NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



(unaudited)



1.  BASIS OF PRESENTATION, DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES



References to the Company



References to “Green Plains” or the “company” in the consolidated financial statements and in these notes to the consolidated financial statements refer to Green Plains Inc., an Iowa corporation, and its subsidiaries.



Consolidated Financial Statements



The consolidated financial statements include the company’s accounts and all significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Unconsolidated entities are included in the financial statements on an equity basis. The company owns a 62.5% limited partner interest and a 2.0% general partner interest in Green Plains Partners LP. Public investors own the remaining 35.5% limited partner interest in the partnership. The company determined that the limited partners in the partnership with equity at risk lack the power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities that most significantly impact partnership’s economic performance; therefore, the partnership is considered a VIE. The company, through its ownership of the general partner interest in the partnership, has the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the partnership; therefore, the company is considered the primary beneficiary and consolidates the partnership in the company’s financial statements . The assets of the partnership cannot be used by the company for general corporate purposes. The partnership’s consolidated total assets as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , excluding intercompany balances, are $ 7 5.6  million and $74.9  million, respectively, and primarily consist of property and equipment and goodwill. The partnership’s consolidated total liabilities as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , excluding intercompany balances, are $ 158.9 million and $153.0  million, respectively, which primarily consist of long-term debt as discussed in Note 9 – Debt . The liabilities recognized as a result of consolidating the partnership do not represent additional claims on our general assets. The company also   owns a 90.0% interest in BioProcess Algae, a joint venture formed in 2008, and consolidate s their results in its co nsolidated financial statements.



The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Because they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP, the consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 .



The unaudited financial information reflects adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the periods presented. The adjustments are normal and recurring in nature, unless otherwise noted. Interim period results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year.



Reclassifications



Certain prior year amounts were reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications did not affect total revenues, costs and expenses, net income (loss) or stockholders’ equity.



Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements



The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The company bases its estimates on historical experience and assumptions it believes are proper and reasonable under the circumstances and regularly evaluates the appropriateness of its estimates and assumptions. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Key accounting policies, including but not limited to those relating to revenue recognition, depreciation of property and equipment, carrying value of intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill, derivative financial instruments, and accounting for income taxes, are impacted significantly by judgments, assumptions and estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements.



Description of Business



The company operates within four business segments: (1) ethanol production, which inc ludes the production of ethanol and distillers grains , and recovery of corn oil, (2) agribusiness and energy services, which includes grain handling and storage, commodity marketing and merchant trading for company-produced and third-party ethanol, distillers grains, corn oil, natural gas and other commodities, (3) food and ingredients, which includes cattle feeding, vinegar production and food-grade corn oil operations and (4) partnership, which includes fuel storage and transportation services.



Cash and Cash Equivalents



Cash and cash equ ivalents includes bank deposits as well as short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.



Restricted Cash



The company has restricted cash, which can only be used for the funding of letters of credit or for payment towards a revolving credit agreement. Restricted cash also includes cash margins and securities pledged to commodity exchange clearinghouses .   To the degree these segregated balances are cash and cash equivalents, they are considered restricted cash on the consolidated statement s of cash flows.



Revenue Recognition



The company recognizes revenue at the point in time when the product or service is transferred to the customer.



Sales of ethanol, distillers grains, corn oil, natural gas and other commodities by the company’s marketing business are recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied. Generally this occurs with the transfer of control of products or services. Revenues related to marketing for third parties are presented on a gross basis as the company controls the product prior to the sale to the end customer, takes title of the product and has inventory risk. Unearned revenue is recorded for goods in transit when the company has received payment but control has not yet been transferred to the customer. Revenues for receiving, storing, transferring and transporting ethanol and other fuels are recognized when the produc t is delivered to the customer.



The company routinely enters into physical-delivery energy commodity purchase and sale agreements. At times, the company settles these transactions by transferring its obligations to other counterparties rather than del ivering the physical commodity. Energy trading transactions are reported net as a component of revenue. All other transactions are reported net as either a component of revenue or cost of goods sold, depending on their position as a gain or loss. Revenues also include realized gains and losses on related derivative financial instruments and reclassifications of realized gains and losses on cash flow hedges from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss.



Sales of products, including agricultural commodities, cattle and vinegar, are recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer, which depends on the agreed upon shipment or delivery terms .   Revenues related to grain merchandising are presented gross and include shipping and handling, which is also a component of cost of goods sold. Revenues from grain storage are recognized when services are rendered.



A substantial portion of the partnership revenues are derived from fixed-fee commercial agreements for storage, terminal or transportation services. The partnership recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of product from its storage tanks and fuel terminals, when railcar volumetric capacity is provided, and as truck transportation services are performed.



Shipping and Handling Costs  



We account for shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers as costs to fulfill our promise to transfer the associated products. Accordingly, we record customer payments associated with shipping and handling costs as a component of revenue , and classify such costs as a component of cost of goods sold .



Cost of Goods Sold



Cost of goods sold includes direct l abor, materials, shipping and plant overhead costs. Direct labor includes all compensation and related benefits of non-management personnel involved in ethanol and vinegar production , and cattle feeding operations. Grain purchasing and receiving costs, excluding labor costs for grain buyers and scale operators, are also included in cost of goods sold. Materials include the cost of corn feedstock, denaturant, process chemicals, cattle and

veterinary supplies. Corn feedstock costs include gains and losses on related derivative financial instruments not designated as cash flow hedges, inbound freight charges, inspection costs and transfer costs , as well as reclassifications of gains and losses on cash flow hedges from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Plant overhead consists primarily of plant and feedlot utilities, repairs and maintenance, yard expenses and outbound freight charges. Shipping costs incurred by the company, including railcar costs, are also reflected in cost of goods sold.



The company uses exchange-traded futures and options contracts and forward purchase and sales contracts to attempt to minimize the effect of price changes on grain , natural gas and cattle inventories . Exchange-traded futures and options contracts are valued at quoted market prices and settled predominantly in cash. The company is exposed to loss when counterparties default on forward purchase and sale contracts. Grain inventories held for sale and forward purchase and sale contracts are valued at market prices when available or other market quotes adjusted for differences, primarily in transportation, between the exchange-traded market and local market where the terms of the contract is based. Changes in forward purchase contracts and exchange-traded futures and options contracts are recognized as a component of cost of goods sold.



Operations and Maintenance Expenses



In the partnership segment, transportation expenses represent the primary component of operations and maintenance expenses. Transportation expenses include railcar leases, freight and shipping of the company’s ethanol and co-products, as well as costs incurred storing ethanol at destination terminals.



Derivative Financial Instruments



The company uses various derivative financial instruments, including exchange-traded futures and exchange-traded and over-the-counter options contracts, to attempt to minimize risk and the effect of commodity price changes including but not limited to, corn, ethanol, cattle, natural gas and crude oil. The company monitors and manages this exposure as part of its overall risk management policy to reduce the adverse effect market volatility may have on its operating results. The company may hedge these commodit ies as one way to mitigate risk; however, there may be situations when these hedging activities themselves result in losses.



By using derivatives to hedge exposures to changes in commodity prices, the company is exposed to credit and market risk. The company’s exposure to credit risk includes the counterparty’s failure to fulfill its performance obligations under the terms of the derivative contract. The company minimizes its credit risk by entering into transactions with high quality counterparties, limiting the amount of financial exposure it has with each counterparty and monitoring their financial condition. Market risk is the risk that the value of the financial instrument might be adversely affected by a change in commodity prices or interest rates. The company manages market risk by incorporating parameters to monitor exposure within its risk management strategy, which limits the types of derivative instruments and strategies the company can use and the degree of market risk it can take using derivative instruments.



The company evaluates its physical delivery contracts to determine if they qualify for normal purchase or sale exemptions which are expected to be used or sold over a reasonable period in the normal course of business. Contracts that do not meet the normal purchase or sale criteria are recorded at fair value. Changes in fair value are recorded in operating income unless the contracts qualify for, and the company elects, cash flow hedge accounting treatmen t.  



Certain qualifying derivatives related to ethanol production, agribusiness and energy services , and food and ingredients segments are designated as cash flow hedges. The company evaluates the derivative instrument to ascertain its effectiveness prior to entering into cash flow hedges. Unrealized gains and losses are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss until the gain or loss from the underlying hedged transaction is realized. When it becomes probable a forecasted transaction will not occur, the cash flow hedge treatment is discontinued, which affects earnings. These derivative financial instruments are recognized in current assets or other current liabilities at fair value.



At times, the company hedges its exposure to changes in inventory values and designates qualifying derivatives as fair value hedges. The carrying amount of the hedged inventory is adjusted in the current period for changes in fair value. Ineffectiveness of the hedges is recognized in the current period to the extent the change in fair value of the inventory is not offset by the change in fair value of the derivative.



Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Effective January 1, 2018, the company adopted the amended guidance in ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Please refer to Note 2 – Revenue for further details.



Effective January 1, 2018, the company adopted the amended guidance in ASC Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash , which requires amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents to be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amended guidance was applied retrospectively. As a result, net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was adjusted to exclude the change in restricted cash   and de creased the previously reported balance by $ 21.7 million . N et cash provided by financing activities for the th ree months ended March 31, 2017 was adjusted to exclude the change in restricted cash and decreased the previously reported balance by $13.0 million.



Effective January 1, 2018, the company adopted the amended guidance in ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets other than Inventory , which requires the recognition of current and deferred income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inven tory when the transfer occurs. The amended guidance is required on a modified retrospective basis, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. The adoption of the guidance did not have an impact to the financial statements.



Effective January 1, 2018, the company adopted the amended guidance in ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business , which clarifies the definition of a business a nd provides guidance to assist companies and oth er reporting organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The amended guidance will be applied prospectively.



Effective January  1, 2018, the company early adopted the amended guidance in ASC Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment , which simplifies the measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The annual goodwill impairment test will be performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that repor ting unit, would be recognized. The amended guidance will be applied prospectively, and used wh en the annual impairment test is performed in the current year. The company does not expect the impact of adopting the amended guidance to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.



Effective January 1, 2018, the company early adopted the amended guidance in ASC Topic 220, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income: Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The amendment eliminates the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and is intended to improve the usefulness of information reported . As a result, the company recorded a $2.8 million reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings as o f the beginning of the period. It is the company’s policy to release income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income using the portfolio approach.



Effective January 1, 2019, the company will adopt the amended guidance in ASC Topic 842, Leases , which aims to make leasing activities more transparent and comparable, requiring substantially all leases to be recognized by lessees on the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability, including leases currently accounted for as operating leases. The new standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018, and allows for early adoption. The company has established an implementation team to evaluate the impact of the new standard. The new standard will significantly increase right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the company’s consolidated balance sheet, primarily due to operating leases that are currently not recognized on the balance sheet. The company anticipates adopting the amended guidance using the modified retrospective transition method.  



2 .  REVENUE



Adoption of ASC Topic 606



On January 1, 2018, the company adopted the amended guidance in ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , and all related amendments (“new revenue s tandard”) and applied it to all contracts using the modified retrospective transition method. There were no adjustment s to the consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheets for the adoption of the new revenue s tandard. As such, c omparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. In addition, there was no impact of adoption on the consolidated statements of operations or balance sheets for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The company expects the impact of the adopting the new revenue s tandard   to be immaterial to net income on an ongoing basis.



Revenue Recognition



Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied. Generally this occurs with the transfer of control of products or services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales, value add, and other taxes the company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.





Payment Terms



The company has standard payment terms, which vary depending upon the nature of the services provided, with the majority falling within 10 to 30 days after transfer of control or completion of services. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the company has determined that contracts generally do not include a significant financing component.





Contract Liabilities



The company records unearned revenue , which represents a contract liability, when consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a sales contract.



The following table reflects the changes in unearned revenue from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2018 (in thousands):



During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the company recognized revenue of  $194 thousa nd that was included in the corresponding contract liability balance at the beginning of the period.



During the three months ended March 31, 2018, unearned revenue in creased by $ 34   thousand , primarily as a result of fluctuations in customer inventory levels for the partnership’s tank storage .   T he company expects to recognize all of the unearned revenue associated as of March 31, 2018 in the subsequent quarter when the inventory is withdrawn from the partnership’s tank storage.



Practical Expedients



Under the new revenue standard , companies may elect various practical expedients upon adoption. As a result, t he company elected to recognize the cost for shipping and handling activities that occur after the customer obtains control of the promised goods as fulfillment activities and not when performance obligations are met . The company also elected to exclude sales taxes from transaction prices.







3 .  ACQUISITIONS



Acquisition of Cattle Feeding Operations



On May 16, 2017 , the company acquired two cattle-feeding operations from Car gill Cattle Feeders, LLC for $58 .7  million, including certain working capital adjustments. The transaction included the feed yards located in Leoti, Kansas and Eckley, Colorado, which added combined feedlot capacity of 155,000 head of cattle to the company’s operations. The transaction was financed using cash on hand. There were no material acquisition costs recorded for the acquisition.



As part of the transaction, the company also entered into a long-term cattle supply agreement with Cargill Meat Solutions Corporation. Under the cattle supply agreement, all cattle placed in the Leoti and Eckley feedlots are sold exclusively to Cargill Meat Solutions under an agreed upon pricing arrangement.



Th e following is a summary of the preliminary purchase price of   assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):









The amounts above reflect a working capital payment by the company of $1.0 million made during the first quarter of 2018.











4 .  FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES



The following methods, assumptions and valuation techniques were used in estimating the fair value of the company’s financial instruments:



Level 1 – unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities the company can access at the measurement date.



Level 2 – directly or indirectly observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets other than quoted prices included within Level 1, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, and other inputs that are observable or can be substantially corroborated by observable market data through correlation or other means. Grain inventories held for sale in the agribusiness segment are valued at nearby futures values, plus or minus nearby basis.



Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and comprise a significant component of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The company currently does not have any recurring Level 3 financial instruments.



Derivative contracts include exchange-traded commodity futures and options contracts and forward commodity purchase and sale contracts. Exchange-traded futures and options contracts are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and are classified in Level 1. The majority of the company’s exchange-traded futures and options contracts ar e cash-settled on a daily basis .



There have been no changes in valuation techniques and inputs used in measuring fair value. The company’s assets and liabilities by level are as follows (in thousands):













The company believes the fair value of its debt approximated book value, which was $1.4 billion a t   March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 .   The company estimated the fair value of its outstanding debt using Level 2 inputs. The company believes the fair values of its accounts receivable app roximated book value, which was  $ 151.9 million and $1 51.1 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively .



Although the company currently does not have any recurring Level 3 financial measurements, the fair values of tangible assets and goodwill acquired and the equity component of convertible debt issued represent Level 3 measurements which were derived using a combination of the income approach, market approach and cost approach for the specific assets or liabilities being valued.





5 .  SEGMENT INFORMATION



The company reports the financial and operating performance for the following four operating segments: (1) ethanol production, which inc ludes the production of ethanol and distillers grains , and recovery of corn oil, (2) agribusiness and energy services, which includes grain handling and storage, commodity marketing and merchant trading for company-produced and third-party ethanol, distillers grains, corn oil, natural gas and other commodities, (3) food and ingredients, which includes cattle feeding, vinegar production and food-grade corn oil operations and (4) partnership, which includes fuel storage and transportation services.



Corporate activities include selling , general and administrative expenses, consisting primarily of compensation, professional fees and overhead costs not directly related to a specific operating segment.



During the normal course of business, the operating segments conduct business with each other. For example, the agribusiness and energy services segment procures grain and natural gas and sells products, including ethanol, distillers grains and corn oil for the ethanol production segment. The partnership segment provides fuel storage and transportation services for the agribusiness and energy services segment. These intersegment activities are treated like third-party transactions with origination, marketing and storage fees charged at estimated market values. Consequently, these transactions affect segment performance; however, they do not impact the company’s consolidated results since the revenues and corresponding costs are eliminated.  





The following tables set forth certain financial data for the company’s operating segments (in thousands):









Refer to Note 2 - Revenue ,   for further disaggregation of revenue by operating segment.





































The following table reconciles net income (loss) to EBITDA (in thousands):







The following table sets forth total assets by operating segment (in thousands):









6 .  INVENTORIES



Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value, except grain held for sale and fair-value hedged inventories. Commodities held for sale are reported at market value. During the qua rter ended March 31, 2018, the c ompany recorded a $19.2 million lower of cost or market adjustment and reclassified $19.2 million of net gains from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings related to this inventory. Both amounts are reflected in cost of goods sold within the food and ingredients segment.





The components of inventories are as follows (in thousands):

















7 .  GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS



Goodwill



The company did no t have any changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, which was $182.9 million at March 31, 2018 ,   and December 31, 2017 . Goodwill of $ 30.3 million, $142.0 million and $ 10.6 million are attributable to the ethanol production segment , food and ingredient s segment and the partnership segment, respectively.



Intangible Assets



As of March 31, 2018, the company’s customer relationship intangible asset recognized in co nnection with the Fleischmann Vinegar’s acquisition is $72.0 million, net of $8.0 million of accumulated amortization, and has a remaining 13.5 -year weighted-average amortization period. As of March 31, 2018, the company also has an indefinite-lived trade name intangible asset of $10.5 million. The company recognized $1.3 million of amortization expense associated with the amortizing customer relationship intangible asset during both of the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 , and expects estimated amortization expense for the next five years of $5. 3 million per annum. The company’s intangible assets are recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.





8 .  DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS



At March 31, 2018, the company’s consolidated balance sheet reflected unrealized gains of $0.7 million, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income . The company expects these gains will be reclassified as operating income over the next 12 months as a result of hedged transactions that are forecasted to occur. The amount realized in operating income will differ as commodity prices change. 



Fair Values of Derivative Instruments



The fair values of the company’s derivative financial instruments and the line items on the consolidated balance sheets where they are reported are as follows (in thousands):











(1) At March 31, 2018, derivative financial instruments, as reflecte d on the balance sheet, include net unrealized gains on exchange traded futures and options contracts of $7.8 million , which included $24.7   million of net unrealized gains on derivative financial instruments designated a s cash flow hedging instruments . At December 31, 2017, derivative financial instruments, as reflected on the balance sheet, includes net unrealized gains on exchange traded futures and options contracts of $8.5 million ,   which included $0.3 million of net unrealized gains on derivative financial instruments designated a s cash flow hedging instruments . .



Refer to Note 4 - Fair Value Disclosures , which contains fair value information related to derivative financial instruments.

Effect of Derivative Instruments on Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolida ted Statements of Operations and Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income



The gains or losses recognized in income and other comprehensive income related to the company’s derivative financial instruments and the line items on the consolidated financial statements where they are reported are as follows (in thousands):





















As of March 31, 2018, the following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for the fair value hedged items (in thousands):