UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM N-2

(Check appropriate box or boxes)

 

[X] REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

[   ] Pre-Effective Amendment No. ___

[   ] Post-Effective Amendment No . ___

and

 

[X] REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

[   ] Amendment No. __

 

RENN Fund, Inc.

470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016

Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code (646) 291-2300


UMB Fund Services (“UMB”) – c/o RENN Fund, Inc., 235 W. Galena Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212-3949

 

Copies of Communications to:

 

Monica L. Parry
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20004-2541

 

Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement

 

If any securities being registered on this form will be offered on a delayed or continuous basis in reliance on Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered in connection with a dividend reinvestment plan, check the following box ….[   ]

 

It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box)

 

[   ] when declared effective pursuant to section 8(c)

 

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

Title of Securities Being Registered

Amount Being

Registered(1)

Proposed Maximum

Offering Price Per

Unit

Proposed Maximum

Aggregate Offering

Price(2)

Amount of

Registration Fee(3)

Common Stock,        

$0.01 par value per share

Rights to purchase common stock (4)

 

(1) Includes [ ●] shares subject to the [additional subscription privilege].

(2) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating fee as required by Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933 based upon the closing price reported on the New York Stock Exchange consolidated reporting system of [ ●] on [ ●] .

(3) [●] of which was previously paid.

(4) Evidencing the rights to subscribe for shares of common stock of the Registrant being registered herewith. Pursuant to Rule 457(g) of the Securities Act of 1933, no separate registration fee is required for the rights because the rights are being registered in the same registration statement as the common stock of the Registrant underlying the rights.

 

Pursuant to Rule 473 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant hereby amends the Registration Statement to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that the Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

RENN Fund, Inc.

3 Rights for 1 Shares of Common Stock

 

RENN Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) is issuing non-transferable rights (“Rights”) to its holders of record of shares of common stock (“Common Stock”) (such holders hereinafter referred to as “Stockholders”) which Rights will allow Stockholders to subscribe for new shares (the “Offering”). For every 3 Rights a Stockholder receives, such Stockholder will be entitled to buy one new share. Each Stockholder will receive one Right for each outstanding share it owns on September 28, 2018 (the “Record Date”). Fractional shares will not be issued upon the exercise of the Rights. Accordingly, the number of Rights to be issued to a Stockholder on the Record Date will be rounded up to the nearest whole number of Rights evenly divisible by 3. Stockholders on the Record Date may purchase shares not acquired by other Stockholders in this Rights offering, subject to certain limitations discussed in this Prospectus. Additionally, Horizon Asset Management LLC (“Horizon”) will purchase any shares not otherwise acquired by other Stockholders in this Rights offering. See “The Offering” below.

 

The Rights are non-transferable, and may not be purchased or sold. Rights will expire without residual value at the Expiration Date (defined below). The Rights will not be listed for trading on the NYSE MKT LLC (“NYSE MKT”), and there will not be any market for trading Rights. The shares to be issued pursuant to the Offering will be listed for trading on the NYSE MKT, subject to the NYSE MKT being officially notified of the issuance of those shares. On September 5, 2018, the last reported net asset value (“NAV”) per share was $1.97 and the last reported sales price per share on the NYSE MKT was $1.78, which represents a 9.64% discount to the Fund’s NAV per share. The subscription price per share (the “Subscription Price”) will be the lesser of

 

(i) 105% of NAV per share as calculated at the close of trading on the date of expiration of the Offering and

(ii) 90% of the market price per share at such time. The considerable number of shares that may be issued as a result of the Offering may cause the discount below NAV at which the Fund’s shares are currently trading to increase, especially if Stockholders exercising the Rights attempt to buy sizeable numbers of shares immediately after such issuance.

 

STOCKHOLDERS WHO CHOOSE TO EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS WILL NOT KNOW THE SUBSCRIPTION PRICE PER SHARE AT THE TIME THEY EXERCISE SUCH RIGHTS BECAUSE THE OFFERING WILL EXPIRE (I.E., CLOSE) PRIOR TO THE AVAILABILITY OF THE FUND’S NAV AND OTHER RELEVANT MARKET INFORMATION ON THE EXPIRATION DATE. ONCE A STOCKHOLDER SUBSCRIBES FOR SHARES AND THE FUND RECEIVES PAYMENT, SUCH STOCKHOLDER WILL NOT BE ABLE TO CHANGE HIS, HER OR ITS DECISION. THE OFFERING WILL EXPIRE AT 5:00 P.M., EST, ON [AUGUST 31, 2018 ] (THE “EXPIRATION DATE”), UNLESS EXTENDED, AS DISCUSSED IN THIS PROSPECTUS.

 

The Fund is a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company. The Fund’s investment objective is capital appreciation with current income as a secondary objective. The Fund seeks to achieve its objectives by investing primarily in U.S. and non-U.S. companies. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s objective will be achieved.

 

For more information, please call AST Fund Solutions LLC (the “Information Agent”) at (800)488-8095.

 

 

 

Investing in the Fund involves risks. See “Risk Factors” on page [ ●] of this prospectus.

 

 

Estimated

Subscription Price(1)

Estimated

Sales Load

Estimated

Subscription Proceeds to Fund(2)

Per share [$1.60 ] None [$2,383,758 ]
Total [$1.60 ] None [$2,383,758 ]

 

(1) Because the Subscription Price will not be determined until after printing and distribution of this prospectus, the “Estimated Subscription Price” above is an estimate of the subscription price based on the Fund’s per-share NAV and market price at the close of trading on September 5, 2018. See “The Offering - Subscription Price” and “The Offering - Payment for Shares.”

 

(2) Fees and expenses incurred by the Fund in connection with the Offering will be paid for by Horizon, the investment manager to the Fund . Therefore, the full amount of subscription proceeds will be contributed to the Fund’s assets . The calculation of the per share amount does not take into account the Over-Subscription shares. Funds received prior to the final due date of this Offering will be deposited in a segregated account pending allocation and distribution of shares. Interest, if any, on subscription monies will be paid to the Fund regardless of whether shares are issued by the Fund; interest will not be used as credit toward the purchase of shares.

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

The date of this prospectus is September 6, 2018.

 

The Fund’s Shares are listed on the NYSE MKT under the ticker symbol RCG.

 

Investment Adviser. Horizon Asset Management LLC (the “Adviser”) acts as the Fund’s investment adviser. See “Management of the Fund.” As of December 31, 2017, the Adviser, along with its affiliated investment advisers, managed nine open-end funds with combined assets with the Fund of approximately $1.35 billion. The Adviser’s address is 470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016.

 

This prospectus sets forth concisely the information about the Fund that you should know before deciding whether to invest in the Fund. A Statement of Additional Information, dated September 6, 2018 (the “Statement of Additional Information”), and other materials, containing additional information about the Fund, have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Statement of Additional Information is incorporated by reference in its entirety into this prospectus, which means it is considered to be part of this prospectus. You may obtain a free copy of the Statement of Additional Information, the table of contents of which is on page 6 of this prospectus, and other information filed with the SEC, by calling (646) 291-2300 or by writing to the Fund UMB Fund Services – c/o RENN Fund, Inc., 235 W. Galena Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212-3949, or by visiting the Fund’s website at http://horizonkinetics.com/investment-strategies/renn-fund-inc-nyse-rcg/ . The Fund files annual and semi-annual stockholder reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You can obtain this information or the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information or any information regarding the Fund filed with the SEC from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov .

 

The Fund’s Shares do not represent a deposit or obligation of, and are not guaranteed or endorsed by, any bank or other insured depository institution, and are not federally insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board or any governmental agency.

 

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. The Fund has not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. The Fund is not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus. The Fund will amend this prospectus if, during the period this prospectus is required to be delivered, there are any material changes to the facts stated in this prospectus subsequent to the date of this prospectus.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page
SUMMARY 1
SUMMARY OF FUND EXPENSES 9
THE FUND 10
THE OFFERING 10
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 19
USE OF PROCEEDS 22
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES 22
RISK FACTORS 29
LISTING OF SHARES 36
MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND 36
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE 38
DISTRIBUTION POLICY 39
DISTRIBUTION REINVESTMENT PLAN 42
CERTAIN ADDITIONAL MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS 44
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE 48
LEGAL MATTERS 51
REPORTS TO STOCKHOLDERS 51
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM 51
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 51
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 51

 

 

 

 

SUMMARY

 

This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in the Fund. You should review the more detailed information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in the Statement of Additional Information, particularly the information set forth under the heading “Risk Factors.”

 

The Fund. The Fund, a Texas corporation organized on January 20, 1994, is a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company. The investment objective of the Fund is to provide its shareholders primarily with above-market rates of return through capital appreciation and income by investing in a wide variety of financial instruments, including, but not limited to, common stocks, fixed income securities, convertible and non-convertible debt securities or loans, distressed debt, warrants and preferred stock, exchange traded funds (“ETFs”) and exchange traded notes (“ETNs”), open and closed-end funds, derivatives including options and swaps, and other instruments and securities that may or may not be listed on a regulated securities exchange.

The Offering. The Fund is issuing non-transferable rights (“Rights”) to its Stockholders as of the close of business on September 28, 2018 (the “Record Date”) which Rights will allow Stockholders to subscribe for an aggregate of 1,489,849 shares (the “Offering”). For every 3 Rights a Stockholder receives, such Stockholder will be entitled to buy 1 new share at a subscription price equal to the lesser of (i) 105% of NAV of the shares as calculated on the Expiration Date and (ii) 90% of the market price at the close of trading on such date. Each Stockholder will receive 1 Right for each outstanding share he or she owns on the Record Date (the “Basic Subscription”). Fractional shares will not be issued upon the exercise of the Rights. Accordingly, the number of Rights to be issued to a Stockholder as of the Record Date will be rounded up to the nearest whole number of Rights evenly divisible by 3. Stockholders as of the Record Date may purchase shares not acquired by other Stockholders in this Rights offering, subject to certain limitations discussed in this prospectus. Additionally, Horizon will purchase any shares not otherwise acquired by other Stockholders in this Rights offering.

 

Shares will be issued within the 45-day period immediately following the record date of the Fund’s monthly distribution and Stockholders exercising rights will not be entitled to receive such distribution with respect to the shares issued pursuant to such exercise .

Purpose of the Offering. At its meeting held on June 14, 2018, the Board of Directors determined that the current Offering was in the best interests of the Fund and its Stockholders to increase the assets of the Fund. The primary reasons include:

 

The Basic Subscription will provide existing Stockholders an opportunity to purchase additional shares at a price that is potentially below market value without incurring any commission or transaction charges.

 

Raising more cash will better position the Fund to take advantage of investment opportunities that exist or may arise.

 

Increasing Fund assets may lower the Fund’s expenses as a proportion of net assets because the Fund’s fixed costs would be spread over a larger asset base. There can be no assurance that by increasing the size of the Fund, the Fund’s expense ratio will be lowered. However, increasing the Fund’s assets could result in a benefit to the Fund’s Adviser because the Management fee that is paid to the Adviser increases as the Fund’s net assets increase, but only when net assets increase to $25 million, as the Adviser is not paid any management fee on assets below that level.

 

Because the Offering will increase the Fund’s outstanding shares, it may increase the number of Stockholders over the long term, which could increase the level of market interest in and visibility of the Fund and improve the trading liquidity of the shares on the NYSE MKT.

 

The Offering is not expected to be anti-dilutive with respect to the net asset value per share to all Stockholders, including those electing not to participate. This expectation is based on the fact that all the costs of the Offering will be borne exclusively by Horizon whether or not Stockholders exercise their Rights. The Offering is expected to be dilutive with respect to Stockholder’s voting percentages because Stockholders electing not to participate in the Offering will own a smaller percentage of the total number of shares outstanding after the completion of the Offering.

 

 

 

Investment Objective and Policies. The Fund’s investment objective is to achieve above-market rates of return through capital appreciation and income. The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective through a long-term, value-oriented investment process.

 

There is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. The Fund’s investment objective and some of its investment policies are considered fundamental policies and may not be changed without Stockholder approval. The Statement of Additional Information contains a list of the fundamental and non-fundamental investment policies of the Fund under the heading “Investment Restrictions.”

 

During periods of adverse market or economic conditions, which can persist for extended periods of time, the Fund may temporarily invest all or a substantial portion of its net assets in cash or cash equivalents.

Investment Strategies. The Fund may invest in a wide variety of financial instruments including, but not limited to common stocks, fixed income securities including convertible and non-convertible debt securities or loans, distressed debt, warrants and preferred stock, exchange traded funds (“ETFs”) and exchange traded notes (“ETNs”), open and closed-end funds, derivatives including options and swaps, and other instruments and securities which may or may not be listed on a regulated securities exchange. In particular, the Fund may purchase securities on over-the-counter trading markets, including but not limited to those offered by OTC Markets Groups Inc.

 

The Fund may transact in securities of U.S. and foreign companies that trade on U.S. and non-U.S. exchanges, including by transactions that offer exposure to instruments having the characteristics of common stocks such as American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and International Depositary Receipts (“IDRs”). The Fund may acquire various equity-related instruments such as ETFs, ETNs or shares of other closed-end funds. The Fund may also write and sell options on securities for hedging purposes and/or for direct investment.

 

The Fund will comply with all SEC rules and other regulations that may be implicated by the Fund’s investment activities, including, for example, any asset segregation or coverage requirements that may apply as a result of trading in options, swaps or other derivatives.

 

The Fund may invest in preferred stock, as well as convertible and non-convertible debt securities, including debt securities that are rated below investment grade, also known as junk bonds, or unrated. In addition, the Fund may acquire interests in privately-held companies, and securities or assets for which there may be a limited or no active trading market.

 

 

 

In general, the Fund will invest in companies that the Adviser believes are undervalued and have the potential for a high rate of return. Key fundamental factors in this approach may include:

 

- Identification of dormant assets

 

- Underappreciated intangible assets

 

- High returns on capital

 

- High earnings power relative to analysts’ expectations or current market capitalization

 

- Spin-off’s, recapitalizations, and restructurings

 

- Discounts to stated or estimated book value

 

- Substantial inside stock ownership ( i.e. , owner-operated companies)

 

- Expected demand for the company’s services or products

 

- Transitory (not permanent) business problems causing a low valuation

 

- Expected growth in revenues, earnings, or assets

 

The companies that are targeted for investment based upon the criteria listed above may include emerging growth companies, but unlike under the Fund’s current investment strategy, emerging growth companies will not be a focus of the investment strategy that Horizon intends to employ for the Fund.

 

The Fund will execute its investment strategy by regarding investments as representing fractional ownership in the underlying companies’ assets. This will allow the Fund to attempt to achieve its investment objective by acting as a classic value investor seeking high returns on equity, an intrinsic characteristic of the investment, not a reappraisal of a company’s stock value by the market, an external factor.

 

Sell decisions are generally triggered by either adequate value being achieved, as determined by the Adviser, or by an adverse change in a company’s operating performance or a deterioration of the company’s business model. A sale may also occur if the investment adviser discovers a new investment opportunity that it believes is more compelling and represents a greater risk-reward profile than other investment(s) owned in the Fund.

Investment Adviser and Fee. Horizon Asset Management LLC (“Horizon” or the “Adviser”), the investment adviser of the Fund, is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. As of December 31, 2017, the Adviser, together with its affiliated investment managers, managed nine open -end funds with combined assets under management, with the Fund, of approximately $1.35 billion.

 

The Adviser is entitled to receive a monthly fee at the annual rate of 1.0% of the Fund’s net assets; provided, however, that no fee shall be paid on net assets less than $25 million. See “Management of the Fund.”

Administrator. UMB Fund Services, 235 W. Galena Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212-3949 serves as administrator to the Fund. Under the administration agreement with the Fund, UMB is responsible for generally managing the administrative affairs of the Fund, including supervising the preparation of reports to Stockholders, reports to and filings with the SEC and materials for meetings of the Board.

 

 

 

Fund Accounting Agent. UMB Fund Services, 235 W. Galena Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212-3949, serves as accounting agent to the Fund. Under the Accounting Agreement with the Fund, UMB Fund Services is responsible for calculating the net asset value per share and maintaining the financial books and records of the Fund. UMB Fund Services is entitled to receive an accounting and administration fee which includes the greater of an annual minimum fee of $5,000 per month or an asset based fee of 0.100% of the first $150 million of average daily net assets, 0.080% in excess of $150 million and up to $250 million of average net assets and 0.050% of such assets in excess of $250 million.
Custodian and Transfer Agent. UMB Bank, N.A. serves as the Fund’s custodian and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company serves as the Fund’s transfer agent. See “Management of the Fund.”

Closed-End Fund Structure. Closed-end funds differ from open-end management investment companies (commonly referred to as mutual funds) in that closed-end funds do not redeem their shares at the option of the stockholder and generally list their shares for trading on a securities exchange. By comparison, mutual funds issue securities that are redeemable daily at net asset value at the option of the stockholder and typically engage in a continuous offering of their shares. Mutual funds are subject to continuous asset inflows and out-flows that can complicate portfolio management, whereas closed-end funds generally can stay more fully invested in securities consistent with the closed-end fund’s investment objectives and policies. In addition, in comparison to open-end funds, closed-end funds have greater flexibility in the employment of financial leverage and in the ability to make certain types of investments, including investments in illiquid securities.

 

The Fund’s shares have frequently traded at a discount to its net asset value since its inception. Shares of closed-end funds frequently trade at a discount from their net asset value. In recognition of the possibility that the shares might trade at a discount to net asset value and that any such discount may not be in the interest of Stockholders, the Fund’s Board of Directors, in consultation with the Adviser, may, from time to time, review possible actions to reduce any such discount, including considering open market repurchases or tender offers for the Fund’s shares. There can be no assurance that the Board of Directors will decide to undertake any of these actions or that, if undertaken, such actions would result in the shares trading at a price equal to or close to net asset value per share.

Summary of Principal Risks. Investing in common stocks and other equity or equity-related securities has inherent risks that could cause you to lose money. Some of the principal risks of investing in the Fund are listed below and could adversely affect the net asset value (“NAV”), total return and value of the Fund and your investment. These are not the only risks associated with an investment in the Fund. Rather, the risks discussed below are certain of the significant risks associated with the investment strategy employed by the Fund, and as proposed to be modified by Horizon.

 

Stock Selection Risks. The portfolio securities selected by the Adviser may decline in value or not increase in value when the stock market in general is rising and may fail to meet the Fund’s investment objectives.

 

Long-Term Investment Risks. Although any debt investments the Fund may make will typically yield a current return from the time they are made, future equity investments that are made in accordance with the Fund’s long-term, value-oriented investment strategy will generally produce gains, if any, only after three to five years. In a substantial portion of cases, the Fund’s investments will likely not generate distributable income in the early years of investment. There can be no assurance that either a current return or capital gains will actually be achieved.

 

 

 

Liquidity Risks. The Adviser may not be able to sell portfolio securities at an optimal time or price. For example, if the Fund is required or the adviser deems it advisable to liquidate all or a portion of a portfolio security quickly, it may realize significantly less than the value at which the investment was previously recorded.

 

Small and Medium-Size Company Risks. The Fund may invest in the equity securities of small and medium-size companies. Small and medium-size companies often have narrower product lines and potential markets and more limited managerial and financial resources than do larger, more established companies. As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face a greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of the Fund’s assets.

 

Risks Related to the Over-the-Counter Markets. Issuers whose securities are traded in the over-the-counter markets (“OTC”) have no duty to provide any information to investors. Even issuers who register OTC securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required to maintain such registration. Many OTC securities are thinly traded, and this lack of liquidity tends to increase price volatility, and in many cases, the liquidation of a position in an OTC security may not be possible within a reasonable period of time.

 

Private Issuer Risks. In addition to the risks associated with small public companies, limited or no public information may exist about private companies, and shareholders will rely on the ability of the Adviser to obtain adequate information to evaluate the potential returns from investing in these companies. If the Adviser is unable to uncover all material information about these companies, the Fund may not make a fully informed investment decision and may lose money on the investment.

 

Minority Investment Risks. Because the Fund generally does not hold controlling equity interests in the Fund’s portfolio companies, it may not be able to exercise control over portfolio companies or to prevent decisions by management of portfolio companies with which the Fund disagrees and that could decrease the value of investments.

 

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and Closed-End Funds (CEFs) Risks. The Fund may invest in other investment companies, including ETFs and closed-end funds (“CEFs”). ETFs and CEFs are registered investment companies whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the OTC market. In general, passively-managed ETFs seek to track a specified securities index or a basket of securities that an “index provider,” such as Standard & Poor’s, selects as representative of a market, market segment or industry sector. A passively-managed ETF is designed so that its performance will correspond closely with that of the index it tracks. A leveraged ETF will engage in transactions and purchase instruments that give rise to forms of leverage, including, among others, the use of reverse repurchase agreements and other borrowings, the investment of collateral from loans of portfolio securities, the use of when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment transactions or short sales. To the extent a fund invests in ETFs or CEFs that achieve leveraged exposure to their underlying indexes through the use of derivative instruments, the Fund will indirectly be subject to leveraging risk. CEFs are subject to additional risks such as the fact that the market price of their shares may trade above or below the net asset value or that an active market may not develop. As a shareholder in an ETF or CEF, the Fund will bear its pro rata portion of the ETF’s and CEF’s expenses, including advisory fees, in addition to its own fees and expenses.

 

Exchange Traded Notes (ETNs) Risks. ETNs are a type of debt security that generally trades on U.S. stock exchanges or in the OTC market. Like ETFs, ETNS seek to provide a return linked to a market index or other benchmark, which may include, for example, equity indices, commodities or foreign currencies, and they share some of the same risks as ETNs, potentially including leverage risks. Unlike ETFs, ETNs are unsecured debt obligations of the issuer—typically a bank or another financial institution—and are therefore subject to a risk of default by the issuer. And unlike traditional bonds, ETNs are generally issued on an ongoing basis and typically do not pay any interest to investors; instead, the issuer promises to pay the holder of the ETN an amount determined by the performance of the underlying index or benchmark on the ETN’s maturity date (typically 10, 30 or in some cases 40 years from issuance), minus specified fees. ETNs may trade at a premium or discount to their indicative values, and investing in ETNs therefore involves greater market risks than investing in some other forms of debt, including a risk of significant price volatility and the risk of delisting or suspension of trading from the applicable trading market. Issuers of ETNs may seek to control price fluctuations by issuing or redeeming the ETNs, and an investor cannot control the magnitude or timing of such issuances or redemptions. In addition, issuers may have the right to call ETNs at a specified redemption price that may be less than their current trading price.

 

 

 

Foreign Securities Risks. The Fund may invest in foreign securities directly or through ADRs, GDRs and IDRs. Foreign securities can carry higher returns but involve more risks than those associated with U.S. investments. Additional risks associated with investment in foreign securities include currency fluctuations, political and economic instability, differences in financial reporting standards and less stringent regulation of securities markets.

 

Non-Diversification Risks. As a non-diversified investment company, the Fund can invest a large percentage of its assets in a small number of issuers. As a result of such concentration, a change in the value of any one investment may affect the overall value of the Fund’s shares more than shares of a diversified closed-end fund that holds more investments.

 

Interest Rate Risk. When interest rates increase, any fixed-income securities held by the Fund may decline in value. Long-term fixed-income securities will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed-income securities. It is likely there will be less governmental action in the near future to maintain low interest rates. The negative impact on fixed-income securities from the resulting rate increases for that and other reasons could be swift and significant.

 

Leveraging Risks. Investments in derivative instruments may give rise to a form of leverage. The Adviser may engage in speculative transactions which involve substantial risk and leverage. The use of leverage by the Adviser may increase the volatility of the Fund. These leveraged instruments may result in losses to the Fund or may adversely affect the Fund’s NAY or total return, because instruments that contain leverage are more sensitive to changes in interest rates. The Fund may also have to sell assets at inopportune times to satisfy its obligations in connection with such transactions.

 

Option Transaction Risks. Purchasing and writing put and call options are highly specialized activities and entail greater than ordinary investment risks. The successful use of options depends in part on the ability of the Adviser to manage future price fluctuations and the degree of correlation between the options and securities markets. By writing put options on equity securities, the Fund would give up the opportunity to benefit from potential increases in the value of the common stocks above the strike prices of the written put options, but continue to bear the risk of declines in the value of its common stock portfolio. The Fund would receive a premium from writing a covered call option that it retains whether or not the option is exercised. The premium received from the written options may not be sufficient to offset any losses sustained from the volatility of the underlying equity securities over time.

 

Below Investment Grade Debt Securities Risks. Generally, below investment grade debt securities, i.e. , junk bonds, are subject to greater credit risk, price volatility and risk of loss than investment grade securities.

 

 

 

 

Distressed Debt Risks. An investment in distressed debt involves considerable risks, including a higher risk of nonpayment by the debtor. The Fund may incur significant expenses seeking recovery upon default or attempting to negotiate new terms. Furthermore, if one of the Fund’s portfolio companies were to file for bankruptcy protection, a bankruptcy court might re-characterize the debt held by the Fund and subordinate all or a portion of the Fund’s claim to claims of other creditors, even, in some cases, if the investment is structured as senior secured debt. The bankruptcy process has a number of significant inherent risks, including substantially delays and the risk of loss of all or a substantial portion of the Fund’s investment in the bankrupt entity.

 

Management Risks. There is no guarantee that the Fund will meet its investment objective. The Adviser does not guarantee the performance of the Fund, nor can it assure you that the market value of your investment will not decline.

 

Special Situations Risks. The Fund may use aggressive investment techniques, including seeking to benefit from “special situations,” such as mergers, reorganizations or other unusual events expected to affect a particular issuer. There is a risk that the “special situation” might not occur or involve longer time frames than originally expected, which could have a negative impact on the price of the issuer’s securities and fail to produce gains or produce a loss for the Fund.

 

Derivatives Risks. The Fund’s investments may include futures, options and swaps and other derivative instruments, which may result in loss. Derivative instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to the Fund. The use of derivative instruments may expose us to counter-party credit risk. To the extent the Fund segregates assets to cover derivative positions, the Fund may impair its ability to meet current obligations, to honor requests for redemption and to manage the Fund properly in a manner consistent with its stated investment objective.

 

Convertible Security Risk. The Fund may invest in convertible securities, which may decline in response to such factors as rising interest rates and fluctuations in the market price of the common stock underlying the convertible securities.

 

Bitcoin Risk: The value of the Fund’s investment in the Bitcoin Investment Trust directly is subject to fluctuations in the value of bitcoins. The value of bitcoins is determined by the supply of and demand for bitcoins in the global market for the trading of bitcoins, which consists of transactions on electronic bitcoin exchanges (“Bitcoin Exchanges”). Pricing on Bitcoin Exchanges and other venues can be volatile and can adversely affect the value of the Bitcoin Investment Trust. Currently, there is relatively small use of bitcoins in the retail and commercial marketplace in comparison to the relatively large use of bitcoins by speculators, thus contributing to price volatility that could adversely affect the Fund’s direct investment in the Bitcoin Investment Trust. Bitcoin transactions are irrevocable, and stolen or incorrectly transferred bitcoins may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed bitcoin transactions could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s direct or indirect investment in the Bitcoin Investment Trust. Shares of the Bitcoin Investment Trust may trade at a premium or discount to the net asset value of the Bitcoin Investment Trust.

Distribution Reinvestment Plan. Unless a Stockholder elects otherwise, the Stockholder’s distributions will be reinvested in additional shares under the Fund’s distribution reinvestment plan. Stockholders who elect not to participate in the Fund’s distribution reinvestment plan will receive all distributions in cash paid to the Stockholder of record (or, if the shares are held in street or other nominee name, then to such nominee). See “Distribution Reinvestment Plan.”

Stock Purchases and Tenders. The Board of Directors may consider repurchasing the Fund’s shares in the open market or in private transactions, or tendering for shares, in an attempt to reduce or eliminate a market value discount from net asset value, if one should occur. There can be no assurance that the Board of Directors will determine to effect any such repurchase or tender or that it would be effective in reducing or eliminating any market value discount.

 

 

 

 

SUMMARY OF FUND EXPENSES

 

The following table shows Fund expenses that you as an investor in the Fund’s shares will bear directly or indirectly.

 

Stockholder Transaction Expenses

 

Sales load None
Offering expenses (1) None
Distribution Reinvestment Plan fees None
Annual Expenses (as a percentage of net assets attributable to the shares)  
Management fees None 1
Other expenses (2) 5.99%
Acquired Fund fees and expenses 0.00%
Total Annual Expenses 5.99%

 

Example (3)

 

The following example illustrates the hypothetical expenses (including estimated expenses) with respect to year 1 of this Offering of approximately [●] that you would pay on a [$1,000] investment in the shares, assuming (i) annual expenses of 5.99% of net assets attributable to the shares and (ii) a 5% annual return:

 

  1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 10 Years
You would pay the following expenses on a $59 $177 $292 $570
$1,000 investment, assuming a 5% annual return        

 

(1) Fees and expenses incurred by the Fund in connection with the Offering will be paid for by Horizon, the investment manager to the Fund. Therefore, the full amount of subscription proceeds will be contributed to the Fund.

(2) “Other Expenses” are based upon gross estimated amounts for the current fiscal year and include, among other expenses, administration and fund accounting fees. The Fund has no current intention to borrow money for investment purposes and has adopted a fundamental policy against selling securities short.

(3) The example assumes that the estimated “Other Expenses” set forth in the Annual Expenses table remain the same each year and that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. The example further assumes that the Fund uses no leverage, as currently intended and the Fund does not intend to utilize any leverage within one year from the effective date of this Registration Statement. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return will vary and may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% annual return.

 

 
1 The adviser has contractually agreed to receive no advisory fee on net assets less than $25 million and thereafter will charge a management fee of 1.00% on net assets above $25 million

 

 

The purpose of the above table is to help a Stockholder understand the fees and expenses that such Stockholder would bear directly or indirectly. The example should not be considered a representation of actual future expenses. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those shown.

 

THE FUND

 

The Fund, a Texas corporation organized on January 20, 1994, is a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company. The Fund’s principal office is RENN Fund, Inc., located at 470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 and its telephone number is (646) 495-7333.

 

THE OFFERING

 

Terms of the Offering . The Fund is issuing to Record Date Stockholders (i.e., Stockholders who hold shares on the Record Date) non-transferable Rights to subscribe for shares. Each Record Date Stockholder is being issued 1 non-transferable Right for every 3 shares owned on the Record Date. The Rights entitle a Record Date Stockholder to acquire 1 share at the Subscription Price for every 1 Rights held. Fractional shares will not be issued upon the exercise of the Rights. Accordingly, the number of Rights to be issued to a Record Date Stockholder on the Record Date will be rounded up to the nearest whole number of Rights evenly divisible by 3. Rights may be exercised at any time during the Subscription Period which commences on or about October 5, 2018 and ends at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on November 9, 2018, unless extended by the Fund. See “Expiration of the Offering.” The right to acquire 1 additional share for every 3 Rights held during the Subscription Period at the Subscription Price is hereinafter referred to as the “Basic Subscription.”

 

In addition to the Basic Subscription, Record Date Stockholders who exercise all of their Rights are entitled to subscribe for shares which were not otherwise subscribed for by others in the Basic Subscription (the “Additional Subscription Privilege”). Horizon Asset Management LLC (“Horizon”) will purchase any shares not otherwise acquired by other Stockholders in this Rights offering. See “Additional Subscription Privilege” below. For purposes of determining the maximum number of shares a Stockholder may acquire pursuant to the Offering, broker-dealers whose shares are held of record by any Nominee will be deemed to be the holders of the Rights that are issued to such Nominee on their behalf. The term “Nominee” shall mean, collectively, CEDE & Company (“Cede”), as nominee for the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), or any other depository or nominee. shares acquired pursuant to the Additional Subscription Privilege are subject to allotment and will be distributed on a pro rata basis if allotment does not exist to fulfill all requests, which is more fully discussed below under “Additional Subscription Privilege.”

 

SHARES WILL BE ISSUED WITHIN THE 45-DAY PERIOD IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE RECORD DATE OF THE FUND’S MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION AND STOCKHOLDERS EXERCISING RIGHTS WILL NOT BE ENTITLED TO RECEIVE SUCH DISTRIBUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE SHARES ISSUED PURSUANT TO SUCH EXERCISE.

 

Rights will be Evidenced by Subscription Certificates .

 

The number of Rights issued to each Record Date Stockholder will be stated on the Subscription Certificates delivered to the Record Date Stockholder. The method by which Rights may be exercised and shares paid for is set forth below in “Method of Exercising Rights” and “Payment for Shares.” A RIGHTS HOLDER WILL HAVE NO RIGHT TO RESCIND A PURCHASE AFTER THE SUBSCRIPTION AGENT HAS RECEIVED PAYMENT. See “Payment for Shares” below.

 

 

 

The Rights are non-transferable and may not be purchased or sold. Rights will expire without residual value at the Expiration Date. The Rights will not be listed for trading on the NYSE MKT, and there will not be any market for trading Rights. The shares to be issued pursuant to the Offering will be listed for trading on the NYSE MKT, subject to the NYSE MKT being officially notified of the issuance of those shares.

 

Purpose of the Offering .

 

At a meeting held on June 14, 2018, the Board determined that the Offering was in the best interests of the Fund and its existing Stockholders to increase the assets of the Fund and approved the Offering. The primary reasons include:

 

The Basic Subscription will provide existing Stockholders an opportunity to purchase additional shares at a price that is potentially below market value without incurring any commission or transaction charges.

 

Raising more cash will better position the Fund to take advantage of investment opportunities that exist or may arise.

 

Increasing Fund assets may lower the Fund’s expenses as a proportion of net assets because the Fund’s fixed costs would be spread over a larger asset base. There can be no assurance that by increasing the size of the Fund, the Fund’s expense ratio will be lowered. However, increasing the Fund’s assets results in a benefit to the Fund’s Adviser because the Management fee that is paid to the Adviser increases as the Fund’s net assets increase.

 

Because the Offering will increase the Fund’s outstanding shares, it may increase the number of Stockholders over the long term, which could increase the level of market interest in and visibility of the Fund and improve the trading liquidity of the shares on the NYSE MKT.

 

The Board expects the Offering to be anti-dilutive with respect to net asset value per share, but not to voting, to all Stockholders. Those Stockholders electing not to participate will not be diluted, notwithstanding the fact that all the costs of the Offering will be borne by the Stockholders whether or not they exercise their Rights, because the Offering price is set at a discount to NAV and the estimated expenses incurred for the Offering will be more than offset by the increase in the net assets of the Fund such that non-participating Stockholders will receive an increase in their net asset value, so long as the number of shares issued to participating Stockholders is not materially less than a full exercise of the Basic Subscription amount. The Offering is expected to be dilutive with respect to Stockholder’s voting percentages because Stockholders electing not to participate in the Offering will own a smaller percentage of the total number of shares outstanding after the completion of the Offering.

 

Board Considerations in Approving the Offering .

 

At a meeting held on June 14, 2018, the Board considered the approval of the Offering. In considering whether or not to approve the Offering, the Board relied on materials and information prepared and presented by the Fund’s management at such meeting and discussions at that time. Based on such materials and their deliberations at this meeting, the Board determined that it would be in the best interests of the Fund and its Stockholders to conduct the Offering in order to increase the assets of the Fund available for current and future investment opportunities. In making its determination, the Board considered the various factors set forth in “The Offering - Purpose of the Offering”. The Board also considered a number of other factors, including the ability of the Adviser to invest the proceeds of the Offering and the potential effect of the Offering on the Fund’s stock price. The Board concluded that the impact on the Fund’s price was uncertain and, regardless of the potential impact, the Offering was in the best interests of the Stockholders. As a result of these considerations, the Board determined that it was appropriate and in the best interest of the Fund and its Stockholders to proceed with the Offering.

 

 

 

Notice of NAV Decline .

 

If the shares begin to trade at a discount, the Board may make a determination whether to discontinue the Offering, provided that the Fund, as required by the SEC’s registration form, will suspend the Offering until it amends this prospectus if, subsequent to the date of this prospectus, the Fund’s NAV declines more than 10% from its NAV as of that date. Accordingly, the Expiration Date would be extended and the Fund would notify Record Date Stockholders of the decline and permit Stockholders to cancel their exercise of Rights.

 

The Subscription Price .

 

The Subscription Price for the shares to be issued under the Offering will be equal to the lesser of (i) 105% of NAV per share as calculated at the close of trading on the Expiration Date or (ii) 90% of the market price per share at such time. For example, if the Offering were held using the “Estimated Subscription Price” (i.e., an estimate of the Subscription Price based on the Fund’s per share NAV and market price at the end of business on [●] ([●] and [●], respectively), the Subscription Price would be [●] per share ([●%] of [$●]).

 

Additional Subscription Privilege .

 

If all of the Rights initially issued are not exercised, any shares for which subscriptions have not been received will be offered, by means of the Additional Subscription Privilege, to Record Date Stockholders who have exercised all of the Rights initially issued to them and who wish to acquire more than the number of shares for which the Rights held by them are exercisable. Record Date Stockholders who exercise all of their Rights will have the opportunity to indicate on the Subscription Certificate how many unsubscribed shares they are willing to acquire pursuant to the Additional Subscription Privilege.

 

If shares remain after the Basic Subscription and no additional subscription requests have been made, the Adviser will purchase the remaining unsubscribed shares.

 

The percentage of Excess Shares each over-subscriber may acquire will be rounded up to result in delivery of whole shares (fractional shares will not be issued).

 

The Additional Subscription Privilege may result in additional dilution of a Stockholder’s ownership percentage and voting rights.

 

Expiration of the Offering .

 

The Offering will expire at 5:00 p.m., EST, on the Expiration Date (November 9, 2018), unless extended by the Fund (the “Extended Expiration Date”). Rights will expire on the Expiration Date or Extended Expiration Date, as the case may be, and thereafter may not be exercised.

 

Method of Exercising Rights .

 

Rights may be exercised by filling in and signing the reverse side of the Subscription Certificate and mailing it in the envelope provided, or otherwise delivering the completed and signed Subscription Certificate to the Subscription Agent, together with payment for the shares as described below under “Payment for Shares.” Rights may also be exercised through a Rights holder’s broker, who may charge the Rights holder a servicing fee in connection with such exercise.

 

 

 

In the event that the Estimated Subscription Price is more than the Subscription Price on the Expiration Date, any resulting excess amount paid by a Stockholder towards the purchase of shares in the Offering the Fund will apply towards the purchase of additional shares under the Basic Subscription or, if such Stockholder has exercised all of the Rights initially issued to such Stockholder under the Basic Subscription, towards the purchase of an additional number of shares pursuant to the Additional Subscription Privilege. Any Stockholder who desires that the Fund not treat such excess as a request by the Stockholder to acquire additional shares in the Offering and that such excess be refunded to the Stockholder must so indicate in the space provided on the Subscription Certificate.

 

Completed Subscription Certificates must be received by the Subscription Agent prior to 5:00 p.m., EST, on the Expiration Date (or Extended Expiration Date as the case may be). The Subscription Certificate and payment should be delivered to the Subscription Agent at the following address:

 

If by first class mail: If by mail or overnight courier:
   
American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC
6201 15th Avenue 6201 15th Avenue
Brooklyn, New York 11219 Brooklyn, New York 11219
Attn: Corporate Actions Attn: Corporate Actions

 

Subscription Agent .

 

The Subscription Agent is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, with an address at 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219. The Subscription Agent will be paid exclusively by the Adviser and not the Fund. INQUIRIES BY ALL HOLDERS OF RIGHTS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO THE INFORMATION AGENT, AST Fund Solutions LLC, AT (800)488-8095; HOLDERS MAY ALSO CONSULT THEIR BROKERS OR NOMINEES.

 

Payment for Shares .

 

Payment for shares shall be calculated by multiplying the Estimated Subscription Price by the sum of (i) the number of shares intended to be purchased in the Basic Subscription (e.g., the number of Rights exercised divided by [●]), plus (ii) the number of additional shares intended to be over-subscribed under the Additional Subscription Privilege. For example, based on the Estimated Subscription Price of [●] per share, if a Stockholder receives [●] Rights and wishes to subscribe for [●] shares in the Basic Subscription, and also wishes to over-subscribe for [●] additional shares under the Additional Subscription Privilege, such Stockholder would remit payment in the amount of [●] [$●] plus [$●]).

 

Record Date Stockholders who wish to acquire shares in the Basic Subscription or pursuant to the Additional Subscription Privilege must, together with the properly completed and executed Subscription Certificate, send payment for the shares acquired in the Basic Subscription and any additional shares subscribed for pursuant to the Additional Subscription Privilege, to the Subscription Agent based on the Estimated Subscription Price of $1.60 per share. To be accepted, such payment, together with the Subscription Certificate, must be received by the Subscription Agent prior to 5:00 p.m., EST, on the Expiration Date, or Extended Expiration Date, as the case may be.

 

If the Estimated Subscription Price is greater than the actual per share purchase price, the excess payment will be applied toward the purchase of unsubscribed shares to the extent that there remain sufficient unsubscribed shares available after the Basic Subscription and Additional Subscription Privilege allocations are completed. To the extent that sufficient unsubscribed shares are not available to apply all of the excess payment toward the purchase of unsubscribed shares, available shares will be allocated in the manner consistent with that described in the section entitled “Additional Subscription Privilege” above.

 

 

 

PAYMENT MUST ACCOMPANY ANY SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATE FOR SUCH SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATE TO BE ACCEPTED.

 

Within five (5) business days following the Expiration Date or Extended Expiration Date, as the case may be, a confirmation will be sent by the Subscription Agent to each Stockholder (or, if the shares on the Record Date are held by Cede or any other depository or nominee, to Cede or such other depository or nominee). The date of the confirmation is referred to as the “Confirmation Date.” The confirmation will show (i) the number of shares acquired pursuant to the Basic Subscription; (ii) the number of shares, if any, acquired pursuant to the Additional Subscription Privilege; (iii) the per share and total purchase price for the shares; and (iv) any additional amount payable by such Stockholder to the Fund (i.e., if the Estimated Subscription Price was less than the Subscription Price on the Expiration Date) or any excess to be refunded by the Fund to such Stockholder (i.e., if the Estimated Subscription Price was more than the Subscription Price on the Expiration Date and the Stockholder indicated on the Subscription Certificate that such excess not be treated by the Fund as a request by the Stockholder to acquire additional shares in the Offering). Any additional payment required from a Stockholder must be received by the Subscription Agent prior to 5:00 p.m., EST, on the date specified as the deadline for final payment for shares, and any excess payment to be refunded by the Fund to such Stockholder will be mailed by the Subscription Agent within 3 business days after the Confirmation Date. All payments by a Stockholder must be made in United States Dollars by money order or by checks drawn on banks located in the continental United States payable to RENN Fund, Inc.

 

Issuance and delivery of certificates for the shares subscribed for are subject to collection of funds and actual payment by the subscribing Stockholder.

 

The Subscription Agent will deposit all checks received by it prior to the final due date into a segregated account pending distribution of the shares from the Offering. Any interest earned on such account will accrue to the benefit of the Fund and investors will not earn interest on payments submitted nor will interest be credited toward the purchase of shares.

 

YOU WILL HAVE NO RIGHT TO RESCIND YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AFTER THE SUBSCRIPTION AGENT HAS RECEIVED THE SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATE.

 

If a Record Date Stockholder who acquires shares pursuant to the Basic Subscription or the Additional Subscription Privilege does not make payment of any amounts due, the Fund reserves the right to take any or all of the following actions: (i) find other purchasers for such subscribed-for and unpaid-for shares; (ii) apply any payment actually received by it toward the purchase of the greatest whole number of shares which could be acquired by such holder upon exercise of the Basic Subscription or the Additional Subscription Privilege; (iii) sell all or a portion of the shares actually purchased by the holder in the open market, and apply the proceeds to the amounts owed; or (iv) exercise any and all other rights or remedies to which it may be entitled, including, without limitation, the right to set off against payments actually received by it with respect to such subscribed shares and to enforce the relevant guaranty of payment.

 

Holders who hold shares for the account of others, such as brokers, trustees, or depositaries for securities, should notify the respective beneficial owners of the shares as soon as possible to ascertain the beneficial owners’ intentions and to obtain instructions with respect to the Rights. If the beneficial owner so instructs, the record holder of the Rights should complete Subscription Certificates and submit them to the Subscription Agent with the proper payment. In addition, beneficial owners of shares or Rights held through such a holder should contact the holder and request the holder to effect transactions in accordance with the beneficial owner’s instructions.

 

 

 

The instructions accompanying the Subscription Certificates should be read carefully and followed in detail. DO NOT SEND SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATES TO THE FUND OR THE ADVISER.

 

The method of delivery of Subscription Certificates and payment of the Subscription Price to the Subscription Agent will be at the election and risk of the Rights holders, but if sent by mail it is recommended that the certificates and payments be sent by registered mail, properly insured, with return receipt requested, and that a sufficient number of days be allowed to ensure delivery to the Subscription Agent and clearance of payment prior to 5:00 p.m., EST, on the Expiration Date. Because uncertified personal checks may take at least five business days to clear, each Record Date Stockholder participating in the Offering is strongly urged to pay, or arrange for payment, by means of a certified or cashier’s check or money order.

 

All questions concerning the timeliness, validity, form and eligibility of any exercise of Rights will be determined by the Fund, whose determinations will be final and binding. The Fund in its sole discretion may waive any defect or irregularity, or permit a defect or irregularity to be corrected within such time as it may determine, or reject the purported exercise of any Right. If the Fund elects in its sole discretion to waive any defect or irregularity, it may do so on a case-by-case basis which means that not all defects or irregularities may be waived, if at all, or waived in the same manner as with other defects or irregularities. Subscriptions will not be deemed to have been received or accepted until all irregularities have been waived or cured within such time as the Fund determines in its sole discretion. Neither the Fund nor the Subscription Agent will be under any duty to give notification of any defect or irregularity in connection with the submission of Subscription Certificates or incur any liability for failure to give such notification.

 

Delivery of the Shares .

 

The shares purchased pursuant to the Basic Subscription will be delivered to subscribers in book-entry form as soon as practicable after the corresponding Rights have been validly exercised and full payment for the shares has been received and cleared. The shares purchased pursuant to the Additional Subscription Privilege will be delivered to subscribers in book-entry form as soon as practicable after the Expiration Date and after all allocations have been conducted.

 

Federal Income Tax Consequences Associated with the Offering .

 

The following is a general summary of the significant federal income tax consequences of the receipt of Rights by a Record Date Stockholder and a subsequent lapse or exercise of such Rights. The discussion is based upon applicable provisions of the Code, the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, and other authorities currently in effect but does not address any state, local, or foreign tax consequences of the Offering. Each Stockholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding specific questions as to federal, state, local, or foreign taxes. Each Stockholder should also review the discussion of certain tax considerations affecting it and the Fund set forth under “Federal Income Tax Matters.”

 

For purposes of the following discussion, the term “Old Share” shall mean a currently outstanding share with respect to which a Right is issued and the term “New Share” shall mean a newly issued share that Record Date Stockholders receive upon the exercise of their Rights.

 

 

 

For all Record Date Stockholders:

 

Neither the receipt nor the exercise of Rights by a Record Date Stockholder will result in taxable income to such stockholder for federal income tax purposes regardless of whether or not the stockholder makes the below-described election which is available under Section 307(b)(2) of the Code (a “Section 307(b)(2) Election”).

 

If the fair market value of the Rights distributed to all of the Record Date Stockholders is more than 15% of the total fair market value of all of the Fund’s outstanding shares on the date of distribution, or if a Record Date Stockholder makes a Section 307(b)(2) Election for the taxable year in which such Rights were received, the Record Date Stockholder’s federal income tax basis in any Right received pursuant to the Offering will be equal to a portion of the Record Date Stockholder’s existing federal income tax basis in the related Old Share. If made, a Section 307(b)(2) Election is effective with respect to all Rights received by a Record Date Stockholder. A Section 307(b)(2) Election is made by attaching a statement to the Record Date Stockholder’s federal income tax return for the taxable year of the Record Date (which is the same as the year as when the Rights were received). Record Date Stockholders should carefully review the differing federal income tax consequences described below before deciding whether or not to make a Section 307(b)(2) Election.

 

For Record Date Stockholders When the Fair Market Value of Rights Distributed Exceeds 15% of the Total Fair Market Value of the Fund’s Shares or When Making a 307(b)(2) Election:

 

Lapse of Rights. If the fair market value of rights distributed exceeds 15% of the total fair market value of the shares or if a Record Date Stockholder makes a Section 307(b)(2) Election, no taxable loss will be realized for federal income tax purposes if the Record Date Stockholder retains a Right but allows it to lapse without exercise. Moreover, the existing federal income tax basis of the related Old Share will not be reduced if such lapse occurs.

 

Exercise of Rights. If a Record Date Stockholder exercises a Right, the Record Date Stockholder’s existing federal income tax basis in the related Old Share must be allocated between such Right and the Old Share in proportion to their respective fair market values as of the date of distribution of such Rights (effectively reducing the Record Date Stockholder’s basis in his Old Share). Upon such exercise of the Record Date Stockholder’s Rights, the New Shares received by the Record Date Stockholder pursuant to such exercise will have a federal income tax basis equal to the sum of the basis of such Rights as described in the previous sentence and the Subscription Price paid for the New Shares (as increased by any servicing fee charged to the Record Date Stockholder by his broker, bank or trust company and other similar costs). If the Record Date Stockholder subsequently sells such New Shares (and holds such shares as capital assets at the time of their sale), the Record Date Stockholder will recognize a capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount received from the sale of the New Shares and the Record Date Stockholder’s federal income tax basis in the New Shares as described above. Such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the New Shares are sold more than one year after the date that the New Shares are acquired by the Record Date Stockholder.

 

For Record Date Stockholders Not Making a Section 307(b)(2) Election When the Fair Market Value of the Rights Distributed is Less than 15% of the Total Fair Market Value of the Fund’s Outstanding Shares:

 

Lapse of Rights . If the fair market value of the Rights distributed is less than 15% of the total fair market value of the outstanding shares and a Record Date Stockholder does not make a Section 307(b)(2) Election for the taxable year in which such Rights were received, no taxable loss will be realized for federal income tax purposes if the Record Date Stockholder retains a Right but allows it to lapse without exercise. Moreover, the federal income tax basis of the related Old Share will not be reduced if such lapse occurs.

 

 

 

Exercise of Rights . If a non-electing Record Date Stockholder exercises his Rights, the federal income tax basis of the related Old Shares will remain unchanged and the New Shares will have a federal income tax basis equal to the Subscription Price paid for the New Shares (as increased by any servicing fee charged to the Record Date Stockholder by his broker, bank or trust company and other similar costs). If the Record Date Stockholder subsequently sells such New Shares (and holds such shares as capital assets at the time of their sale), the Record Date Stockholder will recognize a capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount received from the sale of the New Shares and the stockholder’s federal income tax basis in the New Shares as described above. Such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the New Shares are sold more than one year after the Record Date Stockholder acquires the New Shares through the Offering.

 

Employee Plan Considerations .

 

Record Date Stockholders that are employee benefit plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), including corporate savings and 401(k) plans, Keogh Plans of self-employed individuals and Individual Retirement Accounts (“IRA”) (each a “Benefit Plan” and collectively, “Benefit Plans”), should be aware that additional contributions of cash in order to exercise Rights may be treated as Benefit Plan contributions and, when taken together with contributions previously made, may subject a Benefit Plan to excise taxes for excess or nondeductible contributions. In the case of Benefit Plans qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code, additional cash contributions could cause the maximum contribution limitations of Section 415 of the Code or other qualification rules to be violated. Benefit Plans contemplating making additional cash contributions to exercise Rights should consult with their counsel prior to making such contributions.

 

Benefit Plans and other tax exempt entities, including governmental plans, should also be aware that if they borrow in order to finance their exercise of Rights, they may become subject to the tax on unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) under Section 511 of the Code. If any portion of an IRA is used as security for a loan, the portion so used is also treated as distributed to the IRA depositor.

 

ERISA contains prudence and diversification requirements and ERISA and the Code contain prohibited transaction rules that may impact the exercise of Rights. Among the prohibited transaction exemptions issued by the Department of Labor that may exempt a Benefit Plan’s exercise of Rights are Prohibited Transaction Exemption 84-24 (governing purchases of shares in investment companies) and Prohibited Transaction Exemption 75-1 (covering sales of securities).

 

Due to the complexity of these rules and the penalties for noncompliance, Benefit Plans should consult with their counsel regarding the consequences of their exercise of Rights under ERISA and the Code.

 

Benefit to the Adviser .

 

The Adviser will not directly benefit from the Offering because it does not earn fees on net assets less than $25 million. Even if all Rights are exercised at the Estimated Subscription Price of [$1.45], the annual compensation to be received by the Adviser will not change as the Adviser is not compensated on net assets less than $25 million.

 

The Fund may, in the future and at its discretion, choose to make additional rights offerings from time to time for a number of shares and on terms which may or may not be similar to the Offering. Any such future rights offerings will be made in accordance with the 1940 Act and the Securities Act. Under the laws of Texas, the state in which the Fund is incorporated, under certain circumstances, the Board is authorized to approve rights offerings without obtaining Stockholder approval. The staff of the SEC has interpreted the 1940 Act as not requiring stockholder approval of a rights offering at a price below the then current NAV so long as certain conditions are met, including a good faith determination by the fund’s board of directors that such offering would result in a net benefit to the fund’s existing stockholders.

 

 

 

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

 

Set forth below is, for each year indicated, per share operating performance data for one share of the Fund’s common stock, total investment return, ratios to average net assets and other supplemental data. This information has been derived from the financial statements and market price data for the Fund’s shares. The financial highlights for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 have been audited by Tait, Weller & Baker LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. The Financial Highlights for the years prior to December 31, 2017 were audited by BKD, LLP. The financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, together with the report thereon of the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, are incorporated by reference in the SAI and are available without charge by visiting the Fund’s website at https://horizonkinetics.com/investment-strategies/renn-fund-inc-nyse-rcg/ , by calling (646) 495-7333 or by writing to the Fund at Renn Fund, Inc., c/o Horizon Asset Management LLC, 470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016.

 

For a capital share outstanding throughout each period            
    For the Year Ended December 31,  
                               
    2017     2016     2015     2014     2013  
Net asset value, beginning of period   $ 1.64     $ 1.37     $ 2.21     $ 2.36     $ 2.53  
Income from Investment Operations:                                        
Net investment loss 1     (0.08 )     (0.17 )     (0.10 )     (0.12 )     (0.14 )
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments     (0.09 )     0.44       (0.74 )     (0.03 )     (0.03 )
Total from investment operations     (0.17 )     0.27       (0.84 )     (0.15 )     (0.17 )
                                         
Net asset value, end of period   $ 1.47     $ 1.64     $ 1.37     $ 2.21     $ 2.36  
Per-share market value, end of period   $ 1.50     $ 1.22     $ 0.90     $ 1.30     $ 1.45  
                                         
Total net asset value return 2     (10.37 %)     19.71 %     (38.01 %)     (6.36 %)     (6.72 %)
Total market value return 2     22.95 %     35.56 %     (30.77 %)     (10.34 %)     2.11 %
                                         
Ratios and Supplemental Data                                        
Net assets, end of period (in thousands)   $ 6,546     $ 7,339     $ 6,120     $ 9,857     $ 10,539  
                                         
Ratio of expenses to average net assets 3     5.99 %     12.16 %     5.57 %     4.86 %     5.47 %
Ratio of net investment loss to average net assets 3     (5.60 %)     (12.01 %)     (5.55 %)     (4.86 %)     (5.11 %)
                                         
Portfolio turnover rate     7 %     72 %     9 %     0 %     43 %

 

 

 

(1) Based on average shares outstanding for the period.

(2) Total net asset value return measures the change in net asset value per share over the period indicated. Total market value return is computed based upon the Fund's New York Stock Exchange market price per share and excludes the effects of brokerage commissions. Dividends and distributions are assumed, for purposes of these calculations, to be reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan.

(3) Average net assets have been calculated based on monthly valuations .

 

USE OF PROCEEDS

 

If fully-subscribed, the net proceeds of the Offering will be approximately $2,383,758 or approximately $1.60 per share. The net proceeds of the Offering will be invested in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective and policies (as stated below) as soon as practicable after completion of the Offering. Pending investment of the net proceeds in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective and policies, the Fund will invest in money market securities or money market mutual funds.

 

Investors should expect, therefore, that before the Fund has fully invested the proceeds of the Offering in accordance with its investment objective and policies, the Fund’s net asset value would earn interest income at a modest rate.

 

INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES

 

Investment Objective

 

The Fund’s investment objective is to achieve above-market rates of return through capital appreciation and income. The Fund will seek to achieve its investment objective through a long-term, value-oriented investment process.

 

Investment Strategies

 

The Fund may invest in a wide variety of financial instruments including, but not limited to common stocks, fixed income securities including convertible and non-convertible debt securities or loans, distressed debt, warrants and preferred stock, exchange traded funds (“ETFs”) and exchange traded notes (“ETNs”), open and closed-end funds, derivatives including options and swaps, and other instruments and securities which may or may not be listed on a regulated securities exchange. In particular, the Fund may purchase securities on over-the-counter trading markets, including but not limited to those offered by OTC Markets Groups Inc.

 

The Fund may transact in securities of U.S. and foreign companies that trade on U.S. and non-U.S. exchanges, including by transactions that offer exposure to instruments having the characteristics of common stocks such as American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and International Depositary Receipts (“IDRs”). The Fund may acquire various equity-related instruments such as ETFs, ETNs or shares of other closed-end funds. The Fund may also write and sell options on securities for hedging purposes and/or for direct investment.

 

 

 

The Fund will comply with all SEC rules and other regulations that may be implicated by the Fund’s investment activities, including, for example, any asset segregation or coverage requirements that may apply as a result of trading in options, swaps or other derivatives.

 

The Fund may invest in preferred stock, as well as convertible and non-convertible debt securities, including debt securities that are rated below investment grade, also known as junk bonds, or unrated. In addition, the Fund may acquire interests in privately-held companies, and securities or assets for which there may be a limited or no active trading market.

 

In general, the Fund will invest in companies that the Adviser believes are undervalued and have the potential for a high rate of return. Key fundamental factors in this approach may include:

 

- Identification of dormant assets

 

- Underappreciated intangible assets

 

- High returns on capital

 

- High earnings power relative to analysts’ expectations or current market capitalization

 

- Spin-off’s, recapitalizations, and restructurings

 

- Discounts to stated or estimated book value

 

- Substantial inside stock ownership ( i.e. , owner-operated companies)

 

- Expected demand for the company’s services or products

 

- Transitory (not permanent) business problems causing a low valuation

 

- Expected growth in revenues, earnings, or assets

 

The companies that are targeted for investment based upon the criteria listed above may include emerging growth companies, but unlike under the Fund’s current investment strategy, emerging growth companies will not be a focus of the investment strategy that Horizon intends to employ for the Fund.

 

The Fund will execute its investment strategy by regarding investments as representing fractional ownership in the underlying companies’ assets. This will allow the Fund to attempt to achieve its investment objective by acting as a classic value investor seeking high returns on equity, an intrinsic characteristic of the investment, not a reappraisal of a company’s stock value by the market, an external factor.

 

Sell decisions are generally triggered by either adequate value being achieved, as determined by the Adviser, or by an adverse change in a company’s operating performance or a deterioration of the company’s business model. A sale may also occur if the Adviser discovers a new investment opportunity that it believes is more compelling and represents a greater risk-reward profile than other investment(s) owned in the Fund.

 

Portfolio Investments

 

Common Stocks

 

The Fund will invest in common stocks. Common stocks represent an ownership interest in an issuer. While offering greater potential for long-term growth, common stocks are more volatile and more risky than some other forms of investment. Common stock prices fluctuate for many reasons, including adverse events, such as an unfavorable earnings report, changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer or the general condition of the relevant stock market, or when political or economic events affecting the issuers occur. In addition, common stock prices may be sensitive to rising interest rates as the costs of capital rise and borrowing costs increase.

 

 

 

Foreign Securities

 

The Fund may invest in foreign securities, including direct investments in securities of foreign issuers that are traded on a U.S. securities exchange or over the counter and investments in depository receipts (such as ADRs) and other closed-end investment companies that represent indirect interests in securities of foreign issuers. The Fund is not limited in the amount of assets it may invest in such foreign securities. These investments involve risks not associated with investments in the United States, including the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, unreliable and untimely information about the issuers and political and economic instability. These risks could result in the Adviser’s misjudging the value of certain securities or in a significant loss in the value of those securities.

 

The value of foreign securities is affected by changes in currency rates, foreign tax laws (including withholding tax), government policies (in this country or abroad), relations between nations and trading, settlement, custodial and other operational risks. In addition, the costs of investing abroad are generally higher than in the United States, and foreign securities markets may be less liquid, more volatile and less subject to governmental supervision than markets in the United States. As an alternative to holding foreign traded securities, the Fund may invest in dollar-denominated securities of foreign companies that trade on U.S. exchanges or in the U.S. over-the-counter market (including depositary receipts as described below, which evidence ownership in underlying foreign securities), and ETFs as described below.

 

Because foreign companies are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign company than about a domestic company. Volume and liquidity in most foreign debt markets is less than in the United States and securities of some foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, broker dealers and listed companies than in the United States. Mail service between the United States and foreign countries may be slower or less reliable than within the United States, thus increasing the risk of delayed settlements of portfolio transactions or loss of certificates for portfolio securities. Payment for securities before delivery may be required. In addition, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments which could affect investments in those countries. Moreover, individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Foreign securities markets, while growing in volume and sophistication, are generally not as developed as those in the United States, and securities of some foreign issuers (particularly those located in developing countries) may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies.

 

The Fund may purchase ADRs, IDRs and global depository receipts (“GDRs”) which are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of foreign issuers and are alternatives to purchasing directly the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, such depository receipts continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing directly in foreign securities. These risks include foreign exchange risk as well as the political and economic risks associated with the underlying issuer’s country.

 

ADRs, IDRs and GDRs may be sponsored or unsponsored. Unsponsored receipts are established without the participation of the issuer. Unsponsored receipts may involve higher expenses, they may not pass-through voting or other stockholder rights, and they may be less liquid. Less information is normally available on unsponsored receipts.

 

 

 

Dividends paid on foreign securities may not qualify for the reduced federal income tax rates applicable to qualified dividends under the Code. As a result, there can be no assurance as to what portion of the Fund’s distributions attributable to foreign securities will be designated as qualified dividend income. See “Federal Income Tax Matters.”

 

Preferred Stocks

 

The Fund may invest in preferred stocks. Preferred stock, like common stock, represents an equity ownership in an issuer. Generally, preferred stock has a priority of claim over common stock in dividend payments and upon liquidation of the issuer. Unlike common stock, preferred stock does not usually have voting rights. Preferred stock in some instances is convertible into common stock. Although they are equity securities, preferred stocks have characteristics of both debt and common stock. Like debt, their promised income is contractually fixed. Like common stock, they do not have rights to precipitate bankruptcy proceedings or collection activities in the event of missed payments. Other equity characteristics are their subordinated position in an issuer’s capital structure and that their quality and value are heavily dependent on the profitability of the issuer rather than on any legal claims to specific assets or cash flows.

 

Distributions on preferred stock must be declared by the Board of Directors and may be subject to deferral, and thus they may not be automatically payable. Income payments on preferred stocks may be cumulative, causing dividends and distributions to accrue even if not declared by the company’s board or otherwise made payable, or they may be non-cumulative, so that skipped dividends and distributions do not continue to accrue. There is no assurance that dividends on preferred stocks in which the Fund invests will be declared or otherwise made payable. The Fund may invest in non-cumulative preferred stock, although the Adviser would consider, among other factors, their non-cumulative nature in making any decision to purchase or sell such securities.

 

Shares of preferred stock have a liquidation value that generally equals the original purchase price at the date of issuance. The market values of preferred stock may be affected by favorable and unfavorable changes impacting the issuers’ industries or sectors, including companies in the utilities and financial services sectors, which are prominent issuers of preferred stock. They may also be affected by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in the tax status of the security and by actual and anticipated changes or ambiguities in tax laws, such as changes in corporate and individual income tax rates, and in the dividends received deduction for corporate taxpayers or the lower rates applicable to certain dividends.

 

Because the claim on an issuer’s earnings represented by preferred stock may become onerous when interest rates fall below the rate payable on the stock or for other reasons, the issuer may redeem preferred stock, generally after an initial period of call protection in which the stock is not redeemable. Thus, in declining interest rate environments in particular, the Fund’s holdings of higher dividend paying preferred stocks may be reduced and the Fund may be unable to acquire securities paying comparable rates with the redemption proceeds.

 

Other Closed-End Investment Companies

 

The Fund may invest without limitation in other closed-end investment companies, provided that the Fund limits its investment in securities issued by other investment companies so that the Fund will not own more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of any one investment company. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of any investment company in which the Fund invests will be achieved.

 

 

 

Closed-end investment companies are subject to the risks of investing in the underlying securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of the closed-end investment company, will bear its pro rata portion of the closed-end investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations.

 

Exchange Traded Funds

 

The Fund may invest in certain ETFs, which are investment companies that aim to track or replicate a desired index, such as a sector, market or global segment. ETFs are passively managed and their shares are traded on a national exchange. ETFs do not sell individual shares directly to investors and only issue their shares in large blocks known as “creation units.” The investor purchasing a creation unit may sell the individual shares on a secondary market. Therefore, the liquidity of ETFs depends on the adequacy of the secondary market. There can be no assurance that an ETF’s investment objective will be achieved, as ETFs based on an index may not replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weightings of securities in the index. ETFs are subject to the risks of investing in the underlying securities. The Fund, as a holder of the securities of the ETF, will bear its pro rata portion of the ETF’s expenses, including advisory fees. These expenses are in addition to the direct expenses of the Fund’s own operations.

 

Corporate Bonds, Government Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities

 

The Fund may invest in corporate bonds, debentures and other debt securities, and in investment companies holding such instruments. Debt securities in which the Fund may invest may pay fixed or variable rates of interest. Bonds and other debt securities generally are issued by corporations and other issuers to borrow money from investors. The issuer pays the investor a fixed or variable rate of interest and normally must repay the amount borrowed on or before maturity. Certain debt securities are “perpetual” in that they have no maturity date.

 

The Fund will invest in government debt securities, including those of emerging market issuers or of other non-U.S. issuers. These securities may be U.S. dollar-denominated or non-U.S. dollar-denominated and include: (a) debt obligations issued or guaranteed by foreign national, provincial, state, municipal or other governments with taxing authority or by their agencies or instrumentalities; and (b) debt obligations of supranational entities. Government debt securities include: debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments, government agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions; debt securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities; interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics issued by the above noted issuers; or debt securities issued by supranational entities such as the World Bank or the European Union. The Fund may also invest in securities denominated in currencies of emerging market countries. Emerging market debt securities generally are rated in the lower rating categories of recognized credit rating agencies or are unrated and considered to be of comparable quality to lower rated debt securities. A non-U.S. issuer of debt or the non-U.S. governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Fund may have limited resources in the event of a default. Some of these risks do not apply to issuers in large, more developed countries. These risks are more pronounced in investments in issuers in emerging markets or if the Fund invests significantly in one country.

 

The Fund will not invest directly in debt securities rated below investment grade (i.e., securities rated lower than “Baa” by Moody’s or lower than “BBB” by S&P), or their equivalent as determined by the Adviser. These securities are commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” The foregoing credit quality policy applies only at the time a security is purchased, and the Fund is not required to dispose of securities already owned by the Fund in the event of a change in assessment of credit quality or the removal of a rating.

 

 

 

Convertible Securities

 

The Fund may invest in convertible securities and in investment companies holding such instruments. Convertible securities include fixed income securities that may be exchanged or converted into a predetermined number of shares of the issuer’s underlying common stock at the option of the holder during a specified period. Convertible securities may take the form of convertible preferred stock, convertible bonds or debentures, units consisting of “usable” bonds and warrants or a combination of the features of several of these securities. The investment characteristics of each convertible security vary widely, which allows convertible securities to be employed for a variety of investment strategies.

 

The Fund will exchange or convert convertible securities into shares of underlying common stock when, in the opinion of the Adviser, the investment characteristics of the underlying common shares will assist the Fund in achieving its investment objective. The Fund may also elect to hold or trade convertible securities. In selecting convertible securities, the Adviser evaluates the investment characteristics of the convertible security as a fixed income instrument, and the investment potential of the underlying equity security for capital appreciation. In evaluating these matters with respect to a particular convertible security, the Adviser considers numerous factors, including the economic and political outlook, the value of the security relative to other investment alternatives, trends in the determinants of the issuer’s profits, and the issuer’s management capability and practices.

 

Warrants

 

The Fund may invest in equity and index warrants of domestic and international issuers. Equity warrants are securities that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to subscribe for equity issues of the issuing company or a related company at a fixed price either on a certain date or during a set period. Changes in the value of a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a warrant may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss.

 

Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying security and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. A warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments. The sale of a warrant results in a long or short-term capital gain or loss depending on the period for which the warrant is held.

 

Repurchase Agreements

 

The Fund has agreed to purchase securities from financial institutions subject to the seller’s agreement to repurchase them at an agreed-upon time and price (“repurchase agreements”). The financial institutions with whom the Fund enters into repurchase agreements are banks and broker/dealers, which the Adviser considers creditworthy. The seller under a repurchase agreement will be required to maintain the value of the securities as collateral, subject to the agreement at not less than the repurchase price plus accrued interest. The Adviser monitors the mark-to-market of the value of the collateral, and, if necessary, requires the seller to maintain additional securities, so that the value of the collateral is not less than the repurchase price. Default by or bankruptcy of the seller would, however, expose the Fund to possible loss because of adverse market action or delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying securities.

 

 

 

Other Securities

 

Although it has no current intention do so, the Adviser may determine to invest the Fund’s assets in some or all of the following securities from time to time.

 

Emerging Market Securities

 

The Fund may invest up to 5% of its net assets in emerging market securities, although through its investments in ETFs, other investment companies or depository receipts that invest in emerging market securities, up to 20% of the Fund’s assets may be invested indirectly in issuers located in emerging markets. The risks of foreign investments described above apply to an even greater extent to investments in emerging markets. The securities markets of emerging countries are generally smaller, less developed, less liquid, and more volatile than the securities markets of the United States and developed foreign markets. Disclosure and regulatory standards in many respects are less stringent than in the United States and developed foreign markets. There also may be a lower level of monitoring and regulation of securities markets in emerging market countries and the activities of investors in such markets and enforcement of existing regulations has been extremely limited. Many emerging countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had and may continue to have very negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging countries. Economies in emerging markets generally are heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. The economies of these countries also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries in which they trade. The economies of countries with emerging markets may also be predominantly based on only a few industries or dependent on revenues from particular commodities. In addition, custodial services and other costs relating to investment in foreign markets may be more expensive in emerging markets than in many developed foreign markets, which could reduce the Fund’s income from such securities.

 

In many cases, governments of emerging countries continue to exercise significant control over their economies, and government actions relative to the economy, as well as economic developments generally, may affect the Fund’s investments in those countries. In addition, there is a heightened possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding taxes on interest payments, or other similar developments that could affect investments in those countries. There can be no assurance that adverse political changes will not cause the Fund to suffer a loss of any or all of its investments.

 

Illiquid Securities

 

Illiquid securities are securities that are not readily marketable. Illiquid securities include securities that have legal or contractual restrictions on resale, and repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days. Illiquid securities involve the risk that the securities will not be able to be sold at the time desired or at prices approximating the value at which the Fund is carrying the securities. Where registration is required to sell a security, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses, and a considerable period may elapse between the decision to sell and the time the Fund may be permitted to sell a security under an effective registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than prevailed when it decided to sell. The Fund may invest up to 20% of the value of its net assets in illiquid securities. Restricted securities for which no market exists and other illiquid investments are valued at fair value as determined in accordance with procedures approved and periodically reviewed by the Board of Directors.

 

 

 

Rule 144A Securities

 

The Fund may invest in restricted securities that are eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “1933 Act”). Generally, Rule 144A establishes a safe harbor from the registration requirements of the 1933 Act for resale by large institutional investors of securities that are not publicly traded. The Adviser determines the liquidity of the Rule 144A securities according to guidelines adopted by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors monitors the application of those guidelines and procedures. Securities eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A, which are determined to be liquid, are not subject to the Fund’s 20% limit on investments in illiquid securities.

 

RISK FACTORS

 

An investment in the Fund’s Shares is subject to risks. The value of the Fund’s investments will increase or decrease based on changes in the prices of the investments it holds. You could lose money by investing in the Fund. By itself, the Fund does not constitute a balanced investment program. You should consider carefully the following principal risks before investing in the Fund. There may be additional risks that the Fund does not currently foresee or consider material. You may wish to consult with your legal or tax advisors, before deciding whether to invest in the Fund. This section describes the principal risk factors associated with investment in the Fund specifically, as well as those factors generally associated with investment in an investment company with investment objectives, investment policies, capital structure or trading markets similar to the Fund’s.

 

Principal Risks

 

Stock Selection Risks. The portfolio securities selected by the Adviser may decline in value or not increase in value when the stock market in general is rising and may fail to meet the Fund’s investment objectives.

 

Long-Term Investment Risks. Although any debt investments the Fund may make will typically yield a current return from the time they are made, future equity investments that are made in accordance with the Fund’s long-term, value-oriented investment strategy will generally produce gains, if any, only after three to five years. In a substantial portion of cases, the Fund’s investments will likely not generate distributable income in the early years of investment. There can be no assurance that either a current return or capital gains will actually be achieved.

 

Liquidity Risks. The Adviser may not be able to sell portfolio securities at an optimal time or price. For example, if the Fund is required or the adviser deems it advisable to liquidate all or a portion of a portfolio security quickly, it may realize significantly less than the value at which the investment was previously recorded.

 

Small and Medium-Size Company Risks. The Fund may invest in the equity securities of small and medium-size companies. Small and medium-size companies often have narrower product lines and potential markets and more limited managerial and financial resources than do larger, more established companies. As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face a greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of the Fund’s assets.

 

Risks Related to the Over-the-Counter Markets. Issuers whose securities are traded in the over-the-counter markets (“OTC”) have no duty to provide any information to investors. Even issuers who register OTC securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required to maintain such registration. Many OTC securities are thinly traded, and this lack of liquidity tends to increase price volatility, and in many cases, the liquidation of a position in an OTC security may not be possible within a reasonable period of time.

 

 

 

Private Issuer Risks. In addition to the risks associated with small public companies, limited or no public information may exist about private companies, and the Fund will rely on the ability of the Adviser to obtain adequate information to evaluate the potential returns from investing in these companies. If the Adviser is unable to uncover all material information about these companies, the Fund may not make a fully informed investment decision and may lose money on the investment.

 

Minority Investment Risks. Because the Fund generally does not hold controlling equity interests in the Fund’s portfolio companies, it may not be able to exercise control over portfolio companies or to prevent decisions by management of portfolio companies with which the Fund disagrees and that could decrease the value of investments.

 

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and Closed-End Funds (CEFs) Risks. The Fund may invest in other investment companies, including ETFs and closed-end funds (“CEFs”). ETFs and CEFs are registered investment companies whose shares are listed and traded on U.S. stock exchanges or otherwise traded in the OTC market. In general, passively-managed ETFs seek to track a specified securities index or a basket of securities that an “index provider,” such as Standard & Poor’s, selects as representative of a market, market segment or industry sector. A passively-managed ETF is designed so that its performance will correspond closely with that of the index it tracks. A leveraged ETF will engage in transactions and purchase instruments that give rise to forms of leverage, including, among others, the use of reverse repurchase agreements and other borrowings, the investment of collateral from loans of portfolio securities, the use of when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment transactions or short sales. To the extent a fund invests in ETFs or CEFs that achieve leveraged exposure to their underlying indexes through the use of derivative instruments, the Fund will indirectly be subject to leveraging risk. CEFs are subject to additional risks such as the fact that the market price of their shares may trade above or below the net asset value or that an active market may not develop. As a shareholder in an ETF or CEF, the Fund will bear its pro rata portion of the ETF’s and CEF’s expenses, including advisory fees, in addition to its own fees and expenses.

 

Exchange Traded Notes (ETNs) Risks. ETNs are a type of debt security that generally trades on U.S. stock exchanges or in the OTC market. Like ETFs, ETNS seek to provide a return linked to a market index or other benchmark, which may include, for example, equity indices, commodities or foreign currencies, and they share some of the same risks as ETNs, potentially including leverage risks. Unlike ETFs, ETNs are unsecured debt obligations of the issuer—typically a bank or another financial institution—and are therefore subject to a risk of default by the issuer. And unlike traditional bonds, ETNs are generally issued on an ongoing basis and typically do not pay any interest to investors; instead, the issuer promises to pay the holder of the ETN an amount determined by the performance of the underlying index or benchmark on the ETN’s maturity date (typically 10, 30 or in some cases 40 years from issuance), minus specified fees. ETNs may trade at a premium or discount to their indicative values, and investing in ETNs therefore involves greater market risks than investing in some other forms of debt, including a risk of significant price volatility and the risk of delisting or suspension of trading from the applicable trading market. Issuers of ETNs may seek to control price fluctuations by issuing or redeeming the ETNs, and an investor cannot control the magnitude or timing of such issuances or redemptions. In addition, issuers may have the right to call ETNs at a specified redemption price that may be less than their current trading price.

 

Foreign Securities Risks. The Fund may invest in foreign securities directly or through ADRs, GDRs and IDRs. Foreign securities can carry higher returns but involve more risks than those associated with U.S. investments. Additional risks associated with investment in foreign securities include currency fluctuations, political and economic instability, differences in financial reporting standards and less stringent regulation of securities markets.

 

Non-Diversification Risks. As a non-diversified investment company, the Fund can invest a large percentage of its assets in a small number of issuers. As a result of such concentration, a change in the value of any one investment may affect the overall value of the Fund’s shares more than shares of a diversified closed-end fund that holds more investments.

 

 

 

Interest Rate Risk. When interest rates increase, any fixed-income securities held by the Fund may decline in value. Long-term fixed-income securities will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed-income securities. It is likely there will be less governmental action in the near future to maintain low interest rates. The negative impact on fixed-income securities from the resulting rate increases for that and other reasons could be swift and significant.

 

Leveraging Risks. Investments in derivative instruments may give rise to a form of leverage. The Adviser may engage in speculative transactions which involve substantial risk and leverage. The use of leverage by the Adviser may increase the volatility of the Fund. These leveraged instruments may result in losses to the Fund or may adversely affect the Fund’s NAY or total return, because instruments that contain leverage are more sensitive to changes in interest rates. The Fund may also have to sell assets at inopportune times to satisfy its obligations in connection with such transactions.

 

Option Transaction Risks. Purchasing and writing put and call options are highly specialized activities and entail greater than ordinary investment risks. The successful use of options depends in part on the ability of the Adviser to manage future price fluctuations and the degree of correlation between the options and securities markets. By writing put options on equity securities, the Fund would give up the opportunity to benefit from potential increases in the value of the common stocks above the strike prices of the written put options, but continue to bear the risk of declines in the value of its common stock portfolio. The Fund would receive a premium from writing a covered call option that it retains whether or not the option is exercised. The premium received from the written options may not be sufficient to offset any losses sustained from the volatility of the underlying equity securities over time.

 

Below Investment Grade Debt Securities Risks. Generally, below investment grade debt securities, i.e. , junk bonds, are subject to greater credit risk, price volatility and risk of loss than investment grade securities.

 

Distressed Debt Risks. An investment in distressed debt involves considerable risks, including a higher risk of nonpayment by the debtor. The Fund may incur significant expenses seeking recovery upon default or attempting to negotiate new terms. Furthermore, if one of the Fund’s portfolio companies were to file for bankruptcy protection, a bankruptcy court might re-characterize the debt held by the Fund and subordinate all or a portion of the Fund’s claim to claims of other creditors, even, in some cases, if the investment is structured as senior secured debt. The bankruptcy process has a number of significant inherent risks, including substantially delays and the risk of loss of all or a substantial portion of the Fund’s investment in the bankrupt entity.

 

Management Risks. There is no guarantee that the Fund will meet its investment objective. The Adviser does not guarantee the performance of the Fund, nor can it assure you that the market value of your investment will not decline.

 

Special Situations Risks. The Fund may use aggressive investment techniques, including seeking to benefit from “special situations,” such as mergers, reorganizations or other unusual events expected to affect a particular issuer. There is a risk that the “special situation” might not occur or involve longer time frames than originally expected, which could have a negative impact on the price of the issuer’s securities and fail to produce gains or produce a loss for the Fund.

 

Derivatives Risks. The Fund’s investments may include futures, options and swaps and other derivative instruments, which may result in loss. Derivative instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to the Fund. The use of derivative instruments may expose us to counter-party credit risk. To the extent the Fund segregates assets to cover derivative positions, the Fund may impair its ability to meet current obligations, to honor requests for redemption and to manage the Fund properly in a manner consistent with its stated investment objective.

 

Convertible Security Risk. The Fund may invest in convertible securities, which may decline in response to such factors as rising interest rates and fluctuations in the market price of the common stock underlying the convertible securities.

 

 

 

Bitcoin Risk: The value of the Fund’s investment in the Bitcoin Investment Trust directly is subject to fluctuations in the value of bitcoins. The value of bitcoins is determined by the supply of and demand for bitcoins in the global market for the trading of bitcoins, which consists of transactions on electronic bitcoin exchanges (“Bitcoin Exchanges”). Pricing on Bitcoin Exchanges and other venues can be volatile and can adversely affect the value of the Bitcoin Investment Trust. Currently, there is relatively small use of bitcoins in the retail and commercial marketplace in comparison to the relatively large use of bitcoins by speculators, thus contributing to price volatility that could adversely affect the Fund’s direct investment in the Bitcoin Investment Trust. Bitcoin transactions are irrevocable, and stolen or incorrectly transferred bitcoins may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed bitcoin transactions could adversely affect the value of the Fund’s direct or indirect investment in the Bitcoin Investment Trust. Shares of the Bitcoin Investment Trust may trade at a premium or discount to the net asset value of the Bitcoin Investment Trust.

 

LISTING OF SHARES

 

The Fund’s shares trade on the NYSE MKT under the ticker symbol RCG and are required to meet the NYSE MKT’s continued listing requirements.

 

MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND

 

Directors and Officers

 

The Board of Directors is responsible for the overall management of the Fund, including supervision of the duties performed by the Adviser. There are five Directors of the Fund, three of which are an “interested person” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund. The Directors are responsible for the Fund’s overall management, including adopting the investment and other policies of the Fund, electing and replacing officers and selecting and supervising the Fund’s Adviser. The name and business address of the Directors and officers of the Fund and their principal occupations and other affiliations during the past five years, as well as a description of committees of the Board of Directors, are set forth under “Management” in the Statement of Additional Information.

 

Investment Adviser

 

Horizon Asset Management LLC, 470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 is organized as a limited liability company under the laws of Delaware and serves as the Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. The Adviser began conducting business in January 1994 and manages nine open-end funds with combined assets under management with the Fund of approximately $1.35 billion, as of December 31, 2017.

 

Under the general supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors, the Adviser carries out the investment and reinvestment of the net assets of the Fund, continuously furnishes an investment program with respect to the Fund, determines which securities should be purchased, sold or exchanged, and implements such determinations. The Adviser furnishes to the Fund investment advice and office facilities, equipment and personnel for servicing the investments of the Fund. The Adviser compensates all Directors and officers of the Fund who are members of the Adviser’s organization and who render investment services to the Fund, and will also compensate all other Adviser personnel who provide research and investment services to the Fund. In return for these services, facilities and payments, the Fund has agreed to pay the Adviser as compensation under the Investment Management Agreement a monthly fee computed at the annual rate of 1.0% of the average weekly net assets of the Fund; provided, however, that the Adviser is not paid any compensation on net assets less than $25 million. The total estimated annual expenses of the Fund are set forth in the section titled “Summary of Fund Expenses.”

 

 

 

The Board of Directors annually considers the continuance of the Investment Management Agreement. A discussion regarding the basis for the Board of Directors’ approval on [June 6, 2017 ] of the continuance of the Investment Management Agreement between the Fund and the Adviser will be available in the Fund’s semi-annual report to Stockholders for the six-month period ended June 30, 2018.

 

During the last three fiscal years, the Fund paid the Adviser the following amounts as compensation:

 

Fiscal Year Ended December 31,      
  2017 2016 2015
Management Fees Earned $58,138 $111,996 $134,221
Management Fee Paid $58,138 $111,996 $134,221

 

Pursuant to an Investment Advisor Agreement (the “Agreement”) approved by shareholders at a special shareholder meeting held on June 29, 2017, the Adviser has assumed investment advisory responsibilities of the Fund. Under the Agreement, Horizon is not paid an advisory fee on net assets less than $25 million and thereafter will charge a management fee of 1.0% on net assets above $25 million. Horizon performs certain services, including certain management, investment advisory and administrative services necessary for the operation of the Fund.

 

Prior to the Adviser, RENN Group performed certain services, including certain management, investment advisory and administrative services necessary for the operation of the Fund. RENN Group received a management fee equal to a quarterly rate of 0.4375% of the Fund’s net assets, as determined at the end of each quarter, each payment to be due as of the last day of the calendar quarter . All fees shown in the table above were paid to RENN Group.

 

Portfolio Manager

 

Murray Stahl has been the Fund’s portfolio manager (the “Portfolio Manager”) since July 2017. In carrying out responsibilities for the management of the Fund’s portfolio of securities, the Portfolio Manager has primary responsibility. The Adviser may create a portfolio management team by assigning additional portfolio managers. In cases where the team might not be in agreement with regard to an investment decision, Murray Stahl has ultimate authority to decide the matter.

 

Administrator

 

UMB Fund Services, 235 W. Galena Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212-3949 serves as administrator to the Fund. Under the administration agreement with the Fund, UMB is responsible for generally managing the administrative affairs of the Fund, including supervising the preparation of reports to Stockholders, reports to and filings with the SEC and materials for meetings of the Board. UMB Fund Services receives a combined accounting and administrative fee as discussed further below.

 

Fund Accounting Agent

 

UMB Fund Services, 235 W. Galena Street, Milwaukee, WI 53212-3949, serves as accounting agent to the Fund. Under the Accounting Agreement with the Fund, UMB Fund Services is responsible for calculating the net asset value per share and maintaining the financial books and records of the Fund. UMB Fund Services is entitled to receive an accounting and administration fee which includes the greater of an annual minimum fee of $5,000 per month or an asset based fee of 0.100% of the first $150 million of average daily net assets, 0.080% in excess of $150 million and up to $250 million of average net assets and 0.050% of such assets in excess of $250 million.

 

 

 

Custodian and Transfer Agent

 

UMB Bank, N.A., 928 Grand Blvd. Kansas City, MO 64106, is the custodian of the Fund and maintains custody of the securities and cash of the Fund.

 

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, with an address of 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, serves as the transfer agent and dividend paying agent of the Fund.

 

Fund Expenses

 

The Adviser is obligated to pay expenses associated with providing the services contemplated by the Investment Management Agreement, including compensation of and office space for its officers and employees connected with investment and economic research, trading and investment management and administration of the Fund. The Fund is not obligated to pay the fees of any Director of the Fund who is affiliated with the Adviser.

 

UMB is obligated to pay expenses associated with providing the services contemplated by the Administration Agreement, including compensation of and office space for its officers and employees and administration of the Fund.

 

The Fund pays all other expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund including, among other things, (i) expenses for legal and independent accountants’ services, (ii) costs of printing proxies, share certificates and reports to stockholders, (iii) charges of the custodian and transfer agent in connection with the Fund’s Distribution Reinvestment Plan, (iv) fees and expenses of independent Directors, (v) printing costs, (vi) membership fees in trade association, (vii) fidelity bond coverage for the Fund’s officers and Directors, (viii) errors and omissions insurance for the Fund’s officers and Directors, (ix) brokerage costs and listing fees and expenses charged by NYSE MKT, (x) taxes and (xi) other extraordinary or non-recurring expenses and other expenses properly payable by the Fund. The expenses incident to the Offering and issuance of shares to be issued by the Fund will be recorded as a reduction of capital of the Fund attributable to the shares.

 

The Fund’s annual operating expenses for the fiscal year ended 2017 were approximately $403,830. No assurance can be given, in light of the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, however, that future annual operating expenses will not be substantially more or less than this estimate. Offering expenses relating to the Fund’s shares, will be paid exclusively by the Adviser. Therefore, no expenses will be deducted from the proceeds of the Offering.

 

The Investment Management Agreement authorizes the Adviser to select brokers or dealers (including affiliates) to arrange for the purchase and sale of Fund securities, including principal transactions. Any commission, fee or other remuneration paid to an affiliated broker or dealer is paid in compliance with the Fund’s procedures adopted in accordance with Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act.

 

DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE

 

The net asset value of shares of the Fund is determined weekly and on the last business day of each month, as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE MKT (normally, 4:00 p.m., Eastern time). In computing net asset value, portfolio securities of the Fund are valued at their current market values determined on the basis of market quotations. If market quotations are not readily available, securities are valued at fair value as determined by the Board of Directors. The Fund’s investments in closed-end funds or ETFs whose shares are listed on a national securities exchange are valued using the market price at the close of the NYSE MKT or such other exchange on which they are listed. Private funds and non-traded closed-end funds are fair valued based on the Fund’s fair valuation policies and procedures. Fair valuation involves subjective judgments, and it is possible that the fair value determined for a security may differ materially from the value that could be realized upon the sale of the security. Non-dollar-denominated securities are valued as of the close of the NYSE MKT at the closing price of such securities in their principal trading market, but may be valued at fair value if subsequent events occurring before the computation of net asset value materially have affected the value of the securities.

 

 

 

Trading may take place in foreign issuers held by the Fund at times when the Fund is not open for business. As a result, the Fund’s net asset value may change at times when it is not possible to purchase or sell shares of the Fund. The Fund may use a third party pricing service to assist it in determining the market value of securities in the Fund’s portfolio. The Fund’s net asset value per share is calculated by dividing the value of the Fund’s total assets (the value of the securities the Fund holds plus cash or other assets, including interest accrued but not yet received), less accrued expenses of the Fund, less the Fund’s other liabilities by the total number of shares outstanding.

 

Readily marketable portfolio securities listed on the NYSE MKT are valued, except as indicated below, at the last sale price reflected on the consolidated tape at the close of the NYSE MKT on the business day as of which such value is being determined. If there has been no sale on such day, the securities are valued at the mean of the closing bid and asked prices on such day. If no bid or asked prices are quoted on such day or if market prices may be unreliable because of events occurring after the close of trading, then the security is valued by such method as the Board of Directors shall determine in good faith to reflect its fair market value. Readily marketable securities not listed on the NYSE MKT but listed on other domestic or foreign securities exchanges are valued in a like manner. Portfolio securities traded on more than one securities exchange are valued at the last sale price on the business day as of which such value is being determined as reflected on the consolidated tape at the close of the exchange representing the principal market for such securities. Securities trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. (“NASDAQ”) are valued at the NASDAQ Official Closing Price. Readily marketable securities traded in the over-the counter market, including listed securities whose primary market is believed by the Adviser to be over-the-counter, are valued at the mean of the current bid and asked prices as reported by the NASDAQ or, in the case of securities not reported by the NASDAQ or a comparable source, as the Board of Directors deem appropriate to reflect their fair market value. Where securities are traded on more than one exchange and also over-the-counter, the securities will generally be valued using the quotations the Board of Directors believes reflect most closely the value of such securities.

 

DISTRIBUTION REINVESTMENT PLAN

 

The Fund operates a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”), administered by [American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC] (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Fund’s income dividends or capital gains or other distributions (each, a “Distribution” and collectively, “Distributions”), net of any applicable U.S. withholding tax, are reinvested in shares of the Fund.

 

Stockholders automatically participate in the Fund’s Plan, unless and until an election is made to withdraw from the Plan on behalf of such participating stockholder. Stockholders who do not wish to have Distributions automatically reinvested should so notify the Agent. Under the Plan, the Fund’s Distributions to stockholders are reinvested in full and fractional shares as described below.

 

When the Fund declares a Distribution the Agent, on the stockholder’s behalf, will (i) receive additional authorized shares from the Fund either newly issued or repurchased from stockholders by the Fund and held as treasury stock (“Newly Issued Shares”) or (ii) purchase outstanding shares on the open market, on the NYSE MKT or elsewhere, with cash allocated to it by the Fund (“Open Market Purchases”).

 

 

 

The method for determining the number of Newly Issued Shares received when Distributions are reinvested will be determined by dividing the amount of the Distribution either by the Fund’s last reported net asset value per share or by a price equal to the average closing price of the Fund over the five trading days preceding the payment date of the Distribution, whichever is lower. However, if the last reported net asset value of the Fund’s shares is higher than the average closing price of the Fund over the five trading days preceding the payment date of the Distribution ice (i.e., the Fund is selling at a discount), shares may be acquired by the Agent in Open Market Purchases and allocated to the reinvesting stockholders based on the average cost of such Open Market Purchases. Upon notice from the Fund, the Agent will receive the Distribution in cash and will purchase shares of common stock in the open market, on the NYSE MKT or elsewhere, for the participants’ accounts, except that the Agent will endeavor to terminate purchases in the open market and cause the Fund to issue the remaining shares if, following the commencement of the purchases, the market value of the shares, including brokerage commissions, exceeds the net asset value at the time of valuation. These remaining shares will be issued by the Fund at a price equal to the net asset value at the time of valuation.

 

In a case where the Agent has terminated open market purchases and caused the issuance of remaining shares by the Fund, the number of shares received by the participant in respect of the Distribution will be based on the weighted average of prices paid for shares purchased in the open market, including brokerage commissions, and the price at which the Fund issues the remaining shares. To the extent that the Agent is unable to terminate purchases in the open market before the Agent has completed its purchases, or remaining shares cannot be issued by the Fund because the Fund declared a Distribution payable only in cash, and the market price exceeds the net asset value of the shares, the average share purchase price paid by the Agent may exceed the net asset value of the shares, resulting in the acquisition of fewer shares than if the Distribution had been paid in shares issued by the Fund.

 

Whenever the Fund declares a Distribution and the last reported net asset value of the Fund’s shares is higher than its market price, the Agent will apply the amount of such Distribution payable to Plan participants of the Fund in Fund shares (less such Plan participant’s pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred with respect to Open Market Purchases in connection with the reinvestment of such Distribution) to the purchase on the open market of Fund shares for such Plan participant’s account. Such purchases will be made on or after the payable date for such Distribution, and in no event more than 30 days after such date except where temporary curtailment or suspension of purchase is necessary to comply with applicable provisions of federal securities laws. The Agent may aggregate a Plan participant’s purchases with the purchases of other Plan participants, and the average price (including brokerage commissions) of all shares purchased by the Agent shall be the price per share allocable to each Plan participant.

 

Registered stockholders who do not wish to have their Distributions automatically reinvested should so notify the Fund in writing. If a stockholder has not elected to receive cash Distributions and the Agent does not receive notice of an election to receive cash Distributions prior to the record date of any Distribution, the stockholder will automatically receive such Distributions in additional shares.

 

Participants in the Plan may withdraw from the Plan by providing written notice to the Agent at least 30 days prior to the applicable Distribution payment date. The Agent will maintain all stockholder accounts in the Plan and furnish written confirmations of all transactions in the accounts, including information needed by stockholders for personal and tax records The Agent will hold shares in the account of the Plan participant in non-certificated form in the name of the participant, and each stockholder’s proxy will include those shares purchased pursuant to the Plan. The Agent will distribute all proxy solicitation materials to participating stockholders.

 

 

 

In the case of stockholders, such as banks, brokers or nominees, that hold shares for others who are beneficial owners participating in the Plan, the Agent will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of shares certified from time to time by the record stockholder as representing the total amount of shares registered in the stockholder’s name and held for the account of beneficial owners participating in the Plan.

 

Neither the Agent nor the Fund shall have any responsibility or liability beyond the exercise of ordinary care for any action taken or omitted pursuant to the Plan, nor shall they have any duties, responsibilities or liabilities except such as expressly set forth herein. Neither shall they be liable hereunder for any act done in good faith or for any good faith omissions to act, including, without limitation, failure to terminate a participants account prior to receipt of written notice of his or her death or with respect to prices at which shares are purchased or sold for the participants account and the terms on which such purchases and sales are made, subject to applicable provisions of the federal securities laws.

 

The automatic reinvestment of Distributions will not relieve participants of any federal, state or local income tax that may be payable (or required to be withheld) on such Distributions. The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate the Plan. There is no direct service charge to participants with regard to purchases in the Plan.

 

All correspondence concerning the Plan should be directed to the Agent at (800) 488-8095.

 

CERTAIN ADDITIONAL MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

 

The following is a summary discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to a Stockholder that acquires, holds and/or disposes of the Fund’s shares, and reflects provisions of the Code, existing Treasury regulations, rulings published by the IRS, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this prospectus. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the Fund and the discussion set forth herein does not constitute tax advice. For more detailed information regarding tax considerations, see the Statement of Additional Information. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular investors. In addition, income earned through an investment in the Fund may be subject to state, local and foreign taxes.

 

Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company

 

The Fund intends to elect to be treated to qualify each year for taxation as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Code. In order for the Fund to qualify as a RIC, it must meet income and asset diversification tests each year. If the Fund so qualifies and satisfies certain distribution requirements, the Fund (but not its Stockholders) will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent it distributes its investment company taxable income and net capital gains (the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital loss) in a timely manner to its Stockholders in the form of dividends or capital gain distributions. The Code imposes a 4% nondeductible excise tax on RICs, such as the Fund, to the extent they do not meet certain distribution requirements by the end of each calendar year. The Fund anticipates meeting these distribution requirements.

 

 

 

The Fund intends to make annual distributions of investment company taxable income after payment of the Fund’s operating expenses. Unless a Stockholder is ineligible to participate or elects otherwise, all distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional shares pursuant to the Fund’s distribution reinvestment plan (the “Plan”). For U.S. federal income tax purposes, all dividends are generally taxable whether a Stockholder takes them in cash or they are reinvested pursuant to the Plan in additional shares. Distributions of the Fund’s investment company taxable income (including short-term capital gains) will generally be treated as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions of the Fund’s net capital gains (“capital gain dividends”), if any, are taxable to Stockholders as long-term capital gains, regardless of the length of time shares have been held by Stockholders. Distributions, if any, in excess of the Fund’s earnings and profits will first reduce the adjusted tax basis of a holder’s shares and, after that basis has been reduced to zero, will constitute capital gains to the Stockholder (assuming the shares are held as a capital asset). See below for a summary of the maximum tax rates applicable to capital gains (including capital gain dividends). A corporation that owns shares generally will not be entitled to the dividends received deduction with respect to all of the dividends it receives from the Fund. Fund dividend payments that are attributable to qualifying dividends received by the Fund from certain domestic corporations may be designated by the Fund as being eligible for the dividends received deduction. There can be no assurance as to what portion of Fund dividend payments may be classified as qualifying dividends. With respect to the annual distributions of investment company taxable income described above, it may be the case that any such distributions would result in a return of capital to the Stockholder. The determination of the character for U.S. federal income tax purposes of any distribution from the Fund (i.e., ordinary income dividends, capital gains dividends, qualifying dividends, return of capital distributions) will be made as of the end of the Fund’s taxable year. Generally, no later than 60 days after the close of its taxable year, the Fund will provide Stockholders with a written notice designating the amount of any capital gain distributions or other distributions. See “Distribution Policy” for a more complete description of such returns and the risks associated with them.

 

The Fund may elect to retain its net capital gain or a portion thereof for investment and be taxed at corporate rates on the amount retained. In such case, it may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its Stockholders who will be treated as if each received a distribution of such Stockholder’s pro rata share of such gain, with the result that each Stockholder will (i) be required to report such Stockholder’s pro rata share of such gain on such Stockholder’s tax return as long-term capital gain, (ii) receive a refundable tax credit for such Stockholder’s pro rata share of tax paid by the Fund on the gain and (iii) increase the tax basis for such Stockholder’s shares by an amount equal to the deemed distribution less the tax credit.

 

Under current law, certain income distributions paid by the Fund to individual taxpayers may be taxed at rates equal to those applicable to net long-term capital gains (generally, 20%). This tax treatment applies only if certain holding period and other requirements are satisfied by the Stockholder with respect to its shares, and the dividends are attributable to qualified dividends received by the Fund itself. For this purpose, “qualified dividends” means dividends received by the Fund from certain United States corporations and certain qualifying foreign corporations, provided that the Fund satisfies certain holding period and other requirements in respect of the stock of such corporations. In the case of securities lending transactions, payments in lieu of dividends are not qualified dividends. Thereafter, the Fund’s dividends, other than capital gain dividends, will be fully taxable at ordinary income tax rates unless further legislative action is taken. While certain income distributions to Stockholders may qualify as qualified dividends, the Fund’s seeks to provide dividends regardless of whether they so qualify. As additional special rules apply to determine whether a distribution will be a qualified dividend, investors should consult their tax advisors. Investors should also see the “Taxes” section of the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information for more information relating to qualified dividends.

 

 

 

Dividends and interest received, and gains realized, by the Fund on foreign securities may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions (collectively “foreign taxes”) that would reduce the return on its securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States, however, may reduce or eliminate foreign taxes, and many foreign countries do not impose taxes on capital gains in respect of investments by foreign investors. If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s net assets at the close of its taxable year consists of securities of foreign corporations, it will be eligible to, and may, file an election with the Internal Revenue Service that will enable Stockholders, in effect, to receive the benefit of the foreign tax credit with respect to any foreign taxes paid by the Fund. Pursuant to the election, the Fund would treat those taxes as dividends paid to Stockholders and each Stockholder (1) would be required to include in gross income, and treat as paid by such Stockholder, a proportionate share of those taxes, (2) would be required to treat such share of those taxes and of any dividend paid by the Fund that represents income from foreign or U.S. possessions sources as such stockholder’s own income from those sources, and, if certain conditions are met, (3) could either deduct the foreign taxes deemed paid in computing taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating the foreign tax credit against federal income tax. The Fund will report to Stockholders shortly after each taxable year their respective shares of foreign taxes paid and the income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions if it makes this election.

 

The Fund will inform its Stockholders of the source and tax status of all distributions promptly after the close of each calendar year.

 

The Fund may invest in other RICs. In general, the Code taxes a RIC which satisfies certain requirements as a pass-through entity by permitting a qualifying RIC to deduct dividends paid to its stockholders in computing the RIC’s taxable income. A qualifying RIC is also generally permitted to pass through the character of certain types of its income when it makes distributions. For example, a RIC may distribute ordinary dividends to its stockholders, capital gain dividends, or other types of dividends which effectively pass through the character of the RIC’s income to its stockholders, including the Fund.

 

Taxation of Sales, Exchanges or Other Dispositions

 

Selling Stockholders will generally recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the Stockholder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares sold and the amount received. If the shares are held as a capital asset, the gain or loss will be a capital gain or loss. Under current law, the maximum tax rate applicable to capital gains recognized by individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers is (i) the same as the maximum ordinary income tax rate for gains recognized on the sale of capital assets held for one year or less or (ii) generally, 20% for gains recognized on the sale of capital assets held for more than one year (as well as certain capital gain dividends). Any loss on a disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any capital gain dividends received with respect to those shares. The use of capital losses is subject to limitations. For purposes of determining whether shares have been held for six months or less, the holding period is suspended for any periods during which the Stockholder’s risk of loss is diminished as a result of holding one or more other positions in substantially similar or related property, or through certain options or short sales. Any loss realized on a sale or exchange of shares will be disallowed to the extent those shares are replaced by other substantially identical shares within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date of disposition of the shares (whether through the reinvestment of distributions, which could occur, for example, if the Stockholder is a participant in the Plan or otherwise). In that event, the basis of the replacement shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.

 

An investor should be aware that, if shares are purchased shortly before the record date for any taxable dividend (including a capital gain dividend), the purchase price likely will reflect the value of the dividend and the investor then would receive a taxable distribution likely to reduce the trading value of such shares, in effect resulting in a taxable return of some of the purchase price. Taxable distributions to individuals and certain other non-corporate Stockholders, including those who have not provided their correct taxpayer identification number and other required certifications, may be subject to “backup” federal income tax withholding currently equal to 28%.

 

 

 

An investor should also be aware that the benefits of the reduced tax rate applicable to long-term capital gains and qualified dividend income may be impacted by the application of the alternative minimum tax to individual stockholders.

 

If the Fund utilizes leverage through borrowing, it may be restricted by loan covenants with respect to the declaration of, and payment of, dividends in certain circumstances. Limits on the Fund’s payments of dividends may prevent the Fund from meeting the distribution requirements, described above, and may, therefore, jeopardize the Fund’s qualification for taxation as a RIC and possibly subject the Fund to the 4% excise tax. The Fund will endeavor to avoid restrictions on its ability to make dividend payments.

 

Information Reporting

 

Section 6045B of the Code generally imposes certain reporting requirements on the Fund with respect to any organizational action that affects the tax basis of the shares for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Fund has historically made returns of capital distributions (“ROC Distributions”) to certain Stockholders and, to the extent such payments continue, the Fund will generally be required to file IRS Form 8937, Report of Organizational Actions Affecting Basis of Securities (“Form 8937”), with the IRS and deliver an information statement to certain Stockholders, subject to certain exceptions. Generally, the Fund must file Form 8937 with the IRS on or before the 45th day following the corporate action or, if earlier, January 15 of the year following the calendar year of the corporate action. In addition, the Fund must furnish the same information to certain Stockholders on or before January 15 of the year following the calendar year of the corporate action. However, the Fund generally would not be required to file Form 8937 or furnish this information to Stockholders provided it posts the requisite information on its primary public website by the due date for filing Form 8937 with the IRS and such information is available on its website (or any successor organization’s website) for 10 years.

 

As the Fund will generally not be able to determine whether a distribution during the year will be out of its earnings and profits (and, therefore, whether such distribution should be treated as a dividend or a ROC Distribution for these purposes) until the close of the tax year, the Fund does not intend to file Form 8937 until after the end of the current calendar year. Based on the limited interpretive guidance currently available, the Fund believes that its treatment of ROC Distributions and its current intended action regarding Form 8937 continue to be consistent with the requirements of Form 8937, Section 6045B and the Treasury Regulations thereunder. The Fund intends to utilize its best efforts to determine the tax characterization of the Fund’s distributions as soon as practicable following the close of the year and timely comply with the abovementioned Section 6045B requirements, to the extent applicable. The Fund and its management do not believe that the Fund will be subject to substantial penalties if it utilizes its best efforts to determine the tax characteristics of its distributions as soon as practicable following the close of the year to comply with Form 8937 and Section 6045B. The Fund may be subject to substantial penalties to the extent that it fails to timely comply with its Section 6045B reporting obligations. Each Stockholder is urged to consult its own tax advisor regarding the application of Section 6045B to its individual circumstances.

 

Net Investment Income Tax

 

A U.S. Holder that is an individual or estate, or a trust that does not fall into a special class of trusts that is exempt from such tax, will be subject to a 3.8% tax on the lesser of (1) the U.S. Holder’s “net investment income” for the relevant taxable year and (2) the excess of the U.S. Holder’s modified adjusted gross income for the taxable year over a certain threshold (which, in the case of individuals, will be between $125,000 and $250,000 depending on the individual’s circumstances). A U.S. Holder’s “net investment income” may generally include portfolio income (such as interest and dividends), and income and net gains from an activity that is subject to certain passive activity limitations, unless such income or net gains are derived in the ordinary course of the conduct of a trade or business (other than a trade or business that consists of certain passive or trading activities). If you are a U.S. holder that is an individual, estate or trust, you should consult your tax advisors regarding the applicability of the Net Investment Income Tax to your ownership and disposition of shares of the Funds.

 

 

 

Payments to Foreign Financial Institutions

 

The Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act of March 2010 (the “HIRE Act”), including the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”), Sections 1474 through 1474 of the Code, and Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, generally provides that a 30% withholding tax may be imposed on payments of U.S. source income, on the gross proceeds from the sale of property that could give rise to certain types of U.S. source payments, including U.S. source interest and dividends for such dispositions occurring after December 31, 2018, to certain non-U.S. entities unless such entities enter into an agreement with the IRS to disclose the name, address and taxpayer identification number of certain U.S. persons that own, directly or indirectly, interests in such entities, as well as certain other information relating to such interests. Non-U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the possible implications and obligations of FATCA and the HIRE Act.

 

Other Taxation

 

The Funds’ Holders may be subject to state, local and foreign taxes on its distributions. Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Funds.

 

The foregoing briefly summarizes some of the important federal income tax consequences to Stockholders of investing in the shares, reflects the federal tax law as of the date of this prospectus, and does not address special tax rules applicable to certain types of investors, such as corporate, tax exempt and foreign investors. Investors should consult their tax advisers regarding other federal, state or local tax considerations that may be applicable in their particular circumstances, as well as any proposed tax law changes.

 

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE

 

The Fund is a corporation established under the laws of the State of Texas upon the filing of its Certificate of Incorporation (“Charter”) on January 20, 1994. The Fund intends to hold annual meetings of its Stockholders in compliance with the requirements of the NYSE MKT. As of December 31, 2017, the Fund had 4,463,967 shares issued and outstanding.

 

Common Stock

 

The Charter, which has been filed with the SEC, permits the Fund to issue [●] shares of stock, with a par value of [●]. Fractional shares are permitted. Each share represents an equal proportionate interest in the net assets of the Fund with each other share. Holders of shares will be entitled to the payment of dividends when declared by the Board of Directors. Each whole share shall be entitled to one vote as to matters on which it is entitled to vote pursuant to the terms of the Charter on file with the SEC. Upon liquidation of the Fund, after paying or adequately providing for the payment of all liabilities of the Fund, and upon receipt of such releases, indemnities and refunding agreements as they deem necessary for the protection of the Directors, the Board may distribute the remaining net assets of the Fund among its Stockholders. Shares are not liable to further calls or to assessment by the Fund. No holder of capital stock of the Fund has any preemptive or preferential or other right of subscription to any shares of any class of stock of the Fund.

 

 

 

The Fund has no present intention of offering additional shares, except as described herein in connection with the exercise of the Rights. Other offerings of its shares, if made, will require approval of the Board of Directors. Any additional offering will not be sold at a price per share below the then current net asset value (exclusive of underwriting discounts and commissions) except in connection with an offering to existing Stockholders or with the consent of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding shares.

 

The Fund will not issue share certificates. The Fund’s Transfer Agent will maintain an account for each Stockholder upon which the registration and transfer of shares are recorded, and transfers will be reflected by bookkeeping entry, without physical delivery. The Transfer Agent will require that a Stockholder provide requests in writing, accompanied by a valid signature guarantee form, when changing certain information in an account such as wiring instructions or telephone privileges.

 

Trading and Net Asset Value Information

 

In the past, the shares have traded at both a premium and at a discount in relation to NAV. The shares have been trading at a discount to NAV. In recent years, shares of closed-end investment companies such as the Fund frequently trade at a discount from NAV. See “Risk Factors.” The shares are listed and traded on the NYSE MKT. The average weekly trading volume of the shares on the NYSE MKT during the calendar year ended [●] was [●] shares.

 

The following table shows for the quarters indicated: (i) the high and low sale price of the shares on the NYSE MKT; (ii) the high and low NAV per share; and (iii) the high and low premium or discount to NAV at which the shares were trading (as a percentage of NAV):

 

Fiscal
Quarter
Ended
High
Close
Low
Close
High
NAV
Low
NAV
Premium/
(Discount)
to High
NAV
Premium/
(Discount)
To Low
NAV
   

 

Repurchase of Shares

 

The Fund may, pursuant to Section 23 of the Investment Company Act, purchase shares on the open market from time to time, at such times, and in such amounts as may be deemed advantageous to the Fund. Nothing herein shall be considered a commitment to purchase such shares. The Fund had no repurchases during the year ended 2017. No limit has been placed on the number of shares to be repurchased by the Fund other than those imposed by federal securities laws. All purchases will be made in accordance with federal securities laws, with shares repurchased held in treasury for future use by the Fund. In determining to repurchase shares, the Board of Directors, in consultation with the Adviser, will consider such factors as the market price of the shares, the net asset value of the shares, the liquidity of the assets of the Fund, effect on the Fund’s expenses, whether such transactions would impair the Fund’s status as a regulated investment company or result in a failure to comply with applicable asset coverage requirements, general economic conditions and such other events or conditions, which may have a material effect on the Fund’s ability to consummate such transactions.

 

 

 

Additional Provisions of the Charter and By-laws

 

A Director may be removed from office only for cause, at any time by a written instrument signed or adopted by a vote of the holders of at least a majority of the shares of the Fund that are entitled to vote in the election of such Director or by not less than a majority of Directors then in office. The By-laws prohibit the Fund from issuing senior securities. The By-laws also include certain notice requirements regarding Stockholder nominees for Directors and proposals that may have the effect of delaying a change of control.

 

LEGAL MATTERS

 

Certain legal matters in connection with the shares will be passed upon for the Fund by Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, located at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004-2541.

 

REPORTS TO STOCKHOLDERS

 

The Fund sends its Stockholders unaudited semi-annual and audited annual reports, including a list of investments held.

 

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

Tait, Weller & Baker LLP is the independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund and will audit the Fund’s financial statements. Tait, Weller & Baker LLP is located at 1818 Market Street, Suite 2400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

The prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information do not contain all of the information set forth in the Registration Statement that the Fund has filed with the SEC file No. [●]. The complete Registration Statement may be obtained from the SEC at www.sec.gov . See the cover page of this Prospectus for information about how to obtain a paper copy of the Registration Statement or Statement of Additional Information without charge.

 

 

 

Part B

Statement of Additional Information

 

RENN Fund, Inc.

Ticker Symbol: RCG

 

470 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10016
(646) 291-2300

 

This Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) is not a prospectus. The SAI should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus set forth in Part A of this Form N-2. A copy of the Prospectus may be obtained by written request to Compliance Officer, RENN Fund, Inc., 470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 or from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov .

 

 

 

 


TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

  Page
GENERAL INFORMATION AND HISTORY  
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES  
MANAGEMENT  
COMMITTEES AND MEETINGS  
INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS’ RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE FUND, THE ADVISER, AND AFFILIATES  
DIRECTOR AND OFFICER COMPENSATION  
CODE OF ETHICS  
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES  
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES  
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES  
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS  
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES  
TAXES  

 

 

 

General Information and History

 

On March 14, 1994, the Fund filed an election to be regulated as a business development company (a “BDC”). The Fund elected BDC status intending to make investments into developing businesses, investing primarily in privately placed convertible securities and equity securities of emerging growth companies. In December 2008 the Board evaluated and discussed the feasibility of the Fund’s continuing as a BDC. At a shareholder meeting held on May 15, 2009, the Fund received shareholder approval to withdraw its election to be treated as a BDC and continue its operations as a registered closed-end management investment company. On May 29, 2014, the Fund received shareholder approval to change its name from the RENN Global Entrepreneurs Fund, Inc., to RENN Fund, Inc.

 

At a shareholder meeting held on June 5, 2017, the Fund received shareholder approval for Horizon Kinetics LLC (“Horizon Kinetics”) under which Horizon Asset Management LLC (“Horizon”), a registered investment adviser and subsidiary of Horizon Kinetics, would become the new investment manager for the Fund.

Investment Objectives and Policies

 

Descriptions of the Fund’s current policies are described in the Prospectus recited in Part A of this Form N-2.

For 2016 and 2017 the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates were 72% and 7%, respectively. The turnover rates for this Fund vary appreciably from year to year because of the nature of its holding securities in emerging companies which may start off quite slow and then make a significant jump in value when registered or its management strategy comes to successful fruition. In other years, such as 2008, it may be deemed prudent to hold the long-term investments until the market rises again, so the turnover rate in those years will be quite low.

 

Management

       

 

Name (1)

Position(s) Held with the Fund, Principal Occupation(s)

During the Past 5 Years, and Other Directorships

Current Term of Office

and Time Served

Portfolios in Fund

Complex (2) Overseen

by Director or

Nominee

Interested Directors:

Murray Stahl (4)

Age: 64

Chairman, President, CFO and CEO of the Fund

 

Class Three Director of the Fund

 

Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Strategist of Horizon Kinetics LLC (including Horizon Asset Management LLC since 1994; Kinetics Asset Management LLC and Kinetics Advisers, LLC since 2000) ( Principal occupation )

 

Other Directorships:

 

Chairman, the FRMO Corp. (OTC Pink: FRMO)

 

Director, Kinetics Mutual Funds, Inc. (open-end investment companies)

 

Director, Bermuda Stock Exchange (stock exchange)

 

Director, Minneapolis Grain Exchange (commodity exchange)

 

Director, Winland Electronics, Inc. (environmental monitoring)

 

Director, IL&FS Securities Services Ltd (securities market services)

Since July 2017

 

Until 2019 Annual Meeting/Since 2017

 

Annual/Since 1994

 

 

 

 

 

 

Since 2001

 

Since 2000

 

 

Since 2014

 

Since 2013

 

Since 2015

 

Since 2008

 

 

Ten

 

 

 

Russell Cleveland (3)

11520 North Central Expressway,

Suite 162,

Dallas, Texas 75243

 

Age: 79

Director of the Fund ( principal occupation )

 

Class Three Director of the Fund

 

Other Directorships:

Former Director of AnchorFree, Inc.

 

Former Director of iSatori, Inc., formerly a Portfolio company (Nutraceutical Preparations)

 

Former Director of Cover-All Technologies, Inc., a non-portfolio public company. (Insurance Software Licensing and Maintenance)

 

Former Director of Access Plans, Inc. (Direct Mail and Advertising)

 

Former Director of BPO Management Services, Inc. (Business Process Outsourcing)

 

Former Director of CaminoSoft (Systems Software)

Since 1994

 

Until 2019 Annual Meeting/Since 1994

 

 

2012-2018

 

2003-2015

 

 

2003-2015

 

 

2003-2015

 

2006-2011

 

 

 

2004-2011

One

Eric Sites

Age: 39

Class One Director of the Fund

 

Portfolio Manager, Horizon Kinetics LLC (including Horizon Asset Management LLC, Kinetics Asset Management LLC and Kinetics Advisers, LLC) ( Principal occupation )

 

Other Directorship:

 

Director, Bermuda Stock Exchange

Since July 2017

 

Since 2004

 

 

 

 

 

Since 2016

One

 

 

 

Name (1)

Position(s) Held with the Fund, Principal Occupation(s) During the Past 5 Years, and Other Directorships Current Term of Office and Time Served Portfolios in Fund Complex (2) Overseen by Director or Nominee
Independent Directors:

Alice C. Brennan

Age 65

Class One Director of the Fund

 

Independent Consultant (legal and compliance risk oversight) ( Principal occupation )

 

Associate General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer & Chief Trademark and Copyright Counsel, Verizon Wireless ( Prior principal occupation )

Since 2017

 

Since 2014

 

 

2000-2014

One

Herbert M. Chain

Age 65

Class Two Director of the Fund

 

Founder and Managing Member, HMC Business Consulting LLC (financial reporting and controls) ( Principal occupation )

 

Assistant Professor and Executive Director, Tobin Center for Executive Education, St. John’s University

 

Audit Partner, Deloitte & Touche LLP (Prior principal occupation)

Since 2017

Since 2015

 

 

Since 2011

 

 

 1988-2015

One

 

(1) The address of all persons named in the table other than Mr. Cleveland is c/o Horizon Asset Management LLC, 470 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10016. Mr. Cleveland’s address is c/o RENN Capital Group, Inc., 11520 North Central Expressway, Suite 162, Dallas, Texas 75243.
(2) The term “Fund Complex” means all 1940-Act-registered investment funds, or separate portfolios of such a fund, which share a common investment adviser (or have investment advisers that are affiliated persons) or which hold themselves out to investors as related companies for purposes of investment and investment services. The Fund is not grouped into a Fund Complex with other 1940-Act-registered investment funds.
(3) Mr. Cleveland is currently considered an “interested person” of the Fund as defined by Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act by virtue of being a limited partner in the Cleveland Family Limited Partnership, which owns more than 5% of the Fund’s securities.
(4) Horizon is the investment adviser to the Fund and Mr. Stahl and Mr. Sites are “interested persons” of the Fund as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act by virtue of being officers and directors of Horizon, officers of Horizon Kinetics, and in Mr. Stahl’s case, a director and beneficial owner of outstanding securities of Horizon Kinetics.

         

Committees and Meetings

 

The Board has established an Audit Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. In 2017, the Audit Committee held three meetings, and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee held one meeting.

 

 

The Audit Committee

 

During 2017, the Audit Committee consisted of Herbert M. Chain and Alice C. Brennan. The Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Chain satisfies the standard for “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of the rules of the SEC. The SEC rules provide that audit committee financial experts do not have any additional duties, obligations or liabilities and are not considered experts under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933. The Audit Committee is comprised entirely of independent directors, and is appointed by the Board of Directors to assist the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities. The Audit Committee’s primary duties and responsibilities are to:

 

  · Appoint and approve the compensation of the Fund’s independent auditors, including those to be retained for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing other audit review or attest services for the Fund;
  · Review the scope of their audit services and the annual results of their audits;
  · Monitor the independence and performance of the Fund’s independent auditors;
  · Oversee generally the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Fund and the audits of its financial statements, generally;
  · Review the reports and recommendations of the Fund’s independent auditors;
  · Provide an avenue of communication among the independent auditors, management and the Board of Directors; and
  · Address any matters between the Fund and its independent auditors regarding financial reporting.

 

The Fund’s independent auditors must report directly to the Audit Committee.

 

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

 

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee was created in 2004 and is responsible for nominating individuals to serve as directors. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is comprised of two directors, each of whom meet the independence and experience requirements of the American Stock Exchange Company Guide Section 803A, Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and NASD Rule 4200(a)(15). Its members are Alice C. Brennan and Herbert M. Chain.


The Committee considers and recommends nominees for election as directors of the Fund. Shareholders wishing to recommend qualified candidates for consideration by the Fund may do so by writing to the Secretary of the Fund at RENN Fund, Inc., 470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY, 10016, providing the candidate’s name, biographical data and qualifications. In its assessment of each potential candidate, the Committee reviews the nominee’s judgment, experience, independence, financial literacy, knowledge of emerging growth companies, understanding of the Fund and its investment objectives and such other factors as the Committee may determine. The Committee also takes into account the ability of a director to devote the time and effort necessary to fulfill his or her responsibilities. At the direction of the Board, the Committee also considers various corporate governance policies and procedures.

 

Independent Directors’ Relationships with the Fund, the Adviser, and Affiliates

 

As of December 31, 2017:

 

None of the independent directors has served as an officer, employee, director or general partner during the two most recent calendar years with the Fund, any investment company having the same investment adviser, or any person controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Fund.

 

The following table sets forth information about the dollar range of equity securities owned by Mr. Cleveland and each Director in the Fund and, on an aggregate basis, in any registered investment companies overseen or to be overseen by such person within the same Family of Investment Companies as the Fund.

 

 

Name of Director Dollar Range of
Shares in Fund

Aggregate Dollar

Range of Equity

Securities in Funds

Overseen by Director

or Nominee in Family

of Investment

Companies (1)

Interested Directors:
Russell Cleveland Over $100,000 Over $100,000
Murray Stahl $0-$10,000 $0-$10,000
Eric Sites $0-$10,000 $0-$10,000
Independent Directors:
Alice C. Brennan None None
Herbert M. Chain None None

 

(1) The term “Family of Investment Companies” means all 1940-Act-registered investment funds that share the same investment adviser and hold themselves out to investors as related companies for purposes of investment and investment services. The Fund is grouped into a Family of Investment Companies with no other 1940-Act-registered investment funds.

 

No independent director owns any shares of the Investment Adviser or of any person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Investment Adviser.

 

No independent director or immediate family member has had an interest exceeding $120,000 in the Investment Adviser or any person controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Investment Adviser during the two previous calendar years.


No independent Director had any interest in any transaction or series of transactions for an amount exceeding $120,000 in the previous two calendar years with the Registrant, any officer of the Registrant, any registered insurance company having the same adviser, the Adviser or its officers or underwriter, or any person controlling or under common control with the Adviser or underwriter.


No independent director or immediate family member has had any relationship involving payments for property or services for an amount in excess of $120,000 during the two previous calendar years with the Fund, the Adviser, or any fund having the same Adviser as the Fund, or any officer or person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with such.

 

No officer of the Adviser or of any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with the Adviser served as a director of an entity where an independent director of the Fund, or his immediate family, was an officer during the previous two calendar years.

 

Director and Officer Compensation

 

The Fund has no employees, and, therefore, does not compensate any employees. Officers of the Fund receive no compensation from the Fund, and the Fund has never issued options or warrants to officers or directors of the Fund. The Fund does not have any stock option or similar retirement or pension fund for employees, officers or directors of the Fund.

 

The Fund does not pay its directors who are considered “interested persons” of the Fund any fees for their directorship services or reimburse expenses to such individuals except for those incurred specifically in the performance of their duties as directors of the Fund. The aggregate compensation of the directors for the most recently completed fiscal year that the Fund paid to each director, and the aggregate compensation paid to each director for the most recently completed fiscal year by other funds to which RENN Fund, Inc. provided other investment advisory services is set forth below:

 

 

 

Name of Person; Position

Aggregate Deferred

Compensation from Fund

Retirement Benefits

Accrued as Part of

Fund Expenses

Estimated Annual

Benefits Upon

Retirement

Total 2017

Compensation from

Fund and Fund

Complex (3)

Russell Cleveland (1) $0 $0 $0 $0
Murray Stahl (2) $0 $0 $0 $0
Alice C. Brennan $0 $0 $0 $0
Herbert M. Chain $0 $0 $0 $0
Eric Sites (2) $0 $0 $0 $0

 

(1) Mr. Cleveland is an “interested person” as defined by Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act by virtue of being a limited partner in the Cleveland Family Limited Partnership, which owns more than 5% of the Fund’s securities.
(2) Horizon is the investment adviser to the Fund and Mr. Stahl and Mr. Sites are “interested persons” of the Fund as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act by virtue of being officers and directors of Horizon, officers of Horizon Kinetics, and in Mr. Stahl’s case, a director and beneficial owner of outstanding securities of Horizon Kinetics.
(3) The term “Fund Complex” means all 1940-Act-registered investment funds, or separate portfolios of such a fund, which share a common investment adviser (or have investment advisers that are affiliated persons) or which hold themselves out to investors as related companies for purposes of investment and investment services. The Fund is not currently grouped into a Fund Complex with any other such funds.

 

Code of Ethics

 

The Fund and Horizon have adopted a Code of Ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act applicable to all of their respective officers and employees. The Code of Ethics restricts the securities investment activities of the Fund’s personnel, but does permit investment in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund under certain limited circumstances. The Code of Ethics may be reviewed and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C., and information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-202-551-8090. In addition, the Code of Ethics is available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s Internet site at www.sec.gov. A copy of this Code of Ethics may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following e-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov or by writing the SEC’s Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102. We have also made the Code of Ethics available on our website at www.rencapital.com and will post any amendments on our website as soon as practicable after adoption by the Board.

 

Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures

The Fund has delegated its proxy voting responsibility to RENN Fund, Inc. The Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures of the Fund are set forth below. (The guidelines are reviewed periodically by RENN Fund, Inc. and the Fund’s independent directors, and, accordingly, are subject to change. For purposes of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures described below, “we” “our” and “us” refers to RENN Fund, Inc.).

 

Introduction

 

“As an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act, we have a fiduciary duty to act solely in the best interests of our clients. As part of this duty, we recognize that we must vote client securities in a timely manner free of conflicts of interest and in the best interests of our clients.

 

“These policies and procedures for voting proxies for our investment advisory clients are intended to comply with Section 206 of, and Rule 206(4)-6 under, the Advisers Act.

 

 

 

Proxy Policy

 

“We vote proxies relating to our portfolio securities in the best interest of our clients’ shareholders. We review on a case-by-case basis each proposal submitted to a shareholder vote to determine its impact on the portfolio securities held by our clients. Although we generally vote against proposals that may have a negative impact on our clients’ portfolio securities, we may vote for such a proposal if there exists compelling long-term reasons to do so.

 

“Our proxy voting decisions are made by the senior officers who are responsible for monitoring each of clients’ investments. To ensure that our vote is not the product of a conflict of interest, we require that: (i) anyone involved in the decision making process disclose to our Chief Compliance Officer any potential conflict that he or she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party regarding a proxy vote; and (ii) employees involved in the decision-making process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how we intend to vote on a proposal in order to reduce any attempted influence from interested parties.”

 

Proxy Voting Records

 

The Fund’s record of proxy voting regarding portfolio securities is presented each year for the 12-month period ended June 30. It is filed with the SEC on Form N-PX and is available by calling collect (646) 291-2300 and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

 

Control Persons and Principal Holders of Securities

 

To the best of management’s knowledge, there are no “control persons” of the Fund (defined as having beneficial ownership, directly or through one or more controlled companies, of more than 25% of the voting securities of the Fund, or having been acknowledged or asserted as such by the controlling or controlled party, or adjudicated as such).

 

The following table sets forth certain information known to the Fund with respect to beneficial ownership of the Fund’s common stock as of July 31, 2018, for: (i) all persons who are beneficial owners of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of the Fund’s common stock; (ii) each Director and nominee for Director of the Fund; and (iii) all executive officers and Directors of the Fund as a group. The Fund has no officers other than the individuals named in the table below.

 

N ame of Beneficial Owners (1) Number of Shares Beneficially Owned Directly or Indirectly Percent of Class
Russell Cleveland, Director (2) 359,618 (3) 8.06%
Murray Stahl, Director, President, Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and CFO 4,299 (4) 0.10%
Eric Sites, Director 2,000 0.04%
Alice C. Brennan, Director 0 0%
Herbert M. Chain, Director 0 0%
All Directors and Executive Officers as a group (5 persons) (1) 365,917 8.2%

 

(1) The address of all persons named in the table other than Mr. Cleveland is c/o Horizon Asset Management LLC, 470 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10016. Mr. Cleveland’s address is c/o RENN Capital Group, Inc., 11520 North Central Expressway, Suite 162, Dallas, Texas 75243.
(2) Mr. Cleveland is an “interested person” of the Fund as defined by Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act by virtue of being a limited partner in the Cleveland Family Limited Partnership, which owns more than 5% of the Fund’s securities.
(3) All shares are owned by the Cleveland Family Limited Partnership, of which Mr. Cleveland is the managing partner and also a limited partner.
(4) These shares are held by an account for which Mr. Stahl serves as managing member and in which he, along with other shareholders of Horizon Kinetics, owns an interest.

       

 

 

None of the above individuals beneficially owns equity securities in registered investment companies within the same Family of Investment Companies as the Fund. A “Family of Investment Companies” is two or more registered investment companies that share the same investment adviser and hold themselves out to investors as related companies for purposes of investment and investment services. The Fund is not currently grouped with any such companies. None of the above individuals directly or indirectly owns beneficially or of record any class of securities of any entity controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Adviser, other than as disclosed above regarding the Fund.

 

Investment Advisory and Other Services

 

Investment Adviser

 

As described in Item 9 of Part A, Horizon provides investment advisory services to the Fund pursuant to an Investment Advisory Agreement between the Fund and Horizon. Murray Stahl, the Fund’s President and Chief Executive Officer, owns .10% of RENN Fund, Inc.


RENN Fund, Inc. is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is subject to the reporting and other requirements of that Act. Neither RENN Fund, Inc. nor its affiliates are prohibited from engaging in activities outside the Fund’s business. RENN Fund, Inc. and its officers and employees devote such time to the Fund’s business as is necessary for the conduct of its operations. The Advisory Agreement is reviewed and approved annually by the Fund’s Board of Directors, including its independent directors and a summary of the factors considered in approving the Advisory Agreement is included in the Fund’s Report to Shareholders mailed after the holding of the Annual Shareholders Meeting each year.

 

Pursuant to the Advisory Agreement, Horizon is paid no management fee on net assets less than $25 million; Horizon’s fee is 1.0% on net assets above $25 million. The Fund paid management fees to the previous investment manager of $58,138 in 2017, $111,996 in 2016, and $134,221 in 2015.

 

Horizon is primarily responsible for the selection, evaluation, structure, valuation and administration of the Fund’s investment portfolios. The Advisory Agreement provides that Horizon will provide investment management to the Fund in accordance with its investment objectives and policies and will, further, provide certain administrative services. Such management and administrative services include, but are not limited to: providing advice with respect to the business and affairs of the Fund; keeping the books and records of the Fund; and arranging and liaising with third party service providers, including custodians, accountants, underwriters, insurance companies and depositories.

 

The Fund has no employees, but instead has contracted Horizon pursuant to the Advisory Agreement to provide all management and operating activities. As of July 31, 2018, Horizon had eight employees engaged in performing the research and management functions of the Fund.

 

Custodian

UMB Bank, N.A., 928 Grand Blvd. Kansas City, MO 64106, is the custodian of the Fund and maintains custody of the securities and cash of the Fund.

 

Independent Public Accountant

Tait, Weller & Baker LLP is the independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund and will audit the Fund’s financial statements. Tait, Weller & Baker LLP is located at 1818 Market Street, Suite 2400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.

 

 

 

Portfolio Managers

 

Portfolio Managers’ Other Accounts Managed

 

Murray Stahl acts as portfolio manager for the RENN Fund, Inc. (RCG). As of July 31, 2018, Renn Fund, Inc., had net assets of approximately $6.7 million.

 

Mr. Stahl is the co-founder and Chief Investment Strategist for Horizon Asset Management LLC, the Investment Adviser to the Fund and a wholly owned subsidiary of Horizon Kinetics LLC. He is compensated by an annual salary and distributions as an owner of Horizon Kinetics LLC. The Fund does not have an incentive fee arrangement. In addition to the Fund and as of June 30, 2018, Mr. Stahl, through Horizon and its affiliated investment managers, is responsible for the oversight and management of 10 other registered investment companies with assets of $1.74 billion, 19 other pooled investment vehicles with assets of $562 million, 961 other accounts with assets of $1.69 billion, and 18 pooled investment vehicles and accounts for which an advisory fee is based on performance with assets of $502 million.

 

Mr. Stahl is the only Portfolio Manager for the Fund, and the value of his ownership was between $0 and $10,000 as of July 31, 2018.

 

Portfolio Managers’ Compensation Structure

 

The Portfolio Managers for the Fund are compensated solely from the payroll of the Fund’s Investment Adviser. The management fee under the Investment Advisory Agreement with the Fund is intended to cover the Adviser’s payroll expenses attributable to its Portfolio Managers’ time spent on Fund investments. A base salary, with a contribution to a SIMPLE-IRA plan is accorded to each Portfolio Manager, and there are no other structured compensation arrangements. Out of fees received from the Fund and the Investment Adviser’s other investment clients, the Investment Adviser may make ad hoc bonus payments to various members of its staff, the amount and frequency of which is solely at the discretion of the President of the Investment Adviser. Performance thresholds, if any, for each client of the Investment Adviser, are set for the Investment Adviser as a whole, not for each Portfolio Manager.

 

Portfolio Managers’ Ownership in the Registrant

Murray Stahl has ownership in securities of the Fund, the value of whose ownership is less than $10,000.00 determined as of July 31, 2018.

 

Brokerage Allocation and Other Practices

 

The Fund will participate in private placements and will make open market purchases. For private placements, issuers generally pay commissions to investment bankers/brokers from the proceeds of the private placements. Thus, the Fund generally does not pay commissions on private placements. For open market purchases, the Fund may utilize various brokers. The Fund will seek best price and execution, but in allocating trades to the various brokers, the Fund will consider the research it receives from the various brokers it uses. In some cases, the Fund may pay up for research. The types of research which would be a factor in deciding which broker to use are macro-economic research, company-specific research, industry-specific research, or country-specific research. No services other than brokerage or research are factors in the selection of brokers. The Portfolio Managers are authorized to pay to a broker a commission that is larger than another because of the value of the brokerage or research services. The research services furnished by brokers may also be used by the Investment Adviser in servicing its other clients, but such clients will bear their pro rata share of any costs for such services.

 

No commissions have been paid to any broker that is an affiliated person of the Registrant, or an affiliated person of an affiliated person of the Registrant or the underwriter.

 

 

 

Taxes

The following is only a summary of certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that is intended to supplement the discussion contained in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors with specific reference to their own tax situations, including their state, local, and foreign tax liabilities.

 

The following general discussion of certain federal income tax consequences is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and the regulations issued thereunder as in effect on the date of this SAI. New legislation, as well as administrative changes or court decisions, may significantly change the conclusions expressed herein, and may have a retroactive effect with respect to the transactions contemplated herein.

 

The recently enacted tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations, generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Many of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and would apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026. There are only minor changes with respect to the specific rules only applicable to a regulated investment company (“RIC”), such as the Fund. The Tax Act, however, makes numerous other changes to the tax rules that may affect shareholders and the Fund. You are urged to consult with your own tax advisor regarding how the Tax Act affects your investment in the Fund.

 

Qualification as a Regulated Investment Company . The Fund intends to qualify and elects to be treated as a RIC. By following such a policy, the Fund expects to eliminate or reduce to a nominal amount the federal taxes to which it may be subject. If the Fund qualifies as a RIC, it will generally not be subject to federal income taxes on the net investment income and net realized capital gains that it timely distributes to its shareholders. The Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a RIC if it determines such course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.

 

In order to qualify as a RIC under the Code, the Fund must distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of its net investment income (which, includes dividends, taxable interest, and the excess of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses, less operating expenses) and at least 90% of its net tax exempt interest income, for each tax year, if any (the “Distribution Requirement”) and also must meet certain additional requirements. Among these requirements are the following: (i) at least 90% of the Fund’s gross income each taxable year must be derived from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (the “Qualifying Income Test”); and (ii) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year: (A) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, including the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership, and (B) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer or the securities (other than the securities of another RIC) of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (the “Asset Test”).

 

Although the Fund intends to distribute substantially all of its net investment income and may distribute its capital gains for any taxable year, the Fund will be subject to federal income taxation to the extent any such income or gains are not distributed.

 

If the Fund fails to satisfy the Qualifying Income or Asset Tests in any taxable year, the Fund may be eligible for relief provisions if the failures are due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. Additionally, relief is provided for certain de minimis failures of the diversification requirements where the Fund corrects the failure within a specified period. If the Fund fails to maintain qualification as a RIC for a tax year, and the relief provisions are not available, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates (which the Tax Act reduced to 21%) without any deduction for distributions to shareholders. In such case, its shareholders would be taxed as if they received ordinary dividends, although corporate shareholders could be eligible for the dividends received deduction (subject to certain limitations) and individuals may be able to benefit from the lower tax rates available to qualified dividend income. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC.

 

 

 

The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in characterizing Fund distributions for any calendar year. A “qualified late year loss” generally includes net capital loss, net long-term capital loss, or net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (commonly referred to as “post-October losses”) and certain other late-year losses.

 

The treatment of capital loss carryovers for the Fund is similar to the rules that apply to capital loss carryovers of individuals, which provide that such losses are carried over indefinitely. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains), for a taxable year beginning after December 22, 2010 (a “Post-2010 Loss”), the excess of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. The Fund’s unused capital loss carryforwards that arose in taxable years that began on or before December 22, 2010 (“Pre-2011 Losses”) are available to be applied against future capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund prior to the expiration of those carryforwards, generally eight years after the year in which they arose. The Fund’s Post-2010 Losses must be fully utilized before the Fund will be permitted to utilize carryforwards of Pre-2011 Losses. In addition, the carryover of capital losses may be limited under the general loss limitation rules if the Fund experiences an ownership change as defined in the Code.

 

Federal Excise Tax . Notwithstanding the Distribution Requirement described above, which generally requires the Fund to distribute at least 90% of its annual investment company taxable income and the excess of its exempt interest income (but does not require any minimum distribution of net capital gain), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% federal excise tax to the extent it fails to distribute, by the end of the calendar year at least 98% of its ordinary income and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (the excess of short- and long-term capital gains over short- and long-term capital losses) for the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year (including any retained amount from the prior calendar year on which the Fund paid no federal income tax). The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal excise tax, but can make no assurances that such tax will be completely eliminated. The Fund may in certain circumstances be required to liquidate Fund investments in order to make sufficient distributions to avoid federal excise tax liability at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so, and liquidation of investments in such circumstances may affect the ability of the Fund to satisfy the requirement for qualification as a RIC.

 

Distributions to Shareholders . The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on investments. This income, plus net short-term capital gains, if any, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. Any distributions by the Fund from such income will be taxable to you as ordinary income or at the lower capital gains rates that apply to individuals receiving qualified dividend income, whether you take them in cash or in additional shares.

 

Distributions by the Fund are currently eligible for the reduced maximum tax rate to individuals of 20% (lower rates apply to individuals in lower tax brackets) to the extent that the Fund receives qualified dividend income on the securities it holds and the Fund reports the distributions as qualified dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain foreign corporations (e.g., foreign corporations incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain countries with a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States). A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that: (i) the shareholder has not held the shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period that begins on the date that is 60 days before the date on which the shares become “ex-dividend” (which is the day on which declared distributions (dividends or capital gains) are deducted from the Fund’s assets before it calculates the net asset value) with respect to such dividend, (ii) the Fund has not satisfied similar holding period requirements with respect to the securities it holds that paid the dividends distributed to the shareholder), (iii) the shareholder is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to substantially similar or related property, or (iv) the shareholder elects to treat such dividend as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B) of the Code. Therefore, if you lend your shares in the Fund, such as pursuant to a securities lending arrangement, you may lose the ability to treat dividends (paid while the shares are held by the borrower) as qualified dividend income. Distributions that the Fund receives from an exchange traded fund (“ETF”) or an underlying fund taxable as a RIC will be treated as qualified dividend income only to the extent so reported by such ETF or underlying fund.

 

 

 

Distributions by the Fund of its net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary income. Capital gain distributions consisting of the Fund’s net capital gains will be taxable as long-term capital gains for individual shareholders currently set at a maximum rate of 20% regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund.

 

To the extent that the Fund makes a distribution of income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends (a “substitute payment”) with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction, such income will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders.

 

If the Fund’s distributions exceed its taxable income and capital gains realized during a taxable year, all or a portion of the distributions made in the same taxable year may be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders. A return of capital distribution will generally not be taxable, but will reduce each shareholder’s cost basis in the Fund and result in a higher reported capital gain or lower reported capital loss when those shares on which the distribution was received are sold.

 

A dividend or distribution received shortly after the purchase of shares reduces the net asset value of the shares by the amount of the dividend or distribution and, although in effect a return of capital, will be taxable to the shareholder. If the net asset value of shares were reduced below the shareholder’s cost by dividends or distributions representing gains realized on sales of securities, such dividends or distributions would be a return of investment though taxable to the shareholder in the same manner as other dividends or distributions.

 

The Fund (or its administrative agent) will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income dividends, qualified dividend income and capital gain distributions, if any, and will advise you of their tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the close of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Fund may designate and distribute to you, as ordinary income, qualified dividend income or capital gain, a percentage of income that is not equal to the actual amount of such income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund.

 

Dividends declared to shareholders of record in October, November or December and actually paid in January of the following year will be treated as having been received by shareholders on December 31 of the calendar year in which declared. Under this rule, therefore, a shareholder may be taxed in one year on dividends or distributions actually received in January of the following year.

 

Sales, Exchanges or Redemptions . Any gain or loss recognized on a sale, exchange or redemption of shares of the Fund by a shareholder who is not a dealer in securities will generally, for individual shareholders, be treated as a long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than twelve months and otherwise will be treated as a short-term capital gain or loss. However, if shares on which a shareholder has received a net capital gain distribution are subsequently sold, exchanged or redeemed and such shares have been held for six months or less, any loss recognized will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the net capital gain distribution. In addition, the loss realized on a sale or other disposition of shares will be disallowed to the extent a shareholder repurchases (or enters into a contract to or option to repurchase) shares within a period of 61 days (beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares). This loss disallowance rule will apply to shares received through the reinvestment of dividends during the 61-day period. For tax purposes, an exchange of your Fund shares for shares of a different fund is the same as a sale.

 

 

 

U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly) are subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on their “net investment income,” including interest, dividends, and capital gains (including any capital gains realized on the sale or exchange of shares of the Fund).

 

The Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and furnish to Fund shareholders the cost basis information for purchases of Fund shares. In addition to the requirement to report the gross proceeds from the sale of Fund shares, the Fund is also required to report the cost basis information for such shares and indicate whether these shares had a short-term or long-term holding period. For each sale of Fund shares, the Fund will permit shareholders to elect from among several IRS-accepted cost basis methods, including the average basis method. In the absence of an election, the Fund will use the default cost basis method which has been communicated to you. The cost basis method elected by the Fund shareholder (or the cost basis method applied by default) for each sale of Fund shares may not be changed after the settlement date of each such sale of Fund shares. Fund shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the best IRS-accepted cost basis method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how cost basis reporting applies to them. Shareholders also should carefully review the cost basis information provided to them and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns.

 

Tax Treatment of Complex Securities . The Fund may invest in complex securities and these investments may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the Fund’s ability to qualify as a RIC, affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary income or capital gain, accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund and/or defer the Fund’s ability to recognize losses, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain of its foreign securities. In turn, these rules may affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.

 

Certain derivative investment by the Fund, such as exchange-traded products and over-the-counter derivatives, may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the “Qualifying Income Test” described above, which must be met in order for the Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition, the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative investments are often unclear for purposes of the “Asset Test” described above. In particular, an investment in the Bitcoin Investment Trust is not expected to be treated as a “security” and could limit the Fund’s ability to satisfy it qualification under the Qualifying Income Test and Asset Test. The Fund intends to carefully monitor such investments to ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to ensure that it is adequately diversified under the Asset Test. The Fund, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying income from these investments and there are no assurances that the IRS will agree with the Fund's determination of the “Asset Test” with respect to such derivatives. Failure of the Asset Test might also result from a determination by the IRS that financial instruments in which the Fund invests are not securities.

 

The Fund is required for federal income tax purposes to mark-to-market and recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on certain futures contracts as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized during the year. Gain or loss from futures and options contracts on broad-based indexes required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, options contracts and swaps to the extent of any unrecognized gains on offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and for avoiding the excise tax discussed above. Accordingly, in order to avoid certain income and excise taxes, the Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time when the Adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do so.

 

With respect to investments in Treasury Receipts and other zero coupon securities which are sold at original issue discount and thus do not make periodic cash interest payments, the Fund will be required to include as part of its current income the imputed interest on such obligations even though the Fund has not received any interest payments on such obligations during that period. Because the Fund intends to distribute all of its net investment income to its shareholders, the Fund may have to sell Fund securities to distribute such imputed income which may occur at a time when the Adviser would not have chosen to sell such securities and which may result in taxable gain or loss.

 

 

 

Any market discount recognized on a bond is taxable as ordinary income. A market discount bond is a bond acquired in the secondary market at a price below redemption value or adjusted issue price if issued with original issue discount. Absent an election by the Fund to include the market discount in income as it accrues, gain on the Fund’s disposition of such an obligation will be treated as ordinary income rather than capital gain to the extent of the accrued market discount.

 

If the Fund owns shares in certain foreign investment entities, referred to as “passive foreign investment companies” or “PFICs,” the Fund will generally be subject to one of the following special tax regimes: (i) the Fund may be liable for U.S. federal income tax, and an additional interest charge, on a portion of any “excess distribution” from such foreign entity or any gain from the disposition of such shares, even if the entire distribution or gain is paid out by the Fund as a dividend to its shareholders; (ii) if the Fund were able and elected to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” or “QEF,” the Fund would be required each year to include in income, and distribute to shareholders in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above, the Fund’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gains of the PFIC, whether or not such earnings or gains are distributed to the Fund; or (iii) the Fund may be entitled to mark-to-market annually shares of the PFIC, and in such event would be required to distribute to shareholders any such mark-to-market gains in accordance with the distribution requirements set forth above. The Fund intends to make the appropriate tax elections, if possible, and take any additional steps that are necessary to mitigate the effect of these rules.

 

Certain Foreign Currency Tax Issues . The Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and forward foreign currency contracts will generally be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e., may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate recognition of income to the Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These provisions also may require the Fund to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause the Fund to recognize income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts necessary to satisfy the Distribution Requirements and for avoiding the excise tax described above. The Fund intends to monitor its transactions, intends to make the appropriate tax elections, and intends to make the appropriate entries in its books and records when it acquires any foreign currency or forward foreign currency contract in order to mitigate the effect of these rules so as to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a RIC and minimize the imposition of income and excise taxes.

 

Foreign Taxes . Dividends and interest received by the Fund may be subject to income, withholding or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield on the Fund’s stocks or securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate these taxes. Foreign countries generally do not impose taxes on capital gains with respect to investments by foreign investors.

 

If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of stocks or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to and intends to file an election with the IRS that may enable shareholders, in effect, to receive either the benefit of a foreign tax credit, or a deduction from such taxes, with respect to any foreign and U.S. possessions income taxes paid by the Fund, subject to certain limitations. Pursuant to the election, the Fund will treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders. Each such shareholder will be required to include a proportionate share of those taxes in gross income as income received from a foreign source and must treat the amount so included as if the shareholder had paid the foreign tax directly. The shareholder may then either deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income or, alternatively, use the foregoing information in calculating any foreign tax credit they may be entitled to use against the shareholders’ federal income tax. If the Fund makes the election, the Fund (or its administrative agent) will report annually to its shareholders the respective amounts per share of the Fund’s income from sources within, and taxes paid to, foreign countries and U.S. possessions.

 

Tax-Exempt Shareholders . Certain tax-exempt shareholders, including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, salary deferral arrangements, 401(k)s, and other tax-exempt entities, generally are exempt from federal income taxation except with respect to their unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”). Under the Tax Act, tax-exempt entities are not permitted to offset losses from one trade or business against the income or gain of another trade or business. Certain net losses incurred prior to January 1, 2018 are permitted to offset gain and income created by an unrelated trade or business, if otherwise available. Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of an investment in the Fund where, for example: (i) the Fund invests in residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (“REMICs”), (ii) the Fund invests in a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) that is a taxable mortgage pool (“TMP”) or a REIT that has a subsidiary that is a TMP or that invests in the residual interest of a REMIC, or (iii) shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of section 514(b) of the Code. Charitable remainder trusts are subject to special rules and should consult their tax advisor. The IRS has issued guidance with respect to these issues and prospective shareholders, especially charitable remainder trusts, are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding these issues.

 

 

 

The Fund’s shares held in a tax-qualified retirement account will generally not be subject to federal taxation on income and capital gains distributions from the Fund until a shareholder begins receiving payments from their retirement account. Because each shareholder’s tax situation is different, shareholders should consult their tax advisor about the tax implications of an investment in the Fund.

 

Backup Withholding . The Fund will be required in certain cases to withhold at a 24% withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury the amount withheld on amounts payable to any shareholder who: (i) has provided the Fund either an incorrect tax identification number or no number at all; (ii) is subject to backup withholding by the IRS for failure to properly report payments of interest or dividends; (iii) has failed to certify to the Fund that such shareholder is not subject to backup withholding; or (iv) has failed to certify to the Fund that the shareholder is a U.S. person (including a resident alien).

 

Non-U.S. Investors . Any non-U.S. investors in the Fund may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are encouraged to consult their tax advisors prior to investing in the Fund. Foreign shareholders (i.e., nonresident alien individuals and foreign corporations, partnerships, trusts and estates) are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or a lower tax treaty rate) on distributions derived from taxable ordinary income. The Fund may, under certain circumstances, report all or a portion of a dividend as an “interest-related dividend” or a “short-term capital gain dividend,” which would generally be exempt from this 30% U.S. withholding tax, provided certain other requirements are met. Short-term capital gain dividends received by a nonresident alien individual who is present in the U.S. for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year are not exempt from this 30% withholding tax. Gains realized by foreign shareholders from the sale or other disposition of shares of the Fund generally are not subject to U.S. taxation, unless the recipient is an individual who is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or more per year. Foreign shareholders who fail to provide an applicable IRS form may be subject to backup withholding on certain payments from the Fund. Backup withholding will not be applied to payments that are subject to the 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) withholding tax described above. Different tax consequences may result if the foreign shareholder is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. In addition, the tax consequences to a foreign shareholder entitled to claim the benefits of a tax treaty may be different than those described above.

 

Under legislation generally known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund is required to withhold 30% of certain ordinary dividends it pays, and, after December 31, 2018, 30% of the gross proceeds of share redemptions and certain capital gain dividends it pays, to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or non-U.S. individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or applicable IRS Form W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as non-U.S. investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the IRS in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify and provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such non-U.S. shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of the agreement.

 

 

 

A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisors in this regard.

 

Tax Shelter Reporting Regulations . Under U.S. Treasury regulations, generally, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC such as the Fund are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

 

State Taxes . Depending upon state and local law, distributions by the Fund to its shareholders and the ownership of such shares may be subject to state and local taxes. Rules of state and local taxation of dividend and capital gains distributions from RICs often differ from the rules for federal income taxation described above.

 

Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding state and local taxes applicable to an investment in the Fund.

 

Financial Statements

 

Part C

 

 

 

PART C

 

OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 25. Financial Statements and Exhibits

 

1. Financial Statements.

 

Contained in Part A:

Financial Highlights of the RENN Fund, Inc. (the “Registrant” or the “Fund”) for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

 

Contained in Part B:

Registrant’s Financial Statements are incorporated in Part B by reference to the Registrant’s December 31, 2017 Annual Report (audited) on Form N-CSR as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) via EDGAR Accession No. 0001398344-18-003872 on March 9, 2018.

 

2. Exhibits.

 

a.1 Restated Articles of Incorporation dated February 23, 1994 are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit a.1 to the Registrant’s Initial Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 811-22299), as filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0000919567-09-000038 on August 20, 2009.

 

a.2 Articles of Amendment, dated May 15, 2009, to the Restated Articles of Incorporation dated February 23, 1994 are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit a.2 to the Registrant’s Initial Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 811-22299), as filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0000919567-09-000038 on August 20, 2009.

 

a.3 Certificate of Amendment to the certificate of formation dated July 2, 2014 is filed herewith.

 

b. ByLaws and amendments thereto, are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit b. to the Registrant’s Initial Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 811-22299), as filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0000919567-09-000038 on August 20, 2009.

 

c. Not applicable.

 

d. Not applicable.

 

e. Dividend Reinvestment Plan dated February 15, 1994 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit e. to the Registrant’s Initial Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File No. 811-22299), as filed with the SEC via EDGAR Accession No. 0000919567-09-000038 on August 20, 2009.

 

f. Not applicable.

 

g. Investment Advisory Agreement dated July 6, 2017 between the Registrant and Horizon Asset Management LLC (the “Adviser”) is filed herewith.

 

1  

 

h. Not applicable.

 

i. Not applicable.

 

j.1 Custody Agreement dated July 6, 2017 between UMB Bank, N.A. and the Registrant (the “Custody Agreement”) is filed herewith.

 

j.2 Amended and Restated Appendix B dated March 15, 2018 to the Custody Agreement is filed herewith.

 

k.1 Administration and Fund Accounting Agreement dated July 6, 2017 between the Registrant and UMB Fund Services, Inc. is filed herewith.

 

k.2 Transfer Agency Agreement dated June 1, 2009 between the Registrant and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company is filed herewith.

 

l. Opinion of counsel, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, to be filed by amendment.

 

m. Not applicable.

 

n. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, Tait, Weller & Baker LLP, is filed herewith.

 

o. Not applicable.

 

p. Not applicable.

 

q. Not applicable.

 

r.1 Code of Ethics of the Registrant is filed herewith.

 

r.2 Code of Ethics of Horizon Kinetics LLC is filed herewith.

 

Item 26. Marketing Arrangements

 

Not applicable.

 

Item 27. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

 

Not applicable.

 

Item 28. Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control

 

The Fund does not consider that it is controlled, directly or indirectly, by any person. The information in the Statement of Additional Information regarding this subject is incorporated herein by reference.

 

Item 29. Number of Holders of Securities

 

As of July 20, 2018:

 

2  

 

Title of Class Number of Record Holders
Common Stock 4,463,946.761

 

Item 30. Indemnification

 

The Fund maintains a liability policy to protect the Fund from acts of the directors and officers of the Fund as they perform their duties as directors and officers, and from acts of the employees of Horizon Asset Management LLC as they perform their administrative duties on behalf of the Fund. The Investment Advisory Agreement provides indemnification to the Adviser and any of its affiliates, to the extent permitted by law, in the event of a suit threatened or filed against the Adviser and affiliates for acts or omissions arising out of their duties on behalf of the Fund. Willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard in the performance of their duties are not covered.

 

Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “1933 Act”) may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the 1933 Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

Item 31. Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser

 

A description of any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature in which the directors and officers of Horizons Asset Management LLC (“Horizons”), the Fund’s investment adviser, who serve as officers or Trustees of the Fund have engaged during the last two years for his or her account or in the capacity of director, officer, employee, partner or trustee appears under “Management” in the Statement of Additional Information. Such information for the remaining senior officers appears below:

 

Name and Position with Horizons Other Business Profession, Vocation or Employment During Past Two Years
Steven Bregman, President President and CFO of FRMO Corporation.
Peter Doyle, Managing Director Vice President of FRMO Corporation.

 

Item 32. Location of Accounts and Records

 

Persons maintaining physical possession of accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Rules promulgated thereunder are as follows:

 

3  

 

Horizon Asset Management LLC (Adviser)

470 Park Avenue South

New York, NY 10016.

 

UMB Fund Services (Administrator, Fund Accounting Agent and Custodian)

235 W. Galena Street

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212-3949

 

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company (Transfer Agent)

6201 15th Avenue

Brooklyn, New York 11219

 

Item 33. Management Services

 

The Fund has no contracts other than with its investment adviser and various service providers.

 

Item 34. Undertakings

 

1. The Registrant undertakes to suspend the offering of common stock until the prospectus is amended if (1) subsequent to the effective date of its registration statement, the net asset value declines more than ten percent from its net asset value as of the effective date of this registration statement or (2) the net asset value increases to an amount greater than its net proceeds as stated in the prospectus.

 

2. Not applicable.

 

3. Not applicable.

 

4. Not applicable.

 

5. The Registrant Undertakes that:

 

(a) For the purpose of determining any liability under the 1933 Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant under Rule 497(h) under the 1933 Act [17 CFR 230.497(h)] shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and

 

(b) For the purpose of determining any liability under the 1933 Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

 

6. The Registrant undertakes to send by first class mail or other means designed to ensure equally prominent delivery within two business days of receipt of a written or oral request the Registrant’s statement of additional information.

 

4  

 

SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, and the State of New York, on the 7 th day of September, 2018.

 

  RENN Fund, Inc.
   
  By: /s/ Jay Kesslan  
  Name: Jay Kesslan
  Title: Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer

 

Signature

 

Title

 

Date

 
           
/s/ Jay Kesslan   Vice President and Chief   September 7, 2018  
Jay Kesslan   Compliance Officer      
           
/s/ Russell Grimaldi   Secretary   September 7, 2018  
Russell Grimaldi          
           
/s/ Hugh Ross   Treasurer   September 7, 2018  
Hugh Ross          
           
/s/ Murray Stahl   Director   September 7, 2018  
Murray Stahl          
           
/s/ Eric Sites   Director   September 7, 2018  
Eric Sites          
           
/s/ Russell Cleveland   Director   September 7, 2018  
Russell Cleveland          
           
/s/ Alice C. Brennan   Director   September 7, 2018  
Alice C. Brennan          
           
/s/ Herbert M. Chain   Director   September 7, 2018  
Herbert M. Chain          

 

5  

 

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Exhibit Index

 

EX-99.A.3 Certificate of Amendment to the certificate of formation dated July 2, 2014

 

EX-99.G. Investment Advisory Agreement dated July 6, 2017 between the Registrant and Horizon Asset Management LLC

 

EX-99.J.1 Custody Agreement dated July 6, 2017 between UMB Bank, N.A. and the Registrant

 

EX-99.J.2 Amended and Restated Appendix B dated March 15, 2018 to the Custody Agreement

 

EX-99.K.1 Administration and Fund Accounting Agreement dated July 6, 2017 between the Registrant and UMB Fund Services, Inc.

 

EX-99.K.2 Transfer Agency Agreement dated June 1, 2009 between the Registrant and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company

 

EX-99.N. Consent of independent registered public accounting firm, Tait, Weller & Baker LLP

 

EX-99.R.1 Code of Ethics of the Registrant

 

EX-99.R.2 Code of Ethics of Horizon Kinetics LLC

 

6  

 

 

 

 

Corporations Section
P.O.Box 13697
Austin, Texas 78711-3697
  (LOGO) Nandita Berry
Secretary of State

 

Office of the Secretary of State

 

July 07, 2014

 

Attn: Lynne Marie Simon


RENN Capital Group, Inc.
8080 N Central Exprwy, Suite 210 LB-59
Dallas, TX 75206 USA

 

----

RE: RENN Fund, Inc.
File Number: 129856500

 

It has been our pleasure to file the Certificate of Amendment for the referenced entity. Enclosed is the certificate evidencing filing. Payment of the filing fee is acknowledged by this letter.

 

If we may be of further service at any time, please let us know.

 

Sincerely,

 

Corporations Section
Business & Public Filings Division
(512) 463-5555

 

Enclosure

 

  Come visit us on the internet at http://www.sos.state.tx.us/  
Phone: (512) 463-5555 Fax: (512) 463-5709 Dial: 7-1-1 for Relay Services
Prepared by: William Johnson TID: 10323 Document: 551612980002
 
 
Corporations Section
P.O.Box 13697
Austin, Texas 78711-3697
  Nandita Berry
Secretary of State

 

Office of the Secretary of State

 

CERTIFICATE OF FILING
OF

 

RENN Fund, Inc.
129856500

 

[formerly: RENN Global Entrepreneurs Fund, Inc.]

 

The undersigned, as Secretary of State of Texas, hereby certifies that a Certificate of Amendment for the above named entity has been received in this office and has been found to conform to the applicable provisions of law.

 

ACCORDINGLY, the undersigned, as Secretary of State, and by virtue of the authority vested in the secretary by law, hereby issues this certificate evidencing filing effective on the date shown below.

 

Dated: 07/02/2014

 

Effective: 07/02/2014

 

(LOGO)  

 

Nandita Berry
Secretary of State

 

 

  Come visit us on the internet at http://www.sos.state.tx.us/  
Phone: (512) 463-5555 Fax: (512) 463-5709 Dial: 7-1-1 for Relay Services
Prepared by: William Johnson TID: 10303 Document: 551612980002
 
 

Form 424
(Revised 05/11)

 
Submit in duplicate to:
Secretary of State
P.O. Box 13697
Austin, TX 78711-3697
512 463-5555
FAX: 512/463-5709
Filing Fee: See instructions

 

 Certificate of Amendment 

This space reserved for office use.

 

FILED
In the Office of the
Secretary of State of Texas
JUL 02 2014

 

Corporations Section 

 

Entity Information

 

The name of the filing entity is:

 

RENN Global Entrepreneurs Fund, Inc.

 

State the name of the entity as currently shown in the records of the secretary of state. If the amendment changes the name of the entity, state the old name and not the new name.

 

The filing entity is a: (select the appropriate entity type below.)

 

[x] For-profit Corporation [  ] Professional Corporation
[  ] Nonprofit Corporation [  ] Professional Limited Liability Company
[  ] Cooperative Association [  ] Professional Association
[  ] Limited Liability Company [  ] Limited Partnership

 

The file number issued to the filing entity by the secretary of state is: 129856500

 

The date of formation of the entity is: January 20, 1994

 

Amendments

 

1. Amended Name  

(If the purpose of the certificate of amendment is to change the name of the entity, use the following statement)

 

The amendment changes the certificate of formation to change the article or provision that names the filing entity. The article or provision is amended to read as follows:

 

The name of the filing entity is: (state the new name of the entity below)

 

RENN Fund, Inc.

 

The name of the entity must contain an organizational designation or accepted abbreviation of such term, as applicable.

 

2. Amended Registered Agent/Registered Office

 

The amendment changes the certificate of formation to change the article or provision stating the name of the registered agent and the registered office address of the filing entity. The article or provision is amended to read as follows: 

Form 424 6  

 

Registered Agent
(Complete either A or B, but not both. Also complete C.)

 

[  ] A. The registered agent is an organization (cannot be entity named above) by the name of:

 

 

 

OR

[  ] B. The registered agent is an individual resident of the state whose name is:

 

 

 

First Name M.I. Last Name Suffix

 

The person executing this instrument affirms that the person designated as the new registered agent has consented to serve as registered agent.

 

C. The business address of the registered agent and the registered office address is:

 

    TX  
Street Address (No P.O. Box) City State Zip Code

 

3. Other Added, Altered, or Deleted Provisions

 

Other changes or additions to the certificate of formation may be made in the space provided below. If the space provided is insufficient, incorporate the additional text by providing an attachment to this form. Please read the instructions to this form for further information on format.

 

Text Area (The attached addendum, if any, is incorporated herein by reference.)

 

[  ] Add each of the following provisions to the certificate of formation. The identification or reference of the added provision and the full text are as follows:
 
 
 
 

  

[  ] Alter each of the following provisions of the certificate of formation. The identification or reference of the altered provision and the full text of the provision as amended are as follows:
 
 
 
 

  

[  ] Delete each of the provisions identified below from the certificate of formation.
 
 
 
 

  

Statement of Approval

 

The amendments to the certificate of formation have been approved in the manner required by the Texas Business Organizations Code and by the governing documents of the entity. 

Form 424 7  

 

Effectiveness of Filing (Select either A, B, or C.)

 

A. [x] This document becomes effective when the document is filed by the secretary of state.

B. [  ] This document becomes effective at a later date, which is not more than ninety (90) days from the date of signing. The delayed effective date is: _____________________________

C. [  ] This document takes effect upon the occurrence of a future event or fact, other than the passage of time. The 90 th day after the date of signing is:_____________________________

The following event or fact will cause the document to take effect in the manner described below: 

 
 
 

 

Execution

 

The undersigned signs this document subject to the penalties imposed by law for the submission of a materially false or fraudulent instrument and certifies under penalty of perjury that the undersigned is authorized under the provisions of law governing the entity to execute the filing instrument.

 

Date: June 24, 2014      
    By:  
       

 

 

        Signature of authorized person
         
        Russell Cleveland, President and Chief Executive Officer
        Printed or typed name of authorized person (see instructions)

 

Form 424 8  

 

INVESTMENT ADVISORY AGREEMENT

 

This INVESTMENT ADVISORY AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) in entered into as of the 6 th day of July 2017, by and between RENN Fund, Inc., a Texas corporation (the “Company), and Horizon Asset Management LLC, a New York limited liability company (the “Adviser”).

 

WHEREAS, the Company operates, and will continue to operate, as a registered, non-diversified, closed-end investment company (a “RIC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and is engaged and will continue to engage in the business of making investments consistent with its operation as a RIC qualified for tax treatment under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;

 

WHEREAS, the Adviser is engaged in the business of rendering investment advisory, management and administrative services with respect to investments of the type made by the Fund; and

 

WHEREAS, the Fund deems it advisable to retain the Adviser to render certain investment advisory, management and administrative services to the Fund, and the Adviser desires to provide such services to the Fund, on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement;

 

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements set forth herein and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereby agree as follows:

 

1. Investment Description; Appointment

 

The Company desires to employ its capital by investing and reinvesting in investments of the kind and in accordance with the limitations specified in its Articles of Incorporation, as amended, and in the Company's most recent prospectus as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or in such other, more recent SEC filing as may properly set forth such information from time to time, and in such manner and to such extent as may from time to time be approved by the Board of Directors of the Company. Copies of the appropriate SEC filing and the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended, have been or will be submitted to the Adviser. The Company agrees to provide copies of all amendments to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation and all new or amended SEC filings containing the Company’s investment objectives and limitations to the Adviser on an ongoing basis. The Company desires to employ and hereby appoints the Adviser to act as investment adviser to the Company. The Adviser accepts the appointment and agrees to furnish the services described herein for the compensation set forth below.

 

2. Services as Investment Adviser

 

Subject to the supervision and direction of the Board of Directors of the Company, the Adviser will (a) act in accordance with the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, all applicable SEC rules and regulations and any other applicable provisions of law, as the same may from time to time be amended, (b) use its best efforts to increase the value of the Company’s assets by causing such assets to be invested in such securities as the Adviser in its discretion shall deem advisable in accordance with the Company’s investment objectives and policies as stated in the Company’s Articles of Incorporation and the appropriate SEC filing as from time to time in effect, (c) make investment decisions and exercise voting rights in respect of portfolio securities for the Company, and (d) place purchase and sale orders on behalf of the Company. In providing these services, the Adviser will provide investment research and supervision of the Company’s investments and conduct a continual program of investment, evaluation and, if appropriate, sale and reinvestment of the Company’s assets. The Adviser shall allocate such personnel and devote such efforts as are necessary for it to carry out its duties under this Agreement. In addition, the Adviser will furnish the Company with whatever statistical information the Company may reasonably request with respect to the securities that the Company may hold or contemplate purchasing. The Company acknowledges that the Adviser does not guarantee the investment performance of any particular securities selected by the Adviser for the investment of the Company’s assets.

 

 

3. Provision of Management and Administrative Services.

The Adviser shall provide, or arrange for suitable third parties to provide, any and all management and administrative services reasonably necessary for the operation of the Company and the conduct of its business. The Adviser will act in good faith in the selection, use and monitoring of third parties to perform any services, and any delegation to or appointment of a third party shall not relieve the Adviser of any of its obligations under this Agreement. Without limiting any other provision of this Agreement, such management and administrative services shall include, but not be limited to, the following services:

 

(i) Providing such office space, equipment, facilities and supplies, and the services of such clerical and other personnel of the Adviser, as may be necessary or required for the reasonable conduct of the business of the Company;

 

(ii) Keeping and maintaining the books and records of the Company and handling communications and correspondence with shareholders of the Company;

 

(iii) Preparing management and other reports and documents as may be necessary or appropriate for the reasonable conduct of the business of the Company;

 

(iv) Making such arrangements as may be necessary or appropriate for the custody, deposit and safekeeping of the Company’s investment securities, cash and other assets; provided, that such custody, deposit and safekeeping of securities shall be an expense borne by the Company;

 

Page 2

 

(v) Making such arrangements and handling such communications with accountants, attorneys, banks, transfer agents, custodians, underwriters, insurance companies, depositories and other persons as may from time to time be requested by the Company or as may be reasonably necessary to perform any of the other services to be rendered by the Adviser under this Agreement;

 

(vi) Providing such other managerial and administrative services as may be reasonably requested by the Company to identify, evaluate, structure, monitor, acquire and dispose of Company investments;

 

(vii) Providing such other advice and recommendations with respect to the business and affairs of the Company as the Adviser shall deem to be desirable or appropriate; and

 

(viii) Providing, as may be appropriate or necessary, from time to time, a director designee or advisory director to the Company’s portfolio companies and making arrangements for the provision, at such costs as are reasonable and appropriate and for the benefit of the Company, of such other management assistance to portfolio companies as may be appropriate or necessary, in each case consistent with the applicable requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.

 

4.  Brokerage

 

In executing transactions for the Company and selecting brokers or dealers, the Adviser will use its best efforts to seek the best overall terms available. In assessing the best overall terms available for any Company transaction, the Adviser will consider all factors it deems relevant including, but not limited to, breadth of the market in the security, the price of the security, the financial condition and execution capability of the broker or dealer, including the expected contribution of the broker or dealer and the reasonableness of any commission for the specific transaction and on a continuing basis. The price to the Company in any transaction may be less favorable than that available from another broker or dealer if the difference is reasonably justified by other aspects of the execution services offered, provided that such transaction is effected in compliance with Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 with a broker or dealer that is not affiliated with the Adviser and that the Adviser determines in good faith and in accordance with the Standard of Care (as defined in Section 9 below) that the commission paid is reasonable in relation to the benefits of the transaction received by the Company. In selecting brokers or dealers to execute a particular transaction and in evaluating the best overall terms available, the Adviser may consider the brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) provided to the Company and/or other accounts over which the Adviser or an affiliate exercises investment discretion. Concurrently with the execution of this Agreement, the Adviser has provided a copy of its “soft dollar” policy to the Company and will provide to the Company copies of all updates, amendments and supplements to such policy on an ongoing basis. Concurrently with the execution of this Agreement and annually thereafter the Adviser will provide a written description to the Company of all “soft dollar” arrangements, including the amount paid for each service and the portion of the Company’s commissions directed to pay for such service, together with a statement that all such arrangements are in compliance with Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 

Page 3

 

On occasions when the Adviser deems the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interest of the Company as well as of other clients, the Adviser to the extent permitted by applicable law and regulations, may aggregate the securities to be so purchased or sold in order to obtain the most favorable price or lower brokerage commissions and the most efficient execution. In such event, allocation of the securities so purchased or sold, as well as the expenses incurred in the transaction, will be made by the Adviser in the manner it considers to be the most equitable and consistent with its fiduciary obligations to the Company and such other clients.

 

5.  Confidentiality of Information

 

The Adviser will treat confidentially and as proprietary information of the Company all records and other information relative to the Company and the Company’s prior, current or potential shareholders, and will not use such records and information for any purpose other than performance of its responsibilities and duties hereunder, except after prior notification to and approval in writing by the Company, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld and may not be withheld where the Adviser may be exposed to civil or criminal contempt proceedings for failure to comply, when requested to divulge such information by duly constituted authorities, or when so requested by the Company.

 

6.  Proxy Voting

 

The Adviser will have the responsibility to vote proxies solicited with respect to issuers of securities in which assets of the Company are invested in accordance with the Adviser’s policies on proxy voting. The Adviser has provided a copy of its proxy voting policies to the Company and will provide to the Company copies of all updates, amendments and supplements to such policies on an ongoing basis.

 

7.  Information Provided to the Company

 

The Adviser will keep the Company informed of developments materially affecting the Company, and will, on its own initiative, furnish the Company from time to time with whatever information the Adviser believes is appropriate for this purpose. The Adviser will furnish the Company with whatever information, reports, valuations, analyses and opinions the Board of Directors of the Company may reasonably request. Without limiting the foregoing, the Adviser shall provide the Company annually with copies of its Form ADV, Part 1, Part 2A Firm Brochure and Part 2B Brochure Supplement, and the Adviser shall notify the Company in writing within three business days of any of the following:

 

Page 4

 

(i) There is any material change in the Adviser’s senior personnel assigned to perform services under this Agreement;

 

(ii) There is any change in control of the Adviser;

 

(iii) The Adviser becomes aware of any material change in its portfolio management structure or its business organization, including without limitation the filing for bankruptcy relief;

 

(iv) The Adviser ceases to be registered as an investment advisor with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 or such registration is suspended; or

 

(v) Any investigation, examination, complaint, lawsuit, disciplinary action or other proceeding by or against the Adviser or any of its employees affecting the Adviser’s ability to perform its duties under this Agreement is commenced by the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), any Attorney General or any regulatory agency of any state of the United States, any U.S. Government department or agency, or any governmental agency regulating securities of any country in which the Adviser is doing business (and the Adviser represents that no such proceeding is currently pending or, to its knowledge, threatened or contemplated). The Adviser will make the disclosure required by this paragraph (v) to the extent permitted by applicable law, and except as otherwise required by applicable law, the Company shall maintain the confidentiality of all such information until the investigating entity makes the information public.

 

8.  Books and Records

 

The Adviser agrees to preserve for the periods prescribed by Rule 3la-2 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 the records required to be maintained by a registered investment company pursuant to Rule 3la-1 thereunder. The Adviser and the Company agree, in compliance with Rule 3la-3 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, that all records which the Adviser maintains for the Company are the property of the Company and further agrees to surrender promptly to the Company any such records upon the Company’s request.

 

9.  Standard of Care; Indemnification

 

(a)  The Adviser acknowledges that this Agreement places it in a fiduciary relationship with the Company. In discharging its duties and performing its services under this Agreement, the Adviser shall act in good faith and with the care, skill, prudence and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent professional acting in like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims (the “Standard of Care”). The Adviser shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Company in connection with the matters to which this Agreement relates, provided that nothing herein shall be deemed to protect or purport to protect the Adviser against any liability to the Company or its shareholders to which the Adviser would otherwise be subject by reason of (i) willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on its part in the performance of its duties or reckless disregard by it of its obligations and duties under this Agreement, (ii) any breach by it of a fiduciary duty to the Company, (iii) failure by it to perform in accordance with the Standard of Care or any other material breach by it of this Agreement, or (iv) a violation by it of any applicable ethical rules or applicable law, including but not limited to the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and other federal and state securities laws and regulations (collectively, “disabling conduct”). The Company hereby agrees to indemnify the Adviser and each of the Adviser’s partners, officers and employees against, and hold it harmless from, any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses (collectively, “Losses”), including reasonable counsel fees and expenses, arising out of the Adviser’s performance of this Agreement and not resulting from or relating to disabling conduct by the Adviser. The Adviser shall be entitled to reimbursement from the Company for payment of the reasonable expenses as and when incurred by it in connection with the matter as to which it is seeking indemnification in the manner and to the fullest extent permissible under the law. The Adviser shall provide to the Company a written affirmation of its good faith belief that the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the Company has been met and a written undertaking to repay any such expense reimbursement if it should ultimately be determined that such standard of conduct has not been met.

 

Page 5

 

(b)  The Adviser shall indemnify the Company and its officers, directors and trustees for any Losses, including attorneys’ fees, that may be sustained as a result of or relating to any disabling conduct by the Adviser or any Sub-Adviser (as defined in Section 10 below) in connection with this Agreement. Indemnification provided by the Adviser hereunder with respect to the actions of any Sub-Adviser shall be without duplication of any recovery by the Company (or a related indemnified party) for the same Losses from such Sub-Adviser under the indemnification provisions of an applicable Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement (as defined in Section 10 below).

 

(c)  The rights of any indemnified person under this Section 9 shall be cumulative of, and in addition to, any and all other rights and remedies to which such person may otherwise be entitled by contract or as a matter of law or equity.

 

(d)  Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing contained in this Section 9 or any other provision of this Agreement shall constitute a waiver by the Company of any of its legal rights under applicable U.S. securities laws (including but not limited to the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940) or any other laws whose applicability is not permitted to be contractually waived.

 

(e)  The Adviser shall at all times during the term of this Agreement maintain, at the Adviser’s cost, for the benefit of the Company insurance of the types and with minimum coverage limits as are customary in the industry for an investment advisory firm providing services comparable to those provided by the Adviser hereunder, including without limitation general liability insurance, including contractual liability, with a limit of liability of no less than $500,000 per occurrence and no aggregate claim limit; workers' compensation as required by applicable laws covering personnel providing services in connection with this Agreement; and a professional indemnity policy covering the Adviser and its professional personnel providing coverage of no less than $25,000,000 (inclusive of errors and omissions and fiduciary liability coverage).

 

Page 6

 

10.  Compensation

 

(a) In consideration of the services rendered pursuant to this Agreement, the Company will pay the Adviser within five business days after the end of each calendar month, a fee for the previous month computed daily at an annual rate of 1.0% of the Daily Base Amount (defined below); provided, however, that no fee shall be paid on assets less than Twenty-Five Million Dollars ($25,000,000.00). The “Daily Base Amount” for any day is the Company’s net assets in excess of Twenty-Five million Dollars ($25,000,000.00), in each case determined as of the end of each trading day.

 

(b)  Upon any termination of this Agreement before the end of a quarter, the fee for such part of that quarter shall be prorated according to the proportion that such period bears to the full quarterly period and shall be payable upon the date of termination of this Agreement. For the purpose of determining fees payable to the Adviser, the value of the Company’s net assets shall be computed at the times and in the manner specified in the Company’s Registration Statement as from time to time in effect.

 

11.  Expenses

 

The Adviser will bear all expenses in connection with the performance of its services under this Agreement, including compensation of and office space for its officers and employees connected with investment and research, trading and investment management of the Company, except as otherwise may be provided in any separate agreement between the Company and the Adviser, as well as the fees of any directors of the Company who are affiliated with the Adviser, any Sub-Adviser or any of their respective affiliates. The Company will bear certain other expenses to be incurred in its operation, including, but not limited to: organizational expenses; taxes, interest, brokerage costs and commissions and stock exchange fees, including any value added tax; fees of directors of the Company who are not officers, directors, or employees of the Adviser, the Sub-Adviser or any of their affiliates; SEC fees, state Blue Sky qualification or offering fees; charges of custodians, sub-custodians and transfer and dividend disbursing agents; expenses in connection with the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment and Cash Purchase Plan; premiums for insurance policies maintained by the Company; outside auditing, pricing and legal expenses; costs of maintenance of the Company’s existence; costs attributable to investor services, including, without limitation, telephone and personnel expenses; costs of printing stock certificates; costs of shareholders’ reports and meetings of the shareholders of the Company and of the Board of Directors of the Company; membership fees in trade associations; stock exchange listing fees and expenses; litigation and other extraordinary or non-recurring expenses, except to the extent the Adviser is responsible for such expenses under the express terms of this Agreement (including Section 9 and the first sentence of this Section 11).

 

Page 7

 

12.  Services to Other Companies or Accounts

 

The Company understands that the Adviser now acts, will continue to act or may act in the future as investment adviser to other managed accounts or as investment adviser to one or more other investment companies, and the Company has no objection to the Adviser so acting, provided that whenever the Company and one or more other accounts or investment companies advised by the Adviser have available funds for investment, investments suitable and appropriate for each will be allocated in accordance with procedures believed to be equitable to each entity. Similarly, opportunities to sell securities will be allocated in an equitable manner. The Company recognizes that in some cases this procedure may adversely affect the size of the position that may be acquired or disposed of for the Company. In addition, the Company understands that the persons employed by the Adviser to assist in the performance of the Adviser’s duties hereunder will not devote their full time to such service and nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit or restrict the right of the Adviser or any affiliate of the Adviser to engage in and devote time and attention to other businesses or to render services of whatever kind or nature.

 

13.  Term of Agreement

 

This Agreement shall become effective on the later of the date specified in the first paragraph of this Agreement and the date on which this Agreement is approved in accordance with the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and executed by the Adviser and the Company (the “Effective Date”) and shall continue for an initial one-year term and shall continue thereafter so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by (i) the Board of Directors of the Company or (ii) a vote of a “majority” (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the Company’s outstanding voting securities, provided that in either event the continuance is also approved by a majority of the Board of Directors who are not “interested persons” (as defined in said Act) of any party to this Agreement, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. This Agreement is terminable, without penalty, on 60 days’ written notice by the Company authorized by the Board of Directors of the Company or by vote of holders of a majority of the Company’s outstanding shares, or upon 60 days’ written notice by the Adviser. This Agreement will also terminate automatically in the event of its assignment (as defined in said Act). Notwithstanding the foregoing, at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors, all terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement shall continue to apply through a period (the “Transition Period”) following the termination date specified in a notice of termination given by the Company or the Adviser pursuant to this Section 13, or following an automatic termination, during which the Adviser shall continue to serve as the Adviser hereunder at the then-existing compensation level. Such Transition Period shall not exceed three months after the termination date specified in a notice of termination or the date on which this Agreement would otherwise have terminated automatically. During the Transition Period, the Adviser shall perform all services required of it under this Agreement, including those services necessary to complete any pending transactions, and shall cooperate with the Company in good faith to effect an orderly transfer of all services contemplated by this Agreement and all applicable records to a successor investment adviser as expeditiously as possible, and in any event by the end of the Transition Period. The provisions of Sections 5, 8 and 9 shall survive any termination of this Agreement.

 

Page 8

 

14.  Entire Agreement

 

This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto.

 

15.  Governing Law

 

This Agreement shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the state of Texas without giving effect to the conflicts of laws principles thereof.

 

16. Independent Contractor Status

 

The Adviser shall for all purposes herein be deemed to be an independent contractor and shall, unless otherwise expressly provided herein or authorized by the Board of Directors of the Company from time to time, have no authority to act for, bind or represent the Company in any way or otherwise be deemed an agent of the Company. For all purposes, including but not limited to workers’ compensation and unemployment liability, the parties understand and agree that all persons furnishing services pursuant to this Agreement are deemed employees solely of the Adviser and not of the Company.

 

17.  Counterpart s

 

This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same original.

 

18. Notices

 

Any notice under this Agreement shall be in writing to the other party and shall be delivered in person or by facsimile or electronic mail (followed by mailing such notice, express mail postage prepaid, on the day on which such facsimile or electronic mail is sent) to the applicable address set forth below or to such other address as the other party may designate from time to time for the receipt of such notice and shall be deemed to have been given, if by personal delivery, on the day of such delivery, and, if by facsimile and mail or electronic mail and mail, on the date on which such facsimile and confirmatory letter or electronic mail and confirmatory letter are sent.

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties, acting through their duly authorized representatives and intending to be legally bound hereby, have executed and delivered this Agreement to be effective as of the Effective Date.

 

 

Page 9

 

  RENN FUND, INC.  
     
  By: /s/ Murray Stahl  
  Name: Murray Stahl  
  Title: Chairman  
  Date: 7/6/17  
     
  Address for Notices:  
     
     
     
     
  HORIZON ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC  
     
  By: /s/ Jay Kesslen  
  Name: Jay Kesslen  
  Title: General Counsel  
  Date: 7/6/17  
     
  Address for Notices:  
     
     
     

 

 

Page 10

CUSTODY AGREEMENT

 

Dated July 6, 2017

 

Between

 

UMB BANK, N.A.

 

and

 

RENN FUND, INC.

1

 

CUSTODY AGREEMENT

 

This agreement made as of the date first set forth above between UMB Bank, n.a., a national banking association with its principal place of business located in Kansas City, Missouri (hereinafter "Custodian"), and each of the Funds listed on Appendix B hereof, together with such additional Funds which shall be made parties to this Agreement by the execution of Appendix B hereto (individually, a "Fund" and collectively, the "Funds").

 

WITNESSETH :

 

WHEREAS, each Fund is registered as an closed-end interval fund under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“the 1940 Act”); and

 

WHEREAS , each Fund desires to appoint Custodian as its custodian for the custody of Assets (as hereinafter defined) owned by such Fund, which Assets are to be held in such accounts as such Fund may establish from time to time; and

 

WHEREAS , Custodian is willing to accept such appointment on the terms and conditions hereof.

 

NOW, THEREFORE , in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound, mutually covenant and agree as follows:

 

1. APPOINTMENT OF CUSTODIAN .

 

Each Fund hereby constitutes and appoints the Custodian as custodian of Assets belonging to each such Fund which have been or may be from time to time delivered to and accepted by the Custodian. Custodian accepts such appointment as a custodian and agrees to perform the duties and responsibilities of Custodian as set forth herein on the conditions set forth herein. For purposes of this Agreement, the term “Assets” shall include Securities, monies, and other property held by the Custodian for the benefit of a Fund. “Security” or “Securities” shall mean stocks, bonds, rights, warrants, certificates, instruments, obligations and all other negotiable or non-negotiable paper commonly known as Securities which have been or may from time to time be delivered to and accepted by the Custodian.

 

2. INSTRUCTIONS .

 

(a)   An “Instruction,” as used herein, shall mean a request, direction, instruction or certification initiated by a Fund or properly Authorized Person on behalf of the Fund and conforming to the terms of this paragraph. An Instruction may be transmitted to the Custodian by any of the following means:

 

(i) a writing manually signed on behalf of a Fund by an Authorized Person;

 

(ii) a telephonic or other oral communication from a person the Custodian reasonably believes to be an Authorized Person;

 

(iii) a facsimile transmission that the Custodian reasonably believes has been signed or otherwise originated by an Authorized Person;

2

 

(iv) a communication effected through the internet or web-based functionality (including without limitation, emails, data files and other communications) on behalf of a Fund (“Electronic Communication”); or

 

(v) other means reasonably acceptable to both parties.

 

Instructions in the form of oral communications shall be confirmed by the appropriate Fund by either a writing (as set forth in (i) above), a facsimile (as set forth in (iii) above), or an Electronic Communication (as set forth in (iv) above), but the lack of such confirmation shall in no way affect any action taken by the Custodian in reliance upon such oral Instructions prior to the Custodian’s receipt of such confirmation. Each Fund authorizes the Custodian to record any and all telephonic or other oral Instructions communicated to the Custodian. The parties acknowledge and agree that, with respect to Instructions transmitted by facsimile, the Custodian cannot verify that the signature of an Authorized Person has been properly affixed and, with respect to Instructions transmitted by an Electronic Communication, the Custodian cannot verify that the Electronic Communication has been initiated by an Authorized Person; accordingly, the Custodian shall have no liability as a result of actions taken in reliance on unauthorized facsimile or Electronic Communication Instructions. The Custodian recommends that any Instructions transmitted by a Fund via email be done so through a secure system or process.

 

(b) “Special Instructions,” as used herein, shall mean Instructions countersigned or confirmed in writing by the Treasurer or any other officer of a Fund, which countersignature or confirmation shall be on the same instrument containing the Instructions or on a separate instrument relating thereto.

 

(c) Instructions and Special Instructions shall be delivered to the Custodian at the address and/or telephone, facsimile transmission or email address agreed upon from time to time by the Custodian and each Fund.

 

(d) Where appropriate, Instructions and Special Instructions shall be continuing Instructions.

 

(e) An Authorized Person shall be responsible for assuring the accuracy and completeness of Instructions. If the Custodian reasonably determines that an Instruction is unclear or incomplete, the Custodian may notify a Fund of such determination, in which case the Fund shall be responsible for delivering to the Custodian an amended Instruction. The Custodian shall have no obligation to take any action until the Fund re-delivers to the Custodian an Instruction that is clear and complete.

 

(f) The Fund shall be responsible for delivering to the Custodian Instructions or Special Instructions in a timely manner, after considering such factors as the involvement of subcustodians, brokers or agents in a transaction, time zone differences, reasonable industry standards, etc. The Custodian shall have no liability if a Fund delivers Instructions or Special Instructions to the Custodian after any deadline established by the Custodian.

 

(g) By providing Instructions to acquire or hold Foreign Assets (as defined in Rule 17f-5(a)(2) under the 1940 Act), each Fund shall be deemed to have confirmed to the Custodian that the Fund has (i) considered and accepted responsibility for all Sovereign Risks and Country Risks (as hereinafter defined) associated with investing in a particular country or jurisdiction, and (ii) made all determinations and provided to shareholders and other investors all disclosures required of registered investment companies by the 1940 Act.

3

 

3. DELIVERY OF CORPORATE DOCUMENTS .

 

Each of the parties to this Agreement represents that its execution does not violate any of the provisions of its respective charter, articles of incorporation, partnership agreement, declaration of trust, articles of association or bylaws, that all required corporate or organizational action to authorize the execution and delivery of this Agreement has been taken, and that the person signing this Agreement is authorized to bind such party (and, in the case of the Funds, that the person signing this Agreement is authorized to bind each of the Funds listed on Appendix B, as such Appendix may be amended from time to time).

 

Each Fund agrees to provide the Custodian, upon request, documentation regarding the Fund, including, by way of example: certificates of incorporation or trust, by-laws, resolutions, registration statements, W-9s and other tax-related documentation, compliance policies and procedures and other compliance documents, etc.

 

In addition, each Fund has delivered or will promptly deliver to the Custodian, copies of the Resolution(s) of its Board of Directors or Trustees and all amendments or supplements thereto, properly certified or authenticated, designating certain officers or employees of each such Fund who will have continuing authority to certify to the Custodian: (a) the names, titles, signatures and scope of authority of all persons authorized to give Instructions or any other notice, request, direction, instruction, certificate or instrument on behalf of each Fund, and (b) the names, titles and signatures of those persons authorized to countersign or confirm Special Instructions on behalf of each Fund (in both cases collectively, the "Authorized Persons" and individually, an "Authorized Person"). Such Resolutions and certificates, as may be amended from time to time, may be accepted and relied upon by the Custodian as conclusive evidence of the facts set forth therein and shall be considered to be in full force and effect until delivery to the Custodian of a similar Resolution or certificate to the contrary; provided, however, that the Custodian may rely upon any written designation furnished by the Treasurer or other officer of the Fund designating persons authorized to countersign or confirm Special Instructions (as provided in Section 2(b)). Upon delivery of a certificate which deletes or does not include the name(s) of a person previously authorized to give Instructions or to countersign or confirm Special Instructions, such person shall no longer be considered an Authorized Person authorized to give Instructions or to countersign or confirm Special Instructions. Unless the certificate specifically requires that the approval of anyone else will first have been obtained, the Custodian will be under no obligation to inquire into the right of the person giving such Instructions or Special Instructions to do so. Notwithstanding any of the foregoing, no Instructions or Special Instructions received by the Custodian from a Fund will be deemed to authorize or permit any director, trustee, officer, employee, or agent of such Fund to withdraw any of the Assets of such Fund upon the mere receipt of such authorization, Special Instructions or Instructions from such director, trustee, officer, employee or agent.

 

4. POWERS AND DUTIES OF CUSTODIAN AND DOMESTIC SUBCUSTODIAN .

 

Except for Assets held by any Foreign Subcustodian, Special Subcustodian or Eligible Securities Depository appointed pursuant to Sections 5(b), (c), or (f) of this Agreement, the Custodian shall have and perform the powers and duties hereinafter set forth in this Section 4. For purposes of this Section 4 all references to powers and duties of the "Custodian" shall also refer to any Domestic Subcustodian appointed pursuant to Section 5(a).

4

 

(a) Safekeeping .

 

The Custodian will keep safely the Assets of each Fund which are delivered to and accepted by it from time to time and which shall be physically segregated from other securities of the Custodian. The Custodian shall notify a Fund if it is unwilling or unable to accept custody of any asset of such Fund. The Custodian shall not be responsible for any property of a Fund held by a Fund and not delivered to the Custodian or for any pre-existing faults or defects in Assets that are delivered to the Custodian.

 

(b) Manner of Holding Securities .

 

(1) The Custodian shall at all times hold Securities of each Fund either: (i) by physical possession of the share certificates or other instruments representing such Securities, in registered or bearer form; in the vault of the Custodian, Domestic Subcustodian, a Special Custodian, depository or agent of the Custodian; or in an account maintained by the Custodian or agent at a Securities System (as hereinafter defined); or (ii) in book-entry form by a Securities System in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraph (3) below.

 

(2) The Custodian may hold registrable portfolio Securities which have been delivered to it in physical form, by registering the same in the name of the appropriate Fund or its nominee, or in the name of the Custodian or its nominee, for whose actions such Fund and Custodian, respectively, shall be fully responsible. Upon the receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall hold such Securities in street certificate form, so called, with or without any indication of representative capacity. However, unless it receives Instructions to the contrary, the Custodian will register all such portfolio Securities in the name of the Custodian's authorized nominee. All such Securities shall be held in an account of the Custodian containing only assets of the appropriate Fund or only assets held by the Custodian for the benefit of customers, provided that the records of the Custodian shall indicate at all times the Fund or other customer for which such Securities are held in such accounts and the respective interests therein.

 

(3) The Custodian may deposit and/or maintain domestic Securities owned by a Fund in, and each Fund hereby approves use of: (a) The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation; (b) any other clearing agency registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under section 17A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which acts as a securities depository; and (c) a Federal Reserve Bank or other entity authorized to operate the federal book-entry system described in the regulations of the Department of the Treasury or book-entry systems operated pursuant to comparable regulations of other federal agencies. Upon the receipt of Special Instructions, the Custodian may deposit and/or maintain domestic Securities owned by a Fund in any other domestic clearing agency that may otherwise be authorized by the SEC to serve in the capacity of depository or clearing agent for the Securities or other assets of investment companies and that acts as a Securities depository. Each of the foregoing shall be referred to in this Agreement as a "Securities System", and all such Securities Systems shall be listed on the attached Appendix A. Use of a Securities System shall be in accordance with applicable Federal Reserve Board and SEC rules and regulations, if any, and subject to the following provisions:

 

(i) The Custodian may deposit the Securities directly or through one or more agents or Subcustodians which are also qualified to act as custodians for investment companies.

 

(ii) Securities held in a Securities System shall be subject to any agreements or rules effective between the Securities System and the Custodian or a Subcustodian, as the case may be.

5

 

(iii) Any Securities deposited or maintained in a Securities System shall be held in an account ("Account") of the Custodian or a Subcustodian in the Securities System that includes only assets held by the Custodian or a Subcustodian as a custodian or otherwise for customers.

 

(iv) The books and records of the Custodian shall at all times identify those Securities belonging to any one or more Funds which are maintained in a Securities System.

 

(v) The Custodian shall pay for Securities purchased for the account of a Fund only upon (a) receipt of advice from the Securities System that such Securities have been transferred to the Account of the Custodian in accordance with the rules of the Securities System, and (b) the making of an entry on the records of the Custodian to reflect such payment and transfer for the account of such Fund. The Custodian shall transfer Securities sold for the account of a Fund only upon (a) receipt of advice from the Securities System that payment for such Securities has been transferred to the Account of the Custodian in accordance with the rules of the Securities System, and (b) the making of an entry on the records of the Custodian to reflect such transfer and payment for the account of such Fund. Copies of all advices from the Securities System relating to transfers of Securities for the account of a Fund shall be maintained for such Fund by the Custodian. Such copies may be maintained by the Custodian in electronic form. The Custodian shall make available to the Fund or its agent on the next business day, by Electronic Communication, facsimile, or other means reasonably acceptable to both parties, daily transaction activity that shall include each day’s transactions for the account of such Fund.

 

(vi) The Custodian shall, if requested by a Fund or Authorized Person pursuant to Instructions, provide such Fund with reports obtained by the Custodian or any Subcustodian with respect to a Securities System's accounting system, internal accounting control and procedures for safeguarding Securities deposited in the Securities System.

 

(c) Free Delivery of Assets .

 

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement and except as provided in Section 3 hereof, the Custodian, upon receipt of Special Instructions, will undertake to make free delivery of Assets, provided such Assets are on hand and available, in connection with a Fund's transactions and to transfer such Assets to such broker, dealer, Subcustodian, bank, agent, Securities System or otherwise as specified in such Special Instructions.

 

(d) Exchange of Securities .

 

Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian will exchange Securities held by it for a Fund for other Securities or cash paid in connection with any reorganization, recapitalization, merger, consolidation, conversion, or similar event, and will deposit any such Securities in accordance with the terms of any reorganization or protective plan.

 

Unless otherwise directed by Instructions, the Custodian is authorized to exchange Securities held by it in temporary form for Securities in definitive form, to surrender Securities for transfer into a name or nominee name as permitted in Section 4(b)(2), to effect an exchange of shares in a stock split or when the par value of the stock is changed, to sell any fractional shares, and, upon receiving payment therefor, to surrender bonds or other Securities held by it at maturity or call.

6

 

(e) Purchases of Assets .

 

(1) Securities Purchases . In accordance with Instructions, the Custodian shall, with respect to a purchase of Securities, pay for such Securities out of monies held for a Fund's account for which the purchase was made, but only insofar as monies are available therein for such purpose, and receive the Securities so purchased. Unless the Custodian has received Special Instructions to the contrary, such payment will be made only upon delivery of such Securities to the Custodian, a clearing corporation of a national securities exchange of which the Custodian is a member, or a Securities System in accordance with the provisions of Section 4(b)(3) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) in connection with a repurchase agreement, the Custodian may release funds to a Securities System prior to the receipt of advice from the Securities System that the Securities underlying such repurchase agreement have been transferred by book-entry into the Account maintained with such Securities System by the Custodian, provided that the Custodian's instructions to the Securities System require that the Securities System may make payment of such funds to the other party to the repurchase agreement only upon transfer by book-entry of the Securities underlying the repurchase agreement into such Account; (ii) in the case of options, Interest Bearing Deposits, currency deposits and other deposits, and foreign exchange transactions, pursuant to Sections 4(g), 4(k), and 4(l) hereof, the Custodian may make payment therefor before receipt of an advice of transaction; and (iii) the Custodian may make payment for Securities or other Assets prior to delivery thereof in accordance with Instructions, applicable laws, generally accepted trade practices, or the terms of the instrument representing such Security or other Asset, including, but not limited to, Securities and other Assets as to which payment for the Security and receipt of the instrument evidencing the Security are under generally accepted trade practices or the terms of the instrument representing the Security expected to take place in different locations or through separate parties.

 

(2) Other Assets Purchased . Upon receipt of Instructions and except as otherwise provided herein, the Custodian shall pay for and receive other Assets for the account of a Fund as provided in Instructions.

 

(f) Sales of Assets .

 

(1) Securities Sold . In accordance with Instructions, the Custodian shall, with respect to a sale, deliver or cause to be delivered the Securities thus designated as sold to the broker or other person specified in the Instructions relating to such sale. Unless the Custodian has received Special Instructions to the contrary, such delivery shall be made only upon receipt of payment therefor in the form of: (a) cash, certified check, bank cashier's check, bank credit, or bank wire transfer; (b) credit to the account of the Custodian with a clearing corporation of a national securities exchange of which the Custodian is a member; or (c) credit to the Account of the Custodian with a Securities System, in accordance with the provisions of Section 4(b)(3) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Custodian may deliver Securities and other Assets prior to receipt of payment for such Securities in accordance with Instructions, applicable laws, generally accepted trade practices, or the terms of the instrument representing such Security or other Asset. For example, Securities held in physical form may be delivered and paid for in accordance with "street delivery custom" to a broker or its clearing agent, against delivery to the Custodian of a receipt for such Securities, provided that the Custodian shall have taken reasonable steps to ensure prompt collection of the payment for, or return of, such Securities by the broker or its clearing agent, and provided further that the Custodian shall not be responsible for the selection of or the failure or inability to perform of such broker or its clearing agent or for any related loss arising from delivery or custody of such Securities prior to receiving payment therefor.

7

 

(2) Other Assets Sold . Upon receipt of Instructions and except as otherwise provided herein, the Custodian shall receive payment for and deliver other Assets for the account of a Fund as provided in Instructions.

 

(g) Options .

 

(1) Upon receipt of Instructions relating to the purchase of an option or sale of a covered call option, the Custodian shall: (a) receive and retain Instructions or other documents, to the extent they are provided to the Custodian, evidencing the purchase or writing of the option by a Fund; (b) if the transaction involves the sale of a covered call option, deposit and maintain in a segregated account the Securities (either physically or by book-entry in a Securities System) subject to the covered call option written on behalf of such Fund; and (c) pay, release and/or transfer such Securities, cash or other Assets in accordance with any notices or other communications evidencing the expiration, termination or exercise of such options which are furnished to the Custodian by the Options Clearing Corporation (the "OCC"), the securities or options exchanges on which such options were traded, or such other organization as may be responsible for handling such option transactions.

 

(2) Upon receipt of Instructions relating to the sale of a naked option (including stock index and commodity options), the Custodian, the appropriate Fund and the broker-dealer shall enter into an agreement to comply with the rules of the OCC or of any registered national securities exchange or similar organizations(s). Pursuant to that agreement and such Fund's Instructions, the Custodian shall: (a) receive and retain Instructions or other documents, if any, evidencing the writing of the option; (b) deposit and maintain in a segregated account, Securities (either physically or by book-entry in a Securities System), cash and/or other Assets; and (c) pay, release and/or transfer such Securities, cash or other Assets in accordance with any such agreement and with any notices or other communications evidencing the expiration, termination or exercise of such option which are furnished to the Custodian by the OCC, the securities or options exchanges on which such options were traded, or such other organization as may be responsible for handling such option transactions. The appropriate Fund and the broker-dealer shall be responsible for determining the quality and quantity of assets held in any segregated account established in compliance with applicable margin maintenance requirements and the performance of other terms of any option contract.

 

(h) Segregated Accounts .

 

Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall establish and maintain on its books a segregated account or accounts for and on behalf of a Fund, into which account or accounts may be transferred Assets of such Fund, including Securities maintained by the Custodian in a Securities System pursuant to Paragraph (b)(3) of this Section 4, said account or accounts to be maintained (i) for the purposes set forth in Sections 4(g) and 4(m) and (ii) for the purpose of compliance by such Fund with the procedures required by SEC Investment Company Act Release Number 10666 or any subsequent release or releases relating to the maintenance of segregated accounts by registered investment companies, or (iii) for such other purposes as may be set forth, from time to time, in Special Instructions. The Custodian shall not be responsible for the determination of the type or amount of Assets to be held in any segregated account referred to in this paragraph, or for compliance by the Fund with required procedures noted in (ii) above.

 

(i) Depositary Receipts .

 

Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall surrender or cause to be surrendered Securities to the depository used for such Securities by an issuer of American Depositary Receipts or International Depositary Receipts (hereinafter referred to, collectively, as "ADRs"), against a written receipt therefor adequately describing such Securities and written evidence satisfactory to the organization surrendering the same that the depository has acknowledged receipt of instructions to issue ADRs with respect to such Securities in the name of the Custodian or a nominee of the Custodian, for delivery in accordance with such instructions.

8

 

Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall surrender or cause to be surrendered ADRs to the issuer thereof, against a written receipt therefor adequately describing the ADRs surrendered and written evidence satisfactory to the organization surrendering the same that the issuer of the ADRs has acknowledged receipt of instructions to cause its depository to deliver the Securities underlying such ADRs in accordance with such instructions.

 

(j) Corporate Actions, Put Bonds, Called Bonds, Etc.

 

Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall: (a) deliver warrants, puts, calls, rights or similar Securities to the issuer or trustee thereof (or to the agent of such issuer or trustee) for the purpose of exercise or sale, provided that the new Securities, cash or other Assets, if any, acquired as a result of such actions are to be delivered to the Custodian; and (b) deposit Securities upon invitations for tenders thereof, provided that the consideration for such Securities is to be paid or delivered to the Custodian, or the tendered Securities are to be returned to the Custodian.

 

Unless otherwise directed to the contrary in Instructions, the Custodian shall comply with the terms of all mandatory or compulsory exchanges, calls, tenders, redemptions, or similar rights of security ownership of which the Custodian receives notice through data services or publications to which it normally subscribes, and shall promptly notify the appropriate Fund of such action.

 

Each Fund agrees that if it gives an Instruction for the performance of an act on the last permissible date of a period established by the Custodian or any optional offer or on the last permissible date for the performance of such act, the Fund shall hold the Custodian harmless from any adverse consequences in connection with acting upon or failing to act upon such Instructions.

 

If a Fund wishes to receive periodic corporate action notices of exchanges, calls, tenders, redemptions and other similar notices pertaining to Securities and to provide Instructions with respect to such Securities via the internet, the Custodian and such Fund may enter into a Supplement to this Agreement whereby such Fund will be able to participate in the Custodian’s Electronic Corporate Action Notification Service.

 

(k) Interest Bearing Deposits.

 

Upon receipt of Instructions directing the Custodian to purchase interest bearing fixed-term certificates of deposit or call deposits (hereinafter referred to, collectively, as "Interest Bearing Deposits") for the account of a Fund, the Custodian shall purchase such Interest Bearing Deposits with such banks or trust companies, including the Custodian, any Subcustodian or any subsidiary or affiliate of the Custodian (hereinafter referred to as "Banking Institutions"), and in such amounts as such Fund may direct pursuant to Instructions. Such Interest Bearing Deposits shall be denominated in U.S. dollars. Interest Bearing Deposits issued by the Custodian shall be in the name of the Fund. Interest Bearing Deposits issued by another Banking Institution may be in the name of the Fund or the Custodian or in the name of the Custodian for its customers generally. The responsibilities of the Custodian to a Fund for Interest Bearing Deposits issued by the Custodian shall be that of a U.S. bank for a similar deposit. With respect to Interest Bearing Deposits issued by any other Banking Institution, (a) the Custodian shall be responsible for the collection of income and the transmission of cash to and from such accounts; and (b) the Custodian shall have no duty with respect to the selection of the Banking Institution or for the failure of such Banking Institution to pay upon demand.

9

 

(l) Foreign Exchange Transactions .

 

(l) Each Fund may appoint the Custodian as its agent in the execution of all currency exchange transactions. If requested, the Custodian agrees to provide exchange rate and U.S. Dollar information, in writing, or by other means agreeable to both parties, to the Funds.

 

(2) Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall settle foreign exchange contracts or options to purchase and sell foreign currencies for spot and future delivery on behalf of and for the account of a Fund with such currency brokers or Banking Institutions as such Fund may determine and direct pursuant to Instructions. If, in its Instructions, a Fund does not direct the Custodian to utilize a particular currency broker or Banking Institution, the Custodian is authorized to select such currency broker or Banking Institution as it deems appropriate to execute the Fund's foreign currency transaction. It is understood that all such transactions shall be undertaken by the Custodian as agent for the Funds.

 

(3) Each Fund accepts full responsibility for its use of third party foreign exchange brokers and for execution of said foreign exchange contracts and understands that the Fund shall be responsible for any and all costs and interest charges which may be incurred as a result of the failure or delay of its third party broker to deliver foreign exchange. The Custodian shall have no responsibility or liability with respect to the selection of the currency brokers or Banking Institutions with which a Fund deals or the performance or non-performance of such brokers or Banking Institutions.

 

(4) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, upon receipt of Instructions the Custodian may, in connection with a foreign exchange contract, make free outgoing payments of cash in the form of U.S. Dollars or foreign currency prior to receipt of confirmation of such foreign exchange contract or confirmation that the countervalue currency completing such contract has been delivered or received.

 

(m) Pledges or Loans of Securities .

 

(1) Upon receipt of Instructions from a Fund, the Custodian will release or cause to be released Securities held in custody to the pledgees designated in such Instructions by way of pledge or hypothecation to secure loans incurred by such Fund with various lenders including but not limited to UMB Bank, n.a.; provided, however, that the Securities shall be released only upon payment to the Custodian of the monies borrowed, except that in cases where additional collateral is required to secure existing borrowings, further Securities may be released or delivered, or caused to be released or delivered for that purpose upon receipt of Instructions. Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian will pay, but only from funds available for such purpose, any such loan upon re-delivery to it of the Securities pledged or hypothecated therefor and upon surrender of the note or notes evidencing such loan. In lieu of delivering collateral to a pledgee, the Custodian, on the receipt of Instructions, shall transfer the pledged Securities to a segregated account for the benefit of the pledgee.

 

(2) Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian will release securities to a securities lending agent appointed by the Fund and designated in such Instructions. The Custodian shall act upon Instructions from the Fund and/or such agent in order to effect securities lending transactions on behalf of the Fund. For its services in facilitating a Fund’s securities lending activities through such agent, the Custodian may receive from the agent a portion of the agent’s securities lending revenue or a fee directly from the Fund. The Custodian shall have no responsibility or liability for any losses arising in connection with the agent’s actions or omissions, including but not limited to the delivery of Securities prior to the receipt of collateral, in the absence of negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Custodian.

10

 

(n) Stock Dividends, Rights, Etc.

 

The Custodian shall receive and collect all stock dividends, rights, and other items of like nature and, upon receipt of Instructions, take action with respect to the same as directed in such Instructions.

 

(o) Routine Dealings .

 

The Custodian will, in general, attend to all routine and operational matters in accordance with industry standards in connection with the sale, exchange, substitution, purchase, transfer, or other dealings with Securities or other property of each Fund, except as may be otherwise provided in this Agreement or directed from time to time by Instructions from any particular Fund. The Custodian may also make payments to itself or others from the Assets for disbursements and out-of-pocket expenses incidental to handling Securities or other similar items relating to its duties under this Agreement, provided that all such payments shall be accounted for to the appropriate Fund and, in the case of payments to the Custodian, approved in advance by the Fund.

 

(p) Collections .

 

The Custodian shall (a) collect amounts due and payable to each Fund with respect to Securities and other Assets; (b) promptly credit to the account of each Fund all income and other payments relating to Securities and other Assets held by the Custodian hereunder upon Custodian's receipt of such income or payments or as otherwise agreed in writing by the Custodian and any particular Fund; (c) promptly endorse and deliver any instruments required to effect such collection; and (d) promptly execute ownership and other certificates, affidavits and other documents for all federal, state, local and foreign tax purposes in connection with receipt of income or other payments with respect to Securities and other Assets, or in connection with the transfer of such Securities or other Assets; provided, however, that with respect to Securities registered in so-called street name, or physical Securities with variable interest rates, the Custodian shall use its best efforts to collect amounts due and payable to any such Fund. The Custodian shall not be responsible for the collection of amounts due and payable with respect to Securities or other Assets that are in default.

 

Any advance credit of cash or Securities expected to be received shall be subject to actual collection and may, when the Custodian determines collection unlikely, be reversed by the Custodian.

 

(q) Dividends, Distributions and Redemptions .

 

To enable each Fund to pay dividends or other distributions to shareholders of each such Fund and to make payment to shareholders who have requested repurchase or redemption of their shares of each such Fund (collectively, the "Shares"), the Custodian shall release cash or Securities insofar as available. In the case of cash, the Custodian shall, upon the receipt of Instructions, transfer such funds by check or wire transfer to any account at any bank or trust company designated by each such Fund in such Instructions. In the case of Securities, the Custodian shall, upon the receipt of Special Instructions, make such transfer to any entity or account designated by each such Fund in such Special Instructions.

11

 

(r) Proceeds from Shares Sold .

 

The Custodian shall receive funds representing cash payments received for shares issued or sold from time to time by each Fund, and shall credit such funds to the account of the appropriate Fund. The Custodian shall notify the appropriate Fund of Custodian's receipt of cash in payment for shares issued by such Fund by facsimile transmission or in such other manner as such Fund and the Custodian shall agree. Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall: (a) deliver all federal funds received by the Custodian in payment for shares as may be set forth in such Instructions and at a time agreed upon between the Custodian and such Fund; and (b) make federal funds available to a Fund as of specified times agreed upon from time to time by such Fund and the Custodian, in the amount of checks received in payment for shares which are deposited to the accounts of such Fund.

 

(s) Proxies and Notices; Compliance with the Shareholders Communication Act of 1985 .

 

The Custodian shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the appropriate Fund, or its designated agent or proxy service provider, all forms of proxies, all notices of meetings, and any other notices or announcements affecting or relating to Securities owned by such Fund that are received by the Custodian and, upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall execute and deliver, or cause a Subcustodian or nominee to execute and deliver such proxies or other authorizations as may be required. Except as directed pursuant to Instructions, the Custodian shall not vote upon any such Securities, or execute any proxy to vote thereon, or give any consent or take any other action with respect thereto.

 

The Custodian will not release the identity of any Fund to an issuer which requests such information pursuant to the Shareholder Communications Act of 1985 for the specific purpose of direct communications between such issuer and any such Fund unless a particular Fund directs the Custodian otherwise pursuant to Instructions.

 

(t) Books and Records .

 

The Custodian shall maintain such records relating to its activities under this Agreement as are required to be maintained by Rule 31a-1 under the 1940 Act and to preserve them for the periods prescribed in Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act. These records shall be open for inspection by duly authorized officers, employees or agents (including independent public accountants) of the appropriate Fund during normal business hours of the Custodian.

 

The Custodian shall provide accountings relating to its activities under this Agreement as shall be agreed upon by each Fund and the Custodian.

 

(u) Opinion of Fund's Independent Certified Public Accountants .

 

The Custodian shall take all reasonable action as each Fund may request to obtain from year to year favorable opinions from each such Fund's independent certified public accountants with respect to the Custodian's activities hereunder and in connection with the preparation of each such Fund's periodic reports to the SEC and with respect to any other requirements of the SEC.

 

(v) Reports by Independent Certified Public Accountants .

 

At the request of a Fund, the Custodian shall deliver to such Fund a written report, which may be in electronic form, prepared by the Custodian's independent certified public accountants with respect to the services provided by the Custodian under this Agreement, including, without limitation, the Custodian's accounting system, internal accounting control, financial strength and procedures for safeguarding cash, Securities and other Assets, including cash, Securities and other Assets deposited and/or maintained in a Securities System or with a Subcustodian. Such report shall be of sufficient scope and in sufficient detail as may reasonably be required by such Fund and as may reasonably be obtained by the Custodian.

12

 

(w) Bills and Other Disbursements .

 

Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall pay, or cause to be paid, all bills, statements, or other obligations of a Fund.

 

(x) Precious Metals

 

A Fund may, upon Special Instructions, direct the Custodian to appoint, or instruct the Domestic Subcustodian to appoint, a depository for the safekeeping and storage of gold, silver, platinum and other precious metals (“Precious Metals”) on behalf of such Fund.

 

(y) Sweep or Automated Cash Management.

 

Upon receipt of Instructions, the Custodian shall invest any otherwise uninvested cash of any Fund held by the Custodian in a money market mutual fund, a cash deposit product, or other cash investment vehicle made available by the Custodian from time to time, in accordance with the directions contained in such Instructions. A fee may be charged or a spread may be received by the Custodian for investing the Fund’s otherwise uninvested cash in the available cash investment vehicles or products.

 

The Custodian shall have no responsibility to determine whether any purchases of money market mutual fund shares or any other cash investment vehicle or cash deposit product by or on behalf of the Funds under the terms of this section will cause any Fund to exceed the limitations contained in the 1940 Act on ownership of shares of another registered investment company or any other asset or portfolio restrictions or limitations contained in applicable laws or regulations or the Funds’ prospectus. Each Fund agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Custodian from all losses, damages and expenses (including attorney’s fees) suffered or incurred by the Custodian as a result of a violation by such Fund of the limitations on ownership of shares of another registered investment company or any other cash investment vehicle or cash deposit product.

 

5. SUBCUSTODIANS .

 

From time to time, in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Agreement, (i) the Custodian may appoint one or more Domestic Subcustodians, Foreign Subcustodians, Special Subcustodians or Interim Subcustodians (each as hereinafter defined) to act on behalf of any one or more Funds; and (ii) the Custodian may be directed, pursuant to an agreement between a Fund and the Custodian (“Delegation Agreement”), to appoint a Domestic Subcustodian to perform the duties of the Foreign Custody Manager (as such term is defined in Rule 17f-5 under the 1940 Act) (“Approved Foreign Custody Manager”) for such Fund so long as such Domestic Subcustodian is so eligible under the 1940 Act. Such Delegation Agreement shall provide that the appointment of any Domestic Subcustodian as the Approved Foreign Custody Manager must be governed by a written agreement between the Custodian and the Domestic Subcustodian, which provides for compliance with Rule 17f-5. The Approved Foreign Custody Manager may then appoint a Foreign Subcustodian or Interim Subcustodian in accordance with this Section 5. For purposes of this Agreement, all Domestic Subcustodians, Special Subcustodians, Foreign Subcustodians and Interim Subcustodians shall be referred to collectively as “Subcustodians.”

13

 

(a)  Domestic Subcustodians .

 

The Custodian may, at any time and from time to time, appoint any bank as defined in Section 2(a)(5) of the 1940 Act or any trust company or other entity, any of which meets the requirements of a custodian under Section 17(f) of the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, to act for the Custodian on behalf of any one or more Funds as a subcustodian for purposes of holding Assets of such Fund(s) and performing other functions of the Custodian within the United States (a "Domestic Subcustodian"). Each Fund shall approve in writing the appointment of the proposed Domestic Subcustodian; and the Custodian's appointment of any such Domestic Subcustodian shall not be effective without such prior written approval of the Fund(s). Each such duly approved Domestic Subcustodian shall be reflected on Appendix A hereto.

 

(b)  Foreign Subcustodians .

 

(1)        Foreign Subcustodians. The Approved Foreign Custody Manager may appoint any entity meeting the requirements of an Eligible Foreign Custodian, as such term is defined in Rule 17f-5(a)(1) under the 1940 Act, and which term shall also include a bank that qualifies to serve as a custodian of assets of investment companies under Section 17(f) of the 1940 Act or by SEC order is exempt therefrom (each a “Foreign Subcustodian” in the context of either a subcustodian or a sub-subcustodian), provided that the Approved Foreign Custody Manager’s appointments of such Foreign Subcustodians shall at all times be governed by an agreement that complies with Rule 17f-5.

 

(2)        Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that the Approved Foreign Custody Manager determines that it will not provide delegation services (i) in a country in which a Fund has directed that the Fund invest in a security or other Asset or (ii) with respect to a specific Foreign Subcustodian which the Fund has directed be used, the Custodian shall, or shall cause the Approved Foreign Custody Manager to, promptly notify the Fund in writing by facsimile transmission, Electronic Communication, or otherwise of the unavailability of the Approved Foreign Custody Manager’s delegation services in such country. The Custodian and the Approved Foreign Custody Manager (or Domestic Subcustodian) as applicable, shall be entitled to rely on and shall have no liability or responsibility for following such direction from the Fund as a Special Instruction and shall have no duties or liabilities under this Agreement save those that it may undertake specifically in writing with respect to each particular instance. Upon the receipt of such Special Instructions, the Custodian may, in it absolute discretion, designate, or cause the Approved Foreign Custody Manager to designate, an entity (defined herein as “Interim Subcustodian”) designated by the Fund in such Special Instructions, to hold such security or other Asset. In such event, the Fund represents and warrants that it has made a determination that the arrangement with such Interim Subcustodian satisfies the requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder (including Rule 17f-5, if applicable). It is further understood that where the Approved Foreign Custody Manager and the Custodian do not agree to provide fully to the Fund the services under this Agreement and the Delegation Agreement with respect to a particular country or specific Foreign Subcustodian, the Fund may delegate such services to another delegate pursuant to Rule 17f-5.

14

 

(c)  Special Subcustodians .

 

Upon receipt of Special Instructions, the Custodian shall, on behalf of a Fund, appoint one or more banks, trust companies or other entities designated in such Special Instructions to act for the Custodian on behalf of such Fund as a subcustodian for purposes of: (i) effecting third-party repurchase transactions with banks, brokers, dealers or other entities through the use of a common custodian or subcustodian; (ii) providing depository and clearing agency services with respect to certain variable rate demand note Securities, (iii) providing depository and clearing agency services with respect to dollar denominated Securities; and (iv) effecting any other transactions designated by such Fund in such Special Instructions. Each such designated subcustodian (hereinafter referred to as a "Special Subcustodian") shall be listed on Appendix A attached hereto, as it may be amended from time to time. In connection with the appointment of any Special Subcustodian, the Custodian may enter into a subcustodian agreement with the Special Subcustodian.

 

(d)  Termination of a Subcustodian .

 

The Custodian may, at any time in its discretion upon notification to the appropriate Fund(s), terminate any Subcustodian of such Fund(s) in accordance with the termination provisions under the applicable subcustodian agreement, and upon the receipt of Special Instructions, the Custodian shall terminate any Subcustodian in accordance with the termination provisions under the applicable subcustodian agreement.

 

(e)  Information Regarding Foreign Subcustodians .

 

Upon request of a Fund, the Custodian shall deliver, or cause any Approved Foreign Custody Manager to deliver, to the Fund a letter or list stating: (i) the identity of each Foreign Subcustodian then acting on behalf of the Custodian; (ii) the Eligible Securities Depositories (as defined in Section 5(f)) in each foreign market through which each Foreign Subcustodian is then holding cash, securities and other Assets of the Fund; and (iii) such other information as may be requested by the Fund to ensure compliance with rules and regulations under the 1940 Act.

 

(f)  Eligible Securities Depositories .

 

(1) The Custodian or the Domestic Subcustodian may place and maintain a Fund’s Foreign Assets with an Eligible Securities Depository (as defined in Rule 17f-7, which term shall include any other securities depository for which the SEC by exemptive order has permitted registered investment companies to maintain their assets).

 

(2) Upon the request of a Fund, the Custodian shall direct the Domestic Subcustodian to provide to the Fund (including the Fund’s board of directors or trustees) and/or the Fund’s adviser or other agent an analysis of the custody risks associated with maintaining the Fund’s Foreign Assets with such Eligible Securities Depository utilized directly or indirectly by the Custodian or the Domestic Subcustodian as of the date hereof (or, in the case of an Eligible Securities Depository not so utilized as of the date hereof, prior to the placement of the Fund’s Foreign Assets at such depository) and at which any Foreign Assets of the Fund are held or are expected to be held. The Custodian shall direct the Domestic Subcustodian to monitor the custody risks associated with maintaining the Fund’s Foreign Assets at each such Eligible Securities Depository on a continuing basis and shall promptly notify the Fund or its adviser of any material changes in such risks through the Approved Foreign Custody Manager’s letter, market alerts or other periodic correspondence.

15

 

(3) The Custodian shall direct the Domestic Subcustodian to determine the eligibility under Rule 17f-7 of each foreign securities depository before maintaining the Fund’s Foreign Assets therewith and shall promptly advise the Fund if any Eligible Securities Depository ceases to be so eligible. Notwithstanding Subsection 17(c) hereof, Eligible Securities Depositories may, subject to Rule 17f- 7, be added to or deleted from such list from time to time.

 

(4) Withdrawal of Assets. If an arrangement with an Eligible Securities Depository no longer meets the requirements of Rule 17f-7, the Custodian shall direct the Domestic Subcustodian to withdraw the Fund’s Foreign Assets from such depository as soon as reasonably practicable.

 

(5) Standard of Care. In fulfilling its responsibilities under this Section 5(f), the Custodian will exercise reasonable care, prudence and diligence.

 

6. STANDARD OF CARE .

 

(a)  General Standard of Care .

 

The Custodian shall exercise due care in accordance with reasonable commercial standards in discharging its duties hereunder. The Custodian shall be liable to a Fund for all losses, damages and reasonable costs and expenses suffered or incurred by such Fund resulting from the negligence or willful misconduct of the Custodian; provided, however, in no event shall the Custodian be liable for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages arising under or in connection with this Agreement.

 

(b)  Actions Prohibited by Applicable Law, Etc.

 

In no event shall the Custodian incur liability hereunder if the Custodian or any Subcustodian or Securities System, or any Subcustodian, Eligible Securities Depository utilized by any such Subcustodian, or any nominee of the Custodian or any Subcustodian (individually, a “Person”) is prevented, forbidden or delayed from performing, or omits to perform, any act or thing which this Agreement provides shall be performed or omitted to be performed, by reason of: (i) any provision of any present or future law or regulation or order of the United States of America, or any state thereof, or of any foreign country, or political subdivision thereof or of any court of competent jurisdiction (and neither the Custodian nor any other Person shall be obligated to take any action contrary thereto); or (ii) any “Force Majeure,” which for purposes of this Agreement, shall mean any circumstance or event which is beyond the reasonable control of the Custodian, a Subcustodian or any agent of the Custodian or a Subcustodian and which adversely affects the performance by the Custodian of its obligations hereunder, by the Subcustodian of its obligations under its subcustodian agreement or by any other agent of the Custodian or the Subcustodian, unless in each case, such delay or nonperformance is caused by the negligence or willful misconduct of the Custodian. Such Force Majeure events may include any event caused by, arising out of or involving (a) an act of God, (b) accident, fire, water damage or explosion, (c) any computer, system outage or downtime or other equipment failure or malfunction caused by any computer virus or any other reason or the malfunction or failure of any communications medium, (d) any interruption of the power supply or other utility service, (e) any strike or other work stoppage, whether partial or total, (f) any delay or disruption resulting from or reflecting the occurrence of any Sovereign Risk (as defined below), (g) any disruption of, or suspension of trading in, the securities, commodities or foreign exchange markets, whether or not resulting from or reflecting the occurrence of any Sovereign Risk, (h) any encumbrance on the transferability of cash, currency or a currency position on the actual settlement date of a foreign exchange transaction, whether or not resulting from or reflecting the occurrence of any Sovereign Risk, or (i) any other cause similarly beyond the reasonable control of the Custodian.

16

 

Subject to the Custodian’s general standard of care set forth in Subsection 6(a) hereof and the requirements of Section 17(f) of the 1940 Act and Rules 17f-5 and 17f-7 thereunder, the Custodian shall not incur liability hereunder if any Person is prevented, forbidden or delayed from performing, or omits to perform, any act or thing which this Agreement provides shall be performed or omitted to be performed by reason of any (i) “Sovereign Risk,” which for the purpose of this Agreement shall mean, in respect of any jurisdiction, including but not limited to the United States of America, where investments are acquired or held under this Agreement, (a) any act of war, terrorism, riot, insurrection or civil commotion, (b) the imposition of any investment, repatriation or exchange control restrictions by any governmental authority, (c) the confiscation, expropriation or nationalization of any investments by any governmental authority, whether de facto or de jure, (d) any devaluation or revaluation of the currency, (e) the imposition of taxes, levies or other charges affecting investments, (f) any change in the applicable law, or (g) any other economic, systemic or political risk incurred or experienced that is not directly related to the economic or financial conditions of the Eligible Foreign Custodian, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or the Delegation Agreement, or (ii) “Country Risk,” which for the purpose of this Agreement shall mean, with respect to the acquisition, ownership, settlement or custody of investments in a jurisdiction, all risks relating to, or arising in consequence of, systemic and markets factors affecting the acquisition, payment for or ownership of investments, including (a) the prevalence of crime and corruption in such jurisdiction, (b) the inaccuracy or unreliability of business and financial information (unrelated to the Approved Foreign Custody Manager’s duties imposed by Rule 17f-5(c) under the 1940 Act or to the duties imposed on the Custodian by Rule 17f-7 under the 1940 Act), (c) the instability or volatility of banking and financial systems, or the absence or inadequacy of an infrastructure to support such systems, (d) custody and settlement infrastructure of the market in which such investments are transacted and held, (e) the acts, omissions and operation of any Eligible Securities Depository, it being understood that this provision shall not excuse the Custodian’s performance under the express terms of this Agreement, (f) the risk of the bankruptcy or insolvency of banking agents, counterparties to cash and securities transactions, registrars or transfer agents, (g) the existence of market conditions which prevent the orderly execution or settlement of transactions or which affect the value of assets, and (h) the laws relating to the safekeeping and recovery of a Fund’s Foreign Assets held in custody pursuant to the terms of this Agreement; provided, however, that, in compliance with Rule 17f-5, neither Sovereign Risk nor Country Risk shall include the custody risk of a particular Eligible Foreign Custodian of a Fund’s Foreign Assets.

 

(c) Liability for Past Records .

 

Neither the Custodian nor any Domestic Subcustodian shall have any liability in respect of any loss, damage or expense suffered by a Fund, insofar as such loss, damage or expense arises from the performance of the Custodian or any Domestic Subcustodian in reliance upon records that were maintained for such Fund by entities other than the Custodian or any Domestic Subcustodian prior to the Custodian's employment hereunder.

17

 

(d) Advice of Counsel .

 

The Custodian and all Domestic Subcustodians shall be entitled to receive and act upon advice of counsel of its own choosing on all matters. The Custodian and all Domestic Subcustodians shall be without liability for any actions taken or omitted in good faith pursuant to the advice of counsel.

 

(e) Advice of the Fund and Others .

 

The Custodian and any Domestic Subcustodian may rely upon the advice of any Fund and upon statements of such Fund's accountants and other persons believed by it in good faith to be expert in matters upon which they are consulted, and neither the Custodian nor any Domestic Subcustodian shall be liable for any actions taken or omitted, in good faith, pursuant to such advice or statements.

 

(f) Information Services.

 

The Custodian may rely upon information received from issuers of Securities or agents of such issuers, information received from Subcustodians or depositories, information from data reporting services that provide detail on corporate actions and other securities information, and other commercially reasonable industry sources; and, provided the Custodian has acted in accordance with the standard of care set forth in Section 6 (a), the Custodian shall have no liability as a result of relying upon such information sources, including but not limited to errors in any such information.

 

(g) Instructions Appearing to be Genuine .

 

The Custodian and all Domestic Subcustodians shall be fully protected and indemnified in acting as a custodian hereunder upon any Resolutions of the Board of Directors or Trustees, Instructions, Special Instructions, advice, notice, request, consent, certificate, instrument or paper appearing to it to be genuine and to have been properly executed and shall, unless otherwise specifically provided herein, be entitled to receive as conclusive proof of any fact or matter required to be ascertained from any Fund hereunder a certificate signed by any officer of such Fund authorized to countersign or confirm Special Instructions. The Custodian shall have no liability for any losses, damages or expenses incurred by a Fund arising from the use of a non-secure form of email or other non-secure electronic system or process.

 

(h) No Investment Advice.

 

The Custodian shall have no duty to assess the risks inherent in Securities or other Assets or to provide investment advice, accounting or other valuation services regarding any such Securities or other Assets.

 

(i) Exceptions from Liability .

 

Without limiting the generality of any other provisions hereof, neither the Custodian nor any Domestic Subcustodian shall be under any duty or obligation to inquire into, nor be liable for:

 

(i) the validity of the issue of any Securities purchased by or for any Fund, the legality of the purchase thereof or evidence of ownership required to be received by any such Fund, or the propriety of the decision to purchase or amount paid therefor;

18

 

(ii) the legality of the sale, transfer or movement of any Securities by or for any Fund, or the propriety of the amount for which the same were sold; or

 

(iii) any other expenditures, encumbrances of Securities, borrowings or similar actions with respect to any Fund's Assets;

 

and may, until notified to the contrary, presume that all Instructions or Special Instructions received by it are not in conflict with or in any way contrary to any provisions of any such Fund's Declaration of Trust, Partnership Agreement, Articles of Incorporation or By-Laws or votes or proceedings of the shareholders, trustees, partners or directors of any such Fund, or any such Fund's currently effective Registration Statement on file with the SEC.

 

7. LIABILITY OF THE CUSTODIAN FOR ACTIONS OF OTHERS .

 

(a) Domestic Subcustodians

 

Except as provided in Section 7(d), the Custodian shall be liable for the acts or omissions of any Domestic Subcustodian to the same extent as if such actions or omissions were performed by the Custodian itself.

 

(b) Liability for Acts and Omissions of Foreign Subcustodians .

 

The Custodian shall be liable to a Fund for any loss or damage to such Fund caused by or resulting from the acts or omissions of any Foreign Subcustodian to the extent that, under the terms set forth in the subcustodian agreement between the Custodian or a Domestic Subcustodian and such Foreign Subcustodian, the Foreign Subcustodian has failed to perform in accordance with the standard of conduct imposed under such subcustodian agreement and the Custodian or Domestic Subcustodian recovers from the Foreign Subcustodian under the applicable subcustodian agreement.

 

(c) Securities Systems, Interim Subcustodians, Special Subcustodians, Eligible Securities Depositories.

 

The Custodian shall not be liable to any Fund for any loss, damage or expense suffered or incurred by such Fund resulting from or occasioned by the actions or omissions of a Securities System, Interim Subcustodian, Special Subcustodian, or Eligible Securities Depository unless such loss, damage or expense is caused by, or results from, the negligence or willful misconduct of the Custodian.

 

(d) Failure of Third Parties.

 

The Custodian shall not be liable for any loss, damage or expense suffered or incurred by any Fund resulting from or occasioned by the actions, omissions, neglects, defaults , insolvency or other failure of any (i) issuer of any Securities or of any agent of such issuer; (ii) any counterparty with respect to any Security or other Asset, including any issuer of any option, futures, derivatives or commodities contract; (iii) investment adviser or other agent of a Fund; or (iv) any broker, bank, trust company or any other person with whom the Custodian may deal (other than any of such entities acting as a Subcustodian, Securities System or Eligible Securities Depository, for whose actions the liability of the Custodian is set out elsewhere in this Agreement); or (v) any agent or depository (including but not limited to a securities lending agent or precious metals depository) with whom the Custodian may deal at the direction of, and behalf of, a Fund; unless such loss, damage or expense is caused by, or results from, the negligence or willful misconduct of the Custodian or the Custodian’s breach of the terms of any contract between the Funds and the Custodian.

19

 

8. INDEMNIFICATION .

 

(a) Indemnification by Fund .

 

Subject to the limitations set forth in this Agreement, each Fund agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Custodian and its nominees from all losses, damages and expenses (including attorneys' fees) suffered or incurred by the Custodian or its nominee caused by or arising from actions taken by the Custodian, its employees or agents in the performance of its duties and obligations under this Agreement, including, but not limited to, any indemnification obligations undertaken by the Custodian under any relevant subcustodian agreement; provided, however, that such indemnity shall not apply to the extent the Custodian is liable under Sections 6 or 7 hereof.

 

If any Fund requires the Custodian to take any action with respect to Securities, which action involves the payment of money or which may, in the opinion of the Custodian, result in the Custodian or its nominee assigned to such Fund being liable for the payment of money or incurring liability of some other form, such Fund, as a prerequisite to requiring the Custodian to take such action, shall provide indemnity to the Custodian in an amount and form satisfactory to it.

 

(b) Indemnification by Custodian .

 

Subject to the limitations set forth in this Agreement, the Custodian agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Fund from all losses, damages and expenses (including attorneys' fees) (with the exception of those damages and expenses referenced in Section 6(a)) suffered or incurred by each such Fund caused by the negligence or willful misconduct of the Custodian.

 

9. ADVANCES .

 

In the event that the Custodian or any Subcustodian, Securities System, or Eligible Securities Depository acting either directly or indirectly under agreement with the Custodian (each of which for purposes of this Section 9 shall be referred to as "Custodian"), makes any payment or transfer of funds on behalf of any Fund as to which there would be, at the close of business on the date of such payment or transfer, insufficient funds held by the Custodian on behalf of any such Fund, the Custodian may, in its discretion without further Instructions, provide an advance ("Advance") to any such Fund in an amount sufficient to allow the completion of the transaction by reason of which such payment or transfer of funds is to be made. In addition, in the event the Custodian is directed by Instructions to make any payment or transfer of funds on behalf of any Fund as to which it is subsequently determined that such Fund has overdrawn its cash account with the Custodian as of the close of business on the date of such payment or transfer, said overdraft shall constitute an Advance. Any Advance shall be payable by the Fund on behalf of which the Advance was made on demand by Custodian, unless otherwise agreed by such Fund and the Custodian, and shall accrue interest from the date of the Advance to the date of payment by such Fund to the Custodian at a rate determined and communicated to the Fund from time to time by the Custodian. It is understood that any transaction in respect of which the Custodian shall have made an Advance, including but not limited to a foreign exchange contract or transaction in respect of which the Custodian is not acting as a principal, is for the account of and at the risk of the Fund on behalf of which the Advance was made, and not, by reason of such Advance, deemed to be a transaction undertaken by the Custodian for its own account and risk. The Custodian and each of the Funds which are parties to this Agreement acknowledge that the purpose of Advances is to finance temporarily the purchase or sale of Securities for prompt delivery in accordance with the settlement terms of such transactions or to meet emergency expenses not reasonably foreseeable by a Fund. The Custodian shall promptly notify the appropriate Fund of any Advance. Such notification may be communicated by telephone, Electronic Communication or facsimile transmission or in such other manner as the Custodian may choose Nothing herein shall be deemed to create an obligation on the part of the Custodian to advance monies to a Fund.

20

 

10. SECURITY INTEREST .

 

To secure the due and prompt payment of all Advances, together with any taxes, charges, fees, expenses, assessments, obligations, claims or liabilities incurred by the Custodian in connection with its or their performance of any duties under this Agreement (collectively, “Liabilities”), except for any Liabilities arising from or the Custodian’s negligence or willful misconduct, each Fund grants to the Custodian a security interest in all of the Fund’s Securities and other Assets now or hereafter in the possession of the Custodian and all proceeds thereof (collectively, the “Collateral”). A Fund shall promptly reimburse the Custodian for any and all such Liabilities. In the event that a Fund fails to satisfy any of the Liabilities as and when due and payable, the Custodian shall have in respect of the Collateral, in addition to all other rights and remedies arising hereunder or under local law, the rights and remedies of a secured party under the Uniform Commercial Code. Without prejudice to the Custodian’s rights under applicable law, the Custodian shall be entitled, without notice to the Fund, to withhold delivery of any Collateral, sell, set-off, or otherwise realize upon or dispose of any such Collateral and to apply the money or other proceeds and any other monies credited to the Fund in satisfaction of the Liabilities. This includes, but is not limited to, any interest on any such unpaid Liability as the Custodian deems reasonable, and all costs and expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees) incurred by the Custodian in connection with the sale, set-off or other disposition of such Collateral.

 

11. COMPENSATION .

 

Each Fund will pay to the Custodian such compensation as is set forth on Schedule A hereto, or as otherwise agreed to in writing by the Custodian and each such Fund from time to time. In addition, each Fund shall reimburse the Custodian for all out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the Custodian in connection with this Agreement, but excluding salaries and usual overhead expenses. Such compensation, and expenses shall be billed to each such Fund and paid in cash to the Custodian.

 

12. POWERS OF ATTORNEY .

 

Upon request, each Fund shall deliver to the Custodian such proxies, powers of attorney or other instruments as may be reasonable and necessary or desirable in connection with the performance by the Custodian or any Subcustodian of their respective obligations under this Agreement or any applicable subcustodian agreement.

 

13. TAX LAWS .

 

The Custodian shall have no responsibility or liability for any obligations now or hereafter imposed on a Fund or on the Custodian as custodian for such Fund by the tax law of any country or of any state or political subdivision thereof. Each Fund agrees to indemnify the Custodian for and against any such obligations including taxes, tax reclaims, withholding and reporting requirements, claims for exemption or refund, additions for late payment, interest, penalties and other expenses (including legal expenses) that may be assessed against the Fund or the Custodian as custodian of a Fund.

21

 

14. TERMINATION AND ASSIGNMENT .

 

Any Fund or the Custodian may terminate this Agreement by notice in writing, delivered or mailed, postage prepaid (certified mail, return receipt requested) to the other not less than 90 days prior to the date upon which such termination shall take effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the appropriate Fund shall pay to the Custodian such fees as may be due the Custodian hereunder as well as its reimbursable disbursements, costs and expenses paid or incurred. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Custodian shall deliver, at the terminating party's expense, all Assets held by it hereunder to a successor custodian designated by the Fund or, if a successor custodian is not designated, then to the appropriate Fund or as otherwise designated by such Fund by Special Instructions, including all relevant books and records in the Custodian’s possession. Upon such delivery, the Custodian shall have no further obligations or liabilities under this Agreement except as to the final resolution of matters relating to activity occurring prior to the effective date of termination. In the event that for any reason Securities or other Assets remain in the possession of the Custodian after the date such termination shall take effect, the Custodian shall be entitled to compensation at the same rates as agreed to by the Custodian and the Funds during the term of this Agreement as set forth in Section 11.

 

This Agreement may not be assigned by the Custodian or any Fund without the respective consent of the other.

 

15. ADDITIONAL FUNDS .

 

An additional Fund or Funds may become a party to this Agreement after the date hereof by an instrument in writing to such effect signed by such Fund or Funds and the Custodian. If this Agreement is terminated as to one or more of the Funds (but less than all of the Funds) or if an additional Fund or Funds shall become a party to this Agreement, there shall be delivered to each party an Appendix B or an amended Appendix B, signed by each of the additional Funds (if any) and each of the remaining Funds as well as the Custodian, deleting or adding such Fund or Funds, as the case may be. The termination of this Agreement as to less than all of the Funds shall not affect the obligations of the Custodian and the remaining Funds hereunder as set forth on the signature page hereto and in Appendix B as revised from time to time.

 

16. NOTICES .

 

As to each Fund, notices, requests, instructions and other writings delivered to RENN Fund, Inc., c/o Horizon Kinetics LLC, 470 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, Attention: General Counsel, postage prepaid, or to such other address as any particular Fund may have designated to the Custodian in writing, shall be deemed to have been properly delivered or given to a Fund.

 

Notices, requests, instructions and other writings delivered to the Custodian at its office at 928 Grand Blvd., 5th Floor, Attn: Peter Bergman, Kansas City, Missouri 64106, postage prepaid, or to such other addresses as the Custodian may have designated to each Fund in writing, shall be deemed to have been properly delivered or given to the Custodian hereunder; provided, however, that procedures for the delivery of Instructions and Special Instructions shall be governed by Section 2(c) hereof.

22

 

17. CONFIDENTIALITY.

 

The parties agree that all Information, books and records provided by the Custodian or the Funds to each other in connection with this Agreement, and all information provided by either party pertaining to its business or operations, is “Confidential Information.” All Confidential Information shall be used by the party receiving such information only for the purpose of providing or obtaining services under this Agreement and, except as may be required to carry out the terms of this Agreement, shall not be disclosed to any other party without the express consent of the party providing such Confidential Information. The foregoing limitations shall not apply to any information that is available to the general public other than as a result of a breach of this Agreement, or that is required to be disclosed by or to any entity having regulatory authority over a party hereto or any auditor or legal counsel of a party hereto or that is required to be disclosed as a result of a subpoena or other judicial process, or otherwise by applicable laws.

 

18. ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COMPLIANCE.

 

The Funds represent and warrant that they have established and maintain policies and procedures designed to meet the requirements imposed by the USA PATRIOT Act, including policies and procedures designed to detect and prevent money laundering, including those required by the USA PATRIOT Act. The Funds agree to provide to the Custodian, from time to time upon the request of the Custodian, certifications regarding its compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act and other anti-money laundering laws. The Funds acknowledge that, because the Custodian will not have information regarding the shareholders of the Funds, the Funds will assume responsibility for customer identification and verification and other CIP requirements in regard to such shareholders.

 

19. MISCELLANEOUS .

 

(a) This Agreement is executed and delivered in the State of Missouri and shall be governed by the laws of such state.

 

(b) All of the terms and provisions of this Agreement shall be binding upon, and inure to the benefit of, and be enforceable by the respective successors and assigns of the parties hereto.

 

(c) No provisions of this Agreement may be amended, modified or waived in any manner except in writing, properly executed by both parties hereto; provided, however, Appendix A may be amended from time to time as Domestic Subcustodians, Securities Systems, and Special Subcustodians are approved or terminated according to the terms of this Agreement.

 

(d) The captions in this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only, and in no way define or delimit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or effect.

 

(e) This Agreement shall be effective as of the date of execution hereof.

 

(f) This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts, each of which will be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument.

 

(g) If any part, term or provision of this Agreement is held to be illegal, in conflict with any law or otherwise invalid by any court of competent jurisdiction, the remaining portion or portions shall be considered severable and shall not be affected, and the rights and obligations of the parties shall be construed and enforced as if this Agreement did not contain the particular part, term or provision held to be illegal or invalid.

23

 

(h) Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the Delegation Agreement (if applicable), as amended from time to time, constitute the entire understanding and agreement of the parties thereto with respect to the subject matter therein and accordingly, supersedes as of the effective date of this Agreement any custodian agreement heretofore in effect between the Funds and the Custodian.

 

(i) The rights and obligations contained in Sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 17 of this Agreement shall continue, notwithstanding the termination of this Agreement, in order to fulfill the intention of the parties as described in such Sections.

 

[Signature page to follow.]

24

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have caused this Custody Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers.

 

    RENN FUND, INC.
       
Attest:   By:  
       
    Name: Hugh Ross
       
    Title: COO of Horizon Asset Management, LLC, the Investment Manager of RENN Fund, Inc.
       
    Date: July 6, 2017
       
    UMB BANK, N.A.
       
Attest:   By:  
       
    Name: Peter Bergman
       
    Title: Vice President
       
    Date: July 6, 2017

25

 

Schedule A

to the

Custody Agreement by and between

RENN Fund, Inc.

and

UMB Bank, N.A.

 

Fees

 

Domestic Custody Fees

 

Net Asset Value Fee*

To be co mputed as of month-end on the average net asset value of each portfolio at the annual rate of:

First $250 million in assets 1.0 basis point, plus
Next $250 million in assets .50 basis point, plus
Assets over $500 million .40 basis point

 

* Subject to an $9,000 annual minimum per portfolio

 

Portfolio Transaction Fees

DTC** $6.00
Fed book entry** $10.00
Physical** $30.00
Principal paydown $7.00
Option (purchased or written)/future $30.00
Inter-account book transfer $3.00
Corporate action/call/reorganization $30.00
UMB repurchase agreement** $6.00
Tri-party repurchase agreement** $20.00
Wire in/out and check issued (non-settlement-related) $10.00

 

** A transaction includes buys, sells, maturities, or free security movements.

 

Mutual Fund Trade (RIC)

Buy, sell or free security movement $10.00

 

Mutual Fund Dividend Transaction (RIC)

Dividend, capital gain or re-invest, each $5.00

 

Out-of-Pocket Expenses

Out-of-pocket expenses include but are not limited to security transfer fees, certificate fees, shipping/courier fees or charges, bank DDA service charges, proxy fees/charges, legal review/processing of restricted and private placement securities, custom programming charges, and expenses, including but not limited to attorney’s fees, incurred in connection with responding to and complying with SEC or other regulatory investigations, inquiries or subpoenas, excluding routine examinations of UMB in its capacity as a service provider.

26

 

All fees, other than basis point fees, are subject to an annual escalation equal to the increase in the Consumer Price Index–Urban Wage Earners (CPI). Such escalations shall be effective commencing one year from the effective date of each Fund and the corresponding date each year thereafter. No amendment of this fee schedule shall be required with each escalation. CPI will be determined by reference to the Consumer Price Index News Release issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

 

Global Custody Fees

 

Country

Annual Asset Charge

(Basis Points)

Transaction

Charge

Argentina 16.0 $65
Australia 2.0 $50
Austria 5.0 $50
Austria Fixed Income 3.0 $40
Bahrain 45.0 $125
Bangladesh 55.0 $125
Belgium (Equity) 3.0 $50
Belgium (Fixed Income) 2.0 $38
Bermuda 45.0 $150
Bosnia 45.0 $150
Botswana 50.0 $135
Brazil 15.0 $40
Bulgaria 55.0 $135
Bulgaria Fixed Income 30.0 $125
Canada 1.5 $25
Chile 15.0 $75
China A Shares 15.0 $60
Colombia 40.0 $105
Costa Rica 45.0 $85
Croatia (Equity) 45.0 $95
Croatia (Fixed Income) 45.0 $75
Cyprus 10.0 $35
Czech Republic (Equity) 25.0 $55
Czech Republic (Fixed Income) 15.0 $55

27

 

Country

Annual Asset Charge

(Basis Points)

Transaction

Charge

Denmark 3.0 $50
Dubai 35.0 $130
Egypt 30.0 $95
Estonia 30.0 $55
Euroclear (Equity) 5.0 $25
Euroclear (Fixed Income) 1.5 $20
Euroclear Fundsettle 2.5 $33
Finland 3.5 $50
France 2.0 $30
Germany 2.0 $25
Ghana 55.0 $110
Greece (Equity) 20.0 $60
Greece (Fixed Income) 10.0 $45
Hong Kong 2.5 $30
Hong Kong China B 6.0 $60
Hungary (Keler, Equity/Fixed Income) 25.0 $80
Iceland 6.5 $35
India 20.0 $50
Indonesia 10.0 $75
Ireland 2.0 $30
Israel 15.0 $85
Italy 2.0 $40
Japan 2.0 $30
Jordan 40.0 $115
Kazakhstan 30.0 $140
Kenya 55.0 $165
Kuwait 40.0 $130
Latvia 55.0 $95
Lebanon 35.0 $145
Lithuania 45.0 $95
Malaysia 10.0 $70
Malta 25.0 $95
Mauritius 50.0 $165
Mexico 5.0 $40

28

 

Country

Annual Asset Charge

(Basis Points)

Transaction

Charge

Morocco 40.0 $135
Namibia 55.0 $165
Netherlands 2.5 $35
New Zealand 3.5 $80
Nigeria 55.0 $165
Norway 2.5 $50
Oman 35.0 $145
Pakistan 40.0 $115
Palestine 30.0 $125
Peru 40.0 $100
Philippines 15.0 $80
Poland 30.0 $90
Poland (Fixed Income) 15.0 $55
Portugal 10.0 $75
Qatar 35.0 $130
Romania 35.0 $90
Russia (Equity) 30.0 $85
Russia (Fixed Income) 20.0 $70
Saudi Arabia 50.0 $155
Serbia 90.0 $115
Singapore 3.5 $60
Slovakia 35.0 $75
Slovenia 70.0 $165
South Africa 3.5 $45
South Korea 5.0 $25
Spain 3.5 $65
Sri Lanka 25.0 $65
Sweden 2.5 $50
Switzerland 2.0 $30
Taiwan 15.0 $75
Thailand 7.0 $65
Tunisia (Equity) 50.0 $65
Tunisia (Fixed Income) 40.0 $55
Turkey 15.0 $45

29

 

Country

Annual Asset Charge

(Basis Points)  

Transaction

Charge

Uganda 40.0 $150
Ukraine (Equity) 85.0 $165
Ukraine (Fixed Income) 30.0 $105
United Kingdom 1.0 $25
Venezuela 40.0 $100
Vietnam 35.0 $100
Zambia 35.0 $100
Zimbabwe 50.0 $145

 

Additional Charges, Each

Trade correction and cancel $15
Late instruction $15
Non-automated trade instruction $15

 

Please note: Asset and transaction charges for markets not listed above will be negotiated by both parties prior to investment.

 

Out-of-Pocket Expenses

 

Out-of-pocket expenses include but are not limited to all locally mandated charges, communications expenses, telex, audit reporting, legal, telephone, duplication, forms, supplies, depository charges, Euroclear deposit and withdrawal charges, direct expenses including but not limited to stamp duties, foreign investor registration charges, commissions, dividend and income collection charges, local taxes, certificate fees, proxy fees and charges, special handling charges, registration fees, transfer charges, custom programming, holding charges, postage including overnight and other courier services, and expenses, including but not limited to attorney’s fees, incurred in connection with responding to and complying with SEC or other regulatory investigations, inquiries or subpoenas, excluding routine examinations of UMB in its capacity as a service provider to the funds.

 

All fees, other than basis point fees, are subject to an annual escalation equal to the increase in the Consumer Price Index–Urban Wage Earners (CPI). Such escalations shall be effective commencing one year from the effective date of each Fund and the corresponding date each year thereafter. No amendment of this fee schedule shall be required with each escalation. CPI will be determined by reference to the Consumer Price Index News Release issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

30

 

APPENDIX A

 

CUSTODY AGREEMENT

 

The following Subcustodians and Securities Systems are approved for use in connection with the Custody Agreement dated July 6, 2017.

 

SECURITIES SYSTEMS:

 

Depository Trust Company

Federal Book Entry

 

SPECIAL SUBCUSTODIANS:

 

DOMESTIC SUBCUSTODIANS:

 

Citibank (Foreign Securities Only)

 

RENN FUND, INC.   UMB BANK, N.A.  
       
By:     (HUGH ROSS)   By:     (PETER BERGMAN)  
       
Name: Hugh Ross   Name: Peter Bergman  
       
Title: COO of Horizon Asset Management, LLC, the Investment Manager of RENN Fund, Inc.   Title: Vice President  
       
Date: July 6, 2017   Date: July 6, 2017  

31

 

APPENDIX B

 

CUSTODY AGREEMENT

 

The following open-end management investment companies ("Funds") are hereby made parties to the Custody Agreement dated July 6, 2017 with UMB Bank, N.A. ("Custodian") and RENN Fund, Inc., and agree to be bound by all the terms and conditions contained in said Agreement:

 

RENN Fund, Inc.

 

    RENN FUND, INC.
     
Attest:   By:      (HUGH ROSS)
     
    Name: Hugh Ross
     
    Title: COO of Horizon Asset Management, LLC, the Investment Manager of RENN Fund, Inc.
     
    Date: July 6, 2017
     
    UMB BANK, N.A.
     
Attest:   By:      (PETER BERGMAN)
     
    Name: Peter Bergman
     
    Title: Vice President
     
    Date: July 6, 2017

 

32

 

AMENDED AND RESTATED

 

APPENDIX B

 

CUSTODY AGREEMENT

 

The following open-end management investment companies (“Funds”) are hereby made parties to the Custody Agreement dated July 6, 2017 with UMB Bank, n.a. (“Custodian”) and RENN Fund, Inc., and agree to be bound by all the terms and conditions contained in said Agreement:

 

RENN Fund, Inc.
The RENN Fund, Inc. (Cayman)

 

Executed on this 15 th day of March, 2018.

 

    RENN FUND, INC. & THE RENN FUND, INC. (CAYMAN)
       
Attest:   By:
     
    Name: Jay Kesslen
       
    Title: Vice President/Director
       
    Date: 19 March 2018
       
    UMB BANK, N.A.
       
Attest:   By:  
       
    Name: Peter Bergman
       
    Title: Vice President
       
    Date: 3/19/2018

 

1

 

 

ADMINISTRATION AND FUND ACCOUNTING AGREEMENT

 

THIS ADMINISTRATION AND FUND ACCOUNTING AGREEMENT (the “Agreement”) is made as of this 6 th day of July, 2017, by and between RENN Fund, Inc., a Texas corporation (the “Fund”), and UMB Fund Services, Inc., a Wisconsin corporation, its successors and assigns (the “Administrator”).

 

WHEREAS, the Fund is a closed-end fund registered under the 1940 Act (as defined below) and is authorized to issue Shares; and

 

WHEREAS, the Fund and the Administrator desire to enter into an agreement pursuant to which the Administrator shall provide Services (as defined below) to the Fund.

 

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and agreements herein contained and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto, intending to be legally bound, do hereby agree as follows:

 

1. Definitions   In addition to any terms defined in the body of this Agreement, the following capitalized terms shall have the meanings set forth hereinafter whenever they appear in this Agreement:

 

1933 Act shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

1940 Act shall mean the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

 

Articles of Incorporation shall mean the Articles of Incorporation or other similar operational document of the Fund, as the case may be, as the same may be amended from time to time.

 

Authorized Person shall mean any individual who is authorized to provide Administrator with Instructions and requests on behalf of the Fund, whose name shall be certified to Administrator from time to time pursuant to this Agreement. Any officer of the Fund authorized by the Board to be an Authorized Person shall be considered an Authorized Person (unless such authority is limited in a writing from the Fund and received by Administrator) and has the authority to appoint additional Authorized Persons, to limit or revoke the authority of any previously designated Authorized Person, and to certify to Administrator the names of the Authorized Persons from time to time.

 

Board shall mean the Board of Directors of the Fund.

 

By-Laws shall mean the Fund’s By-Laws, including any amendments made thereto.

 

Commission shall mean the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

Investment Adviser shall mean the investment adviser or investment advisers to the Fund and includes all sub-advisers or persons performing similar services.

 

  1

 

Instructions shall mean an oral communication from an Authorized Person or a written communication signed by an Authorized Person and actually received by Administrator. Instructions shall include manually executed originals, telefacsimile transmissions of manually executed originals or electronic communications.

 

Prospectus shall mean the current prospectus and statement of additional information with respect to a Fund (including any applicable amendments and supplements thereto) actually received by Administrator from the Fund with respect to which the Fund has indicated a Registration Statement has become effective under the 1933 Act and the 1940 Act.

 

Registration Statement shall mean any registration statement on Form N-2 at any time now or hereafter filed with the Commission with respect to any of the Shares and any amendments and
supplements thereto which at any time shall have been or will be filed with the Commission.

 

Services shall mean the administration and fund accounting services described on Schedule A hereto and such additional services as may be agreed to by the parties from time to time and set forth in an amendment to Schedule A.

 

Shares shall mean such shares of beneficial interest, or class thereof, of the Fund as may be issued from time to time.

 

Shareholder shall mean a record owner of Shares of the Fund.

 

2. Appointment and Services

 

(a) The Fund hereby appoints Administrator as administrator and fund accountant of the Funds and hereby authorizes Administrator to provide Services during the term of this Agreement and on the terms set forth herein. Subject to the oversight of the Board and utilizing information provided by the Fund and its current and prior agents and service providers, Administrator will provide the Services in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, Administrator shall not be required to provide any Services or information that it believes, in its sole, reasonable discretion, to represent dishonest, unethical or illegal activity. In no event shall Administrator provide any investment advice or recommendations to any party in connection with its Services hereunder.

 

(b) Administrator may from time to time, in its reasonable discretion and at its own expense, appoint one or more other parties to carry out some or all of its responsibilities under this Agreement, provided that Administrator shall remain responsible to the Fund for all such delegated responsibilities in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, in the same manner and to the same extent as if Administrator were itself providing such Services.

 

(c) Administrator’s duties shall be confined to those expressly set forth herein, and no implied duties are assumed by or may be asserted against Administrator hereunder. The Services do not include correcting, verifying or addressing any prior actions or inactions of the Fund, any Fund or by any other current or prior agent or service provider. To the extent Administrator agrees to take such actions, those actions taken shall be deemed part of the Services.

 

  2

 

(d) It is understood that in determining security valuations, Administrator employs one or more pricing services, as directed by the Fund, to determine valuations of portfolio securities for purposes of calculating net asset values of the Funds. The Fund shall identify to Administrator the pricing service(s) to be utilized. If requested by the Fund, the Administrator shall price the securities and other holdings of the Funds for which market quotations or prices are available by the use of such pricing service(s).

 

For those securities where prices are not provided by the pricing service(s) utilized by Administrator, the Fund shall approve, in good faith, the procedures for determining the fair value of the securities. The Investment Adviser shall determine or obtain the valuation of the securities in accordance with those procedures and shall deliver to Administrator the resulting prices for use in its calculation of net asset values. When security valuations are so provided, the following provisions will also apply:

 

(i) Valued securities are typically complicated financial instruments. There are many methodologies (including computer-based analytical modeling and individual security valuations) available to generate approximations of the market value of such securities and there is significant professional disagreement about which method is best. No evaluation method, including those used by Administrator and its suppliers, may consistently generate approximations that correspond to actual “Traded” prices of the securities.

 

(ii) Methodologies used to provide the pricing portion of certain data may rely on valuations, however, the Fund acknowledges that there may be errors or defects in the software, databases, or methodologies generating the valuations that may cause resultant valuations to be inappropriate for use in certain applications.

 

The Fund assumes all responsibility for edit checking, external verification of valuations, and ultimately the appropriateness of using data containing valuations, regardless of any efforts made by Administrator and its suppliers in this regard.

 

(e) Subject to the terms of Section 8, and where applicable, the Administrator further agrees to preserve for the periods prescribed by Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act the records described in Schedule C which are maintained by Administrator for the Fund. To the extent required by Rule 31a-3 under the 1940 Act, Administrator hereby agrees that all records which it maintains for the Fund hereunder are the property of the Fund and further agrees to surrender promptly to the Fund any of such records upon the Fund’s request.

 

(f) Any resolution passed by the Board that affects accounting practices and procedures under this Agreement shall be effective upon written delivery of notice and acceptance by Administrator.

 

(g) Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to appoint Administrator and its officers, directors and employees as the Fund’s attorney, form an attorney-client relationship or require the provision of legal advice. The Fund acknowledges that Administrator’s in-house attorneys exclusively represent Administrator and the Fund’s legal counsel will provide independent judgment on the Fund’s behalf. Because no attorney-client relationship exists between Administrator’s in-house attorneys and the Fund, any information provided to the Administrator’s in-house attorneys may not be privileged and may be subject to compulsory disclosure under certain circumstances, notwithstanding the provisions of Section 5. Administrator represents that it will maintain the confidentiality of information disclosed to its in-house attorneys on a best efforts basis.

 

  3

 

3. Representations and Deliveries

 

(a) The Fund shall deliver or cause the following documents to be delivered to Administrator:

 

(i) A copy of the Articles of Incorporation and By-laws and all amendments thereto, certified by a duly authorized person of the Fund;

 

(ii) Copies of the Fund’s Registration Statement, as of the date of this Agreement, together with any applications filed in connection therewith;

 

(iii) All other documents, records and information that Administrator may reasonably request in order for Administrator to perform the Services hereunder.

 

(b) The Fund represents and warrants to Administrator that:

 

(i) It is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Texas; it is empowered under applicable laws and by its Articles of Incorporation and By-laws to enter into and perform this Agreement; and all requisite corporate proceedings have been taken to authorize it to enter into and perform this Agreement.

 

(ii) It is duly registered as a closed-end investment company under the 1940 Act.

 

(iii) A Registration Statement under the 1933 Act is effective and will remain effective during such period as the Fund is offering Shares for sale. Additionally, appropriate state securities laws filings will be made before Shares are issued in any jurisdiction and such filings will continue to be made, with respect to Shares of the Funds being offered for sale.

 

(iv) It will conduct its business in compliance in all material respects with all applicable laws and regulations, both state and federal, and has obtained (or will timely obtain) all regulatory approvals necessary to carry on its business as now conducted; there is no statute, rule, regulation, order or judgment binding on it and no provision of its Articles of Incorporation, By-laws or any contract binding it or affecting its property which would prohibit its execution or performance of this Agreement.

 

(c) The Fund shall cause the Fund’s officers and directors, and shall use its best efforts to cause the Fund’s Investment Adviser, legal counsel, independent accountants, transfer agent, custodian, distributor and other service providers and agents, past or present, to cooperate with Administrator and to provide Administrator with such information, documents and communications relating to the Funds and the Fund as necessary and/or appropriate or as reasonably requested by Administrator, in order to enable Administrator to perform the Services. In connection with the performance of the Services, Administrator shall (without investigation or verification) be entitled and is hereby instructed to, rely upon any and all Instructions, communications, information or documents provided to Administrator by a representative of the Funds or by any of the aforementioned persons. Administrator shall be entitled to rely on any document that it reasonably believes to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party. Fees charged by such persons shall be an expense of the Fund. Administrator shall not be held to have notice of any change of authority of any Board member, officer, agent, representative or employee of the Fund, Investment Adviser or service provider until delivery of written notice thereof from the Fund.

 

  4

 

(d) The Board and the Investment Adviser have and retain primary responsibility for all compliance matters relating to the Fund and the Funds including but not limited to compliance with the 1940 Act, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the policies and limitations of the Fund relating to the portfolio investments as set forth in the Prospectus. Administrator’s monitoring and other functions hereunder shall not relieve the Board and the Investment Adviser of their primary day-to-day responsibility for assuring such compliance. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator will be responsible for its own compliance with such statutes insofar as such statutes are applicable to the Services it has agreed to provide hereunder, and will promptly notify the Fund if it becomes aware of any non-compliance which relates to the Fund. The Administrator shall provide the Fund with quarterly and annual certifications (on a calendar basis) with respect to the design and operational effectiveness of its compliance and procedures.

 

(e) The Fund will notify Administrator of any discrepancy between Administrator and the Fund, including, but not limited to, failing to account for a security position in a Fund’s portfolio, upon the later to occur of: (i) three (3) business days after receipt of any reports rendered by Administrator to the Fund; (ii) three (3) business days after discovery of any error or omission not covered in the balancing or control procedure; or (iii) three (3) business days after receiving notice from any Shareholder regarding any such discrepancy.

 

(f) The Fund agrees that it shall advise Administrator in writing at least thirty (30) days prior to affecting any change in any Prospectus which would increase or alter the duties and obligations of Administrator hereunder, and shall proceed with such change only if it shall have received the written consent of Administrator thereto.

 

(g) Administrator represents and warrants to the Fund that:

 

(i) It is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Wisconsin; it is empowered under applicable law and by its Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws to enter into and perform this Agreement; and all requisite proceedings have been taken to authorize it to enter into and perform this Agreement.

 

(ii) It is conducting its business in compliance in all material respects with all applicable laws and regulations, both state and federal, and has obtained (or will timely obtain) all regulatory approvals necessary to carry on its business as now conducted; there is no statute, rule, regulation, order or judgment binding on it and no provision of its operating documents or any contract binding it or affecting its property which would prohibit its execution or performance of this Agreement. Its execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement will not conflict with or violate (a) any provision of the organizational or governance documents of Administrator or (b) any law applicable to Administrator.

 

  5

 

(iii) Administrator shall maintain a disaster recovery and business continuity plan and adequate and reliable computer and other equipment necessary and appropriate to carry out its obligations under this Agreement. Upon the Fund’s reasonable request, Administrator shall provide supplemental information concerning the aspects of its disaster recovery and business continuity plan that are relevant to the Services.

 

(iv) It has and will continue to have access to the necessary facilities, equipment and personnel to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement in accordance with industry standards.

 

(h) The Administrator shall act as liaison with a Fund’s independent public accountants and shall provide account analyses, fiscal year summaries, and other audit-related schedules. The Administrator shall take all reasonable action in the performance of its duties under this Agreement to assure that the necessary information is made available to such auditors and accountants in a timely fashion for the expression of their opinion, as required by the Fund.

 

(i) The Administrator agrees to comply (and to the extent the Administrator takes or is required to take action on behalf of a Fund hereunder shall cause the Fund to comply) with all applicable law, as well as all investment restrictions, policies and procedures adopted by the Fund. Except as set forth in this Agreement, the Administrator assumes no responsibility for such compliance by a Fund. The Administrator shall maintain at all times a program reasonably designed to prevent violations of the federal securities laws (as defined in Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act) with respect to the Services provided.

 

4. Fees and Expenses

 

(a) As compensation for the performance of the Services, the Fund agrees to pay Administrator the fees set forth on Schedule B hereto. Fees shall be adjusted in accordance with Schedule B or as otherwise agreed to by the parties from time to time. Fees shall be earned and paid monthly in an amount equal to at least 1/12 th of the applicable annual fee. Basis point fees and minimum annual fees apply separately to the Fund, and average net assets are not aggregated in calculating the applicable basis point fee per Fund or the applicable minimum. The parties may amend this Agreement to include fees for any additional services requested by the Fund, enhancements to current Services, or to add Funds. The Fund agrees to pay Administrator’s (as the parties may agree to in writing from time to time) rate for Services added to, or for any enhancements to existing Services set forth on, Schedule A after the execution of this Agreement (as the parties may agree to in writing from time to time). In addition, to the extent that Administrator corrects, verifies or addresses any prior actions or inactions by any Fund or by any prior service provider, Administrator shall be entitled to additional fees as provided in Schedule B. In the event of any disagreement between this Agreement and Schedule B related to fees, the terms of Schedule B shall control.

 

(b) For the purpose of determining fees payable to Administrator, net asset value shall be computed in accordance with the Prospectus and resolutions of the Board. The fee for the period from the day of the month this Agreement is entered into until the end of that month shall be pro-rated according to the proportion that such period bears to the full monthly period. Upon any termination of this Agreement before the end of any month, the fee for such part of a month shall be pro-rated according to the proportion which such period bears to the full monthly period and shall be payable upon the date of termination of this Agreement. Should this Agreement be terminated (other than for cause on the part of the Administrator) or the Fund or any Fund be liquidated, merged with or acquired by another fund or investment company, any accrued fees shall be immediately payable.

 

  6

 

(c) Administrator will bear all expenses incurred by it in connection with its performance of Services, except as otherwise provided herein. Administrator shall not be required to pay or finance any costs and expenses incurred in the operation of the Funds, including, but not limited to: taxes; interest; brokerage fees and commissions; salaries, fees and expenses of officers and Board members; Commission fees and state Blue Sky fees; advisory fees; charges of custodians, transfer agents, dividend disbursing and accounting services agents and other service providers; security pricing services; insurance premiums; outside auditing and legal expenses; costs of organization and maintenance of corporate existence; taxes and fees payable to federal, state and other governmental agencies; preparation, typesetting, printing, proofing and mailing of Prospectuses, statements of additional information, supplements, notices, forms and applications and proxy materials for regulatory purposes and for distribution to current Shareholders; preparation, typesetting, printing, proofing and mailing and other costs of Shareholder reports; expenses in connection with the electronic transmission of documents and information including electronic filings with the Commission and the states; research and statistical data services; expenses incidental to holding meetings of the Fund’s Shareholders and Board; fees and expenses associated with internet, e-mail and other related activities; and extraordinary expenses. Expenses incurred for distribution of Shares, including the typesetting, printing, proofing and mailing of Prospectuses for persons who are not Shareholders, will be borne by the Fund, except for such expenses permitted to be paid under a distribution plan adopted in accordance with applicable laws.

 

(d) The Fund also agrees to promptly reimburse Administrator for all out-of-pocket expenses or disbursements reasonably incurred by Administrator in connection with the performance of Services under this Agreement. Out-of-pocket expenses shall include, but not be limited to, those items specified on Schedule B hereto. If reasonably requested by Administrator, out-of-pocket expenses are payable in advance. Payment of postage expenses, if prepayment is reasonably requested, is due at least seven (7) days prior to the anticipated mail date. In the event Administrator reasonably requests advance payment, Administrator shall not be obligated to incur such expenses or perform the related Service(s) until payment is received.

 

(e) The Fund agrees to pay all amounts due hereunder within thirty (30) days of receipt of each invoice (the “Due Date”). Except as provided in Schedule B, Administrator shall bill Service fees monthly, and out-of-pocket expenses as incurred (unless prepayment is requested by Administrator). Administrator may, at its option, arrange to have various service providers submit invoices directly to the Fund for payment of reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses.

 

(f) The Fund is aware that its failure to remit to Administrator all amounts due on or before the Due Date may cause Administrator to incur costs not contemplated by this Agreement, including, but not limited to carrying, processing and accounting charges. Accordingly, in the event that Administrator does not receive any amounts due hereunder, not including any disputed amounts as described herein, by the Due Date, the Fund agrees to pay a late charge on the overdue amount equal to one and one-half percent (1.5%) per month or the maximum amount permitted by law, whichever is less. In addition, the Fund shall pay Administrator’s reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs if any amounts due Administrator in the event that an attorney is engaged to assist in the collection of amounts due. Acceptance of such late charge shall in no event constitute a waiver by Administrator of the Fund’s default or prevent Administrator from exercising any other rights and remedies available to it.

 

  7

 

(g) In the event that any charges are disputed, the Fund shall, on or before the Due Date, pay all undisputed amounts due hereunder and notify the Administrator in writing of any disputed charges for which it is disputing in good faith. Payment for such disputed charges shall be due on or before the close of the fifth (5 th ) business day after the day on which Administrator provides documentation which the parties hereto agree that an objective observer would agree reasonably supports the disputed charges (the “Revised Due Date”). Late charges shall not begin to accrue as to charges disputed in good faith until the first day after the Revised Due Date.

 

(h) The Fund acknowledges that the fees charged by Administrator under this Agreement reflect the allocation of risk between the parties, including the exclusion of remedies and limitations of liability in Section 6. Modifying the allocation of risk from what is stated herein would affect the fees that Administrator charges. Accordingly, in consideration of those fees, the Fund agrees to the stated allocation of risk.

 

5. Confidential Information

 

(a) During the term of this Agreement, it is expected that representatives of both parties will receive or have access to information which is considered proprietary and confidential (“Confidential Information”). “Disclosing Party” shall mean the party (or such party’s affiliates) disclosing Confidential Information or otherwise making Confidential Information available to the Receiving Party. “Receiving Party” shall mean the party hereto to whom Confidential Information is disclosed or otherwise made available by or on behalf of the Disclosing Party. A party’s “Representative” shall include the directors, officers, employees, partners, attorneys, consultants, accountants and advisors of such party. Confidential Information shall include, but is not limited to any technical, financial, business or customer information (including investor and shareholder information), information regarding Administrator’s information security program or other data in written, electronic, verbal or any other form, which is disclosed by or on behalf of the Disclosing Party to the Receiving Party (or any Representative of the Receiving Party), in connection with the Agreement. Confidential Information shall not include: information which is or becomes publicly available by means other than an unauthorized disclosure by the Receiving Party; information that is independently developed by either party without reference to any Confidential Information; information that is already in the possession of the Receiving Party or its Representatives and was not knowingly obtained in breach of a confidentiality obligation owed to the Disclosing Party; information that is approved for release pursuant to written authorization of either party; information that is expressly identified by the Disclosing Party as not being proprietary and confidential; and information that becomes known by a party from a third party independently of such party’s knowledge of the information and is not subject to an obligation of confidentiality.

 

(b) Proper and appropriate steps shall be taken and maintained by the parties to protect Confidential Information. Dissemination of Confidential Information shall be limited to employees or agents that are directly involved with the Services contemplated by this Agreement, and even then only to such extent as is necessary and essential. Neither party shall disclose Confidential Information to any party who is not a properly authorized party in accordance with the terms of this Agreement or without prior express written consent of the other party or unless required by law or court order. Each party shall inform its employees and agents of the confidential nature of the information disclosed hereunder and cause all such employees and agents to abide by the terms of this Agreement. Confidential Information may not be used for any purpose other than as is necessary in connection with the Agreement. The Receiving Party shall be liable for any breach of this Section 5 by it or by any of its Representatives. Any party appointed pursuant to Section 2(b) above shall be required to observe the confidentiality obligations contained herein.

 

  8

 

(c) If a party is required by law or court order to disclose Confidential Information, such party shall provide the other party prompt written notice of such requirement so that an appropriate protective order or other relief may be sought, unless such notice is prohibited by law. The party required to disclose Confidential Information shall disclose only such portions of the Confidential Information as required.

 

(d) Confidential Information will be used only in connection with the Agreement and the parties will not use the Confidential Information for any other purpose. The parties reserve all rights to Confidential Information not expressly granted herein. All documents containing Confidential Information and provided by each party shall remain the property of such party. Upon written request by the Disclosing Party, the Receiving Party will promptly (i) return to the Disclosing Party all Confidential Information provided or made available to the Receiving Party or its Representatives, or (ii) at the Receiving Party’s option, unless prohibited by law, destroy all of the Confidential Information. The Receiving Party shall be permitted to retain a copy of the Confidential Information for customary archival or audit, regulatory or compliance purposes. The Receiving Party shall not be required to return or destroy those copies of Confidential Information that are stored electronically in such a manner that it is not technologically feasible to return or destroy them. Any copies retained by the Receiving Party will remain subject to the terms of this Agreement.

 

(e) Each party hereto acknowledges and agrees that the Confidential Information provided or made available to it and its Representatives by or on behalf of the other party is valuable, competitive, confidential and/or proprietary information and that the use of the Confidential Information in any manner not permitted by this Agreement may severely injure the Disclosing Party and that the Confidential Information is being provided or made available to the Receiving Party in reliance upon the covenants and agreements made in this Agreement. Accordingly, in addition to any other remedy to which it may be entitled by law or in equity, each party shall be entitled to seek an injunction to prevent and/or enjoin breaches of this Agreement by the Receiving Party or its Representatives and to seek an order compelling specific performance of the Agreement.

 

(f) The obligations of the parties under Section 5 shall indefinitely survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

  9

 

6. Limitation of Liability

 

(a) The Administrator shall exercise due care and reasonable care in good faith and in accordance with reasonable commercial standards in discharging its duties hereunder. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the Administrator shall be liable to a Fund for all losses, damages and reasonable costs and expenses suffered or incurred by such Fund resulting from the bad faith, negligence, fraud, reckless disregard in the performance of its duties and obligations under this Agreement, uncured material breach of this Agreement or willful misconduct of the Administrator (the “Standard of Care”). Subject to the foregoing, Administrator shall not be liable for: (i) any action reasonably taken or omitted to be taken in accordance with or in reasonable reliance upon Instructions, communications, data, documents or information (without investigation or verification) received by the Administrator from an officer or representative of the Fund, or from any Authorized Person; (ii) any action taken or omission by a Fund, the Fund, Investment Adviser, any Authorized Person or any past or current service provider; or, (iii) its reliance on the security valuations without investigation or verification provided by pricing service(s), the Investment Adviser or representatives of the Fund.

 

(b) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, each party hereto will be excused from its obligation to perform any Service or obligation required of it hereunder for the duration that such performance is prevented by events beyond its reasonable control and shall not be liable for any default, damage, loss of data or documents, errors, delay or any other loss whatsoever caused thereby. Administrator will, however, take all reasonable steps to minimize service interruptions for any period that such interruption continues beyond its reasonable control.

 

(c) In no event and under no circumstances shall the Indemnified Parties (as defined below) be liable to anyone, including, without limitation, the other party, under any theory of tort, contract, strict liability or other legal or equitable theory for lost profits, exemplary, punitive, special, indirect or consequential damages for any act or failure to act under any provision of this Agreement regardless of whether such damages were foreseeable and even if advised of the possibility thereof.

 

(d) The obligations of the parties under Section 6 shall indefinitely survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

7. Indemnification

 

(a) The Fund agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Administrator, and its nominees (collectively, the “Indemnified Parties”) from and against any and all claims, demands, actions and suits, and from and against any and all judgments, liabilities, losses, damages, costs, charges, fees, penalties, and other expenses (excluding attorney’s fees) of every nature and character (“Losses”) which may be asserted against or incurred by any Indemnified Party or for which any Indemnified Party may be held liable (a “Claim”), arising out of or in any way relating to any of the following, except, in each case, to the extent a Claim resulted from Administrator’s breach of the Standard of Care:

 

(i) any action or omission of Administrator other than those for which the Administrator is liable under Section 6;

  

10  

 

(ii) Administrator’s reasonable reliance on, implementation of or use of, Instructions, communications, data, documents or information (without investigation or verification) received by Administrator from an officer or representative of the Fund, or from any Authorized Person;

 

(iii) any action taken, or omission by, a Fund, the Fund, Investment Adviser, any Authorized Person or any past or current service provider (not including Administrator);

 

(iv) any Claim that arises out of the Fund’s gross negligence or misconduct or breach of any representation or warranty of the Fund made herein; and

 

(v) its reliance on the security valuations without investigation or verification provided by pricing service(s), the Investment Adviser or representatives of the Fund.

 

(b) Promptly after receipt by Administrator of notice of the commencement of an investigation, action, claim or proceeding, Administrator shall, if a claim for indemnification in respect thereof is made under this Section, notify the Fund in writing of the commencement thereof, although the failure to do so shall not prevent recovery by Administrator or any Indemnified Party. The Fund shall be entitled to participate at its own expense in the defense or, if it so elects, to assume the defense of any suit brought to enforce any such Loss, but if the Fund elects to assume the defense, such defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by the Fund and approved by Administrator, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. In the event the Fund elects to assume the defense of any such suit and retain such counsel and notifies Administrator of such election, the indemnified defendant or defendants in such suit shall bear the fees and expenses of any additional counsel retained by them subsequent to the receipt of the Fund’s election. If the Fund does not elect to assume the defense of any such suit, or in case Administrator does not, in the exercise of reasonable judgment, approve of counsel chosen by the Fund, or in case there is a conflict of interest between the Fund and Administrator or any Indemnified Party, the Fund will reimburse the Indemnified Party or Parties named as defendant or defendants in such suit, for the reasonable fees and expenses of any counsel retained by Administrator and them. The Fund’s indemnification agreement contained in this Section 7 and the Fund’s representations and warranties in this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of Administrator and each Indemnified Party, and shall survive the delivery of any Shares and the termination of this Agreement. This agreement of indemnity will inure exclusively to Administrator’s benefit, to the benefit of each Indemnified Party and their estates and successors. The Fund agrees to promptly notify Administrator of the commencement of any litigation or proceedings against the Fund or any of its officers or directors in connection with the issue and sale of any of the Shares.

 

(c) The obligations of the parties under this Section 7 shall indefinitely survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

8. Term

 

(a) This Agreement shall become effective with respect to the Fund as of the date hereof. This Agreement shall continue in effect with respect to the Fund for a two-year period beginning on the date of this Agreement (the “Initial Term”). Thereafter, if not terminated as provided herein, the Agreement shall continue automatically in effect as to the Fund for successive annual periods (each a “Renewal Term”).

 

11  

 

(b) In the event this Agreement is terminated by the Fund prior to the end of the Initial Term or any subsequent Renewal Term, the Fund shall be obligated to pay Administrator the remaining balance of the fees payable to Administrator under this Agreement through the end of the Initial Term or Renewal Term, as applicable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, either party may terminate this Agreement at the end of the Initial Term or at the end of any successive Renewal Term (the “Termination Date”) by giving the other party a written notice not less than sixty (60) days’ prior to the end of the respective term. Notwithstanding the foregoing, either party may terminate this Agreement at any time upon on 60 days’ written notice in the event of a material breach of this Agreement by a party and the failure to cure such breach within thirty (30) days of being advised of such breach. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, upon the termination of the Agreement as provided herein or the liquidation, merger or acquisition of a Fund or the Fund, Administrator shall deliver the records of the Fund to the Fund or its successor service provider at the expense of the Fund in a form that is consistent with Administrator’s applicable license agreements, and thereafter the Fund or its designee shall be solely responsible for preserving the records for the periods required by all applicable laws, rules and regulations. The Fund shall be responsible for all expenses associated with the movement (or duplication) of records and materials and conversion thereof to a successor service provider, including all reasonable trailing expenses incurred by Administrator. In addition, in the event of termination of this Agreement, or the proposed liquidation, merger or acquisition of the Fund or a Fund(s), and Administrator’s agreement to provide additional Services in connection therewith, Administrator shall provide such Services and be entitled to such compensation as the parties may mutually agree. Administrator shall not reduce the level of service provided to the Fund prior to termination following notice of termination by the Fund.

 

9. Miscellaneous

 

(a) Any notice required or permitted to be given by either party to the other under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been given when received by the other party as set forth below. Such notices shall be sent to the addresses listed below, or to such other location as either party may from time to time designate in writing:

 

If to Administrator : UMB Fund Services, Inc.
  235 West Galena Street
  Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212
  Attention: General Counsel
   
If to the Fund : RENN Fund, Inc.
  c/o Horizon Kinetics LLC
  470 Park Avenue South
  New York, NY 10016
  Attention: General Counsel

 

If notice is sent by electronic delivery or facsimile, it shall be deemed to have been given immediately (contingent upon confirmed receipt by the intended recipient). If notice is sent by first-class mail, it shall be deemed to have been given five days after it has been mailed. If notice is sent by messenger, it shall be deemed to have been given on the day it is delivered.

 

12  

 

 

(b) Except as provided to the contrary herein, this Agreement may not be amended or modified in any manner except by a written agreement executed by both parties with the formality of this Agreement.

 

(c) This Agreement shall be governed by Wisconsin law, excluding the laws on conflicts of laws. To the extent that the applicable laws of the State of Delaware, or any of the provisions herein, conflict with the applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, the latter shall control, and nothing herein shall be construed in a manner inconsistent with the 1940 Act or any rule or order of the Commission thereunder. Any provision of this Agreement which is determined by competent authority to be prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof, and any such prohibition or unenforceability in any jurisdiction shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction. In such case, the parties shall in good faith modify or substitute such provision consistent with the original intent of the parties.

 

(d) This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original agreement but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument. The facsimile signature of any party to this Agreement shall constitute the valid and binding execution hereof by such party.

 

(e) The services of Administrator hereunder are not deemed to be exclusive. Administrator may render administration and fund accounting services and any other services to others, including other investment companies.

 

(f) The captions in the Agreement are included for convenience of reference only, and in no way define or limit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or effect.

 

(g) This Agreement is executed by the Fund with respect to the Funds and the obligations hereunder are not binding upon any of the Board members, officers or Shareholders individually but are binding only upon the Fund to which such obligations pertain and the assets and property of such Fund. All obligations of the Fund under this Agreement shall apply only on a Fund-by-Fund basis, and the assets of one Fund shall not be liable for the obligations of another Fund.

 

(h) This Agreement and the Schedules incorporated herein constitute the full and complete understanding and agreement of Administrator and the Fund and supersedes all prior negotiations, understandings and agreements with respect to fund accounting and administration services.

 

(i) Except as specifically provided herein, this Agreement does not in any way affect any other agreements entered into among the parties hereto and any actions taken or omitted by any party hereunder shall not affect any rights or obligations of any other party hereunder.

 

(j) Administrator shall retain all right, title and interest in any and all computer programs, screen formats, report formats, procedures, data bases, interactive design techniques, derivative works, inventions, discoveries, patentable or copyrightable matters, concepts, expertise, trade secrets, trademarks and other related legal rights provided, developed or utilized by Administrator in connection with the Services provided by Administrator to the Fund hereunder.

 

13  

 

(k) This Agreement shall extend to and shall be binding upon the parties hereto, and their respective successors and assigns. This Agreement shall not be assignable by either party without the written consent of the other party.

 

[Signature page to follow.]

 

14  

 

(l) The person signing below represents and warrants that he/she is duly authorized to execute this Agreement on behalf of the party on whose behalf such person is signing.

 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by a duly authorized person as of the day, month and year first above written.

 

  RENN FUND, INC.
(the “Fund”)
     
  By: (GRAPHIC)
   
  Name: Hugh Ross

 

  Title: COO of Horizon Asset Management, LLC,
the Investment Manager of RENN Fund, Inc.
     
  Date: July 6, 2017
     
  UMB FUND SERVICES, INC.
(“Administrator”)
     
  By: (GRAPHIC)
     
  Name: Anthony J. Fischer
     
  Title: President
     
  Date: 7/20/17

   

15  

 

Schedule A
to the  

Administration and Fund Accounting Agreement
by and between  

RENN Fund, Inc.
and  

UMB Fund Services, Inc.

 

SERVICES

 

Subject to the oversight of, and utilizing information provided by the Fund, Investment Adviser, and the Fund’s agents, the Administrator will provide the following services:

 

Fund Accounting

 

General: 

1 . Provide office space, facilities, equipment, and personnel to carry out the Services.

 

Fund Accounting: 

1. Cash Processing:

a. Provide the Investment Adviser, sub-adviser(s), and/or delegate with a daily report of cash and projected cash;

b. Maintain cash and position reconciliations with custodian(s) and prime brokers.

2. Investment Accounting and Securities Processing:

a. Maintain daily portfolio records for the Fund, using security information provided by the Investment Adviser or sub-adviser(s);

b. On a daily basis, process non-discretionary corporate action activity and discretionary corporate action activity upon receipt of instructions from the Investment Adviser;

c. On each day a net asset value is calculated, record the prices for every portfolio position using sources approved by the Board;

d. On each business day, record interest and dividend accruals, on a book basis, for the portfolio securities held in the Fund and calculate and record the gross earnings on investments for that day. Account for daily or periodic distributions of income to shareholders and maintain undistributed income balances each day;

e. On each business day, determine gains and losses on portfolio securities sales on a book basis. Account for periodic distributions of gains to shareholders of the Fund and maintain undistributed gain or loss balance as of each business day;

f. Provide the Investment Adviser with standard daily/periodic portfolio reports for the Fund as mutually agreed upon.

  16

 

3. General Ledger Accounting and Reconciliation:

a. On each business day, calculate the amount of expense accruals according to the methodology, rates or dollar amounts provided by the Investment Adviser. Account for expenditures and maintain accrual balances at a level of accounting detail specified by the Investment Adviser;

b. Account for purchases, sales, exchanges, transfers, reinvested distributions, and other activity related to the shares of the Fund as reported by the Funds’ transfer agent.

Reconcile activity to the transfer agency records;

c. Review outstanding trade, income, or reclaim receivable/payable balances with the appropriate party;

d. Maintain and keep current all books and records of the Funds as required by Section 31 of the 1940 Act, and the rules thereunder, in connection with the Fund Accountant’s duties hereunder.

4. Compute net asset value in accordance with Fund procedures:

a. Calculate the net asset value per share and other per share amounts on the basis of shares outstanding reported by the Funds’ transfer agent.

b. Issue daily reports detailing per share information of the Fund to such persons (including the Funds’ transfer agent, NASDAQ and other reporting agencies) as directed by the Investment Adviser.

 

Tax Administration

 

Tax Administration

 

1. Prepare tax work schedules for both excise tax and income tax provision purposes, calculating dividend and capital gains distributions subject to review and approval by the Fund’s officers and their independent accountants.

2. Review any complex corporate actions prepared by fund accounting for unique tax issues.

3. Include the appropriate tax adjustment for wash sales, identified by third-party services, for inclusion in financial information, distributions and tax returns.

4. Include the appropriate tax adjustments for Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) holdings, identified by third-party services and/or provided by the Investment Adviser, in tax work schedules. Assist the Investment Adviser in determining either the marked-to-market or Qualified Electing Fund (QEF) election. If the QEF election is chosen, the Investment Adviser will work with the underlying PFIC to procure and provide the required QEF Statement to the Fund, as well as an estimate for the excise tax calculation and the distribution.

5. Prepare for review by the Fund’s independent accountants the financial statement book/tax differences (e.g., capital accounts) and footnote disclosures.

  17

 

6. Assist the Funds in monitoring and maintaining documentation associated with ASC 740-10 (Financial Interpretation Number 48 Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes).

7. Assist the Fund’s independent accountants in the preparation and filing, for execution by the Fund’s officers, of all federal income and excise tax returns and the Trust’s state income tax returns (and such other required tax filings as may be agreed to by the parties) other than those required to be made by the Fund’s custodian or Transfer Agent, subject to review, approval and signature by the Fund’s officers and the Fund’s independent accountants.

8. Prepare analysis in determining qualified dividend income amounts for notification to shareholders and prepare ICI Primary and Secondary Layouts for shareholder reporting.

9. Prepare Forms 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income for board members and other required Fund vendors.

10. If the Fund is considered to be a non-publicly offered RIC, calculate the affected RIC expenses to be allocated to each affect investor and assist the Transfer Agent with including the information in a statement to the shareholder.

 

Fund Administration

 

1. General Fund Management:

a. Provide appropriate personnel, office facilities, information technology, record keeping and other resources as necessary for the Administrator to perform its duties and responsibilities under this agreement;

b. Act as liaison among all Fund service providers.

2. Coordinate Board activities:

a. Assist in establishing meeting agendas with the Investment Adviser, legal counsel and/or Board as requested by the Fund;

b. Prepare Board reports based on financial and administrative data as requested by the Board. Coordinate the preparation, assembly, and mailing of board books in hard copy or electronic (PDF) format for quarterly Board meetings;

c. Attend quarterly Board meetings, either in person or telephonically, and prepare a first draft of the quarterly meeting minutes, as requested by the Board;

3. Financial Reporting and Audits:

a. Prepare quarterly, semi-annual and annual schedules and financial statements including schedule of investments and the related statements of operations, assets and liabilities, changes in net assets and cash flow (if required), and financial highlights to each financial statement;

b. Draft footnotes to financial statements for approval by the Funds’ officers and independent accountants;

  18

 

c. Provide facilities, information and personnel as necessary to accommodate annual audits by the Funds’ independent accountants or examinations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

4. Compliance:

a. On at least a quarterly basis, assist the Investment Adviser in monitoring compliance with (i) investment restrictions described in each Fund’s registration statement, (ii) SEC diversification requirements, as applicable, (iii) its status as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, specifically asset diversification requirements, qualifying income requirements, and distribution requirements.

5. Expenses:

a. Prepare annual Fund level and class level budgets and update on a periodic basis;

b. Coordinate the payment of expenses;

c. Establish accruals and provide to the Funds’ fund accountant;

d. Provide expense summary reporting as reasonably requested by the Fund.

6. Filings:

a. Provide the following for Form N-1A filings and required updates:

i. Preparation of expense table;

ii. Performance information;

iii. Preparation of shareholder expense transaction and annual fund operating expense examples; and

iv. Investment Advisor and trustee fee data.

b. File Form N-PX based on information provided by the Investment Adviser or its delegate;

c. Assist in compiling exhibits and disclosures for Form N-CSR and file when approved by the principal officers of the Funds;

d. Compile data, prepare timely notices and file with the SEC pursuant to Rule 24f-2 and Form N-SAR;

e. Prepare and file Form N-Q;

f. File Rule 17g-1 fidelity bond filing when received from the Funds or broker.

7. Other:

a. Calculate dividend and capital gain distributions, subject to review and approval by the Funds’ officers and independent accountants;

b. Calculate standard performance, as defined by Rule 482 of the 1933 Act, as requested by the Funds;

c. Report performance and other portfolio information to outside reporting agencies as directed by the Investment Adviser;

d. Assist in securing and monitoring the directors and officers liability coverage and fidelity bond for the Funds;

e. Provide periodic updates on recent accounting, tax and regulatory events affecting the Fund and/or Investment Adviser.

  19

 

f. Assist the Fund during SEC audits, including providing applicable documents from the SEC’s document request list;

g. Maintain a regulatory compliance calendar (initially provided by the Fund’s CCO) listing various Board approval and SEC filing dates.

  20

 

Schedule B
 to the  

Administration and Fund Accounting Agreement
 by and between  

RENN Fund, Inc.
 and  

UMB Fund Services, Inc.

 

FEES

Annual Net Asset-Based Fees (per portfolio)  
First $150 million in assets 10.0 basis points, plus
Next $100 million in assets 8.0 basis points, plus
Assets over $250 million 5 basis points

 

For more complex or alternative investment funds (long-short, swaps, etc.) add 2 basis points to each breakpoint fee. Master-feeder funds and funds that are hedged (i.e., more than 10%) require customized pricing.

 

Subject to

Annual Minimum Fee

Per portfolio – first two portfolios $60,000
Each additional portfolio $60,000

 

Minimum fees are aggregated and applied pro-rata across all funds.

 

Multi-Class Fee

Per class, per month $1,250

 

Multi-Manager Fee

Per manager, per year – first two managers $15,000
Each additional manager, per year $12,000

 

CCO Support Services

Annual fee per fund family $3,000

 

EDGAR Project Fees  

UMB Fund Services works with a third-party vendor to EDGARize the following forms and corresponding documents. Services include:  

Serve as liaison with client and vendor to produce draft filings
Produce filing forms
Distribute filing drafts to all appropriate parties for review; coordinate consolidated revisions as needed
Upon client's final approval, instruct vendor to file by the SEC's deadline

  21

 

Fees are the lesser of the “By Filing” amount or the “By Page Length” amount:

 

By Filing

Annual Registration 485 $200
Follow-up Annual 497 $50
N-CSR and N-CSR/S $150
Quarterly N-Q $100
Registration Fees 24f-2 $50
497j $50
N-PX $200
40-17G $200
Correspondence $50
Other charged by page length

 

By Page Length
Up to10 pages total $50
11–20 pages total $100
21–50 pages total $150
51+pages total $200

 

Special Projects and Services $175/hour

 

Out-of-Pocket Expenses and Other Related Expenses

Out-of-pocket expenses include but are not limited to portfolio pricing services; security master set-up services; corporate action services; factor services; EDGAR filing fees; design, typesetting and printing of shareholder reports and prospectuses; customized reporting; third-party data provider/research services costs (including but not limited to Gainskeeper, E&Y PFIC Analyzer, Bloomberg, GICS, MSCI, CUSIP, SEDOL); photocopying; binders; dividers; color copies; storage fees for fund records; express delivery charges; travel on behalf of fund business; and expenses, including but not limited to attorney’s fees, incurred in connection with responding to and complying with SEC or other regulatory investigations, inquiries or subpoenas, excluding routine examinations of UMB in its capacity as a service provider to the funds. Customized reports or excessive reporting requests may be charged in accordance with current pricing schedule. Complex tax vehicles such as MLPs, straddles, or other unique structures may require additional charges for review or systems. Other expenses will be charged in accordance with the Administrator’s current pricing schedule, as well as fees for research services and other service interface fees (including but not limited to CCH, NASDAQ and IDC pricing and other security information services).

  22

 

 

Optional Services One-time  
Online Board Books implementation/ Annual
training fee fee
Board online license $250 $500
Online user license (per user) $200 $500
Offline user license (per user) $350 $900
Administrator user license (optional) $500 $1,500

 

Subject to early termination fees

 

All fees, other than basis point fees, are subject to an annual escalation equal to the increase in the Consumer Price Index–Urban Wage Earners (CPI). Such escalations shall be effective commencing one year from the effective date of each Fund and the corresponding date each year thereafter. No amendment of this fee schedule shall be required with each escalation. CPI will be determined by reference to the Consumer Price Index News Release issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

 

Fees for services not contemplated by this schedule will be negotiated on a case-by-case basis.

 

23

 

 

 

June 1, 2009

 

Ms. Janice Santiago

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC
6201 15 th Avenue
Brooklyn, New York 11219

 

Dear Ms. Santiago:

 

Enclosed is the signed Certificate of Appointment per Kaye Mitchell’s instructions. Please let me know if you have any questions.

 

Sincerely,

 

 

 

Kathryn Semon
Executive Assistant to
Russell Cleveland, President

 

8080 N. Central Expressway      Suite 210-LB 59      Dallas, Texas    75206-1857
214-891-8294    214-368-4629    FAX: 214-891-8291

 

BY

 

  RENN Global Entrepreneurs Fund, Inc.        (the “Company”)
  (name of corporation)  

 

a Texas  
  (state of corporation)  

 

corporation
(description of entity – e.g., corporation, partnership)

 

The Company is authorized to issue the following shares/units:

 

Class of Stock Par Value Number of Shares/Units Authorized
Common $1.00 10,000,000
     
     
     
     
     

 

The address of the Company to which Notices may be sent is:

 

8080 N. Central Expressway, Suite 210 LB 59
Dallas, Texas 75206-1857

 

The name and address of legal counsel for the Company is:

 

David Oden

Haynes and Boone, LLP

2505 N. Plano Road, Suite 4000

Richardson, TX 75082-4101

 

 

Attached are true copies of the certificate of incorporation and bylaws (or such other comparable documents for non-corporate entities), as amended, of the Company.

 

If any provision of the certificate of incorporation or by-laws of the Corporation, any court or administrative order, or any other document, affects any transfer agency or registrar function or responsibility relating to the shares, attached is a statement of each such provision.

 

All shares issued and outstanding as of the date hereof, or to be issued during the term of this appointment, are/shall be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. All such shares are (or, in the case of shares that have not yet been issued, will be) duly registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Act of 1934. Any shares not so registered were or shall be issued or transferred in a transaction or series of transactions exempt from the registration provisions of the relevant Act, and in each such issuance or transfer, the Corporation was or shall be so advised by its legal counsel and all shares issued or to be issued bear or shall bear all appropriate legends.

 

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (“AST”) is hereby appointed as transfer agent and registrar for the shares/units of the Company set forth above, in accordance with the general practices of AST and its regulations set forth in the pamphlet entitled Regulations of American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, a copy of which we have received and reviewed.

 

The initial term of this Certificate of Appointment shall be three (3) years from the date of this Certificate of Appointment and the appointment shall automatically be renewed for further three years successive terms without further action of the parties, unless written notice is provided by either party at least 90 days prior to the end of the initial or any subsequent three year period. The term of this appointment shall be governed in accordance with this paragraph, notwithstanding the cessation of active trading in the capital stock of the Company.  

 

The Corporation will advise AST promptly of any change in any information contained in this Certificate by a supplemental Certificate or otherwise in writing.

 

WITNESS my hand this 1 day of June , 20 09

 

RENN Global Entrepreneurs Fund, Inc.  
   
By:    
  Russell Cleveland  
     
Title: President   

 

12-05-05

 

 

 

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

We consent to the references to our firm in the Registration Statement on Form N-2 of the Renn Fund and to the use of our report dated March 1, 2018 on the financial statements and financial highlights of Rend Fund. Such financial statements, financial highlights and report of independent registered public accounting firm appear in the 2017 Annual Report to Shareholders and are incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and Prospectus.

 

   
  TAIT, WELLER & BAKER LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  
August __, 2018  

R enaissance C apital G rowth & I ncome F und III, I nc .

 

CODE OF ETHICS

 

Adopted July 11, 2002 as Required by 

Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940

 

(as Amended and Restated as of June 30, 2007)

 

Section 1: Statement of Purpose and Applicability

 

(A) Covered Entities and Their Relationships

 

(1) The Company . Renaissance Capital Growth & Income Fund III, Inc., a Texas corporation (the “Company”), has elected to be regulated as a business development company (a “BDC”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).

 

(2) The Adviser . RENN Capital Group, Inc., a Texas corporation (the “Adviser”), is registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and is the investment adviser of the Company.

 

(B) Statement of Purpose

 

(1) Introduction . Like an investment company registered under the 1940 Act, an investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC has a fiduciary duty to its shareholders, a duty that is recognized under the federal securities laws and regulations governing the Company’s operations. In particular, the 1940 Act establishes as a matter of federal law the fiduciary status of affiliates of an investment company vis-a-vis such company and regulates and controls the relationship among: an investment company; its directors, officers and employees; its investment advisers; and directors, officers and employees of such advisers. The 1940 Act specifically prohibits certain types of financial transactions involving, directly or indirectly, both an investment company and its investment adviser or directors, officers or employees of such adviser unless prior approval is obtained from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
0607 Final Page 1  

 

An underlying policy of the 1940 Act is to prohibit any person who is connected with an investment company or an investment adviser of such company from deriving hidden profit from his or her association with such company. The 1940 Act, among other things, prohibits persons affiliated with an investment company from engaging in practices that constitute fraud or deceit upon the company or its shareholders, including the practice by its directors, officers or employees or of any investment adviser or its directors, officers or employees of trading privately ( i.e. , for their own accounts) in securities at a time when the investment company is caused to trade in the same securities in order to benefit these affiliated persons. Thus, the 1940 Act requires investment company directors, officers and employees as well as investment advisers, directors, officers and employees of investment advisers and other affiliates to serve the company with undivided loyalty.

 

(2) Code of Ethics . Rule 17j-1, promulgated by the SEC pursuant to Section 17(j) of the 1940 Act and made applicable to BDCs by Section 59 of the 1940 Act, makes it unlawful for affiliated persons of the Company or the Adviser, in connection with the purchase or sale, directly or indirectly, by such person of any Security Held or to Be Acquired by the Company, to: (i) employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud the Company; (ii) make any untrue statement of a material fact to the Company or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they are made to the Company, not misleading; (iii) engage in any act, practice, or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the Company; or (iv) engage in any manipulative practice with respect to the Company.

 

Rule 17j-1 also requires investment companies and their investment advisers (including subadvisers) and principal underwriters to adopt written codes of ethics reasonably designed to prevent their officers and directors, as well as any employees who participate in the selection of a company’s portfolio securities or who have access to information regarding a company’s impending purchases and sales of portfolio securities, from engaging in conduct prohibited by the rule as described in (i) - (iv) above. Therefore, the Board of Directors of the Company and the Board of Directors of the Adviser have each adopted the conduct standards contained in this Code of Ethics (the “Code”) for such individuals.

 

This Code is based upon the following general fiduciary principles:
0607 Final Page 2  

 

(a) the duty at all times to place the interests of shareholders first;

 

(b) the requirement that all personal securities transactions be conducted consistent with the Code and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of an individual’s position of trust and responsibility; and

 

(c) the fundamental standard that investment company personnel should not take inappropriate advantage of their positions.

 

(3) Scope of the Code . This Code constitutes the Code of Ethics of the Company and of the Adviser. This Code covers the conduct (including the personal securities transactions) of each director and officer of the Company or the Adviser, as well as certain employees of the Company or the Adviser (or of another company in a control relationship to the Company or the Adviser) and certain natural persons in a control relationship to the Company or the Adviser.

 

Section II: Definitions

 

(A) Access Person . “Access Person” means any director, officer, or Advisory Person of the Company or the Adviser.

 

(B) Adviser . The “Adviser” means RENN Capital Group, Inc., a Texas corporation.

 

(C) Advisory Person . “Advisory Person” of the Company or the Adviser means: (i) any employee of the Company or the Adviser (or of any company in a control relationship to the Company or the Adviser), who, in connection with his or her regular functions or duties, makes, participates in, or obtains information regarding the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by the Company, or whose functions relate to the making of any recommendations with respect to such purchases or sales; and (ii) any natural person in a control relationship to the Company or the Adviser who obtains information concerning recommendations made to the Company with regard to the purchase or sale of Covered Securities by the Company.

 

A person does not become an “Advisory Person” simply by virtue of: (1) normally assisting in the preparation of public reports, or receiving public reports, but not receiving information about current recommendations or trading of securities; or (2) a single instance of obtaining knowledge of current recommendations or trading activity; or infrequently and inadvertently obtaining such knowledge.
0607 Final Page 3  

 

(D) Beneficial Interest . “Beneficial Interest” includes any entity, person, trust, or account with respect to which an Access Person exercises investment discretion or provides investment advice. A beneficial interest shall be presumed to include all accounts in the name of or for the benefit of the Access Person, his or her spouse, dependent children, or any person living with him or her or to whom he or she contributes economic support.

 

(E) Beneficial Ownership . “Beneficial Ownership” shall be interpreted in the same manner as it would be under Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act, except that the determination of direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership shall apply to all securities, and not just equity securities, that an Access Person has or acquires. Rule 16a-1(a)(2) provides that the term “beneficial owner” means any person who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship, or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any equity security. Therefore, an Access Person may be deemed to have Beneficial Ownership of securities held by members of his or her immediate family sharing the same household, or by certain partnerships, trusts, corporations, or other arrangements.

 

(F) Company . The “Company” means Renaissance Capital Growth & Income Fund III, Inc., a Texas corporation.

 

(G) Control . “Control” shall have the same meaning as that set forth in Section 2(a)(9) of the 1940 Act, which defines control to mean the power to exercise a controlling influence on the management or policies of a company, unless such power is solely the result of an official position with such company. Any person who owns beneficially, either directly or through one or more controlled companies, more than 25 percent of the voting securities of a company is presumed to control such company. Any person who does not so own more than 25 percent of the voting securities of any company is presumed not to control such company.

 

(H) Covered Security . “Covered Security” means a security as defined in Section 2(a)(36) of the 1940 Act, except that it does not include: (i) direct obligations of the Government of the United States; (ii) bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements; and (iii) shares issued by open-end investment companies registered under the 1940 Act.

 

(I) Designated Officer . “Designated Officer” shall mean the officer of the Company or the Adviser designated from time to time by the Board of Directors of the Company or the Adviser, respectively, to be responsible for management of compliance with this Code. The Designated Officer may appoint a designee to carry out certain of his or her functions pursuant to this Code.
0607 Final Page 4  

 

(J) Disinterested Director . “Disinterested Director” means a director of the Company who is not an “interested person” of the Company within the meaning of Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act, and who would not be required to make a report under Section 4 of this Code solely by reason of being a director of the Company.

 

(K) Initial Public Offering . “Initial Public Offering” means an offering of securities registered under the 1933 Act, the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to the reporting requirements of Sections 13 or 15(d) of the 1934 Act.

 

(L) Investment Personnel . “Investment Personnel” of the Company or the Adviser means: (i) an employee of the Company or the Adviser (or of any company in a control relationship to the Company or the Adviser) who, in connection with his or her regular functions or duties, makes or participates in making recommendations regarding the purchase or sale of securities by the Company; and (ii) any natural person who controls the Company or the Adviser and who obtains information concerning recommendations made to the Company regarding the purchase or sale of securities by the Company.

 

(M) Limited Offering . “Limited Offering” means an offering that is exempt from registration under the 1933 Act pursuant to Section 4(2) or Section 4(6) or pursuant to Rule 504, Rule 505, or Rule 506 under the 1933 Act.

 

(N) Portfolio Manager . “Portfolio Manager” means the person or persons primarily responsible for the day-to-day management purchase and sale of securities by the Company.

 

(0) Purchase or Sale of a Covered Security . “Purchase or Sale of a Covered Security” includes, among other things, the writing of an option to purchase or sell a Covered Security, or the use of a derivative product to take a position in a security.

 

(P) SEC . “SEC” means the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

(Q) Security Held or to Be Acquired . A “Security Held or to Be Acquired” means: (i) with respect to the Disinterested Directors of the Company (a) any Covered Security which, within the most recent 15 days, is or has been held by the Company or is being or has been considered by the Company or the Adviser for purchase by the Company; and (b) any option to purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or exchangeable for, a Covered Security described in clause (a); and (ii) with respect to any Access Person of the Company or the Adviser not included in clause (i) (a) any Covered Security which, within the most recent 15 days, is or has been held by the Company or other Advisory Client of the Adviser or is being or has been considered by the Company or the Adviser for purchase by the Company or other Advisory Client of the Adviser; and (b) any option to purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or exchangeable for, a Covered Security described in clause (a).
0607 Final Page 5  

 

(R) 1933 Act . “1933 Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all regulations promulgated thereunder.

 

(S) 1934 Act . “1934 Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and all regulations promulgated thereunder.

 

(T) 1940 Act . “1940 Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and all regulations promulgated thereunder.

 

Section III: Standards of Conduct

 

(A) General Standards

 

(1) No Access Person shall engage, directly or indirectly, in any business transaction or arrangement for personal profit that is inconsistent with the best interests of the Company or its shareholders; nor shall he or she make use of any confidential information gained by reason of his or her employment by or affiliation with the Company or the Adviser or affiliates thereof in order to derive a personal profit for himself or herself or for any Beneficial Interest, in violation of the fiduciary duty owed by the Company’s affiliates to the Company and its shareholders.

 

(2) Any Access Person recommending or authorizing the purchase or sale of a Covered Security by the Company shall, at the time of such recommendation or authorization, disclose any Beneficial Interest in, or Beneficial Ownership of, such Covered Security or the issuer thereof.

 

(3) No Access Person shall dispense any information concerning securities holdings or securities transactions of the Company to anyone outside the Company, without obtaining prior written approval from the Designated Officer of the Company or the Adviser, as the case may be, or such person or persons as these individuals may designate to act on their behalf. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, such Access Person may dispense such information without obtaining prior written approval:
0607 Final Page 6  

 

(a) when there is a public report containing the same information;

 

(b) when such information is dispensed in accordance with compliance procedures established to prevent conflicts of interest between the Company and its affiliates;

 

(c) when such information is reported to directors of the Company;

 

(d) in the ordinary course of his or her duties on behalf of the Company; or

 

(e) as required by applicable law.

 

(4) All personal securities transactions should be conducted consistent with this Code and in such a manner as to avoid actual or potential conflicts of interest, the appearance of a conflict of interest, or any abuse of an individual’s position of trust and responsibility with respect to the Company.

 

(B) Prohibited Transactions

 

(1) General Prohibition With Respect to the Company’s Securities . No Access Person shall purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any securities of the Company unless such purchase or sale has been pre-cleared by the Designated Officer. Such pre-clearance shall be effective for 5 days, subject to nullification at any time during the 5-day period by the Designated Officer in order to prevent a violation of the Code. Pre-clearance may be conducted verbally, subject to the requirement and request, affirmative or negative, that it be documented in writing as soon as practicable. A form for pre-clearance of transactions in the securities of the Company is attached hereto as Exhibit A.

 

(2) General Prohibition With Respect to Other Securities . No Access Person shall purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any Security Held or to Be Acquired in which he or she has, or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership.

 

(3) Initial Public Offerings and Private Placements . No Investment Personnel shall acquire, directly or indirectly, any securities in which he or she by reason of such transaction acquires any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership pursuant to an Initial Public Offering or Limited Offering, unless such Investment Personnel shall have obtained prior written approval for such purpose from the Designated Officer of the Company or the Adviser. In determining whether such prior approval shall be granted, the Designated Officer shall take into account whether the opportunity to purchase such Covered Securities is being offered to such Investment Personnel because of his or her position with the Company or the Adviser, and whether the opportunity to purchase such Covered Securities should be reserved for the Company. Investment Personnel who purchase Covered Securities pursuant to such prior approval shall disclose that investment if they later become aware of or play a part in the Company’s subsequent consideration of an investment in the issuer of the Covered Securities. In such circumstances, the Company’s decision to purchase Covered Securities of the issuer shall be subject to an independent review by an Advisory Person with no personal interest in the issuer.
0607 Final Page 7  

 

(4) Blackout Periods

 

(a) Open Order Blackout Period . No Advisory Person shall purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any securities in which he or she has, or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership on any day during which the Company has a pending “buy” or “sell” order in that same security until that order is executed or withdrawn.

 

(b) Fifteen Day Blackout Period . No Portfolio Manager shall purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any securities in which he or she has, or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership within seven days before and after the Company trades in that security.

 

(5) Short-Term Trading . No Advisory Person shall profit in the purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, directly or indirectly, of the same (or equivalent) securities in which he or she has, or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership within 60 calendar days. Exceptions to this short-term trading prohibition may be made on a case-by-case basis with the prior written approval of the Designated Officer of the Company or the Adviser when no abuse appears to be involved and the equities of the situation strongly support such an exception. A form for approval of Short-Term Trading is attached hereto as Exhibit B.
0607 Final Page 8  

 

 

(6) Gifts . No Investment Personnel may accept, directly or indirectly, any gift, favor, or service of significant value from any person with whom he or she transacts business on behalf of the Company or the Adviser under circumstances when to do so would conflict with the Company’s best interests or would impair the ability of such person to be completely disinterested when required, in the course of business, to make judgments and/or recommendations on behalf of the Company.

 

(7) Service as Director . No Investment Personnel shall serve on the Board of Directors of a publicly traded company without notice to the Designated Officer of the Company or the Adviser.

 

(C) Exempted Transactions . The prohibitions of Sections III(A) and (B) of this Code shall not apply to the following transactions, although the reporting provisions of Section IV(B) of this Code, which requires mandatory reporting of Covered Securities transactions by certain Access Persons, will continue to apply to such transactions where applicable:

 

(1) Purchases or sales effected in any account over which the Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control.

 

(2) Purchases or sales that are non-volitional on the part of either the Access Person or the Company.

 

(3) Purchases that are part of an automatic dividend reinvestment plan.

 

(4) Purchases effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its Covered Securities, to the extent such rights were acquired from such issuer, and sales of such rights so acquired.

 

(5) Purchases or sales that receive the prior approval of the Designated Officer of the Company or the Adviser because the Designated Officer has determined that particular purchase or sale to be only remotely potentially harmful to the Company, because they would be very unlikely to affect a highly institutional market, or because they clearly are not related economically to the Covered Securities to be purchased, sold, or held by the Company.

 

Section IV: Procedures to Implement Code of Ethics

 

The following procedures have been established to assist Access Persons in avoiding a violation of this Code, and to assist the Company and the Adviser in preventing, detecting, and imposing sanctions for violations of this Code. Every Access Person must follow these procedures. Questions regarding these procedures should be directed to the Designated Officer of the Company or the Adviser.

0607 Final Page 9  

 

(A) Applicability

 

All Access Persons are subject to the reporting requirements set forth in Section IV(B) except:

 

(1) with respect to transactions effected for, and Covered Securities held in, any account over which the Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control;

 

(2) a Disinterested Director, who would be required to make a report solely by reason of being a Director, need not make: (1) an initial holdings or an annual holdings report; and (2) a quarterly transaction report, unless the Disinterested Director knew or, in the ordinary course of fulfilling his or her official duties as a Director, should have known that during the 15-day period immediately before or after such Disinterested Director’s transaction in a Covered Security, the Company purchased or sold the Covered Security, or the Company or its investment adviser considered purchasing or selling the Covered Security;

 

(3) an Access Person to the Adviser need not make a quarterly transaction report to the Adviser if all the information in the report would duplicate information required to be recorded under Rule 204-2(a)(12) or Rule 204-2(a)(13) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended;

 

(4) an Access Person need not make a quarterly transaction report if the report would duplicate information contained in broker trade confirmations or account statements received by the Company with respect to the Access Person in the time required by subsection (B)(2) of this Section IV, if all of the information required by subsection (B)(2) of the Section IV is contained in the broker trade confirmations or account statements, or in the records of the Company, as specified in subsection (B)(4) of this Section IV.

 

(B) Reporting Requirements

 

(1) Initial Holdings Report . An Access Person must file an initial holdings report not later than 10 days after that person became an Access Person. The initial holdings report must: (a) contain the title, number of shares and principal amount of each Covered Security in which the Access Person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership when the person became an Access Person; (b) identify any broker, dealer, or bank with whom the Access Person maintained an account in which any Covered Securities were held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access Person as of the date the person became an Access Person; and (c) indicate the date that the report is filed with the Designated Person. A copy of a suggested form of such report is attached hereto as Exhibit C.
0607 Final Page 10  

 

(2) Quarterly Transaction Report . An Access Person must file a quarterly transaction report not later than 10 days after the end of a calendar quarter.

 

(a) With respect to any transaction made during the reporting quarter in a Covered Security in which such Access Person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership, the quarterly transaction report must contain: (i) the transaction date, title, interest date and maturity date (if applicable), the number of shares, and the principal amount of each Covered Security; (ii) the nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale, or any other type of acquisition or disposition); (iii) the price of the Covered Security at which the transaction was effected; (iv) the name of the broker, dealer, or bank through which the transaction was effected; and (v) the date that the report is submitted by the Access Person. A copy of a suggested form of such report is attached hereto as Exhibit D.

 

(3) Annual Holdings Report . An Access Person must file an annual holdings report not later than 30 days after the end of a fiscal year. The annual holdings report must contain the following information (which information must be current as of a date no more than 30 days before the report is submitted): (a) the title, number of shares, and principal amount of each Covered Security in which the Access Person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership; (b) the name of any broker, dealer, or bank in which any Covered Securities are held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access Person; and (c) the date the report is submitted. As copy of a suggested form of such report is attached hereto as Exhibit E.

 

(4) Account Statements . Every Advisory Person shall direct his or her broker to provide to the Designated Officer of the Company or the Adviser (1) duplicate confirmations of all transactions in any Covered Security in which he or she has, or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership, and (2) copies of periodic statements for all investment accounts in which he or she has Beneficial Ownership.
0607 Final Page 11  

 

(5) Company Reports . No less frequently than annually, the Company and Adviser must furnish to the Board of Directors of the Company, and the Board of Directors of the Company must consider, a written report that:

 

(a) describes any issues arising under the Code or procedures since the last report to the Board of Directors of the Company, including but not limited to, information about material violations of the code or procedures and sanctions imposed in response to the material violations; and

 

(b) certifies that the Company or the Adviser, as the case may be, has adopted procedures reasonably designed to prevent Access Persons from violating the Code.

 

(C) Disclaimer of Beneficial Ownership . Any report required under this Section IV may contain a statement that the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person submitting such duplicate confirmation or account statement or making such report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Covered Security to which the report relates.

 

(D) Review of Reports . The reports required to be submitted under this Section IV shall be delivered to the Designated Officer. The Designated Officer shall review such reports to determine whether any transactions recorded therein constitute a violation of the Code. Before making any determination that a violation has been committed by any Access Person, such Access Person shall be given an opportunity to supply additional explanatory material. The Designated Officer shall maintain copies of the reports as required by Rule 17j-1(f).

 

(E) Acknowledgment and Certification . Upon becoming an Access Person and annually thereafter, each Access Person shall sign an acknowledgment and certification of his or her receipt of and intent to comply with this Code in the form attached hereto as Exhibit F and return it to the Designated Officer. Each Access Person must also certify annually that he or she has read and understands the Code and recognizes that he or she is subject to the Code. In addition, each Access Person must certify annually that he or she has complied with the requirements of the Code and that he or she has disclosed or reported all personal securities transactions required to be disclosed or reported pursuant to the requirements of the Code. The form attached hereto as Exhibit F shall be used for the annual certification of compliance.
0607 Final Page 12  

 

(F) Records . The Company and Adviser shall each maintain records with respect to this Code in the manner and to the extent set forth below, which records may be maintained on microfilm or electronic storage media under the conditions described in Rule 31a-2(f)(1) under the 1940 Act and shall be available for examination by representatives of the SEC.

 

(1) A copy of this Code and any other Code of Ethics of the Company or the Adviser, as the case may be, that is, or at any time within the past five years has been, in effect shall be maintained in an easily accessible place;

 

(2) A record of any violation of this Code and of any action taken as a result of such violation shall be maintained in an easily accessible place for a period of not less than five years following the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurs;

 

(3) A copy of each report made by an Access Person or duplicate account statement received pursuant to this Code, including any information provided in lieu of the reports under subsection (A)(3) of this Section IV, shall be maintained for a period of not less than five years from the end of the fiscal year in which it is made or the information is provided, the first two years in an easily accessible place;

 

(4) A record of all persons who are, or within the past five years have been, required to make reports pursuant to this Code, or who are or were responsible for reviewing these reports, shall be maintained in an easily accessible place;

 

(5) A copy of each report required under subsection (B)(5) of this Section IV shall be maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, the first two years in an easily accessible place; and

 

(6) A record of any decision, and the reasons supporting the decision, to approve the direct or indirect acquisition by an Access Person of beneficial ownership in any securities in an Initial Public Offering or Limited Offering shall be maintained for at least five years after the end of the fiscal year in which the approval is granted.

 

(G) Confidentiality . All reports of Covered Securities transactions, duplicate confirmations, account statements, and any other information filed with the Company or furnished to any person pursuant to this Code shall be treated as confidential, but are subject to review as provided herein and by representatives of the SEC or otherwise to comply with applicable law or the order of a court of competent jurisdiction.
0607 Final Page 13  

 

(H) Dual Reporting Obligations . Employees, officers and directors of the Adviser subject to substantially similar reporting obligations set forth under this or another code of ethics for the Adviser are not also subject to the reporting requirements set forth in this Code.

 

(I) Obligation to Report a Violation . Every Access Person who becomes aware of a violation of this Code by any person must report it to the Designated Officer, who shall report it to appropriate management personnel. The management personnel will take such disciplinary action that they consider appropriate under the circumstances. In the case of officers or other employees of the Company or Adviser, as the case may be, such action may include removal from office. If the management personnel consider disciplinary action against any person, they will cause notice thereof to be given to that person and provide to that person the opportunity to be heard. The Board of Directors of the Company or the Adviser, as applicable, will be notified, in a timely manner, of remedial action taken with respect to violations of the Code.

 

Section V: Sanctions

 

Upon determination that a violation of this Code has occurred, the Board of Directors of the Company or the Adviser, as applicable, may impose such sanctions as it deems appropriate, including, among other things, a letter of censure or suspension or termination of the employment of the violator. All violations of this Code and any sanctions imposed with respect thereto shall be periodically reported to the Board of Directors of the Company.

 

Section VI: Monitoring of Service Providers

 

The Designated Officer of the Company shall, prior to effectiveness of this Code, and periodically thereafter as appropriate, verify that the Adviser has adopted this or another code of ethics and that such code of ethics meets all applicable legal requirements and is consistent with the goals and scope of this Code.

0607 Final Page 14  

 

EXHIBIT A

 

PRE-CLEARANCE FOR TRANSACTION IN SECURITIES OF
RENAISSANCE CAPITAL GROWTH
& INCOME FUND III, INC.

 

Name of Access Person:  
   
Security To Be Purchased or Sold: ___________________  Shares of Common Stock of Renaissance Capital Growth & Income Fund III, Inc.
   
Nature of Transaction (Buy or Sell):  
   
Date of Request:   

 

The undersigned hereby gives notice of his/her desire to transact in the above-referenced security as indicated. Please advise that you have reviewed and consent to the proposed transaction by signing in the space provided below.

 

The Adviser

 

 

By:  
Title:  

 

APPROVED:

 

The Company

 

 

By:  
Title:  

 

EXHIBIT B

 

APPROVAL FOR SHORT-TERM TRADING EXCEPTION

 

Name of Access Person:  
   
Security To Be Purchased or Sold:  
   
Nature of Transaction (Buy or Sell):  
   
Holding Period of Security:  
   
Reason for Transaction:  
   
   
   
   
   
Date of Request:  

 

The undersigned hereby gives notice of his/her desire to execute the above-referenced short-term security transaction as indicated. Please advise that you have reviewed and consent to the proposed transaction by signing in the space provided below.

 

The Adviser

 

 

By:  
Title:  

 

APPROVED:

 

The Company

 

 

By:  
Title:  

 

EXHIBIT C

INITIAL HOLDINGS REPORT

 

Name     Date  

 

NAME OF ISSUER   DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
     
     
     
     
     
     

 

I certify that the foregoing is a complete and accurate list of all securities in which I have any Beneficial Ownership.

 

 

  Signature

 

EXHIBIT D

QUARTERLY TRANSACTION REPORT

 

Name     Date  

   

SECURITIES FIRM        
NAME AND ADDRESS   ACCOUNT NUMBER   ACCOUNT NAME(s)
         
         
         
         
         

 

[   ]    All transactions have been previously reported to the Company.

 

I certify that the foregoing is a complete and accurate list of all securities accounts in which I have any Beneficial Ownership.

 

 

  Signature

 

EXHIBIT E

ANNUAL HOLDINGS REPORT

 

Name     Date  

 

NAME OF ISSUER   DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
     
     
     
     
     
     

  

[   ]    All holdings have been previously reported to the Company.

 

I certify that the foregoing is a complete and accurate list of all securities in which I have any Beneficial Ownership.

 

 

  Signature
 

 

 

  Date

 

EXHIBIT F

ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND CERTlFlCATlON

 

I acknowledge receipt of the Code of Ethics of Renaissance Capital Growth & Income Fund Ill, Inc. and Renaissance Capital Group, Inc. I have read and understand such Code of Ethics and agree to be governed by it at all times. Further, if I have been subject to the Code of Ethics during the preceding year, I certify that I have complied with the requirements of the Code of Ethics and have disclosed or reported all personal securities transactions required to be disclosed or reported pursuant to the requirements of the Code of Ethics.

 

  (signature)
 

 

 

  (please print name)

 

Date:    

 

 

CODE OF ETHICS

 

Updated:

 

January 2018

 

Horizon Kinetics LLC

470 Park Avenue South, 4 th Floor South

New York, New York 10016

(646) 291-2300

 

www.horizonkinetics.com

www.kineticsfunds.com

 

1

 

Table of Contents

 

1. Introduction and Purpose of the Code 3
2. Definitions 4
3. Statement of General Principles 9
4. General Guidelines 9
5. Personal Trading Policy 11
6. Reporting Obligations 13
7. Sanctions 15
8. Records and Confidentiality 15

 

Exhibits

 

Exhibit A Policies and Procedures Designed to Detect and Prevent Insider Trading
Exhibit B Gift and Entertainment Policy
Exhibit C Employee Complaint (Whistleblower) Reporting and Procedures
Exhibit D Personal Trading Guidelines
Exhibit E Reportable Funds
Exhibit F Political Contribution (Pay-to-Play) Policies

 

2

 

SECTION 1. Introduction and Purpose of the Code.

 

Horizon Kinetics LLC (“ HK ”) is the parent holding company of Horizon Asset Management LLC (“ HAM ”), Kinetics Asset Management LLC (“KAM”), Kinetics Advisers, LLC (“KA” ), each an investment adviser registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and KBD Securities, LLC (“ KBD ”), and Kinetics Funds Distributor LLC (“ KFD ”), each a broker-dealer registered with the SEC and members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) (collectively, HK, HAM, KAM, KA, KBD and KFD are referred to as the “Firm” or “Firms”).

 

HAM manages separate accounts, private funds, and one closed-end fund. It is also sub-adviser to various investment companies registered with the SEC and provides model portfolios to third parties.

 

KAM is investment adviser to Kinetics Mutual Funds, Inc. (“KMF”), a series of open-ended registered investment companies. It also serves as sub-adviser to a UCITS fund registered in Ireland, and manages separate accounts and provides model portfolios to third parties.

 

KA manages various private funds.

 

KBD supports the marketing efforts of the Firm by holding securities licenses of internal wholesalers who primarily promote the investment products managed by HAM, KAM and KA to various financial intermediaries.

 

KFD serves as principal underwriter/distributor for KMF, and is the broker of record for certain direct shareholders of KMF.

 

The Firm also authors and publishes investment research and is involved in the creation, maintenance, licensing and publication of various investment indexes. Furthermore, the Chairman of the Firm, along with other of the Firm’s principals serve as executives for FRMO Corp. (“FRMO”), a publicly traded company whose shares are listed on the OTC Markets.

 

The Firms have adopted this Code of Ethics (the “Code”), which is intended to reflect fiduciary principles that govern the conduct of the Firm and its Access Persons (defined below) in those situations where the Firm acts as an investment adviser as defined under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”) in providing investment advice to clients (“Advisory Clients”). This Code is supplementary to Access Persons’ duty to comply with other policies and procedures the Firm may have adopted, as may be applicable.

 

This Code makes it unlawful for Affiliated Persons (as defined below) of the Firms, in connection with the purchase or sale, directly or indirectly, of a Security Held or to be Acquired (as defined below) by the Firms or any investment product managed by the Firms:

 

1. To employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud the Firms or any investment products managed by the Firms;

 

2. To make any untrue statement of a material fact to the Firms or any investment products managed by the Firms or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made to the Firms or any investment products managed by the Firms, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading;

 

3

 

3. Engage in any act, practices or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit on the Firms or any investment products managed by the Firms; or

 

4. To engage in any manipulative practices with respect to the Firms or any investment products managed by the Firms.

 

Similarly, Section 206 of the Advisers Act provides that it is unlawful for any investment adviser, directly or indirectly:

 

1. To employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud any client or prospective client;

 

2. To engage in any transaction, practice or course of business which operates as a fraud or deceit upon any client or prospective client; or

 

3. To engage in any act, practice or course of business that is fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative.

 

In addition, Section 204A of the Advisers Act requires every investment adviser to establish, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent the misuse in violation of the Advisers Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Securities Exchange Act”), or the rules or regulations thereunder of material, non-public information by such investment adviser or any person associated with such investment adviser. Pursuant to Section 204A, the SEC has adopted Rule 204A-1 which requires the Firms to establish, maintain and enforce a written code or ethics.

 

In compliance with paragraph (c)(1) of Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”) and Section 204A of the Advisers Act, this Code has been adopted by the Firms for purposes of implementing policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent Access Persons (as defined below) of the Firms from engaging in any conduct prohibited by Rule 17j-1. All personnel of the Firms must follow not only the letter of this Code but also must abide by the spirit of this Code and the principles articulated herein, which, among other things, requires the Firms and its directors, officer and employees to place the interests of the Firms’ clients first and to operate in a manner that promotes fair dealing and honesty.

 

The Firms also maintain other compliance-oriented policies and procedures or summaries thereof, which include Policies and Procedures Designed to Detect and Prevent Insider Trading (Exhibit A), Gift and Entertainment Policy (Exhibit B), Employee Complaint (Whistleblower) Reporting Policies and Procedures (Exhibit C), Personal Trading Guidelines (Exhibit D) and Political Contributions (Pay-to-Play) Policies (Exhibit F), all of which are hereby adopted and incorporated into this Code, and which are attached as Exhibits at the end of this Code.

 

Questions about the Code should be directed to the Firm’s Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) or his/her designee. In the event that any provision of this Code conflicts with any other of the Firms’ policies or procedures, the terms herein shall apply. All directors, officers and employees are expected to read the Code carefully and to observe and adhere to its guidelines at all times.

 

4

 

On at least an annual basis, and at such other times as the CCO may deem necessary or appropriate, every director, officer and employee must acknowledge in writing that he or she has read and understands the Code and agrees, as a condition of employment, to comply with the provisions herein.

 

SECTION 2. Definitions.

 

1. “Access Person” – means:

 

a. any director, officer, general partner, full-time employee, or part-time employee of the Firms regardless of title or job function;

 

b. any natural person who has influence or control over the Firms and who obtains or provides information (other than publicly available information) concerning investment recommendations to the Firms or to the investment products managed by the Firms.

 

The CCO will maintain a list of individuals who would otherwise be considered Access Persons, but whom the CCO determined were not.

 

2. “Affiliated Person” means:

 

a. Any immediate family member (defined as spouse, child, mother, father, brother, sister or other similar relative) of an Access Person that lives in the same household, including those relationships recognized by law (e.g., domestic or civil unions, etc.);

 

b. Any natural person that is financially dependent on an Access Person;

 

c. Any account for which an Access Person is a custodian, trustee or otherwise acting in a fiduciary capacity or with respect to which any such Access Person either has the authority to make investment decisions or from time to time gives investment advice;

 

d. Any partnership, corporation, joint venture, trust or other entity in which an Access Person, directly or indirectly, in the aggregate, has a 10% or more beneficial interest (defined below) or for which such Access Person is a general partner or executive officer.

 

3. “Beneficial Ownership” – shall be defined as and interpreted in the same manner as in determining whether an Access Person or Affiliated Person is subject to the provisions of Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, which generally encompasses those situations where the Access Person or Affiliated Person has the right to enjoy some economic benefit from the account, regardless of the identity of the registered owner of the account.

 

4. “Beneficial Ownership Account” – means accounts where an Access Person or Affiliated Person has Beneficial Ownership, and that holds (or which are eligible to hold) Covered Securities. This would include:

 

5

 

a. an account that can hold Covered Securities for his or her own benefit either in bearer form, registered in his or her name or otherwise, regardless of whether the securities are owned individually or jointly;

 

b. an account held in the name of an Access Person or Affiliated Person’s immediate family (spouse or minor child) sharing the same household;

 

c. an account where an Access Person or Affiliated Person acts as trustee, executor, administrator, custodian or broker;

 

d. an account owned by a general partnership of which the Access Person or Affiliated Person is a member or a limited partnership of which such Access Person or Affiliated Person is a general partner;

 

e. an account held by a corporation (other than with respect to treasury shares of a corporation) of which such person is an officer, director, trustee or 10% or greater stockholder or by a corporation which can be regarded as a personal holding company of an Access Person or Affiliated Person;

 

f. an account recently purchased by a person and awaiting transfer into the Access Person or Affiliated Person’s name;

 

g. an account held by any other person if, by reason of contract, understanding, relationship, agreement or other arrangement, such Access Person or Affiliated Person obtains therefrom benefits substantially equivalent to those of ownership;

 

h. an account held by an Access Person or Affiliated Person’s spouse or minor children or any other person, if, even though such Access Person or Affiliated Person does not obtain therefrom the above-mentioned benefits of ownership, such Access Person or Affiliated Person can vest or re-vest title in himself or herself at once or at some future time; and

 

i. an account where an Access Person or Affiliated Person, directly or indirectly, through contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares voting power and/or investment power with respect to such account. For purposes of this provision, “voting power” shall include the power to vote, the power to dispose, or to direct disposition of Covered Securities in such account.

 

5. “Control” – shall have the same meaning as set forth in Section 2(a)(9) of the 1940 Act.

 

6. “Covered Security” – means a reportable security as defined in Section 202(a)(18) of the Advisers Act or Section 2(a)(36) of the 1940 Act, and shall include any note, stock treasury stock, security future, bond, including corporate bond, zero coupon bond and Treasury bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate, pre-organization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting trust certificate, certificate of deposit of a security, fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security (including a certificate of deposit) or any group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option or privilege entered into in a national securities exchange relating to a foreign currency, or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a “security,” or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing, including without limitation rights in ADRs or IDRs, except however , that in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, a Covered Security shall NOT include:

 

6

 

a. Direct obligations of the Government of the United States;

 

b. Bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments, including repurchase agreements;

 

c. Shares issued by open-end funds (other than those that are managed or sub-advised by the Firms which are defined as “Reportable Funds 1 ”);

 

7. “Chief Compliance Officer” – means the individual listed as Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) on the Firm’s most recent Form ADV Part 1A, who is charged with the responsibility for administering this Code and the policies and procedures thereunder.

 

8. “Federal Securities Laws” – means the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act, Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and any rules adopted by the SEC under any of these statutes, the Bank Secrecy Act as it applies to investment companies and investment advisers, and any rules adopted thereunder by the SEC, applicable Self-Regulatory Organizations, or the Department of Treasury, as they may apply to the Firms or the investment products managed by the Firms.

 

9. “FRMO Corporation” – means the publicly traded corporation where certain control individuals of the Firm serve as executives (ticker: FRMO).

 

10. “Holding Period” – means the period of time after the purchase or short sale of a Covered Security during which an Access Person or Affiliated Person is prohibited from selling or buying back the Covered Security. This period is 30 days.

 

11. “Initial Public Offering” (“IPO”) – means an offering of securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933, the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to the reporting requirements of Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 

12. “Non-Discretionary Account” – means a Beneficial Ownership Account for which neither an Access Person nor Affiliated Person has control or discretion of the purchases or sales being made therein.

 

13. “Outside Business Activity” – means any activity by an Access Person where they are actively engaged in:

 

 

 
1 A list of Reportable Funds can be found in Exhibit E.

 

7

 

a. any investment related business or occupation; or

 

b. any business or occupation for compensation that provides greater than 10% of the Access Person’s income or for which the Access Person devotes a substantial percentage of their time.

 

14. “Pre-Clearance Security” – means an instrument that requires pre-clearance under this Code before it can be transacted by an Access Person or Affiliated Person. A Pre-Clearance Security does not include any of the following:

 

a. Direct Obligations of foreign governments;

 

b. Municipal bonds and other fixed income instruments that are based on municipal bonds, such as principal protected notes and variable rate demand notes;

 

c. Options or futures on direct obligations of the United States;

 

d. Options or futures on index or sector basket proxies;

 

e. Commodity and commodity contracts;

 

f. Foreign currencies, options thereon and currency futures thereon; and

 

g. Open-end investment companies (“mutual funds”), exchange traded funds (“ETFs”), and exchange traded notes (“ETNs”) that are not managed or sub-advised by the Firms.

 

15. “Purchase or sale of a Covered Security” – includes, among other things, the writing of an option to purchase or sell a Covered Security.

 

16. “Purchase or sale of a security” – includes, among other things, the purchase or writing of an option to purchase or sell a security.

 

17. “Reportable Fund” – means any investment company registered under the 1940 Act for which the Firms serve as investment adviser as defined in Section 2(a)(20) of the 1940 Act or an investment company registered under the 1940 Act whose investment adviser or principal underwriter controls the Firms, is controlled by the Firms or is under common control with the Firms or for which the Firm acts as sub-adviser thereto. Reportable Funds are Pre-Clearance Securities that must be pre-cleared prior to purchase or sale.

 

18. “Restricted List” – means a list of securities that, due to the determination of the Firms, are prohibited from being traded in client accounts and are prohibited from being traded by Access Persons and Affiliated Persons.

 

19. “Security Held or to be Acquired” – means:

 

a. Any Covered Security which, within the most recent 15 days:

8

 

 

i. Is or has been held by the Firms or any investment product managed by the Firms; or

 

ii. Is being or has been considered for purchase by the Firms or any of the investment products managed by the Firms; and

 

b. Any option to purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or exchangeable for, a Covered Security described in paragraph (i) of this definition.

 

SECTION 3. Statement of General Principles.

 

It is the policy of the Firms that Access Persons comply with applicable Federal Securities Laws and that no Access Persons engage in any act or practice or course of conduct that would violate the provisions of Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act or Sections 204 or 206 of the Advisers Act. The following general fiduciary principles shall govern the personal investment activities of all Access Persons.

 

Each Access Person shall adhere to the highest ethical standards and shall:

 

1. At all times, place the interests of the Firms and the investment products managed by the Firms before his or her personal interests;

 

2. Conduct all personal securities transaction in a manner consistent with this Code, so as to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest, or an abuse of a position of trust and responsibility; and

 

3. Not take any inappropriate advantage of his or her position with or on behalf of the Firms or investment products managed by the Firms.

 

SECTION 4. General Guidelines

 

1. General

 

a. No Access Person shall recommend to, or cause or attempt to cause, the Firms or any of the investment products managed by the Firms to acquire, dispose of or hold any Covered Security (including any option, warrant or other right or interest relating to such Covered Security) in which such Access Person or Affiliated Person has direct or indirect Beneficial Ownership unless such Access Person first discloses in writing to the CCO, or his/her authorized designee, all facts reasonably necessary to identify the nature of the ownership and any potential conflicts of interest relating to the ownership by the Access Person or Affiliated Person in such Covered Security.

 

b. If, as a result of fiduciary obligations to other persons or entities, an Access Person believes that he or she is unable to comply with certain provisions of the Code, such Access Person shall advise the CCO in writing, setting forth with reasonable specificity the nature of such fiduciary obligations and the reasons why such Access Person believes they are unable to comply with any such provisions. The CCO may, in his/her discretion, exempt such Access Person or an Affiliated Person from any such provisions. In determining whether to exempt an Access Person or Affiliated Person from any provision under this Code, the CCO shall consider, among other things, whether the failure to grant such exemption is likely to cause such Access Person to be unable to render services to the Firms or any investment products managed by the Firms. Any Access Person granted an exemption (including, an exception for an Affiliated Person of such Access Person), pursuant to this paragraph shall, within 3 business days after engaging in a purchase or sale of a Covered Security Held or to be Acquired by the Firms or investment products managed by the Firms, furnish the CCO with a written report concerning such transaction setting forth, as applicable, the date of the transaction(s) involving Covered Securities, the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, interest rate and maturity date, number of shares and principal amount, nature of the transaction, price at which the transaction was effected and the name of the broker, dealer or bank through whom the transaction was effected.

 

9

 

c. From time to time, Access Persons may establish special “insider” relationships with one or more issuers of Covered Securities (i.e., an Access Person may become an officer, director, or trustee of an issuer, a member of a creditors committee which engages in material negotiations with an issuer, etc.). In such cases, the “insider” relationships must first be disclosed to the CCO, who will make a determination as to whether the issuer should be put on the Firms’ Restricted List.

 

d. Access Persons shall bear the responsibility of production for any notices, disclosures, evidence and filings that are required under this Code which relate to Affiliated Persons who are designated as such as a result of their relationship with such Access Persons.

 

2. Service as a Trustee

 

a. No Advisory Person shall serve on a board of trustees/directors of a publicly traded company without prior authorization from the CCO, based upon a determination that such board service would be consistent with the interests of the Firms and investment products managed by the Firms.

 

b. If board service of an Access Person is authorized by the CCO, such Access Person shall be isolated from the investment making decisions regarding the purchase or sale by the Firm or any investment product managed by the Firms of the securities of the company upon whose board they serve.

 

3. Insider Trading

 

Access Persons are subject to the Firms’ Insider Trading Policies and Procedures, which are administered by the CCO and which generally prohibit Access Persons from trading, either personally or on behalf of others (including for accounts of the Firms and/or clients thereof), while in possession of material, non-public information. Access Persons are also prohibited from disclosing to outside parties material non-public information. Strict sanctions apply for breaches of the Insider Trading Policies and Procedures.

 

10

 

4. Gifts

 

No Advisory Person shall give or receive any gift or other item of value to or from any person or entity that does business with or on behalf of any of the Firms, if such gift could pose a potential conflict of interest or appearance of impropriety. Access Persons shall comply with the Firms’ Gift and Entertainment Policy.

 

5. Outside Business Activities

 

All Outside Business Activities must be disclosed and approved by the CCO, or his/her designee, prior to an Access Person’s engaging in such activity.

 

6. Whistleblower Procedures

 

All Access Persons are subject to the Firms’ Employee Complaint (Whistleblower) Reporting Procedures, which are administered by the CCO.

 

SECTION 5. Personal Trading Policy

 

1. Initial Public Offerings

 

Access Persons may not acquire, directly or indirectly, any Beneficial Ownership in any securities (other than municipal bonds) in an IPO without prior approval in writing from the CCO. Furthermore, should written consent of the CCO be given, Access Persons are required to disclose such investment when they participate, in any manner, in subsequent consideration of the Firms’ investment products managed by the Firms to make investments in such issuer. In such circumstances, the decision to purchase securities of the issuer for the Firms, investment products managed by the Firms and/or clients of the Firms should be subject to an independent review by Access Persons with no personal interest in the issuer.

 

2. Private Placements and Limited Offerings

 

Access Persons may not acquire, directly or indirectly, any beneficial ownership in any securities in a private placement or limited offering without the prior written consent of the CCO. Furthermore, should written consent be given, Access Persons are required to disclose when they participate, in any manner, in a subsequent determination about whether to invest in the same issuer on behalf of any of the Firm’s client accounts or other investment products. In such circumstances, the decision to transact in securities of the same issuer for any the Firms client accounts or other investment products will be subject to an independent review by Access Persons with no personal interest in the issuer.

 

3. Holding Period Restrictions

 

a. No Access Person shall engage in a closing transaction (i.e., selling a position held, or buying back a security for which a short-sale was executed) of the same (or equivalent) Pre-Clearance Security of which such Access Person or Affiliated Person has Beneficial Ownership within thirty (30) calendar days of such purchase or sale unless otherwise approved by the CCO. The Firm may impose additional holding period restrictions for Access Persons and Affiliated Persons, in its discretion, and may exempt such holding period requirements in instances where the Pre-Clearance Security is not held or being traded in client accounts.

 

11

 

b. The Holding Period shall be measured using the Last In, First Out (LIFO) method to determine the trade date of the opening trade for such position being closed out.

 

c. The CCO may waive the holding period in his/her discretion in situations not deemed to present a conflict of interest or be disadvantageous to the Firms or its clients, or in instances such as when, for example, an Access Person is selling a position at a loss or where such Access Person is selling for purposes of tax loss harvesting.

 

4. Personal Trading and Pre-Clearance Procedures

 

Access Persons and Affiliated Persons are permitted to engage in personal trading. An Access Person or an Affiliated Person may not, directly or indirectly, acquire or dispose of a Pre-Clearance Security in a Beneficial Ownership Account unless such purchase or sale has been approved by the CCO or his/her designee; the approved transaction is completed on the same day approval is received; and the CCO has not rescinded such approval prior to execution of the transaction. Pre-clearance is not required for instruments that are not Covered Securities and are not Pre-Clearance Securities.

 

a. Pre-Clearance Process

 

i. Submissions to trade Pre-Clearance Securities should be made to the CCO or his/her designee through MCO, the Firm’s web-based compliance system.

 

ii. The CCO may deny any trade requests, in his/her sole discretion.

 

iii. The CCO’s trades will be pre-cleared by another member within the Legal and Compliance Department (“LCD”) who will report such transactions to the Board of Directors periodically.

 

iv. Approvals by the CCO or his/her designee are only valid on the day they are given. Submission made when markets are closed will be evaluated and approved on the next business day when markets are open. Requests for trades intended to be executed in the overnight market should be made during the business day prior to execution.

 

v. Good until Cancel orders or any orders extending beyond one day are not permitted without the express permission of the CCO or his/her designee.

 

vi. Private Placement and Limited Offering Transaction approvals shall be valid on the next immediately available subscription date or as may otherwise be approved by the CCO or his/her designee.

 

vii. Access Persons are responsible for compliance with this Code on behalf of Affiliated Persons.

 

12

 

viii. The CCO, in his discretion, may waive any applicable restrictions when such transactions are deemed not to create a material conflict of interest and do not otherwise disadvantage the Firm, the investment products managed by the Firm or its clients.

 

ix. The CCO will maintain a list of any waivers granted hereunder.

 

SECTION 6. Reporting Requirements

 

Access Persons are required to notify the CCO of any Beneficial Ownership Accounts, and to assist the CCO in ensuring such Beneficial Ownership Accounts are set up through MCO. In notifying the LCD of an existing or new Beneficial Ownership Account, the Access Person shall provide, via email, the name of the brokerage firm and the date the account was established.

 

1. Statements and Confirms

 

The CCO shall receive, electronically through MCO, statements and confirms from brokerage firms, banks, or other custodians at which the Access Person or Affiliated Persons have a Beneficial Ownership Account. If the CCO is unable to receive confirms and statements via MCO, Access Persons will supply the CCO, on a timely basis, with duplicate copies of such Beneficial Ownership Account confirms and statements. All Access Persons shall promptly inform the CCO of any newly established Beneficial Ownership Account on behalf of the Access Persons or Affiliated Persons.

 

2. Filings

 

All Access Persons shall make the following attestations regarding the accuracy of, through MCO, no later than 30 calendar days after the end of each calendar quarter, the following information:

 

a. The date of any transaction involving a Covered Security, the date the report is being submitted by the Access Person under Rule 17j-1(d)(1)(ii)(A)(5), the title, and as applicable, the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, interest rate and maturity date, and the number of shares and the principal amount of each Covered Security involved;

 

b. The nature of the transaction (i.e. purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition);

 

c. The price at which the transaction was effected; and

 

d. The name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through whom the transactions was effected.

 

13

 

3. Annual Reporting

 

No later than 10 days after becoming an Access Person, provided that the information must be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date the person becomes an Access Person, and thereafter on an annual basis as of December 31 of each year no later than thirty (30) calendar days after the end of each calendar year, each Access Person shall attest the accuracy of the following information in MCO, which must be current as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted:

 

a. the title, type of security, the date that the report is submitted by the Access Person per Rule 17j-1(d)(1)(iii)(C) and as applicable, the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, number of shares and principal amount of each Covered Security in a Beneficial Ownership Account;

 

b. the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person or Affiliated Person maintains a Beneficial Ownership Account; and

 

c. a statement that the Access Person (1) has reviewed and understands the Code, (2) recognizes that the Access Person is subject to the Code, and (3) if such Access Person was subject to the Code during the past year, has complied with its requirements, including the requirements regarding reporting of personal securities transactions hereunder.

 

4. No Admission of Ownership

 

Any report filed with the CCO pursuant to this Section 6 may contain a statement that it shall not be construed as an admission by the person making the report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the security to which the report relates.

 

5. Review

 

The CCO shall notify each Access Person that he or she is subject to the reporting requirements set forth herein and shall deliver a copy of this Code to each such Access Person upon request.

 

The CCO or his/her designee shall review all personal holdings reports submitted by each Access Person and Affiliated Person, including confirmations of personal securities transactions, to ensure that no trading has taken place in violation of Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act, Section 204A of the Advisers Act, or the Code.

 

The CCO or his/her designee will review employee trading as well as client trading, with the goal of assessing the actual or potential misuse of material, non-public information (regardless of the source), examining items such as certain short-term trades, trades in a security before it was added to the Firm’s Restricted List, and trades made in securities with large price changes. This review also encompasses a comparison of the reported personal securities transactions with completed and contemplated portfolio transactions on behalf of clients to determine whether a violation of this Code may have occurred. A member within the LCD will review the reports of the CCO.

 

In reviewing transactions, the CCO shall take into account the exemptions allowed under this Code. Before making any determination that a violation has been committed by any person, the CCO shall give such person an opportunity to supply additional information regarding the transaction in question. The CCO shall maintain a list of personnel responsible for reviewing transaction and personal holdings reports.

 

14

 

SECTION 7. Sanctions.

 

If the CCO determines that a material violation of this Code has occurred, he/she may impose such sanctions that he/she deems appropriate, including, among other things, disgorgement of profits, censure, suspension and/or termination of the employment of the violator. All violations of this Code and any sanctions imposed as a result thereof shall be documented and maintained by the CCO.

 

The CCO shall submit a report to the Board of the Firm, no less frequently than annually, which shall identify any material violations of the Code, along with the circumstances giving rise to the violations, any action that was taken or is recommended to be taken as a result of the violations and what changes, if any, were made or are being made to the Code during the last 12 months.

 

The Firms reserve the right to take any legal action they may deem appropriate against any Access Person for violations of this code and to hold Access Persons liable for any and all damages (including but not limited to Attorney fees) that the Firms may incur as a direct or indirect result of any such Access Person’s violation of this Code or related law or regulation.

 

SECTION 8. Records and Confidentiality.

 

1. Records

 

The CCO shall maintain records in the manner and to the extent set forth below, which records may be maintained in electronic format consistent with the conditions described in Rule 204-2(g) of the Advisers Act and Rule 17j-1 and Rule 31a-2(f) under the 1940 Act, and shall be available for examination by representatives of the SEC:

 

a. a copy of this Code and any other code which is, or at any time within the past five years has been, in effect shall be preserved in an easily accessible place;

 

b. a record of any decision and the reasons supporting the decision to approve any acquisition or sale by Access Persons or Affiliated Persons of Covered Securities in an IPO or Limited Offering;

 

c. each memorandum made by the CCO hereunder;

 

d. a record of any violation of this Code and of any action taken as a result of such violation shall be preserved in an easily accessible place for a period of not less than five (5) years following the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurs;

 

e. a copy of each report made pursuant to this Code shall be preserved for a period of not less than five (5) years from the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, the first two (2) years in an easily accessible place;

 

f. a copy of all written acknowledgements for each person who is currently, or within the past five years was, an Access Person; and

 

15

 

g. a list of all persons who, within the past five (5) years have been required to make reports pursuant to this Code or who are or were responsible for reviewing the reports under this Code, shall be maintained in an easily accessible place.

 

2. Confidentiality

 

The current portfolio and account positions and current portfolio transactions pertaining to the Firms or investment products managed by the Firms must be kept confidential.

 

If material non-public information regarding the Firms or investment products managed by the Firms should become known to any Access Person, whether in the line of duty or otherwise, he or she should not reveal it to anyone unless it is properly part of his or her work to do so.

 

If anyone is asked about investment portfolios or whether a security has been sold or bought, his or her reply should be that this is an improper question and that this answer does not mean that the Firms or investment products managed by the Firms have bought, sold or retained the particular security. Reference, however, may, of course, be made to the latest published report of the investment portfolios or accounts for the Firms or investment products managed by the Firms.

 

3. Interpretation of Provisions

 

The Firms may from time to time adopt such interpretations of this Code as they deem appropriate.

 

[END OF CODE – EXHIBITS TO FOLLOW]

 

16

 

Exhibit A

 

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES DESIGNED TO DETECT AND PREVENT INSIDER TRADING

 

Section I. Policy Statement on Insider Trading.

 

The Firms forbid any of their Access Persons from trading, either personally or on behalf of others on material nonpublic information or communicating material nonpublic information to others in violation of the law. This conduct is frequently referred to as "insider trading." The Firms’ policy applies to every Access Person and extends to activities within and outside the scope of Access Persons' duties at the Firms. Every Access Person must read and retain this Policy Statement on Insider Trading. Any questions regarding this Policy Statement should be referred to the CCO or in his/her absence, his/her designee, who is responsible for monitoring this Policy Statement on Insider Trading and the procedures established herein.

 

THIS POLICY STATEMENT ON INSIDER TRADING APPLIES TO THE FIRM, ACCESS PERSONS AND THE ADVISORY CLIENTS

 

The term "insider trading" is not defined in the federal securities laws, but is generally understood to refer to the use of material nonpublic information, and to the communication of material nonpublic information to others, to trade in securities (whether or not one is an "insider" of the issuer of the securities being traded).

 

While the law concerning insider trading is not static, it is generally understood that the law prohibits:

 

(i) trading by an insider while in possession of material nonpublic information;

 

(ii) trading by a non-insider while in possession of material nonpublic information, where the information either was disclosed to the non-insider in violation of an insider's duty to keep it confidential or was misappropriated; or

 

(iii) an insider, or a non-insider described in clause (ii) above, from communicating material nonpublic information to others.

 

The elements of insider trading and the penalties for such unlawful conduct are discussed below. If, after reviewing this Policy Statement on Insider Trading, you have any questions, you should consult the CCO or his/her designee.

 

Who is an Insider?

 

The concept of "insider" is broad. It potentially includes all Access Persons of the Firms. In addition, a person can be a "temporary insider" if he or she enters into a special confidential relationship in the conduct of a company's affairs and, as a result, is given access to information solely for the company's purposes. The Firms may become a temporary insider of a company they advise or for which they perform other services. Temporary insiders can also include, among others, a company's law firm, accounting firm, consulting firm, bank, and the employees of such organizations.

 

17

 

What is Material Information?

 

Trading on inside information is not a basis for liability unless the information is material. "Material information" is generally defined as (i) information for which there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider it important in making his or her investment decisions, (ii) information that, if publicly disclosed, is reasonably certain to have a substantial effect on the price of a company's securities, or (iii) information that could cause insiders to change their trading patterns. Information that Access Persons should consider material includes, without limitation, changes in dividend policies, earnings estimates, changes in previously released earnings estimates, significant merger or acquisition proposals or agreements, major litigation, liquidity problems, and significant new products, services or contracts.

 

Material information can also relate to events or circumstances affecting the market for a company's securities. For example, in 1987, the Supreme Court considered as material certain information about the contents of a forthcoming newspaper column that was expected to affect the market price of a security. In that case, a reporter from The Wall Street Journal was found criminally liable for disclosing to others the dates that reports on various companies would appear in The Wall Street Journal and whether those reports would be favorable or not.

 

What is Nonpublic Information?

 

Information is nonpublic until such time as it has been effectively communicated to the marketplace. One must be able to point to some fact to show that the information is generally public. For example, information found in a report filed with the SEC, or appearing in Dow Jones , Reuters Economic Services , The Wall Street Journal or other publications of general circulation, would be considered public. In addition, if information is being disseminated to traders generally by brokers or institutional analysts, such information would be considered public unless there is a reasonable basis to believe that such information is confidential and came from a corporate insider.

 

Bases for Liability

 

Fiduciary Duty Theory

 

In 1980, the Supreme Court found that there is no general duty to disclose before trading on material nonpublic information, but that such a duty arises where there is a fiduciary relationship. A relationship must exist between the parties to a transaction such that one party has a right to expect that the other party will disclose any material nonpublic information or will refrain from trading.

 

In 1983, the Supreme Court stated that outsiders can acquire the fiduciary duties of insiders (i) by entering into a confidential relationship with a company through which the outsider gains material nonpublic information ( e.g. , attorneys, accountants, underwriters or consultants), or (ii) by becoming a "tippee" if the outsider is, or should have been, aware that it has been given confidential information by an insider who has violated his or her fiduciary duty to the company's shareholders.

 

However, in the "tippee" situation, a breach of duty occurs only if the insider personally benefits, directly or indirectly, from the disclosure. The benefit does not have to be pecuniary, but can be a gift, a reputational benefit that will translate into future earnings, or even evidence of a relationship that suggests a quid pro quo .

 

18

 

Misappropriation Theory

 

Another basis for insider trading liability is the "misappropriation theory", where liability is established when trading occurs on material nonpublic information that was stolen or misappropriated from another person. The Supreme Court found, in 1987, that a columnist defrauded The Wall Street Journal when he stole information from The Wall Street Journal and used it for trading in the securities markets. It should be noted that the misappropriation theory can be used to reach a variety of individuals not previously thought to be encompassed under the fiduciary duty theory.

 

Penalties for Insider Trading

 

Penalties for trading on or communicating material nonpublic information are severe, both for individuals involved in such unlawful conduct and their employers. A person can be subject to some or all of the following penalties, even if he or she does not personally benefit from the violation. Penalties include civil injunctions; treble damages; disgorgement of profits; jail sentences; and substantial fines . In addition, any violation of this Policy Statement on Insider Trading can be expected to result in serious sanctions by the Firms, including dismissal of any Access Persons involved.

 

Section II. Procedures to Implement the Firms’ Policies Against Insider Trading and to Comply with Section 204A under the Advisers Act

 

The following procedures have been established to aid Access Persons in avoiding insider trading, to aid the Firms in preventing, detecting and imposing sanctions against insider trading, and to comply with Section 204A under the Advisers Act, as amended. Every Access Person must follow these procedures or risk serious sanctions, including dismissal, substantial personal liability and criminal penalties. If you have any questions about these procedures, you should consult the CCO or his/her designee.

 

Identifying Inside Information

 

Before trading for yourself or others (including an Advisory Client) in the securities of a company about which you may have potential inside information, ask yourself the following questions:

 

(i) Is the information material ? Is this information that an investor would consider important in making his or her investment decisions? Is this information that would substantially affect the market price of the securities if generally disclosed? Is this information which could cause insiders to change their trading habits?

 

(ii) Is the information nonpublic ? To whom has this information been provided? Has the information been filed with the SEC, or been effectively communicated to the marketplace by being published in Reuters Economic Services , The Wall Street Journal or other publications of general circulation, or by appearing on the wire services?

 

19

 

If, after consideration of the above, you believe that the information is material and nonpublic, or if you have a question as to whether the information is material and nonpublic, you should take the following steps:

 

(i) Report the matter immediately to the CCO or his/her designee;

 

(ii) Do not purchase or sell the securities of the relevant company on behalf of yourself or others, including the Advisory Clients; and

 

(iii) Do not communicate the information to anyone inside or outside the Firm, other than to the CCO or his/her designee.

 

After the CCO or his/her designee has reviewed the issue, you will be instructed to continue the prohibitions against trading and communication, or you will be allowed to trade and communicate the information.

 

Restricting Access to Material Nonpublic Information

 

Information in your possession that you identify as material and nonpublic may not be communicated to anyone, including persons within the Firm. The Firm is establishing this policy to help avoid conflicts, appearances of impropriety, and the misuse of confidential, proprietary information. In addition, care should be taken to ensure that all material nonpublic information is secure. For example, files containing material nonpublic information should be sealed, and access to computer files containing material nonpublic information should be restricted.

 

Contacts with Third Parties

 

Requests of third parties, such as the press and analysts, for information should be directed to the CCO or his/her designee.

 

Resolving Issues Concerning Insider Trading

 

If, after consideration of the items set forth in this Appendix A, doubt remains as to whether information is material or nonpublic, or if there are any unresolved questions as to the applicability or interpretation of the foregoing procedures or as to the propriety of any action, these matters must be promptly discussed with the CCO or his/her designee before trading on or communicating the information to anyone.

 

Section III. Supervisory Procedures

 

The role of the CCO is critical to the implementation and maintenance of the Firm’s policies and procedures against insider trading. Supervisory procedures can be divided into two classifications – prevention of insider trading and detection of insider trading.

 

Prevention of Insider Trading

 

To prevent insider trading, the CCO should:

 

(i) ensure that Access Persons are familiar with the Firms’ policies and procedures;

 

(ii) answer questions regarding the Firms’ policies and procedures;

 

20

 

(iii) resolve issues of whether information received by an Access Person is material and nonpublic;

 

(iv) review on a regular basis and update as necessary the Firms’ policies and procedures;

 

When it has been determined that an Access Person has material nonpublic information, the CCO should:

 

(i) implement measures to prevent dissemination of such information, and

 

(ii) restrict Access Persons from trading in the securities.

 

Detection of Insider Trading

 

To detect insider trading, the CCO or his/her designee should:

 

(i) review the trading activity and other reports received from each Access Person;

 

(ii) review the trading activity of Advisory Clients; and

 

(iii) coordinate the review of such reports with other appropriate Access Persons.

 

[End of Exhibit A]

 

21

 

Exhibit B

 

Gift and Entertainment Policy (“GEP”)

 

The Firm strives to maintain a high standard of business ethics, which it believes are consistent with good corporate citizenship. To ensure that these standards are not being violated, the Firm requires all Access Persons to perform their jobs in an ethical and legal fashion. The Firm competes and earns its business and its reputation through the quality of the service and expertise it provides, not by gifts, lavish entertainment, and the like. Moreover, the provision or exchange of gifts or lavish entertainment can result in violations of laws, rules, and regulations.

 

The GEP sets forth the Firm’s rules and restrictions related to giving/receiving gifts and entertainment. Application of the rules of the GEP can vary depending upon the business or social context, who the recipient is, the nature of the gift or entertainment, and the entity involved.

 

Policy:

 

All gifts and entertainment exceeding $25 must be submitted through My Compliance Office (“MCO”), the Firms’ electronic compliance and reporting system. Access Persons should make reasonable efforts to pre-clear gifts and entertainment, but in all instances shall enter gift and entertainment information, whether given or received, into MCO.

 

Access Persons are prohibited from giving or receiving any gift or entertainment that is likely to influence or give the appearance of impropriety between the parties, or which is conditioned on achievement of a sales target. Unless pre-approval is given, Access Persons are prohibited from giving or receiving cash or cash equivalents (including gift certificates) to/from anyone doing business with the Firm.

 

To the extent a gift is given or received, it may not have a total value of more than $100 per person. To the extent entertainment is given or received, it may not be excessive in light of the circumstances, nor may it be so frequent to raise any question of propriety. In general, events at which the recipient and donor are both attendees will be categorized as entertainment, whereas events at which the donor does not attend will be categorized as a gift.

 

When submitting information in MCO relating to gifts or entertainment that are received or given, Access persons must include the date, name of the third-party company, name of any representatives associated with the company, and a description of the gift and the approximate value, along with any additional details that would reasonably be considered important to allow the Legal and Compliance Department (“LCD”) to review the submission.

 

In general, it is the policy of the Firm not to give or receive gifts or entertainment to or from the following unless pre-approved by the CCO: (1) government officials; (2) principals, officers and employees of regulated exchanges or regulatory organizations; (3) union officials; and (4) fiduciaries or other officers of ERISA plans.

 

C. Violations of the GEP

 

If an Access Person fails to submit or obtain approval for the giving or receipt of gifts or entertainment or other violations of this GEP, the Firm may take appropriate disciplinary action, including but not limited to, returning gifts, not reimbursing out-of-pocket expenses or other action against the offending Access Person.

 

22

 

Exhibit C

 

Employee Complaint (Whistleblower) Reporting and Procedures

 

The Firm is committed to achieving compliance with all applicable securities laws and regulations, accounting standards, accounting controls and audit practices. Accordingly, a process has been created to allow all Employees to submit a good faith complaint without fear of dismissal or retaliation of any kind, to the Firm’s Human Resources Director (the “HR Director”). The HR Director, together with the CCO, will oversee the treatment of Employee complaints. As a first step, you are always obligated to report any irregularities in the matters set forth above to your immediate supervisor or another manager. If, however, you are uncomfortable doing so for any reason or simply prefer not to report to those persons, you may submit your complaint to the CCO. If you prefer to submit a complaint anonymously, you may mail such complaint or message to the CCO or to any officer or director of the Firm. The following is a brief summary of the procedures for submitting a complaint:

 

a. Content of Complaints. – The complaint or concern should, to the extent possible, contain (i) a complete description of the alleged event, matter or issue that is the subject of the complaint, including the approximate date and location; (ii) the name of each person allegedly involved in the conduct giving rise to the complaint or concern; and (iii) any additional information, documentation or other evidence available to support the complaint or concern or aid the investigation. Complaints or concerns that contain unspecified wrongdoing (for example, “John Doe is a crook”) or broad allegations without verifiable support may reduce the likelihood that an investigation based on such complaints or concerns will be initiated.

 

b. Treatment of Complaints after Submission. – The HR Director is responsible for monitoring the whistleblower submissions. After receiving a complaint, the HR Director will review the complaint and determine the proper course of action and/or response to the complaint.

 

c. Determining the Status of Your Complaint. – If you want to follow up on the status of your complaint, you may contact the HR Director. However, depending upon the sensitive or confidential nature of the issues, you may not be able to be advised of the status of the complaint.

 

d. Confidentiality/Anonymity. – The anonymity of the Employee making a complaint will be maintained to the extent reasonably practicable within the legitimate needs of law and any ensuing evaluation or investigation. If you would like to discuss any matter with the HR Director or any other officer or director of the Firm, you should indicate this in the submission and include a telephone number or email address at which you may be contacted, if appropriate.

 

e. No Retaliation Permitted. – The Firm does not permit retaliation against, nor will it discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass or discriminate against, any Employee for submitting a complaint made in good faith. “Good Faith” means that the Employee has a reasonably held belief that the complaint is true.

 

[End of Exhibit C]

 

23

 

EXHIBIT D

 

Personal Trading Guidelines

 

Introduction :

 

These Personal Trading Guidelines are intended to help employees navigate the Firm’s policies and procedures related to employee trading. This Exhibit D is not intended to supersede the policies and procedures set forth in the body of the Code of Ethics (the “ Code ”). To the extent certain language in this Exhibit D conflicts with the Code, the language of the Code is controlling.

 

Reporting :

 

Broadly, Access Persons must notify the Legal and Compliance Department (“LCD”) when they (or an Affiliated Person) open a brokerage account or other investment account. Similarly, upon hire, a new employee must disclose all existing brokerage and investment accounts on behalf of the employee and any Affiliated Person.

 

Additionally, Access Persons must obtain pre-approval for all private placements that they (or an Affiliated Person) wish to invest in, or, if at the time of hire, are invested in.

 

Once the compliance department is notified about a brokerage or other investment account, it will instruct the custodian to send the Firm account statements and trade confirms. The compliance department will also set up the account in My Compliance Office (“ MCO ”), the central repository for all personal trading requests.

 

Important Definitions :

 

The term “ Access Person ” means every full-time, non-temporary employee of the Firm.

 

The term “ Affiliated Person ”* includes a variety of people and entities and is generally meant to cover those who are so closely associated with the employee that a benefit to one party is considered a benefit to the other. Common examples of an Affiliated Person include: (1) a spouse, child or parent that lives in the same household as the employee; (2) a person who is financially dependent on the employee, regardless of relation; (3) a corporate entity, regardless of structure, that is substantially owned or controlled by the employee; and (4) a trust for which the employee serves as trustee or co-trustee, regardless of whether the employee actually exerts control over the trust.

 

* It is crucial that employees review the full definition of Affiliated Person in the Code to ensure they have identified all the parties that may fall under the definition.

 

Pre-Clearance of Trades :

 

Most trades need to be submitted into MCO and approved by the compliance department before they can be acted on by an employee. Certain types of securities are exempt from the Pre-Clearance requirement, but employees may voluntarily ask for approval, just to be safe. The types of securities that are exempt from the Pre-Clearance requirement are listed in the Code under the Pre-Clearance definition section and generally include exchange traded funds and notes, options on indices, and government and municipal bonds.

 

24

 

Importantly, trades approved by the compliance department are only valid on the day approval is granted. Submission made when markets are closed will be evaluated and approved on the next business day when markets are open. Requests for trades intended to be executed in the overnight market should be made during the business day prior to execution. To the extent an employee elects to receive stock resulting from a corporate action, the employee does not need to pre-clear the transaction.

 

The Firm’s Restricted List:

 

Absent pre-approval, employees may not trade securities that are listed on the Firm’s Restricted List. The LCD will determine what specific instruments relating to an issuer are restricted, consistent with the Firm’s Restricted List Policies and Procedures.

 

If a particular security is currently being traded for client accounts (or has been traded in client accounts within the previous business day), then employees may only transact in such security if the trade meets the following de minimis conditions:

 

Equities = Shares up to half of one percent (0.5%) of the security’s 30-day Average Daily Trading Volume, calculated as of the last business day of the prior month.

 

Closed-End Funds = Shares up to half of one percent (0.5%) of the security’s 30-day Average Daily Trading Volume, calculated as of the last business day of the prior month.

 

Bonds = Up to $10,000 in par value if the issuer has a market capitalization of at least $2 billion, or up to $20,000 in par value if the issuer has a market capitalization of at least $5 billion.

 

Options = Are treated similar to equities, such that we will multiply the number of shares by 100 to reflect the potential of the option and apply the same restrictions used for equities.

 

The Holding Period:

 

Employees must hold securities that have been approved for purchase for more than 30 days. This policy is consistent with the Firm’s long-term investment philosophy.

 

The holding period requirement applies to short sales as well, which means employees may not buy back the same security they shorted within 30 days. Further, all options must have an expiration date which is greater than 30 days from purchase date. If an employee is put a stock as a result of an option position, the employee may sell the stock after 30 days, which is calculated starting with the time the employee opened the option position. The holding period is measured using the Last In, First Out (LIFO) method of accounting.

 

Shares acquired as a result of a corporate action (e.g., spin-off, issuance of shares, etc.) are not subject to the 30 day holding period.

 

25

 

While pre-approval is required, the LCD may modify the holding period requirement, consistent with the spirit of the Code, such as in the following instances:

 

- For purposes of tax loss harvesting or recognition of tax gains; or

 

- To meet a bona fide margin call.

 

[End of Exhibit D]

 

26

 

EXHIBIT E

 

Reportable Funds

 

Sub-Advised Funds:

1290 VT Small Cap Value Portfolio (Formerly, EQ Advisors Trust AXA/Horizon Small Cap Value Portfolio)

Virtus Wealth Masters Fund

Virtus International Wealth Masters Fund

UOB Paradigm Fund

 

Funds Managed by the Firm

Kinetics Global Fund

Kinetics Internet Fund

Kinetics Market Opportunities Fund

Kinetics Medical Fund

Kinetics Multi-Disciplinary Income Fund

Kinetics Paradigm Fund

Kinetics Small Cap Opportunities Fund

Kinetics Alternative Income Fund

Kinetics Spin-Off and Corporate Restructuring Fund

The RENN Fund, Inc.

 

[End of Exhibit E]

 

27

 

EXHIBIT F

 

Political Contribution (Pay-to-Play) Policies

 

A. Introduction

 

On July 1, 2011, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted Rule 206(4)-5 (the “Rule”) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”) addressing “pay to play” practices by registered investment advisers. Pay to play practices involve payments, including political contributions, made or solicited by investment managers to government officials or candidates who may directly or indirectly influence the awarding of advisory contracts for state and local government entities including, for example, public pension plans or other government funds. As registered investment advisers subject to the Rule, Horizon Asset Management LLC, Kinetics Asset Management LLC and Kinetics Advisers, LLC (collectively the “Firms”) are required to establish and implement internal policies reasonably designed to ensure compliance under the Rule. Accordingly the Firms have adopted these policies (the “Political Contribution Policies”) to adhere to the Rule and the spirit thereof.

 

B. Definitions

 

(1) Contributions ” are defined as any gift, subscription, loan, advance or deposit of money or anything of value made for:

 

a. The purpose of influencing any election for federal, state or local office;

 

b. The payment of debt incurred in connection with any such election; or

 

c. Transition of inaugural expenses incurred by a successful candidate for state or local office.

 

(2) Covered Associates ” means, as it relates to the Firms, any:

 

a. General Partner, managing member, executive officer (or President or other person in charge of a business unit, division or other function that performs a policy-making function) or other person with similar status or function;

 

b. Employee who solicits a government entity (and any such person who supervises, directly or indirectly, such employee); and

 

c. Political Action Committees (“PACs”) that are controlled by the investment adviser.

 

(3) Covered Investment Pool ” is defined as:

 

a. A registered investment company that is an investment option of a plan or program of a Government Entity; or

 

b. Any company that would be an investment company as defined in section 3(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”) but for the exclusion from the definition of “investment company” under Sections 3(c)-1, 3(c)-7 or 3(c)-11 of the Investment Company Act.

 

28

 

(4) Government Entity ” includes all state and local governments, their agencies and instrumentalities, and all public pension plans and other collective government funds.

 

(5) Official ” includes incumbents, candidates or successful candidates for elective office of a government entity if the office, or a person that the office has authority to appoint, is directly or indirectly responsible for, or can influence the outcome of, the hiring of a fund manager or an investment in an underlying fund.

 

C. Two-Year “Time-Out” for Contributions

 

Under the Rule, the Firms shall not provide advisory services for compensation to a Government Entity for two years after the Firms or a Covered Associate makes a Contribution to an Official of such Government Entity. In accordance with the Rule, the Firms must also determine whether any Covered Associates, during the last two years 2 , gave Contributions to Officials of Government Entity clients.

 

The Rule contains a de minimis exception that allows Covered Associates of the Firms to contribute: (i) up to $350 to an Official per election (primary and general elections count separately) if the Covered Associate was entitled to vote for the Official at the time of the Contribution, and (ii) up to $150 to an Official per election if the Covered Associate was not entitled to vote for the Official at the time of the Contribution. Contributions under this de minimis exception would not trigger the two-year time-out under the Rule.

 

D. Reporting by Covered Associates

 

It is the policy of the Firms that Covered Associates pre-clear any Contributions to Officials of a Government Entity which do not meet the de minimis exceptions described in Section C through the Firm’s web-based document retention and compliance system, My Compliance Office, or through any other means as may be deemed acceptable by the Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”).

 

Covered Associates shall be required to provide details on the following items:

 

(i) The date and dollar amount of the proposed contribution;

 

(ii) Name of the Candidate, Government Entity or PAC as applicable;

 

(iii) Whether the Covered Associate is eligible to vote for the Candidate; and

 

(iv) Whether the Covered Associate is aware of any previous, existing or potential business relationship between the Candidate, Government Entity or PAC and the Firms.

 

Once the Covered Associate receives written approval from the CCO, he or she may proceed with the political contribution within a reasonable time frame thereafter. If the CCO denies the contribution, the Covered Associate shall not engage in the contribution.

 

 
2 The Rule requires a two-year look-back for all covered associates who solicit clients, but only a six month look-back for “new” covered associates who do not solicit clients. The “look-back” period will follow covered associates that change investment advisers such that a prohibited contribution by a covered associate will result in a “time-out” for the covered associate’s new firm for the remainder of the two-year or six-month period, depending on whether the covered associate solicits clients for the new firm.

29

 

New hires will be required to disclose political contribution activity, which includes the details above, that were made during the previous six-month period and which were above the de minimis exceptions described under Section C.

 

E. Ban on using Third Parties to Solicit Government Business

 

The Firms or a Covered Associate shall not pay (or agree to pay), directly or indirectly, any person to solicit a Government Entity for advisory services on behalf of the Firms unless the person is: (i) a registered investment adviser that has not made, coordinated or solicited a Contribution within the last two years that would violate the Rule, (ii) a broker-dealer registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), or (iii) an executive officer, general partner, managing member (or person with similar status or function), or employee of the Firms.

 

F. Ban on Soliciting and Coordinating Contributions and Payments

 

The Firms or a Covered Associate shall not coordinate or solicit a person or political action committee (“PAC”) to: (i) contribute to an Official of a Government Entity to which the Firms provide or seek to provide advisory services, or (ii) make a payment to a political party of a state or locality in which the Firms provide or seek to provide advisory services to a Government Entity.

 

G. Application to pooled investment vehicles

 

Under the Rule, the Firms will be held to the same standards and prohibitions set forth in these Political Contribution Policies whether a Government Entity is a direct prospective client of the Firms or whether the Government Entity is a prospective investor in a Covered Investment Pool.

 

H. Record Keeping and Training

 

To the extent the Firms provide investment advisory services to a Government Entity or a Covered Investment Pool in which a Government Entity is an investor, the Firms shall collect and maintain the below information, which shall be maintained in the Firms’ My Compliance Office application, or in another format as may be permitted by the CCO:

 

(i) The names, titles and business and resident addresses of all Covered Associated of the Firms;

 

(ii) All Government Entities to which the Firms provide or have provided investment advisory services (directly or indirectly through a Covered Investment Pool) in the last five years;

 

(iii) All direct and indirect Contributions made by the Firms or Covered Associates to an Official of a Government Entity or direct and indirect payments made to a political party or PAC; and

 

(iv) The Name and business address of each regulated person to which the Firms agree to provide direct or indirect payment to solicit a Government Entity.

 

30

 

The Firms shall conduct reviews with Covered Associates that are departing the Firms to ensure that political contribution activities do not trigger a time-out. Moreover, the Firms shall perform employee training on a periodic basis for Covered Associates and new hires that fall within the definition of a Covered Associate relating to the requirements under the Rule and the process for reporting. To the extent certain Covered Associates are actively engaged in soliciting Officials and Government Entities, the Firms may obtain written assurances from such Covered Associates sufficient to ensure political contribution activities do not result in a time-out or other breach under the Rule.

 

Addressing a Potential Time-Out

 

To the extent a time-out under the Rule is imposed against the Firms, the Firms shall determine whether to seek SEC exemptive relief, during which time, the Firms shall establish an escrow account for any fees that would have been owed by a Government Entity, but for which may not be permitted due to political contributions that were made by Covered Associates or the Firms.

 

[End of Exhibit F]

 

[END]

31