RISK FACTORS

You should consider carefully the risks described below before making an investment decision. You should also refer to the other information included in this prospectus, and the Trust’s financial statements and the related notes included in this prospectus.

Risks Related to Crypto Asset Markets

The Index Constituents are relatively new technological innovations with a limited operating history.

The Index Constituents have a relatively limited history of existence and operations compared to traditional commodities. There is a limited established performance record for the price of the assets and, in turn, a limited basis for evaluating an investment. Although past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results, if crypto assets had a more established history, such history might (or might not) provide investors with more information on which to evaluate an investment in the Trust.

The Index is new and has a limited operational history.

The Index is new and has a limited performance history. Errors in Index data, Index computation or the construction of the Index in accordance with its methodology may occur from time to time and may not be identified and corrected by the Index Provider for a period of time or at all, which may have an adverse impact on the Trust and its Shareholders. There is no assurance that the Index Provider (as defined below) will compile its Index accurately, or that the Index will be determined, composed or calculated accurately. While the Index Provider provides descriptions of what the Index is designed to achieve, neither the Index Provider nor its agents provide any warranty or accept any liability in relation to the quality, accuracy or completeness of the Index or its related data, and they do not guarantee that the Index will be in line with the methodology. The Sponsor does not provide any warranty or guarantee with respect to the Index.

The price of the Index Constituents on the crypto asset markets has exhibited periods of extreme volatility, which could have a negative impact on the performance of the Trust.

The price of the Index Constituents as determined by the crypto market has experienced periods of extreme volatility and may be influenced by, among other things, trading activity and the closing of crypto trading platforms due to fraud, failure, security breaches or otherwise. Speculators and investors who seek to profit from trading and holding crypto assets generate a significant portion of the Index Constituents demand. Such speculation regarding the potential future appreciation in the value of crypto assets may inflate the price of the Index Constituents. Conversely, a decrease in demand or speculation for, or government regulation and the perception of onerous regulatory actions, among other things, may cause a drop in the price of the Index Constituents. Developments related to the crypto asset network’s operations also contribute to the volatility in the price of the Index Constituents. These factors may continue to increase the volatility of the price of the Index Constituents, which may have a negative impact on the performance of the Trust.

Recent developments in the crypto asset economy have led to extreme volatility and disruption in crypto asset markets, a loss of confidence in participants of the crypto asset ecosystem, significant negative publicity surrounding crypto assets broadly and market-wide declines in liquidity.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021 and continuing throughout 2022 and through 2023, crypto asset prices began falling precipitously. This has led to volatility and disruption in the crypto asset markets and financial difficulties for several prominent industry participants, including crypto asset trading platforms, hedge Trusts and lending platforms. For example, in the first half of 2022, crypto asset lenders Celsius Network LLC and Voyager Digital Ltd., and crypto asset hedge fund, Three Arrows Capital, each declared bankruptcy, and the stablecoin TerraUSD collapsed. These events caused a loss of confidence in participants in the crypto asset ecosystem, negative publicity surrounding crypto assets more broadly and market-wide declines in crypto asset trading prices and liquidity.

Thereafter, in November 2022, FTX Trading Ltd. (“FTX”), the third largest crypto asset trading platform by volume at the time, halted customer withdrawals amid rumors of the company’s liquidity issues and likely insolvency. Shortly thereafter, FTX’s CEO resigned and FTX and numerous affiliates of FTX filed for bankruptcy.

The U.S. Department of Justice subsequently brought criminal charges, including charges of fraud, violations of federal securities laws, money laundering, and campaign finance offenses, against FTX’s founder and former CEO and others. FTX is also under investigation by the SEC, the Justice Department, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, as well as by various regulatory authorities in the Bahamas, Europe and other jurisdictions, and the founder and former CEO of FTX has been convicted and sentenced to a prison term. In response to these events, the crypto asset markets have experienced extreme price volatility and declines in liquidity, and regulatory and enforcement scrutiny has increased, including from the DOJ, the SEC, the CFTC, the White House and Congress. In addition, several other entities in the crypto asset industry filed for bankruptcy following FTX’s bankruptcy filing, such as BlockFi Inc. and Genesis Global Capital, LLC. The SEC also brought charges against Genesis Global Capital, LLC and Gemini Trust Company, LLC on January 12, 2023 for their alleged unregistered offer and sale of securities to retail investors, although these charges have now been settled.

The collapse of TerraUSD and the bankruptcy filings of FTX, Celsius, Voyager and BlockFi have resulted in calls for heightened scrutiny and regulation of the crypto asset industry, with a specific focus on crypto asset trading platforms, and custodians. Federal and state legislatures and regulatory agencies are expected to introduce and enact new laws and regulations to regulate crypto asset intermediaries, such as crypto asset trading platforms and custodians, and in May 2023, the House of Representatives passed the Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act, although this is yet to be introduced into, or passed by the Senate. The U.S. regulatory regime — namely the Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Congress and certain U.S. agencies (e.g., the SEC, the CFTC, FinCEN, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Federal Bureau of Investigation) as well as the White House have issued reports and releases concerning crypto assets. However, the extent and content of any forthcoming laws and regulations are not yet ascertainable with certainty, and it may not be ascertainable in the near future. It is possible that new laws and increased regulation and regulatory scrutiny may require the Trust to comply with certain regulatory regimes, which could result in new costs for the Trust. The Trust may have to devote increased time and attention to regulatory matters, which could increase costs to the Trust. New laws, regulations and regulatory actions could significantly restrict or eliminate the market for, or uses of, crypto assets including the Index Constituents, which could have a negative effect on the value of the Index Constituents, which in turn would have a negative effect on the value of the Shares.

These events are continuing to develop at a rapid pace and it is not possible to predict at this time all of the risks that they may pose to the Sponsor, the Trust, their affiliates and/or the Trust’s third-party service providers, or to the crypto asset industry as a whole.

Continued disruption and instability in the crypto asset markets as these events develop, including further declines in the trading prices and liquidity of the Index Constituents, could have a material adverse effect on the value of the Shares and the Shares could lose all or substantially all of their value.

Momentum pricing.

The market value of the Index Constituents is not based on any kind of claim, nor backed by any physical asset. Instead, the market value depends on the expectation of being usable in future transactions and continued interest from investors. This strong correlation between an expectation and market value is the basis for the current (and probable future) volatility of the market value of the Index Constituents and may increase the likelihood of momentum pricing.

Momentum pricing typically is associated with growth stocks and other assets whose valuation, as determined by the investing public, is impacted by appreciation in value. Momentum pricing may result in speculation regarding future appreciation in the value of crypto assets, which inflates prices and leads to increased volatility. As a result, crypto assets may be more likely to fluctuate in value due to changing investor confidence in future appreciation or depreciation in prices, which could adversely affect the price of the Index Constituents, and, in turn, an investment in the Trust.

The value of crypto assets may also be subject to momentum pricing due to speculation regarding future appreciation in value, leading to greater volatility that could adversely affect the value of the Shares. Momentum pricing of the Index Constituents has previously resulted, and may continue to result, in speculation regarding future appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Index Constituents, further contributing to volatility and potentially inflating prices at any given time. These dynamics may impact the value of an investment in the Trust.

Some market observers have asserted that in time, the value of crypto assets will fall to a fraction of their current value, or even to zero. The Index Constituents have not been in existence long enough for market participants to assess these predictions with any precision, but if these observers are even partially correct, an investment in the Shares may turn out to be substantially worthless.

Further development and acceptance of the Index Constituents is uncertain.

The further development and acceptance of the Bitcoin Network and the Ethereum Network (“Index Constituents Networks”), both part of a new and rapidly changing industry, is subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to evaluate. The slowing, stopping or reversing of the development or acceptance of the Index Constituents Networks may adversely affect the price of the Index Constituents and therefore cause the Trust to suffer losses. Regulatory changes or actions may alter the nature of an investment in crypto assets or restrict the use of crypto assets or the operations of the Index Constituents Networks or venues on which the Index Constituents trade in a manner that adversely affects the price of the Index Constituents and, therefore, the Trust’s Shares. The Index Constituents generally operate without central authority (such as a bank) and is not backed by any government. The Index Constituents are not legal tender and federal, state and/or foreign governments may restrict the use and exchange of the Index Constituents, and regulation, both in the United States and elsewhere, is still developing. For example, it may become difficult or illegal to acquire, hold, sell or use the Index Constituents in one or more countries, which could adversely impact the price of them, and therefore the value of the Trust’s Shares.

“Forks” in the Index Constituents Networks could have adverse effects. In addition, Shareholders will not receive the benefits of any Incidental Rights and any IR Virtual Currency.

From time to time, developers of the Bitcoin Network suggest changes to the bitcoin software. If a sufficient number of users and miners elect not to adopt the changes, a new crypto asset, operating on the earlier version of the bitcoin software, may be created. This is often referred to as a “fork.” In August 2017, bitcoin “forked” into bitcoin and a new crypto asset, bitcoin cash, as a result of a several-year dispute over how to increase the rate of transactions that the Bitcoin Network can process. Since then, bitcoin has been forked numerous times to launch new crypto assets, such as bitcoin gold, bitcoin silver and bitcoin diamond. Additional hard forks of the bitcoin blockchain could adversely affect the market for bitcoin and, therefore, an investment in the Trust. A substantial giveaway of bitcoin (sometimes referred to as an “air drop”) may also result in significant and unexpected declines in the value of bitcoin.

The Ethereum Network has also been through a series of updates. The initial launch in 2015 with Frontier established the Ethereum Virtual Machine, followed by the Homestead fork in 2016, which brought stability and core functionalities. A significant event in 2016 was the DAO hack, leading to a hard fork that reversed the hack on the main chain and created Ethereum Classic (ETC) for users who preferred the unaltered blockchain. Subsequent forks, such as Byzantium, Constantinople, and Petersburg, focused on security enhancements, efficiency improvements, and future scalability. The Istanbul fork in 2019 addressed network optimization and fee reduction. From 2020 onwards, forks including Muir Glacier, Altair, and London prepared the network for the highly anticipated transition to Proof-of-Stake (PoS). The London and Paris (Merge) forks in 2022 marked the successful switch from Proof-of-Work to PoS. The Ethereum Network continues to evolve, with recent forks like Shanghai and Cancun further refining the PoS system and implementing new functionalities. Forks of the Ethereum Network could adversely affect the market for ether, thereby impacting an investment in the Trust. An air drop may also result in significant and unexpected declines in the value of ether.

Forks may also occur as a network community’s response to a significant security breach. For example, in The DAO attack that occurred in June 2016, an anonymous hacker exploited a smart contract running on the Ethereum Network to transfer approximately $60 million of Ether held by The DAO, a distributed autonomous organization, into a segregated account. In response to the hack, most participants in the Ethereum community elected to adopt a “fork” that effectively reversed the hack. However, a minority of users continued to develop the original blockchain, referred to as “Ethereum Classic” with the crypto asset on that blockchain now referred to as ETC. ETC now trades on several Crypto Asset Trading Platforms. A fork may also occur as a result of an unintentional or unanticipated software flaw in the various versions of otherwise compatible software that users run. Such a fork could lead to users and validators abandoning the crypto asset with the flawed software. It is possible, however, that a substantial number of users and validators could adopt an incompatible version of the crypto asset while resisting community-led efforts to merge the two chains. This could result in a permanent fork, as in the case of Ethereum Network and Ethereum Classic.

Furthermore, a hard fork can lead to new security concerns, for example, also, during the DAO attack an Ethereum trading platform announced in July 2016 that it had lost 40,000 Ethereum Classic, worth about $100,000 at that time, as a result of “replay attacks”, in which transactions from one network were rebroadcast to nefarious effect on the other network. Similar replay attack concerns occurred in connection with the Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin Satoshi’s Vision networks split in November 2018. Another possible result of a hard fork is an inherent decrease in the level of security due to significant amounts of validating power remaining on one network or migrating instead to the new forked network. After a hard fork, it may become easier for an individual validator or validating pool’s validating power to exceed 50% of the validating power of a crypto asset network that retained or attracted less validating power, thereby making crypto asset networks that rely on proof-of-stake more susceptible to attack.

A hard fork may adversely affect the price of ether at the time of announcement or adoption. For example, the announcement of a hard fork could lead to increased demand for the pre-fork crypto asset, in anticipation that ownership of the pre-fork crypto asset would entitle holders to a new crypto asset following the fork. The increased demand for the pre-fork crypto asset may cause the price of the crypto asset to rise. After the hard fork, it is possible the aggregate price of the two versions of the crypto asset running in parallel would be less than the price of the crypto asset immediately prior to the fork. For example, following the DAO hack in July 2016, holders of ether voted on-chain to reverse the hack, effectively causing a hard fork. For the days following the vote, the price of ether rose from $11.65 on July 15, 2016 to $14.66 on July 21, 2016, the day after the first Ethereum Classic block was mined.

The Trust will adhere to the policies outlined by the Crypto Custodians, which may be updated without prior notice to the Sponsor or the Trust. The Crypto Custodians may not support forks and airdrops, and the Trust and the Sponsor may not be able to use its custodial account to attempt to receive, request, send, store, or engage in any other type of transaction involving a new version of any “forked” asset held by the Trust. In the event of a fork, Crypto Custodians may temporarily suspend the operations with respect to the affected asset (with or without advance notice to the Sponsor and/or the Trust) and decide whether to support (or cease supporting) either branch of the forked protocol entirely. Additionally, in case of support, it may take significant time for the Crypto Custodians to implement or provide access to any asset created because of a fork, and the Trust will only be able to account for the forked asset after it is given access by the Crypto Custodians. The Crypto Custodians assume absolutely no liability whatsoever in respect of an unsupported branch of a forked protocol or its determination whether to support a forked protocol. The Crypto Custodians are under no obligation to support any airdrops or forks, or handle them in any manner, which could adversely impact the value of an investment in the Trust.

In addition, the Sponsor has not provided any instructions to the Crypto Custodians regarding forks and airdrops, and any decisions or actions related to airdrops or forks involving the Trust’s assets will align with the guidelines set forth by the Crypto Custodians. Any decision under the Crypto Custodians’ policies regarding hard forks and airdrops may adversely affect the Trust, which in turn would have a negative effect on the value of the Shares.

With respect to any fork, airdrop or similar event, the Sponsor shall, in its sole discretion, decide what action the Trust shall take. In the event of a fork, the Sponsor will determine which network it believes is generally accepted as an Index Constituent Network and should therefore be considered the appropriate network, and the associated asset as the Index Constituent, for the Trust’s purposes.

In the event of a fork, airdrop or similar occurrence, the Sponsor will cause the Trust to irrevocably abandon the Incidental Rights and any IR Virtual Currency associated with such event and the only crypto asset to be held by the Trust will be the Index Constituents. As such, Shareholders will not receive the benefits of any Incidental Rights and any IR Virtual Currency.

In the event the Trust seeks to change the Trust’s policy with respect to Incidental Rights or IR Virtual Currency, a filing under Rule 19b-4 of the Exchange Act would need to be filed with the SEC by the Exchange seeking approval to amend its listing rules to permit the Trust to sell Incidental Rights or IR Virtual Currency and distribute the cash proceeds (net of expenses and applicable withholding taxes) to DTC or distribute the Incidental Rights or IR Virtual Currency in-kind to DTC. However, there can be no assurance as to whether or when the Sponsor would make such a decision, or when the Exchange will seek or obtain this approval, if at all.

Even if such regulatory approval is sought and obtained, Shareholders may not receive the benefits of a fork, the Trust may not choose, or be able, to participate in an airdrop, and the timing of receiving any benefits from a fork, airdrop or similar event is uncertain. Any inability to recognize the economic benefit of a hard fork or airdrop

could adversely affect the value of the Shares. Investors who prefer to have a greater degree of control over events such as forks, airdrops, and similar events, and any assets made available in connection with each, should consider investing in Index Constituents directly rather than purchasing Shares.

The Index Constituents Networks may face scalability challenges as it expands to a greater number of users.

As with other crypto asset networks, the Index Constituents Networks faces significant scaling challenges because public blockchains generally face a tradeoff between security and scalability. A decentralized network is less susceptible to manipulation or capture if more participants, or “nodes,” are involved in the processing and maintenance of such network. However, a greater number of nodes decreases the network’s efficiency in processing transactions and may result in increased settlement times. Increased settlement times could discourage certain uses for crypto assets such as bitcoin and ether (for example, micropayments), and could reduce demand for and price of such asset, which could adversely impact the value of an investment in the Trust.

Crypto Asset Markets are susceptible to extreme price fluctuations, theft, loss and destruction.

The market price of the Index Constituents has been subject to extreme fluctuations. If crypto asset markets continue to be subject to sharp fluctuations, the Trust’s Shareholders may experience losses. Similar to fiat currencies (i.e., a currency that is backed by a central bank or a national, supra-national or quasi-national organization), the Index Constituents are susceptible to theft, loss and destruction. Accordingly, the Trust’s assets are also susceptible to these risks. Cybersecurity risks of the Index Constituents Networks and of entities that custody or facilitate the transfers or trading of crypto assets could result in a loss of public confidence in the Index Constituents, a decline in the value of the Index Constituents and, as a result, adversely impact the Trust’s Shares.

Holdings of crypto assets may be heavily concentrated and large sales or distributions by holders of such crypto assets could have an adverse effect on the market price of such crypto assets.

The largest crypto wallets are believed to hold, in aggregate, a significant percentage of the Index Constituents in circulation. Moreover, it is possible that other persons or entities control multiple wallets that collectively hold a significant number of Index Constituents, even if they individually only hold a small amount, and it is possible that some of these wallets are controlled by the same person or entity. As a result of this concentration of ownership, large sales or distributions by such holders could have an adverse effect on the market price of ether.

Crypto platforms may be largely unregulated or may be largely or entirely non-compliant with applicable regulation and may therefore be more exposed to fraud and failure.

Crypto platforms and other trading venues on which the Index Constituents trade are relatively new. In addition, crypto platforms are unregulated or such markets may be non-compliant with existing and applicable regulations in one or more jurisdictions in which they operate. Furthermore, while some prominent crypto platforms provide the public with significant information regarding their ownership structure, management teams, corporate practices and regulatory compliance, many other crypto platforms may not provide some or all of such information. Crypto platforms may not view themselves as being subject to, or may not comply with, regulation in a similar manner as other regulated trading platforms, such as national securities exchanges or designated contract markets. As a result, the marketplace may lose confidence in crypto platforms, including prominent exchanges that handle a significant volume of the Index Constituents’ trading.

Most crypto platforms operate without extensive supervision by governmental authorities, and many crypto platforms do not provide the public with significant information regarding their ownership structure, management team, corporate practices, cybersecurity, and regulatory compliance. In particular, trading activity on or reported by many crypto platforms is generally significantly less regulated than trading in regulated U.S. securities and commodities markets, and may reflect behavior that would be prohibited in regulated U.S. trading venues. For example, in 2019 there were reports claiming that 80.95% of bitcoin trading volume on crypto platforms was false or noneconomic in nature, with specific focus on unregulated trading venues located outside of the United States. Such reports may indicate that the crypto asset exchange market is significantly smaller than expected and that the U.S. makes up a significantly larger percentage of the crypto asset exchange market than is commonly understood. Nonetheless, any actual or perceived false trading in the crypto platforms market, and any other fraudulent or manipulative acts and practices, could adversely affect the value of the Index Constituents and/or negatively affect the market perception of the Index Constituents.

In addition, over the past several years, some crypto platforms have been closed due to fraud and manipulative activity, business failure or security breaches. In many of these instances, the customers of such crypto platforms were not compensated or made whole for the partial or complete losses of their account balances in such crypto platforms. While, generally speaking, smaller crypto platforms are less likely to have the infrastructure and capitalization that make larger crypto platforms more stable, larger crypto platforms are more likely to be appealing targets for hackers and malware and may be more likely to be targets of regulatory enforcement action. For example, the collapse of Mt. Gox, which filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan in late February 2014, demonstrated that even the largest crypto platforms could be subject to abrupt failure with consequences for both users of crypto platforms and the crypto asset industry as a whole. In particular, in the two weeks that followed the February 7, 2014 halt of bitcoin withdrawals from Mt. Gox, the value of one bitcoin fell on other exchanges from around $795 on February 6, 2014 to $578 on February 20, 2014. Additionally, in January 2015, Bitstamp announced that approximately 19,000 bitcoin had been stolen from its operational or “hot” wallets. Further, in August 2016, it was reported that almost 120,000 bitcoins worth around $78 million were stolen from Bitfinex, a large crypto asset exchange. The value of bitcoin, ether, and other crypto assets immediately decreased over 10% following reports of the theft at Bitfinex and the Shares suffered a corresponding decrease in value. In July 2017, FinCEN assessed a $110 million fine against BTC-E, a now defunct crypto asset exchange, for facilitating crimes such as drug sales and ransomware attacks. In addition, in December 2017, Yapian, the operator of Seoul-based cryptocurrency exchange Youbit, suspended crypto asset trading and filed for bankruptcy following a hack that resulted in a loss of 17% of Yapian’s assets. Following the hack, Youbit users were allowed to withdraw approximately 75% of the crypto assets in their exchange accounts, with any potential further distributions to be made following Yapian’s pending bankruptcy proceedings. In addition, in January 2018, the Japanese crypto asset exchange, Coincheck, was hacked, resulting in losses of approximately $535 million, and in February 2018, the Italian crypto asset exchange, Bitgrail, was hacked, resulting in approximately $170 million in losses.

In May 2019, one of the world’s largest crypto platforms, Binance, was hacked, resulting in losses of approximately $40 million. In November 2022, FTX, one of the largest crypto platforms by volume at the time, halted customer withdrawals amid rumors of the company’s liquidity issues and likely insolvency, which were subsequently corroborated by its CEO. Shortly thereafter, FTX’s CEO resigned and FTX and many of its affiliates filed for bankruptcy in the United States, while other affiliates have entered insolvency, liquidation, or similar proceedings around the globe, following which the U.S. Department of Justice brought criminal fraud and other charges, and the SEC and CFTC brought civil securities and commodities fraud charges, against certain of FTX’s and its affiliates’ senior executives, including its former CEO, who has now been convicted and sentenced to a prison term. Around the same time, there were reports that approximately $300-600 million of crypto assets were removed from FTX and the full facts remain unknown, including whether such removal was the result of a hack, theft, insider activity, or other improper behavior.

The recent bankruptcy of the crypto exchange FTX has underscored the potential for fraud and manipulation in crypto exchanges generally. The financial distress experienced by crypto asset market participants because of the FTX bankruptcy has already led to the spread of a general contagion among some market participants and may lead to additional regulation of the crypto markets.

The fact that many crypto platforms are not registered and fail to comply with regulations or operate in jurisdictions with less stringent regulations than in the US may expose the investors to behaviors that can jeopardize their investments. These behaviors include, but are not limited to, wash trading, fraud, front-running, and other security issues that could adversely impact the value of an investment in the Trust.

Negative perception, a lack of stability in the crypto asset markets and the closure or temporary shutdown of crypto platforms due to fraud, failure or security breaches may reduce confidence in the Index Constituents Networks and result in greater volatility or decreases in the prices of the Index Constituents. Furthermore, the closure or temporary shutdown of a crypto platform used in calculating the Index may result in a loss of confidence in the Trust’s ability to determine its NAV on a daily basis. The potential consequences of a crypto platform’s failure could adversely affect the value of the Shares.

Crypto platforms may be exposed to wash trading.

Crypto platforms on which the Index Constituents trade may be susceptible to wash trading. Wash trading occurs when offsetting trades are entered into for other than bona fide reasons, such as the desire to inflate reported trading volumes. Wash trading may be motivated by non-economic reasons, such as a desire for increased visibility

on popular websites that monitor markets for crypto assets so as to improve their attractiveness to investors who look for maximum liquidity, or it may be motivated by the ability to attract listing fees from token issuers who seek the most liquid and high-volume exchanges on which to list their coins. Results of wash trading may include unexpected obstacles to trade and erroneous investment decisions based on false information.

Even in the United States, there have been allegations of wash trading even on regulated trading venues. Any actual or perceived false trading in the crypto venue market, and any other fraudulent or manipulative acts and practices, could adversely affect the value of the Index Constituents and/or negatively affect the market perception of crypto assets.

To the extent that wash trading either occurs or appears to occur on trading platforms on which the Index Constituents trades, investors may develop negative perceptions about crypto assets industry more broadly, which could adversely impact the price the Index Constituents and, therefore, the price of Shares. Wash trading also may place more legitimate crypto platforms at a relative competitive disadvantage.

Crypto platforms may be exposed to front-running.

Crypto platforms on which Index Constituents trade may be susceptible to “front-running,” which refers to the process when someone uses technology or market advantage to get prior knowledge of upcoming transactions. Front-running is a frequent activity on centralized as well as decentralized crypto platforms. By using bots functioning on a millisecond-scale timeframe, bad actors are able to take advantage of the forthcoming price movement and make economic gains at the cost of those who had introduced these transactions. The objective of a front runner is to buy crypto assets at a low price and later sell them at a higher price while simultaneously exiting the position. Front-running happens via manipulations of gas prices or timestamps, also known as slow matching. To the extent that front-running occurs, it may result in investor frustrations and concerns as to the price integrity of crypto platforms and crypto assets more generally.

Networked systems are vulnerable to attacks.

All networked systems are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. As with any computer network, the Index Constituents Networks contain certain flaws.

For example, the Bitcoin Network is currently vulnerable to a “51% attack” where, if a mining pool were to gain control of more than 50% of the “hash” rate, or the amount of computing and process power being contributed to the network through mining, a malicious actor would be able to gain full control of the network and the ability to manipulate the blockchain. To the extent that such malicious actor or botnet did not yield its control of the processing power on the network, or the network community did not reject the fraudulent blocks as malicious, reversing any changes made to the blockchain may not be possible.

In addition, in May 2019, the Bitcoin Cash network, a proof-of-work network, experienced a >50% attack when two large mining pools reversed a series of transactions in order to stop an unknown miner from taking advantage of a flaw in a recent Bitcoin Cash protocol upgrade. Irrespective of the motivations for this or any other specific attack, the fact that such coordinated activity is able to occur may negatively impact perceptions of the Bitcoin Cash network.

The Ethereum Network also remains vulnerable to various types of attacks and coordinated adverse activity. In particular, following the “Merge”, where the Ethereum Network moved from a proof-of-work to a proof-of-stake mechanism under Ethereum 2.0 and the switch to proof-of-stake validation, the Ethereum Network is currently vulnerable to several types of attacks, including:

(i)     “>33% attack” where, if a malicious actor, validator, botnet (a volunteer or hacked collection of computers controlled by networked software coordinating the actions of the computers) or group of validators acting in concert were to gain control of more than 33% of the total staked ether on the Ethereum Network, a malicious actor could temporarily impede or delay block confirmation or even cause a temporary fork in the blockchain. This is designed to be a temporary risk, as the Ethereum Network’s inactivity leak would be expected to eventually penalize the attacker enough for the chain to finalize again (i.e., the honest majority would be expected to reclaim a 2/3rd stake as the attacker’s stake is penalized). Moreover, it is believed that a 33% attack would not be sufficient to allow a malicious actor to engage in double-spending or fraudulent block propagation. Even without 33% control, however, a malicious actor or botnet could create a flood of transactions in order to slow down the Ethereum Network.

(ii)    “>50% attack” where, if a malicious actor, validator, botnet or group of validators acting in concert were to gain control of more than 50% of the total staked ether on the Ethereum Network, a malicious actor would be able to gain full control of the Ethereum Network and the ability to manipulate future transactions on the blockchain, including censoring transactions, double-spending and fraudulent block propagation, potentially for an extended period or even permanently. In theory, the minority non-attackers might reach social consensus to reject blocks proposed by the malicious majority attacker, reducing the attacker’s ability to engage in malicious activity, but there can be no assurance this would happen or that non-attackers would be able to coordinate effectively. Although the malicious actor or botnet would not be able to generate new tokens or transactions using such control, it could “double-spend” its own tokens (i.e., spend the same tokens in more than one transaction) and prevent the confirmation of other users’ transactions for so long as it maintained control (over 50%). To the extent that such malicious actor or botnet did not yield its control of the validating power on the Ethereum Network or the Ethereum community did not reject the fraudulent blocks as malicious, reversing any changes made to the Ethereum Blockchain may not be possible.

(iii)    “>66% attack” where, if a malicious actor, validator, botnet or group of validators acting in concert were to gain control of more than 66% of the total staked ether on the Ethereum Network, a malicious actor could permanently and irreversibly manipulate the blockchain, including censorship, double-spending and fraudulent block propagation. The attacker could finalize their preferred chain without any consideration for the votes of other stakers and could also revert finalized blocks.

If a malicious actor or botnet obtains control of more than 33% of the validating power, or otherwise obtains control over the Ethereum Network through its influence over core developers or otherwise, such actor or botnet could manipulate the blockchain. For example, in August 2020, the Ethereum Classic Network, a proof-of-work network, was the target of two double-spend attacks by an unknown actor or actors that gained more than 50% of the processing power of the Ethereum Classic Network. The attacks resulted in reorganizations of the Ethereum Classic Blockchain that allowed the attacker or attackers to reverse previously recorded transactions in excess of over $5.0 million and $1.0 million.

Such concentration of validating power may also arise from activities such as “liquid staking”, a solution that permits holders of ether to deposit them with a liquid staking application, which stakes the ether while issuing the holder a transferable token in exchange. Such liquid staking applications pose centralization concerns, and a single liquid staking application has reportedly controlled around or in excess of 33% of the total staked ether on the Ethereum Network. In this regard, see also “Liquid staking applications pose centralization concerns, and a single liquid staking application has reportedly controlled around or in excess of 33% of the total staked Ether on the Ethereum Network.”

The attack of a malicious actor may have an adverse effect on the Index Constituents Networks and, therefore, on the value of an investment in the Trust.

Cybersecurity risk.

As crypto assets, the Index Constituents are subject to cybersecurity risks, including the risk that malicious actors will exploit flaws in its code or structure that will allow them to, among other things, steal tokens held by others, control the blockchain, steal personally identifying information, or issue significant amounts of assets in contravention of their protocols. The occurrence of any of these events is likely to have a significant adverse impact on the price and liquidity of the Index Constituents and therefore the value of an investment in the Trust. Additionally, the Index Constituents Networks’ functionality relies on the Internet. A significant disruption of Internet connectivity affecting large numbers of users or geographic areas could impede the functionality of the Index Constituents. Any technical disruptions or regulatory limitations that affect Internet access may have an adverse effect on the Index Constituents Networks, the price of the Index Constituents, and the value of an investment in the Trust.

Risks of flawed or ineffective source code.

If the source code or cryptography underlying an Index Constituent held by the Trust proves to be flawed or ineffective, malicious actors may be able to steal the Trust’s assets. In the past, flaws in the source code for crypto assets have been exposed and exploited, including those that exposed users’ personal information and/or resulted

in the theft of users’ crypto assets. Several errors and defects have been publicly found and corrected, including those that disabled some functionality for users and exposed users’ personal information. Discovery of flaws in, or exploitations of, the source code that allow malicious actors to take or create money in contravention of known network rules have occurred. In addition, the cryptography underlying a crypto asset could prove to be flawed or ineffective, or developments in mathematics and/or technology, including advances in digital computing, algebraic geometry and quantum computing, could result in such cryptography becoming ineffective. In any of these circumstances, if the crypto asset held by the Trust is affected, a malicious actor may be able to steal the Trust’s crypto assets, which would adversely affect an investment in the Shares. Even if the Trust did not hold the affected crypto asset, any reduction in confidence in the source code or cryptography underlying asset generally could negatively affect the demand for the Index Constituents and therefore adversely affect an investment in the Shares.

Risks to the Index Constituents from other parts of the crypto assets market, including “stablecoins”.

The price of the Index Constituents may be adversely impacted by developments in other parts of the crypto asset markets including, but not limited to, industry wide. The acceptance of the Index Constituents and crypto assets generally depends on several factors, including adverse developments in the crypto asset markets that could impact investor confidence.

One example of a different part of the crypto asset markets that could pose risks to the Index Constituents, and therefore to the Trust and its Shareholders is from “stablecoins.” “Stablecoins” are crypto assets designed to have a stable value over time as compared to typically volatile crypto assets and are typically marketed as being pegged to a fiat currency, such as the U.S. dollar, at a certain value. Although the prices of stablecoins are intended to be stable, in many cases their prices fluctuate, sometimes significantly. This volatility has in the past impacted the prices of certain crypto assets, and has at times caused certain stablecoins to lose their “peg” to the underlying fiat currency. Stablecoins are a relatively new phenomenon, and it is impossible to know all of the risks that they could pose to participants in the crypto asset markets. In addition, some have argued that some stablecoins, particularly Tether, are issued without sufficient backing in a way that could cause artificial rather than genuine demand for crypto assets, raising their prices. On February 17, 2021, the New York Attorney General entered into an agreement with Tether’s operators, requiring them to cease any further trading activity with New York persons and pay $18.5 million in penalties for false and misleading statements made regarding the assets backing Tether. On October 15, 2021, the CFTC announced a settlement with Tether’s operators in which they agreed to pay $42.5 million in fines to settle charges that, among others, Tether’s claims that it maintained sufficient U.S. dollar reserves to back every Tether stablecoin in circulation with the “equivalent amount of corresponding fiat currency” held by Tether were untrue.

USDC is a reserve-backed stablecoin issued by Circle Internet Financial that is commonly used as a method of payment in crypto asset markets, including the Ethereum market. The issuer of USDC uses the Circle Reserve Fund to hold cash, U.S. Treasury bills, notes and other obligations issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. Treasury, and repurchase agreements secured by such obligations or cash, which serve as reserves backing USDC stablecoins. While USDC is designed to maintain a stable value at 1 U.S. dollar at all times, on March 10, 2023, the value of USDC fell below $1.00 (and remained below for multiple days) after Circle Internet Financial disclosed that $3.3 billion of the USDC reserves were held at Silicon Valley Bank, which had entered Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) receivership earlier that day. Popular stablecoins are reliant on the U.S. banking system and U.S. treasuries, and the failure of either to function normally could impede the function of stablecoins or lead to outsized redemption requests, and therefore could adversely affect the value of the Shares.

Some stablecoins have been asserted to be securities under the federal securities laws. For example, on June 5, 2023, the SEC alleged in a complaint that the stablecoin BUSD, a U.S. dollar stablecoin issued by Binance, was a “crypto asset security” and that Binance “offered and sold to U.S. investors as part of a profit-earning scheme within the Binance ecosystem.” In another example, the District Court for the Southern District of New York denied defendants’ motion to dismiss an SEC complaint asserting that the stablecoin UST, a U.S. dollar stablecoin issued by Terra, is a security. Further public concern about the possible security status of stablecoins manifested in November 2023, when the financial technology company PayPal disclosed in a filing that it had received a subpoena from the SEC relating to the PayPal USD stablecoin that requested the production of documents. More recently, on September 24, 2024, the SEC announced settled charges against TrueCoin LLC and TrustToken Inc. for their fraudulent and unregistered sales of investment contracts involving TrueUSD, a purported stablecoin. The SEC’s complaint alleges that from November 2020 until April 2023, TrueCoin and TrustToken engaged in the unregistered offer and sale of investment contracts in the form of the crypto asset TUSD and profit-making opportunities with

respect to TrueUSD on TrueFi. The complaint further alleges that TrueCoin and TrustToken falsely marketed the investment opportunity as safe and trustworthy by claiming that TUSD was fully backed by U.S. dollars or their equivalent, when in fact a substantial portion of the assets purportedly backing TUSD had been invested in a speculative and risky offshore investment fund to earn additional returns for the defendants.

A determination that a popular stablecoin is a security could lead to outsized redemption requests, and therefore could adversely affect the broader value of the Shares. While the Trust does not invest in stablecoins, it may nonetheless be exposed to these and other risks that stablecoins pose for the market for Bitcoin, Ether and other crypto assets.

Competition from central bank digital currencies (“CBDCs”) and emerging payments initiatives involving financial institutions could adversely affect the price of other crypto assets.

Central banks in various countries have introduced digital forms of legal tender (CBDCs). Whether or not they incorporate blockchain or similar technology, CBDCs, as legal tender in the issuing jurisdiction, could have an advantage in competing with, or replace, the Index Constituents as a medium of exchange or store of value. Central banks and other governmental entities have also announced cooperative initiatives and consortia with private sector entities, with the goal of leveraging blockchain and other technology to reduce friction in cross-border and interbank payments and settlement, and commercial banks and other financial institutions have also recently announced a number of initiatives of their own to incorporate new technologies, including blockchain and similar technologies, into their payments and settlement activities, which could compete with, or reduce the demand for, the Index Constituents. As a result of any of the foregoing factors, the value of the Index Constituents could decrease, which could adversely affect an investment in the Trust.

Hacking risk of theft of private keys.

Due to the nature of private keys, the Index Constituents transactions are irrevocable and incorrectly transferred or stolen crypto assets may be irretrievable, and as a result, any incorrectly executed transaction could adversely affect the price and liquidity of the Index Constituents, which may indirectly affect the price of the Trust’s Shares.

Loss of access risks.

The loss or destruction of a private key required to access the Trust’s crypto assets may be irreversible. The loss of access to the private keys associated with the Trust’s crypto assets could adversely affect an investment in the Shares. The Index Constituents are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public key and private key or keys relating to the “digital wallet” in which the currency is held. Private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the crypto assets while held in such wallet. To the extent a private key is lost, destroyed or otherwise compromised and no backup of the private key is accessible, the Trust will be unable to access the assets held in the related digital wallet. Any loss of private keys relating to digital wallets used to store the Trust’s crypto assets could adversely affect an investment in the Shares.

The lack of full insurance and Shareholders’ limited rights of legal recourse against the Trust, Trustee, Sponsor, Administrator, Cash Custodian and Crypto Custodians expose the Trust and its Shareholders to the risk of loss of the Trust’s crypto assets included in the Index for which no person or entity is liable.

The Trust’s crypto assets are not covered by any specific insurance maintained by the Trust or its Sponsor. Instead, the Crypto Custodians maintain commercial crime insurance policies, which provide coverage for risks such as employee fraud, theft, damage to key materials, and security breaches. These insurance policies are shared among all of the Crypto Custodians’ clients and are not specific to the Trust or to any particular assets held by the Trust. Consequently, the availability of insurance proceeds to the Trust may be reduced if multiple claims are made by other customers. Further, the Crypto Custodians may choose not to renew, or may be unable to renew any portion or all of these insurance policies, which may further expose the Trust and its Shareholders to the risk of loss.

In addition, the aggregate insurance coverage provided by the Crypto Custodians may not be sufficient to cover all potential losses. The total coverage amount may be significantly lower than the value of the crypto assets under custody, exposing the Trust to the risk that, in the event of a loss, the insurance policy will not cover the full extent of the Trust’s assets. Furthermore, the types of risks covered by the Crypto Custodians’ insurance may not include all risks faced by the Trust, and losses could arise from other sources for which there is no insurance coverage.

Lastly, even though the Crypto Custodians maintain capital reserve requirements depending on the assets under custody, there is no assurance that these reserves will be sufficient to cover potential losses or that insurance proceeds will be available in a timely manner in the event of a claim. Therefore, the Trust and its Shareholders remain exposed to risks of loss that may not be fully mitigated by insurance or other financial safeguards.

Risks Related to Bitcoin and the Bitcoin Network

Subsidies for mining bitcoin are designed to decline over time, which may lessen the incentive for miners to process and confirm transactions on the Bitcoin Network.

Transactions in bitcoin are processed by miners who are primarily compensated by receiving newly issued bitcoins (“Mining Subsidy”) as a compensation for successfully solving a cryptographic problem. Mining Subsidies follow an issuance schedule that declines over time. Miners might also be compensated through voluntary fees paid by Bitcoin network participants, which alongside Mining Subsidies constitute total mining rewards.

Mining Subsidies are subject to so-called halvings, events in which the issuance of new bitcoins per mined block is cut in half. These events take place in multiples of 210,000 blocks starting from Bitcoin’s block number (or block height) 0, referred to as the genesis block, which was mined on January 3rd, 2009. With the time interval between two consecutive blocks being targeted at 10 minutes on average, halving events should happen approximately every four years.

The bitcoin Mining Subsidy was equal to 50 bitcoins per mined block between heights 0 and 209,999. The first halving took place on November 28, 2012 as of height 210,000, dropping the Mining Subsidy to 25 bitcoins per block between heights 210,000 and 419,999. The second halving occurred on July 9, 2016, setting the Mining Subsidy per block to 12.5 bitcoins between heights 420,000 and 629,999. The third halving took place on May 11, 2020, setting the Mining Subsidy per block to 6.25 bitcoins between heights 630,000 and 839,999. The most recent halving happened on April 20, 2024, as of height 840,000. This is the halving epoch we are in, with the current Mining Subsidy per block equal to 3.125 bitcoins and remaining the same until height 1,049,999.

The height in the bitcoin blockchain as of September 27, 2024, 13:10 UTC, is 863,075. Assuming the average block time is equal to 10 minutes from now until height 1,049,999, the next halving event is scheduled to occur approximately on March 29, 2028, when the Mining Subsidy will be dropped to 1.5625 bitcoins per mined block between heights 1,050,000 and 1,259,999.

Halvings will continue until the maximum possible 21 million bitcoins have been mined and released into circulation. Given bitcoin’s average block time of 10 minutes and the halving occurring every 210,000 blocks, it is estimated that the maximum of 21 million bitcoins will be reached around the year 2137. Currently, there are approximately 19.75 million bitcoins that have been mined and are in circulation (as of September 5, 2024).

Once new bitcoin tokens are no longer awarded for adding a new block, miners will only have transaction fees to incentivize them, and as a result, it is expected that miners will need to be better compensated with higher transaction fees to ensure that there is adequate incentive for them to continue mining.

If transaction confirmation fees become too high, the marketplace may be reluctant to use bitcoin. This may result in decreased usage and limit expansion of the Bitcoin Network in the retail, commercial and payments space, adversely impacting investment in the Trust. Conversely, if the Mining Subsidy or the value of the transaction fees is insufficient to motivate miners, they may cease expending processing power to solve blocks and confirm transactions.

Ultimately, if the awards of new bitcoin for solving blocks declines and transaction fees for recording transactions are not sufficiently high to incentivize miners, or if the costs of validating transactions grow disproportionately, miners may operate at a loss, transition to other networks, or cease operations altogether. Each of these outcomes could, in turn, slow transaction validation and usage, which could have a negative impact on the Bitcoin Network and could adversely affect the value of the bitcoin held by the Trust.

An acute cessation of mining operations would reduce the collective processing power on the Bitcoin Network, which would adversely affect the transaction verification process by temporarily decreasing the speed at which blocks are added to the blockchain and make the blockchain more vulnerable to a malicious actor obtaining control in excess of 50% of the processing power on the blockchain. Reductions in processing power could result in

material, though temporary, delays in transaction confirmation time. Any reduction in confidence in the transaction verification process or mining processing power may adversely impact the value of Shares of the Trust or the ability of the Sponsor to operate.

Bitcoin ownership is concentrated in a small number of holders referred to as ‘Whales.’

A significant portion of bitcoin is held by a small number of holders who have the ability to affect the price of bitcoin and who are sometimes referred to as “whales.” Because bitcoin is lightly regulated, bitcoin whales have the ability, alone or in coordination, to manipulate the price of bitcoin by restricting or expanding the supply of bitcoin. Activities of bitcoin whales that reduce user confidence in bitcoin, the Bitcoin Network or the fairness of bitcoin trading venues, or that affect the price of bitcoin, could have a negative impact on the value of an investment in the Trust.

Increased transaction fees may adversely affect the usage of the Bitcoin Network.

Bitcoin miners collect fees for each transaction they confirm. Miners validate unconfirmed transactions by adding the previously unconfirmed transactions to new blocks in the blockchain. Miners are not forced to confirm any specific transaction, but they are economically incentivized to confirm valid transactions as a means of collecting fees. Miners have historically accepted relatively low transaction confirmation fees, because miners have a very low marginal cost of validating unconfirmed transactions. If miners collude in an anticompetitive manner to reject low transaction fees, then bitcoin users could be forced to pay higher fees, thus reducing the attractiveness of the Bitcoin Network. Bitcoin mining occurs globally, and it may be difficult for authorities to apply antitrust regulations across multiple jurisdictions. Any collusion among miners may adversely impact an investment in the Trust or the ability of the Trust to operate.

Sales of new bitcoin may cause the price of bitcoin to decline, which could negatively affect an investment in the Trust.

Newly created bitcoin (“newly mined bitcoin”) are generated through a process referred to as “mining”. If entities engaged in bitcoin mining choose not to hold the newly mined bitcoin, and, instead, make them available for sale, there can be downward pressure on the price of bitcoin. A bitcoin mining operation may be more likely to sell a higher percentage of its newly created bitcoin, and more rapidly so, if it is operating at a low profit margin, thus reducing the price of bitcoin. Lower bitcoin prices may result in further tightening of profit margins for miners and decreasing profitability, thereby potentially causing even further selling pressure. Diminishing profit margins and increasing sales of newly mined bitcoin could result in a reduction in the price of bitcoin, which could adversely impact an investment in the Shares.

New competing crypto assets may pose a challenge to bitcoin’s current market dominance, resulting in a reduction in demand for bitcoin, which could have a negative impact on the price of bitcoin.

The Bitcoin Network and bitcoin, as an asset, hold a “first-to-market” advantage over other crypto assets. This first-to-market advantage has resulted in the Bitcoin Network evolving into the most well-developed network of any crypto asset. The Bitcoin Network enjoys the largest user base and has more mining power in use to secure its blockchain than any other crypto asset. Having a large mining network provides users confidence regarding the security and long-term stability of the Bitcoin Network. This in turn creates a domino effect that inures to the benefit of the Bitcoin Network — namely, the advantage of more users and miners makes a crypto asset more secure, which potentially makes it more attractive to new users and miners, resulting in a network effect that potentially strengthens the first-to-market advantage. However, despite the marked first-mover advantage of the Bitcoin Network over other crypto assets, it is possible that real or perceived shortcomings in the Bitcoin Network, or technological, regulatory or other developments, could result in a decline in popularity and acceptance of bitcoin and the Bitcoin Network, and other digital currencies and trading systems could become more widely accepted and used than the Bitcoin Network.

As of September 27, 2024, bitcoin was the largest crypto asset by market capitalization and had the largest user base and largest combined mining power. Despite this first to market advantage, as of September 27, 2024, there were over 10,000 alternative crypto assets tracked by CoinMarketCap.com, having a total market capitalization of approximately 2.1 trillion (including the approximately $1.2 trillion market capitalization of bitcoin), as calculated using market prices and total available supply of each crypto asset. In addition, many consortiums and financial

institutions are also researching and investing resources into private or permissioned smart contract platforms rather than open platforms like the Bitcoin Network. Competition from the emergence or growth of alternative crypto assets and smart contracts platforms, such as Solana, Avalanche, Polkadot, or Cardano, could have a negative impact on the demand for, and price of, bitcoin and thereby adversely affect the value of the Shares.

In addition, some crypto asset networks, including the Bitcoin Network, may be the target of ill will from users of other crypto asset networks. For example, Bitcoin Cash is the result of a hard fork of bitcoin. Some users of the Bitcoin network may harbor ill will toward the Bitcoin Cash network, and vice versa. These users may attempt to negatively impact the use or adoption of the Bitcoin Network.

Investors may invest in crypto assets through means other than the Shares, including through direct investments in crypto assets and other potential financial vehicles, possibly including securities backed by or linked to crypto asset financial vehicles similar to the Trust, or crypto asset futures-based products. In addition, to the extent crypto asset financial vehicles other than the Trust tracking the price of bitcoin are formed and represent a significant proportion of the demand for bitcoin, large purchases or redemptions of the securities of these crypto asset financial vehicles, or private Trusts holding crypto assets, could negatively affect the Index, the Trust’s bitcoin holdings, the price of the Shares, the net asset value of the Trust and the NAV.

Limited adoption and ability to use bitcoin to purchase goods.

Currently, there is relatively limited use of bitcoin in the retail and commercial marketplace in comparison to relatively extensive use as a store of value, thus contributing to price volatility that could adversely affect the Trust’s Shares. Banks and other established financial institutions may refuse to process funds for bitcoin transactions; process wire transfers to or from bitcoin trading venues, bitcoin-related companies or service providers; or maintain accounts for persons or entities transacting in bitcoin or providing bitcoin-related services.

Environmental risks from Bitcoin mining.

Bitcoin mining currently requires computing hardware that consumes large amounts of electricity. By way of electrical power generation, many bitcoin miners rely on fossil fuels to power their operations. Public perception of the impact of bitcoin mining on climate change may reduce demand for bitcoin and increase the likelihood of regulation that limits bitcoin mining or restricts energy usage by bitcoin miners, which could result in a significant reduction in mining activity and adversely affect the security of the Bitcoin network and could adversely affect the price of bitcoin and the value of the Shares.

The “proof of work” validation mechanism used to verify transactions on the Bitcoin Network necessitates that bitcoin miners maintain high levels of computing power, which can require extremely high energy usage. Although measuring the electricity consumed by this process is difficult because these operations are performed by various machines with varying levels of efficiency, the process consumes a significant amount of energy. Further, in addition to the direct energy costs of performing these calculations, there are indirect costs that impact the Bitcoin Network’s total energy consumption, including the costs of cooling the machines that perform these calculations. A significant decrease in the computational resources dedicated to the Bitcoin Network’s validation protocol could reduce the security of the network which may erode bitcoin’s viability as a store of value or means of exchange.

Several alternative mechanisms to proof-of-work have emerged in recent years, aiming to offer more energy-efficient validation processes for blockchain networks and High costs of electricity may incentivize miners to redirect their capital and efforts to other validation protocols, such as proof-of-stake blockchains, in which rather than using computational power to add new blocks of transactions to the blockchain, users pledge capital denominated in the network’s native currency as a guarantee of action in good faith when producing blocks. Alternatively, miners can abandon their validation activities altogether.

Due to concerns around energy consumption and associated environmental concerns, particularly as such concerns relate to public utilities companies, various countries, states and cities have implemented, or are considering implementing, moratoriums on bitcoin mining in their jurisdictions. Such moratoriums would impede bitcoin mining and/or bitcoin use more broadly. For example, in November 2022, New York imposed a two-year moratorium on new proof-of-work mining permits at fossil fuel plants in the state and, on May 26, 2021, Iran placed a temporary ban on bitcoin mining in an attempt to decrease energy usage and help alleviate blackouts.

Depending on how future regulations are formulated and applied, such policies could have the potential to negatively affect the price of bitcoin, and, in turn, the value of the Shares. Increased regulation and the corresponding compliance cost of these regulations could additionally result in higher barriers to entry for bitcoin miners, which could increase the concentration of the hash rate, potentially having a negative impact on the price of bitcoin.

Risks Related to Ether and the Ethereum Network

Moving from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Consensus Mechanism.

In September 2022, the Ethereum Network moved from a proof-of-work to a proof-of-stake mechanism during an upgrade known as The Merge. Unlike proof-of-work, in which miners expend computational resources to compete to propose blocks of transactions and be rewarded coins in proportion to the number of computational resources expended, in proof-of-stake, validators pledge or “stake” coins to compete to be randomly selected to validate transactions and be rewarded coins in proportion to the total amount of coins staked. Any malicious activity, such as proposing multiple blocks at the same validation time, voting on two different versions of the consensual chain or otherwise violating protocol rules, results in the forfeiture or “slashing” of a portion of the staked coins.

Due to the absence of employed computation resources, proof-of-stake is viewed as more energy efficient than proof-of-work. In addition, proof-of-stake allows for the implementation of scaling solutions such as sharding, which parallelizes transaction registry and code execution in the network and aims to increase speeds and reduce fees.

Since the transition to proof-of-stake, Ethereum experienced the successful activation of two other upgrades: (i) the Shanghai/Capella (“Shapella”) upgrade, activated in April 2023, which enabled ether withdrawals for validators participating in the network’s consensus and (ii) the Cancun/Deneb (“Dencun”) upgrade, activated in March 2024, which activated proto-danksharding, a new technology that reduces the costs for second layer solutions known as rollups to post data on Ethereum and thus significantly decreases transaction fees paid by users using these upper layers to access the Ethereum ecosystem.

As continuation to the Ethereum 2.0 transition, Ethereum is expected to undergo a third upgrade called Prague/Electra (“Pectra”) between late 2024 and early 2025. As of its current list of changes, Pectra is planned to activate new technology aiming to ease user experience through account abstraction, enhance consensus operation for validators, and improve overall network performance and security.

While the activations of the first three upgrades in the Ethereum 2.0 roadmap have been successful and widely accepted by the Ethereum community, the possibility exists that the full implementation of Ethereum 2.0 may never be achieved, or may never achieve its goals. There is no guarantee that the Ethereum community will fully embrace forthcoming upgrades planned for Ethereum 2.0, and the new protocol may never fully scale, which may have a negative impact on the market value of ether, and consequently the NAV of the Trust.

Limits on ether supply.

The rate at which new ether are issued and put into circulation is expected to vary. The Ethereum Network has no formal cap on the total supply of ether. The Ethereum Network does, however, feature several mechanisms that, individually and in aggregate, have the effect of limiting the total supply of ether outstanding. These mechanisms are sometimes referred to collectively as the “Ethereum Triple Halving.”

As a result of the Merge, where the Ethereum Network moved from a proof-of-work to a proof-of-stake mechanism under Ethereum 2.0, the rate of issuance is greatly reduced. Under proof-of-work, miners expend computational resources to compete to validate transactions and are rewarded coins in proportion to the amount of computational resources expended, which resulted in comparably more new tokens rewarded. By contrast, under proof-of-stake, validators risk or “stake” coins to compete to be randomly selected to validate transactions and are rewarded coins in proportion to the amount of coins staked, which results in comparably fewer new tokens rewarded. Following the Merge, approximately 1,700 ether are issued per day, though the issuance rate varies based on the number of validators on the network.

The change from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake also limits the total supply of ether in circulation by effectively locking staked, certain period of time, making it temporarily unavailable for trading or selling.

Additionally, the supply of ether is limited as a result of the deflationary gas fee burning mechanism introduced by EIP 1559 in August 2021 to reform the Ethereum gas fee market. EIP 1559 split of fees into two components: the base fee (calculated depending on the network activity involved) and the tip. When ether is issued to pay the base fee, it is removed from circulation, or “burnt,” and the tip is paid to validators. As a result of this fee burning mechanism, the overall supply of ether decreases as more ether are destroyed through the fee burn. Since the fee burning depends on the network activity, the more the transactions on the Ethereum Network, the more ether is burned and the lower the issuance. This also has the effect of reducing the incentives for validators to validate transactions with higher gas fees, since those validators would only receive the tip and not base fees. Frequently, the ether supply has been deflationary over a 24-hour period as a result of the burn mechanism.

Smart contracts, including those relating to decentralized finance (“DeFi”) applications, are a new technology and their ongoing development and operation may result in problems, which could reduce the demand for ether or cause a wider loss of confidence in the Ethereum Network, either of which could have an adverse impact on the value of ether.

Smart contracts are programs that run on the Ethereum Network and execute automatically when certain conditions are met. Since smart contracts typically cannot be stopped or reversed, vulnerabilities in their programming can have damaging effects. For example, in April 2016, a blockchain solutions company known as Slock.it announced the launch of a decentralized autonomous organization, known as “The DAO” on the Ethereum network. In June 2016, a vulnerability in the smart contracts underlying The DAO allowed an attack by a hacker to syphon approximately $60 million worth of ether from The DAO’s accounts into a segregated account. In the aftermath of the theft, certain core developers and contributors pursued a “hard fork” of the Ethereum Network in order to erase any record of the theft. Despite these efforts, the price of ether reportedly dropped approximately 35% in the aftermath of the attack and subsequent hard fork. In addition, in July 2017, a vulnerability in a smart contract for a multi-signature wallet software developed by Parity led to a reportedly $30 million theft of ether, and in November 2017, a new vulnerability in Parity’s wallet software reportedly led to roughly $160 million worth of ether being indefinitely frozen in an account. Furthermore, in April 2018, a batch overflow bug was found in many Ethereum-based ERC20-compatible smart contract tokens that allows hackers to create a large number of smart contract tokens, causing multiple crypto platforms worldwide to shut down ERC20-compatible token trading. Similarly, in March 2020, a design flaw in the MakerDAO smart contract caused forced liquidations of crypto assets at significantly discounted prices, resulting in millions of dollars of losses to users who had deposited crypto assets into the smart contract. Other smart contracts, such as bridges between blockchain networks and DeFi protocols have also been manipulated, exploited or used in ways that were not intended or envisioned by their creators such that attackers syphoned over $3.8 billion worth of crypto assets from smart contracts in 2022. Problems with the development, deployment, and operation of smart contracts may have an adverse effect on the value of ether.

In some cases, smart contracts can be controlled by one or more “admin keys” or users with special privileges, or “super users.” These users may have the ability to unilaterally make changes to the smart contract, enable or disable features on the smart contract, change how the smart contract receives external inputs and data or transmits ether or other crypto assets, and make other changes to the smart contract. Furthermore, in some cases inadequate public information may be available about certain smart contracts or applications, and information asymmetries may exist, even with respect to open-source smart contracts or applications; certain participants may have hidden informational or technological advantages, making for an uneven playing field. There may be opportunities for bad actors to perpetrate fraudulent schemes and engage in illicit activities and other misconduct, such as exit scams and rug pulls (orchestrated by developers and/or influencers who promote a smart contract or application and, ultimately, escape with the money at an agreed time), or Ponzi or similar fraud schemes.

Many DeFi applications are currently deployed on the Ethereum Network, and smart contracts relating to DeFi applications currently represent a significant source of demand for ether. DeFi applications may achieve their investment purposes through self-executing smart contracts that may allow users, for example, to invest crypto assets in a pool from which other users can borrow without requiring an intermediate party to facilitate these transactions. These investments may earn interest to the investor based on the rates at which borrowers repay the loan, and can generally be withdrawn by the investor. For smart contracts that hold a pool of crypto asset reserves, smart contract super users or admin key holders may be able to extract funds from the pool, liquidate assets held in the pool, or take other actions that decrease the value of the crypto assets held by the smart contract in reserves. Even for crypto assets that have adopted a decentralized governance mechanism, such as smart contracts that are governed by the holders of a governance token, such governance tokens can be concentrated in the hands of a small group of core

community members, who would be able to make similar changes unilaterally to the smart contract. If any such super user or group of core members unilaterally make adverse changes to a smart contract, the design, functionality, features and value of the smart contract, its related crypto assets may be harmed. In addition, assets held by the smart contract in reserves may be stolen, misused, burnt, locked up or otherwise become unusable and irrecoverable. Super users can also become targets of hackers and malicious attackers. If an attacker is able to access or obtain the super user privileges of a smart contract, or if a smart contract’s super users or core community members take actions that adversely affect the smart contract, users who transact with the smart contract may experience decreased functionality of the smart contract or may suffer a partial or total loss of any crypto assets they have used to transact with the smart contract. Furthermore, the underlying smart contracts may be insecure, contain bugs or other vulnerabilities, or otherwise may not work as intended. Any of the foregoing could cause users of the DeFi application to be negatively affected, or could cause the DeFi application to be the subject of negative publicity. Because DeFi applications may be built on the Ethereum Network and represent a significant source of demand for ether, public confidence in the Ethereum Network itself could be negatively affected, such sources of demand could diminish, and the value of ether could decrease. Similar risks apply to any smart contract or decentralized application, not just DeFi applications.

Validators may suffer losses due to staking, which could make the Ethereum Network less attractive.

Validation on the Ethereum Network requires ether to be transferred into smart contracts on the underlying blockchain networks not under the Trust’s or anyone else’s control. If the Ethereum Network source code or protocol fail to behave as expected, suffer cybersecurity attacks or hacks, experience security issues, or encounter other problems, such assets may be irretrievably lost. In addition, the Ethereum Networks dictate requirements for participation in validation activity, and may impose penalties, or “slashing,” if the relevant activities are not performed correctly, such as if the staker acts maliciously on the network, “double signs” any transactions, or experience extended downtimes. If validators’ staked ether is slashed by the Ethereum Network, their assets may be confiscated, withdrawn, or burnt by the network, resulting in losses to them. Furthermore, the Ethereum Network requires the payment of base fees and the practice of paying tips is common, and such fees can become significant as the amount and complexity of the transaction grows, depending on the degree of network congestion and the price of ether. Any cybersecurity attacks, security issues, hacks, penalties, slashing events, or other problems could damage validators’ willingness to participate in validation, discourage existing and future validators from serving as such, and adversely impact the Ethereum Network’s adoption or the price of ether. Any disruption of validation on the Ethereum Network could interfere with network operations and cause the Ethereum Network to be less attractive to users and application developers than competing blockchain networks, which could cause the price of ether to decrease.

Proof-of-stake blockchains are a relatively recent innovation, and have not been subject to as widespread use or adoption over as long of a period of time as traditional proof-of-work blockchains.

Certain crypto assets, such as bitcoin, use a “proof-of-work” consensus algorithm. The genesis block on the Bitcoin blockchain was mined in 2009, and Bitcoin’s blockchain has been in operation since then. Many newer blockchains enabling smart contract functionality, including the current Ethereum Network following the completion of the Merge in 2022, use a newer consensus algorithm known as “proof-of-stake.” While their proponents believe that they may have certain advantages, the “proof-of-stake” consensus mechanisms and governance systems underlying many newer blockchain protocols, including the Ethereum Network following the Merge, and their associated crypto assets — including the ether held by the Trust — have not been tested at scale over as long of a period of time or subject to as widespread use or adoption as, for example, bitcoin’s proof-of-work consensus mechanism has. This could lead to these blockchains, and their associated crypto assets, having undetected vulnerabilities, structural design flaws, suboptimal incentive structures for network participants (e.g., validators), technical disruptions, or a wide variety of other problems, any of which could cause these blockchains not to function as intended, lead to outright failure to function entirely causing a total outage or disruption of network activity, or to suffer other operational problems or reputational damage, leading to a loss of users or adoption or a loss in value of the associated crypto assets, including the Trust’s assets. Over the long term, there can be no assurance that the proof-of-stake blockchain on which the Trust’s assets rely will achieve widespread scale or adoption or perform successfully; any failure to do so could negatively impact the value of the Trust’s assets.

The Trust will not stake the ether it holds, so an investment in the Trust’s Shares will not realize the economic benefits of staking

Staking on the Ethereum Network refers to using ether, or permitting ether to be used, directly or indirectly, through an agent or otherwise, in the Ethereum Network’s proof-of-stake validation protocol, in exchange for the receipt of consideration, including, but not limited to, staking rewards paid in fiat currency or paid in kind (collectively, “Staking”). At this time, neither the Trust, nor the Sponsor, nor any other person associated with the Trust may, directly or indirectly, engage in Staking, meaning no action will be taken pursuant to which any portion of the Trust’s ether becomes subject to Ethereum Network’s proof-of-stake validation or is used to earn additional ether or generate income or other earnings, and there can be no assurance that the Trust, the Sponsor or any other person associated with the Trust will ever be permitted to engage in Staking or such activity in the future.

The Trust will not participate in the proof-of-stake validation mechanism of the Ethereum Network to receive rewards comprising additional ether in respect of its ether holdings. The current inability of the Trust to participate in Staking and receive such rewards could place the Shares at a comparative disadvantage relative to an investment in ether directly or through a vehicle that is not subject to such a prohibition, which could negatively affect the value of the Shares. If the crypto asset award or transaction fees for recording transactions on the Ethereum Network are not sufficiently high to incentivize validators, or if certain jurisdictions continue to limit or otherwise regulate validating activities, validators may cease expanding validating power or demand high transaction fees, which could negatively impact the value of ether and the value of the Shares.

In 2021, the Ethereum Network implemented the EIP-1559 upgrade. EIP-1559 changed the methodology used to calculate transaction fees paid to ether validators in such a manner that reduced the total net issuance of ether fees paid to validators. If the crypto asset awards for validating blocks or the transaction fees for recording transactions on the Ethereum Network are not sufficiently high to incentivize validators, or if certain jurisdictions continue to limit or otherwise regulate validating activities, validators may cease expending validating power to validate blocks and confirmations of transactions on the Ethereum Network could be slowed. For example, the realization of one or more of the following risks could materially adversely affect the value of the Shares:

•        A reduction in staked ether on the Ethereum Network could increase the likelihood of a malicious actor obtaining control of the network.

•        Validators have historically accepted relatively low transaction confirmation fees on most crypto asset networks. If validators demand higher transaction fees for recording transactions in the Ethereum blockchain or a software upgrade automatically charges fees for all transactions on the Ethereum Network, the cost of using ether may increase and the marketplace may be reluctant to accept ether as a means of payment. Alternatively, validators could collude in an anti-competitive manner to reject low transaction fees on the Ethereum Network and force users to pay higher fees, thus reducing the attractiveness of the Ethereum Network. Higher transaction confirmation fees resulting through collusion or otherwise may adversely affect the attractiveness of the Ethereum Network, the value of ether and the value of the Shares.

•        To the extent that any validators cease to record transactions that do not include the payment of a transaction fee in blocks or do not record a transaction because the transaction fee is too low, such transactions will not be recorded on the Ethereum blockchain until a block is validated by a validator who does not require the payment of transaction fees or is willing to accept a lower fee. Any widespread delays or disruptions in the recording of transactions could result in a loss of confidence in the Ethereum Network and could prevent the Trust from completing transactions associated with the day-to-day operations of the Trust, including creations and redemptions of the Shares in exchange for ether with Authorized Participants.

•        During the course of the block validation processes, validators exercise the discretion to select which transactions to include within a block and in what order to include these transactions. Beyond the standard block reward and transaction fees, validators have the ability to extract what is known as Maximal Extractable Value (“MEV”) by strategically choosing, reordering, or excluding certain transactions during block production in return for increased transaction fees or other forms of profit for such validators. In blockchain networks that facilitate DeFi protocols in particular, such as the Ethereum

Network, users may attempt to gain an advantage over other users by offering additional fees to validators for effecting the order or inclusions of transactions within a block. Certain software solutions, such as MEV Boost by Flashbots, have been developed which facilitate validators and other parties in the ecosystem in capturing MEV. The presence of MEV may incentivize associated practices such as sandwich attacks or front running that can have negative repercussions on DeFi users. A “sandwich attack” is executed by placing two transactions around a large, detected transaction to capitalize on the expected price impact. For instance, a market participant might identify a sizable transaction within the mempool that will significantly alter an asset’s price on a decentralized exchange. The participant could then for example orchestrate a transaction bundle: one transaction to acquire the asset prior to the detected transaction, followed by the large transaction itself, and a final transaction to sell the asset after the market price has increased due to the large transaction’s execution. Such transaction bundles can be submitted to validators through mechanisms like MEV-Boost, with validators receiving a share of the profits as an incentive to include the specific transaction bundle in the block. In the context of MEV, “front running” is said to occur when a user spots a transaction in the publicly visible so-called memory pool (“mempool”) of pending but unexecuted transactions awaiting validation, and then pays a high transaction fee to a validator to have their transaction executed on a priority basis in a manner designed to profit from the pending but unexecuted transaction that is still in the mempool. MEV may also compromise the predictability of transaction execution, which may deter usage of the network as a whole. Although based on widely available information given that transactions in the mempool are publicly visible, any potential perception of MEV as unfair manipulation may also discourage users and other stakeholders from engaging with DeFi protocols or the Ethereum Network in general. In addition, it’s possible regulators or legislators could enact rules which restrict practices associated with MEV, which could diminish the popularity of the Ethereum Network among users and validators. Any of these or other outcomes related to MEV may adversely affect the value of ether and the value of the Shares.

Competition from the emergence or growth of other crypto assets or methods of investing in ether could have a negative impact on the price of ether and adversely affect the value of the Shares.

As of September 27, 2024, ether was the second largest crypto asset by market capitalization as tracked by CoinGecko.com. As of September 27, 2024, there were over 10,000 alternative crypto assets tracked by CoinGecko.com, having a total market capitalization of approximately $2.1 trillion (including the approximately $284 billion market capitalization of ether), as calculated using market prices and total available supply of each crypto asset, excluding tokens pegged to other assets. In addition, many consortiums and financial institutions are also researching and investing resources into private or permissioned smart contracts platforms rather than open platforms like the Ethereum Network. Competition from the emergence or growth of alternative crypto assets and smart contract platforms, such as Solana, Avalanche, Polkadot, or Cardano, could have a negative impact on the demand for, and price of, ether and thereby adversely affect the value of the Shares.

In addition, some crypto asset networks, including the Ethereum Network, may be the target of ill will from users of other crypto asset networks. For example, in July 2016, the Ethereum Network underwent a contentious hard fork that resulted in the creation of a new crypto asset network called Ethereum Classic. As a result, some users of the Ethereum Classic network may harbor ill will toward the Ethereum network. These users may attempt to negatively impact the use or adoption of the Ethereum network. For additional information on the hard fork that resulted in the creation of Ethereum Classic, see “Overview of the Ethereum Industry — Introduction to ether and the Ethereum network — The DAO and Ethereum Classic.”

Investors may invest in ether through means other than the Shares, including through direct investments in ether and other potential financial vehicles, possibly including securities backed by or linked to ether and crypto asset financial vehicles similar to the Trust, or ether futures-based products. Market and financial conditions, and other conditions beyond the Sponsor’s control, may make it more attractive to invest in other financial vehicles or to invest in ether directly, which could limit the market for, and reduce the liquidity of, the Shares. In addition, to the extent crypto asset financial vehicles other than the Trust tracking the price of ether are formed and represent a significant proportion of the demand for ether, large purchases or redemptions of the securities of these crypto asset financial vehicles, or private funds holding ether, could negatively affect the Index, the Trust’s ether holdings, the price of the Shares, the net asset value of the Trust and the NAV.

Additionally, the Trust and the Sponsor face competition with respect to the creation of competing exchange-traded ether products. The Trust’s competitors may also charge a substantially lower fee than the Sponsor’s Fee in order to achieve initial market acceptance and scale. Accordingly, the Sponsor’s competitors may commercialize a competing product more rapidly or effectively than the Sponsor is able to, which could adversely affect the Sponsor’s competitive position and the likelihood that the Trust will achieve initial market acceptance, and could have a detrimental effect on the scale and sustainability of the Trust. If the Trust fails to achieve sufficient scale due to competition, the Sponsor may have difficulty raising sufficient revenue to cover the costs associated with launching and maintaining the Trust and such shortfalls could impact the Sponsor’s ability to properly invest in robust ongoing operations and controls of the Trust to minimize the risk of operating events, errors, or other forms of losses to the Shareholders. In addition, the Trust may also fail to attract adequate liquidity in the secondary market due to such competition, resulting in a sub-standard number of Authorized Participants willing to make a market in the Shares, which in turn could result in a significant premium or discount in the Shares for extended periods and the Trust’s failure to reflect the performance of the price of ether.

Layer 2 solutions on the Ethereum Network were only recently conceived and may not properly function as intended, which could have an adverse impact on the value of ether and an investment in the Shares.

So-called “Layer 2” solutions are protocols built on top of an underlying smart contract platform blockchain intended to provide scalability to the underlying blockchain by increasing transaction efficiency. For example, Arbitrum is a smart contract platform protocol built on top of the Ethereum Network; it is intended to provide scalability to Ethereum Network by allowing users to transact on a second blockchain deployed on the Ethereum Network. Under this model, the Ethereum Network functions as the base layer, or “Layer 1” blockchain. Such solutions are intended to improve upon the transaction speed, cost and efficiency of transactions on their respective Layer 1. Layer 2 solutions therefore rely, to various degrees, on the functionality of the underlying Layer 1 blockchain.

The details of how this is done vary significantly between different Layer 2 technologies and implementations. For example, “rollups” perform transaction execution outside the Layer 1 blockchain and then post the data, typically in batches, back to the Layer 1 Ethereum Network where consensus is reached. “Zero knowledge rollups” are generally designed to run the computation needed to validate the transactions off-chain, on the Layer 2 protocol, and submit a proof of validity of a batch of transactions (not the entire transactions themselves). By contrast, “optimistic rollups” assume transactions are valid by default and only run computation, via a fraud proof, in the event of a challenge. Other proposed Layer 2 scaling solutions include, among others, “state channels”, which are designed to allow participants to run a large number of transactions on the Layer 2 side channel protocol and only submit two transactions to the main Layer 1 Ethereum Network (the transaction opening the state channel, and the transaction closing the channel), “side chains”, in which an entire Layer 2 blockchain network with similar capabilities to the existing Layer 1 Ethereum Network runs in parallel with the existing Layer 1 Ethereum Network and allows smart contracts and DApps to run on the Layer 2 side chain without burdening the main Layer 1 network, and others. To date, the Ethereum Network community has not coalesced overwhelmingly around any particular Layer 2 solution, though this could change. There is no guarantee that any of the mechanisms in place or being explored for increasing the speed and throughput of settlement of Ethereum Network transactions will be effective, or as to the length of time these mechanisms will take to become effective, which could cause the Ethereum Network to not adequately resolve scaling challenges and adversely impact the adoption of Ether and the Ethereum Network and the value of the Shares. There is no guarantee that any potential scaling solution, whether a change to the Layer 1 blockchain or the introduction of a Layer 2 solution like rollups, state channels or side chains, will achieve widespread adoption. It is possible that proposed changes to the Layer 1 Ethereum Network could divide the community, potentially even causing a hard fork, or that the decentralized governance of the Ethereum Network causes network participants to fail to coalesce overwhelmingly around any particular solution, causing the Ethereum Network to suffer reduced adoption or causing users or validators to migrate to other blockchain networks. It is also possible that scaling solutions could fail to work as intended or could introduce bugs, coding defects or flaws, security risks, or other problems that could cause them to suffer operational disruptions. For example, in multiple instances, the Arbitrum network experienced outages due to failures in its primary node responsible for submitting transactions to Ethereum.

Further, smart contracts deployed on one Layer 2 solution may not be interoperable with smart contracts deployed on other Layer 2 solutions. In particular, the advent of Layer 2 solutions risks fracturing liquidity of DeFi DApps on a smart contract platform’s mainchain by splitting such liquidity among multiple, non-interoperable

Layer 2 solutions, which could limit their use case or reduce efficiency. As Layer 2 solutions grow in popularity and total value locked, these types of difficulties may lead to transactional congestion or forfeiture of value held on the Ethereum Network, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the value of ether.

Liquid staking applications pose centralization concerns, and a single liquid staking application has reportedly controlled around or in excess of 33% of the total staked Ether on the Ethereum Network.

Validators must deposit 32 ether to activate a unique validator key pair that is used to sign block proposals and attestations on behalf of its stake (i.e., participate in the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism). For every 32 ether deposit that is staked, a unique validator key pair is generated. This validator key pair is only used in validation processes (block proposal and attestation, and the staking associated therewith), and is separate from the public-private key pair generated in respect of the blockchain address on the Ethereum Network which is used to hold the ether. An application built on the Ethereum Network, or a single node operator, can manage many validator key pairs. For example, Lido, an application that provides a so-called “liquid staking” solution that permits holders of ether to deposit them with Lido, which stakes the ether while issuing the holder a transferrable token, is reported by some sources to have or have had up to 275,000 validator key pairs (each representing 32 staked ether) divided across over 30 node operators. At times, Lido has reportedly controlled around or in excess of 33% of the total staked ether on the Ethereum Network. While it is widely believed that Lido has little incentive to attempt to interfere with transaction finality or block confirmations using its reported 33% stake, since doing so would likely cause its entire stake to be slashed and thus lost (assuming good actors unaffiliated with Lido controlled the remainder), and also because Lido is believed to not control most of the third party node operators where its ether is staked, and finally because the occurrence of such manipulation of the Ethereum Network’s consensus process by Lido or any other actor would likely cause ether to lose substantial value (which would hurt Lido economically), it nevertheless poses centralization concerns. If Lido, or a bad actor with a similar sized stake, were to attempt to interfere with transaction finality or block confirmations, it could negatively affect the use and adoption of the Ethereum Network, the value of ether, and thus the value of the Shares.

Correlation Risk

Changes in the Trust’s NAV may not correlate well with changes in the price of the Index. If this were to occur, you may not be able to effectively use the Trust to hedge against crypto related losses or as a way to indirectly invest in the crypto asset market.

The Sponsor endeavors to invest the Trust’s assets as fully as possible in the Index Constituents so that the changes in the NAV closely correlate with the changes in the Index. However, changes in the Trust’s NAV may not correlate with the changes in the Index for various reasons, including those set forth below.

The Trust incurs certain expenses in connection with its operations and holds most of its assets in income producing, short-term financial instruments for margin and other liquidity purposes and to meet redemptions that may be necessary on an ongoing basis. To the extent these expenses are not covered by the Management Fee, and income from short-term financial instruments may cause imperfect correlation between changes in the Trust’s NAV and changes in the Index. Weak correlation between the Trust’s NAV and the spot price of the Index Constituents may result from fluctuations in the Index Constituents prices discussed above. The price of Shares may not accurately track the spot price of the Index Constituents and you may not be able to effectively use the Trust as a way to hedge the risk of losses in your crypto-related transactions or as a way to indirectly invest in the Index Constituents.

There may be significant volatility in the market for the Index Constituents. This volatility, in turn, may make it more difficult for Authorized Participants and other market purchasers to be able to identify a reliable price for the Index Constituents. Without reliable prices, Authorized Participants and other market purchasers may reduce their role in the market arbitrage process or “step away” from these activities. This, in turn, might inhibit the effectiveness of the arbitrage process in maintaining the relationship between the underlying value of the Trust’s assets and the Trust’s market price. This reduced effectiveness could result in Trust Shares trading at a price which differs materially from NAV and also in greater than normal intraday bid/ask spreads for Trust Shares.

In addition, in case additional Index Constituents other than bitcoin and ether are added to the Index and the Trust is unable to hold these components for any reason, there could be a divergence between the performance of the Trust and the Index. This divergence may result in discrepancies between the Trust’s NAV and the Index’s price

movements, potentially impacting the Trust’s ability to accurately track the Index and meet its investment objective. Investors should be aware that such correlation risks could affect the Trust’s effectiveness in providing the desired exposure to the Index.

An investment in the Trust may provide you with little or no diversification benefits. Thus, in a declining market, the Trust may have no gains to offset your losses from other investments, and you may suffer losses on your investment in the Trust at the same time you incur losses with respect to other asset classes.

It cannot be predicted to what extent the performance of the Index Constituents will or will not correlate to the performance of other broader asset classes such as stocks and bonds. If the Trust’s performance were to move more directly with the financial markets, you will obtain little or no diversification benefits from an investment in the Shares. In such a case, the Trust may have no gains to offset your losses from other investments, and you may suffer losses on your investment in the Trust at the same time you incur losses with respect to other investments.

Variables such as cost of electricity, regulation, market disruptions, cyber-attacks and political events may have a larger impact on the Index Constituents and the Index Constituents interest prices than on traditional securities and broader financial markets. These additional variables may create additional investment risks that subject the Trust’s investments to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities.

Lower correlation should not be confused with negative correlation, where the performance of two asset classes would be opposite of each other. There is no historic evidence that the spot price of the Index Constituents and prices of other financial assets, such as stocks and bonds, are negatively correlated. In the absence of negative correlation, the Trust cannot be expected to be automatically profitable during unfavorable periods for the stock market, or vice versa.

If changes in the Trust’s NAV do not correlate with changes in the Index, then investing in the Trust may not be an effective way to hedge against crypto-related losses or indirectly invest in the Index Constituents.

Cash creations and redemptions may impact the efficiency of the arbitrage mechanism compared to in-kind creations and redemptions.

The use of cash creations and redemptions, as opposed to in-kind creations and redemptions, could cause delays in trade execution due to potential operational issues arising from implementing a cash creation and redemption model, which involves greater operational steps (and therefore execution risk) than an in-kind creation and redemption model. Such delays could cause the execution price associated with such trades to materially deviate from the Benchmark price. Even though the Authorized Participant is responsible for the dollar cost of such difference in prices, Authorized Participants could default on their obligations to the Trust, or such potential risks and costs could lead Authorized Participants, who would otherwise be willing to purchase or redeem Baskets to take advantage of any arbitrage opportunity arising from discrepancies between the price of the Shares and the price of the underlying portfolio holdings, to elect to not participate in the Trust’s Share creation and redemption processes. This may adversely affect the arbitrage mechanism intended to keep the price of the Shares closely linked to the price of the Trust’s portfolio holdings, and as a result, the price of the Shares may fall or otherwise diverge from NAV. If the arbitrage mechanism is not effective, purchases or sales of Shares on the secondary market could occur at a premium or discount to NAV, which could harm Shareholders by causing them buy Shares at a price higher than the value of the underlying portfolio holdings held by the Trust or sell Shares at a price lower than the value of the underlying portfolio holdings held by the Trust, causing Shareholders to suffer losses. Further, if and when in-kind regulatory approval is obtained, the Trust may not be able to successfully implement in-kind creation and redemption transactions, which could put the Trust at a disadvantage compared to other crypto asset ETPs that are able to implement in-kind creations and redemptions.

Risk of Divergence Between Index Tracking and Quarterly Rebalancing

The Trust is subject to potential correlation risk due to the difference in timing between daily tracking of the Index and the quarterly rebalancing of its portfolio. The Trust aims to track the Index on a daily basis; however, the rebalancing of the Trust’s holdings to reflect the updated Index weights occurs only on a quarterly basis. During periods of significant market movement or volatility, the value of the Trust’s portfolio may diverge from the Index due to the lag in rebalancing. This divergence could result in the Trust’s performance not fully reflecting the changes

in the Index between rebalancing periods, particularly if the prices of bitcoin and ether experience significant shifts. Investors should be aware that short-term differences between the Trust’s portfolio and the Index may occur, potentially adversely impacting the value of the Shares.

Risks Associated with the Trust’s Holdings in Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Trust may experience a loss if it is required to sell cash equivalents at a price lower than the price at which they were acquired.

Under limited circumstances, the Trust will hold cash to bear its expenses. If the Trust is required to sell its cash equivalents at a price lower than the price at which they were acquired, the Trust will experience a loss. This loss may adversely impact the price of the Shares and may decrease the correlation between the price of the Shares, the Index, and the spot price of the Index Constituents. The value of cash equivalents held by the Trust generally moves inversely with movements in interest rates. The prices of longer maturity securities are subject to greater market fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. While the short-term nature of the Trust’s investments in cash equivalents should minimize the interest rate risk to which the Trust is subject, it is possible that the cash equivalents held by the Trust will decline in value.

Risk Related to Lack of Liquidity

Certain of the Trust’s investments could be illiquid, which could cause large losses to investors at any time or from time to time.

If the Trust’s ability to obtain exposure to the Index Constituents in accordance with its investment objective is disrupted for any reason including, because of limited liquidity in crypto asset markets, or a disruption to the crypto asset markets, the Trust may not be able to achieve its investment objective and may experience significant losses. Any disruption in the Trust’s ability to obtain exposure to the Index Constituents will cause the Trust’s performance to deviate from the performance of the Index.

A market disruption, such as a government taking regulatory or other actions that disrupt the crypto asset market, can also make it difficult to liquidate a position. Unexpected market illiquidity may cause major losses to investors at any time or from time to time. In addition, the Trust does not intend at this time to establish a credit facility, which would provide an additional source of liquidity, but instead will rely only on the cash and cash equivalents that it holds to meet its liquidity needs. The anticipated value of the positions in the Index Constituents that the Sponsor will acquire or enter into for the Trust increases the risk of illiquidity. Because the Index Constituents may be illiquid, the Trust’s holdings may be more difficult to liquidate at favorable prices in periods of illiquid markets and losses may be incurred during the period in which positions are being liquidated.

Buying and selling activity associated with the purchase and redemption may adversely affect an investment in the Shares.

The Sponsor’s purchase of assets in connection with basket creation orders may cause the price of the Index Constituents to increase, which will result in higher prices for the Shares. Increases in the Index Constituents’ prices may also occur as a result of purchases by other market participants who attempt to benefit from an increase in the market price of crypto assets when baskets are created. The market price of Index Constituents may therefore decline immediately after baskets are created.

Selling activity associated with sales of assets by the Sponsor in connection with redemption orders may decrease the Index Constituents’ prices, which will result in lower prices for the Shares. Decreases in the Index Constituents’ prices may also occur as a result of selling activity by other market participants.

In addition to the effect that purchases and sales of the Index Constituents by the Sponsor and other market participants may have on the price of the Index Constituents, other exchange-traded products or large private investment vehicles with similar investment vehicles (if developed) could represent a substantial portion of demand for the Index Constituents at any given time and the sales and purchases by such investments may impact the price of the Index Constituents. If the price of the Index Constituents declines, the trading price of the Shares will generally also decline.

The inability of Authorized Participants and market makers to hedge their crypto exposure may adversely affect the liquidity of Shares and the value of an investment in the Shares.

Authorized Participants and market makers will generally want to hedge their exposure in connection with basket creation and redemption orders. To the extent Authorized Participants and market makers are unable to hedge their exposure due to market conditions (e.g., insufficient liquidity in the market, inability to locate an appropriate hedge counterparty, extreme volatility in the price of the Index Constituents, wide spreads between prices quotes on different crypto platforms, etc.), such conditions may make it difficult to create or redeem Baskets or cause them to not create or redeem Baskets. In addition, the hedging mechanisms employed by Authorized Participants and market makers to hedge their exposure to the Index Constituents may not function as intended, which may make it more difficult for them to enter into such transactions. Such events could negatively impact the market price of Shares and the spread at which Shares trade on the open market. To the extent Authorized Participants wish to use futures to hedge their exposure, note that while growing in recent years, the market for exchange-traded crypto futures contracts has a limited trading history and operational experience and may be less liquid, more volatile and more vulnerable to economic, market and industry changes than more established futures markets. The liquidity of the market will depend on, among other things, the adoption of crypto assets and the commercial and speculative interest in the market.

Arbitrage transactions intended to keep the price of Shares closely linked to the price of the Index Constituents may be problematic if the process for the creation and redemption of Baskets encounters difficulties, which may adversely affect an investment in the Shares.

If the processes of creation and redemption of the Shares encounter any unanticipated difficulties, potential market participants who would otherwise be willing to purchase or redeem baskets to take advantage of any arbitrage opportunity arising from discrepancies between the price of the Shares and the price of the underlying assets may not take the risk that, as a result of those difficulties, they may not be able to realize the profit they expect. If this is the case, the liquidity of Shares may decline, and the price of the Shares may fluctuate independently of the price of the Index Constituents and may fall.

Examples of such unanticipated difficulties in the creation and redemption process might include, but are not limited to, operational failures such as technological malfunctions in the trade execution or settlement systems, delays or inaccuracies in data feeds, or disruptions in the communication channels used to transmit creation and redemption orders. Regulatory changes or legal challenges could also impose unforeseen hurdles, potentially leading to delays or restrictions in the processing of creation and redemption orders. Furthermore, liquidity issues in the crypto asset market itself could impede the ability to acquire or dispose of the Index Constituents efficiently, thereby affecting the creation and redemption of baskets.

Loss of a critical banking relationship for, or the failure of a bank used by, the Trust could adversely impact the Trust’s ability to create or redeem Baskets or could cause losses to the Trust.

To the extent that the Trust faces difficulty establishing or maintaining banking relationships, the loss of the Trust’s banking partners, the imposition of operational restrictions by these banking partners and the inability for the Trust to utilize other financial institutions may result in a disruption of creation and redemption activity of the Trust or cause other operational disruptions or adverse effects for the Trust. In the future, it is possible that the Trust could be unable to establish accounts at new banking partners or establish new banking relationships, or that the banks with which the Trust is able to establish relationships may not be as large or well-capitalized or subject to the same degree of prudential supervision as the existing providers.

The Trust could also suffer losses in the event that a bank in which the Trust holds assets fails, becomes insolvent, enters receivership, is taken over by regulators, enters financial distress, or otherwise suffers adverse effects to its financial condition or operational status. Recently, some banks have experienced financial distress. For example, on March 8, 2023, the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (“DFPI”) announced that Silvergate Bank had entered voluntary liquidation, and on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, (“SVB”), was closed by the DFPI, which appointed the FDIC, as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, the New York Department of Financial Services took possession of Signature Bank and appointed the FDIC as receiver. On May 1, 2023, First Republic Bank was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the FDIC as receiver. The future failure of a bank at which the Trust maintains assets, could result in losses to the Trust to the extent the cash balances are not subject to deposit insurance.

The Trust and other Trusts with similar investment strategies may try to exit positions at the same time.

If the Trust and other Trusts with similar investment strategies try to sell the Index Constituents at the same time, such a mass exit could have detrimental effect on price and liquidity, and you could incur losses in your investment in Shares of the Trust.

Regulatory Risk

Crypto asset markets in the U.S. exist in a state of regulatory uncertainty, and adverse legislative or regulatory developments could significantly harm the value of the Index Constituents or the Shares.

There is a lack of consensus regarding the regulation of crypto assets, including the Index Constituents, and their markets. As a result of the growth in the size of the crypto asset market, the U.S. Congress and a number of U.S. federal and state agencies (including FinCEN, SEC, OCC, CFTC, FINRA, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the IRS, state financial institution regulators, and others) have been examining the operations of crypto asset networks, crypto asset users and the crypto asset markets. Many of these state and federal agencies have brought enforcement actions or issued consumer advisories regarding the risks posed by crypto assets to investors. Ongoing and future regulatory actions with respect to crypto assets generally or each of the Index Constituents in particular may alter, perhaps to a materially adverse extent, the nature of an investment in the Shares or the ability of the Trust to continue to operate. Regulatory developments such as by banning, restricting or imposing onerous conditions or prohibitions on the use of crypto assets, mining activity, digital wallets, the provision of services related to trading and custodying crypto assets, the operation of the Index Constituents Networks, or the crypto asset markets generally may adversely impact the value of the Index Constituents and, therefore, of the Trust.

The bankruptcy filings of FTX and its subsidiaries, Three Arrows Capital, Celsius Network, Voyager Digital, Genesis, BlockFi and others, and other developments in the crypto asset markets, have resulted in calls for heightened scrutiny and regulation of the crypto asset industry, with a specific focus on intermediaries such as crypto platforms and custodians. Federal and state legislatures and regulatory agencies may introduce and enact new laws and regulations to regulate crypto asset intermediaries, such as crypto platforms and custodians. The March 2023 collapses of Silicon Valley Bank, Silvergate Bank, and Signature Bank, which in some cases provided services to the crypto assets industry, may amplify and/or accelerate these trends. On January 3, 2023, the federal banking agencies issued a joint statement on crypto-asset risks to banking organizations following events which exposed vulnerabilities in the crypto-asset sector, including the risk of fraud and scams, legal uncertainties, significant volatility, and contagion risk. Although banking organizations are not prohibited from crypto asset related activities, the agencies have expressed significant safety and soundness concerns with business models that are concentrated in crypto asset related activities or have concentrated exposures to the crypto asset sector.

US federal and state regulators, as well as the White House, have issued reports and releases concerning crypto assets, including the Index Constituents and crypto asset markets. Further, in 2023 the House of Representatives formed two new subcommittees: the Crypto assets, Financial Technology and Inclusion Subcommittee and the Commodity Markets, Crypto assets, and Rural Development Subcommittee, each of which were formed in part to analyze issues concerning crypto assets and demonstrate a legislative intent to develop and consider the adoption of federal legislation designed to address the perceived need for regulation of and concerns surrounding the crypto industry. In 2023, Congress continued to consider several stand-alone crypto asset bills, including a formal process to determine when crypto assets will be treated as either securities to be regulated by the SEC or commodities under the purview of the CFTC, what type of federal/state regulatory regime will exist for payment stablecoins and the how the BSA will apply to cryptocurrency providers. On May 21, 2024, the Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (“FIT21”) advanced through the United States House of Representatives in a vote along bipartisan lines. However, the extent and content of any forthcoming laws and regulations are not yet ascertainable with certainty, and it may not be ascertainable in the near future. A divided Congress makes any prediction difficult. We cannot predict how these and other related events will affect us or the crypto asset business.

President Biden’s March 9, 2022 Executive Order, asserting that technological advances and the rapid growth of the crypto asset markets “necessitate an evaluation and alignment of the United States Government approach to crypto assets,” signals an ongoing focus on crypto asset policy and regulation in the United States. Several reports

issued pursuant to the Executive Order have focused on various risks related to the crypto asset ecosystem and have recommended additional legislation and regulatory oversight. There have also been several bills introduced in Congress that propose to establish additional regulation and oversight of the crypto asset markets.

It is not possible to predict whether, or when, any of these developments will lead to Congress granting additional authorities to the SEC or other regulators, what the nature of such additional authorities might be, how additional legislation and/or regulatory oversight might impact the ability of crypto asset markets to function or how any new regulations or changes to existing regulations might impact the value of crypto assets held by the Trust. The consequences of increased federal regulation of crypto assets and crypto asset activities could have a material adverse effect on the Trust and the Shares.

FinCEN requires any administrator or exchanger of convertible crypto assets to register with FinCEN as a money transmitter and comply with the anti-money laundering regulations applicable to money transmitters. Entities which fail to comply with such regulations are subject to fines, may be required to cease operations, and could have potential criminal liability. For example, in 2015, FinCEN assessed a $700,000 fine against a sponsor of a crypto asset for violating several requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act by acting as an MSB and selling the crypto asset without registering with FinCEN, and by failing to implement and maintain an adequate anti-money laundering program. In 2017, FinCEN assessed a $110 million fine against BTC-e, a now defunct crypto asset exchange, for similar violations. The requirement that exchangers that do business in the U.S. register with FinCEN and comply with anti-money laundering regulations may increase the cost of buying and selling crypto assets and therefore may adversely affect the price of the Index Constituents and an investment in the Shares.

The Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury has added digital currency addresses to the list of Specially Designated Nationals whose assets are blocked, and with whom U.S. persons are generally prohibited from dealing. Such actions by OFAC, or by similar organizations in other jurisdictions, may introduce uncertainty in the market as to whether crypto assets that have been associated with such addresses in the past can be easily sold. Reduced fungibility in the crypto asset markets may reduce the liquidity of the Index Constituents and therefore adversely affect their price.

In February 2020, then-U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin stated that crypto assets were a “crucial area” on which the U.S. Department of the Treasury has spent significant time. Secretary Mnuchin announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury is preparing significant new regulations governing crypto asset activities to address concerns regarding the potential use for facilitating money laundering and other illicit activities. In December 2020, FinCEN, a bureau within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, proposed a rule that would require financial institutions to submit reports, keep records, and verify the identity of customers for certain transactions to or from so-called “unhosted” wallets, also commonly referred to as self-hosted wallets. In January 2021, U.S. Treasury Secretary nominee Janet Yellen stated her belief that regulators should “look closely at how to encourage the use of crypto assets for legitimate activities while curtailing their use for malign and illegal activities.”

Under regulations from the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”), businesses involved in crypto asset business activity for third parties in or involving New York, excluding merchants and consumers, must apply for a license, commonly known as a BitLicense, from the NYDFS and must comply with anti-money laundering, cyber security, consumer protection, and financial and reporting requirements, among others. As an alternative to a BitLicense, a firm can apply for a charter to become a limited purpose trust company under New York law qualified to engage in certain crypto asset business activities. Other states have considered or approved crypto asset business activity statutes or rules, passing, for example, regulations or guidance indicating that certain crypto asset business activities constitute money transmission requiring licensure.

The inconsistency in applying money transmitting licensure requirements to certain businesses may make it more difficult for these businesses to provide services, which may affect consumer adoption of crypto assets and its price. In an attempt to address these issues, the Uniform Law Commission passed a model law in July 2017, the Uniform Regulation of Virtual Currency Businesses Act, which has many similarities to the BitLicense and features a multistate reciprocity licensure feature, wherein a business licensed in one state could apply for accelerated licensure procedures in other states. It is still unclear, however, how many states, if any, will adopt some or all of the model legislation.

Law enforcement agencies have often relied on the transparency of blockchains to facilitate investigations. However, certain privacy-enhancing features have been, or are expected to be, introduced to a number of crypto asset networks. If the Index Constituents Networks were to adopt any of these features, these features may provide law

enforcement agencies with less visibility into transaction-level data. Europol, the European Union’s law enforcement agency, released a report in October 2017 noting the increased use of privacy-enhancing crypto assets like Zcash and Monero in criminal activity on the internet. Although no regulatory action has been taken to treat privacy enhancing crypto assets differently, this may change in the future.

Legal status of the Index Constituents.

The legal status of crypto assets varies substantially across jurisdictions. In many countries, the Index Constituents legal status is still undefined or changing. Some countries have banned crypto assets or securities or derivatives in respect to them (including for certain categories of investor), banned the local banks from working with crypto assets or restricted the use of crypto assets in other ways. Furthermore, in other countries the status of the Index Constituents remains undefined and there is uncertainty as to whether some crypto assets are a security, money, a commodity or property. In some countries, such as the United States, different government agencies define crypto assets differently, leading to regulatory conflict and uncertainty. This uncertainty is compounded by the rapid evolution of regulations. Countries may, in the future, explicitly restrict, outlaw or curtail the acquisition, use, trade or redemption of the Index Constituents. In such a scenario, there may be adverse effects on the value of the Index Constituents and the Trust’s Shares, including the termination of the Trust.

A determination that the Index Constituents or any other crypto asset is a “security” may adversely affect the value of the Shares, and result in potentially extraordinary, nonrecurring expenses to, or termination of, the Trust.

Depending on its characteristics, a crypto asset may be considered a “security” under the federal securities laws. The test for determining whether a particular crypto asset is a “security” is complex and difficult to apply, and the outcome is difficult to predict. Public statements by senior officials at the SEC indicate that the SEC does not consider the Index Constituents to be a security, at least currently, and the staff has provided informal assurances to a handful of promoters that the Index Constituents are not securities. On the other hand, the SEC has brought enforcement actions against the promoters of several other crypto assets on the basis that the crypto assets in question are securities.

Whether a crypto asset is a security under the federal securities laws depends on whether it is included in the lists of instruments making up the definition of “security” in the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the Investment Company Act. Crypto assets as such do not appear in any of these lists, although each list includes the terms “investment contract” and “note,” and the SEC has often analyzed whether a particular crypto asset is a security by reference to whether it meets the tests developed by the federal courts interpreting these terms, known as the Howey and Reves tests, respectively. For many crypto assets, whether or not the Howey or Reves tests are met is difficult to resolve definitively, and substantial legal arguments can often be made both in favor of and against a particular crypto asset qualifying as a security under one or both of the Howey and Reves tests. Adding to the complexity, the SEC staff has indicated that the security status of a particular crypto asset can change over time as the relevant facts evolve.

Any enforcement action by the SEC or a state securities regulator asserting that any of the Index Constituents is a security, or a court decision, to that effect would be expected to have an immediate material adverse impact on the trading value of such crypto asset, as well as the Shares. This is because the business models behind most crypto assets are incompatible with regulations applying to transactions in securities. If a crypto asset is determined or asserted to be a security, it is likely to become difficult or impossible for the crypto asset to be traded, cleared or custodied in the United States through the same channels used by non-security crypto assets, which in addition to materially and adversely affecting the trading value of the crypto asset is likely to significantly impact its liquidity and market participants’ ability to convert the crypto asset into U.S. dollars.

Lack of regulation of the crypto asset market.

The Index Constituents, the Index Constituents Networks and the crypto platforms are relatively new and, in many cases, either unregulated or not in compliance with some or all of the applicable laws and regulations. As a result of this lack of regulation, individuals, or groups may engage in insider trading, fraud or market manipulation with respect to the Index Constituents. Such manipulation could cause investors in the Index Constituents to lose money, possibly the entire value of their investments. Over the past several years, a number of crypto platforms have been closed due to fraud, failure or security breaches. The nature of the assets held at crypto platforms make them appealing targets for hackers and a number of crypto platforms have been victims of cybercrimes and other

fraudulent activity. These activities have caused significant, in some cases total, losses for crypto asset investors. Investors in crypto assets may have little or no recourse should such theft, fraud or manipulation occur. There is no central registry showing which individuals or entities own crypto assets or the quantity of crypto assets that is owned by any particular person or entity. There are no regulations in place that would prevent a large holder of crypto assets or a group of holders from selling their crypto assets, which could depress the price of such assets, or otherwise attempting to manipulate the price of such crypto assets or their networks. Events that reduce user confidence in the Index Constituents, the Index Constituents Networks and the fairness of crypto platforms could have a negative impact on the price of the Index Constituents and the value of an investment in the Trust.

Risk of illicit activities.

As crypto assets have grown in both popularity and market size, the U.S. Congress and a number of U.S. federal and state agencies (including the FinCEN, SEC, CFTC, FINRA, the CFPB, the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the IRS, and state financial institution regulators) have been examining the crypto networks and the crypto asset users, with particular focus on the extent to which crypto assets can be used to launder the proceeds of illegal activities or Trust criminal or terrorist enterprises and the safety and soundness of exchanges or other service providers that hold tokens for users. The imposition of stricter governmental regulation of the crypto asset market may adversely impact the activities of the Trust, for example, by reducing the liquidity of the Index Constituents markets.

Competing industries may have more influence with policymakers than the crypto asset industry, which could lead to the adoption of laws and regulations that are harmful to the crypto asset industry.

The crypto asset industry is relatively new and does not have the same access to policymakers and lobbying organizations in many jurisdictions compared to industries with which crypto assets may be seen to compete, such as banking, payments and consumer finance. Competitors from other, more established industries may have greater access to and influence with governmental officials and regulators and may be successful in persuading these policymakers that crypto assets require heightened levels of regulation compared to the regulation of traditional financial services. As a result, new laws and regulations may be proposed and adopted in the United States and elsewhere, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that disfavor or impose compliance burdens on the crypto asset industry or crypto platforms, which could adversely impact the value of the Index Constituents and therefore the value of the Shares.

Regulatory changes or actions in foreign jurisdictions may affect the value of the Shares or restrict the use of one or more crypto assets, mining activity or the operation of their networks in a manner that adversely affects the value of the Shares.

Various foreign jurisdictions have, and may continue to adopt laws, regulations or directives that affect crypto asset networks (including the Index Constituents Networks), the crypto asset markets, and their users, particularly crypto platforms and service providers that fall within such jurisdictions’ regulatory scope. Foreign laws, regulations or directives may conflict with those of the United States and may negatively impact the acceptance of one or more crypto assets by users, merchants and service providers outside the United States and may therefore impede the growth or sustainability of the crypto asset economy in the European Union, China, Japan, Russia and the United States and globally, or otherwise negatively affect the value of the Index Constituents. The effect of any future regulatory change is impossible to predict, but such change could be substantial and adverse to the Trust and the value of the Shares.

The Trust’s Operating Risks

The Trust may change its investment objective, Index or investment strategies at any time without Shareholder approval or advance notice.

Consistent with applicable provisions of the Trust Agreement and Delaware law, the Trust has broad authority to make changes to the Trust’s operations. The Trust may change its investment objective, Index, or investment strategies and Shareholders of the Trust will not have any rights with respect to these changes. Changes are subject to applicable regulatory requirements, including, but not limited to, any requirement to amend applicable listing rules of the Exchange. The reasons for and circumstances that may trigger any such changes may vary widely and cannot be predicted. Shareholders may experience losses on their investments in the Trust as a result of such changes.

The Trust is subject to risks due to its concentration of investments in only two assets.

Unlike other funds that may invest in diversified assets, the Trust’s investment strategy is concentrated in two assets within a single asset class. This concentration maximizes the degree of the Trust’s exposure to a variety of market risks associated with bitcoin and ether. By concentrating its investment strategy solely in bitcoin and ether, any losses suffered as a result of a decrease in the value of bitcoin or ether can be expected to reduce the value of an interest in the Trust and will not be offset by other gains if the Trust were to invest in underlying assets that were diversified.

Right to change the Index.

The Sponsor, in its sole discretion, may cause the Trust to track an Index other than the Index at any time, with prior notice to the investors, if investment conditions change or the Sponsor believes that another Index or standard better aligns with the Trust’s investment objective and strategy. The Sponsor, however, is under no obligation whatsoever to make such changes in any circumstance.

The Trust is not a registered investment company, so you do not have the protections of the Investment Company Act of 1940.

The Trust is not an investment company subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940. Accordingly, you do not have the protections expressly provided by that statute, including: provisions preventing Trust insiders from managing the Trust to their benefit and to the detriment of Trust Shareholders; provisions preventing the Trust from issuing securities having inequitable or discriminatory provisions; provisions preventing Trust management by irresponsible persons; provisions preventing the use of unsound or misleading methods of computing Trust earnings and asset value; provisions prohibiting suspension of redemptions (except under limited circumstances); provisions limiting Trust leverage; provisions imposing a fiduciary duty on Trust managers with respect to receipt of compensation for services; and provisions preventing changes in the Trust’s character without the consent of Trust Shareholders.

In addition, the Trust will not hold or trade in commodity interests regulated by the CEA, as administered by the CFTC. Furthermore, the Sponsor believes that the Trust is not a commodity pool for purposes of the CEA, and that neither the Sponsor nor the Trustee is subject to regulation by the CFTC as a commodity pool operator or a commodity trading advisor in connection with the operation of the Trust. Consequently, Shareholders will not have the regulatory protections provided to investors in CEA-regulated instruments or commodity pools.

There are technical risks inherent in the trading system the Sponsor intends to employ.

The Sponsor’s order management system is a broadly used and well-known computer-based system that utilizes external data feeds of market information. The Sponsor can experience business interruptions if its order management system or data feeds are disrupted or corrupted. For further discussion of technical and business continuity risks to the Trust’s and the Sponsor’s systems, see the discussion under the caption “Event Risk” below.

Several factors may affect the Trust’s ability to achieve its investment objective on a consistent basis.

There can be no assurance that the Trust will achieve its investment objective. Prospective investors should read this entire prospectus and consult with their own advisers before subscribing for Shares. Factors that may affect the Trust’s ability to meet its investment objective include: (1) Trust’s ability to purchase and sell crypto assets in an efficient manner to effectuate creation and redemption orders; (2) transaction fees associated with the Index Constituents Networks; (3) the crypto asset market becoming illiquid or disrupted; (4) the need to conform the Trust’s portfolio holdings to comply with investment restrictions or policies or regulatory or tax law requirements; (5) early or unanticipated closings of the markets on which the Index Constituents trade, resulting in the inability of Trust to execute intended portfolio transactions; and (6) accounting standards.

You cannot be assured of the Sponsor’s continued services, and discontinuance may be detrimental to the Trust.

You cannot be assured that the Sponsor will be willing or able to continue to service the Trust for any length of time. If the Sponsor discontinues its activities on behalf of the Trust or other investment Trust complex, the Trust may be adversely affected.

The Trust could terminate at any time and cause the liquidation and potential loss of your investment and could upset the overall maturity and timing of your investment portfolio.

The Trust may terminate at any time, regardless of whether the Trust has incurred losses, subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement. For example, the dissolution or resignation of the Sponsor would cause the Trust to terminate unless Shareholders holding a majority of the outstanding Shares of the Trust, voting together as a single class, elect within 90 days of the event to continue the Trust and appoint a successor Sponsor. In addition, the Sponsor may terminate the Trust if it determines that the Trust’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Trust unreasonable or imprudent. As of the date of this prospectus, the Sponsor pays the fees, costs, and expenses of the Trust. If the Sponsor and the Trust are unable to raise sufficient Trusts so that the expenses are reasonable in relation to the Trust’s NAV, the Trust may be forced to terminate, and investors may lose all or part of their investment. The Sponsor estimates that costs could be deemed unreasonable in the case where the NAV of the Trust stays below $20 million. Any expenses related to the operation of the Trust would need to be paid by the Sponsor at the time of termination.

However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate the Trust. The Trust’s termination would result in the liquidation of its investments and the distribution of its remaining assets to the Shareholders on a pro rata basis in accordance with their Shares, and the Trust could incur losses in liquidating its investments in connection with a termination. Termination could also negatively affect the overall maturity and timing of your investment portfolio.

The Sponsor may manage a large number of assets, and this could affect the Trust’s ability to trade profitably.

Increases in assets under management may affect trading decisions. While the Trust’s assets are currently at manageable levels, the Sponsor does not intend to limit the amount of Trust assets. The more assets the Sponsor manages, the more difficult it may be for it to trade profitably because of the difficulty of trading larger positions without adversely affecting prices and performance and of managing risk associated with larger positions.

The Sponsor relies heavily on key personnel. The departure of any such key personnel could negatively impact the Trust’s operations and adversely impact an investment in the Trust.

The Sponsor relies heavily on key personnel to manage its activities. These key personnel intend to allocate their time managing the Trust in a manner that they deem appropriate. If such key personnel were to leave or be unable to carry out their present responsibilities, it may have an adverse effect on the management of the Sponsor.

Shareholders have no right or power to take part in the management of the Trust. Accordingly, no investor should purchase Shares unless such investor is willing to entrust all aspects of the management of the Trust to the Sponsor.

In addition, certain personnel performing services on behalf of the Sponsor will be shared with the affiliates of the Sponsor, including with respect to execution, Trust operations and legal, regulatory and tax oversight. Such individuals will devote a small percentage of their time to those activities.

Additionally, there can be no assurance that all of the personnel who provide services to the Trust will continue to be associated with the Trust for any length of time. The loss of the services of one or more such individuals could have an adverse impact on the Trust’s ability to realize its investment objective.

The liability of the Sponsor and the Trustee are limited, and the value of the Shares will be adversely affected if the Trust is required to indemnify the Trustee or the Sponsor.

Under the Trust Agreement, the Trustee and the Sponsor are not liable, and have the right to be indemnified, for any liability or expense incurred absent gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee or Sponsor, as the case may be. That means the Sponsor may require the assets of the Trust to be sold in order to cover losses or liability suffered by the Sponsor or by the Trustee. Any sale of that kind would reduce the NAV of the Trust and the value of its Shares.

The Trust may incur higher fees and expenses upon renewing existing or entering into new contractual relationships.

The arrangements between clearing brokers and counterparties on the one hand and the Trust on the other generally are terminable by the clearing brokers or counterparty upon notice to the Trust. In addition, the agreements between the Trust and its third-party service providers, such as the Marketing Agent and the Custodians, are generally terminable at specified intervals. Upon termination, the Sponsor may be required to renegotiate or make other arrangements for obtaining similar services if the Trust intends to continue to operate. Comparable services from another party may not be available, or even if available, these services may not be available on the terms as favorable as those of the expired or terminated arrangements.

The Trust may experience a higher breakeven if interest rates decline.

The Trust seeks to earn interest on cash balances available for investment. If actual interest rates earned were lower than the current rate estimated, the breakeven estimated by the Trust in this prospectus could be higher.

The Trust is not actively managed.

The Trust is not actively managed, and the Sponsor does not have discretion in choosing the Trust’s investments. See “Use of Proceeds.” The Sponsor will employ a passive investment strategy that is intended to track the changes in the Index regardless of whether the Index goes up or goes down.

Investors may be adversely affected by an overstatement or understatement of the NAV calculation of the Trust due to the valuation method employed on the date of the NAV calculation.

In certain circumstances, the Trust’s investments may be valued using techniques other than reliance on the price established by the Index. The value established by using the Index may be different from what would be produced through the use of another methodology. The value of crypto asset investments valued using techniques other than those employed by the Index, may differ from the value of ether determined by reference to the Index. See “Business of the Trust — The Trust’s Benchmark” and “Business of the Trust — Calculating NAV”.

Purchases or redemptions of creation units in cash may cause the Trust to incur certain costs or recognize gains or losses.

Purchases and redemptions of creation units will be transacted in cash rather than ‘in-kind’ where creation units are purchased and redeemed in exchange for underlying constituent securities. Purchases of creation Baskets with cash may cause the Trust to incur certain costs including brokerage commissions, and redemptions of creation Baskets with cash may result in the recognition of gains or losses that the Trust might not have incurred if it had made redemptions in-kind and non-redeeming Shareholders may bear the tax liability resulting from such gains or losses.

An unanticipated number of redemption requests during a short period of time could have an adverse effect on the NAV of the Trust.

If a substantial number of requests for redemption of redemption Baskets are received by the Trust during a relatively short period of time, the Trust may not be able to satisfy the requests from the Trust’s assets not committed to trading. As a consequence, it could be necessary to liquidate the Trust’s trading positions before the time that its trading strategies would otherwise call for liquidation, which may result in losses.

Trust assets may be depleted if investment performance does not exceed fees.

Over time, the Trust’s assets could be depleted if investment performance does not exceed fees paid by the Trust.

The Trust expects to pay the Sponsor a Management Fee, monthly in arrears, in an amount equal to [•]% per annum of the daily NAV of the Trust. The Sponsor may, at its sole discretion and from time to time, waive all or a portion of the Management Fee for stated periods of time. The Sponsor is under no obligation to waive any portion of its fees, and any such waiver shall create no obligation to waive any such fees during any period not covered by the waiver. The Sponsor has agreed to temporarily reduce its Management Fee to [•]% per annum through December 31, 2025. After December 31, 2025, the standard [•]% annual Management Fee will apply. The Management Fee is paid in consideration of the Sponsor’s services related to the management of the Trust’s business and affairs. Creation with cash may cause the Trust to incur certain costs including brokerage commissions and redemptions of creation units with

cash may result in the recognition of gains or losses that the Trust might not have incurred if it had made redemptions in-kind. The Trust pays all of its respective brokerage commissions, including applicable exchange fees and give-up fees, and other transaction related fees and expenses charged in connection with trading activities. The Trust also pays all fees and commissions related to the sale and purchase of spot crypto assets, including any transaction fees for on-chain transfers of the Index Constituent. The Sponsor pays all other routine operational, administrative and other ordinary expenses of the Trust, including but not limited to, fees and expenses of the Administrator, Trustee, Custodians, Marketing Agent, Transfer Agent, licensors, accounting and audit fees and expenses, tax preparation expenses, ongoing SEC registration fees, report preparation and mailing expenses, and up to $250,000 per annum in ordinary legal fees and expenses. The Sponsor may determine in its sole discretion to assume legal fees and expenses of the Trust in excess of the $250,000 per annum. The Trust pays all of its non-recurring and unusual fees and expenses, if any, as determined by the Sponsor. Non-recurring and unusual fees and expenses are unexpected or unusual in nature, such as legal claims and liabilities and litigation costs or indemnification or other unanticipated expenses. Extraordinary fees and expenses also include material expenses which are not currently anticipated obligations of the Trust. Routine operational, administrative and other ordinary expenses are not deemed extraordinary expenses.

General expenses of the Trust will be allocated among the Trust and any future series of the Trust as determined by the Sponsor in its discretion. The Trust may be required to indemnify the Sponsor, and the Trust and/or the Sponsor may be required to indemnify the Trust’s service providers under certain circumstances. Unless such expenses are specifically attributable the Trust or arise out of the Trust’s operations, any such expenses will be allocated by the Sponsor using a pro rata methodology that allocates certain Trust expenses to the Trust. Expenses paid by Sponsor are not subject to any caps or limits.

The liquidity of the Shares may be affected by the withdrawal from participation of Authorized Participants, market makers, or other significant secondary-market purchasers which could adversely affect the market price of the Shares.

Only an Authorized Participant may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Trust. The Trust has a limited number of institutions that act as Authorized Participants. To the extent that these institutions exit the business or are unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with respect to the Trust and no other Authorized Participant is able to step forward to create or redeem creation units, Trust Shares may trade at a discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting. In addition, a decision by a market maker, lead market maker, or other large investor to cease activities for the Trust or a decision by a secondary market purchaser to sell a significant number of the Trust’s Shares could adversely affect liquidity, the spread between the bid and ask quotes, and potentially the price of the Shares. The Sponsor can make no guarantees that participation by Authorized Participants or market makers will continue.

There may be situations where an Authorized Participant is unable to proceed with a redemption order. To the extent the value of the Index Constituents decreases, these delays may result in a decrease in the value of the Shares and the corresponding cash distribution the Authorized Participant will receive when the redemption occurs, as well as a reduction in liquidity for all shareholders in the secondary market.

Although Shares surrendered by Authorized Participants in basket-size aggregations are redeemable in exchange for cash, redemptions may be suspended during periods of the Exchange trading suspension or restriction, or during emergencies that make it reasonably impracticable to deliver, dispose of, or evaluate the Index Constituents. If any of these events occurs at a time when an Authorized Participant intends to redeem Shares, and the price of the Index Constituents decreases before such Authorized Participant can request for redemption and the redemption distribution is determined, such Authorized Participant will sustain a loss. This loss pertains to the amount of cash received from the Trust upon the redemption of its Shares, had the redemption taken place when such Authorized Participant originally intended it to occur. Consequently, Authorized Participants may reduce their trading in Shares during suspension or restriction periods, decreasing the number of potential buyers of Shares in the secondary market and, therefore, decreasing the price a Shareholder may receive upon sale.

If a minimum number of Shares is outstanding, market makers may be less willing to purchase Shares in the secondary market which may limit your ability to sell Shares.

There is a minimum number of Baskets and associated Shares specified for the Trust, namely 40,000 Shares, or the equivalent of four Baskets. Although the Trust has never halted redemptions due to the number of Shares outstanding, if the Trust experienced redemptions that caused the number of Shares outstanding to decrease to the minimum level of Shares required to be outstanding, until the minimum number of Shares is again exceeded through the purchase of a new creation Basket, there can be no more redemptions by an Authorized Participant. In such case,

market makers may be less willing to purchase Shares from investors in the secondary market, which may in turn limit the ability of Shareholders of the Trust to sell their Shares in the secondary market. These minimum levels for the Trust are 40,000 Shares representing four Baskets. The minimum level of Shares specified for the Trust is subject to change. The current number of Shares outstanding will be posted daily on the Trust’s website.

The postponement, suspension or rejection of purchase or redemption orders could adversely affect a Shareholder redeeming their Shares in the Trust.

The postponement, suspension or rejection of creation or redemption orders may adversely affect an investment in the Shares of the Trust. To the extent orders are suspended or rejected, the arbitrage mechanism resulting from the process through which Authorized Participants create and redeem Shares directly with the Trust may fail to closely link the price of the Shares to the value of the Index Constituents. If this is the case, the liquidity of the Shares may decline, and the price of the Shares may fluctuate independently of the Index and may fall.

There are no limitations on the Sponsor’s discretion to postpone, suspend or reject purchase or redemption orders under the Securities Act or SEC listing orders permitting the listing and trading of the Trust’s Shares on the Exchange. In addition, Shareholders of the Trust will not have the protections provided in this regard that are applicable to Trusts regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

Investors may not be able to buy or sell Shares of the Trust through their current brokerages.

Because of volatility and other risks associated with crypto-related investments, brokerage firms may limit or not permit trading in such investments. Because of current or future brokerage policies regarding crypto-linked securities, investors could have difficulty selling Shares through their brokerage and potentially face restrictions when or how they could trade their Shares.

Buying or selling crypto assets.

The Trust may transact with crypto platforms and over-the-counter crypto market makers. The Trust will take on credit risk every time it purchases or sells crypto assets, and its contractual rights with respect to such transactions may be limited. It is possible that, through computer or human error, or through theft or criminal action, the Trust’s assets could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties. To the extent that the Trust is unable to seek a corrective transaction with such third party or is incapable of identifying the third party which has received the Trust’s crypto assets (through error or theft), the Trust will be unable to recover incorrectly transferred assets, and such losses will negatively impact the Trust. In the event the Trust is unable to recover any incorrectly transferred assets, the Trust will not be liable to the Shareholders for any such losses.

If a custodial agreement or an Authorized Participant agreement is terminated or a Custodian or an Authorized Participant becomes insolvent or fails to provide services as required, the Sponsor may need to find and appoint a replacement custodian or Authorized Participant, which could pose a challenge to the safekeeping of the Trust’s assets, the Trust’s ability to create and redeem shares and the Trust’s ability to continue to operate may be adversely affected.

The Trust is dependent on the Crypto Custodians to operate. The Crypto Custodians perform essential functions in terms of safekeeping the Trust’s crypto assets in the custodial wallets. If a Crypto Custodian fails to perform the functions it performs for the Trust, the Trust may be unable to operate or create or redeem Baskets, which could force the Trust to liquidate or adversely affect the price of the Shares.

On March 22, 2023, Coinbase, Inc. and its parent (such parent, “Coinbase Global” and together with Coinbase Inc., the “Relevant Coinbase Entities”) received a “Wells Notice” from the SEC staff stating that the SEC staff made a “preliminary determination” to recommend that the SEC file an enforcement action against the Relevant Coinbase Entities alleging violations of the federal securities laws, including the Exchange Act and the Securities Act. On June 6, 2023, the SEC filed a complaint against the Relevant Coinbase Entities in federal district court in the Southern District of New York, alleging, inter alia: (i) that Coinbase Inc. has violated the Exchange Act by failing to register with the SEC as a national securities exchange, broker-dealer, and clearing agency, in connection with activities involving certain identified crypto assets that the SEC’s complaint alleges are securities, (ii) that Coinbase Inc. has violated the Securities Act by failing to register with the SEC the offer and sale of its staking program, and (iii) that Coinbase Global is jointly and severally liable as a control person under the Exchange Act for Coinbase Inc.’s violations of the Exchange Act to the same extent as Coinbase Inc. The SEC’s complaint against the Relevant Coinbase Entities does not name the Crypto

Custodians as defendants. The SEC’s complaint seeks a permanent injunction against the Relevant Coinbase Entities to prevent them from violations of the Exchange Act or Securities Act, disgorgement, civil monetary penalties, and such other relief as the court deems appropriate or necessary. Coinbase Inc. could be required, as a result of a judicial determination, or could choose, to restrict or curtail the services it offers, or its financial condition and ability to provide services to the Trust could be affected. If Coinbase, Inc. were to be required or choose, as a result of a regulatory action (including, for example, the litigation initiated by the SEC), to restrict or curtail the services it offers, it could negatively affect the Trust’s ability to operate or process creations or redemptions of Baskets, which could force the Trust to liquidate or adversely affect the price of the Shares.

Transferring maintenance responsibilities of the Trust’s account at one or more of the Crypto Custodians to one or more other custodians will likely be complex and could subject the Trust’s assets to the risk of loss during the transfer, which could have a negative impact on the performance of the Shares or result in loss of the Trust’s assets. Also, the Trustee may not be able to find a party willing to serve as the custodian of the Trust’s assets or as the Trust’s agent on the same terms as the Coinbase PBA (as defined below) or at all. To the extent that the Trustee is not able to find a suitable party willing to serve as the custodian or agent, the Trustee may be required to terminate the Trust and liquidate the Trust’s crypto assets. In addition, to the extent that the Trustee finds a suitable party but must enter into a modified Coinbase PBA that is less favorable for the Trust or Trustee, the value of the Shares could be adversely affected. If the Trust is unable to find a replacement agent, its operations could be adversely affected.

Moreover, the legal rights of customers with respect to crypto assets held on their behalf by a third-party custodian, such as the Crypto Custodians, in insolvency proceedings are currently uncertain. The prime broker agreement shall include an agreement by the parties to treat the crypto assets credited to the Trust’s Vault balance and Trading balance as ‘financial assets’ under Article 8 of the New York Uniform Commercial Code in addition to stating that Coinbase will serve as securities intermediary and custodian on the Trust’s behalf with respect to the Trust’s crypto assets held in the Vault Balance, and that any crypto asset credited to the Trading Balance will be treated as custodial assets. (See also “Coinbase PBA” below.)

Also, if a Crypto Custodian becomes insolvent, suffers business failure, ceases business operations, defaults on or fails to perform their obligations under their contractual agreements with the Trust, or abruptly discontinues the services they provide to the Trust for any reason, the Trust’s operations including its creation and redemption processes would be adversely affected.

The Sponsor may not be able to find a party willing to serve as the custodian of the Trust’s crypto assets under the same terms as the current custody agreements or at all. To the extent that the Sponsor is not able to find a suitable party willing to serve as the custodian, the Sponsor may be required to terminate the Trust and liquidate the Trust’s assets. In addition, to the extent that the Sponsor finds a suitable party but must enter into a modified custody agreement that is less favorable for the Sponsor or the Trust, the value of the Shares could be adversely affected.

Part of the Trust’s assets are held in cash and cash equivalents with the Cash Custodian and other financial institutions, if applicable. The insolvency of the Cash Custodian and any financial institution in which the Trust holds cash and cash equivalents could result in a substantial loss of the Trust’s cash and cash equivalents.

Similarly, if an Authorized Participant suffers insolvency, business failure or interruption, default, failure to perform, security breach or if an Authorized Participant chooses not to participate in the creation and redemption process of the Trust, and the Trust is unable to engage replacement Authorized Participants on commercially acceptable terms or at all, then the creation and redemption process of the Trust, the arbitrage mechanism used to keep the Shares in line with the NAV and the Trust’s operations generally could be negatively affected.

Lack of fiduciary duty by service providers.

Service providers to the Trust, including Custodians and security vendors, owe no fiduciary duties to the Trust or the shareholders, are not required to act in their best interest and could resign or be removed by Sponsor. The service providers, including custodians and security vendors, that the Trust employs or may employ in the future are not trustees for, and owe no fiduciary duties to, the Trust or the Shareholders. In addition, service providers employed by the Trust have no duty to continue to act as the custodians of the crypto assets held by the Trust.

those of a Trust with a larger asset base. To the extent that the Trust does not grow to or maintain a viable size, it may be liquidated, and the expenses, timing and tax consequences of such liquidation may not be favorable to some Shareholders.

The development and commercialization of the Trust is subject to competitive pressures.

The Trust and the Sponsor face competition with respect to the creation of competing products, such as exchange-traded products offering exposure to the crypto assets market.

The Sponsor’s competitors may have greater financial, technical and human resources than the Sponsor. These competitors may also compete with the Sponsor. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be effective competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. In addition, the timing of the Trust in reaching the market and the fee structure of the Trust relative to similar products may be affected by the crypto market cycles. For example, if the timing of the Trust’s commencement of operations coincides with the onset of a prolonged crypto price decline, it could have a detrimental effect on the scale and sustainability of the Trust. Accordingly, the Sponsor’s competitors may commercialize a product involving crypto assets more rapidly or effectively than the Sponsor is able to, which could adversely affect the Sponsor’s competitive position, the likelihood that the Trust will achieve initial market acceptance and the Sponsor’s ability to generate meaningful revenues from the Trust, which in turn could cause the Sponsor to dissolve and terminate the Trust.

The Trust may struggle to attract new investors given the substantial number of existing bitcoin and ether U.S. exchange-traded products in the market. Investors might prefer to allocate funds to one of the eleven spot Bitcoin U.S. exchange-traded products or nine spot Ether U.S. exchange-traded products already available, which collectively hold significant market share. As of September 2024, such spot Bitcoin products hold approximately $53.3 billion, and such spot Ether products hold around $6.4 billion. The Trust will face competition from direct investments in bitcoin, bitcoin spot and futures-based products, ether, ether spot and futures-based products, other crypto assets, and other potential financial instruments, including securities tied to or backed by crypto assets, as well as other investment vehicles focused on other crypto assets. Market conditions, financial factors, and other external circumstances could make these alternatives more attractive, potentially impacting the Trust’s performance.

There can be no assurance that the Trust will grow to or maintain an economically viable size. There is no guarantee that the Sponsor will maintain a commercial advantage relative to competitors offering similar products. Whether or not the Trust and the Sponsor are successful in achieving the intended scale for the Trust may be impacted by a range of factors, such as the Trust’s timing in entering the market and its fee structure relative to those of competitive products.

If the SEC were to approve many or all of the currently pending applications for such exchange-traded crypto products, many or all of such products, including the Trust, could fail to acquire substantial assets, initially or at all. The Trust’s competitors may also charge a substantially lower fee than the Trust’s fee in order to achieve initial market acceptance and scale. If the Trust fails to achieve sufficient scale due to competition, the Sponsor may have difficulty raising sufficient revenue to cover the costs associated with launching and maintaining the Trust and such shortfalls could impact the Sponsor’s ability to properly invest in robust ongoing operations and controls of the Trust to minimize the risk of operating events, errors, or other forms of losses to the Shareholders.

In addition, the Trust may also fail to attract adequate liquidity in the secondary market due to such competition, resulting in a sub-standard number of Authorized Participants willing to make a market in the Shares, which in turn could result in a significant premium or discount in the Shares for extended periods and the Trust’s failure to reflect the performance of the price of the Index Constituents.

The Sponsor serves as the sponsor, investment manager, or investment adviser to investment vehicles other than the Trust. As of September 27, 2024, the Sponsor serves as sponsor, investment manager, or investment adviser to over 20 pooled investment vehicles across multiple jurisdictions, including investment strategies relating to crypto asset markets. As of September 27, 2024, the Sponsor is responsible for approximately US$ 870.5 million in assets under management. As a result, conflicts of interest may arise between the Sponsor’s responsibilities to the Trust on the one hand and, on the other, the responsibilities the Sponsor owes to those other pooled investment vehicles for which it serves as sponsor, investment manager, or investment adviser. Such conflicts may include, but are not limited to, the allocation of investment opportunities. If the Sponsor acquires knowledge of a potential transaction or arrangement that may be an opportunity for the Trust, it shall have no duty to offer such opportunity to the Trust, and the Sponsor will not be liable to the Trust or the Shareholders for breach of any fiduciary or other duty if the Sponsor pursues such opportunity or directs it to another person or does not communicate such opportunity to the Trust and is not required to share income or profits derived from such business ventures with the Trust.

The Sponsor and its affiliates and their principals, officers or employees may trade crypto assets, securities and futures and related contracts for their own accounts.

In addition, the Sponsor and its affiliates (including the Administrator) and their principals, officers or employees may trade crypto assets, securities and futures and related contracts for their own accounts. A conflict of interest may exist if their trades are in the same markets and occur at the same time as the Trust trades using the clearing broker to be used by the Trust. A potential conflict also may occur if the Sponsor and its affiliates and their principals, officers or employees trade their accounts more aggressively or take positions in their accounts that are opposite, or ahead of, the positions taken by the Trust.

The Sponsor has sole current authority to manage the investments and operations of the Trust, and this may allow it to act in a way that furthers its own interests and in conflict with your best interests, including the authority of the Sponsor to allocate expenses to and between the Trusts of the Trust. Shareholders have very limited voting rights, which will limit the ability to influence matters such as amendment of the Trust Agreement, changes in the Trust’s basic investment policies, dissolution of the Trust, or the sale or distribution of the Trust’s assets.

Shareholder Voting Rights and Liability

Shareholders have only very limited voting rights and generally will not have the power to replace the Sponsor. Shareholders will not participate in the management of the Trust and do not control the Sponsor so they will not have influence over basic matters that affect the Trust.

Shareholders will have very limited voting rights with respect to the Trust’s affairs. Shareholders may elect a replacement sponsor only if the current Sponsor resigns voluntarily or loses its corporate charter. Shareholders will not be permitted to participate in the management or control of the Trust or the conduct of its business. Shareholders must therefore rely upon the duties and judgment of the Sponsor to manage the Trust’s affairs.

Although the Shares of the Trust are limited liability investments, certain circumstances such as bankruptcy could increase a Shareholder’s liability.

The Shares of the Trust are limited liability investments. Shareholders may not lose more than the amount that they invest plus any profits recognized on their investment. However, Shareholders could be required, as a matter of bankruptcy law, to return to the estate of the Trust any distribution they received at a time when the Trust was in fact insolvent or that was made in violation of its Trust Agreement.

As a Shareholder, you will not have the rights enjoyed by investors in certain other types of entities.

As interests in separate series of a Delaware statutory trust, the Shares do not involve the rights normally associated with the ownership of shares of a corporation (including, for example, the right to bring Shareholder oppression and derivative actions). In addition, the Shares have limited voting and distribution rights (for example, Shareholders do not have the right to elect directors, as the Trust does not have a board of directors, and generally will not receive regular distributions of the net income and capital gains earned by the Trust). The Trust is also not subject to certain investor protection provisions of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and Exchange governance rules (for example, audit committee requirements).

The Trust does not expect to make cash distributions.

The Sponsor intends to re-invest any income and realized gains of the Trust in Index Constituents rather than distributing cash to Shareholders. Therefore, unlike mutual Trusts, commodity pools or other investment pools that generally distribute income and gains to their investors, the Trust generally will not distribute cash to Shareholders. You should not invest in the Trust if you will need cash distributions from the Trust to pay taxes on your Share of income and gains of the Trust, if any, or for any other reason. Although the Trust does not intend to make cash distributions, it reserves the right to do so in the Sponsor’s sole discretion, in certain situations, including for example, if the income earned from its investments held directly or posted as margin may reach levels that merit distribution, e.g., at levels where such income is not necessary to support its investments in the Index Constituents and investors adversely react to being taxed on such income without receiving distributions that could be used to pay such tax. Cash distributions may be made in these and similar instances.

The Sponsor may amend the Trust Agreement without the consent of the Shareholders.

Except as specifically provided herein, the Sponsor, in its sole discretion and without Shareholder consent, may amend or otherwise supplement the Trust Agreement. If an amendment materially adversely affects the interests of the Shareholders, it will not become effective for outstanding Shares any earlier than twenty (20) days after receipt by the affected Shareholders of a notice provided by the Sponsor with respect to such amendment. Moreover, the Sponsor shall not be permitted to make any such amendment, or otherwise supplement the Trust Agreement, if such amendment or supplement would adversely affect the status of the Trust as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Event Risk

The occurrence of a severe weather event, natural disaster, terrorist attack, outbreak or public health emergency as declared by the World Health Organization, the continuation or expansion of war or other hostilities, or a prolonged government shutdown may have significant adverse effects on the Trust and its investments and alter current assumptions and expectations.

The operations of the Trust, the exchanges, brokers and counterparties with which the Trust does business, and the markets in which the Trust does business could be severely disrupted in the event of a severe weather event, natural disaster, major terrorist attack, cyber-attack, data breach, outbreak or public health emergency as declared by the World Health Organization (such as the recent pandemic spread of the novel coronavirus known as COVID-19), or the continuation or expansion of war or other hostilities. Global terrorist attacks, anti-terrorism initiatives, war and other geopolitical events and political unrest, as well as the adverse impact the COVID-19 pandemic will have on the global and U.S. markets and economy, continue to fuel this concern. For example, events in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, including but not limited to the war in Ukraine, the armed conflict between Israel and Hamas, or actions by China and North Korea, may cause volatility in crypto asset markets or the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact the level of services currently provided by the U.S. government, could weaken the U.S. economy, interfere with the commodities markets that rely upon data published by U.S. federal government agencies, and prevent the Trust from receiving necessary regulatory review or approvals. The types of events discussed above, including the COVID-19 pandemic, are highly disruptive to economies and markets and have recently led, and may continue to lead, to increased market volatility and significant market losses.

More generally, a climate of uncertainty and panic, including the contagion of the COVID-19 virus and other infectious viruses or diseases, may adversely affect global, regional, and local economies and reduce the availability of potential investment opportunities, and increases the difficulty of performing due diligence and modeling market conditions, potentially reducing the accuracy of financial projections. Under these circumstances, the Trust may have difficulty achieving its investment objective which may adversely impact performance. Further, such events can be highly disruptive to economies and markets, significantly disrupt the operations of individual companies (including, but not limited to, the Trust’s Sponsor and third party service providers), sectors, industries, markets, securities and commodity exchanges, currencies, interest and inflation rates, credit ratings, investor sentiment, and other factors affecting the value of the Trust’s investments. These factors could cause substantial market volatility, exchange trading suspensions and closures that could impact the ability of the Trust to complete redemptions and otherwise affect Trust performance and Trust trading in the secondary market. A widespread crisis may also affect the global

economy in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen at the current time. How long such events will last and whether they will continue or recur cannot be predicted. Impacts from these events could have significant impact on the Trust’s performance, resulting in losses to your investment. The past, current and future global economic impact may cause the underlying assumptions and expectations of the Trust to become outdated quickly or inaccurate, resulting in significant losses.

Failures or breaches of electronic systems could disrupt the Trust’s trading activity and materially affect the Trust’s profitability.

Failures or breaches of the electronic systems of the Trust, the Sponsor, the Custodians or other financial institutions in which the Trust invests, or the Trust’s other service providers, market makers, Authorized Participants, the Exchange, Crypto Platforms, or counterparties have the ability to cause disruptions and negatively impact the Trust’s business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses to the Trust and its Shareholders. Such failures or breaches may include intentional cyber-attacks that may result in an unauthorized party gaining access to electronic systems in order to misappropriate the Trust’s assets or sensitive information. While the Trust has established business continuity plans and risk management systems seeking to address system breaches or failures, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems. Furthermore, the Trust cannot control the cyber security plans and systems of the Custodians or other financial institutions in which the Trust invests, or the Trust’s other service providers, market makers, Authorized Participants, the Exchange, Crypto Platforms on which the Index Constituents are traded, or counterparties.

Tax Risk

Please refer to “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” for information regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of Shares.

The Trust could be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which may substantially reduce the value of your Shares.

The Trust expects to be treated as a partnership that is not taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, provided that, among other things, (i) at least 90 percent of the Trust’s annual gross income consists of “qualifying income” as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), (ii) the Trust is organized and operated in accordance with its governing agreements and applicable law, and (iii) the Trust does not elect to be taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. No assurance can be given that the IRS or a court will agree with this expectation. Although the Sponsor anticipates that the Trust will satisfy the “qualifying income” requirement for all of its taxable years, that result cannot be assured. There is very limited authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of crypto assets The Trust has not requested and will not request any ruling from the IRS with respect to its classification as a partnership not taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the IRS were to successfully assert that the Trust is taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year, rather than passing through its income, gains, losses and deductions proportionately to Shareholders, the Trust would be subject to tax on its net income for the year at corporate tax rates. In addition, although the Sponsor does not currently intend to make distributions with respect to Shares, any such distributions would be taxable to Shareholders as dividend income to the extent of the Trust’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, then treated as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of a Shareholder’s basis in the Shares ( thus reducing the Shareholder´s basis), and thereafter, to the extent such distributions exceed the Shareholder’s basis in such Shares, as capital gain for Shareholders who hold their Shares as capital assets. Taxation of the Trust as a corporation could materially reduce the after-tax return on an investment in Shares and could substantially reduce the value of your Shares.

Your tax liability from holding Shares may exceed the amount of distributions, if any, on your Shares.

Cash or property will be distributed by the Trust at the sole discretion of the Sponsor, and the Sponsor currently does not intend to make cash or other distributions with respect to Shares. Assuming the Trust qualifies to be taxed as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, you will be required to pay U.S. federal income tax and, in some cases, state, local, or foreign income tax, on your allocable share of the Trust’s taxable income, without regard to whether you receive distributions or the amount of any distributions. Therefore, the tax liability resulting from your ownership of Shares may exceed the amount of cash or value of property (if any) distributed.

Your allocable share of income or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes may differ from your economic income or loss on your Shares.

Due to the application of the assumptions and conventions applied by the Trust in making allocations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and other factors, your allocable share of the Trust’s income, gain, deduction, loss or credit may be different than your economic profit or loss from your Shares for a taxable year. This difference could be temporary or permanent and, if permanent, could result in your being taxed on amounts in excess of your economic income.

Items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit with respect to Shares could be reallocated and the Trust itself could be liable for U.S. federal income tax along with any interest or penalties if the IRS does not accept the assumptions and conventions applied by the Trust in allocating those items, with potential adverse consequences for you.

The Trust intends to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The U.S. tax rules pertaining to entities taxed as partnerships are complex and their application to publicly traded partnerships such as the Trust, is in many respects uncertain. The Trust will apply certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with the intent of the applicable rules and to report taxable income, gains, deductions, losses and credits in a manner that properly reflects Shareholders’ economic gains and losses. These assumptions and conventions may not fully comply with all aspects of the Code, and applicable Treasury Regulations, however, and it is possible that the IRS will successfully challenge our allocation methods and require us to reallocate items of income, gain, deduction, loss or credit in a manner that adversely affects you.

The Trust may be liable for U.S. federal income tax on any “imputed underpayment” of tax resulting from an adjustment as a result of an IRS audit. The amount of the imputed underpayment generally includes increases in allocations of items of income or gains to any investor and decreases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any investor without any offset for any corresponding reductions in allocations of items of income or gain to any investor or increases in allocations of items of deduction, loss, or credit to any investor. If the Trust is required to pay any U.S. federal income tax on any imputed underpayment, the resulting tax liability would reduce the net assets of the Trust and would likely have an adverse impact on the value of the Shares. In such a case, the tax liability would in effect be borne by Shareholders that own Shares at the time of such assessment, which may be different persons, or persons with different ownership percentages, than persons owning Shares for the tax year under audit. Under certain circumstances, the Trust may be eligible to make an election to cause Shareholders to take into account the amount of any imputed underpayment, including any interest and penalties. The ability of a publicly traded partnership such as the Trust to make this election is uncertain. If the election is made, the Trust would be required to provide Shareholders who owned beneficial interests in the Shares in the year to which the adjusted allocations relate with a statement setting forth their proportionate shares of the adjustment (“Adjusted K-1s”). The investors would be required to take the adjustment into account in the taxable year in which the Adjusted K-1s are issued. For an additional discussion please see “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Other Tax Matters.”

If the Trust is required to withhold tax with respect to any Non-U.S. Shareholders, all Shareholders may bear the cost of such withholding.

Under certain circumstances, the Trust may be required to pay withholding tax with respect to allocations to Non-U.S. Shareholders. Although the Trust Agreement provides that any such withholding will be treated as being distributed to the Non-U.S. Shareholder, the Trust may not be able to cause the economic cost of such withholding to be borne by the Non-U.S. Shareholder on whose behalf such amounts were withheld since the Trust does not intend to make any distributions. Under such circumstances, all Shareholders may bear the economic cost of the withholding, not just the Shareholders on whose behalf such amounts were withheld. This could have a material impact on the value of your Shares.