements may also result in lengthy and costly litigation with inadequate remedies available.

We may not be able to obtain all necessary patent and trademark applications from all of the jurisdictions that we operate our business in. Failure to do so may subject us to litigation and there is no guarantee that we will prevail. Our intellectual property may be challenged by other parties. We cannot assure that we will be able to succeed in any such litigation and we may be forced to discard our proprietary information and technology that we have dedicated time and effort into. Any failure to adequately protect our intellectual property may lead to disclosure of our trade secrets, claim of ownership of our proprietary information by third parties and costly litigation. It could harm our competitive position and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property disputes, which may result in significant legal cost and may disrupt our business and operations.

We depend, to a large extent, on our ability to effectively develop and maintain intellectual property rights relating to our business. However, we cannot assure that we will not be subject to claims and litigation in relation to any alleged infringement of trademarks, copyrights, patents or other intellectual property rights held by third parties, including our competitors. As we grow our business, expand our expertise and face increasing competition, we may be subject to an increased risks of intellectual property right claims and other assertions. If any claims are brought against us, we may be forced to defend our rights. Defending against intellectual property claims is costly and can impose a significant burden on our management and resources. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the outcomes in all cases are favorable to us. Such intellectual property claims may also cause reputational harm and may dissuade potential customers from subscribing our services. If we were unsuccessful in these claims and were found to be in violation of any intellectual property rights, we may be subject to considerable licensing fees and damages, prohibited to continue using such intellectual property, and may be forced to redevelop substitutions which could require significant effort and expense. Any claims, regardless of its merits, would be time consuming and costly, and would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently have not registered all trademarks in relation to our trading names, products and services and we therefore have to rely on common law trademark protection until we register our trademark.

We have not registered all trademark rights in relation to our trading names, products and services we are seeking to develop and we therefore have to rely on common law trademark protection until we register our trademark.

We could be forced by litigation, or threat of litigation, to abandon our trademarks in relation to trading names, products and services. In such event, we could incur substantial material expense, and could lose the value of marketing and promotional work performed up to that date. These losses would be in addition to the loss resulting from the payment of an award of damages to the party instituting or threatening litigation. Such additional expenses could have an adverse effect on the results of our operations, financial condition and results of operations.

If the domain names licensed to us are not properly maintained or the domain names underlying such licenses are not enforced, our competitive position and business prospects will be harmed.

We have three domain names, “techlutionservice.com,” “neuralsense.io” and “techlution.io” (collectively, the “Domain Names”), that we use in or are related to our business which is registered under the name of our CEO. Since the Domain Names which we rely on providing our services are registered in the name of our CEO, we may be subject to difficulties such as being subject to legal proceedings in relation to the infringement of the Domain Names; preventing third parties from acquiring the Domain Names from our CEO; renewing domain name registration; and securing long term usage of the Domain Names. In addition, our competitors and others could attempt to capitalize on our brand recognition by using domain names similar to ours. Although we have entered into a license agreement with our CEO on February 24, 2023, which grants us a sole, exclusive irrevocable license to use the above-mentioned Domain Names and a right of first refusal with respect to the acquisition of the Domain Names, if we lose the ability to use the Domain Names, whether due to trademark claims, failure to renew the applicable registration, or any other cause, we may be forced to market our offerings under a new domain name, which could cause us substantial harm, or to incur significant expense in order to purchase rights to the domain name in question. We may not be able to obtain preferred domain names in Hong Kong and have to use domain names that may decrease the value of our brand or our trademarks or service marks. Our success will depend in part on the ability of our licensor to obtain, maintain and enforce protection for their intellectual property, in particular, those domain names to which we have secured a sole, exclusive irrevocable license. On the other hand, protecting, maintaining, and enforcing our rights in our domain names may require litigation, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, and could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may not be adequately insured against losses and liabilities arising from our operations.

We recognize that our operation and business are susceptible to potential losses and our exposure to liability arising from claims of various nature are set out in the risk factors above. Our Company has purchased various insurance policies, including employees’ compensation insurance, office insurance and professional indemnity for projects which does not have limitation on damages or when the pre-determined amount of compensation exceeds our total consideration. We do not maintain a directors’ and officers’ insurance policy. While we believe our insurance coverage is in line with common industry practice and may sufficiently protect us against foreseeable risks, our current insurance policies may not be adequate to fully compensate for the losses suffered by us. Further, any compensation is contingent upon the assessment of the relevant insurance companies in accordance with the terms of the relevant insurance policies. There is no guarantee that we will be indemnified in part or in full in any given case. In the event that we suffer from any losses, damages or liabilities in the course of our business operations which our insurance does not cover, we may not have sufficient funds to cover such losses, damages or liabilities. The resulting payment to cover such losses, damages or liabilities may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial position.

Any unexpected and prolonged disruption to the access of our business premises may adversely affect our business.

As we have only one business premises in Hong Kong, if there is any unexpected and prolonged disruption of usage or access to our business premises, such as fire or power failure and we cannot timely relocate our business premises to another suitable location with well-equipped facilities, the normal operation of our Group and thus our business, results of operations and financial position will be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Economic Conditions

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese or global economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In particular, general economic factors and conditions in China or worldwide, including the general interest rate environment and unemployment rates, may affect our customer’s participation in forex trading. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. If present Chinese and global economic uncertainties persist, many of our customers may reduce the service they require from us. Adverse economic conditions could also reduce the number of customers seeking our service, as well as their ability to make payments. Should any of these situations occur, our net revenues will decline, and our business and financial conditions will be negatively impacted. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

The recent outbreak of war in Ukraine has already affected global economic markets, and the uncertain resolution of this conflict could result in protracted and/or severe damage to the global economy. Russia’s recent military interventions in Ukraine have led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia. Russia’s military incursion and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect global energy and financial markets and thus could affect our customers’ business and our business, even though we do not have any direct exposure to Russia or the adjoining geographic regions. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions, and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or resulting sanctions may magnify the impact of other risks described in this section. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond their control. Prolonged unrest, intensified military activities, or more extensive sanctions impacting the region could have a material adverse effect on the global economy, and such effect could in turn have a material adverse effect on the operations, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and business outlook of our business.

In addition, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

A sustained outbreak of epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and the measures taken in response thereto could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.

The outbreak and prevalence of pandemic such as COVID-19 would adversely impact economic activities and conditions worldwide and lead to significant volatility and disruption to financial markets. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the implementation of significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans, intended to control the spread of the virus. This prevalence of COVID-19 has caused companies like us to implement temporary adjustments to work schedules and travel plans, mandating employees to work remotely. As a result, we may have experienced lower efficiency and productivity, internally and externally, which may have adversely affected our service quality.

In a macroeconomic perspective, epidemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact economic activities worldwide and create significant volatility and disruption to financial markets. The weakened global and local economy resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted our business partners and customers in making business decisions and may continue to affect us in the future.

A sustained outbreak of epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may have an impact on the global economy and our business, which is beyond our control and may be difficult to predict. We may experience potential disruptions that include:

Given the potential impacts an epidemic may bring to our business, such as a general slowdown in economic conditions globally and volatility in the capital markets, we cannot assure you that we can maintain the growth rate we have experienced or projected. Because of the uncertainty surrounding epidemics, the financial impact related to the outbreak of epidemics and the response to it cannot be reasonably estimated. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic or other epidemics in the future would impact our results of operations will depend on the future developments of the outbreak of such pandemic, including new information concerning the global severity of and actions taken to contain the outbreak, or the appearance of new or more severe strains of the virus, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable.

The current trade tension between the U.S. and the PRC may potentially have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The U.S. government has imposed, and has proposed to impose additional, new or higher tariffs on specified products imported from PRC to penalize PRC for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. PRC has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new or higher tariffs on specified products imported from the U.S. Certain tariffs have already been adopted by both sides, and the two countries often meet to negotiate arrangements that would include the decreasing or removal of tariffs, but we cannot assure you that the negotiations will be successful in reducing tariffs or that other tariffs will not be imposed, even if an agreement will be reached. In addition, any further escalation in trade tensions between PRC and the United States or a trade war, or the perception that such escalation or trade war could occur, may have negative impact on the economies of not only the two countries concerned, but the global economy as a whole.

Although we are currently not subject to any of those tariff measures, the proposed tariffs may adversely affect the economic growth in Mainland China, Hong Kong and other markets in which we operate, as well as the financial condition of our customers. With the potential decrease in the spending and investment power of our target customers, we cannot guarantee that there will be no negative impact on our operations. In addition, the current and future actions or escalations by either the U.S. or PRC that affect trade relations may cause global economic turmoil and potentially have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and we cannot provide any assurance as to whether such actions will occur or the form that they may take.

Risks related to our corporate structure

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us outside of Hong Kong, due to interventions in, or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on, our ability or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash in the future could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and might materially decrease the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares or cause them to be worthless.

We are a holding company incorporated in the BVI, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our Hong Kong Operating Subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and to service any debt we may incur. If any of our Hong Kong Operating Subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

According to the BVI Business Companies Act, a British Virgin Islands company may make dividends distribution to the extent that immediately after the distribution, the value of such company’s assets exceeds its liabilities and that such company is able to pay its debts as they fall due.

Under Hong Kong law, dividends could only be paid out of distributable profits (that is, accumulated realized profits less accumulated realized loss) or other distributable reserves. Dividends cannot be paid out of share capital. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid to us. The PRC laws and regulations do not currently have any material impact on transfers of cash from our Operating Subsidiaries to our holding company, our shareholders and U.S. investors. However, the PRC government may, in the future, impose restrictions or limitations on our ability to transfer money out of Hong Kong, to distribute earnings and pay dividends to and from the other entities within our organization, or to reinvest in our business outside of Hong Kong. Such restrictions and limitations, if imposed in the future, may delay or hinder the expansion of our business to outside of Hong Kong and may affect our ability to receive funds from our operating subsidiary in Hong Kong. The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case, that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact the ability or way we conduct our business, could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for our services, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are required to be implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected and such measured could materially decrease the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares, potentially rendering them worthless.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations, and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares or our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors may be materially and adversely affected if the PRC government intervenes or influences our business operations at any time or may exert control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in PRC based issuers, such as approval or other administration requirements of the CSRC, or other PRC governmental authorities in connection with our securities offering under any new laws, rules or regulations in the PRC to be enacted, which may become applicable to Hong Kong, and if required, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such approval.

As we mainly conduct business in Hong Kong, our business and our financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic, and social conditions in PRC generally.

We are aware that recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in Mainland China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over Mainland China-based companies listed overseas using a variable interest entity, or VIE, structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. In addition to these statements, laws and regulations by the PRC government, including the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, the PRC Personal Information Protection Law and the Draft Rules on Overseas Listing published by CSRC on December 24, 2021 also have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in Mainland China-based issuers.

Based on our understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations, the current PRC laws and regulations on cybersecurity, M&A and oversight and control over overseas securities offerings do not apply to us and our current operations (details of which are set out below) but it remains uncertain whether the PRC government will adopt additional requirements or extend the existing requirements to apply to our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong. It is also uncertain whether the Hong Kong government will be mandated by the PRC government, despite the constitutional constraints of the Basic Law, to control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment of entities in Hong Kong, including our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings (including of businesses whose primary operations are in Hong Kong) that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in Hong Kong-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

The current PRC laws and regulations are evolving, and their enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation involve significant uncertainties. To the extent any PRC laws and regulations become applicable to our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong, we may be subject to the risks and uncertainties associated with the legal system in Mainland China, including with respect to the enforcement of laws and the possibility of changes of rules and regulations with little or no advance notice.

We may also become subject to the PRC laws and regulations to the extent our subsidiaries commence business and customer facing operations in Mainland China as a result of any future acquisition, expansion or organic growth.

M&A Rules — CSRC Filing or approval

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies jointly adopted the M&A Rules, which came into effect on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules requires that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for overseas listing purposes and controlled directly or indirectly by the PRC citizens shall obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to overseas listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. Based on our understanding of the Chinese laws and regulations currently in effect as of this annual report, we are not required to obtain the CSRC’s approval for listing and trading of our securities on Nasdaq under the M&A Rules. However, there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented, and the opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant Chinese government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion.

The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities (“Opinions”), which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by PRC-based companies. Pursuant to the Opinions, the Chinese regulators are required to accelerate rule-making related to the overseas issuance and listing of securities, and update the existing laws and regulations related to data security, cross-border data flow, and management of confidential information. Numerous regulations, guidelines and other measures are expected to be adopted under the umbrella of or in addition to the Cybersecurity Law and Data Security Law. As of the date of this annual report, no official guidance or related implementation rules have been issued. As a result, the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities remain unclear on how they will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant PRC governmental authorities.

On December 24, 2021, the CSRC, together with other relevant government authorities in China issued the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations requires that Overseas Issuance and Listing shall complete the filing procedures of and submit the relevant information to CSRC. The Overseas Issuance and Listing includes direct and indirect issuance and listing. Where an enterprise whose principal business activities are conducted in PRC seeks to issue and list its shares in the name of an Overseas Issuer on the basis of the equity, assets, income or other similar rights and interests of the relevant PRC domestic enterprise, such activities shall be deemed an Indirect Overseas Issuance and Listing under the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”) and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Trial Measures, among other requirements, (1) domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedures with the CSRC; if a domestic company fails to complete the filing procedures, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties; and (2) where a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in an overseas market, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity responsible for all filing procedures with the CSRC, and such filings shall be submitted to the CSRC within three business days after the submission of the overseas offering and listing application. On the same day, the CSRC also issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which clarifies that (1) on or prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, domestic companies that have already submitted valid applications for overseas offering and listing but have not obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges may reasonably arrange the timing for submitting their filing applications with the CSRC, and must complete the filing before the completion of their overseas offering and listing; (2) a six-month transition period will be granted to domestic companies which, prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, have already obtained the approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges, but have not completed the indirect overseas listing; if domestic companies fail to complete the overseas listing within such six-month transition period, they shall file with the CSRC according to the requirements; and (3) the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing of the overseas listing of companies with contractual arrangements which duly meet the compliance requirements, and support the development and growth of these companies.

As of the date of this annual report, our Operating Subsidiaries are incorporated in Hong Kong and operate therein without any subsidiary or VIE structure in Mainland China, and we do not maintain any office or personnel in Mainland China.

As of the date of this annual report, we are not required to obtain the CSRC’s approval or filing is not required for our listing and trading of our securities on Nasdaq. However, there is no guarantee that this will continue to be the case in the future in relation to the continued listing of our securities on a securities exchange outside of the PRC, or even when such permission is obtained, it will not be subsequently denied or rescinded.

On the other hand, there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do.

If it is determined that any CSRC approval, filing or other governmental authorization is required for our previous and future offering, it is uncertain how long it will take for us to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, it could be rescinded. If we fail to acquire approval, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, The Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) or other PRC regulatory agencies. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on future operations in the PRC, limitations on our operating privileges in the PRC, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from future offering into the PRC, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Furthermore, the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our future offering before the settlement and delivery of the Class A Ordinary Shares that we are offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to the settlement and delivery of the Class A Ordinary Shares we are offering, you would be doing so at the risk that the settlement and delivery may not occur. And if our Operating Subsidiaries or the holding company were denied permission from PRC authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry or notice or any objection to our listing or securities offering from the CSRC, the CAC or any other PRC authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations Hong Kong. However, given the current regulatory environment in the PRC, there remain uncertainty regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, which can change quickly with little advance notice subject to any future actions of the PRC authorities. Uncertainties still exist, however, due to the possibility that laws, regulations, or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future. Any future action by the PRC government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

As of the date of this annual report, the PRC government currently does not exert direct influence and discretion over the manner we conduct our business activities in Hong Kong, outside of Mainland China. Hence, we do not expect to be materially affected by recent statements by the PRC government indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in Mainland China-based issuers, particularly, on listed overseas using VIE structure as we do not currently have any VIE or contractual arrangements in Mainland China.

Notwithstanding the above, if in the future our corporate structure were to contain a VIE, the Mainland China regulatory authorities could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or a material change in the value of the securities we are registering for sale, including that it could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.

New policies on different industries

The PRC government has also published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Cybersecurity review

The PRC government issued new rules that would require companies collecting or holding large amounts of data or critical data to undergo a cybersecurity review prior to listing in other nations, a move that would significantly tighten oversight over PRC-based companies.

On August 20, 2021, the 30^th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13^th National People’s Congress voted and passed the “Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China,” or “PRC Personal Information Protection Law,” which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PRC Personal Information Protection Law applies to the processing of personal information of natural persons within the territory of Mainland China that is carried out outside of Mainland China where (i) such processing is for the purpose of providing products or services for natural persons within Mainland China; (ii) such processing is to analyze or evaluate the behavior of natural persons within Mainland China; or (iii) there are any other circumstances stipulated by related laws and administrative regulations.

On December 24, 2021, the CSRC together with other relevant government authorities in Mainland China issued the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations require that Overseas Issuance and Listing shall complete the filing procedures of and submit the relevant information to the CSRC. The Overseas Issuance and Listing include direct and indirect issuance and listing. Where an enterprise whose principal business activities are conducted in Mainland China seeks to issue and list its shares in the name of an Overseas Issuer on the basis of the equity, assets, income or other similar rights and interests of the relevant Mainland China domestic enterprise, such activities shall be deemed an Indirect Overseas Issuance and Listing under the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC jointly with the relevant authorities formally published the Cyber Security Review Measures (2021) (“Measures”) which took effect on February 15, 2022 and replaced the former Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2020) issued on July 10, 2021. The Measures provide that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform Operators shall conduct a cybersecurity review, and that any online platform operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country. The publication of the Measures expands the application scope of the cybersecurity review to cover data processors and indicates greater oversight by the CAC over data security, which may impact our business and our securities offering in the future.

Our Operating Subsidiaries may collect and store data (including certain personal information) from our customers, some of whom may be individuals in Mainland China, in connection with our business and operations and for “Know Your Customers” purposes (to combat money laundering). With respect to PRC legal matters, we do not expect the Measures to have an impact on our business, operations or our securities offering, given that (i) our Operating Subsidiaries are incorporated in Hong Kong; (ii) we have no subsidiary, VIE structure nor any direct operations in Mainland China; and (iii) pursuant to the Basic Law, which is a national law of the PRC and the constitutional document for Hong Kong, national laws of the Mainland China shall not be applied in Hong Kong except for those listed in Annex III of the Basic Law (which is confined to laws relating to defense and foreign affairs, as well as other matters outside the autonomy of Hong Kong). Our Operating Subsidiaries will not be deemed to be an “Operator” required to file for cybersecurity review before listing in the United States, because (i) our Operating Subsidiaries were incorporated in Hong Kong and operate in Hong Kong without any subsidiary or VIE structure in Mainland China and each of the Measures, the PRC Personal Information Protection Law and the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations do not clearly provide whether it shall be applied to a company based in Hong Kong; (ii) as of date of this annual report, our Operating Subsidiaries have in aggregate collected and stored personal information of less than one million users; (iii) all of the data our Operating Subsidiaries have collected is stored in servers located in Hong Kong; and (iv) as of the date of this annual report, neither of our Operating Subsidiaries has been informed by any PRC governmental authority of any requirement that it files for a cybersecurity review or a CSRC review. Therefore, we do not believe we are covered by the permission requirements from CSRC or CAC.

Data Security Law

The Data Security Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on June 10, 2021 and took effect on September 1, 2021, requires data collection to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner, and stipulates that, for the purpose of data protection, data processing activities must be conducted based on data classification and hierarchical protection system for data security. According to Article 2 of the Data Security Law, it applies to data processing activities within the territory of Mainland China as well as data processing activities conducted outside the territory of Mainland China which jeopardize the national interest or the public interest of PRC or the rights and interest of any PRC organization and citizens. Any entity failing to perform the obligations provided in the Data Security Law may be subject to orders to correct, warnings and penalties including ban or suspension of business, revocation of business licenses or other penalties. As of the date of this annual report, we do not have any operation or maintain any office or personnel in Mainland China, and we have not conducted any data processing activities which may endanger the national interest or the public interest of PRC or the rights and interest of any PRC organization and citizens. Therefore, we do not believe that the Data Security Law is applicable to us.

As an “emerging growth company” under applicable law, we will be subject to lessened disclosure requirements. Such reduced disclosure may make our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors but nevertheless, we will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens. In particular, in this annual report, we have not included all the executive compensation related information that would be required if we were not an emerging growth company. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We are choosing to take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

We cannot predict whether investors will find our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares and our share price may be more volatile.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Class A Ordinary Shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; (ii) the end of the financial year during which we have total annual gross revenues of US$1.235 billion or more; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the last day of our financial year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering.

After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other time and attention to our public company reporting obligations and other compliance matters. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We do not currently maintain a directors’ and officers’ insurance policy. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ insurance if we plan to do so in the future, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

We are, and will continue to be, a “controlled company” as defined under corporate governance rules of Nasdaq Stock Market, because Mr. Tsang Chun Ho Anthony owned approximately 2.60% of our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and 100.00% of our issued and outstanding Class B Ordinary Shares, representing 62.14% voting rights as of the date of this annual report. For further information, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – A. Major Shareholders.”

Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group, or another company is a “controlled company” and is permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from the obligation to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

Although we do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemptions under the Nasdaq Listing Rules even if we are deemed to be a “controlled company,” we could elect to rely on these exemptions in the future. If we were to elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemptions, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, if we rely on the exemptions, during the period we remain a controlled company and during any transition period following a time when we are no longer a controlled company, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

You may have more difficulty in protecting your interests than you would as a shareholder of a U.S. corporation.

Our corporate affairs will be governed by the provisions of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended and restated from time to time, and by the provisions of applicable BVI law. The rights of shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors and executive officers under BVI law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States, and some states (such as Delaware) have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law.

These rights and responsibilities are to a large extent governed by the BVI Companies Act and the common law of the BVI. The common law of the BVI is derived in part from judicial precedent in the BVI as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the BVI. In addition, BVI law does not make a distinction between public and private companies and some of the protections and safeguards (such as statutory pre-emption rights, save to the extent expressly provided for in the Memorandum and Articles of Association) that investors may expect to find in relation to a public company are not provided for under BVI law.

The laws of BVI provide limited protections for minority shareholders, so minority shareholders will not have the same options as to recourse in comparison to the U.S. if the shareholders are dissatisfied with the conduct of our affairs.

Under the laws of the BVI, there is limited statutory protection of minority shareholders other than the provisions of the BVI Companies Act dealing with shareholder remedies. The principal protections under BVI statutory law are derivative actions, actions brought by one or more shareholders for relief from unfair prejudice, oppression and unfair discrimination and/or to enforce the BVI Companies Act or the memorandum and articles of association of a BVI company. Shareholders are entitled to have the affairs of the BVI company conducted in accordance with the BVI Companies Act and its memorandum and articles of association, and are entitled to payment of the fair value of their respective shares upon dissenting from certain enumerated corporate transactions.

There are common law rights for the protection of shareholders that may be invoked, largely dependent on English company law, since the common law of the BVI is limited. Under the general rule pursuant to English company law known as the rule in Foss v. Harbottle, a court will generally refuse to interfere with the management of a company at the insistence of a minority of its shareholders who express dissatisfaction with the conduct of the company’s affairs by the majority or the board of directors. However, every shareholder is entitled to seek to have the affairs of the company conducted properly according to law and the constitutional documents of the company. As such, if those who control the company have persistently disregarded the requirements of company law or the provisions of the company’s memorandum and articles of association, then the courts may grant relief.

These rights may be more limited than the rights afforded to minority shareholders under the laws of states in the United States.

A member of a company is entitled, on giving written notice to the company, to inspect:

Subject to the memorandum and articles of association, the directors may, if they are satisfied that it would be contrary to the company’s interests to allow a member to inspect any document, or part of a document, specified in (b), (c) or (d) above, refuse to permit the member to inspect the document or limit the inspection of the document, including limiting the making of copies or the taking of extracts from the records. Where a company fails or refuses to permit a member to inspect a document or permits a member to inspect a document subject to limitations, that member may apply to the BVI court for an order that he should be permitted to inspect the document or to inspect the document without limitation.

This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

As a company incorporated in the BVI, we are permitted to adopt certain BVI’s practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards.

As a BVI business company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards. However, the Nasdaq Capital Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the BVI, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards. Currently, we do not rely on home country practices with respect to our corporate governance. However, if we choose to follow home country practices in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

Risks related to doing business in the jurisdictions in which our Operating Subsidiaries operate

Though our operations are based in Hong Kong, owing to the long arm application of the current PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We provide cloud-based IT solution services in Hong Kong, a special administrative region of the PRC by our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong. Our Operating Subsidiaries do not have any operation in Mainland China or collect, store or process any personal data of any customer in Mainland China, and is not regulated by any regulator in Mainland China. As a result, the laws and regulations of the Mainland China do not currently have any material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Furthermore, except for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (the “Basic Law”), national laws of the Mainland China do not apply in Hong Kong unless they are listed in Annex III of the Basic Law and applied locally by promulgation or local legislation. National laws that may be listed in Annex III are currently limited under the Basic Law to those which fall within the scope of defense and foreign affairs as well as other matters outside the limits of the autonomy of Hong Kong. National laws and regulations relating to data protection, cybersecurity and the anti-monopoly have not been listed in Annex III and so do not apply directly to Hong Kong.

However, owing to long arm provisions under the current Mainland China laws and regulations, there remain regulatory and legal uncertainty with respect to the implementation of laws and regulations of Mainland China to Hong Kong. As a result, there is no guarantee that the Mainland China government would not choose to implement the laws of the Mainland China to Hong Kong and exercise significant direct influence and discretion over the operation of our Operating Subsidiaries in the future and, it will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, due to changes in laws, political environment or other unforeseeable reasons.

If we or our Hong Kong Operating Subsidiaries were to become subject to laws and regulations of Mainland China, the legal and operational risks associated in Mainland China may also apply to our operations in Hong Kong, and we would face the risks and uncertainties associated with the legal system in the Mainland China, complex and evolving Mainland China laws and regulation, and as to whether and how the recent Mainland China government statements and regulatory developments, such as those relating to data and cyberspace security and anti-monopoly concerns, would be applicable to companies like our Operating Subsidiaries and us, given the substantial operations of our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong and the Mainland China government may exercise significant oversight over the conduct of business in Hong Kong.

The laws and regulations in the Mainland China are evolving, and their enactment timetable, interpretation, enforcement, and implementation involve significant uncertainties, and may change quickly with little advance notice, along with the risk that the PRC government may intervene or influence our Operating Subsidiaries’ operations at any time could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. Moreover, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of Mainland China laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations related to our business and the enforcement and performance of our arrangements with customers in certain circumstances. The laws and regulations are sometimes vague and may be subject to future changes, and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. The effectiveness and interpretation of newly enacted laws or regulations, including amendments to existing laws and regulations, may be delayed, and our business may be affected if we rely on laws and regulations which are subsequently adopted or interpreted in a manner different from our understanding of these laws and regulations. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new PRC laws or regulations may have on our business.

The laws, regulations and other government directives in the Mainland China may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any government actions may:

Further, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain any pre-approval from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges or to conduct our current business operation, and even when such pre-approval is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Further, the promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case that restrict or otherwise unfavorably may impact the ability or the way we may conduct our business and could require us to change certain aspects of our business to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for our services, reduce revenues, increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject it to additional liabilities. As such, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future PRC laws and regulations relating to its business or industry, which could result in a material adverse change in the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares, potentially rendering it worthless. As a result, both you and we will face uncertainty about future actions by the PRC government that could significantly affect our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

If the PRC government chooses to extend the oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in Mainland China-based issuers to Hong Kong-based issuers, such action may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Class A Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

The legal and operational risks associated with Mainland China may also apply to operations in Hong Kong since our Operating Subsidiaries have substantial operations in Hong Kong, and the PRC government may exercise significant oversight over the conduct of business in Hong Kong. Due to the complex and evolving nature of PRC laws and regulations, we face risks and uncertainties in relation to the to the Information Technology (“IT”) Solutions Market in Hong Kong.

Cloud-based IT solutions involve the design, supply, operation, applicability of the recent PRC government statements and regulatory developments including but not limited to those relating to data and cybersecurity concerns.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. According to Article 3 of the Personal Information Protection Law, it is applied not only to personal information processing activities carried out in the territory of Mainland China but also to personal information processing activities outside the Mainland China for the purpose of offering products or services to domestic natural persons in the territory of Mainland China. The offending entities could be ordered to correct, or to suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties. As our Hong Kong Operating Subsidiaries provide services only in Hong Kong instead of in Mainland China, we take the view that we and our Operating Subsidiaries are not subject to the Personal Information Protection Law.

However, there remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC laws and regulations in relation to cybersecurity and data privacy in the future. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon the legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated. If any of our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong are deemed to be an “Operator,” or if the Measures become applicable to our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong, they could result in disruption in our operations, negative publicity with respect to our company, and diversion of our managerial and financial resources; we cannot assure you that our Operating Subsidiaries in Hong Kong will be able to comply with the regulatory requirements in all respects and our current practice of collecting and processing personal information may be ordered to be rectified or terminated by regulatory authorities, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operation, hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Class A Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”), and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC. Since recent statements, laws and regulatory actions by the PRC government are newly published, their interpretation, application and enforcement of unclear and there also remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of other regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. It also remains uncertain whether the PRC government will adopt additional requirements or extend the existing requirements to apply to our Operating Subsidiaries located in Hong Kong. It is also uncertain whether the Hong Kong government will be mandated by the PRC government, despite the constitutional constraints of the Basic Law, to control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment of entities in Hong Kong, including our Operating Subsidiaries. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings (including of businesses whose primary operations are in Hong Kong) that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in Hong Kong-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. If there is significant change to current political arrangements between Mainland China and Hong Kong, or the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change, and, in such event, if we are required to obtain such approvals in the future and we do not receive or maintain the approvals or is denied permission from Mainland China or Hong Kong authorities, we will not be able to continue to list our Class A Ordinary Shares on a U.S. exchange, or continue to offer securities to investors, which would materially affect the interests of the investors and cause significant the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares significantly decline or be worthless.

The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to the Operating Subsidiaries.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. Following British colonial rule from 1842 to 1997, PRC assumed sovereignty under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current principles and policies regarding Hong Kong will remain unchanged for 50 years. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function with a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and customs operations, and its independent judiciary system. On July 14, 2020, the former president of the United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong under the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. This includes special treatment in areas including but not limited to customs tariffs, export controls, immigration, foreign investment, and extradition. The suspension or elimination of Hong Kong’s preferential treatment and continued tension between the United States and the PRC could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may, in turn, bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could materially and adversely affect our business and operations. We cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our customers.

It may be difficult for overseas shareholders and/or regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within the territory of the PRC, including Hong Kong.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in the PRC, including Hong Kong. For example, in Mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside Mainland China. Although the authorities in Mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the territory of the Mainland China. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within Mainland China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

Our principal business operation is conducted in Hong Kong. In the event that the U.S. regulators carry out an investigation on us and there is a need to conduct such investigation, or collect evidence within, the territory of the PRC, the U.S. regulators may not be able to carry out such investigation or evidence collection directly in the PRC under the PRC laws. The U.S. regulators may, in the future, consider cross-border cooperation with a securities regulatory authority of the PRC by way of judicial assistance, diplomatic channels or regulatory cooperation mechanism established with the securities regulatory authority of the PRC. Additionally, the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong (“SFC”) is a signatory to the International Organization of Securities Commissions Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding (“MMOU”), which provides for mutual investigatory and other assistance and exchange of information between securities regulators around the world, including the SEC. This is also reflected in section 186 of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (“SFO”) which empowers the SFC to exercise its investigatory powers to obtain information and documents requested by non-Hong Kong regulators, and section 378 of the SFO which allows the SFC to share confidential information and documents in its possession with such regulators. However, there is no assurance that such cooperation will materialize, or if it does, whether it will adequately address any efforts to investigate or collect evidence to the extent that may be sought by U.S. regulators.

You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against us or our management named in this annual report based on Hong Kong laws.

Currently, all of our Operating Subsidiaries’ operations are conducted outside the United States, and all of our assets are located outside the United States. Most of our directors and executive officers are Hong Kong nationals or residents and a substantial portion of their assets are located in Hong Kong outside the United States. You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against us or our management named in this annual report, as judgments entered in the United States can be enforced in Hong Kong only at common law. If you want to enforce a judgment of the United States in Hong Kong, it must be a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, for a liquidated amount in a civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a “competent” court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts.

The enactment of Law of the PRC on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the “Hong Kong National Security Law”) could impact our Hong Kong subsidiaries.

On June 30, 2020, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress adopted the Hong Kong National Security Law. This law defines the duties and government bodies of the Hong Kong National Security Law for safeguarding national security and four categories of offences — secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security — and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, the former U.S. President signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, into law, to revoke the preferential trade status of Hong Kong pursuant to section 202 of the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. On August 7, 2020 the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on eleven individuals, including the then HKSAR chief executive Carrie Lam. On October 14, 2020, the U.S. State Department submitted to relevant committees of Congress the report required under HKAA, identifying persons materially contributing to “the failure of the Government of PRC to meet its obligations under the Joint Declaration or the Basic Law.” The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions may directly affect the foreign financial institutions as well as any third parties or customers dealing with any foreign financial institution that is targeted. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the Hong Kong National Security Law and HKAA on Hong Kong and companies located in Hong Kong. If our Hong Kong subsidiaries are determined to be in violation of the Hong Kong National Security Law or the HKAA by competent authorities, our subsidiary’s business operations, financial position and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The enforcement of laws and rules and regulations in PRC can change quickly with little advance notice. Additionally, the PRC laws and regulations and the enforcement of such that apply or are to be applied to Hong Kong can change quickly with little or no advance notice, which could result in a material change in our Operating Subsidiaries’ operations and/or the value of the securities we are registering for sale.

As one of the conditions for the handover of the sovereignty of Hong Kong to PRC, PRC accepted conditions such as Hong Kong’s Basic Law. The Basic Law ensured Hong Kong will retain its own currency (the Hong Kong Dollar), legal system, parliamentary system and people’s rights and freedom for fifty years from 1997. This agreement has given Hong Kong the freedom to function with a high degree of autonomy. The Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong is responsible for its own domestic affairs including, but not limited to, the judiciary and courts of last resort, immigration and customs, public finance, currencies and extradition. Hong Kong continues using the English common law system.

However, if the PRC attempts to alter its agreement to allow Hong Kong to function autonomously, this could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may in turn bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our Operating Subsidiaries’ business and operations. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the re-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including the ability to enforce agreements with the customers.

There are some political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.

Our Operating Subsidiaries’ operations are principally based in Hong Kong. Accordingly, our Operating Subsidiaries’ business operations and financial conditions will be affected by the political and legal developments in Hong Kong. During the period covered by the financial information incorporated by reference into and included in this annual report, we derive all of our revenue from operations in Hong Kong. Any adverse economic, social and/or political conditions, material social unrest, strike, riot, civil disturbance or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters, may affect the market and may adversely affect our business operations. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems,” meaning that Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations, while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since all of our Operating Subsidiaries’ operations are based in Hong Kong, any change of such political arrangements may pose an immediate threat to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions.

The Hong Kong protests that began in 2019 are ongoing and were triggered by the introduction of the Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 by the Hong Kong government. If enacted, the bill would have allowed the extradition of criminal fugitives who are wanted in territories with which Hong Kong does not currently have extradition agreements, including Mainland China. This led to concerns that the bill would subject Hong Kong residents and visitors to the jurisdiction and legal system of Mainland China, thereby undermining the region’s autonomy and people’s civil liberties. Various sectors of the Hong Kong economy have been adversely affected as the protests turned increasingly violent. Most notably, the airline, retail, and real estate sectors have seen their sales decline.

Under the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations, while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions. Based on certain recent development including the Hong Kong National Security Laws passed by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress in June 2020, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from the PRC and the former President of the U.S. signed an executive order and Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, to remove Hong Kong’s preferential trade status and to authorize the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The United States may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from Mainland China. These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S., the PRC and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business.

Our revenue is susceptible to the ongoing incidents or factors which affect the stability of the social, economic and political conditions in Hong Kong. Any drastic events may adversely affect our Operating Subsidiaries’ business operations. Such adverse events may include changes in economic conditions and regulatory environment, social and/or political conditions, civil disturbance or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters. Given the relatively small geographical size of Hong Kong, any of such incidents may have a widespread effect on our Operating Subsidiaries’ business operations, which could in turn adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies with operations in Hong Kong like us. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect of China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

We may be subject to the PRC government’s control of foreign currency conversion, and it may limit our foreign exchange transactions, including dividend payments on our Shares in the future.

Alpha, our holding company, is incorporated in the BVI and our Operating Subsidiaries are incorporated in Hong Kong. Since all our operations are conducted in Hong Kong, we receive all of our net revenue in Hong Kong dollars. Under our current corporate structure, our holding company in the BVI relies on dividend payments, directly from our Operating Subsidiaries, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. There is currently no restriction or limitation under the laws of Hong Kong on the conversion of Hong Kong dollars into foreign currencies and the transfer of currencies out of Hong Kong. The foreign currency regulations of Mainland China do not currently have any material impact on the transfer of cash between our Company and our Hong Kong Operating Subsidiaries. However, if the PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of PRC, hence, there is a possibility that certain PRC laws and regulations, including existing laws and regulations and those enacted or promulgated in the future were to become applicable to our Hong Kong Operating Subsidiaries in the future and the PRC government may prevent our cash maintained in Hong Kong from leaving or restrict the deployment of the cash into our business or for the payment of dividends in the future. Any such controls or restrictions, if imposed in the future and to the extent cash is generated in our Hong Kong Operating Subsidiaries and to the extent assets (other than cash) in our business are located in Hong Kong or held by a Hong Kong entity and may need to be used to fund operations outside of Hong Kong, may adversely affect our ability to finance our cash requirements, service debt or make dividend or other distributions to our shareholders. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization in the future, which could result in an inability or prohibition on making transfers or distributions to entities outside of Hong Kong and adversely affect our business.

A downturn in the economic, political or social conditions in Hong Kong, Mainland China and other countries or changes to government policies of Hong Kong and Mainland China could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our operations are mainly located in Hong Kong. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant extent by political, economic and social conditions in Hong Kong and Mainland China, generally and by continued economic growth in Hong Kong and Mainland China as a whole.

The Mainland China economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the Mainland China economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may have a negative effect on us.

Economic conditions in Hong Kong and Mainland China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or the PRC economy may affect potential customers’ confidence in financial market as a whole and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

Furthermore, on July 14, 2020, the former President of the U.S. signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act and an executive order to revoke the preferential trade status of Hong Kong, pursuant to section 202 of the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. The U.S. government has determined that Hong Kong is no longer sufficiently autonomous to justify differential treatment in relation to the PRC, as a response to the National People’s Congress of China imposing the Hong Kong National Security Law on Hong Kong, which came into effect on June 30, 2020. Hong Kong will now be treated as Mainland China, in terms of visa application, academic exchange, tariffs and trading, etc. According to section 3(c) of the executive order issued on July 14, 2020, the license exception for exports and reexports to Hong Kong and transfer within the PRC is revoked, while exports of defense items are banned. On the other hand, the existing punitive tariffs the U.S. imposed on the Mainland China will also be applied to Hong Kong exports.

On the other hand, any sudden downturn in the global economic and political environments, which are beyond our control, may adversely affect the financial market sentiment in general. Severe fluctuations in market and economic sentiments may also lead to a prolonged period of sluggish market activities, which would in turn lead to a reduction in fund raising and corporate activities. Such an unfavorable economic environment may deter fund raising exercises and other transactions by listed companies in Hong Kong and reduce the number of documents required to be published, which in turn will have adverse impact on our business and operating performance.

Risks related to our Class A Ordinary Shares

Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares may view as beneficial.

We have a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares with disparate voting powers. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares will be entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares will be entitled to twenty votes per share based on our dual-class share structure.

Mr. Tsang Chun Ho Anthony owned approximately 2.60% of our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and 100.00% of our issued and outstanding Class B Ordinary Shares, representing 62.14% voting rights as of the date of this annual report. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership” for details on ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Tsang Chun Ho, Anthony. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their Class A Ordinary Shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares may view as beneficial.

The dual-class structure of our shares may adversely affect the trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares.

S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our shares may prevent the inclusion of Class A Ordinary Shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

The joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, rule changes by Nasdaq, and the HFCA Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering. In the event it is determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our Company’s auditor, then such lack of inspection could cause trading in our Class A Ordinary Shares to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist our securities.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in the PRC (including in Hong Kong) have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of this negative attention has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud.

On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in PRC.

On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including PRC, reiterating past SEC and PCAOB statements on matters including the difficulty associated with inspecting accounting firms and audit work papers in PRC and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets and the difficulty of bringing and enforcing SEC, Department of Justice and other U.S. regulatory actions, including in instances of fraud, in emerging markets generally.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market”; (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies; and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors. On October 4, 2021, the SEC approved Nasdaq’s revised proposal for the rule changes.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCA Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCA Act. On December 18, 2020, the HFCA Act was signed into law.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it had adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the Act. The interim final amendments will apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction. The SEC will implement a process for identifying such a registrant and any such identified registrant will be required to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction, and will also require disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such a registrant.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed a bill which was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and signed into law on December 29, 2022, which reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. On January 10, 2022, the final rules adopted by the SEC relating to the HFCA Act became effective. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions.

On December 16, 2021, SEC announced that the PCAOB designated the PRC and Hong Kong as the jurisdictions where the PCAOB is not allowed to conduct full and complete audit inspections as mandated under the HFCA Act.

On February 4, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the America Creating Opportunities for Manufacturing Pre-Eminence in Technology and Economic Strength (COMPETES) Act of 2022 (the “America COMPETES Act”). If the America COMPETES Act is enacted into law, it would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three.

We have engaged Audit Alliance LLP as our current auditor. Audit Alliance LLP is headquartered in Singapore and registered with the PCAOB. Audit Alliance LLP is subject to the laws in the United States, which enable the PCAOB to conduct regular inspections to assess the firm’s compliance with the relevant professional standards. Our previous auditor, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, is a firm headquartered in United States and registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess our auditor’s compliance with the applicable professional standards with the last inspection in 2020. As of the date of this annual report, our current and previous auditors are not subject to the PCAOB determinations. However, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the auditors, then such lack of inspection could cause trading in the Company’s securities to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities.

On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, and PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol, or the Protocol, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in PRC and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB has independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. However, uncertainties still exist whether this new framework will be fully complied with.

The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from PRC Companies to the then President of the United States. This report recommended the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfill its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the HFCA Act. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the HFCA Act. For example, if a company’s auditor was not subject to PCAOB inspection, the report recommended that the transition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, then such lack of inspection could cause our securities to be delisted from Nasdaq.

The recent developments would add uncertainties to our offering and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. It remains unclear what the SEC’s implementation process related to the above rules will entail or what further actions the SEC, the PCAOB or Nasdaq will take to address these issues and what impact those actions will have on U.S. companies that have significant operations in Hong Kong and have securities listed on a U.S. stock exchange (including a national securities exchange or over-the-counter stock market).

In addition, the above amendments and any additional actions, proceedings, or new rules resulting from these efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could create some uncertainties to investors, the market price of our ordinary share could be adversely affected, and our Class A Ordinary Shares could be delisted if we and our auditor are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement or being required to engage a new audit firm, which would require significant expense and management time.

As a result of such scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S. listed Chinese companies sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, have become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on us, our Offering, business and our share price. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our Company. This situation will be costly and time consuming and distract our management from developing our growth. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, we and our operating subsidiary’s business operations will be severely affected and you could sustain a significant decline in the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish a negative report regarding our Class A Ordinary Shares, the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares may depend in part on the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades us, the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our Company or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares and the trading volume to decline.

Our controlling shareholders have substantial influence over and our interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

As of the date of this annual report, Mr. Tsang Chun Ho Anthony owned approximately 2.60% of our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and 100.00% of our issued and outstanding Class B Ordinary Shares, representing 62.14% voting rights as of the date of this annual report. Mr. Tsang Chun Ho Anthony has substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations, the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors, declaration of dividends and other significant corporate actions. As a controlling shareholder, Mr. Tsang Chun Ho Anthony may take actions that are not in the best interests of our other shareholders. These actions may be taken in many cases even if they are opposed by our other shareholders. In addition, this concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control which could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your securities as part of a sale of our Company.

The market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you.

The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen due to broad market and industry factors, such as performance and fluctuation in the market prices or under-performance or deteriorating financial results of other listed companies based in Hong Kong and Mainland China. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading price of their securities. The trading performances of other Hong Kong and PRC companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors towards Hong Kong-based, U.S.-listed companies, which consequently may affect the trading performance of our Class A Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or matters of other Hong Kong and PRC companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Hong Kong and PRC companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Furthermore, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, which may have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. The market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations due to factors, such as:

In addition, the securities market has from time-to-time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Volatility in our Class A Ordinary Shares price may subject us to securities litigation.

The market for our Class A Ordinary Shares may have, when compared to seasoned issuers, significant price volatility and we expect that our share price may continue to be more volatile than that of a seasoned issuer for the indefinite future. In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our Class A Ordinary Shares may be thinly traded and you may be unable to sell at or near ask prices or at all if you need to sell your shares to raise money or otherwise desire to liquidate your shares.

Our Class A Ordinary Shares may be “thinly-traded,” meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our Class A Ordinary Shares at or near bid prices at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent. This situation may be attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we come to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and might be reluctant to follow an unproven company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we became more seasoned. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. A broad or active public trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares may not develop or be sustained.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. The Class A Ordinary Shares sold will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and shares held by our existing shareholders may also be sold in the public market in the future, subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lock-up agreements.

In connection with our initial public offering and pursuant to the underwriting agreement dated October 30, 2023, we, our directors, officers and shareholders holding 5% or more of the issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares have agreed not to sell any of our Class A Ordinary Shares or are otherwise subject to similar lockup restrictions for 6 months after October 30, 2023, being the date of the prospectus of the Company, without the prior written consent of the representatives of the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions. However, the underwriters may release these securities from these restrictions at any time, subject to applicable regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Because the amount, timing, and whether or not we distribute dividends at all are entirely at the discretion of our board of directors, you must rely on price appreciation of our Class A Ordinary Shares for a return on your investment.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of BVI law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. According to the BVI Business Companies Act, a British Virgin Islands company may make dividends distribution to the extent that immediately after the distribution, the value of such company’s assets exceed its liabilities and that such company is able to pay its debts as they fall due. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our Class A Ordinary Shares. We cannot assure you that our Class A Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value after our securities offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the Class A Ordinary Shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares and you may even lose your entire investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares. See “Dividend Policy” section for more information.

As a “foreign private issuer” under the rules and regulations of the SEC, we are permitted to, and will, file less or different information with the SEC than a company incorporated in the United States or otherwise subject to these rules, and will follow certain home-country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain Nasdaq requirements applicable to U.S. issuers.

By virtue of being a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers including:

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each financial year. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules under the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities.

If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and we would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States domestic issuers, and we are not required to disclose in our periodic reports all of the information that United States domestic issuers are required to disclose.

We will lose our status as a “foreign private issuer” under current SEC rules and regulations if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities become directly or indirectly held of record by U.S. holders and one of the following is true: (i) the majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents; (ii) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States; or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States. If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer in the future, we will no longer be exempt from the rules described above and, among other things, will be required to file periodic reports and annual and quarterly financial statements as if we were a company incorporated in the United States. If this were to happen, we would likely incur substantial costs in fulfilling these additional regulatory requirements and our management would likely have to divert time and resources from other responsibilities to ensuring these additional regulatory requirements are fulfilled.

If we cannot satisfy, or continue to satisfy, the listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, although we are exempt from certain corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers as a Foreign Private Issuer, our Class A Ordinary Shares may not be listed or may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares and your ability to sell them.

Our Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol of “ATGL.” In order to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we should comply with certain rules of Nasdaq Capital Market, including those regarding minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum share price and certain corporate governance requirements. If we are unable to satisfy the Nasdaq Capital Market criteria for maintaining our listing, our Class A Ordinary Shares could be subject to delisting.

If the Nasdaq Capital Market delists our Class A Ordinary Shares from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

Because our business is conducted in Hong Kong dollars and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares is quoted in U.S. dollars, changes in currency conversion rates may affect the value of your investments.

Our business is conducted in Hong Kong, our books and records are maintained in Hong Kong dollars, which is the currency of Hong Kong, and the financial statements that we file with the SEC and provide to our shareholders are presented in U.S. dollars. Changes in the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and U.S. dollar affect the value of our assets and the results of our operations in U.S. dollars. The value of the Hong Kong dollar against the United States dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in the Hong Kong’s political and economic conditions and perceived changes in the economy of Hong Kong and the United States. Any significant revaluation of the Hong Kong dollar may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue and financial condition. Further, our Class A Ordinary Shares covered under this annual report are denominated in U.S. dollars, we will need to convert the net proceeds we receive into Hong Kong dollar in order to use the funds for our business. Changes in the conversion rate between the United States dollar and the Hong Kong dollar will affect that amount of proceeds we will have available for our business.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from our securities offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from our securities offerings, and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of the securities offering. We cannot assure you that the net proceeds will be used in a manner that will improve our results of operations or increase our share price, or that these net proceeds will be placed only in investments that generate income or appreciate in value.

We may become a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to U.S. investors.

A non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income; or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. Based on our current and expected income and assets (taking into account the expected cash proceeds and our anticipated market capitalization following our securities offering), we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, will agree with our conclusion or that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position. Fluctuations in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in our securities offering.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. holder may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares and on the receipt of distributions on our Class A Ordinary Shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules, and such holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our Class A Ordinary Shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our Class A Ordinary Shares.

You may face potential shareholder dilution from future equity incentive plans and share issuances.

Your percentage ownership will be diluted in the future as a result of equity awards that we expect will be granted to our directors, officers and employees, as well as any Class A Ordinary Shares, or securities convertible into our Class A Ordinary Shares, we issue in connection with future capital raising or strategic transactions at prices that are dilutive to shareholders. Our 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”) was approved and adopted by our directors on October 10, 2024, and it is designed to incentivize and reward those who play a crucial role in our growth and success. The issuance of awards under this 2024 Plan could result in the dilution of both the proportionate ownership and the voting power of existing shareholders. Furthermore, the fair value of options to be granted to eligible participants under the equity incentive plans will be charged to our combined statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income over the vesting periods of the options. Fair value of the options shall be determined on the date of granting of the options. Accordingly, our financial results and profitability may be materially and adversely affected.

We have a large number of authorized but unissued shares, which could negatively impact a potential investor if they purchase our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Our current memorandum of association with effect from December 3, 2024, provides for a maximum of 900,000,000 authorized Class A Ordinary Shares and 600,000,000 Class B Ordinary Shares, and we have 15,262,500 Class A Ordinary Shares and 1,200,000 Class B Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this annual report. Under the 2024 Plan, we may reserve and grant a maximum of 1,526,250 Class A Ordinary Shares as awards, which may come from authorized and unissued shares of the Company. With respect to authorized but unissued and unreserved shares, we could use them for future issuance in dilutive equity financing transactions, or to oppose a hostile takeover attempt or delay or prevent changes in control or changes in or removal of management, including transactions that are favored by a majority of the shareholders or in which the shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices or benefit in some other manner. Despite this, the issuance of additional Ordinary Shares or securities convertible into our shares may have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and relative voting power and may cause a decline in the trading price of our shares.

Substantial future sales of our Class A Ordinary Shares or the anticipation of future sales of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market could cause the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline. Wittelsbach Group Holdings Limited, Mr. Tsang Chun Ho Anthony and Mr. Leung Ka Fai, three existing shareholders of our Company, registered an aggregate of 2,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares of the Company pursuant to a resale prospectus on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-273289), representing 13.10% of the Class A Ordinary Shares as of the date of this annual report. To date, the three selling shareholders have not sold these shares. The sale or potential sale of these shares could increase the volatility of our share price.

We may be subject to material litigation, including individual and class action lawsuits, as well as investigations and enforcement actions by regulators and governmental authorities.

We may from time to time become subject to claims, arbitrations, individual and class action lawsuits, government and regulatory investigations, inquiries, actions or requests, and other proceedings alleging violations of laws, rules and regulations, both foreign and domestic. The scope, determination and impact of claims, lawsuits, government and regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, disputes and proceedings to which we are subject cannot be predicted with certainty, and may result in:

Any such matters can have an adverse impact, which may be material, on our business, operating results or financial condition because of legal costs, diversion of management resources, reputational damage and other factors.