Exhibit 96.1

Submitted to:

Critical Metals Corp.

Submitted by:

Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd.

Report Date: 12 March 2025

ITAR & S-K 1300 TRS – Tanbreez, Greenland 

Table of Contents

DATE AND SIGNATURE PAGE

 

The effective date of the Mineral Resource Estimate was 30 August 2016, compiled by independent consultants Al Maynard and Associates Pty Ltd.

 

Document Reference	Tanbreez Deposit – S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary 12 March 2025 .docx
Distribution	Critical Metals Corp.
	Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd
Principal Author	Malcolm Castle
	BSc Hons (Applied Geology UNSW),
	GCertAppFin (Sec Inst), M AusIMM
Agricola Approval	Malcolm Castle
Effective Report Date	12 March 2025
Report Prepared by	Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd
	PO Box 473
	SOUTH PERTH
	WA 6951
	ABN: 84 274 218 871
	Tel: +61 (0) 412 347 511

The terms ‘Competent Person’ (‘CP’) and ‘Qualified Person’ (‘QP”) are equivalent. CP refers to the VALMIN Code 2015 and the JORC Code 2012 in Australia. QP refers to the S-K 1300 guidelines in the USA.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Tanbreez Rare Earth Project

The Tanbreez Rare Earth Project covers an extensive mineralised kakortokite rock unit located in southern Greenland near the town of Qaqortoq. The project is notable for its high concentration of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), which are critical for high-tech applications, clean energy, and defence industries. Unlike other major REE deposits, Tanbreez contains very low levels of uranium and thorium, making it more environmentally and politically viable. Two areas within the kakortokite have been intensively drilled and mineral resource estimates have been released to the Australian Stock Exchange.

Strategic Importance: China currently dominates REE production and refining (~85% of the global supply), Tanbreez provides an alternative to Chinese-controlled sources of critical rare earths. The U.S. and EU support REE supply chain diversification to reduce dependence on China. Denmark and the U.S. lobbied to prevent a Chinese acquisition of Tanbreez.

With high-value HREEs, no uranium regulatory barriers, and Western control, Tanbreez is positioned as a key player in the global rare earth market. The project is expected to attract further investment and strategic partnerships from North America and Europe as countries push for REE supply chain security.

Impact of Tanbreez on Global Rare Earth Supply Chains

The Tanbreez deposit in Greenland could be a major Western rare earth supply source. This has wider implications for the global rare earth supply chain, particularly in the competition between China, the U.S., and the EU for secure REE supplies.

1.1 Property Description and Ownership

The Tanbreez deposit is classified as a peralkaline igneous Rare Earth Element (REE)-Zirconium (Zr) deposit, specifically hosted within the Ilímaussaq Alkaline Complex in South Greenland. It is enriched in TREO, tantalum, zirconium, niobium, and other critical metals. The formation setting is a Mesoproterozoic continental rift-related intrusion (Gardar Rift) and is estimated at ~1.16 billion years old.

The Tanbreez tenure is a Mineral Exploitation Licence, MIN 2020-54, in southern Greenland covering 18km². The regional capital, Qaqortoq, is 20 km to the south and the regional airport of Narsarsuaq is being moved to approximately 12 km south of the licence. The major power line which is from hydro power passes 2 km south of the licence. The tenement has ample supply of fresh water. The Tanbreez Licence is registered in the name Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S, a subsidiary of Rimbal Pty Ltd.

Critical Metals Corp (CRML) current equity interest in the Tanbreez Project is 42%, and European Lithium retains a 7.5% equity interest, for a combined shareholding of 49.5%. CRML has the right to acquire the remaining 50.5% equity interest in the Tanbreez Project.

1.2 Geology and Mineralization

Major intrusions of the Mesoproterozoic Gardar Province of southern West Greenland.

The Ilímaussaq complex (1160 ± 5 Ma) is one of the youngest intrusions of the Gardar Province, South Greenland. This province is the product of a two-stage rifting event (1300–1250 Ma, 1180–1140 Ma) associated with the break-up of a Supercontinent. It constitutes dyke swarms, a volcanic-sedimentary graben fill sequence (the Eriksfjord Formation) and about a dozen volcanic igneous centres. Gardar magmas span a compositional range from alkali basalt to trachyte, alkali granite and strongly peralkaline nepheline syenites with local occurrences of lamprophyre and carbonatite.

The Ilímaussaq Intrusion in Greenland is the most well-known occurrence of kakortokite. Similar peralkaline layered rocks have been identified in other rare metal pegmatitic and plutonic settings. Kakortokite is particularly significant for rare earth element (REE) deposits, and its mineralogical composition makes it an important rock type for critical mineral exploration.

Kakortokite

Kakortokite is a layered igneous rock composed primarily of nepheline, alkali feldspar, and arfvedsonite (or other sodic amphiboles and pyroxenes). It is a distinctive rock type found in the Ilímaussaq Complex in Greenland, particularly associated with peralkaline intrusions rich in rare elements.

Tanbreez

Ilímaussaq has a rather simple structure. A border group adjacent to the Julianehåb granite consists of augite syenite, a normal syenite with no special features. Inside this envelope are the agpaitic rocks. Lowest are the kakortokites, a series of spectacularly layered rocks in which cumulus phases are arfvedsonite (alkali amphibole), eudialyte, nepheline and alkali feldspar. At the base of each layered unit is a black layer rich in arfvedsonite. Next comes a red layer rich in eudialyte and above this a white layer consisting largely of nepheline and feldspar (microcline). These layered units are variable in thickness, although 10 m might be about an average. There are 29 of them. The kakortokites contain inclusions of augite syenite and naujaite.

A marginal pegmatite zone, about 50–200 m wide, separates the kakortokite from the augite syenite. The TLK conformably grades upwards into finer-grained and strongly foliated melanocratic eudialyte-nepheline syenite known as lujavrite. The lujavrite occurs in aegirine and arfvedsonite dominated varieties, of which the latter represents the chemically most evolved rock type of the complex. The lujavrite and the kakortokite represent the fourth and final melt batch but may have been formed by several pulses of melt.

Geological setting of the Ilímaussaq complex.

Kakortokite is the dominant host rock for mineralization at Tanbreez. It is composed of rhythmic layers of feldspar, arfvedsonite, aegirine, and eudialyte. The mineral eudialyte is the primary REE-bearing phase. Lujavrite (Secondary Host) is a darker, REE-enriched nepheline syenite that also contains eudialyte, but in a more complex mineralogical setting. The units are enriched in zirconium, niobium, and tantalum.

The primary REE-bearing mineral is Eudialyte, the key carrier of light and heavy REEs, along with zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta). Unlike monazite and bastnäsite, eudialyte has low uranium (U) and thorium (Th), making it attractive for mining. Heavy REEs include Dysprosium (Dy), Yttrium (Y), Terbium (Tb). Light REEs include Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr), Lanthanum (La). The deposit is especially rich in HREEs, which are critical for high-tech applications.

Additional mineralization includes Zirconium (Zr), and Niobium (Nb) hosted in eudialyte and catapleiite minerals. Zirconium is an important material for nuclear reactors and ceramics. Niobium is used in superalloys and high-strength steels. Iron and Titanium are present as aegirine (iron silicate) and ilmenite (iron-titanium oxide). Unlike many REE deposits worldwide, Tanbreez has low levels of radioactive elements (U, Th), making processing easier and acceptable to government regulations.

The Kakortokite unit

1.3 Status of Exploration

Mineral Resource Estimation (MRE) was completed in 2016. The work was commissioned by Rimbal Pty Ltd, a private Australian company and not require to make a public release. The MRE was released to the Australian Stock Exchange in 2025 when the project was acquired by an ASX listed company after a period of due diligence. A Definitive Feasibility Study was completed in 2014 and will be updated. A Mineral Exploitation Licence was granted for the Project in 2020 paving the way for development of the Project. The Company has continued to progress detailed studies and confirmation drilling during the last few years with its advancement towards mining.

Assays for uranium demonstrate background levels, at 10-20 ppm. Thorium does not exceed 100 ppm. Neither appear to concentrate during processing, and remain at background levels. The company believes it can sell the main co-products, arfvedsonite and feldspar, which is anticipated to offset much of the concentrate operating cost.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Social Impact Assessment (SIA) were presented to the government and on 8 September 2020 and Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S exploitation license and Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA) were signed, marking the official granting of the exploitation licence (MIN 2020-54). The signing ceremony took place on top of the Tanbreez rare earth deposit at Killavaat Alannguat, where Jens Frederik Nielsen, the Minister of Industry and Mineral Resources, Simon Simonsen, the Deputy Major of Kujalleq Municipality, and Bolette Maqe Nielsen, Chairman of the Board of Tanbreez, signed the documents.

1.4 Development and Operations

The current exploitation licence includes the right to mine 0.5 million tonnes per year of eudialyte ROM material (total mining 2.5 million tonnes including feldspar and arfvedsonite with essential waste mining) which is the rate at which production will commence while local workers are recruited and trained. Initially this process will employ approximately 80 personnel from Qaqortoq, rising to over 200+ when stage 2 is reached.

Tanbreez believes total production can be lifted by year 5 to 5 million tonnes per year, and 10 million tonnes by year 10 subject to approvals. It is anticipated this initial production of concentrates (0.5 million tonnes per year) will be taken up by North America or Europe where treatment facilities are expected to be established. Further expansions with sales to Asia and Europe are believed possible beyond that time with the potential for local sales of both the arfvedsonite and feldspar (subject to government approvals) the waste will be minimal.

1.5 Mineral Resource Estimate

The information regarding the Mineral Resource Estimates at Tanbreez Hill Zone and Tanbreez Fjord Zone within the Tanbreez Project represent the independent opinion of Al Maynard and Associated Pty Ltd for the current estimates of such resources. The estimates are in accordance with the requirements on the Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, 2012 (the “JORC Code”).

The Mineral Resource Estimate was released to the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) in march 2005 by European Lithium Limited (ASX:EUR).

No cut off was applied to the lower or upper limits.

The estimates for the Tanbreez Project are based on interpretations of geological data obtained from drill holes, surface and creek section mapping and sampling through the entire kakortokite sequence.

Al Maynard and Associated Pty Ltd believes that the quoted resource categories in the resource statements are appropriate and properly take into consideration the geology and style of the mineralisation, the density, spacing and quality of the sampling data and grade variability of the mineralisation.

The following sections do not apply to this Report.

1.6 Ore Reserve Estimate

1.7 Capital and Operating Costs

1.8 Economic Analysis

1.9 Permitting Requirements

Mineral Exploitation Licence (MIN 2020-54)

The permitting process for an exploitation licence required for the initiation of mining activities involves the submission of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and a Social Impact Assessment (SIA). Both assessments require baseline studies and consultations with stakeholders with a strong emphasis on public hearings and reviews by the authorities. The outcome of this multi-stage process is the Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA) which forms the basis of the mining permit.

An EIA must be prepared when a company plans to exploit a mineral deposit following the routines described in the guidelines (Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum 2011). The EIA must cover the entire exploitation period from mine development before the mine starts until the closure of the mine including a subsequent monitoring period. Environmental studies must be able to predict impacts from the specific mining project and describe baseline conditions before areas are affected by construction and operations. Studies must cover some years before construction starts so that the annual and seasonal variations of environmental parameters are considered in the baseline description. The number of years needed to conduct the environmental studies will depend on the project and the site. Often 2–3 years of studies are needed in advance of the EIA report preparation.

1.10 Qualified Person’s Conclusions

Tanbreez Project in Greenland is at the Pre-Development Stage. Maiden Mineral Resource Estimates in accordance with the JORC Code 2012 have been finalised for the Tanbreez Deposit and released to the Australian Stock Exchange. An Exploitation Licence has been granted by the Government of Greenland and the tenement area has been subjected to extensive exploration over the last four decades. A Definitive Feasibility Study and an Environmental Impact Assessment were compiled in 2014.

The Project should be considered low risk. Based on the review of the available technical information and the results of feasibility studies prepared in 2014. Agricola considers the proposed future development activities including an Initial Assessment (Scoping Study or Preliminary Economic Assessment, PEA) for the Project are reasonable and appropriate for the deposit and the development stage.

Agricola was not involved in any of the exploration conducted on the Tanbreez Project but has reviewed the exploration completed to date and the supporting documentation provided by the Company. Overall, the Competent Person/Qualified Person (CP/QP) considers the data used to prepare Mineral Resource Estimates are accurate and representative and has been generated with industry accepted standards and procedures.

The MRE was prepared in accordance with industry best practices and reported in accordance with the guidelines of the Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (2012 Edition).

The CP/QP considers the MRE representative of the informing data, and that the data is of sufficient quality to support the current MRE classified into the Indicated and Inferred categories. Reasonable prospects for economic extraction have been demonstrated on the Project in 2014 during the DFS and has been upgraded to the present day, as described in the Report. Considering the current and forecast product prices, the assessment for reasonable prospects for economic extraction is, in the CP/QP’s opinion, still valid.

The current Mineral Resource Estimates may be materially impacted by any future changes in the breakeven economic cut-off value, potentially resulting from changes in mining costs, processing recoveries, or oxide prices or from changes in geological knowledge because of new exploration data. Estimations are carried out in a manner that faithfully represents the data and mitigates the likelihood of material risk in the estimate.

In undertaking this Report, Malcolm Castle has reviewed the technical inputs pertaining to the projects in an impartial, rational, realistic, and logical manner. Agricola believes that the inputs, assumptions, and overall technical assessment is in line with industry standards and meets the Reasonable Grounds Requirement of the JORC Code 2012 and the VALMIN Code 2105. The Report is an accurate representation of the technical aspects of the Project.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Terms of Reference and Purpose

This Independent Technical Assessment Report (“ITAR”) and S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary (“TRS”) (the “Report”) will provide an impartial and comprehensive evaluation of the mineral assets associated with the Tanbreez Rare Earth Project (“Tanbreez”) in Southern Greenland held by TANBREEZ Mining Greenland A/S (the “Company”). Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd (“Agricola”) was engaged to deliver this report, which will potentially be included in an announcement to the Australian Securities Exchange (“ASX”) and the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

This Report has been prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the Australasian Code for Public Reporting of Technical Assessments and Valuations of Mineral Assets’ (the VALMIN Code 2015). The VALMIN Code incorporates the ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’ (the JORC Code 2012) prepared by the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of the AusIMM, the AIG and the Minerals Council of Australia.

In addition, the Report has been prepared in accordance with the relevant requirements of the Listing Rules of the ASX and relevant Australian Securities and Investment Commission Regulatory Guidelines. Where recent exploration results and mineral resource estimates have been referred to in this report, the information was prepared in accordance with the JORC Code 2012. Historic results are clearly identified and may not have been originally reported under the current JORC Code. This Report was also prepared in accordance with the S-K 1300 guidelines as required by the SEC.

Exploration results and mineral resource estimates described in this Report are based on, and fairly represent, information and supporting documentation prepared by competent person. In undertaking this technical assessment, the technical inputs pertaining to the projects were reviewed in an impartial, rational, realistic, and logical manner. Agricola believes that the inputs, assumptions, and overall technical assessment are in line with industry standards and meet the reasonable ground requirements of the VALMIN Code 2015.

2.2 Information on the Author

This Independent Technical Assessment Report was prepared by Malcolm Castle, principal consultant for Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd. Mr Castle holds a BSc Hons (Applied Geology UNSW) and GCertAppFin (Sec Inst,) and is a Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (M AusIMM,).

Qualifications and Relevant Experience of the Competent Person (“CP”).

Malcolm Castle, the author of this report, is the principal consultant for Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd, an independent geological consultancy.

Education:

He is an appropriately qualified geologist and has the necessary technical and securities qualifications, expertise, competence, and experience appropriate to the subject matter of the report. He studied Applied Geology with the University of New South Wales in 1965 and was awarded a B.Sc.(Hons) degree and then studied at the Securities Institute of Australia with a Graduate Certificate in Applied Finance and Investment in 2004.

Years of Experience:

Malcolm Castle has over 50 years’ experience in exploration geology, property assessment and valuation as an exploration geologist. He established a consulting company and specializes in exploration management, technical audit, due diligence and property valuation at all stages of development.

He has been working in exploration geology and property evaluation for major companies for 20 years and as an independent consultant for 40 years. He has worked with gold, base metals, iron ore, lithium and rare earths and been part of the team for project discovery through to feasibility study for FMG in Australia and the Rawas Project in Indonesia as well as technical audits in many countries.

He is the Principal Consultant for Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd, an independent geological consultancy established 40 years ago and has completed numerous Independent Technical Assessment Reports and Independent Valuation Reports over the last two decades as part of his consulting business based in Western Australia.

Relevant Experience:

Malcolm Castle has worked as an exploration geologist in many countries and states of Australia and has prepared technical assessment reports for various companies with mineral assets in those areas over the last 30 years. He is familiar with the progress of exploration and mine development to the present day.

He is a founding member of the Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) and assisted in the preparation of the Definitive Feasibility Studies and the expansion planning from 20003 to 2010. The covered the startup of the company to the early years of production, working in the mining division.

He has compiled Independent Valuation Reports incorporating desktop scoping studies on the Tanbreez Project on several occasions since 2011, including a due diligence report for CRML in 2024.

Professional Registration:

He is a current Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy since 1964. (MAusIMM). He is a Competent Person under the JORC Code 2012 guidelines.

A ‘Competent Person’ is a minerals industry professional who is a Member of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, or of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists. These organisations have enforceable disciplinary processes including the powers to suspend or expel a member. A Competent Person must have a minimum of five years relevant experience in the style of mineralisation or type of deposit under consideration and in the activity which that person is undertaking. If the Competent Person is preparing documentation on Exploration Results, the relevant experience must be in exploration.

Competent Persons Statement – JORC Code:

The information in this Report that relates to Exploration Results and Mineral Resource Estimates of the Company is based on, and fairly represents, information and supporting documentation reviewed by Malcolm Castle, who is a Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Mr Castle has sufficient experience, which is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity, which he is undertaking to qualify as a Competent Person as defined under the 2012 Edition of the ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’. Mr Castle is not an employee of the Company and is the independent principal consultant for Agricola. Mr Castle consents to the inclusion in this report of the matters based on the information and supporting documentation in the form and context in which they appear.

Independence and Consent

Malcolm Castle, the report’s author, and Agricola have no material interest in the company or its mineral properties. Agricola’s relationship with the company is solely one of professional association between client and independent consultant. Agricola and it’s employees have no conflict of interest with the company.

Fees of $25,000 plus GST are being charged to the company for the preparation of this ITAR/TRS based on agreed-upon commercial rates, the payment of which is not contingent upon the conclusions of the report.

Agricola regards the ASIC guidelines of RG112.31 as being complied with, whereby there are no business or professional relationships or interests that would affect the expert’s ability to present an unbiased and independent opinion within this ITAR.

Agricola consents to the inclusion of this independent technical assessment report in the form and context set out in the agreement with the company. Agricola provides its consent with the understanding that the assessment expressed in the individual sections of this report will be considered with, and not independently of, the information set out in full.

Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd has not withdrawn this consent prior to the lodgement of the prospectus containing this Independent Technical Assessment Report.

2.3 Principal Sources of Information and Reliance on Other Experts

This review of the Tanbreez Project is based on information provided by the company, as well as technical reports made by consultants, government agencies, and previous tenants, and other relevant published and unpublished data available up to and including the date of the report. Agricola has tried to make sure that the technical data used to create this ITAR is real, correct, and complete.

Tenement status

Agricola is not qualified to provide extensive commentary on the legal aspects of the tenure of the mineral properties or their compliance with the legislative environment and permits in the various jurisdictions. In relation to the tenement standing, Agricola has relied on the information publicly available on this basis, Agricola has confirmed the tenements comprising the Tanbreez Project in government records including the Grant Document and understands that the tenements are in good standing and has confirmed this with the Company. Agricola understands that there are no legal, regulatory, statutory or contractual impediments to the Company entering the tenements and carrying out development activities

Sources of Information

In respect of the information contained in this report, Agricola has relied on:

In line with ASIC Regulatory Guide 55 and ASIC Corporations (Consents to Statements) Instrument 2016/72, permission to use statements from these sources is given. Where appropriate, Agricola has received separate consents for internal, unpublished reports.

Site Visits

The preparation of this report did not involve any site visits. Agricola has reviewed reports for all previous exploration and considers that a site visit would not reveal any additional information that would change the recommendations or make a material difference to the contents and of this report.

Exploration results

Mineral Resource Estimates and Exploration Targets

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on assumptions that could differ in the future and cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements for many reasons. Statements are based on information available as of the date of this Report, and expectations, forecasts and assumptions as of that date and involve several judgments, risks and uncertainties.

2.4 Personal Inspection Summary

Malcolm Castle, the author of this report has not visited the Tanbreez Project. He has prepared valuation reports for the Tanbreez Project over the last fourteen years (2010 – 2024) and is familiar with the details of the project and exploration progress to the present day.

2.5 Previously Filed Technical Report Summary Reports

European Lithium released an announcement to the Australian Stock Exchange in March 2025 on The Maiden Mineral Resource Estimate for the Tanbreez Project located in Greenland. This estimate was prepared by Al Maynard and Associates Pty Ltd on 30 August 2016 in accordance with the JORC Code 2012. The author of the report, A.J. Maynard, BAppSc (Geol), MAIG MAusIMM, is an independent consultant with long experience with the project and qualify as ‘Competent Persons’ under the JORC Code 2012 and the VALMIN Code 2015.

The report was commissioned by Rimbal Pty Ltd, a private company registered in Australia and not required to provide any disclosure. The Mineral Resource Estimate was provided by European Lithium for reference in accordance with ASX Listing Rules as a basis for further public disclosures relating to the Tanbreez Project following the acquisition of the Project by Critical Mets Corp and appropriate due diligence.

The Mineral Resource Estimate has not been updated and no more recent estimates or data relevant to the reported mineralisation is available.

No S-K 1300 Technical Report Summaries have been filed on the Tanbreez Project.

3.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION

3.1 Property Location

The Tanbreez license, MIN 2020-54 is in southern Greenland. The regional capital, Qaqortoq, is 20 km to the south and the regional airport of Narsarsuaq is being moved to approximately 12 km south of the licence. The major power line which is from hydro power passes 2 km south of the licence. The tenement has ample supply of fresh water.

Qaqortoq is the capital of the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland, located near Cape Thorvaldsen. it is the most populous town in southern Greenland with a population of approximately3,500, and the fourth or fifth-largest town in Greenland. Qaqortoq Heliport operates year-round, linking Qaqortoq with Narsarsuaq Airport (a distance of 60km) and, indirectly, with the rest of Greenland and Europe. Feasibility assessments were underway regarding building a landing strip for fixed-wing aircraft.

Given the proximity of the Tanbreez rare earth deposit to Qaqortoq, the new airport could significantly enhance logistics and transportation for mining operations, offering more efficient routes for personnel and equipment.

Location of the Tanbreez Project

Aerial view of the town of Qaqortoq in southern Greenland

3.2 Mineral Rights

The present status of the tenements in Greenland is based on a review of the official grant document signed on 19 August 2020 by the Government of Greenland, Ministry of Mineral Resources. This Report has been prepared on the assumption that the tenements are lawfully accessible for evaluation.

The regional capital, Qaqortoq, is 20 km to the south and the regional airport of Narsarsuaq is being moved to approximately 12 km south of the licence. The major power line which is from hydro power passes 2 km south of the Licence. The tenement has ample supply of fresh water.

The landscape at Tanbreez is characterized by relatively high and steep mountains and the long narrow Kangerluarsuk Fjord. The proposed port and most infrastructures will be located near the head of the fjord close to the outlet of Lakseelv, the largest river in the area. Outflow from the proposed tailings pond (Fostersø) will flow through Laksetværelv to Lakseelv. The ground is rich in minerals, which could lead to natural high levels of many metals in the soil, sediment, and water.

The Lakseelv River has a large population of fish (Arctic char) while Laksetværelv and Fostersø Lake are without fish stocks. Tanbreez is almost devoid of vegetation above 50-100m elevation while dwarf heath vegetation occurs along the shore of the fjord and lower parts of Lakseelv River. Wildlife is limited to two terrestrial mammal species (a fox and a hare) and small numbers of marine mammals (seals and whales). The birdlife is limited to a few common and widespread species of South Greenland. No sea bird colonies are found along the fjord. A few species occurring in the study area are listed on the Greenland Red list of threatened species, most notably White-tailed eagle. However, no nesting sites of the eagle are known from the project area.

In 2001 the exploration license for the Tanbreez area was taken up by Rimbal Pty. Ltd. Exploration at Tanbreez was initiated in 2007 though the subsidiary Westrip as the TANBREEZ Project. In 2010 the TANBREEZ Mining Greenland A/S, a subsidiary of Rimbal, based in Nuuk was formed.

The Tanbreez Project is situated on the southeast side of the Kangerluarsuk Fjord near the head of the fjord. The fjord is mostly steep sided and surrounded by mountains rising to 700-1,000 m with the Killavaat mountain to the east rising to 1,200 m.

The total land holding for the Tanbreez Project is 18 square kilometres.

Location of Tanbreez Tenement MIN 2020-54

On 13 August 2020, the Government of Greenland approved an application for an exploitation permit for an area of 18 km² located at Tanbreez in South Greenland to TANBREEZ Mining Greenland A/S (MIN 2020-54). Tanbreez has been granted an exploitation permit valid for a period of 30 years. The exploitation permit gives Tanbreez the right to exploit elements found in the eudialyte mineral.

The status of the tenements has been verified by Agricola by reference to the Document of Grant and the list of Exploration Licences in Greenland published on the Government website, pursuant to paragraph 67 of the VALMIN Code. The tenements are believed to be in good standing at the date of this Report as represented by the Company.

The Tanbreez tenement area MIN 2020-54.

3.3 Description of Property Rights

The legislation for the mineral industry in Greenland

In the following some relevant information related to the licensing and permitting procedures for the mining industry in Greenland are summarized. It should be noted that more detailed information is published on the relevant internet portal of the Government of Greenland (www.govmin.gl) which is continuously updated.

The main principles for the administration of mineral resource activities are laid out in the Greenland Parliament Act no. 7 of December 7, 2009, on Mineral Resources and Mineral Resource Activities (the Mineral Resources Act). This was a result of the increased autonomy under the Act on Greenland Self-Government from 21 June 2009, when the Danish/Greenlandic relations regarding mineral resource activities in Greenland changed and the Government of Greenland took over the responsibility for the mineral resources. The latest changes to these rules and regulations have been enacted in 2014.

Following the recent amendment to the Mineral Resources Act, there are now three main authorities involved with the legal foundation and regulations for minerals and hydrocarbons in Greenland. These are the Mineral Licence and Safety Authority (MLSA), the Ministry of Mineral Resources (MMR), and the Environment Agency for the Mineral Resources Activities (EAMRA).

The MLSA is the one-door authority. Licensees and other parties covered by the Mineral Resources Act communicate with the MLSA and receive all notifications, documents, and decisions from the MLSA. It is the overall administrative authority for licences and mineral resource activities and is the authority for safety matters including supervision and inspections.

The MMR is responsible for the overall strategy concerning mineral and energy resources, policies on the same subjects, legal issues, marketing of mineral and energy resources in Greenland, and socio-economic issues related to mineral and energy resource activities, such as SIA, IBA, and royalty schemes.

The EAMRA is the administrative authority for environmental matters relating to mineral resources activities, including protecting the environment and nature, environmental liability and EIA. The EAMRA is an agency under the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Justice.

Licensing and permitting procedures.

Mineral exploration licences (MEL)

Applications for mineral exploration licenses are submitted to the MLSA and handled according to the procedures defined in the Mineral Resource Act. In general, one licence area may consist of up to 5 subareas, but the distance between any two subareas must not exceed 40 square kilometres. Licences are granted for 5 years with the option for renewal. The licensee is obligated to commit yearly exploration expenses regarding the licence area.

In addition to traditional licences, a small-scale licence can be granted to citizens living in Greenland. Claims of up to 1 km2 can be held by individuals and activities are subject to certain restrictions. This licence type is typically granted to private collectors of gemstones.

Mineral exploitation licences (MIN)

The permitting process for an exploitation licence required for the initiation of mining activities involves the submission of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and a Social Impact Assessment (SIA). Both assessments require baseline studies and consultations with stakeholders with a strong emphasis on public hearings and reviews by the authorities. The outcome of this multi-stage process is the Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA) which forms the basis of the mining permit. The relevant rules and regulations are outlined at: www.govmin.gl/minerals/terms-rules-laws-guidelines.

An EIA must be prepared when a company plans to exploit a mineral deposit following the routines described in the guidelines (Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum 2011). The EIA must cover the entire exploitation period from mine development before the mine starts until the closure of the mine including a subsequent monitoring period. Environmental studies must be able to predict impacts from the specific mining project and describe baseline conditions before areas are affected by construction and operations. Studies must cover some years before construction starts so that the annual and seasonal variations of environmental parameters are considered in the baseline description. The number of years needed to conduct the environmental studies will depend on the project and the site. Often 2–3 years of studies are needed in advance of the EIA report preparation.

Administration of the Mineral Sector 2020-2024

In Greenland, mineral resource activities are divided into three phases: prospecting, exploration and exploitation. To carry out these mineral resource activities, you need a licence from the Government of Greenland. The Mineral Licence and Safety Authority is responsible for processing applications for prospecting and exploration licences (and applications for approval of field activities).

When a holder of an exploration licence wishes to apply for a licence to exploit mineral resource deposits, the licensee must provide an environmental impact assessment (EIA) together with the application and, where a project is deemed to have a material impact on social conditions, also a social impact assessment (SIA).

Mineral resource activity will inevitably have an impact on the environment. Environmental laws in the mineral resources sector are to ensure that all activities are carried out with due respect for the environment, nature and the climate, and therefore, there are requirements for an EIA report and ongoing monitoring of the mineral resource activities. The Environmental Agency for Mineral Resource Activities (EAMRA) under the Ministry of Nature and Environment is responsible for the environmental aspects of mineral resource activities and has prepared a separate strategic memorandum for the environmental aspects of mineral resources, which will be made available at www.govmin.gl.

One of the purposes of the SIA is to describe what Greenland can expect to gain from a given project in terms of jobs, taxes and royalties, new business opportunities for subcontractors, etc. Terms must be specified in the exploitation licence on the extent to which a licensee is required to enter and fulfil a social sustainability agreement and other socio-economic matters, a so-called Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA). The IBA is an agreement between the licensee, one or more local authorities and the Government of Greenland, providing specific requirements for the use of local workers etc.

Before initiating construction and exploitation activities, the Government of Greenland must approve an exploitation and closure plan including, among other things, security for clean-up obligations. In addition, the activities must be carried out in accordance with activity approvals.

Ban on Uranium Mining

On December 2, 2021, a law prohibiting preliminary investigation, exploration, and exploitation of uranium entered into force in Greenland on the day following its promulgation. The new law bans mining only for uranium; the mining of other minerals is still allowed.

The new law provides that the preliminary investigation, exploration, and exploitation of uranium is prohibited unless they are directed at something other than uranium and the average uranium content of the total resource is below 100 ppm by weight. The Greenlandic government may also lay down rules that specify that the mining prohibition may apply to radioactive elements other than uranium. Such rules may cover permissible limit values and the restriction and revocation of permits for the preliminary study, exploration, or utilization of the radioactive elements in question.

The law also provides that the government may impose fines for violations of section 1 and that companies (“legal persons”) may be held criminally liable in accordance with Chapter 5 of the Greenlandic Criminal Code.

It is noted that the uranium content of the mineral resource estimates at the Tanbreez deposit is below 100 ppm.

3.4 Royalty Payments

The royalty elements are differentiated for the various types of minerals, and the main terms for royalties are:

3.5 Significant Encumbrances to the Property

Qaqortukulooq (Hvalsey): Contains 11 Norse and 2 Thule sites, including the best preserved Norse ruin in Greenland and the site of the last recorded mention of Europeans in Greenland in 1408 Hvalsey Viking Church ruins are situated approximately 11km south of the proposed mine. The church was the main cathedral for Greenland, and it is thought that the first church on this site was built in the 11th century by Thorkell Farserk, a relative of Eric the Red.

Hvalsey Viking Church Ruins

The church and its surroundings have been designated a world heritage site. Around this the local community, the central government in cooperation with the Company have put up a buffer zone. The buffer zone recommended and accepted by all parties is the top of the rugged range with south flowing creeks in the heritage and buffer zone, and the north flowing creeks in the mining area. They are separated by rugged ranges which reach a height of approximately 1,000m, effectively isolating the UNESCO site from the mineral resource areas.

The UNESCO World Heritage Area covers the southeast corner of the Tanbreez Tenement. It does not cover the kakortokite outcrop.

3.6 Other Significant Factors and Risks Affecting Access

No other significant factors have been identified that affect access to the site.

4.0 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

4.1 Topography and Land Description

Physiography

The kakortokite unit outcrops well over an area of 5 x 3km which forms as a plateau that dips shallowly to the north. This plateau ends with a north facing cliff up to 400m high. The zone extends to 40m below sea level.

Vegetation

The minerals sodalite and eudialyte are slightly soluble and will form small amounts of silica gel in water. Such silica gel, when taken up by plants blocks their water pathways, thus killing the plant. These rocks thus act as a natural herbicide, so no vegetation can grow on the deposit and because of erosion, little soil remains, resulting in the deposit consisting mostly of outcropping rocks. As is virtually no overburden to remove which is well shown in the figure above.

Tanbreez Base Camp with minimal vegetation

4.2 Access to the Property

The current international airport is at Narsarsuaq, some 45km to the north, but the airport is currently being shifted to north of Qaqortoq, 15km south of the mine. At present flight times by helicopter from Qaqortoq to the mine site is roughly 5 minutes less from the new airport.

Access is also possible all year round by a boat via the fjords which offer protection from the weather – it is about a 45 minute from Qaqortoq, or about 10 minutes by boat from the new airport. In this part of Greenland due to the warming effects of the gulf stream the fjords usually do not freeze over, allowing access all year round by sea.

Eleven kilometres south of the deposit is the old Norse Cathedral at Hvalsey. This area is now in an UNESCO world heritage listed area, around which there is a secondary protection or buffer zone. This zone occurs on the opposite side of the rugged range which has a different river drainage system. The development and operations at Tanbreez will have no effect on the UNESCO site.

There are plans for a road to be constructed to the world heritage site. At some time in the future a road from Tanbreez to this road will give vehicle access to town.

The access fjord gives excellent access to the mine site which is 100m deep and very close to shore allowing an almost land backed berth. Ships to about 60,000 tonnes are capable to get to site. There are 2 possible routes to get to site allow access even on the rare case of blockage of the entrance by icebergs.

The company has mapped a proposed road up the hill which means over 90% of the property will be accessible with a wheeled vehicle if required. It will also mean complete access and reduce the need for helicopters.

Two shipping routes to the Tanbreez site

4.3 Climate Description

The climate of Qaqortoq, the state capital, is polar, although with maritime influences, with very cold winters, during which the temperature is a few degrees below freezing, and quite mild summers. The average daily temperature is above freezing even at night for six months of the year, from May to October. Precipitation is moderate, at 970 millimetres per year, with a maximum from August to November.

The winter is cold, but it is significantly less cold and long than in the central-northern part of Greenland. The average temperature in February is around -5 °C. The average temperature is below freezing even during the day from December to March, however, it can sometimes exceed this value, and it can rain even in this season.

Summer, from June to August, is quite mild. The average in July and August is almost 9 °C. Rainfall is quite frequent, and it practically never snows, except occasionally in the first half of June. In this season, fog forms quite often. Sometimes there can be short very mild periods, from one to three days, during which the temperature can reach or exceed 20 °C.

In Qaqortoq the sea is always very cold, however, it reaches around 0°C at the end of winter (remember that the sea, being salty, freezes at about -2 °C).

The company has maintained and independently monitored weather station on the Tanbreez site. The data indicated the average winter temperature was -5°C, with a range from 9°C to - 21°. While the summer temperature averaged between 4°C to 10°C, with a range from -3°C to 18°C.

4.4 Availability of Required Infrastructure

Location and Existing Infrastructure in the Tanbreez area

Local Resources

Greenland is an independent colony (i.e. self-governing) of Denmark and as such most areas such as health, law & order, mining, environment, social welfare etc are in line with European standards. Most Greenlanders have completed secondary school (to the age of 17), with many completing further education in Denmark or Greenland to university level. The Danes are responsible mostly for defence and foreign affairs.

The company has spent considerable time assessing the local human resources and is convinced that 90% plus is available locally (refer later in this report). In addition to that Greenlanders have had a long tradition of having to be self-sufficient. For example, if a car, or more so a boat broke down and there was only one ship per year, the machine would have to be fixed locally. Even though today most towns have daily aircrafts, and ships once a week or so, this reliance on self-sufficiency is still strong. Thus, in the industrial area at the nearby regional capital of Qaqortoq there is available a set of competing engineering facilities, and original thinkers far beyond what a normal town of such a size with would be expected to provide.

Major Towns

There are 3 major towns in the area:

Qaqortoq also has a tertiary business school while Narsaq has Greenland’s only advanced catering school.

Labour

The Greenland Tax Act is one where the personal income tax goes to the local community where the person lives. Thus, if a person lives at any of the towns in this community which includes Qaqortoq, Narsaq and Nanortalik, then the resultant personal income tax stays in the town. Company tax, income tax on foreign workers and royalties go to the central government. This means the local community is fully aware of all local people capable of fulfilling set jobs and more so people who have left the community to seek employment elsewhere. The community is also responsible for much of the housing in these towns which is a major problem for workers who wish to move families to town. For this reason, Tanbreez signed a cooperation MoU agreement with the community enabling them to aid in the recruitment of a locally based workforce.

Infrastructure - Electricity

The area is totally powered by hydro power. Tanbreez has signed an agreement with the Greenland government power company (Nukissiorfiit) to supply all the projects power needs. Thus, the company anticipates that in Greenland the company will have a minimal, if not zero, carbon footprint.

Infrastructure – Water

On the Tanbreez licence there are 2 freshwater creeks, the smaller of which is headed by Fostersø Lake.

5.0 HISTORY

History of the discovery & exploration

The discovery of uranium at the northern end of the intrusion in the 1950’s meant two groups were intensely exploring from 1960 to 1980. In the north, outside the current licence, the Danish government was exploring for uranium and a cryolite mining company in the south, was exploring the eudialyte. This spurred on much activity, hundreds of papers, books, comparison with the large eudialyte deposits on the Kola Peninsula at Lovozero and Khibina. After the Danish government decided against going nuclear and the cryolite company decided to halt its zirconium research the exploration faded away in the 1970s.

Eudialyte Exploration 1985 to the Present

Exploration of the zirconium-rich kakortokites continued in 1985, when the Danish company A/S Carl Nielsen obtained an exclusive licence to carry out exploration centred around the exposed kakortokites and the adjacent marginal pegmatite in the southern part of the complex. The thickest layer of red kakortokite, layer +16, was examined in two drill holes in 1986. During 1987, potentially economic eudialyte-rich parts of the marginal pegmatite, kakortokites and Naujaites within the concession area were mapped and sampled, and samples of the marginal pegmatite were metallurgically tested.

In 1987, the Canadian company Highwood Re-sources Ltd. obtained permission to explore areas be-tween the fjords Tunulliarfik and Kangerluarsuk and carried out bulk sampling and drilling to test the feasibility of exploitation of eudialyte-rich rocks. This company was joined by Platinova Resources Ltd. and Aber Resources Ltd. In 1988 this group and A/S Carl Nielsen formed a joint venture, combining their mineral licences. The main target was the exposed kakortokites, minor targets were the marginal pegmatites in the southern part of the complex. The joint venture co-operation was continued in 1990 with an extensive drilling programme and metallurgical testing of potential ores from the southern part of the complex. At the end of this activity the Canadian partners and the Danish participants went through a period of restructuring resulting in Highwood Resources taking over all interests in the prospect at the end of 1992.

In 1992 the Danish company Mineral Development International A/S (MDI) obtained the exclusive right to explore the sodalite-rich Naujaites in the northern part of the complex. The aim was to investigate the possibilities of using sodalite as raw material to produce synthetic zeolites.

Several research projects involving colleagues from other countries have been supported by various foundations. The Danish Natural Science Research Council supported a Canadian Danish project aiming at a comparison of the mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, with the Narssârssuk mineral occurrence associated with the Igaliko Complex, South Greenland, and the Ilímaussaq complex. The Danish company First Development International A/S in 1993 supported a Danish–Russian project consisting of an examination of the drill cores from the 1977 drilling programme kept at the Risø National Laboratory. The aim was to find some of the water-soluble minerals discovered in the Khibina and Lovozero complexes. The drill cores are rich in villiaumite, but holes in the samples indicate that other water-soluble minerals have been dis-solved during and after drilling. Only one of the Kola minerals was discovered, natrophosphate.

In 1994–1997 INTAS (International Association for the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists from the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union) supported a Danish–French Russian Spanish research co-operation with the purpose of promoting comparative studies of the mineralogy of agpaitic nepheline syenites in Ilímaussaq, the Khibina and Lovozero complexes of the Kola Peninsula, and the Tamazeght complex, Morocco. Field work was carried out in Ilímaussaq in 1994, in Khibina and Lovozero in 1997 and in Tamazeght in 1999.

The Danish Natural Science Research Council in 1997 supported an Austrian Danish research project with the purpose of studying pegmatites and hydro-thermal veins and the relations to their country rocks in the Ilímaussaq complex and at the Narssârssuk mineral locality associated with the Igaliko Complex in South Greenland.

The Tanbreez Deposit

Tanbreez parent company, Rimbal Pty Ltd, took up the Tanbreez licence in 2001 and the whole intrusion subsequently in 2005. It subsequently sold the northern part of the intrusion, including the previous uranium exploration areas to Greenland Minerals & Energy in 2007. Since then, that company has been able to establish a JORC deposit more than 1 billion tonnes of ore containing rare earth, uranium and zinc. In 2010 Rimbal transferred its initial licence into the Greenlandic company, Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S, which, in 2012, applied for the Exploitation Licence, MIN 2020-54, that was granted in September 2020. Tanbreez is an anagram of the chemical symbols for tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), rare earths REE) and zirconium (Zr) - Ta-Nb-REE-Z.

The government of Greenland, and earlier Denmark, have completed several surveys of the region including Aerial magnetic survey, Aerial regional radiometric survey, Regional gravity survey and Regional geochemical survey.

Tanbreez has extended this with their own localised aerial magnetic, radiometric and topographic surveys. The aerial magnetic survey, radiometric survey and the gravity survey do not show any anomalies on this licence which was expected. With the radiometric surveys identifying the uranium and thorium anomalies associated with this deposit north of this licence. No radiometric anomalies were located within the Tanbreez Project.

Concluding remarks

An impressive number of papers have been published on the geology, mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex. Major exploration programmes have investigated the economic potential of rocks rich in uranium, zirconium, niobium and beryllium and the technical use of sodalite. Many remains, however, to be investigated and published.

To gain a fuller understanding of the petrogenesis of the complex several drill holes were required, first in the deepest part of the kakortokites to explore the hidden layered floor series, and through the roof series to give access to the sheets of augite syenite, alkali granite, etc. occurring in a topography which makes access difficult. Many aspects of the geology of the complex have not yet been studied in detail, this applies for instance to the spectacular layering of some of the arfvedsonite lujavrites. Future drilling programmes and quarrying activities should take special measures to safeguard the water-soluble minerals because these must be collected immediately on exposure to the atmosphere.

The agpaitic nepheline syenites are among the most evolved igneous rocks known. Petrological studies of the rocks of the complex can therefore bring important knowledge about many natural petrological processes.

6.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING, MINERALIZATION, AND DEPOSIT

6.1 Regional Geology

The Ilímaussaq complex (1160 ± 5 Ma) is one of the youngest intrusions of the Gardar Province, South Greenland. This province is the product of a two-stage rifting event (1300–1250 Ma, 1180–1140 Ma) associated with the break-up of a Supercontinent. It constitutes dyke swarms, a volcanic-sedimentary graben fill sequence (the Eriksfjord Formation) and about a dozen volcanic igneous centres. Gardar magmas span a compositional range from alkali basalt to trachyte, alkali granite and strongly peralkaline nepheline syenites with local occurrences of lamprophyre and carbonatite.

The Ilimaussaq Complex and Tanbreez location

Ilímaussaq hosts some of the most chemically evolved magmatic rocks on Earth and is the type locality for agpaitic rocks. The complex was emplaced at 3 to 4 km depth (1 kbar), intruding into the Eriksfjord Formation and granites of the Julianehåb Batholith (1800 Ma). The complex is roughly disc-shaped with approximately 1500 m of vertical exposure and horizontal dimensions of about 17 by 8 km.

Emplacement occurred by at least four successive melt batches that were derived from a common, deep-seated magma chamber. The first batch crystallised a metaluminous augite syenite that is preserved in the roof zone and around the intrusion to the south. The second melt batch produced a thin sheet of peralkaline granite and quartz syenite. The third and fourth melt batches delivered the volumetrically dominant sequences, most of which crystallised eudialyte-group minerals. The third and fourth batch cored the earlier units and formed syenite and nepheline syenite, subdivided into a roof and a floor sequence, separated by a sandwich horizon representing the final and most evolved melt fraction. Crystallisation of the syenite started from the roof and progressed downwards to form conformable layers of pulaskite, foyaite, sodalite foyaite and a poikilitic sodalite- floor sequence, although the true bottom of the magma chamber is not exposed.

The Ilímaussaq intrusive complex is one of several alkaline complexes formed during Mesoproterozoic rifting in the southwestern part of Greenland, which collectively is called the Gardar province. Ilímaussaq is the youngest major intrusion of the Gardar province. The Ilímaussaq alkaline complex is among the largest known alkaline complexes in the world and has been studied since the early 19th century.

The complex measures 17 by 8 km, and the exposed vertical thickness is about 1700 m. It is estimated that the complex was emplaced 3-4 km below the contemporary surface at the discontinuity between the Ketilidian crystalline basement and the overlying Eriksfjord Formation made up of continental sandstones and lavas of mainly basaltic composition. The basement and the overlying sandstones and lavas are intruded by numerous mainly basaltic dykes. The Eriksfjord Formation is the surface expression of Gardar activity and is preserved only in down-faulted blocks. The basalts in the part of the Gardar rift zone which contains the Ilímaussaq igneous complexes are richer in alkalis, P, Ba, Sr, Nb and LREE than the basic rocks in other parts of the Gardar province.

Ilimaussaq as the final and youngest intrusion all these volatile minerals developed into one large pegmatite-like body. This intrusion is some 18km long, 8km wide and at least 4km deep, super enriched in these elements. So much so that one of the main rock forming minerals, eudialyte, is a zirconium mineral with the rock perhaps 50 times enriched over the original magma.

The spectacularly layered kakortokites in the mountain known as Kringlerne (Tanbreez). Each unit begins with a black layer, followed by a red layer and topped with a white layer.

Kakortokite Summary

Kakortokite is a rare, layered igneous rock composed primarily of feldspar, eudialyte (a zirconium-rich silicate), and arfvedsonite (an iron-rich amphibole). It is notable for being a major host rock for rare earth elements (REEs), zirconium, and other critical minerals. Major Occurrences include the: Ilímaussaq Complex, Greenland (including the Tanbreez and Kvanefjeld deposits), Lovozero Massif, Russia, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada.

Rare Earth Elements (REEs)include high concentrations of heavy REEs (HREEs), crucial for advanced technology, Zirconium & Hafnium: Used in nuclear reactors and aerospace, Low Uranium & Thorium: Unlike carbonatite-hosted deposits, kakortokite has minimal radioactive elements, making extraction easier and more environmentally friendly. Applications include Green Energy: REE magnets for wind turbines and EVs, Defence & Aerospace: Advanced alloys, radar, and missile guidance systems, Electronics: Smartphones, semiconductors, and lasers.

The Tanbreez Project in Greenland is one of the largest known kakortokite-hosted REE deposits in the Western sphere. Its high concentration of HREEs and low environmental risks (due to minimal uranium/thorium) make it a strategic alternative to China-dominated REE sources.

Prospective Units of the Ilímaussaq Complex

The Ilimaussaq intrusion has a distinctive number of units and horizons numbering about 257 separate recognisable units. However, these can be split into just 8 main units, some of which are heavily mineralised and some which are not. From the oldest these are:

All these bands contain eudialyte and are economic for eudialyte recovery. The units come in 3 specially separated groups:

Geological map of the Ilímaussaq complex. Tanbreez is hosted in the kakortokite unit. Kvanefjeld is hosted in the lujavrite (green)

The kakortokite-arfvedsonite-eudialyte-nepheline syenite known locally as naujaite. The lowermost exposed sequence, locally termed “kakortokite”, consists of medium- to coarse-grained agpaitic nepheline syenites, most of which are rhythmically layered. The kakortokite postdates the naujaite and is interpreted as a magmatic floor sequence, although the true bottom of the magma chamber is not exposed. The kakortokite sequence is subdivided from bottom to top into three structural subunits: the lower layered kakortokite, slightly layered kakortokite and transitional layered kakortokite.

A marginal pegmatite zone, about 50–200 m wide, separates the kakortokite from the augite syenite. The TLK conformably grades upwards into finer-grained and strongly foliated melanocratic eudialyte-nepheline syenite known as lujavrite. The lujavrite occurs in aegirine and arfvedsonite dominated varieties, of which the latter represents the chemically most evolved rock type of the complex. The lujavrite and the kakortokite represent the fourth and final melt batch but may have been formed by several pulses of melt.

Augite syenites

The augite syenite shows a xenomorphic texture with grain size varying between 2 and 20 mm. The main minerals are strongly exsolved perthitic alkali feldspar, olivine, clinopyroxene and Fe–Ti oxides. Sodalite fayalites. This rock type is typically medium to coarse grained with grain sizes up to 20 mm. The main minerals are euhedral perthitic alkali feldspar, nepheline, sodalite, olivine and resorbed relics of augite, sector-zoned Na-rich clinopyroxene, aenigmatite, fluorite, rare eudialyte and zoned ferrorichterite. Analcime appears to occur as a late liquidus phase, but most analcime forms together with secondary sodalite by replacement of primary sodalite and nepheline.

Kakortokites

Kakortokite is a medium- to coarse-grained nepheline syenite and forms the main magmatic layered part of the intrusion in the southern part of the complex. Most of the 29 described units consist of three layers, which are named based on colour. Basal black layers of predominantly arfvedsonite are followed by red layers rich in eudialyte, then by white layers rich in nepheline and alkali-feldspar, which are generally the thickest. The layers maintain a consistent thickness throughout a unit. Although most of the units contain all three layers, some do not. Black layers have abrupt lower contacts with subjacent white layers but typically pass gradationally upwards to red layers. The units are labelled based on their position with respect to a marker unit called zero (e.g., unit +16 is the 16th unit above the marker; unit -3 is the 3rd unit below the marker).

Naujaites

Naujaite is a cumulate rock consisting of large (up to 5 mm) euhedral sodalite crystals that floated to the top of the magma chamber. Later crystallising phases are mainly nepheline, alkali-feldspar, aegirine, arfvedsonite, and eudialyte, which result in a predominantly poikilitic texture. Individual feldspars can be up to 25 cm, and both aegirine and arfvedsonite can form crystals up to 30 cm. The amount of eudialyte in naujaite is inconsistent and it may be completely absent. Rinkite is a common accessory mineral in naujaite, which is the most exposed rock in Ilímaussaq.

Lujavrites

Lujavrite is a meso- to melanocratic agpaitic to hyperagpaitic syenite with a pronounced lamination caused by the orientation of mafic minerals and, in part, felsic minerals such as feldspars. The two most abundant varieties of lujavrite in Ilímaussaq are named based on colour: in green lujavrite the predominant mafic mineral is aegirine; in black lujavrite, the main mafic mineral is arfvedsonite. The felsic minerals in lujavrite are nepheline, albite, microcline, and sodalite. Lujavrites are fine grained (up to 0.6 mm), but sodalite grains can be up to 2 mm and mafic minerals up to 1 mm. A coarser type of lujavrite is called M-C-lujavrite (medium to coarse grained), in which the individual grains can reach sizes of more than one cm and are locally pegmatitic. A fourth type, naujakasite lujavrite, contains naujakasite and is associated with the highly agpaitic stage of the complex. In these lujavrites, naujakasite generally occurs at the expense of nepheline. Locally the lujavrite contains up to 75 % volume naujakasite. The water-soluble mineral villiaumite is abundant in most of the lujavrites but has been leached out in some near-surface rocks. Lujavrite is the rock unit containing the highest amounts of incompatible elements and is the major ore of the Kvanefjeld deposit.

Structure of the Kakortokite Sequence

Layered Kakortokite Sequence

The exceptionally well-exposed kakortokite in combination with the subhorizontal structure of the sequence were used to estimate the tonnage of the lower layered kakortokite in 1971. The calculation was based on detailed mapping of the 29 rhythmic units in the exposed part of kakortokite. The estimate was repeated in 2005 based on the geological map of the Southern part of the IlÍmaussaq Complex. These historic estimates measured 209m and 218m, respectively for the total thickness of the lower layered kakortokite, which is within the expected uncertainty of this kind of survey. The volume of kakortokite was determined using a planimeter to measure the area on the map between the contours of the different rhythmic units.

The stratigraphic borehole DX-01 was drilled in the central part of the kakortokite Sequence in 2010 and shows a total thickness of the lower layered kakortokite of 270 m, which is 35 m more than the measured thickness on the surface. The difference in thickness cannot convincingly be explained by the uncertainty in the measurements but is most probably related to structural conditions. This makes the correlation between numbered layers on the surface and the layering observed in drill cores difficult, except for correlation over short distances and involving kakortokite layers with very characteristic textures.

6.2 Local and Property Geology

Kakortokite outcrop dominates the Tanbreez Area east of the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

The kakortokite is well-exposed along the Kringlerne coast, east of the Kangerluarsuk fjord. It constitutes a modal mineralogy of alkali feldspar, nepheline, arfvedsonite and eudialyte with minor sodalite, aegirine, aenigmatite and fluorite. The LLK forms an approximately 234 to 269-metre-thick sequence consisting of at least 29 tripartite modally layered units. Each unit is on average 8 m thick and consists of a basal black layer dominated by arfvedsonite followed by a thin red layer rich in eudialyte (sometimes poorly developed) and sealed by a thick white top layer rich in feldspar and nepheline.

Layers are numbered ’−11 to +17’ in relation to a well-developed marker horizon ’0’ and suffixed with a letter indicating their respective colour (B for black, R for red, W for white). A fine-grained unlayered melanocratic rock type intersects the LLK between unit −7 and −2 and has most commonly been referred to as a “slumped” kakortokite, or more recently described as a “hybrid” sequence between a more primitive Ti-rich melt that mixed with the kakortokite crystal mush.

The approximately 50-metre-thick sequence of SLK starts on top of the last recognisable three-layer unit (+17), but, due to poor exposure and severe alteration, a detailed investigation is unavailable to date. The overlying, approximately 60-metre-thick TLK crops out north of the Lakseelv Valley and shows an upward decrease in grain size and an increase in the ratio of aegirine to arfvedsonite. Layering is less pronounced and rhythmic than in the LLK and identified units, separated by eudialyte-rich horizons, were labelled with the letters A to I from top to bottom.

Both the Fjord and the Hill rare-earth mineral sites are located within a kakortokite batholith covering an area of approximately 5km x 2.5km, on the south side of the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

The layered Ilimaussaq intrusion, host of the Tanbreez Project (middle ground plateau)

The exposed sequence rises from the Fjord up to about 400masl and is comprised of 95% kakortokite and 5% other rocks, mostly syenite dykes and sills.

The Kakortokite is a rhythmically layered intrusion, composed of arfvedsonite, eudialyte, alkali-feldspar and nepheline with some sodalite, that dips shallowly to the north at about 10-15^o. This layering is composed of black, red and white layers with the colours reflecting enrichment of various minerals:

Conventionally, each coloured horizon (black, red, white) is termed a layer. Each of the three layers together form a unit composed of black, red and white layers in ascending order. The exposed part of the kakortokite consists of 29 units labelled +1 to +17 and -1 to -11 above and below respectively of a datum ‘unit 0’. Drilling has revealed that more units also occur below the surface and as part of the Black Madonna litho-stratigraphy.

This layering stands out clearly from the distance however it is not always so obvious up close and in drill core. Some layers are faint while others are much more strongly developed There is a pronounced thickness variation between layers as well as in texture and grain size which helps in identifying marker horizons.

On average a unit is about 12.5m thick however they are not always fully developed and in some cases with black/red layers very faint or missing. An approximate average thickness of the individual black, red and white layers is 1.5m, 1m and 10m respectively.

The eudialyte content of the black and white layers is similar with a little less than 10% by volume, whereas the eudialyte content of the red layers is around 30 - 40% vol.

The Tanbreez REE deposit is hosted in the rhythmically layered basal kakortokite series (red) whereas the Kvanefjeld REE deposit is associated with the highly fractionated arfvedsonite-lujavrite (green).

6.3 Mineralization

The Tanbreez Project is one of the world’s most significant rare earth element (REE) deposits, hosted in the Ilímaussaq Alkaline Complex. The mineralization is primarily associated with the peralkaline syenite rocks, especially the kakortokite and lujavrite layers.

Kakortokite is the dominant host rock for mineralization at Tanbreez. It is composed of rhythmic layers of feldspar, arfvedsonite, aegirine, and eudialyte. The mineral eudialyte is the primary REE-bearing phase. Lujavrite (Secondary Host) is a darker, REE-enriched nepheline syenite that also contains eudialyte, but in a more complex mineralogical setting. The units are enriched in zirconium, niobium, and tantalum.

The primary REE-bearing mineral is Eudialyte, the key carrier of light and heavy REEs, along with zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta). Unlike monazite and bastnäsite, eudialyte has low uranium (U) and thorium (Th), making it attractive for mining. Heavy REEs include Dysprosium (Dy), Yttrium (Y), Terbium (Tb). Light REEs include Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr), Lanthanum (La). The deposit is especially rich in HREEs, which are critical for high-tech applications.

Additional mineralization includes Zirconium (Zr), and Niobium (Nb) hosted in eudialyte and catapleiite minerals. Zirconium is an important material for nuclear reactors and ceramics. Niobium is used in superalloys and high-strength steels. Iron and Titanium are present as aegirine (iron silicate) and ilmenite (iron-titanium oxide). Unlike many REE deposits worldwide, Tanbreez has low levels of radioactive elements (U, Th), making processing easier.

Coarse grained Eudialyte (pink) in drill core from the Tanbreez Hill area demonstrating the coarse nature of the mineralisation(assays are included in the MRE estimate.

Styles of Mineralisation

The Ilimaussaq intrusion has several different styles of mineralisation. The company has assessed most but with a government ban on uranium those with uranium are not currently being explored.

Kakortokite

The kakortokite unit is a distinctively banded group of eudialyte bearing nepheline syenite layers which are the lowest exposed unit in the intrusion. The kakortokite has been the subject of the most extensive exploration in the whole intrusion with over 400 holes, over 709 tonnes of bulk samples and over 500,000 assays. The kakortokite is characterised by three groups of minerals, each with a distinctive colour:

The deposit consists of the 3 bands, one of each colour that make up a unit with over 50 units mapped. However, each band itself is economic with the average grade of about 1.9% ZrO₂. Bands range from 1m to over 10m thick. They persist over large areas seen on the cliff face.

Eudialyte Summary

Eudialyte is a rare, complex silicate mineral that serves as an important source of zirconium, niobium, and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). It is typically found in peralkaline igneous rocks, such as kakortokite. Eudialyte is primarily found in peralkaline igneous complexes, including Ilímaussaq Complex, Greenland (Tanbreez deposit), Kola Peninsula, Russia (Lovozero and Khibiny massifs), Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada, and Norra Kärr, Sweden.

Economic Importance: Rare Earth Elements (REEs): High concentrations of Heavy REEs (HREEs) like dysprosium and terbium, Zirconium & Niobium: Used in nuclear reactors, aerospace, and high-strength alloys, Low Uranium & Thorium: Unlike monazite and bastnäsite (common in carbonatite deposits), eudialyte has very low radioactive elements, making processing safer and more environmentally friendly.

Industrial Applications: Electric Vehicles (EVs): High-performance magnets (NdFeB), Wind Turbines: Permanent magnets for generators, Aerospace & Defence: Radar, missile systems, and jet engines, Electronics: Smartphones, semiconductors, and medical imaging,

Significance of Eudialyte in the Tanbreez Deposit: Tanbreez is one of the largest known eudialyte-rich REE deposits, providing a strategic, non-Chinese source of heavy rare earths. Low environmental impact due to minimal uranium and thorium content. Western-controlled REE supply, reducing reliance on Chinese production.

Ratio of ZrO₂ to REO

There is a clear relationship between ZrO2 and REO (using Dy₂O₃ as a proxy) and the median that was used to estimate REO values for the earlier drilling programs.

Relationship with zirconium oxide and dysprosium oxide over 203 samples

Average grade statistics of TREO light and heavy REE’s in relation to ZO₂

High Grade Intercepts, 2024

Critical Metals Corp. (CRML) has completed due diligence and has undertaken a recent drilling program at Tanbreez Fjord for confirmation, extension and infill drilling to prepare the project for Mine Development Studies and anticipates assay results will be available in the near future.

CRML. has received the results for the first drill hole from its 2024 drilling program. This first drill hole was strategically positioned to both confirm the existing mineralization and enhance the overall quality control process for the mineral body at the Tanbreez Project.

The drill hole commenced at an elevation of 19 meters above sea level and entered a unit of the Tanbreez Project at a depth of 40 meters. The 40-meter section of the drill hole averaged 1.82% ZrO₂, 0.47% TREO (of which 27% is the average heavy rare earth content), 0.19% Nb₂O₅, 130 ppm Ta₂O_5, 395 ppm HfO2, and 102 ppm Ga₂O₃.

Based on initial results obtained from Critical Metals Corp’s recent drilling program, four high-grade zones have now been identified on the site.

High Grade Zones:

Layered Kakortokite Sequence with 13 of the 29 identified layers

6.4 The Kakortokite Unit

An estimate of the size of the Kakortokite unit within MIN 2020-54 (the Tanbreez Project) was announced in 2014 at ERES2014: 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference, 04-07/09/2014 and published in the ‘Rare Earths Industry, Technological, Economic, and Environmental Implications publication, 2016, Pages 73-85’ (the” Schonwandt Paper”):

Schønwandt. H.K., 2016, A Description of the World-Class Rare Earth Element Deposit Tanbreez, South Greenland— Rare earth Industry, 2016, Chapter 5, page 73-85, Hans K. Schønwandt, Gregory B. Barnes, and Thomas Ulrich.

Abstract

“The Tanbreez deposit is a highly fractionated ortho-magmatic Zr-Nb-Ta-REE deposit in the southern part of the 1.13Ga old Ilímaussaq intrusive complex in South Greenland. The commodities are hosted in the zirconosilicate mineral eudialyte, occurring concentrated in kakortokite at the floor of the exposed intrusion. The kakortokite sequence is outcropping over an area of 5 x 2.5 km and has a total thickness of 335 m. A conservative estimate specifies the unit to more than 4 billion tons. Linear correlations between ZrO₂ and individual REE indicate that eudialyte is by far the main REE bearing mineral in kakortokite. Estimated average grades are 1.75% ZrO₂, 0.18% Nb₂O₅ and 0.6% total REO, of which heavy REE make up 30% (including yttrium).”

Mr. Hans Kristian Schonwandt was responsible for much of the drilling, supervising the QA/QC, standards etc. Mr Schonwandt is a member of the Danish Professional institute, IDA. Mr. Schonwandt has had approximately 60 years experience as a consulting geologist and was the former head of the Greenland Mines Department for 10 years. Both before and after his secondment to the Greenland government as chief geologist, he spent considerable time working on alkaline rocks.

The owner of the tenements and lead geologist Mr. Greg Barnes is a competent person, who is a member of the AusIMM. Mr Barnes has been responsible for field work, determination of grades and relationship between metals.

Surface exposure of the kakortokite unit

Size of the Kakortokite Unit

The Kakortokite Unit within the Tanbreez REE deposit in South Greenland is a large, well-exposed, and layered rock formation that serves as the primary host for zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and rare earth elements. The body spans an area of approximately 5 km by 2.5 km and has a total thickness of ~350 meters based on deep drilling, making it one of the most substantial REE-bearing formations globally.

Structurally, the kakortokite sequence is characterized by a saucer-shaped geometry, with steep to vertical layers at the periphery that transition into a gentle dip of 10-15 degrees towards the centre. It is divided into three distinct subunits: the Lower Layered Kakortokite (LLK) at 209 meters, the Slightly Layered Kakortokite (SLK) at 35 meters, and the Transitional Layered Kakortokite (TLK) at 40 meters. The deposit is overlain by lujavrite and underlain by the Black Madonna unit, which has been encountered in drill cores but remains unexposed at the surface. The substantial thickness, extensive exposure, and well-defined stratification of the kakortokite make it a world-class mineralised body, holding immense economic and industrial significance.

Estimate of Kakortokite tonnage

The Kakortokite unit within the Ilimaussaq Complex

Kakortokite Assessment

The Tanbreez REE deposit in South Greenland contains significant concentrations of zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), and rare earth oxides (REO), hosted mainly in the mineral eudialyte within the kakortokite sequence. A review of the JORC compliant 2013 drilling campaign based on a 1.5% ZrO₂ cut off indicated the following average grades.

Mineralogy & Processing Considerations

Assessments of the deposit in earlier studies show a variation in grade of the lower layered kakortokite between within the Eudialyte component that makes up 20% of the kakortokite. The average grade is higher than the average grade at the Tanbreez Hill and Tanbreez Fjord areas based on the 9-hole drilling program in 2013 and reflects widespread sampling throughout the kakortokite unit. The Tanbreez Hill and Tanbreez Fjord areas were selected as the start-up area because of the location close to the planned port area. Higher grade zones will be added to the portfolio in due course.

The commodities are all contained in eudialyte, a Na-rich zirconosilicate mineral. Eudialyte is by far the most abundant Zr bearing mineral in kakortokite, occurring in the black, white and red layers. The bulk rock data show close linearly correlation between ZrO₂ and Nb, Ta and light and heavy REO which is a clear indication that eudialyte is virtually the only REE-bearing mineral.

The distribution of the total REO in the kakortokite shows a quantity of 28% heavy REE (including Y) and 72% light REE. Investigations have shown that no or very little cryptic variation occurs in the minerals of kakortokite, consequently, little change in the eudialyte composition is expected in ore and therefore the magnetic properties of eudialyte would remain the same for the benefit of the planed magnetic concentration of eudialyte.

Importantly, drill core assays show elements such as U and Th have background values (20ppm and 53ppm, respectively), which is an advantage in processing the ore.

Proportion of the different REE+Y found in the Tanbreez deposit

The potential quantity and grade of the kakortokite unit are conceptual in nature. There has been insufficient exploration to estimate a Mineral Resource, and it is uncertain if further exploration will result in the estimation of a Mineral Resource in accordance with the JORC Code (2012 Edition). The estimate is based on extensive historic and Tanbreez exploration drilling (414 holes) coupled with the exposures in multiple creek sections. Investors should not place undue reliance on this information.

6.5 Deposit Type

The Tanbreez deposit is classified as a peralkaline igneous REE-Zr deposit, specifically hosted within the Ilímaussaq Alkaline Complex in South Greenland. It is, enriched in zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), and other critical metals. The formation Setting is a Mesoproterozoic continental rift-related intrusion (Gardar Rift) and is estimated at ~1.16 billion years

The Tanbreez ore deposit is a highly fractionated ortho-magmatic tantalum–niobium–zirconium–rare earth element (REE) deposit in the southern part of the 1.13-giga-annum–old Ilímaussaq intrusive complex in South Greenland. The commodities are hosted in the zirconosilicate mineral eudialyte, occurring concentrated in kakortokite at the floor of the exposed intrusion.

The kakortokite sequence is outcropping over an area of 5×2.5km and has a total thickness of 350 m, estimated at 4.7 billion tonnes that does not indicate any certainty of hosting mineralization. The estimate is conceptual in nature. It is based on extensive historic and Tanbreez exploration drilling (414 holes) coupled with the exposures in multiple creek sections. Investors should not place undue reliance on this information.

Linear correlations between ZrO₂ and individual REE indicate that eudialyte is by far the main REE-bearing mineral in kakortokite. Estimated average grades at 1.5% ZrO₂ cut off are 2.4% ZrO₂, 0.2% Nb₂O₅, and 0.6% total rare earth oxides, of which heavy REE make up 28% (including yttrium). Eudialyte, feldspar, and arfvedsonite concentrates can be obtained by crushing and milling the ore, with subsequent high-intensity magnetic separation. It is anticipated that apart from eudialyte, feldspar and arfvedsonite concentrates can be used.

7.0 EXPLORATION

7.1 Exploration Work

Between 2000 and 2025, the Tanbreez Rare Earth Project in southern Greenland progressed from initial exploration to advanced development, focusing on its substantial rare earth element (REE) resources.

Early Exploration (Before 2000):

Initial geological surveys and sampling identified the presence of eudialyte, a mineral rich in zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and REEs, within the Ilímaussaq intrusive complex. These findings prompted further investigative efforts to assess the deposit’s potential.

Resource Delineation and Licensing (2000–2016):

Comprehensive drilling programs were conducted to delineate the deposit’s scale and composition. These efforts culminated in the Greenland government’s issuance of an exploitation license in August 2020, authorizing mining operations and marking a significant milestone in the project’s development. 

7.2 Geological Exploration Drilling

Between 2000 and 2013, the Tanbreez deposit in southern Greenland underwent extensive drilling to evaluate and confirm its rare earth element (REE) resources. Initial exploration efforts in the early 2000s focused on geological surveys and sampling, which identified significant mineralization of eudialyte—a mineral rich in zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and REEs—within the Ilímaussaq intrusive complex.

Drill access roads at Tanbreez

Key highlights of the drilling campaigns:

Drilling on exposed eudialyte layers

Plan of drill hole collars on the Tanbreez Project.

These developments underscore the Tanbreez Project’s evolution into a strategically important source of rare earth elements, poised to diversify global supply chains and support technological advancements in various industries.

Cross section of Tanbreez Hill and Tanbreez Fjord with deep confirmatory drill hole DX-01 and DDH 07-14

7.3 Hydrological Characterization

Hydrological characterisation is not applicable to the mineral resource estimate phase of the Project.

7.4 Geotechnical Drilling and Sampling

Geotechnical Drilling is not applicable to the mineral resource estimate phase of the Project.

8.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES, AND SECURITY

8.1 Site Sample Preparation Methods and Security

Sample Preparation & Storage

The core was transported from drill hole to the centre of operation at Qaqortoq via helicopter. All samples were logged in Greenland and then split (with one quarter of each core being cut and sent to Perth for crushing and assaying). Duplicate samples and samples for petrological work where a second quarter of the core was used. Samples were usually assayed in one metre sections.

The core samples were then sent to Perth where the core was crushed, split and assayed in a commercial laboratory. The bulk sample from this is stored while an approximate 200g repeat of the final grind prior to assays is also kept in Perth. The cut core in Greenland stored in core trays is stored in 6 locked containers.

Percussion drill samples were taken each metre which was then split to approximately 2kg to be sent to Perth for testing. The remainder is stored in locked containers at Qaqortoq. A representative sample from the percussion drill holes is also stored in Perth. In places of lesser importance such as through syenite sills these samples were combined to 5 m sections.

In Perth storage is at the company’s office at South Perth, in a locked shed storage units located near the Perth airport and a farm for the bulk samples. Some 200 tonnes of the bulk samples remain to be tested. Bulk samples were taken in 200 litre drums or 1-tonne bags and then transported via a helicopter to a beach where they were barged to Qaqortoq and sealed in drums prior to shipment to Perth. Some large diameter diamond drill holes were drilled in the deposit for geotechnical drilling, these are stored at Qaqortoq.

8.2 Laboratory Sample Preparation Methods and Analytical Procedures

All analysis, bulk testing has been undertaken at commercial independent laboratories under the supervision of the company and its own independent advisers. The company has been fortunate in that with so many elements in direct proportion errors in assaying, mistyping of results etc are obvious and easily rechecked initially by graphing (referred to later in this report).

In the case of the 2 handheld XRF machines owned by the company, both have been standardised against the approximately 2000 splits from 2007. No handheld XRF results have been used to determine published head grade.

With over 500,000 assays, spread over 40 years and at least 10 separate laboratories used with different techniques, there is a considerable range of detection limits. There were also considerable variations with options used for assaying. For example, in one particular year the lower limit for thorium and uranium was set at 50 ppm, which is above background level, but well below the 130-ppm established standard where it is deemed hazardous. Thus, giving virtually, a whole year results as less than 50 ppm. As an example, below is a list of the various lower standards.

In the case of rare earths, most laboratories utilise 0-1000 ppm by ICP and then 1000 ppm – 100% using the XRF (Fusion), as neither is accurate outside the range (for the handheld XRF limits are not quoted as they are not used in the calculations). Care must be then taken to then ensure the higher XRF values are comparable to the ICP. One year in 2012 all REE were rejected due to the problem that the XRF values were far too high when compared to the ICP.

8.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Programs

The original QA/QC program was set up by the independent geological firm, SRK for Tanbreez, and Tanbreez has followed those guidelines, although as a private company this was not a requirement as the JORC code for example was setup for companies to report to the ASX. The following procedures have been used to obtain samples for assays.

The overall conclusions of the QA/ QC work completed are as follows:

8.4 Qualified Person’s Opinion

The sample preparation, security, and analytical procedures applied for the Tanbreez Project were appropriate and fit for the purpose of establishing an analytical database for use in grade modelling and preparation of Mineral Resource estimates.

The Qualified Person was not directly involved during the exploration drilling programs or sample selection. There is extensive documentation on the various QA/QC procedures both by the owners and the laboratories. Based on a review of the procedures and subsequent review of the internal and laboratory checks standards and repeats, it is the opinion of the Qualified Person that the drill core handling, data collection, sampling and assay methods used are suitably aligned with accepted industry practice and the measures taken to ensure sample representativeness were reasonable for the purpose of estimating Mineral Resources.

9.0 DATA VERIFICATION

The data verification included a review of standard operating procedures that guide the core handling, logging, sampling and QA/QC, assay methods, logging, and sampling data. Agricola has relied on the Company to provide the necessary assay QA/QC plots. No validation of the assays in the database against the lab certificates was conducted.

Review of the reports, logging, sampling and QA/QC protocols, assay methods, geological data and QA/QC data generated by the Company used to inform the MRE was completed by Agricola. No check logging or sampling of the drill core generated by the Company has been conducted by Agricola.

9.1 Mineral Resources

The nature of the geology does not lead to significant variable grade intersections, rather a constant grade Twin holes have been used to give similar results No adjustment to assay data was required.

Agricola has not independently verified the data used in the Mineral Resource Estimate.

10.0 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING

Metallurgical Testwork, 2011

Extensive metallurgical testwork has been undertaken on samples of eudialyte and a bulk sample through a pilot plant. Pilot Plant scale tests have been carried out prior to Tanbreez material by Highwood, EURARE and Curtin University. In 2009 and in 2011 Tanbreez commissioned an Australian metallurgical test laboratory (Ammtec) to conduct detailed metallurgical testing to establish the parameters required for the design of a physical processing circuit for the ore. The results of the testwork are to be included in the design criteria to enable the completion of a feasibility study.

Metallurgical tests completed by Rimbal Pty Ltd on the Tanbreez Project.

Key processing characteristics of the ore include:

The three primary minerals within the orebody have been shown to have specific magnetic properties. The arfvedsonite is highly magnetic and the feldspar is nonmagnetic, while the eudialyte exhibits magnetic behaviour in a strongly magnetic field. These properties have been utilised in formatting a testwork programme at Ammtec with the results from that campaign taken into the feasibility study.

The following programs of testing are currently being conducted at Ammtec.

Extraction of metals from Eudialyte

This method of separation has been used on this body since the early 1900’s, the first recorded separation of this ore. Optimised by Rimbal for the Tanbreez orebody in about 2003-4 it has since been repeated on that same company’s ore by groups such as the European Union, Curtin University in Western Australia, Aachen University etc, while groups mining other eudialyte deposits such as Norra Karr (Sweden), Lovozero (Russia) etc have been able to separate the ore in a similar fashion.

In a process to extract the metals that was developed by Rimbal on the Tanbreez ore, this likewise has been extensively recreated on eudialyte ore supplied by Rimbal to the following groups:

Eudialyte Processing

The separation of eudialyte from ore is well established using a standard dry magnetic separation technique. This method is dependent on:

Constant magnetic susceptibility of the eudialyte (some deposits can have 3 different eudialytes present which can be a different magnetic susceptibility). Tanbreez has both types depending in the host rocks, and the procedure is be considered proven.

10.1 Qualified Person’s Opinion

The testwork conducted to date has confirmed the historical testwork conducted and demonstrated that the eudialyte is amenable to the production of rare Earth concentrates using conventional processing technologies (i.e. DMS) that can potentially be further processed into separate rare earth oxides. Additional work is required to address some of the issues around the processing of the MHP material. It is the Agricola’s opinion that the testwork completed to date is adequate to demonstrate the possibility of future economic development of the Mineral Resource Estimate.

11.0 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES

Maiden Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) for Tanbreez REO Project, Greenland

Overview of the Tanbreez Project

The Tanbreez Project is a significant critical minerals asset positioned to provide a sustainable, reliable and long-term rare earth supply for North America and Europe. Once operational, Tanbreez is expected to supply REEs to customers in the western hemisphere to support the production of a wide range of next-generation commercial products, as well as demand from the defence industry. The Tanbreez Project is expected to possess greater than 27% HREEs, which carry a much higher value than LREEs. In an industry where competitors primarily target LREE, the Tanbreez Project is believed to be unique not only due to its significant size, but also because of its HREE asset mix.

Al Maynard & Associates Pty Ltd (“Maynard”) was commissioned by Rimbal Pty Ltd to estimate the zirconia and rare earth resources and provide details on the resource estimates at the two sites within the kakortokite unit. Maynard updated its reports to the JORC Code 2012 in 2016. The authors of the report are independent consultants with a long experience with the project. They qualify as ‘Competent Persons’ under the JORC Code 2012 and the VALMIN Code 2015 - A.J. Maynard, BAppSc (Geol), MAIG MAusIMM, P.A. Jones, BAppSc (App.Geol), MAusIMM, MAIG.

The two reports:

No cut off was applied to the lower or upper limits

European Lithium ASX Announcement

ASX ANNOUNCEMENT, European Lithium Ltd, 3 March 2025 – ‘Maiden Mineral Resource Estimate Of 45mt Tanbreez REO Project Greenland’

The full Announcement is available on the European Lithium website and the ASX Announcement Platform. (www.europeanlithium.com). This Report includes the JORC Table 1 for the Mineral Resource Estimate.

11.1 Key Assumptions, Parameters, and Methods

Geology and Geological Interpretation

Kakortokite outcrop dominates the Tanbreez Area east of the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

Tanbreez Hill and tanbreez Fjord deposits shown within kakortokite

The Ilímaussaq Complex in Greenland is a large peralkaline igneous intrusion famous for its unique mineralogy and economic potential. It is the type locality for several rare minerals, including kakortokite and eudialyte, and is one of the most well-studied peralkaline complexes in the world.

A layered kakortokite unit is well-exposed along the coast, east of the Kangerluarsuk fjord. It constitutes a modal mineralogy of alkali feldspar, nepheline, arfvedsonite and eudialyte with minor sodalite, aegirine, aenigmatite and fluorite. The unit forms an approximately 250 to 300-metre-thick sequence consisting of at least 30 layered units. Each unit is on average 8 m thick and consists of a basal black layer dominated by arfvedsonite followed by a thin red layer rich in eudialyte (sometimes poorly developed) and sealed by a thick white top layer rich in feldspar and nepheline. Both the Tanbreez Fjord and the Tanbreez Hill rare-earth mineral sites are located within a kakortokite unit covering an area of approximately 5km x 2.5km.

The layered Ilimaussaq intrusion, host of the Tanbreez Project (middle ground slopes and plateau)

The exposed sequence rises from the Fjord up to about 400m above sea level and is comprised of 95% kakortokite and 5% other rocks, mostly syenite dykes and sills.

Kakortokite is a rare, layered igneous rock composed primarily of nepheline, alkali feldspar, and aegirine, often with significant amounts of eudialyte, arfvedsonite, and other rare minerals. It is typically found in peralkaline igneous complexes, particularly in nepheline syenites. The host unit dips shallowly to the north at about 10-15^o. This layering is composed of black, red and white layers with the colours reflecting enrichment of various minerals:

This layering stands out clearly from the distance however it is not always so obvious up close and in drill core. Some layers are faint while others are much more strongly developed. There is a pronounced thickness variation between layers as well as in texture and grain size which helps in identifying marker horizons.

Eudialyte is a rare, complex silicate mineral that contains zirconium, sodium, calcium, iron, manganese, and rare earth elements (REEs). It typically forms in peralkaline igneous rocks, such as nepheline syenites and kakortokites, and is known for its distinctive red to pink coloration.

The eudialyte content of the black and white layers is similar with a little less than 10% by volume, whereas the eudialyte content of the pink layers is around 30 - 40% vol.

Tanbreez Hill and Tanbreez Fjord location map.

Sampling and Sub Sampling Techniques

Sample Preparation & Storage

The core was transported from drill hole to the centre of operation at Qaqortoq via helicopter. All samples were logged in Greenland and then split (with one quarter of each core being cut and sent to Perth for crushing and assaying). Duplicate samples and samples for petrological work where a second quarter of the core was used. Samples were usually assayed in one metre sections.

The core samples were then sent to Perth where the core was crushed, split and assayed in a commercial laboratory. The bulk sample from this is stored while an approximate 200g repeat of the final grind prior to assays is also kept in Perth. The cut core in Greenland stored in core trays is stored in 6 locked containers. Following the receival of assays and with the eclipse of time all cores have been relogged at least a second time.

Percussion drill samples were taken each metre which was then split to approximately 2kg to be sent to Perth for testing. The remainder is stored in locked containers at Qaqortoq. A representative sample from the percussion drill holes is also stored in Perth. In places of lesser importance such as through syenite sills these samples were combined to 5 m sections.

In Perth storage is at the company’s office at South Perth, in a locked shed storage units located near the Perth airport and a farm for the bulk samples. Some 200 tonnes of the bulk samples remain to be tested. Bulk samples were taken in 200 litre drums or 1-tonne bags and then transported via a helicopter to a beach where they were barged to Qaqortoq and sealed in drums prior to shipment to Perth. Some large diameter diamond drill holes were drilled in the deposit for geotechnical drilling, these are stored at Qaqortoq.

All analysis, bulk testing has been undertaken at commercial independent laboratories under the supervision of the company and its own independent advisers. The company has been fortunate in that with so many elements in direct proportion errors in assaying, mistyping of results etc are obvious and easily rechecked initially by graphing (referred to later in this report). The handheld XRF machines owned by the company, both have been standardised against the approximately 2000 splits from 2007. No handheld XRF results have been used to determine published head grade.

Quality Control and Quality Assurance Programs

The original QA/QC program was set up by the independent geological firm, SRK for Tanbreez, and Tanbreez has followed those guidelines, although as a private company this was not a requirement as the JORC code for example was setup for companies to report to the ASX. The following procedures have been used to obtain samples for assays.

The overall conclusions of the QA/ QC work completed are as follows:

The sample preparation, security, and analytical procedures applied for the Tanbreez Project were appropriate and fit for the purpose of establishing an analytical database for use in grade modelling and preparation of Mineral Resource Estimates.

Drilling Techniques

Between 2000 and 2013, the Tanbreez deposit in southern Greenland underwent extensive drilling to evaluate and confirm its rare earth element (REE) resources. Initial exploration efforts in the early 2000s focused on geological surveys and sampling, which identified significant mineralization of eudialyte—a mineral rich in zirconium, niobium, tantalum, and REEs—within the Ilímaussaq intrusive complex.

Key highlights of the drilling campaigns:

Criteria Used for Classification

The drill hole data was first compiled then verified and checked for errors. No significant problems were found in the data once it was compiled. East-west cross sections were created by digitising the Upper and Lower blocks at Tanbreez Hill and the mineralised zone at Tanbreez Fjord, snapping to the drill hole intercepts.

Given that the eudialyte mineralisation is quite regularly disseminated throughout the kakortokite host rock there is sufficient geological mapping to give confidence on the limits of the modelling and the quality of drill hole data is sound, all resources at Fiord West within 50 m of a drill hole intersection are considered Indicated and between 50-100 m of a drill hole intersection Inferred according to the JORC (2012) code. Due to the lack of drilling on a regular grid at Fiord East the resources within 50 m of a drill hole intersection are considered only Inferred.

To assist with mining scoping studies the modelling was extended out to 250 m and this modelled mineralisation beyond the Inferred Resources is classified as an Exploration Target according to the JORC code for reporting mineral resources and ore reserves and that this modelling is therefore only conceptual in nature as there has been insufficient exploration drilling done in these areas to define a Mineral Resource and it is uncertain if further exploration will eventually result in the determination of a Mineral Resource.

Sample Analysis Method

Diamond drill holes, R.C. holes, channel chip samples with samples cross checked at separate laboratories, at different times. The samples have also been independently checked twice with a handheld XRF machine using pressed duplicates. Drill holes have been twinned with diamond, R.C. and even channel samples repeat. Repeat holes of diamond drilling, R.C. holes and surface samples are almost identical in assays.

The sampling shows very even grade with no nugget effect at approx. 2% ZrO2 the grade is remarkably constant. All mineralisation is within the mineral eudialyte with as a result the Zr is directly proportional to HF, Ta, Nb, all the REE etc.

All the assaying was done by Ultra Trace Pty Ltd in Perth, Western Australia by ICP analysis. The remaining pulps not used for assaying are stored in Perth. Initially a full scale ICP analysis was done on holes 2010DD10-D20, 2010DD10-D13, 2010DD10-D30 and 2010DD10-D42. After these results were obtained it was decided that the remaining samples would be assayed for Zr, Ce, Dy, Nb, and Y only for the 2010 drilling program. A full suite of rare Earth oxides, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₅ and other oxides were analysed for the 2013 drilling Campagne under the guidelines of JORC 2012. There is a clear relationship between ZrO₂ and REO (using Dy₂O₃ as a proxy) and the median was used to estimate REO values for the earlier drilling programs.

Estimation and modelling techniques

The resource modelling method using digital block models with grades interpolated using the Inverse Distance Squared algorithm with restricted search ellipses and domain wireframes is appropriate for the style of mineralisation modelled. No deleterious elements were identified. Cutting and capping of grades was not used as the grade of each unit is remarkably constant along strike and down dip with very few outliers. The resource model was validated by visually checked against drilling and statistically comparing the resource grades against the drill assays.

The modelling was done in two passes. The first pass with a wider 100 m horizontal circular radius was used to model the Inferred resource and the second pass 50 m horizontal radius was used to model the Indicated resource. The wider 100 m horizontal search radius with a 10m vertical ellipse radius produced a more smoothed grade model than the second pass with a tighter 5 m vertical radius. Once the modelling was complete the model above the topography was removed.

The resources were modelled using MineMap software. Search radii of 250 m horizontal circular and 50 m vertical was used to model resources. The search ellipses were oriented vertically in the edge zone and horizontally in the core.

Cut-off parameters

No cut-off grades applied to the resources as the deposit will be bulk mined. The anticipated mining method and detailed review of grade variability suggests that all the mineralised zones will be sent to the ROM Pad. Arfvedsonite and Feldspar may be recovered and sold with estimated waste materials less than 5%. The average grade without applying a cut - off grade is 0.38% TREO. The average grade for the entire length of the stratigraphic holes below the Mineral Resource Estimate is 0.40 to 0.45% TREO.

Distribution of ZrO₂,TREO and Nb₂O₅ assays for the 2013 Drilling Program

Mining, Metallurgical and Environmental Factors

The resources will be bulk mined in open pits, so no mining losses or dilution factors are required. Metallurgical and economic studies conducted by the client indicate that the resources can be economically exploited by mechanical separation bulk testing by Tanbreez backed up these earlier results. All separation work has been done by independent consultants

All products and potential wastes have been fully tested by independent environmental consultants. All waste samples tested have proved to be inert. A full E.I.A completed and accepted by the government.

11.2 Mineral Resource Estimate

Details of the 2016 Mineral Resource Estimate,

Estimation and modelling techniques

The resource modelling method using digital block models with grades interpolated using the Inverse Distance Squared algorithm with restricted search ellipses and domain wireframes is appropriate for the style of mineralisation modelled. No deleterious element was identified. Cutting and capping of grades was not used as the grade of each unit is remarkably constant along strike and down dip with very few outliers. The resource model was validated by visually checked against drilling and statistically comparing the resource grades against the drill assays.

The modelling was done in two passes. The first pass with a wider 100 m horizontal circular radius was used to model the Inferred resource and the second pass 50 m horizontal radius was used to model the Indicated resource. The wider 100 m horizontal search radius with a 10m vertical ellipse radius produced a more smoothed grade model than the second pass with a tighter 5 m vertical radius. Once the modelling was complete the model above the topography was removed.

The resources were modelled using MineMap software. Search radii of 250 m horizontal circular and 50 m vertical was used to model resources. The search ellipses were oriented vertically in the edge zone and horizontally in the core.

Tanbreez Hill - A typical cross section with Upper (red) and Lower (blue) blocks and interstitial syenite (green).

Tanbreez Hill - The upper surface of the block model. The blue line shows the mapped limits of the green syenite sill within which the Upper resource estimate was confined.

11.3 Basis for Establishing the Prospects of Economic Extraction for Mineral Resources

Eudialyte is a rare, complex silicate mineral rich in elements such as sodium, calcium, iron, manganese, zirconium, and rare earth elements (REEs). Its unique composition make it valuable as a potential source of critical metals. Eudialyte is increasingly recognized for its economic potential due to its content of zirconium, niobium, and REEs, which are essential in various high-tech applications. The global demand for these elements has heightened interest in eudialyte as an alternative resource. Notably, eudialyte deposits are found in regions such as Russia, Greenland, Canada, and Norway. The Ilímaussaq complex in Greenland, for instance, is one of the world’s largest known eudialyte-hosted deposits (Tanbreez), presenting a significant repository of REEs, zirconium, and niobium.

The supply chains for critical metals like REEs and niobium are often dominated by a few countries, leading to potential vulnerabilities. For example, China controls a significant portion of the world’s heavy REE supply, while Brazil is a major producer of niobium. This concentration has prompted interest in diversifying sources, with eudialyte deposits offering a potential alternative.

The growing demand for REEs and other critical metals in technologies such as electronics, renewable energy, and defence systems positions eudialyte as a potential resource. However, successful market integration depends on overcoming extraction challenges, ensuring economic viability, and developing environmentally sustainable practices. Ongoing research and technological advancements are crucial to unlocking eudialyte’s full market potential.

11.4 Mineral Resource Classification

The information regarding the Mineral Resource Estimates at Tanbreez Hill and Tanbreez Fjord in the Tanbreez Project represent the independent opinion of Al Maynard and Associated Pty Ltd for the current estimates of such resources. The estimates are in accordance with the requirements on the Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, December 2012 (the “JORC Code”).

The estimates of the Tanbreez Project are based on interpretations of geological data obtained from drill holes, surface and creek section mapping and sampling through the entire kakortokite sequence.

The Competent Person for Al Maynard and Associated Pty Ltd believes that the quoted resource categories in the resource statements are appropriate and properly take into consideration the geology and style of the mineralisation, the density, spacing and quality of the sampling data and grade variability of the mineralisation.

The resource modelling method, digital block models with grades interpolated using Inverse Distance Squared algorithm with restricted search ellipses and domain wireframes is appropriate for the style of mineralisation modelled. No deleterious elements have been identified. Uranium and thorium are below the required limits. Cutting and capping of grades was not used as the grade of each unit is remarkably constant along strike and down dip with very few outliers.

The Competent Person for Al Maynard and Associated Pty Ltd believes that the quoted resource categories in the resource statements are appropriate and properly take into consideration the geology and style of the mineralisation, the density, spacing and quality of the sampling data and grade variability of the mineralisation.

11.5 Assumptions for Multiple Commodity Mineral Resource Estimate

The suite of minerals within the Mineral Resource Estimate was based on assay results of the drill core and RC sample splits. Individual assays for ZrO₂, TREO and Nb₂O₅ are quoted separately, and no equivalent grades were assessed.

11.6 Mineral Resource Uncertainty Discussion

The information regarding the Mineral Resource Estimates at Tanbreez Hill and Tanbreez Fjord in the Tanbreez Project represent the independent opinion of Al Maynard and Associated Pty Ltd for the current estimates of such resources. The estimates are in accordance with the requirements on the Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, December 2012 (the “JORC Code”).

The estimates of the Tanbreez Project are based on interpretations of geological data obtained from drill holes, surface and creek section mapping and sampling through the entire kakortokite sequence.

11.7 Qualified Person’s Opinion on Factors that are Likely to Influence the Prospect of Economic Extraction

The 2016 Mineral Resource Estimate Report was reviewed by Malcolm Castle, principal consultant for Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd. Mr Castle holds a BSc Hons (Applied Geology UNSW) and GCertAppFin (Sec Inst and is a Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (M AusIMM).

The information provided in the report by Al Maynard and Associates clearly sets out the steps taken to ensure and high-quality outcome for the resource estimate.

The current Mineral Resource estimates are classified as Indicated and Inferred Resources under the JORC Code 2012. Details of the estimate are included in JORC Table 1 attached to the report. and have been determined by drill density and number of drillholes and samples utilized in grade estimation. The resource classification accounts for all relevant factors and reflects the competent person’s views of the deposit. The resource classification appropriately and reasonably reflects the varying levels of confidence of the resource model to predict average grade and tonnages for the resources if it were to be mined. Confidence in the relative accuracy of the estimate is reflected by the categorization of the mineralisation as Indicated and Inferred Resources.

Malcolm Castle is satisfied that the Mineral Resource Estimates are reasonable and carried out to a high professional standard in accordance with the JORC Code 2012. There is no more recent information available that would materially alter the finding of the 2016 Mineral Resource Estimate.

Competent Persons Statement – Malcolm Castle:

The information in this Report that relates to Exploration Results and Mineral Resource Estimates of the Company is based on, and fairly represents, information and supporting documentation reviewed by Malcolm Castle, who is a Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Mr Castle has sufficient experience, which is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity, which he is undertaking to qualify as a Competent Person as defined under the 2012 Edition of the ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’. Mr Castle is not an employee of the Company and is the independent principal consultant for Agricola. Mr Castle consents to the inclusion in this report of the matters based on the information and supporting documentation in the form and context in which they appear.

SECTIONS 12 to 15 & 17 to 19 not applicable to this ITAR/TRS

12.0 MINERALRESERVEESTIMATES

This section is not applicable to this TRS.

13.0 MINING METHODS

This section is not applicable to this TRS.

14.0 PROCESSINGANDRECOVERYMETHODS

This section is not applicable to this TRS.

15.0 INFRASTRUCTURE

This section is not applicable to this TRS.

17.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING, AND PLANS, NEGOTIATIONS, OR AGREEMENTS WITH LOCAL INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS

This section is not applicable to this TRS.

18.0 CAPITALANDOPERATINGCOSTS

This section is not applicable to this TRS.

19.0 ECONOMICANALYSIS

This section is not applicable to this TRS.

16.0 MARKET STUDIES

Comparison of Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) Vs. Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE)

Rare earth elements (REEs) are divided into two groups based on their atomic numbers and chemical properties: Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs): Lanthanum to Gadolinium (atomic numbers 57-64), and Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs): Terbium to Lutetium (atomic numbers 65-71) + Yttrium (atomic number 39, behaves like HREEs).

Economic & Geopolitical Importance

HREEs are more strategically valuable due to their scarcity and high-tech applications. China dominates HREE production (~90%), primarily from ion-adsorption clay deposits. Western projects (like Tanbreez, Greenland) aim to diversify supply and reduce reliance on China.

LREEs are more common and easier to extract, but HREEs are rarer and more valuable for advanced technologies. The Tanbreez deposit in Greenland is a major HREE source, offering an alternative to Chinese-controlled supply chains.

The rising demand for consumer durables such as tablets, laptops, and smartphones is one of the factors driving the consumption of rare earth elements. The demand for these elements in developing economies is estimated to expand rapidly owing to an increase in industrialization, building and construction activities, and various digitization activities by governments in the respective countries.

The boost in the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) in Germany, United States, and the U.K. is estimated to surge the consumption of rare earth minerals. Stringent rules on carbon discharges, and increasing concerns about the environment, have augmented the development of non-conventional energy sources, which will further increase the usage of these elements. However, the high cost of these minerals and the monopoly of China-based manufacturers is expected to hinder the market growth.

Rare Earth Elements Market Growth Factors

The rare earth elements (REE) market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for clean energy technologies, electric vehicles (EVs), and advanced electronics. This surge is prompting substantial investments and strategic initiatives worldwide.

Increasing Adoption of Different Rare Earth Elements to Fuel Market Growth Different types of elements are witnessing a rise in their demand from several industries due to their physical and chemical properties being ideal for specific applications. Cerium is used as a polishing agent and its demand is rapidly rising due to the growth of the electronics industry. Cerium is extensively used to polish surfaces such as display panels, liquid crystal displays, glass magnetic memory disks, and glass display panels. Additionally, the rising demand for such elements such as lanthanum, samarium, europium, and others for applications in batteries, displays, lasers, and optical electronics, will further fuel the growth of the market.

Rising Demand from Various Applications to Drive the Market Expansion Technological advancements have been on the rise owing to the modernization of society and growing applications for industrial and commercial needs. Consumer attractiveness toward advanced gadgets and products is the primary factor driving the demand for magnets in the market. Moreover, even tiny magnets have the strength making them incredibly versatile for applications such as medical science, electronic motor manufacturing, and jewellery making.

There has been a rapid increase in the automotive industry over the years supported by population growth, technological development, and disposable income growth. Magnets are heavily used in the automotive industry for various parts such as motors, actuators, sensors, and switches. Additionally, rare earth elements are used in other applications such as catalysts, additives, ceramics, and metallurgy. The rising demand for catalysts, additives, ceramic products, and metal products from various end-use industries such as chemical, oil & gas, automotive, and electronics is anticipated to fuel the product demand.

Eudialyte Market Analysis

Eudialyte is a rare, complex silicate mineral rich in elements such as sodium, calcium, iron, manganese, zirconium, and rare earth elements (REEs). Its unique composition make it valuable as a potential source of critical metals. Eudialyte is increasingly recognized for its economic potential due to its content of zirconium, niobium, and REEs, which are essential in various high-tech applications. The global demand for these elements has heightened interest in eudialyte as an alternative resource. Notably, eudialyte deposits are found in regions such as Russia, Greenland, Canada, and Norway. The Ilímaussaq complex in Greenland, for instance, is one of the world’s largest known eudialyte-hosted deposits (Tanbreez), presenting a significant repository of REEs, zirconium, and niobium.

The supply chains for critical metals like REEs and niobium are often dominated by a few countries, leading to potential vulnerabilities. For example, China controls a significant portion of the world’s heavy REE supply, while Brazil is a major producer of niobium. This concentration has prompted interest in diversifying sources, with eudialyte deposits offering a potential alternative.

The growing demand for REEs and other critical metals in technologies such as electronics, renewable energy, and defence systems positions eudialyte as a potential resource. However, successful market integration depends on overcoming extraction challenges, ensuring economic viability, and developing environmentally sustainable practices. Ongoing research and technological advancements are crucial to unlocking eudialyte’s full market potential.

Eudialyte Rare Earth Deposits

20.0 ADJACENT PROPERTIES

REE mineralisation

Of the intrusions in the Gardar province, the economically most important for REE are the Ilímaussaq intrusion (1160 Ma), hosting the Kvanefjeld and Tanbreez (Kringlerne) REE deposits, and the Igaliko nepheline syenite complex (1273 Ma), hosting the Motzfeldt Sø REE deposit.

The Ilímaussaq intrusion was largely emplaced during block subsidence and formed by three pulses, of which the third formed layered series of nepheline syenites enriched in REE as well as uranium (U), thorium (Th), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), beryllium (Be), zirconium (Zr) and fluorine (F). The Ilímaussaq intrusion hosts two world class REE deposits:

Comparison of Kvanefjeld to Tanbreez

The Motzfeldt Sø REE deposit is part of the Motzfeldt centre, which in turn is one intrusion of the Igaliko nepheline syenite complex and shows significant Ta-Nb enriched zones in altered syenite and minor pegmatite and diorite dykes, and high grade REE intersections that are related to the pegmatite intrusives at depth.

The Greenlandic REE-enriched carbonatites vary in age between the Archaean and Jurassic. The most important of those, in terms of REE resources, are Sarfartôq, Qaqarssuk and Tikiussaq.

The Sarfartôq carbonatite intrusion is located on a Precambrian thrust zone and intruded about 600 Ma during the opening of the Iapetus Ocean. The core of the complex consists of rauhaugite with schlieren of sövite and beforsite dykes, surrounded by a sodium-type fenite zone with pyrochlore-bearing rocks. The carbonatite contains REE bearing minerals in veinlets of dolomite and REE-carbonatite, and in shear zones.

The Qaqarssuk (or Qeqertaasaq) phoscorite-carbonatite complex consists of carbonatite ring dykes that intruded into the Archaean basement at 173 Ma. The carbonatite is surrounded by fenitised basement. The ring dykes consist of sövite, olivine-sövite, and dolomite carbonatite. They are cut by late-stage sövite veins, REE-carbonatite veins, ferrocarbonatite and lamprophyre dykes.

The carbonatite complex Tikiusaaq was discovered in 2005, since a study of regional stream sediment geochemistry and aeromagnetic data. The complex consists of a central intrusive carbonatite surrounded by a fenite zone with carbonatite and aillikite dykes.

The Niaqornakavsak and Umiamako Nuna are two small high-grade REE occurrences in the Palaeoproterozoic Karrat Group in central west Greenland. The Karrat Group consists of metasediments and metavolcanic rocks and the REE-enriched horizons consist of banded carbonates in amphibolites.

Location of Rare Earth Deposits in Greenland

21.0 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION

The Tanbreez Deposit

Comparison of Tanbreez Deposit to Carbonatite Hosted Deposits

The Tanbreez deposit in Greenland, hosted in kakortokite (a layered peralkaline rock), offers several advantages over carbonatite-hosted rare earth element (REE) deposits in terms of mineralogy, processing, environmental impact, and economics. Here’s why Tanbreez is better than carbonatite-hosted deposits:

1. Lower Uranium and Thorium Content → Safer and Easier Processing

2. Higher Heavy Rare Earth Element (HREE) Content

3. Eudialyte Mineralization → Easier REE Extraction

4. Large, Consistent, and Near-Surface Deposit

5. Environmentally Friendly and Politically Stable Location